title: Visual outcomes after blunt ocular trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prognosis and retinal location in patients presenting with acute traumatic maculopathy and extramacular retinal injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, noninterventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients presenting with commotio retinae or sclopetaria retinae to the Birmingham Midland Eye Centre Eye Casualty from October 1, 2007, to February 23, 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  The notes of all patients presenting with ocular trauma in the specified time period were examined to identify suitable patients and demographic and injury data were extracted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome was assessed by visual acuity (VA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For macular commotio retinae, 53 patients were identified, of whom 34 had adequate follow-up to determine final VA. The median presenting VA was 20/40; 25 patients (74%) recovered to ≥ 20/30. The median extent of visual recovery was 0.18 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). For extramacular commotio retinae, 117 patients were identified, of whom 58 had adequate follow-up to determine final VA. The median presenting VA retinae was 20/30; 55 patients (95%) recovered to ≥ 20/30. The median extent of visual recovery was logMAR 0.076. There was 1 case of extramacular sclopetaria retinae. The 3 most common retinal locations of extramacular commotio retinae, in order of frequency, were inferotemporal (37%), temporal (17%), and superotemporal (17%); <5% of cases were in a nasal location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the prognosis of acute traumatic maculopathy and extramacular commotio retinae. After macular injury, 26% of patients were left with a VA of ≤ 20/30, although the proportion with visual impairment is higher than this because (1) a deterioration from 20/15 to 20/30 is significant to many patients; and (2) additional patients are visually impaired by symptomatic paracentral visual field defects despite a normal VA. Reduced VA after extramacular commotio retinae may represent occult macular injury or previously undiagnosed visual impairment in the affected eye. Extramacular commotio occurs mostly in an inferotemporal to temporal location, consistent with direct trauma to the sclera overlying the injured retina.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration Section, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. rjb017@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Blanch
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jon R B
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Robert A H
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012160:Retina / Q000293:injuries*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult