title: Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines - but not interferon-β - produced in response to HSV-2 in primary human genital epithelial cells are associated with viral replication and the presence of the virion host shutoff protein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unknown whether viral replication or viral components that subvert innate responses in other cells, specifically the virion host shutoff (VHS) protein, play a role in determining primary genital epithelial cell (GEC) innate antiviral responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultures of primary female GECs were exposed to wildtype (WT), VHS-deleted (vhsB), or UV-inactivated HSV-2. Antiviral pathway induction was evaluated by measuring nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) translocation by immunofluorescent microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and interferon (IFN) were measured by Luminex or ELISA. Biological activity of IFN-β was evaluated via VSV-GFP bioassay, by blocking secreted IFN-β with neutralizing antibodies and by measuring interferon-stimulated genes by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in primary GECs in response to replication-competent HSV-2, but suppressed in the presence of the VHS protein. In contrast, upregulation of IFN-β depended on viral replication, but was not affected by VHS. However, the IFN-β produced was biologically active and reduced the viral burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viral factors such as replication and the presence of the VHS protein play important roles in regulating innate antiviral responses against HSV-2 from primary GECs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazli
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mossman
authors.forename: Charu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaushic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000821:virology*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014709:Vero Cells; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D014764:Viral Proteins; C070722:virion host shutoff protein, Simplexvirus; D016899:Interferon-beta; D012260:Ribonucleases
keywords: Cytokines; HSV-2; genital epithelial cells; interferon; mucosal immunity; viral immunology