title: Radiation exposure and cost influence physician medical image decision making: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is estimated that 20%-40% of advanced medical imaging in the United States is unnecessary, resulting in patient overexposure to radiation and increasing the cost of care. Previous imaging utilization studies have focused on clinical appropriateness. An important contributor to excessive use of advanced imaging may be a physician "knowledge gap" regarding the safety and cost of the tests.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether safety and cost information will change physician medical image decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Following standardized case presentation, physicians made an initial imaging choice. This was followed by the presentation of guidelines, radiation exposure and health risk, and cost information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately half (57 of 112, 50.9%) of participants initially selected computed tomography (CT). When presented with guideline recommendations, participants did not modify their initial imaging choice (P=0.197). A significant reduction (56.3%, P<0.001) in CT ordering occurred after presentation of radiation exposure/health risk information; ordering changed to magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound (US). A significant reduction (48.3%, P<0.001) in CT and magnetic resonance imaging ordering occurred after presentation of Medicare reimbursement information; ordering changed to US. The majority of physicians (31 of 40, 77.5%) selecting US never modified their ordering. No significant relationship between physician demographics and decision making was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that physician decision making can be influenced by safety and cost information and the order in which information is provided to physicians can affect their decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. ronald.gimbel@usuhs.edu
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gimbel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fontelo
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Cara H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bunt
authors.forename: Christy J W
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ledford
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loveland Cook
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States