title: Apoptogenic activity of ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Memecylon edule on human gastric carcinoma cells via mitochondrial dependent pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anti-proliferative and apoptogenic activity of ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of Memecylon edule (EtAc-LME) in MKN-74, NUGC gastric cancer cells and non cancerous gastric mucous cells (GES-1), and to explore the mechanism of EtAc-LME induced apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mechanism of EtAc-LME induced apoptosis was explored by analysing the activation of pro-caspases, PARP cleavage, expression of cytochrome-c (Cyt-c) was determined by western blotting, mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax by RT-PCR, loss of mitochondrial potential using DiOC6 dye, annexin binding assay and its influence on cell cycle arrest by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that EtAc-LME inhibited the gastric cancer cell growth in dose-dependent manner and cytotoxicity was more towards the gastric cancer cells (NUGC and MKN-74) compared to normal gastric cells (GES-1), suggesting more specific cytotoxicity to the malignant cells. Over expression of Cyt-c and subsequent activation of caspases-3 and down regulation of Bcl-2 and loss in mitochondrial potential in EtAc-LME treated MKN-74 and NUGC cells suggested that EtAc-LME induced apoptosis by mitochondrial dependent pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that ethyl acetate extract of Memecylon edule induces apoptosis selectively in gastric cancer cells emphasizing the importance of this traditional medicine for its potential in the treatment of gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Venom & Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore-117597.
authors.forename: V G M
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: Bandari Uma
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Mahesh
authors.forename: Ashwini Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Giddam
authors.forename: Kuppan Rajendran Dinesh
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: K Suresh
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: babu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Rajeswara Rao
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Pragada
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnakone
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D035322:Melastomataceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D017304:Annexin A5; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C007650:ethyl acetate; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase