title: Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muslim bodybuilders often continue training during Ramadan. However, the effect of resistance training in a fasted versus a fed state during Ramadan on body composition and metabolic parameters in bodybuilders is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training in a fasted versus a fed state during Ramadan on body composition and metabolic parameters in bodybuilders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen men were allocated to two groups: Eight practicing resistance training in the late afternoon in a fasted state (FAST), and eight training in the late evening in an acutely fed state (FED) during Ramadan. All visited the laboratory in the morning two days before the start of Ramadan (Bef-R) and on the 29th day of Ramadan (End-R) for anthropometric measurement, completion of a dietary questionnaire, and provision of fasting blood and urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass and body fat percentage remained unchanged in FAST and FED during the whole period of the investigation. Both FAST and FED experienced an increase in the following parameters from Bef-R to End-R: urine specific gravity (1%; p = 0.028, p = 0.004 respectively), serum concentrations of urea (4%, p = 0.006; 7%, p = 0.004 respectively), creatinine (5%, p = 0.015; 6%, p = 0.04 respectively), uric acid (17%; p < 0.001, p = 0.04 respectively), sodium (1%; p = 0.029, p = 0.019 respectively), chloride (2%; p = 0.039, p = 0.004 respectively), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11%, p = 0.04; 10%, p = 0.04 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertrophic training in a fasted or in a fed state during Ramadan does not affect body mass and body composition of bodybuilders. Additionally, Ramadan fasting induced changes in urinary and some biochemical parameters, but these changes were not different according to when the training occurred.
authors.affiliation: University of Sfax, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, 3029, Tunisia. trabelsikhaled@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trabelsi
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stannard
authors.forename: Zohra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ghlissi
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.forename: Choumous
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kallel
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamoussi
authors.forename: Khaled M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Zeghal
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim