title: COX2-derived primary and cyclopentenone prostaglandins are increased after asphyxial cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclopentenone prostaglandins have been identified as potential neurotoxic agents in the setting of hypoxia-ischemia. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the upstream enzyme responsible for prostaglandin production is upregulated following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. However, the temporal production and concentration of cyclopentenone prostaglandins has not been described following global brain ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Global brain ischemia was induced in rats by asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) followed by resuscitation. Rats were sacrificed between 24h and 7 days following resuscitation and their brains removed. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and mass spectroscopy were performed. A cohort of rats was pretreated with the COX-2 inhibitor SC58125.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COX-2 is induced in hippocampus at 24h following ACA. Multiple prostaglandins, including cyclopentenone prostaglandin species, are increased in hippocampus as 24h following ACA. Prostaglandin and cyclopentenone prostaglandin concentrations are returned to baseline at 3 and 7 days post-ischemia. The COX-2 inhibitor SC58125 completely abrogates the post-ischemic increase in prostaglandins and cyclopentenone prostaglandins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostaglandins, including cyclopentenone prostaglandins, are increased in ischemic brain, peak at 24h and can be attenuated by the COX-2 inhibitor SC58125. These data establish the presence of potentially neurotoxic cyclopentenone prostaglandins in post-ischemic brains, thus identifying a target and therapeutic window for neuroprotective therapies.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 00-GR-H, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare, United States.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Tricia M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Wenjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sunita N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Shinde
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pickrell
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Poloyac
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hickey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000150:complications; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011720:Pyrazoles; C090859:1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2