title: Endocannabinoids: a unique opportunity to develop multitarget analgesics.
abstract: After 4 millennia of more or less documented history of cannabis use, the identification of cannabinoids, and of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in particular, occurred only during the early 1960s, and the cloning of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as the discovery of endocannabinoids and their metabolic enzymes, in the 1990s. Despite this initial relatively slow progress of cannabinoid research, the turn of the century marked an incredible acceleration in discoveries on the "endocannabinoid signaling system," its role in physiological and pathological conditions, and pain in particular, its pharmacological targeting with selective agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of metabolism, and its previously unsuspected complexity. The way researchers look at this system has thus rapidly evolved towards the idea of the "endocannabinoidome," that is, a complex system including also several endocannabinoid-like mediators and their often redundant metabolic enzymes and "promiscuous" molecular targets. These peculiar complications of endocannabinoid signaling have not discouraged efforts aiming at its pharmacological manipulation, which, nevertheless, now seems to require the development of multitarget drugs, or the re-visitation of naturally occurring compounds with more than one mechanism of action. In fact, these molecules, as compared to "magic bullets," seem to offer the advantage of modulating the "endocannabinoidome" in a safer and more therapeutically efficacious way. This approach has provided so far promising preclinical results potentially useful for the future efficacious and safe treatment of chronic pain and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine - Division of Pharmacology 'L. Donatelli', Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry - C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabatino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maione
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marzo
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D000818:Animals; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid
keywords: Biennial review of pain 2013; Endocannabinoids; Pain