title: A novel muconic acid biosynthesis approach by shunting tryptophan biosynthesis via anthranilate.
abstract: Muconic acid is the synthetic precursor of adipic acid, and the latter is an important platform chemical that can be used for the production of nylon-6,6 and polyurethane. Currently, the production of adipic acid relies mainly on chemical processes utilizing petrochemicals, such as benzene, which are generally considered environmentally unfriendly and nonrenewable, as starting materials. Microbial synthesis from renewable carbon sources provides a promising alternative under the circumstance of petroleum depletion and environment deterioration. Here we devised a novel artificial pathway in Escherichia coli for the biosynthesis of muconic acid, in which anthranilate, the first intermediate in the tryptophan biosynthetic branch, was converted to catechol and muconic acid by anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (ADO) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CDO), sequentially and respectively. First, screening for efficient ADO and CDO from different microbial species enabled the production of gram-per-liter level muconic acid from supplemented anthranilate in 5 h. To further achieve the biosynthesis of muconic acid from simple carbon sources, anthranilate overproducers were constructed by overexpressing the key enzymes in the shikimate pathway and blocking tryptophan biosynthesis. In addition, we found that introduction of a strengthened glutamine regeneration system by overexpressing glutamine synthase significantly improved anthranilate production. Finally, the engineered E. coli strain carrying the full pathway produced 389.96 ± 12.46 mg/liter muconic acid from simple carbon sources in shake flask experiments, a result which demonstrates scale-up potential for microbial production of muconic acid.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yuheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qipeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D050548:Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000096:biosynthesis; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C031385:anthranilic acid; C005939:muconic acid; D014364:Tryptophan; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D050548:Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase; C023440:anthranilate 2,3-dioxygenase(deaminating); D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D013011:Sorbic Acid