title: Induced adaptation of Bacillus sp. to antimicrobial nanosilver.
abstract: The natural ability of Bacillus sp. to adapt to nanosilver cytotoxicity upon prolonged exposure is reported for the first time. The combined adaptive effects of nanosilver resistance and enhanced growth are induced under various intensities of nanosilver-stimulated cellular oxidative stress, ranging from only minimal cellular redox imbalance to the lethal levels of cellular ROS stimulation. An important implication of the present work is that such adaptive effects lead to the ultimate domination of nanosilver-resistant Bacillus sp. in the microbiota, to which nanosilver cytotoxicity is continuously applied.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Functional Nanomaterials, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gunawan
authors.forename: Wey Yang
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amal
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012834:Silver
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; cellular oxidative stress; induced adaptation; silver nanoparticles