title: [Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signalling].
abstract: The mechanism of innate immunity is based on the pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens (PAMPs). Among PRR receptors Toll-like receptors (TLR) are distinguished. As a result of contact with pathogens, TLRs activate specific intracellular signaling pathways. It happens through proteins such as adaptor molecules, e.g. MyD88, TIRAP, TRIF, TRAM, and IPS-1, which participate in the cascade activation of kinases (IKK, MAP, RIP-1, TBK-1) as well as transcription factors (NF-κB, AP-1) and regulatory factor (IRF3). The result of this activation is the production of active proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interferons and enzymes. The PRR pathways are controlled by extra- and intracellular molecules to prevent overexpression of PRR. They include soluble receptors (sTLR), transmembrane proteins (ST2, SIGIRR, RP105, TRAIL-R) and intracellular inhibitors (SOCS-1, SOCS-3, sMyD88, TOLLIP, IRAK-M, SARM, A20, β-arrestin, CYLD, SHP). These molecules maintain the balance between activation and inhibition and ensure balancing of the beneficial and adverse effects of antigen recognition.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Genetyki Klinicznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny, 20-080 Lublin, Poland. hagenetyka@wp.pl
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antosz
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choroszyńska
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C494232:IRF3 protein, human; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D050826:Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins; C410602:TOLLIP protein, human; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014157:Transcription Factors