title: Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway enhances carvacrol biosynthesis and DXR gene expression in shoot cultures of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad.
abstract: Carvacrol is a major component of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (≤90%) that has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Considering the specific capabilities of S. khuzistanica to produce highly pure carvacrol, this plant is an important potential source of carvacrol that could address the abundant consumption and increasing demand for this monoterpene in current world markets. This research was performed to better understand the process of biosynthesis and accumulation of carvacrol in S. khuzistanica. Tests were performed on shoot cultures of S. khuzistanica in Linsmaier-Skoog (LS) medium treated with different concentrations of fosmidomycin (an inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway) and mevinolin (an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway) for 21 days at the following concentrations: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM. The present study demonstrated that the MEP pathway is the major pathway that provides IPP for the biosynthesis of carvacrol, and the expression and activity levels of the DXR enzyme have a critical effect on carvacrol biosynthesis. Surprisingly, Mevinolin at concentrations of 75 and 100 μM increased the carvacrol content and the DXR activity and gene expression in S. khuzistanica plantlets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran. ramak30@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramak
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazempour Osaloo
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebrahimzadeh
authors.forename: Mozafar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behmanesh
mesh_terms: D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000081007:Cymenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005578:Fosfomycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D008148:Lovastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D031362:Satureja / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D005578:Fosfomycin; C024640:fosmidomycin; C073316:carvacrol; D008148:Lovastatin; C114231:1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase; D019747:Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; D008798:Mevalonic Acid
keywords: Carvacrol; Fosmidomycin; Mevinolin; Satureja khuzistanica