title: Lessons learned from a community based intervention to improve injection safety in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A national study in 2007 revealed that in Pakistan the prevalence of hepatitis B is 2.5% and for hepatitis C it is 5%. Unsafe injections have been identified as one of the reasons for the spread of these infections. Trained and untrained providers routinely perform unsafe practices primarily for economic reasons i.e. they reuse injection equipment on several patients. The patients, do not question the provider about the need for an injection because of social barriers or whether the syringe is coming from a new sterile packet due to lack of knowledge. The present paper represents an intervention that was developed to empower the community to improve unsafe injection practices in rural Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a rural district of Pakistan (Tando Allahyar, Sindh) with a population of approximately 630,000 a multipronged approach was used in 2010 (June to December) to improve injection safety. The focus of the intervention was the community, however providers were not precluded. The organization of interventions was also carefully planned. A baseline assessment (n=300) was conducted prior to the intervention. The interventions comprised large scale gatherings of the community (males and females) across the district. Smaller gatherings included teachers, imams of mosques and the training of trained and untrained healthcare providers. The Pakistan Television Network was used to broadcast messages recorded by prominent figures in the local language. The local FM channel and Sunday newspaper were also used to disseminate messages on injection safety. An end of project assessment was carried out in January 2012. The study was ethically reviewed and approved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interventions resulted in improving misconceptions about transmission of hepatitis B and C. In the baseline assessment (only 9%) of the respondents associated hepatitis B and C with unsafe injections which increased to 78% at the end of project study. In the baseline study 15% of the study participants reported that a new syringe was used for their most recent injection. The post-intervention findings showed an increase to 29% (n=87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is difficult to assess the long-term impact of the intervention but there were several positive indicators. The duration of intervention is the key to achieving a meaningful impact. It has to be at least 18-24 months long.
authors.affiliation: Bridge Consultants Foundation, 4-E, Block-6, PECHS, Off Sharahe-e-Faisal, Karachi 74500, Pakistan. arshad.altaf@gmail.com
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altaf
authors.forename: Sharaf Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Kulsoom
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: Selma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khamassi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003906:Developing Countries; D004203:Disinfection; D017743:Equipment Reuse; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D015995:Prevalence; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012449:Safety; D013594:Syringes / Q000009:adverse effects*