title: Reliability of hip examination tests for femoroacetabular impingement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the interrater reliability of hip examination tests used to assess femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) among clinicians from different disciplines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve subjects were examined by 9 clinicians using 12 hip tests drawn from a review of the literature and consultation with experts in hip pain and FAI. Examiners assessed both hips of each subject and were blinded to subject history. The order in which subjects were seen, the order of tests, and order of examination of the 2 hips within each subject were all randomized. Interrater reliability (IRR) for the 10 categorical tests was summarized using overall raw agreement (ORA), positive agreement (agreement on abnormal findings), and negative agreement (agreement on normal findings). An ORA of >0.75 was considered to indicate adequate reliability. For the 2 range of motion (ROM) outcomes, IRR was summarized using the median of the absolute difference (MAD) in measurements obtained by any 2 examiners on any patient. MAD reflects the "typical" difference (in degrees) between 2 raters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate reliability (ORA >0.75) was achieved for 6 of the 10 hip examination tests with categorical outcomes. Positive agreement ranged from 0.35 to 0.84, while negative agreement ranged from 0.62 to 0.99. For the ROM outcomes, examiners were, on average, within 5° of each other for flexion and 7° for internal rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence that the most common hip examination tests would likely be sufficiently reliable to allow agreement between examiners when discriminating between painful FAI and normal hips in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ratzlaff
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simatovic
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ezzat
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Esdaile
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Embley
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caves
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cibere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001955:British Columbia; D005260:Female; D057925:Femoracetabular Impingement / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010808:Physical Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult