title: Treatment of chronic syndesmotic injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyse the available literature on the treatment of chronic syndesmotic injuries of the ankle.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted in August 2012 utilizing the keywords (treatment OR intervention) AND (injury OR sprain OR rupture) AND (syndesmosis OR syndesmotic OR "high ankle" OR "anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament" OR AITFL OR "posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament" OR PITFL OR tibiofibular diastasis). Studies that reported the outcomes of the surgical treatment of chronic syndesmotic injury were included in our review. Chronic was defined as symptoms longer than 6 months. Meta-analysis based on random-effects models was performed to pool the rates of success for different treatment methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 416 publications from PubMed/MEDLINE and 473 publications from EMBASE. After abstract and full-text review, 15 articles were included in this review. Treatment methods were placed into three broad surgical treatment categories: screw fixation, arthrodesis and arthroscopic debridement. The most common treatment strategy employed was screw fixation. The pooled rates of success for screw fixation, arthrodesis and arthroscopic debridement were 87.9, 79.4 and 78.7 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current evidence on the treatment of chronic syndesmosis injuries in the ankle is limited to prospective and retrospective case series. The pooled success rates for screw fixation, arthrodesis and arthroscopic debridement each exceeded 78 %. Future high-level studies are required to discern the most appropriate treatment strategy(ies) for chronic syndesmotic injuries of the ankle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parlamas
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hannon
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Murawski
authors.forename: Niall A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Gino M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kerkhoffs
authors.forename: C Niek
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery; D001174:Arthrodesis; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001863:Bone Screws; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003646:Debridement; D006801:Humans