title: Smoking behavior among US adults with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor and its impact on cardiovascular disease is even greater among people with diabetes. The aim of this study is to compare the prevalence and determinants of smoking among US adults with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose, and those without diabetes or impaired fasting glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2008). Age-adjusted prevalence of smoking was calculated, and we used logistic regression models to identify the correlates of smoking among people with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and normal glucose metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 24,649 participants ≥20 years old, age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 25.7% in 3111 individuals with diabetes, 24.2% in 3557 individuals with impaired fasting glucose, and 24.1% in 17,981 individuals without diabetes. Smoking prevalence did not differ across groups or change over time (1999-2008) in any group. Younger age, less education, more alcohol consumption, less physical activity, and major depression symptoms were associated with smoking in people with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and normal glucose metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the US, smoking prevalence among people with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose has not changed and is comparable with the nondiabetic population. Tobacco control efforts should be intensified among this population at high risk for complications and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. carole.willi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rigotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003710:Demography; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose