title: Human platelets do not express tissue factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The controversy about the expression of tissue factor (TF) in platelet after de novo synthesis prevail despite many groups recognize that platelet isolation, assays and reagents, particularly non-specific antibodies, may account for the diversity. In this study the potential of TF expression was evaluated using immune-purified human platelets and employing a very sensitive and highly specific TF activity assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isolated platelets in plasma anti-coagulated with Fragmin were subjected to stimulation by LPS plus PMA, IgG antibody or TRAP and tested for TF activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Platelets stimulated with LPS plus PMA for 4 hours expressed trace amounts of TF like activity (PCA), not inhibited by anti-TF antibody (0.2±0.1 mU/ml blood). Platelets, not immune-adsorbed to remove monocytes, showed significant TF activity (2.0±0.9 mU/ml blood) that was nearly abolished by anti-TF antibody. IgG antibody from patient with lupus anticoagulant failed to enhance the trace amount of PCA as compared to the control in contrast to high TF activity induced in monocytes (0.4±0.1 mU/ml blood versus 27.5±10.5 mU/10(6) cells) showing that activation of complement is not mediating TF expression. Platelet subjected to TRAP activation for 10 min possessed only trace amounts of PCA that was not inhibited by anti-TF antibody and slightly enhanced by anti-TFPI antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that platelets free of monocytes do not express TF activity when stimulated by LPS or activated complement factors, implying no role for Toll like receptor (TLR4) as suggested recently. There is no evidence of TF activity associated with platelets as a result of rapid and dynamic process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. bjarne@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Bjarne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Østerud
authors.forename: Jan Ole
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000276:immunology*; D003167:Complement Activation; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin / Q000276:immunology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000276:immunology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018179:Receptors, Thrombin; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
keywords: Complement; FV; FVIIa; FX/FXa; Factor V; Factor VIIa; Factor X/Factor Xa; IgG; LPS; Monocytes; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; PCA; PMA; PRP; PS; PSGL-1; Platelets; TF; TFPI; TLR4; TRAP; Tissue factor; immunoglobulin; lipopolysaccharide; phorbol myristate acetate; phosphatidylserine; platelet rich plasma; procoagulant activity; thrombin receptor-activating peptide; tissue factor; tissue factor pathway inhibitor; toll like receptor 4