title: Using Cloninger's temperament scales to predict substance-related behaviors in adolescents: a prospective longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested one of Cloninger's temperament theories - that high novelty seeking (NS), along with low harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PE), predicts early-onset substance problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a community-based sample of 777 adolescents examined at two time points (mean age 13 and 18, respectively), we examined whether Cloninger's four temperament dimensions at wave 1 predicted five substance-related outcomes at wave 2: age of initiation for cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs, number of substance classes tried, and total number of DSM-IV substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cloninger's predicted temperament pattern did significantly predict the number of SUD symptoms at wave 2. For initiation of cigarettes/illicit drugs and number of substance classes tried, HA/NS/PE fit the pattern, but RD did not. For onset of alcohol, only NS and PE fit Cloninger's prediction. Results for NS and PE were most consistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study provides evidence that Cloninger's theory may hold true for predicting problem use more than for predicting "use" or experimentation. In addition, youth with high novelty seeking and low persistence may find substances especially reinforcing, and identifying these youth and intervening before initiation has occurred may reduce the risk of future substance-related problems.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stallings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs