title: Intrasacral meningocele in the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intrasacral meningoceles are rare cystic lesions that can cause focal compression within the bony sacral canal. Their mechanisms are poorly understood, but most intrasacral meningoceles appear to be intrasacral extradural cysts caused by arachnoid herniating through a small dural defect in the caudal end of the thecal sac. As opposed to perineural cysts, they are not associated with an exiting nerve root. When symptomatic, they can cause sacral pain or sacral nerve root dysfunction due to local compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective series from Boston Children's Hospital. All patients in whom symptomatic intrasacral meningocele that required surgical treatment was diagnosed between May 1994 and March 2011 were included in the study. Spine MRI was the diagnostic modality of choice. All patients underwent sacral exploration, with ligation and obliteration of the cyst. Resected cyst wall was subjected to pathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 13 patients (11 boys and 2 girls) who underwent operation for intrasacral meningocele. The median age was 8 years (range 5 months-16 years). The most common presenting symptom was back pain (in 5) often described as deep tail bone pain, followed by urinary incontinence (3) and constipation (2). Three patients had evidence of associated tethered cord on MRI studies. Four patients were asymptomatic and their diagnosis was made following imaging for other reasons; they were surgically treated because of the increasing size of the lesion or association with other congenital lesions. Most patients had symptomatic improvement after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrasacral meningoceles are rare lesions that may result from a congenital dural weakness and a resultant arachnoid diverticulum. They present in childhood either incidentally or with symptoms secondary to nerve root compression. Identification of the point of herniation through the dura mater and ligation of the lesion provides cyst cure and resolution of symptoms in most patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Subash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lohani
authors.forename: Diana P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Hart G W
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lidov
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Proctor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001099:Arachnoid / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D001900:Boston; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D033162:Incidental Findings; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008588:Meningocele / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009192:Myelography; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000209:etiology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum; D016136:Spina Bifida Occulta / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D052958:Tarlov Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology