title: International standards for health economic evaluation with a focus on the German approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health economic evaluation (HEE) is increasingly used in healthcare decision-making on the allocation of limited resources in national healthcare systems. Although the methods used for HEE vary in different countries, all economic evaluations address two questions: Are limited resources used optimally? Is value for money achieved in their use? Our objective is to explain some fundamental concepts in HEE and how these concepts are adapted in different countries, notably in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a bibliographic search to identify existing methods of health economic evaluation of new drugs used by the official agencies of 11 countries (Austria, Australia, Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, the United States and England and Wales) and compared them with that used by the German national agency IQWiG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All countries considered follow internationally established standards of HEE. The majority of countries, including Germany, utilize primary outcome parameters such as disease-related morbidity and mortality for assessing relative efficacy and effectiveness. The most frequently recommended form of health economic evaluation is the cost-utility analysis (CUA). The German IQWIG is the only HTA body to use the cost-benefit concept of 'efficiency frontier' in its assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the core principles of HEE are the same worldwide, there is a lack of harmonization in the details. This requires resource-consuming adaptations in the analyses to meet different national requirements. We describe the core principles of HEE as a common basis for further discussions by all stakeholders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare Management at the Cologne, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne. riedel@rfh-koeln.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Repschläger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Griebenow
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breitkopf
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guhl
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000191:economics*; D059039:Standard of Care / Q000191:economics*
keywords: HTA; IQWiG; health economic evaluation; international comparison; new pharmaceuticals; reimbursement