title: The properties of ZnO nanofluids and the role of H2O2 in the disinfection activity against Escherichia coli.
abstract: This work investigates the disinfection property of ZnO nanofluids, focusing on H2O2 production and the disinfection activities of ZnO suspensions with different particles/aggregates. The possible disinfection mechanisms of ZnO suspensions are analysed. In this work, a medium mill was used to produce ZnO suspensions with different sizes of particles/aggregates. During the milling process, five ZnO suspension samples (A-E) were produced. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that after milling, the size of ZnO particles/aggregates in the suspensions decreased. Disinfection tests, H2O2 detection assays and fluorescent analyses were used to explore the disinfection activities and mechanism of ZnO suspensions. Disinfection tests results showed that all the produced ZnO suspension exhibited disinfection activity against Escherichia coli. ZnO suspensions with smaller particles/aggregates showed better disinfection activities. The presence of H2O2 in ZnO suspension was analysed. The H2O2 detection assay suggested that there is 1 μM H2O2 in 0.2 g/l ZnO Sample A, while there was no H2O2 present in ZnO Sample E. Though results showed that there was no H2O2 present in ZnO Sample E, Sample E with a size of 93 nm showed the best disinfection activities. Fluorescence tests detected that the interaction between E. coli lipid vesicles and ZnO Sample E was much faster and more efficient. This study firstly demonstrated that ZnO suspensions with different particles/aggregates produced different amount of H2O2. Results suggested that H2O2 is responsible for the disinfection activity of larger ZnO particles/aggregates while the interaction between smaller ZnO particles/aggregates and vesicle lipids is responsible for the disinfection activity of smaller ZnO particles/aggregates.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Povey
authors.forename: Daqiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cang
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005453:Fluorescence; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D012996:Solutions; D013535:Suspensions; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D012996:Solutions; D013535:Suspensions; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide