title: Is the microbiological quality of the Msunduzi River (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) suitable for domestic, recreational, and agricultural purposes?
abstract: As little is known about the potential risks associated with the use of microbiologically contaminated river water for recreation, irrigation, or domestic purposes, the Msunduzi River in Pietermaritzburg (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) was evaluated. In addition to pH, temperature, and chemical oxygen demand, quantitative and qualitative microbiological analyses were performed monthly for 13 months. These included aerobic plate counts, counts of aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers, most probable numbers for total and faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli and the detection of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and intestinal enterococci. Presumptive E. coli and S. aureus from river water samples were confirmed using PCR and additionally matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for E. coli. Aerobic plate counts were above the South African Department of Water Affairs recommended guideline level for domestic use of 100 cfu/ml for all 13 months assessed. Faecal coliform (up to 63,000 MPN/100 ml) and E. coli (up to 7,900 MPN/100 ml) levels regularly exceeded stipulated limits for safe irrigation, domestic and recreational use. The presence of Salmonella spp., S. aureus, and intestinal enterococci frequently coincided with faecal coliform and E. coli levels above 1,000 MPN/100 ml. This illustrates the value of using guideline values for faecal coliforms and E. coli as indicators for the presence of potential pathogens. PCR and MALDI-TOF MS confirmation of E. coli were in agreement, thereby demonstrating the potential of MALDI-TOF MS as a suitable alternative. These data demonstrate that potential health risks are associated with using Msunduzi River water for irrigation and recreational or domestic purposes.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gemmell
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011891:Rain; D011998:Recreation; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D013019:South Africa; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants