title: Performance of UK wastewater treatment works with respect to trace contaminants.
abstract: This study examined the performance of 16 wastewater treatment works to provide an overview of trace substance removal in relation to meeting the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Collection and analysis of over 2400 samples including sewage influent, process samples at different stages in the treatment process and final effluent has provided data on the performance of current wastewater treatment processes and made it possible to evaluate the need for improved effluent quality. Results for 55 substances, including metals, industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals are reported. Data for sanitary parameters are also provided. A wide range of removal efficiencies was observed. Removal was not clearly related to the generic process type, indicating that other operational factors tend to be important. Nonetheless, removals for many substances of current concern were high. Despite this, current proposals for stringent water quality standards mean that further improvements in effluent quality are likely to be required.
authors.affiliation: Atkins Limited, 500, Park Avenue, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4RZ, UK. michael.gardner@atkinsglobal.com
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Comber
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Scrimshaw
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coello-Garcia
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cartmell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ellor
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D006113:United Kingdom; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical