title: Assessing and comparing information security in swiss hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Availability of information in hospitals is an important prerequisite for good service. Significant resources have been invested to improve the availability of information, but it is also vital that the security of this information can be guaranteed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess information security in hospitals through a questionnaire based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard ISO/IEC 27002, evaluating Information technology - Security techniques - Code of practice for information-security management, with a special focus on the effect of the hospitals' size and type.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey, set up as a cross-sectional study, was conducted in January 2011. The chief information officers (CIOs) of 112 hospitals in German-speaking Switzerland were invited to participate. The online questionnaire was designed to be fast and easy to complete to maximize participation. To group the analyzed controls of the ISO/IEC standard 27002 in a meaningful way, a factor analysis was performed. A linear score from 0 (not implemented) to 3 (fully implemented) was introduced. The scores of the hospitals were then analyzed for significant differences in any of the factors with respect to size and type of hospital. The participating hospitals were offered a benchmark report about their status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 51 participating hospitals had an average score of 51.1% (range 30.6% - 81.9%) out of a possible 100% where all items in the questionnaire were fully implemented. Room for improvement could be identified, especially for the factors covering "process and quality management" (average score 1.3 ± 0.8 out of a maximum of 3) and "organization and risk management" (average score 1.3 ± 0.7 out of a maximum of 3). Private hospitals scored significantly higher than university hospitals in the implementation of "security zones" and "backup" (P = .008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half (50.00%, 8588/17,177) of all assessed hospital beds in German-speaking Switzerland are in hospitals that have a score of 49% or less of the maximum possible score in information security. Patient data need to be better protected because of the data protection laws and because sensitive, personal data should be guaranteed confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
authors.affiliation: AAC Infotray, Winterthur, Switzerland. sarah.landolt@alumni.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landolt
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirschel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schlienger
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Businger
authors.forename: Alex M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zbinden
keywords: Switzerland.; computer security standards; electronic health records organization & administration; hospital information systems; information protection; information security