title: The relationship between cocaine self-administration and actigraphy-based measures of sleep in adult rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials show that chronic cocaine users suffer from sleep disturbances and preclinical research has shown that acute sleep deprivation increases the rate of cocaine self-administration in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of cocaine self-administration on behavioral indices of sleep and alternatively the effect of sleep disruption on cocaine-maintained responding by rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven adult rhesus monkeys, fitted with Actical® activity monitors, were trained to respond under a concurrent choice paradigm with food (three 1.0-g pellets) and cocaine (0.003-0.3 mg/kg) or saline presentation. For each monkey, the lowest preferred dose of cocaine (>80% cocaine choice) was determined. Activity data were analyzed during lights out (2000-0600) to determine sleep efficiency, sleep latency, and total activity counts. Subsequently, the monkeys' sleep was disrupted (every hour during lights-out period) the night prior to food-cocaine choice sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-administration of the preferred dose of cocaine resulted in a significant decrease in sleep efficiency, with a significant increase in total lights-out activity. Sleep disruption significantly altered behavioral indices of sleep, similar to those seen following cocaine self-administration. However, sleep disruption did not affect cocaine self-administration under concurrent choice conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, cocaine self-administration does appear to disrupt behavioral indices of sleep, although it remains to be determined if treatments that improve sleep measures can affect future cocaine taking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Brutcher
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nader
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012646:Self Administration; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D003042:Cocaine