title: Calorie-sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sugar-sweetened drinks and the fructose they provide are associated with several health problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Nielsen Homescan and product content were analysed for sweetener type using the Gladson Nutrition Database. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 70% of all foods contain some amounts of added sugar, and consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta-analyses suggest that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adults and in children. Drinking two sugar-sweetened beverages per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized, controlled trials in children and adults lasting from 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Genetic factors influence the weight gain when drinking soft drinks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of calorie-sweetened beverages and the fructose they contain has continued to increase and may play a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain and metabolic improvement as well.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. brayga@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Fructose; health risks; randomized clinical trials; sugar