title: Suicide in the Byzantine Empire.
abstract: Studying the suicide in the Byzantine Empire is difficult due to the limited number of references to it. Their number is greater in the early years of the Empire, mainly because of the persecution of Christians and gradually decreases. The attitude of the Church also gradually hardens, as well as the law. The law was strictly followed to the West, but as far as the Eastern Empire is concerned there are no references of punishment, confiscation of property or vandalism of dead bodies mentioned. Avoiding public humiliation after a public crime or a military defeat, religious redemption, emotional disturbance and debts, are the main cause of suicide. There are some references of mass suicides, while women suicides are relatively fewer, if the early Christian years are excluded. Suicide is more acceptable to the pagans because of their lifestyle. The therapeutic approach comes mainly through the treatment of depression. Aretaeus and Galen cite some ways to deal with the disturbance in the internal balance of black bile. Their view echoes through the centuries and the subsequent doctors embrace it. At least after the 9th century, more importance is given to the patient's bliss. Gemistus Pletho tried to revive the Platonic view of suicide shortly before the end of the Empire. The Church forbids Christian burial and troubled soul hovers in an intangible journey.
authors.affiliation: History of Medicine Department, Medical School, University of Athens.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsoukalas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laios
authors.forename: M-I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kontaxaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamanou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Androutsos
mesh_terms: D018612:Byzantium; D002835:Christianity; D003863:Depression / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D013405:Suicide / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence