title: Pregnancy outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum--the role of fetal gender.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the incidence, severity and effects of hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) are related to fetal gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of all pregnant women who were admitted with the diagnosis of HEG between 1994 and 2008 (N = 545). The association between fetal gender and pregnancy outcome in pregnancies complicated by HEG was compared to that of a control group of women with singleton pregnancies matched by maternal age and parity in a 3:1 ratio (N = 1635).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with HEG with a female fetus were younger (28.2 ± 4.8y versus 29.5 ± 5.5y, p = 0.003), were admitted earlier in pregnancy for HEG (admission < 10w: 62.3% versus 53.4%, p = 0.04), and were more likely to require TPN support (35.6% versus 26.9%, p = 0.03) compared to women with HEG having a male fetus. Compared to controls, women with HEG were more likely to have a female rather than a male fetus (odds ratio (OR) = 1.20) although this difference reached statistical significance only for the subgroup of women with HEG who were admitted prior to 10 weeks of gestation (OR = 1.40, 95%-confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.70) or who required TPN support (OR = 1.593, 95% CI 1.15-2.0263). The presence of a male fetus in pregnancies complicated by HEG was associated with an increased risk for preterm delivery (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.87), and composite neonatal morbidity (OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although HEG appears to be more common and more severe in the presence of a female fetus, male fetuses appear to be more susceptible to the adverse effects of HEG on pregnancy outcome.
authors.affiliation: Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center , Petach Tikva , Israel and.
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peled
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.forename: Liran
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hiersch
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hadar
authors.forename: Arnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiznitzer
authors.forename: Yariv
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yogev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012744:Sex Ratio; D055815:Young Adult