title: Dietary and lifestyle factors and risk of non-hodgkin's lymphoma in Oman.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of various types of cancers including the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has increased during the recent years. Diet and lifestyle factors have been reported to play an important role in the etiology of NHL. However, no such data are available from the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three histologically confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and the Royal Hospital (RH), Muscat, Oman and forty-three age and gender matched controls were the subjects of this study. Frequency matching was used to select the control population. Information on social and demographic data as well as the dietary intake was collected by personal interviews, using a 117-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A non-significant increased risk of NHL was observed with higher body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 0.45, 2.93), whereas a significantly decreased risk of NHL was associated with a higher educational level (OR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.53). A significantly increased risk was observed for higher intake of energy (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 0.94, 7.57), protein (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 0.54, 4.10) and carbohydrates (OR=5.32, 95%CI: 1.78, 15.86). Higher consumption of daily servings from cereals (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 0.87, 12.09) and meat groups (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 0.58, 4.15) were also found to be associated with risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was associated with higher consumption of vegetables (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.82). The consumption of fruits, milk and dairy products however showed no significant association with the risk of developing NHL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that obesity, high caloric intake, higher consumption of carbohydrate and protein are associated with increased risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was observed with higher intake of vegetables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. amanat@squ.edu.om
authors.forename: Amanat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Buthaina S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Al-Belushi
authors.forename: Mostafa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Waly
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Moundhri
authors.forename: Ikram A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Burney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002523:Edible Grain; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005223:Fats; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009850:Oman / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D005223:Fats