title: A novel magnetic stimulator increases experimental pain tolerance in healthy volunteers - a double-blind sham-controlled crossover study.
abstract: The 'complex neural pulse'(TM) (CNP) is a neuromodulation protocol employing weak pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF). A pioneering paper reported an analgesic effect in healthy humans after 30 minutes of CNP-stimulation using three nested whole head coils. We aimed to devise and validate a stimulator with a novel design entailing a multitude of small coils at known anatomical positions on a head cap, to improve applicability. The main hypothesis was that CNP delivery with this novel device would also increase heat pain thresholds. Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled in this double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover study. Thirty minutes of PEMF (CNP) or sham was applied to the head. After one week the other treatment was given. Before and after each treatment, primary and secondary outcomes were measured. Primary outcome was heat pain threshold (HPT) measured with thermal quantitative sensory testing. Other outcomes were warmth detection threshold, and aspects of cognition, emotion and motor performance. As hypothesized heat pain threshold was significantly increased after the PEMF stimulation. All other outcomes were unaltered by the PEMF but there was a trend level reduction of cognitive performance after PEMF stimulation as measured by the digit-symbol substitution task. Results from this pilot study suggest that our device is able to stimulate the brain and to modulate its function. This is in agreement with previous studies that used similar magnetic field strengths to stimulate the brain. Specifically, pain control may be achieved with PEMF and for this analgesic effect, coil design does not appear to play a dominant role. In addition, the flexible configuration with small coils on a head cap improves clinical applicability.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dutch Cochrane Centre NTR1093.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. r.kortekaas@umcg.nl
authors.forename: Rudie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kortekaas
authors.forename: Lotte E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: van Nierop
authors.forename: Veroni G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Konopka
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harbers
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Wijhe
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Natasha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maurits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003710:Demography; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D055815:Young Adult