title: Progress in the development of animal models of acute kidney injury and its impact on drug discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the acute loss of kidney function. AKI is increasingly frequent and is associated with impaired survival and chronic kidney disease progression. Experimental AKI models have contributed to a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms but they have not yet resulted in routine clinical application of novel therapeutic approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors present the advances in experimental AKI models over the last decade. Furthermore, the authors review their current and expected impact on novel drug discovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New AKI models have been developed in rodents and non-rodents. Non-rodents allow the evaluation of specific aspects of AKI in both bigger animals and simpler organisms such as drosophila and zebrafish. New rodent models have recently reproduced described clinical entities, such as aristolochic and warfarin nephropathies, and have also provided better models for old entities such as thrombotic microangiopathy-induced AKI. Several therapies identified in animal models are now undergoing clinical trials in human AKI, including p53 RNAi and bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. It is conceivable that further refinement of animal models in combination with ongoing trials and novel trials based on already identified potential targets will eventually yield effective therapies for clinical AKI.
authors.affiliation: Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundació Jiménez Díaz/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Niño
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martín-Cleary
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Adrián M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004330:Drosophila; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D015027:Zebrafish