title: Risks of new-onset allergic sensitization and airway inflammation after early age swimming in chlorinated pools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irritant chlorination products in swimming pools can cause respiratory problems in swimmers but their possible implication in allergies development is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess prospectively whether early-life attendance at chlorinated pools increases the risks of IgE sensitization and of airways inflammation later during childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a two-year prospective study among 196 kindergarten children (mean age of 5.7 years, 54% of boys). We measured exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and aeroallergen-specific IgE in nasal mucosa. Parents completed a questionnaire about the child's health, chlorinated pool attendance and potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ever swimming at indoor or outdoor chlorinated pools before the age of three years was associated with higher odds for new-onset IgE sensitization to house dust mite (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-7.55) and for new-onset increased eNO (>15 ppb; aOR, 4.54, 95% CI 1.48-13.9). For both outcomes, aORs increased dose-dependently with time spent in chlorinated pools with values reaching, respectively, 3.60 (95% CI 1.21-10.7) and 5.92 (95% CI 1.72-20.5) when the cumulative pool attendance exceeded 60 h These risks appeared independently of each other, of parental history of allergies and of pre-existing diseases, including eczema, which at baseline was more prevalent in early swimmers (aOR, 2.91; 95% CI 1.23-6.89). Such associations were not seen with IgE sensitization to pollen or cat allergens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attendance at chlorinated swimming pools in early life is associated with higher risks of new-onset airways inflammation and IgE sensitization to house dust mite, independently of other risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Voisin
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sardella
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology; D012306:Risk; D013550:Swimming; D013551:Swimming Pools
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Allergy; Chlorine; Exhaled nitric oxide; House dust mite; IgE; Swimming pool