title: Localization and signaling patterns of vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in human periapical lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are key players in vasculogenesis and are also involved in pathologic conditions with bone destruction. Vasculogenesis is critical for disease progression, and bone resorption is a hallmark of apical periodontitis. However, the localization of VEGFs and VEGFRs and their gene signaling pathways in human apical periodontitis have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to localize VEGFs and VEGFRs and analyze their gene expression as well as signaling pathways in human periapical lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue was collected after endodontic surgery from patients diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis. Periodontal ligament samples from extracted healthy wisdom teeth was also collected and used as control tissue. In lesion cryosections, VEGFs/VEGFRs were identified by immunohistochemistry/double immunofluorescence by using specific antibodies. A human VEGF signaling polymerase chain reaction array system was used for gene expression analysis comparing lesions with periodontal ligament samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histologic evaluation revealed heterogeneous morphology of the periapical lesions with various degrees of inflammatory infiltrates. In the lesions, all investigated factors and receptors were identified in blood vessels and various immune cells. No lymphatic vessels were detected. Gene expression analysis revealed up-regulation of VEGF-A and VEGFR-3, although not significant. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and phospholipases, all known to be involved in VEGF-mediated angiogenic activity, were significantly up-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cellular and vascular expressions of VEGFs and VEGFRs in chronic apical periodontitis, along with significant alterations of genes mediating VEGF-induced angiogenic responses, suggest ongoing vascular remodeling in established chronic periapical lesions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anca
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virtej
authors.forename: Sigbjørn S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Løes
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berggreen
authors.forename: Athanasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bletsa
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000473:pathology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D009336:Necrosis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000473:pathology; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000032:analysis; D010740:Phospholipases / Q000032:analysis; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000032:analysis; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000032:analysis; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000032:analysis; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000032:analysis; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; C581309:FLT4 protein, human; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D010740:Phospholipases