title: A novel, direct, reagent-free method for the detection of beeswax adulteration by single-reflection attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: In this work, a novel, direct, reagent-free method for the detection of beeswax adulteration by paraffin, microcrystalline wax, tallow and stearic acid using single-reflection attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy was developed. The use of the absorbance ratios of [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] allows a minimum of 5% paraffin/microcrystalline wax and tallow adulteration and 0.5% stearic acid adulteration of beeswax to be detected. The upper and lower critical limits for beeswax authenticity were established from the analysis of virgin beeswax and were validated by independent analysis of real sheet and comb beeswax samples using high-temperature gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. In addition to its simplicity with respect to sample handling, the amount of sample and the time needed are far less than those required in previously described methods, which are based on chemical analysis and chromatographic techniques. These advantages result in time and cost savings, an increase in the number of samples that can be analyzed, and, most importantly, the detection of the main beeswax adulterants using a single method.
authors.affiliation: Apismaia, Beekeeping Service, Estrada Municipal 1221, No. 62 5000-027 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Ana I R N A
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D010232:Paraffin / Q000032:analysis; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013229:Stearic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D013229:Stearic Acids; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax; C031183:stearic acid; D010232:Paraffin; C013698:tallow