title: Impact of therapy escalation on ambulatory care costs among patients with type 2 diabetes in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compares annual ambulatory care expenditures per patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in France according to treatment phase and renal function status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records from patients with T2DM were extracted from a health insurance database. Patients were classified in subgroups, by treatment phase: oral/GLP1 monotherapy, double therapy, triple therapy or insulin therapy, and according to renal function status (identified using pharmacy, lab and consultation claims). Annual ambulatory expenditures were estimated from the national insurance perspective by year (from 2005 to 2010) and subgroup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of patients ranged from 9,682 to 11,772 between 2005 and 2010. The average annual expenditure per individual in 2010 ranged from €3,017 (standard deviation: €3,829) for monotherapy to €3,609 ± €3,801 for triple therapy, and €7,398 ± €5,487 with insulin (adjusted ratio insulin therapy/monotherapy: 2.36, p < 0.001). Similar differences between treatement stages were found in previous years. Additional costs for insulin were mainly related to nursing care (multiplied by 18.42, p < 0.001), medical devices and pharmacy costs. DM-attributable drug costs were mainly related to antidiabetic drugs (28% for monotherapy to 71% for triple therapy), but also to cardiovascular system drugs (21% for monotherapy to 51% with insulin) and nervous system drugs (up to 8% with insulin). Declining renal function was associated with an increase in expenses by 12% to 53% according to treatment stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, ambulatory care expenditures increase with treatment escalation and declining renal function amongst patients with T2DM. Insulin therapy is associated with substantially increased costs, related to pharmacy, nursing care and medical device costs.
authors.affiliation: EPHE Sorbonne, Systèmes intégrés, environnement et biodiversité, (SIEB), Paris, France. fgu@creativ-ceutical.com.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guelfucci
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aballéa
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lassalle
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mondher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toumi