title: Chronic exposure to biomass fuel is associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic plaque.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomass fuels are used for cooking in the majority of rural households worldwide. While their use is associated with an increased risk of lung diseases and all-cause mortality, the effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not well characterised. Exposure to biomass fuel smoke has been associated with lung-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress, which may increase the risk of atherosclerosis as evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), carotid atherosclerotic plaque prevalence and blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed in 266 adults aged ≥35 years in Puno, Peru (3825 m above sea level). We stratified participants by their long-term history of exposure to clean fuel (n=112) or biomass fuel (n=154) and measured 24 h indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) in a random subset (n=84). Participants completed questionnaires and underwent a clinical assessment, laboratory analyses and carotid artery ultrasound. The main outcome measures were CIMT, carotid plaque and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were similar in age and gender. The biomass fuel group had greater unadjusted mean CIMT (0.66 vs 0.60 mm; p<0.001), carotid plaque prevalence (26% vs 14%; p=0.03), systolic blood pressure (118 vs 111 mm Hg; p<0.001) and median household PM2.5 (280 vs 14 µg/m(3); p<0.001). In multivariable regression, the biomass fuel group had greater mean CIMT (mean difference=0.03 mm, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.06; p=0.02), a higher prevalence of carotid plaques (OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.0; p=0.03) and higher systolic blood pressure (mean difference=9.2 mm Hg, 95% CI 5.4 to 13.0; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic exposure to biomass fuel was associated with increased CIMT, increased prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques and higher blood pressure. These findings identify biomass fuel use as a risk factor for CVD, which may have important global health implications.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Painschab
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Davila-Roman
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: Angel D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vasquez-Villar
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Checkley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009821:Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D009821:Oils