title: Tips and tricks for MR angiography of pediatric and adult congenital cardiovascular diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) as an alternative to CT angiography or conventional angiography to assess pediatric and adult patients with cardiovascular diseases has the potential to significantly reduce patients' lifetime exposure to ionizing radiation. However, imaging this group of patients can be challenging because of a number of factors, including small size, difficulty timing the contrast bolus to the territory of interest, and the presence of metallic susceptibility artifact resulting from stents or clips.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present some suggestions to overcome many of these obstacles to MRA in these patients, highlighted with illustrations from clinical cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. young.phillip@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Kiaran P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Binkovitz
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kolbe
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Julsrud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult