title: Endoscopic transaqueductal or interventricular stent placement for the treatment of isolated fourth ventricle and pre-isolated fourth ventricle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic transaqueductal or interventricular stent placement into the fourth ventricle for isolated fourth ventricle (IFV) and pre-isolated fourth ventricle (PIFV), in which occlusion of the fourth ventricle outlets and dilation of the fourth ventricle are seen while the aqueduct is still patent.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients who underwent endoscopic stent placement for IFV or PIFV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients with IFV and four patients with PIFV underwent endoscopic stent placement. The mean age was 11.5 months. Three patients with IFV underwent aqueductoplasty with stent connected to an extracranial shunt system. Two patients with IFV and supratentorially protruded fourth ventricle underwent interventriculostomy with stent. In these patients, the stent was not connected to the shunt system as functional shunt had been already placed using the contralateral ventricle. In four patients with PIFV, transaqueductal stent was placed and connected to the extracranial shunt system. In all patients, preoperative symptoms improved and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated reduction of the size of the fourth ventricle. The mean follow-up period was 49.6 months (range 5 to 99 months). Three patients (33 %) underwent reoperation due to obstruction of the abdominal catheter, partial occlusion of the ventricular catheter, and retraction of the fourth ventricular catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endoscopic transaqueductal or interventricular stent placement into the fourth ventricle for the treatment of IFV is considered to be effective and safe. The transaqueductal stent placement for PIFV is also considered to be effective for resolution of symptoms and prevent progression into IFV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan. hideki_o@d5.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogiwara
authors.forename: Nobuhito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morota
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult