title: Exposure to urban air pollution and bone health in clinically healthy six-year-old children.
abstract: Air pollution induces systemic inflammation, as well as respiratory, myocardial and brain inflammation in children. Peak bone mass is influenced by environmental factors. We tested the hypothesis that six-year-olds with lifetime exposures to urban air pollution will have alterations in inflammatory markers and bone mineral density (BMD) as opposed to low-polluted city residents when matched for BMI, breast feeding history, skin phototype, age, sex and socioeconomic status. This pilot study included 20 children from Mexico City (MC) (6.17 years ± 0.63 years) and 15 controls (6.27 years ± 0.76 years). We performed full paediatric examinations, a history of outdoor exposures, seven-day dietary recalls, serum inflammatory markers and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Children in MC had significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (p=0.001), marked reductions in total blood neutrophils (p= 0.0002) and an increase in monocytes (p=0.005). MC children also had an insufficient Vitamin D intake and spent less time outdoors than controls (p<0.001) in an environment characterized by decreased UV light, with ozone and fine particulates concentrations above standard values. There were no significant differences between the cohorts in DXA Z scores. The impact of systemic inflammation, vitamin D insufficiency, air pollution, urban violence and poverty may have long-term bone detrimental outcomes in exposed paediatric populations as they grow older, increasing the risk of low bone mass and osteoporosis. The selection of reference populations for DXA must take into account air pollution exposures.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. lilian.calderon-garciduenas@umontana.edu
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calderón-Garcidueñas
authors.forename: Antonieta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mora-Tiscareño
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Francolira
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres-Jardón
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peña-Cruz
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palacios-López
authors.forename: Hongtu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Linglong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Mendoza
authors.forename: Hortencia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Montesinoscorrea
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Gildardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valencia-Salazar
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavanaugh
authors.forename: Silvestre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frenk
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015519:Bone Density; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers