title: Higher glycemic load diet is associated with poorer nutrient intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Changes in the quality and quantity of carbohydrate foods may compromise nutrient intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that glycemic index, glycemic load (GL), carbohydrate intake, grains, and cereal product consumption would be associated with nutrient adequacy. Eighty-two women with GDM (61% of Asian background, 34% whites) completed a 3-day food record following their routine group nutrition education session. Nutrient intakes were compared to Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for Australia and New Zealand. Nutrient intake across energy-adjusted tertiles of glycemic index, GL, carbohydrate intake, and intake of grains and cereal products were assessed. The majority of women (66%-99%) did not meet the NRV for fiber, folate, vitamin D, iodine, and iron, and exceeded NRV for saturated fat and sodium. Higher dietary GL was associated with lower intakes of total, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat; vitamin E; and potassium (all P < .001). Higher grain intake was not significantly associated with intake of any micronutrients. In Australian women with GDM, high dietary GL predicts greater risk of poor nutrition.
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience and Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. jlouie@uow.edu.au
authors.forename: Jimmy Chun Yu
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Tania P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: Glynis P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Jennie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009520:New Zealand; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011247:Pregnancy; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients; D012982:Sodium, Dietary