title: The effect of a retrieval cue on the return of spider fear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure therapy is often used as treatment for anxiety disorders. However, a change in context after exposure can result in fear renewal. This renewal can be attenuated by using retrieval cues stemming from the exposure context. The present study investigated the effect of such a cue in spider-fearful persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three participants underwent an in vivo exposure session while wearing a bracelet (retrieval cue). After exposure, half of the participants continued to wear the bracelet at home until follow-up (cue groups); the other half handed over the bracelet after exposure (no cue groups). Half of the participants in each group received the follow-up in the exposure context (AAcue and AAnocue); for the other half follow-up was conducted in a novel environment (ABcue and ABnocue).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A switch in context at follow-up resulted in more self-reported anxiety and arousal compared to no switch. However, the retrieval cue did not attenuate this renewed responding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of participant per condition was limited, which might have obscured possible retrieval cue effects due to a lack of power. Additionally, information about the retrieval cue was provided after exposure, which might have weakened the association between the cue and exposure therapy. Furthermore, no autonomic measures were incorporated, restricting the effect to self-report measures. For future studies we would recommend to explicitly link the retrieval cue before onset of the exposure session and to incorporate autonomic measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that a switch in context resulted in more self-reported anxiety and arousal, but that a cue stemming from the exposure context did not attenuate this renewal.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Pauline.Dibbets@maastrichtuniversity.nl
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dibbets
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moor
authors.forename: Marisol J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Voncken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D003463:Cues; D003469:Culture; D003887:Desensitization, Psychologic; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012008:Recurrence; D013112:Spiders; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Context dependency; Exposure; Renewal; Retrieval cue; Spider fear