title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for large vestibular schwannomas: a Canadian experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our institutional experience with Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery in treating large vestibular schwannomas (VS) of 3 to 4 cm diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort review of all patients treated with GK for VS at our institution between November 2003 and March 2012. Data on age, sex, VS volume, location and maximal diameter, House-Brackmann (HB) facial nerve scores pre and post-GK, Gardner-Robertson (GR) hearing score pre and post-GK, GK treatment parameters, VS response time, complications and clinical outcome was recorded
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 28 patients during the defined time period were identified. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Mean follow-up was 34.5 months. Tumor control occurred in 92%, and was maintained in 85.7% at two years. Facial nerve or hearing preservation occurred in all treated compared to pre-GK status, as per HB and GR grading. Transient complications occurred in 80%. Temporary vestibular dysfunction occurred in seven patients (28%). One patient (4%) had the permanent complication of worsening pre-GK hemifacial spasm. Four patients (16%) developed hydrocephalus post-GK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GK stereotactic radiosurgery as a primary treatment modality for large VS can provide acceptable tumor control rates with good facial nerve and hearing preservation, and low complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fewer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome