title: Successful interventional treatment of post-biopsy renal artery pseudoaneurysm in pediatric patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With an incidence ranging from 0.01% to 1.0%, renal artery pseudoaneurysm (RAP) is a rare complication after renal biopsy, percutaneous renal surgery, penetrating trauma, and rarely blunt renal trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) of native kidneys was performed in 1,500 pediatric patients under real-time ultrasonographic guidance at our institution from July 1999 to January 2011. A retrospective review of these cases revealed that 2 patients developed a post-biopsy RAP. The diagnosis of RAP was established using color duplex ultrasonography (US), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and digital substraction angiography (DSA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients developed RAP after 1,500 PRBs were performed (0.13% incidence). In the presented cases, immediate post-bioptic ultrasound showed no abnormalities. A high index of suspicion for RAP was prompted when complications such as unexplained gross hematuria and anemia occurred and the arterial phase of CT showed a well-circumscribed hyperdense area with a contrast enhancement similar to the adjacent arterial vessels. The diagnosis was confirmed by DSA and then the feeding artery of RAP was successfully occluded. After the procedure, the patients recovered and were discharged shortly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAP is a rare, but potentially life-threatening complication after PRB and can be treated successfully with superselective arterial embolization.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Children Pediatric Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xue Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ji Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000628:therapy*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D012077:Renal Artery