title: A prostaglandin D2 metabolite is elevated in the urine of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and increases further from 8 years old.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disease caused by muscle dystrophin deficiency. Downstream of the primary dystrophin deficiency is not well elucidated. Here, the hypothesis that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-mediated inflammation is involved in the pathology of DMD was examined by measuring tetranor PGDM, a major PGD2 metabolite, in urine of DMD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured tetranor PGDM in urine using LC-MS/MS. First morning urine samples were collected from genetically confirmed DMD patients and age-matched healthy controls aged 4 to 15y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urinary tetranor PGDM concentration was 3.08±0.15 and 6.90±0.35ng/mg creatinine (mean±SE) in 79 control and 191 DMD samples, respectively. The mean concentration was approximately 2.2-times higher in DMD patients than in controls (p<0.05). Remarkably, urinary tetranor PGDM concentrations in DMD patients showed chronological changes: it stayed nearly 1.5 times higher than in controls until 7y but surged at the age of 8y to a significantly higher concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary tetranor PGDM concentrations were shown to be increased in DMD patients and became higher with advancing age. It was indicated that PGD2-mediated inflammation plays a role in the pathology of DMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuo, Kobe 6500017, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakiuchi
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Awano
authors.forename: Kazumoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urade
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006801:Humans; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D015230:Prostaglandin D2