title: Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of Cladribine (Leustatin, Movectro) in animals and human.
abstract: New insight into the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of Cladribine (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine, [2-CdA]) are presented. Following incubation of [(14)C]-2-CdA in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human hepatocyte cultures, variable turnover was observed with oxidations and direct glucuronidation pathways. The oxidative cleavage to 2-chloroadenine (2-CA, M1) was only observed in rabbit and rat. Following incubation of [(14)C]-2-CdA in whole blood from mouse, monkey and human, a significant turnover was observed. The main metabolites in monkey and human were 2-chlorodeoxyinosine (M11, 16% of total radioactivity) and 2-chlorodeoxyinosine (M12, 43%). In mouse, 2-CA was the major metabolite (2-CA; M1, 73%). After single intravenous and oral administration of [(14)C]-2-CdA to mice, 2-chlorodeoxyinosine (M11) was confirmed in plasma, while 2-chlorohypoxanthine (M12) and 2-CA (M1) were found in urine. Overall, the use of [(14)C]-2-CdA both in vitro (incubations in mouse, monkey and human whole blood) and in vivo (mouse) has confirmed the existence of an additional metabolism pathway leading to the formation of 2-chlorodeoxyinosine (M11) and 2-chlorohypoxanthine (M12). Formation of these two metabolites demonstrates that Cladribine as free form is not fully resistant to adenosine deaminase as suggested earlier, an enzyme involved in its mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Merck KGaA, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Grafing , Germany and.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Scheible
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laisney
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javornik
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolgos
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017338:Cladribine / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces; D000882:Haplorhini; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055442:Metabolome; D051379:Mice; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D017338:Cladribine