title: The development of an analytical method for urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS).
abstract: The analysis of biomedical samples such as urine and blood can provide evidence of exposure to chemicals for a range of applications including occupational exposure monitoring, detection of drugs of abuse, performance enhancement in sport and investigations of poisoning and incapacitation. This paper reports the development of an analytical method for two suspected urinary metabolites of the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS): 2-chlorohippuric acid and 2-chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine. 2-Chlorohippuric acid was identified in all 2h post-exposure samples from a set of urine samples taken from army recruits exposed to low levels of thermally dispersed CS during training. 2-Chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine, a metabolite known to be formed in the rat, was not identified in any of the samples. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) for 2-chlorohippuric acid and 2-chlorobenzyl-N-acetylcysteine was 1ng/ml and 0.5ng/ml in pooled urine from the pre-exposed subjects. 2-Chlorohippuric acid was rapidly excreted but was detectable in the urine of 17 of the 19 subjects tested 20h after exposure.
authors.affiliation: Detection Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK. jriches@dstl.gov.uk
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Riches
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shand
authors.forename: Eleanor V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Tomsett
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.forename: Nicola C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roughley
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gravett
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: McColm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D012304:Riot Control Agents, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult; D009763:o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D006626:Hippurates; D012304:Riot Control Agents, Chemical; D009763:o-Chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile; C027366:4-chlorohippuric acid