title: Spatially restricted electrical activation of retinal ganglion cells in the rabbit retina by hexapolar electrode return configuration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visual prostheses currently in development aim to restore some form of vision to patients suffering from diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Most rely on electrically stimulating inner retinal cells via electrodes implanted on or near the retina, resulting in percepts of light termed 'phosphenes'. Activation of spatially distinct populations of cells in the retina is key for pattern vision to be produced. To achieve this, the electrical stimulation must be localized, activating cells only in the direct vicinity of the stimulating electrode(s). With this goal in mind, a hexagonal return (hexapolar) configuration has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional monopolar or bipolar return configurations for electrically stimulating the retina. This study investigated the efficacy of the hexapolar configuration in localizing the activation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), compared to a monopolar configuration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patch-clamp electrophysiology was used to measure the activation thresholds of RGCs in whole-mount rabbit retina to monopolar and hexapolar electrical stimulation, applied subretinally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hexapolar activation thresholds for RGCs located outside the hex guard were found to be significantly (>2 fold) higher than those located inside the area of tissue bounded by the hex guard. The hexapolar configuration localized the activation of RGCs more effectively than its monopolar counterpart. Furthermore, no difference in hexapolar thresholds or localization was observed when using cathodic-first versus anodic-first stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hexapolar configuration may provide an improved method for electrically stimulating spatially distinct populations of cells in retinal tissue.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. amgad.habib@student.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Amgad G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Morven A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Gregg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Suaning
authors.forename: Nigel H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Morley
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D010719:Phosphenes / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D057488:Visual Prosthesis