title: Adjustment of ionized calcium concentration for serum pH is not a valid marker of calcium homeostasis: implications for identifying individuals at risk of calcium metabolic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ionized calcium (iCa) is the biologically active form of this micronutrient. Serum determination of iCa is measured via ion-electrode potentiometry (IEP) and reporting iCa relative to pH 7.4 is normally utilized to avoid the potential confounding effects of ex vivo changes to serum pH. Adjustment of iCa for pH has not been adequately justified.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, utilizing carefully standardized protocols for blood collection, the preparation of serum and controlling time of collection-to-analysis, we determined serum iCa and pH utilizing an IEP-analyser hosted at an accredited diagnostic laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis of unadjusted-iCa (iCa(raw)) concentration versus pH was described by linear regression and accounted for 37% of serum iCa(raw) variability. iCa(raw) was then expressed at pH 7.4 by either adjusting iCa(raw) based on the linear regression equation describing the association of iCa with serum pH (iCa(regr)) or using IEP coded published normative equations (iCa(pub)). iCa(regr) was comparable to iCa(raw), indicating that blood collection and processing methodologies were sound. However, iCa(pub) yielded values that were significantly lower than iCa(raw). iCa(pub) did not identify 15% subjects who had greater than desirable serum concentration of iCa based on iCa(raw). Sixty percent of subjects with low levels of iCa(raw) were also not detected by iCa(pub). Determination of the kappa value measure of agreement for iCa(raw) versus iCa(pub) showed relatively poor concordance (κ = 0.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With simple protocols that avoid sampling artefacts, expressing iCa(raw) is likely to be a more valid and physiologically relevant marker of calcium homeostasis than is iCa(pub).
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and the Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Satvinder S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mamo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000592:standards*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011199:Potentiometry; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium