title: Use of simulation-based teaching methodologies in US colleges and schools of pharmacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVES. To characterize the use of high-fidelity mannequins and standardized patients in US pharmacy colleges and schools. METHODS. A survey instrument was sent to 105 doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs to collect data on the use of simulation and to identify barriers to using simulation-based teaching methods. RESULTS. Eighty-eight colleges and schools completed the survey instrument (response rate 84%). Of these, 14 did not use high-fidelity mannequins or standardized patients within the curriculum. Top barriers were logistical constraints and high resource cost. Twenty-three colleges and schools used simulation for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs), 34 for interprofessional education, and 68 for evaluation of at least 1 core competency prior to advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). CONCLUSIONS. Although the majority of US colleges and schools of pharmacy use simulation-based teaching methodologies to some extent in the pharmacy curricula, the role of simulation in IPPEs, interprofessional education, and assessment of competency-based skills could be expanded.
authors.affiliation: Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 751 Brookside Road, Stockton, CA 95207, USA. vyasd80@gmail.com
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: Brenda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Megan N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards*; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins; D012580:Schools, Pharmacy / Q000592:standards*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D014481:United States
keywords: high-fidelity mannequins; simulation; standardized patients; survey research