title: Stereoscopic three-dimensional images of an anatomical dissection of the eyeball and orbit for educational purposes.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a series of stereoscopic anatomical images of the eye and orbit for use in the curricula of medical schools and residency programs in ophthalmology and other specialties. Layer-by-layer dissection of the eyelid, eyeball, and orbit of a cadaver was performed by an ophthalmologist. A stereoscopic camera system was used to capture a series of anatomical views that were scanned in a panoramic three-dimensional manner around the center of the lid fissure. The images could be rotated 360 degrees in the frontal plane and the angle of views could be tilted up to 90 degrees along the anteroposterior axis perpendicular to the frontal plane around the 360 degrees. The skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, and upper and lower tarsus were sequentially observed. The upper and lower eyelids were removed to expose the bulbar conjunctiva and to insert three 25-gauge trocars for vitrectomy at the location of the pars plana. The cornea was cut at the limbus, and the lens with mature cataract was dislocated. The sclera was cut to observe the trocars from inside the eyeball. The sclera was further cut to visualize the superior oblique muscle with the trochlea and the inferior oblique muscle. The eyeball was dissected completely to observe the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery. The thin bones of the medial and inferior orbital wall were cracked with a forceps to expose the ethmoid and maxillary sinus, respectively. In conclusion, the serial dissection images visualized aspects of the local anatomy specific to various procedures, including the levator muscle and tarsus for blepharoptosis surgery, 25-gauge trocars as viewed from inside the eye globe for vitrectomy, the oblique muscles for strabismus surgery, and the thin medial and inferior orbital bony walls for orbital bone fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. matsuot@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Aiji
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003315:Cornea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education*; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012590:Sclera / Q000033:anatomy & histology