title: Factors influencing clinical outcomes of Histoacryl® glue injection-treated gastric variceal hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors associated with clinical outcomes and complications of Histoacryl® glue injection for acute gastric variceal hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who presented to the Siriraj Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Center with active gastric variceal bleeding and were admitted for treatment between April 2008 and October 2011 were selected retrospectively for study inclusion. All bleeding varices were treated by injection of Histoacryl® tissue glue (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) through a 21G or 23G catheter primed with lipiodol to prevent premature glue solidification. Data recorded for each patient included demographic and clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, clinical outcomes in terms of early and late re-bleeding, mortality, and procedure-related complications. Data from admission (baseline) and post-treatment were comparatively analyzed using stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine the correlation between factors and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 90 patients underwent Histoacryl® injection to treat bleeding gastric varices. The mean age was 55.9 ± 13.9 (range: 15-88) years old, and 74.4% of the patients were male. The most common presentations were hematemesis (71.1%), melena (12.2%), and coffee ground emesis (8.9%). Initial hemostasis was experienced in 97.8% of patients, while re-bleeding within 120 h occurred in 10.0%. The presence of ascites was the only factor associated with early and late re-bleeding [odds ratio (OR) = 10.67, 95%CI: 1.27-89.52, P = 0.03 and OR = 4.15, 95%CI: 1.34-12.86, P = 0.01, respectively]. Early procedure-related complications developed in 14.4% of patients, and were primarily infections and non-fatal systemic embolization. Late re-bleeding was significantly correlated with early procedure-related complications by univariate analysis (OR = 4.01, 95%CI: 1.25-12.87, P = 0.04), but no factors were significantly correlated by multivariate analysis. The overall mortality rate was 21.1%, the majority of which were related to infections. The factors showing strong association with higher mortality risk were elevated total bilirubin (OR = 16.71, 95%CI: 3.28-85.09, P < 0.01), a large amount of transfused fresh frozen plasma (OR = 1.001, 95%CI: 1.000-1.002, P = 0.03), and late re-bleeding (OR = 10.99, 95%CI: 2.15-56.35, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histoacryl® injection is a safe and effective hemostatic method for treating gastric variceal hemorrhage. Patients with compromised liver, including ascites, have a higher risk of re-bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. kaiyjr@gmail.com
authors.forename: Varayu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prachayakul
authors.forename: Pitulak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aswakul
authors.forename: Tanyaporn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chantarojanasiri
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leelakusolvong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000378:metabolism; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004724:Endoscopy; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006487:Hemostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: Clinical outcome; Complications; Gastric varices; Hemorrhage; Histoacryl