title: Differentiating bipolar disorder-not otherwise specified and severe mood dysregulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder-not otherwise specified (BP-NOS) and severe mood dysregulation (SMD) are severe mood disorders that were defined to address questions about the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) in youth. SMD and BP-NOS are distinct phenotypes that differ in clinical presentation and longitudinal course. The purpose of this review is to inform clinicians about the clinical features of the two phenotypes and about the research literature distinguishing them.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed on SMD as studied in the National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program and on BP-NOS in youth. For BP-NOS, the phenotype defined in the Course of Bipolar Youth study is the focus, because this has received the most study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SMD is characterized by impairing, chronic irritability without distinct manic episodes. Most commonly, BP-NOS is characterized by manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes that are too short to meet the DSM-IV-TR duration criterion. Research provides strong, albeit suggestive, evidence that SMD is not a form of BD; the most convincing evidence are longitudinal data indicating that youth with SMD are not at high risk to develop BD as they age. The BP-NOS phenotype appears to be on a diagnostic continuum with BD types I and II. Subjects with BP-NOS and those with BD type I have similar symptom and family history profiles, and youth with BP-NOS are at high risk to develop BD as they age. Currently, little research guides treatment for either phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressing research needs include identifying effective treatments for these phenotypes, ascertaining biomarkers that predict conversion from BP-NOS to BD, elucidating associations between SMD and other disorders, and defining the neural circuitry mediating each condition.
authors.affiliation: Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 1-3616, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1281, USA. Kenneth.Towbin@nih.gov
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index