title: Spectrum of pathogens in acute cholangitis in patients with and without biliary endoprosthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge of bacterial spectrum for acute cholangitis is essential for adequate empiric antibiotic treatment. Main focus of the study was to analyse the spectrum of pathogens in acute cholangitis with and without biliary endoprosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of 1024 patients with acute cholangitis treated at a German tertiary center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  447 cholangitis episodes with positive bile and/or blood cultures obtained from 388 patients were studied. In total, 1088 pathogen were isolated. The predominant strains were Enterococcus species (25%), followed by Escherichia coli (18%) and Klebsiella species (14%). Bacteraemia was mainly caused by E. coli (91/282; 32%) and Enterococcus species (550/282; 18%). The incidences of Enterococcus species [121(74%) vs. 89(60%); p = 0.011] and non-fermenters [41(25%) vs. 16(11%); p = 0.001] were significantly higher in cholangitis episodes with biliary endoprosthesis compared to cholangitis episodes without biliary endoprosthesis. In particular, more Pseudomonas aeruginosa [27(16%) vs. 12(8%); p = 0.027] and Enterococcus faecium [59(36%) vs. 34(23%); p = 0.013] were isolated from patients with a biliary endoprosthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike cholangitis without stent, the presence of biliary endoprosthesis in patients with cholangitis can serve as a surrogate indicator of nosocomial pathogens and therefore should be considered, when selecting empiric antimicrobial therapy.
authors.affiliation: II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany. andreas.weber@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagenpfeil
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winkle
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wantia
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feihl
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Römmler
authors.forename: Dorothee M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: Roland M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Algül
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers