title: Carbon xerogel microspheres and monoliths from resorcinol-formaldehyde mixtures with varying dilution ratios: preparation, surface characteristics, and electrochemical double-layer capacitances.
abstract: Carbon xerogels in the form of microspheres and monoliths were obtained from the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of potassium carbonate as catalyst, using water as solvent and two different molar dilution ratios. The objectives of this study were as follows: to investigate the effect of the dilution ratio, polymerization reaction time, and temperature on the rheological properties of the sols used to prepare the carbon xerogel microspheres and monoliths; and to determine the influence of their preparation methods and shapes on their surface characteristics and electrochemical double-layer (EDL) capacitance. An increase in the molar dilution ratio produced a decrease in the apparent activation energy of the sol-gel transition. Carbon xerogel microspheres were steam-activated at different burnoff percentages. The morphology, surface area, porosity, and surface chemistry of samples were determined. The main difference between the carbon xerogel microspheres and monoliths was that the latter are largely mesoporous. Better electrochemical behavior was shown by carbon xerogels in monolith than in microsphere form, but higher gravimetric and volumetric capacitances were found in activated carbon xerogel microspheres than in carbon xerogel monoliths.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Zulamita
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zapata-Benabithe
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Marín
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vicente
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno-Castilla
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D012118:Resorcinols; D005557:Formaldehyde; D002244:Carbon; C031389:resorcinol