title: Determinants of stress fracture risk in United States Military Academy cadets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have identified some risk factors for stress fracture in athletes and military recruits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether historical factors, physical measures, biochemical variables of skeletal metabolism, genetic factors, bone density (BMD) and bone size could predict risk of stress fracture over 4 years in physically fit cadets at the US Military Academy (USMA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline surveys, assessments of height, weight, scores on the Army Physical Fitness Test, and peripheral BMD were obtained in all cadets (755 men, 136 women), and central BMD in a subset. Blood samples were analyzed for variables of calcium homeostasis, bone turnover, and selected hormones and genetic factors. Stress fractures were adjudicated by review of orthopedic notes and imaging reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5.7% of male and 19.1% of female cadets had at least 1 stress fracture (58% metatarsal and 29% tibial), most within 3 months of entry to USMA. In males, risk of stress fracture was higher in those who exercised <7 h per week during the prior year (RR 2.31; CI 1.29,4.12), and in those with smaller tibial cortical area (RR 1.12; CI 1.03,1.23), lower tibial bone mineral content (RR 1.11; CI 1.03,1.20) and smaller femoral neck diameter (RR 1.35, CI 1.01, 1.81). In women, higher stress fracture risk was seen in those with shorter time since menarche (RR 1.44 per year; CI 1.19, 1.73) and smaller femoral neck diameter (RR 1.16; CI 1.01, 1.33.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although prior physical training in men, length of prior estrogen exposure in women and leg bone dimensions in both genders played a role, the maximum variance explained by all of these factors was below 10%. We conclude these factors play a minor role in the development of stress fractures in physically fit USMA cadets.
authors.affiliation: Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, NY 10993, USA. cosmanf@helenhayeshosp.org
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cosman
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruffing
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zion
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uhorchak
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ralston
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tendy
authors.forename: Fiona E A
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: McGuigan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Jeri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nieves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult