title: Environmental fungicides and triazole resistance in Aspergillus.
abstract: Fungal diseases are problematic in both human health and agriculture. Treatment options are limited and resistance may emerge. The relatively recent recognition of triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus has prompted questioning of the origin of resistance. While multiple mechanisms are described in clinical isolates from triazole-treated patients, some de novo resistance is also recognised, especially attributable to TR34 /L98H. Such strains probably arose in the environment, and, indeed, multiple studies have now demonstrated TR(34) /L98H triazole resistance strains of A. fumigatus from soil. Docking and other in vitro studies are consistent with environmental resistance induction through exposure to certain triazole fungicides, notably difenoconazole, propiconazole, epoxiconazole, bromuconazole and tebuconazole. This article addresses the potential implications of this issue for both human health and food security.
authors.affiliation: National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bowyer
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004777:Environment; D005523:Food Supply; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D014230:Triazoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C465526:cytochrome P-450 CYP51A, Aspergillus
keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus; fungicide; resistance; triazole