title: Effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids and heavy strength training on patellar tendon morphological and mechanical properties.
abstract: Combined androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) and overloading affects tendon collagen metabolism and ultrastructure and is often associated with a higher risk of injury. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether such effects would be reflected in the patellar tendon properties of individuals with a history of long-term resistance training and AAS abuse (RTS group), compared with trained (RT) and untrained (CTRL) nonsteroids users. Tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), stiffness, Young's modulus, and toe limit strain were measured in vivo, from synchronized ultrasonography and dynamometry data. The patellar tendon of RT and RTS subjects was much stiffer and larger than in the CTRL group. However, stiffness and modulus were higher in the RTS group (26%, P < 0.05 and 30%, P < 0.01, respectively) than in the RT group. Conversely, tendon CSA was 15% (P < 0.05) larger in the RT group than in RTS, although differences disappeared when this variable was normalized to quadriceps maximal isometric torque. Yet maximal tendon stress was higher in RTS than in RT (15%, P < 0.05), without any statistical difference in maximal strain and toe limit strain between groups. The present lack of difference in toe limit strain does not substantiate the hypothesis of changes in collagen crimp pattern associated with AAS abuse. However, these findings indicate that tendon adaptations from years of heavy resistance training are different in AAS users, suggesting differences in collagen remodeling. Some of these adaptations (e.g., higher stress) could be linked to a higher risk of tendon injury.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. olivier.seynnes@nih.no
authors.forename: Olivier R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Seynnes
authors.forename: Sigitas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamandulis
authors.forename: Ramutis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kairaitis
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Helland
authors.forename: Emma-Louise
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brazaitis
authors.forename: Albertas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skurvydas
authors.forename: Marco V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Narici
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019412:Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000187:drug effects*; D055070:Resistance Training; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014891:Weight Lifting; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000728:Androgens; D013256:Steroids; D003094:Collagen
keywords: adaptation; bodybuilding; hypertrophy; tendon rupture; training