title: Can volatile organic metabolites be used to simultaneously assess microbial and mite contamination level in cereal grains and coffee beans?
abstract: A novel approach based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) was developed for the simultaneous screening of microbial and mite contamination level in cereals and coffee beans. The proposed approach emerges as a powerful tool for the rapid assessment of the microbial contamination level (ca. 70 min versus ca. 72 to 120 h for bacteria and fungi, respectively, using conventional plate counts), and mite contamination (ca. 70 min versus ca. 24 h). A full-factorial design was performed for optimization of the SPME experimental parameters. The methodology was applied to three types of rice (rough, brown, and white rice), oat, wheat, and green and roasted coffee beans. Simultaneously, microbiological analysis of the samples (total aerobic microorganisms, moulds, and yeasts) was performed by conventional plate counts. A set of 54 volatile markers was selected among all the compounds detected by GC×GC-ToFMS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied in order to establish a relationship between potential volatile markers and the level of microbial contamination. Methylbenzene, 3-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-hexanone were associated to samples with higher microbial contamination level, especially in rough rice. Moreover, oat exhibited a high GC peak area of 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde, a sexual and alarm pheromone for adult mites, which in the other matrices appeared as a trace component. The number of mites detected in oat grains was correlated to the GC peak area of the pheromone. The HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS methodology can be regarded as the basis for the development of a rapid and versatile method that can be applied in industry to the simultaneous assessment the level of microbiological contamination and for detection of mites in cereals grains and coffee beans.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Chemistry, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Angelo C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.forename: António S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Newton C M
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Adelaide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Silvia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007659:Ketones / Q000032:analysis; D008742:Methyl n-Butyl Ketone / Q000032:analysis; D008925:Mites / Q000737:chemistry*; D000442:Octanols / Q000032:analysis; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D007659:Ketones; D000442:Octanols; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D008742:Methyl n-Butyl Ketone; C017582:3-octanone; C038844:1-octen-3-ol; C026636:2-nonanone