title: Cellulose and collagen derived micro-nano structured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Scaffold based bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made great progress in regenerating lost bone tissue. Materials of natural and synthetic origin have been used for scaffold fabrication. Scaffolds derived from natural polymers offer greater bioactivity and biocompatibility with mammalian tissues to favor tissue healing, due to their similarity to native extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Often it is a challenge to fabricate natural polymer based scaffolds for BTE applications without compromising their bioactivity, while maintaining adequate mechanical properties. In this work, we report the fabrication and characterization of cellulose and collagen based micro-nano structured scaffolds using human osteoblasts (HOB) for BTE applications. These porous micro-nano structured scaffolds (average pore diameter 190 +/- 10 microm) exhibited mechanical properties in the mid range of human trabecular bone (compressive modulus 266.75 +/- 33.22 MPa and strength 12.15 3 +/- 2.23 MPa). These scaffolds supported the greater adhesion and phenotype maintenance of cultured HOB as reflected by higher levels of osteogenic enzyme alkaline phosphatase and mineral deposition compared to control polyester micro-nano structured scaffolds of identical pore properties. These natural polymer based micro-nano structured scaffolds may serve as alternatives to polyester based scaffolds for BTE applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center Connecticut 06030, USA.
authors.forename: Aja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aravamudhan
authors.forename: Daisy M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nip
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Cato T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Laurencin
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sangamesh G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kumbar
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D012997:Solvents; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D012997:Solvents; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D002482:Cellulose; D003094:Collagen; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase