title: Variation in scrotal color among widely distributed vervet monkey populations (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus and Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).
abstract: Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) exhibit bright blue scrotal skin which may function to mediate social interactions by acting as a socio-sexual signal. Previous research on scrotal coloration among vervet monkeys was limited to experimental work on captive Ch. a. sabaeus, the least colorful vervet subspecies, and two field studies of the more colorful Ch. a. pygerythrus. In a study of free-ranging and captive vervet monkeys in South Africa (Ch. pygerythrus), West Africa (Ch. a. sabaeus) and the Caribbean (Ch. a. sabaeus), we examined scrotal color variation across geographically distant subspecies. We provide an exploration of how digital photographs may be used to quantify and analyze blue and green skin coloration by examining the blue-yellow opponency channel and luminance channel as color measures. We found that that at all ages the scrotal color of Ch. a. pygerythrus males was always bluer and darker than that of Ch. a. sabaeus males. Among Ch. a. pygerythrus scrotal color becomes bluer and lightens with increasing age, while the color of Ch. a. sabaeus males also lightens, but becomes less blue with increasing age. We suggest that color variation is related to maturation and may function as an age-related signal among Ch. a. pygerythrus and Ch. a. sabaeus. We also found color was related to three morphological features among adults. For Ch. a. pygerythrus, higher body weight is associated with more blue color and longer canine length is associated with lighter color. Lighter color was associated with longer body lengths among Ch. a. sabaeus. Future studies focused on color variation within age classes are needed to examine the potential signal content of color in this species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. jennifer.cramer@mycampus.apus.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer Danzy
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Tegan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gaetano
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grobler
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Nelson B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Freimer
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Trudy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D016663:Cercopithecinae / Q000502:physiology*; D003710:Demography; D008297:Male; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000502:physiology*; D012611:Scrotum / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological