title: Movement disorders in cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological or systemic diseases. Cerebrovascular diseases represent up to 22% of secondary movement disorders, and involuntary movements develop after 1-4% of strokes. Post-stroke movement disorders can manifest in parkinsonism or a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders including chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, stereotypies, and akathisia. Some of these disorders occur immediately after acute stroke, whereas others can develop later, and yet others represent delayed-onset progressive movement disorders. These movement disorders have been encountered in patients with ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebrovascular malformations, and dural arteriovenous fistula affecting the basal ganglia, their connections, or both.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehanna
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*