title: Arm Squeeze Test: a new clinical test to distinguish neck from shoulder pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic values of the Arm Squeeze Test. The test consists in squeezing the middle third of the upper arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,567 patients were included in this study. Diagnosis of cervical nerve root compression or shoulder disease was clinically formulated and confirmed with imaging before performing test. 350 healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. The test was positive when score on a VAS Scale was 3 points or higher on squeezing the middle third of the upper arm compared to acromioclavicular (AC) joint and anterolateral-subacromial area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were subdivided as follows: 903 with rotator cuff tear, 155 with shoulder adhesive capsulitis, 101 with AC joint arthropathy, 55 with calcifying tendonitis, and 48 affected by glenohumeral arthritis. The study sample included 305 patients with cervical nerve root compression from C5 to T1 with shoulder radicular pain. The test was positive in 295/305 (96.7%) of patients with cervical nerve root compression, compared to 35/903 (3.87%), 3/155 (1.93%), 0/101 (0%), 1/55 (1.81%) and 4/48 (8.33%) of those with rotator cuff tear, adhesive capsulitis, AC arthropathy, calcifying tendonitis and glenohumeral arthritis, respectively. A positive result was obtained in 14/350 asymptomatic subjects (4%). If patients with cervical nerve root compression were compared to controls and patients with shoulder diseases, the test had sensitivity of 0.96 and specificity from 0.91 to 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Arm Squeeze Test may be useful to distinguish cervical nerve root compression from shoulder disease in case of doubtful diagnosis. A positive result to this test may lead to cervical etiology of the shoulder pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gumina
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Postacchini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*