title: Response of bone mineral density, inflammatory cytokines, and biochemical bone markers to a 32-week combined loading exercise programme in older men and women.
abstract: This study examines the effects of 32 weeks of exercise training on balance, lower-extremity muscle strength, bone mineral density (BMD) and serum levels of bone metabolism and inflammatory markers in older adults. Forty-seven healthy older adults (women=24, men=23; mean age 68.2 years) participated in a exercise intervention (60min/session) that included resistance exercise training (2 days/week) at 75-80% of maximum plus a multicomponent weight-bearing impact exercise training (1 day/week). Outcome measures included lumbar spine and proximal femoral BMD, dynamic balance, muscle strength, serum levels of bone metabolism markers [osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTX), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)] and serum levels of inflammatory markers [high sensitive (hs)-C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ]. Potential confounding variables included body composition, dietary intake (using 4-day diet records), and accelerometer-based physical activity. After 32 weeks, both men and women increased dynamic balance (6.4%), muscle strength (11.0%) and trochanter (0.7%), intertrochanter (0.7%), total hip (0.6%), and lumbar spine BMD (1.7%), while OC, CTX, OPG and RANKL levels remained unchanged. In addition, hs-CRP and IFN-γ levels were decreased, while TNF-α levels were unchanged, and a decrease in IL-6 levels was only observed in men. These findings suggest that our combined impact protocol reduces inflammation and increases BMD, balance, and lower-extremity muscle strength, despite having little effect on bone metabolism markers. This reinforces the role of exercise to counteract the age-related inflammation, and the muscle strength, balance and BMD reduction.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal. emarques@fade.up.pt
authors.forename: Elisa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: João L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuna
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: João T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D010455:Peptides; D053245:RANK Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D015675:Osteocalcin; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein