title: Frozen section versus gross examination for bone marrow margin assessment during sarcoma resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete resection is critical for local control of primary bone sarcomas. Intraoperative consultation, including frozen section of bone marrow margins, frequently is used to aid in this goal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We therefore sought to determine (1) how often intraoperative frozen section of a bone marrow margin correlates with inspection of the gross split specimen and, in cases of a discrepancy, what clinical decision is made; and (2) how well each of these assessments agrees with the final pathologic assessment of a marrow margin.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety-five bone marrow margins from 142 patients (74 males, 68 females; mean age, 12.8 years) with primary sarcomas who underwent resection and had frozen section(s) performed on a bone marrow margin were analyzed. Agreement between frozen section interpretation and inspection of the split gross specimen was analyzed in their application to determine adequacy of the bone marrow margin intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 179 margins, the frozen section agreed with the gross inspection decision (95.6% negative agreement, 38.5% positive agreement). Decisions regarding further surgical action in all 16 instances of disagreement were based on inspection of the split gross specimen, and the frozen section was disregarded. In 195 of 195 margins, intraoperative decisions were made based on gross specimen inspection. Full pathologic examination confirmed negative final bone marrow margins in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frozen section is commonly redundant or disregarded for intraoperative surgical decisions, and it may be omitted, saving operative time and cost. Examination of split gross specimens appears an adequate adjunct to clinicoradiographic assessment to achieve negative margins in the current era of modern imaging and surgical techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II, diagnostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Megan.Anderson@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Nostrand
authors.forename: Sara O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D015588:Observer Variation; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D055815:Young Adult