title: Type II diabetes mellitus and menopause: a multinational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type II diabetes mellitus causes metabolic changes that may lead to early menopause and worsen climacteric symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors for type II diabetes mellitus and assess the impact of this disease on the age of menopause and on climacteric symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6079 women aged between 40 and 59 years from 11 Latin American countries were requested to answer the Menopause Rating Scale and Goldberg Anxiety-Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diabetes was 6.7%. Diabetes mellitus was associated with arterial hypertension (odds ratio (OR) 4.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.47-5.31), the use of psychotropic drugs (OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.22-1.94), hormonal therapy (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.11-1.92), ≥ 50 years of age (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.17-1.86), overweight or obese (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.15-1.89), and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.06-1.65). Factors associated with lower risk of diabetes were the use of hormonal contraceptives (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.35-0.87), alcohol (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.54-0.98) and living in cities > 2500 meters above sea level (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.53-0.91) or with high temperatures (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.88). In turn, diabetes tripled the risk of menopause in women under 45 years of age. Diabetes did not increase the risk of deterioration of quality of life due to climacteric symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause does not increase the risk of type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is associated with early menopause in women under 45 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Cartagena , Cartagena , Colombia.
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authors.lastname: Monterrosa-Castro
authors.forename: J E
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authors.lastname: Portela-Buelvas
authors.forename: E
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authors.lastname: Mezones-Holguín
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authors.lastname: Barón
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authors.lastname: Bencosme
authors.forename: Z
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authors.lastname: Benítez
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bravo
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authors.lastname: Calle
authors.forename: P
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authors.lastname: Chedraui
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: M T
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authors.lastname: Espinoza
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authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gómez
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authors.initials: JA
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authors.lastname: Laribezcoa
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authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: M
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authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: D
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authors.lastname: Mostajo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Onatra
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tserotas
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vallejo
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authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zuñiga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors