title: Spinal deformities in a wild line of Poecilia wingei bred in captivity: report of cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the occurrence of various spinal deformations in a captive-bred wild line of Poecilia wingei (P. wingei).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fish belonging to a wild line of P. wingei caught from Laguna de Los Patos, Venezuela, were bred in an aquarium home-breeding system during a period of three years (2006-2009). The spinal curvature was observed to study spinal deformities in P. wingei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of a total of 600 fish, 22 showed different types of deformities (scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis), with a higher incidence in females. Growth, swimming and breeding of deformed fish were generally normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Possible causes for spinal curvature in fish are discussed on the basis of the current literature. While it is not possible to determine the exact cause(s) of spinal deformities observed in the present study, traumatic injuries, nutritional imbalances, genetic defects or a combination of these factors can be supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of such lesions.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Practitioner, Mozzagrogna (Chieti), Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arbuatti
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Della Salda
authors.forename: Mariarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanucci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015994:Incidence; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008141:Lordosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011036:Poecilia / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013550:Swimming
keywords: Kyphosis; Lordosis; Poecilia wingei; Scoliosis; Spinal deformities