title: Risk factors for excessive anticoagulation among hospitalized adults receiving warfarin therapy using a pharmacist-managed dosing protocol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify specific risk factors for excessive anticoagulation, defined as an international normalized ratio (INR) higher than 5, in hospitalized adults receiving warfarin therapy using a pharmacist-managed dosing protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large academic tertiary care medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospitalized nonsurgical patients 18 years or older who received at least one dose of warfarin according to the pharmacist-managed protocol from January 1, 2009, to January 31, 2012, were included. Patients who experienced an INR higher than 5 were designated as case patients; those who received warfarin for at least as many days as the case patients but who did not experience an INR more than 5 were deemed control patients. Controls were matched to cases in a 2:1 ratio by age, sex, INR goal, and type of warfarin therapy (new start or continuation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 87 case patients were matched to 174 controls. Ten different hypothesized risk factors were examined. Two variables, severity of illness score (odds ratio [OR] 4.89, p<0.001) and poor nutritional status (OR 4.27, p<0.001), demonstrated strong independent associations with risk of excessive anticoagulation. Administration of interacting drugs that highly potentiate warfarin's effect (OR 2.26, p=0.011) and concurrent diarrheal illness (OR 4.75, p<0.001) also displayed a statistically significant risk for excessive anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in a highly standardized system for warfarin dosing by a pharmacist-managed protocol, higher disease severity and poor nutritional status placed hospitalized patients at greater risk of experiencing excessive anticoagulation. In addition, administration of interacting drugs that highly potentiate warfarin's effect or the occurrence of diarrheal illness may predict increased risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Tamara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: O'Meara
authors.forename: Narith N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bergstrahl
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierkhising
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019468:Disease Management; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: INR; excessive anticoagulation; hospitalization; international normalized ratio; warfarin