title: Reorganization of Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem at the onset of Antarctic glaciation.
abstract: The circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean is an important region for global marine food webs and carbon cycling because of sea-ice formation and its unique plankton ecosystem. However, the mechanisms underlying the installation of this distinct ecosystem and the geological timing of its development remain unknown. Here, we show, on the basis of fossil marine dinoflagellate cyst records, that a major restructuring of the Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem occurred abruptly and concomitant with the first major Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene (~33.6 million years ago). This turnover marks a regime shift in zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions and community structure, which indicates the appearance of eutrophic and seasonally productive environments on the Antarctic margin. We conclude that earliest Oligocene cooling, ice-sheet expansion, and subsequent sea-ice formation were important drivers of biotic evolution in the Southern Ocean.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands. Alexander.Houben@TNO.nl
authors.forename: Alexander J P
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Bijl
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pross
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bohaty
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passchier
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stickley
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Röhl
authors.forename: Saiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugisaki
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tauxe
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van de Flierdt
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sangiorgi
authors.forename: Appy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sluijs
authors.forename: Carlota
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escutia
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brinkhuis
authors.forename: Carlota Escutia
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dotti
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: James A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bendle
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.forename: José-Abel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Jhon J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gonzàlez
authors.forename: Travis G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Espejo
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsuki
authors.forename: Gee Soo
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Pekar
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riesselman
authors.forename: Toyosaburo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salzmann
authors.forename: Prakash K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.forename: Shouting
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuo
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamane
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005580:Fossils; D046448:Ice Cover; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000502:physiology*; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000502:physiology*