title: Comparison of different screening methods in estimating the prevalence of precancer and cancer amongst male inmates of a jail in maharashtra, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of self-examination, clinical examination and screening methods using 1% toluidine blue and Lugol's iodine in estimating the prevalence of lesions at risk of malignancy and oral malignant disease amongst the male inmates of Yerwada Central Jail, Pune.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study was carried out on male inmates in two phases. In the first phase self-examination and clinical examination was carried out on 2,257 male inmates. 164 suspicious cases were subjected to phase II of the study out of whom, 82 participants were screened with 1% toluidine blue and 2% Lugol's iodine followed by biopsy procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity and specificity for self-examination with clinical examination was 92.2% and 96.6% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) and positive (+LR) and negative likelihood ratio (-LR) for Toluidine Blue were 88.1%, 66.6% 97.1%, 30%, 2.63 and 0.17 respectively while for Lugol's Iodine they were 94.7%, 83.8%, 98.6%, 55.5%, 5.67 and 0.06 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of lesions at risk of malignancy and oral malignant disease by self-examination was 7.8% and by clinical examination was 6.3%. Self-examination is an effective tool in early detection of oral cancer. Use of Lugol's iodine as a screening tool for oral lesions is highly effective in inmate populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College, Moradabad, India. dr.amit.chaudhari@gmail.com
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaudhari
authors.forename: Sahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegde-Shetiya
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shirahatti
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007454:Iodides; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D016353:Self-Examination / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D014048:Tolonium Chloride; C010389:Lugol's solution