title: Effect of smoke generation sources and smoke curing duration on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in different suites of fish.
abstract: The research studied the impact of smoke generation sources on PAH contamination in four different smoke-cured fish (mackerel, sardine, tuna and Cigar minnows). The smoke sources used included acacia, sugarcane bagasse and mangrove. PAHs in the smoke-cured fish were analysed using Varian GC/MS (3800-GC) system. The mean total PAH concentrations in the smoked fish (n=108) ranged from 250.59-1376.09 μg/kg in tuna, cigar minnows, sardine and mackerel smoke-cured with sugarcane bagasse, mangrove and acacia for between 2 and 8h. The mean BaP levels for most fish cured with smoke from acacia and mangrove for between 2 and 8h were all above the European Commission set limit of 5.0 μg/kg. Positive correlations (at P=0.01, 2-tailed) were observed between PAH levels in smoked fish and lignin contents of wood type used for the smoke generation, the fat content and the smoke-curing duration. Risk assessment conducted using benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenic and mutagenic toxicity equivalency factors (TEF and MEF respectively) showed high risk associated with consuming fish smoke-cured with hard woods (acacia and mangroves). Sugarcane bagasse was found to be relatively the best and safest smoke-generating source for smoke-curing of fish among the three wood types when using the traditional kiln.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. kofiessumang@yahoo.com
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Essumang
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Dodoo
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Adjei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005399:Fishes; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D012906:Smoke
chemical_list: D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D012906:Smoke
keywords: Lignin; Lipid content; Risk-assessment; Smoke-curing; Sugarcane bagasse; TEQ/MEQ