title: A haptics-assisted cranio-maxillofacial surgery planning system for restoring skeletal anatomy in complex trauma cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cranio-maxillofacial (CMF) surgery to restore normal skeletal anatomy in patients with serious trauma to the face can be both complex and time-consuming. But it is generally accepted that careful pre-operative planning leads to a better outcome with a higher degree of function and reduced morbidity in addition to reduced time in the operating room. However, today's surgery planning systems are primitive, relying mostly on the user's ability to plan complex tasks with a two-dimensional graphical interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  A system for planning the restoration of skeletal anatomy in facial trauma patients using a virtual model derived from patient-specific CT data. The system combines stereo visualization with six degrees-of-freedom, high-fidelity haptic feedback that enables analysis, planning, and preoperative testing of alternative solutions for restoring bone fragments to their proper positions. The stereo display provides accurate visual spatial perception, and the haptics system provides intuitive haptic feedback when bone fragments are in contact as well as six degrees-of-freedom attraction forces for precise bone fragment alignment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A senior surgeon without prior experience of the system received 45 min of system training. Following the training session, he completed a virtual reconstruction in 22 min of a complex mandibular fracture with an adequately reduced result.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary testing with one surgeon indicates that our surgery planning system, which combines stereo visualization with sophisticated haptics, has the potential to become a powerful tool for CMF surgery planning. With little training, it allows a surgeon to complete a complex plan in a short amount of time.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Image Analysis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, pontus.olsson@it.uu.se.
authors.forename: Pontus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nysjö
authors.forename: Jan-Michaél
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Carlbom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013515:Surgery, Oral / Q000379:methods*