title: Diabetes management using modern information and communication technologies and new care models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes, a metabolic disorder, has reached epidemic proportions in developed countries. The disease has two main forms: type 1 and type 2. Disease management entails administration of insulin in combination with careful blood glucose monitoring (type 1) or involves the adjustment of diet and exercise level, the use of oral anti-diabetic drugs, and insulin administration to control blood sugar (type 2).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  State-of-the-art technologies have the potential to assist healthcare professionals, patients, and informal carers to better manage diabetes insulin therapy, help patients understand their disease, support self-management, and provide a safe environment by monitoring adverse and potentially life-threatening situations with appropriate crisis management.
  
  
  METHODS
  New care models incorporating advanced information and communication technologies have the potential to provide service platforms able to improve health care, personalization, inclusion, and empowerment of the patient, and to support diverse user preferences and needs in different countries. The REACTION project proposes to create a service-oriented architectural platform based on numerous individual services and implementing novel care models that can be deployed in different settings to perform patient monitoring, distributed decision support, health care workflow management, and clinical feedback provision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This paper presents the work performed in the context of the REACTION project focusing on the development of a health care service platform able to support diabetes management in different healthcare regimes, through clinical applications, such as monitoring of vital signs, feedback provision to the point of care, integrative risk assessment, and event and alarm handling. While moving towards the full implementation of the platform, three major areas of research and development have been identified and consequently approached: the first one is related to the glucose sensor technology and wearability, the second is related to the platform architecture, and the third to the implementation of the end-user services. The Glucose Management System, already developed within the REACTION project, is able to monitor a range of parameters from various sources including glucose levels, nutritional intakes, administered drugs, and patient's insulin sensitivity, offering decision support for insulin dosing to professional caregivers on a mobile tablet platform that fulfills the need of the users and supports medical workflow procedures in compliance with the Medical Device Directive requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Good control of diabetes, as well as increased emphasis on control of lifestyle factors, may reduce the risk profile of most complications and contribute to health improvement. The REACTION project aims to respond to these challenges by providing integrated, professional, management, and therapy services to diabetic patients in different health care regimes across Europe in an interoperable communication platform.
authors.affiliation: Computational Medicine Laboratory (CML), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece. spanakis@ics.forth.gr.
authors.forename: Emmanouil G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Spanakis
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarugi
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouroubali
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spat
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asanin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gergely
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thestrup
keywords: Biomedical Computing; Biomedical Engineering; Biomedical Informatics; Diabetes; Medical Expert Systems; Medical Information Systems; Telemedicine