title: Fracture fixation with two locking screws versus three non-locking screws: A biomechanical comparison in a normal and an osteoporotic bone model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to further evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of two locking screws versus three standard bicortical screws in synthetic models of normal and osteoporotic bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synthetic tubular bone models representing normal bone density and osteoporotic bone density were used. Artificial fracture gaps of 1 cm were created in each specimen before fixation with one of two constructs: 1) two locking screws using a five-hole locking compression plate (LCP) plate; or 2) three non-locking screws with a seven-hole LCP plate across each side of the fracture gap. The stiffness, maximum displacement, mode of failure and number of cycles to failure were recorded under progressive cyclic torsional and eccentric axial loading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Locking plates in normal bone survived 10% fewer cycles to failure during cyclic axial loading, but there was no significant difference in maximum displacement or failure load. Locking plates in osteoporotic bone showed less displacement (p = 0.02), but no significant difference in number of cycles to failure or failure load during cyclic axial loading (p = 0.46 and p = 0.25, respectively). Locking plates in normal bone had lower stiffness and torque during torsion testing (both p = 0.03), but there was no significant difference in rotation (angular displacement) (p = 0.84). Locking plates in osteoporotic bone showed lower torque and rotation (p = 0.008), but there was no significant difference in stiffness during torsion testing (p = 0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical performance of locking plate constructs, using only two screws, is comparable to three non-locking screw constructs in osteoporotic bone. Normal bone loaded with either an axial or torsional moment showed slightly better performance with the non-locking construct.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, PO Box 670212, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0212, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grawe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Archdeacon
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zardiackas
keywords: Bone model; Conventional plating; Fracture fixation; Locked plating; Osteoporosis; Screws