title: Older patients' experiences of heart failure-an integrative literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several literature reviews have been published summarizing objective knowledge about older patients with heart failure (HF). Although of vital importance to the treatment and diagnosis of HF, these reviews fail to explicate and summarize older patients' subjective and lived experience of the condition, which restrains us from providing a complete picture of the illness trajectory. The purpose of this integrative review was to explore and summarize the current literature examining self-reported symptoms, illness experience, and self-care management in older patients with HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combinations of search terms related to illness experience, symptoms, and self-care management in HF were used to search three electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were empirical studies, published in English between 2001 and 2011, in populations of older patients (≥ 75 years) investigated in relation to a self-reported subjective experience of HF. The search initially yielded 279 results; 23 qualitative and qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older patients with HF have poor health-related quality of life compared with controls and experience severe and frequent symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea that limit several aspects of their life, making them dependent on others for survival. The variety of ways in which older patients cope with these consequences is determined by how they understand their illness, with the majority showing poor health literacy in relation to HF. Neither self-management nor symptom monitoring is ideal in older patients with HF, although person-centered interventions such as motivational interviewing show promising results in improving self-efficacy in this age group. Studies examining older patients' personal experiences of HF and the relationships between symptoms, situational antecedents, and social ties will fill a gap in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older patients have special care needs caused by their HF and other chronic conditions, coupled with those of great age. When symptoms of HF exacerbate, older patients are predominantly admitted to geriatric care rather than cardiac care units, implying restricted access to specialized treatment. Little is still known about the basis for self-care abilities from both healthcare provider and patient perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Post-doctoral Associate, Neuropsychiatric epidemiology, Institute of neuroscience and physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Bradi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Granger
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Nursing; heart failure; illness experience; older patients; self-care management; self-reported symptoms