title: Identifying structural barriers to an effective HIV response: using the National Composite Policy Index data to evaluate the human rights, legal and policy environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention to the negative effects of structural barriers on HIV efforts is increasing. Reviewing national legal and policy environments with attention to the international human rights commitments of states is a means of assessing and providing focus for addressing these barriers to effective HIV responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Law and policy data from the 171 countries reporting under the Declaration of Commitment from the 2001 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS were analyzed to assess attention to human rights in national legal and policy environments as relevant to the health and rights of key populations such as people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men and sex workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight governments and civil society in 106 countries report the existence of laws and policies which present obstacles to accessing HIV services for key populations. Laws and policies which positively affect access to HIV-related services, in and of themselves constituting structural interventions, were also reported. The dissonance between laws and how this impacts the availability and use of HIV-related services deserve greater attention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the harms inherent in laws that constitute structural barriers to effective HIV responses and the potential positive role that a supportive legal environment can play suggests the need for legal reform to ensure an enabling regulatory framework within which HIV services can be effectively delivered and used by the populations who need them. Moving beyond laws and policies, further efforts are required to determine how to capture information on the range of structural barriers. Teasing apart the impact of different barriers, as well as the structural interventions put in place to address them, remains complicated. Capturing the impact of policy and legal interventions can ultimately support governments and civil society to ensure the human rights of key populations are protected in national HIV responses.
authors.affiliation: Programme on Global Health and Human Rights, Institute for Global Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. gruskin@usc.edu
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gruskin
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alfven
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rugg
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peersman
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D006291:Health Policy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006298:Health Services Administration; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007603:Jurisprudence; D008297:Male; D060386:Sex Workers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous
keywords: AIDS; HIV; human rights; key populations; law; policy; structural barriers