title: Effect and mechanism of persulfate activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil.
abstract: The influence of persulfate activation methods on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation was investigated and included thermal, citrate chelated iron, and alkaline, and a hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-persulfate binary mixture. Thermal activation (60 °C) resulted in the highest removal of PAHs (99.1%) and persulfate consumption during thermal activation varied (0.45-1.38 g/kg soil). Persulfate consumption (0.91-1.22 g/kg soil) and PAHs removal (73.3-82.9%) varied using citrate chelated iron. No significant differences in oxidant consumption and PAH removal was measured in the H₂O₂-persulfate binary mixture and alkaline activated treatment systems, relative to the unactivated control. Greater removal of high molecular weight PAHs was measured with persulfate activation. Electron spin resonance spectra indicated the presence of hydroxyl radicals in thermally activated systems; weak hydroxyl radical activity in the H₂O₂-persulfate system; and superoxide radicals were predominant in alkaline activated systems. Differences in oxidative ability of the activated persulfate were related to different radicals generated during activation.
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; , Zhongguancun Science Park Open Lab of Land Contaminaion Assessment and RemediationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: , Zhongguancun Science Park Open Lab of Land Contaminaion Assessment and RemediationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: liaoxy@igsnrr.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: , Zhongguancun Science Park Open Lab of Land Contaminaion Assessment and RemediationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xiulan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ground Water and Ecosystems Restoration Division, Ada, OK, United States.
authors.forename: Scott G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Huling
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: tychai@gucas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Tuanyao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; , Zhongguancun Science Park Open Lab of Land Contaminaion Assessment and RemediationInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D002951:Citrates / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013431:Sulfates; D013481:Superoxides; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron; C024625:sodium persulfate