title: When directional selection reduces geographic variation in traits mediating species interactions.
abstract: Although we often focus on the causes of geographic variation, understanding processes that act to reduce geographic variation is also important. Here, we consider a process whereby adaptive foraging across the landscape and directional selection exerted by a conifer seed predator, the common crossbill (Loxia curvirostra), potentially act to homogenize geographic variation in the defensive traits of its prey. We measured seed predation and phenotypic selection exerted by crossbills on black pine (Pinus nigra) at two sites in the Pindos Mountains, Greece. Seed predation by crossbills was over an order of magnitude higher at the site where cone scale thickness was significantly thinner, which was also the cone trait that was the target of selection at the high predation site. Additional comparisons of selection differentials demonstrate that crossbills exert selection on black pine that is consistent in form across space and time, and increases in strength with increasing seed predation. If predators distribute themselves in relation to the defensive traits of their prey and the strength of selection predators exert is proportional to the amount of predation, then predators may act to homogenize trait variation among populations of their prey in a process analogous to coevolutionary alternation with escalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Benkman
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Parchman
keywords: Coevolutionary alternation with escalation; Loxia curvirostra; Pinus nigra; habitat choice; phenotypic selection; seed predation