title: Timing of puberty and its relationship with body growth and season in male raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido.
abstract: The raccoon (Procyon lotor), indigenous to North America, has naturalized in Japan as an invasive alien species, having been introduced into the country in the 1970s. In Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan, feral raccoons have been increasing in number and spreading throughout the island. The age at the onset of puberty for raccoons is important for estimating individual lifetime reproductive success and population growth. The present study investigated the timing of and potential factors affecting the onset of puberty in male raccoons in Hokkaido. External characteristics and histology of testes were studied in 151 male feral raccoons and in 1 captive juvenile. For the majority of feral yearling raccoons, prepubertal development began in May, and spermatozoa production began in October prior to their second mating season. However, some larger juveniles attained puberty during the juvenile period. The captive juvenile, which was fed throughout the winter, attained puberty only 11 months after birth. These results suggest that if male raccoons can achieve enough body growth before the first mating season, puberty can be attained early. In both juveniles and yearlings, spermatozoa production was only observed after autumn. This timing coincided with the recrudescence of seasonally active spermatogenesis in adult males. Therefore, attaining puberty in male raccoons appears to require both adequate body nutrient development and several environmental factors that control seasonal testicular changes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Minami W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: Michito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimozuru
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sashika
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fukui
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011821:Raccoons / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000254:growth & development*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone