title: Smoking as a risk factor for chronic musculoskeletal complaints is influenced by age. The HUNT study.
abstract: Chronic musculoskeletal complaints (MSCs) are among the major health problems, and cross-sectional studies suggest an association between smoking and MSCs. The causal relationship, however, is not known. The present study is designed to assess the association between smoking and chronic MSCs, and is based on data from a large longitudinal cohort study of all inhabitants ⩾20years in Nord-Trøndelag County (Helse Undersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag -HUNT), conducted in 1995-97 (HUNT 2) and 2006-08 (HUNT 3). The study population consisted of 15,134 subjects without chronic MSCs and valid exposure data on smoking at baseline (HUNT 2). The outcome was defined as presence of chronic MSCs at follow-up (HUNT 3). The results show that smoking at baseline represents a 20% increased risk (IRR=1.20, 95% CI 1.14-1.27, P=0.0001) for chronic MSCs at follow-up. The risk for chronic MSCs by daily smoking decreased with increasing age up to 50years; after this, there was no significant association. The results show that modifiable risk factors like smoking should be included in public health intervention programs for MSCs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. synnovkk@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Synnøve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kvalheim
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sandven
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: John-Anker
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zwart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult