title: The dynamics of GII.4 Norovirus in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
abstract: Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in industrialized countries, yet the epidemiological significance of NoV in industrializing countries remains poorly understood. The spatiotemporal distribution of NoV genotypes identified in 2054 enrolled children was investigated between May 2009 and December 2010, in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. A total of 315 NoV extracted from stool samples were genotyped and GPS mapped to their source. Genogroup II NoV, particularly GII.4, were predominant, and the GII.4 strains could be subgrouped into GII.4-2006b (Minerva) and GII.4-2010 (New Orleans) variants. There was no spatiotemporal structure among the endemic GII strains; yet a significant spatiotemporal signal corresponding with the novel introduction of GII.4-2010 variant was detected. These data show that NoV GII.4 variants are highly endemic in HCMC and describe a scenario of rapid NoV strain replacement occurring in HCMC in early 2010.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Phan Vu
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Tra My
authors.forename: Ha Minh
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Corinne N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Hoang Le
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Phuc
authors.forename: Pham Thi Ngoc
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Tuyet
authors.forename: Ha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vinh
authors.forename: Nguyen Van Minh
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Phamvan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minh
authors.forename: Nguyen Thanh
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Vinh
authors.forename: Cao Thu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Thuy
authors.forename: Tran Thi Thu
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nga
authors.forename: Nguyen Thi Thu
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hau
authors.forename: Nguyen Tran
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Chinh
authors.forename: Tang Chi
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Thuong
authors.forename: Ha Manh
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.forename: James I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Archie C A
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Maciej F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058974:Phylogeography; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014744:Vietnam
keywords: Cluster; GII.4; Norovirus; Phylogenetic; Spatial; Temporal