title: Hwa-Byung among middle-aged Korean women: family relationships, gender-role attitudes, and self-esteem.
abstract: We surveyed 395 Korean middle-aged women and examined how their perceptions of family relationships, gender-role attitudes, and self-esteem were associated with Hwa-Byung (HB; Korean anger syndrome). Our regression analyses revealed that participants who reported worse family relationship problems experienced more HB symptoms. Having profeminist, egalitarian attitudes toward women's gender roles was also associated with more HB symptoms. Self-esteem was not significantly associated with HB. Based on the results, we suggest that what is crucial to understanding HB is not how women evaluate themselves, but rather the level of stress caused by family relationship problems and their perception of women's roles.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Counseling , Adler School of Professional Psychology , Chicago , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Eunha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hogge
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Young R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lothspeich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000786:Anger; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005195:Family Relations / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D013577:Syndrome; D014505:Urban Population; D016387:Women's Health