title: Perioperative metoprolol and risk of stroke after noncardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous risk factors have been identified for perioperative stroke, but there are conflicting data regarding the role of β adrenergic receptor blockade in general and metoprolol in particular.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively screened 57,218 consecutive patients for radiologic evidence of stroke within 30 days after noncardiac procedures at a tertiary care university hospital. Incidence of perioperative stroke within 30 days of surgery and associated risk factors were assessed. Patients taking either metoprolol or atenolol were matched based on a number of risk factors for stroke. Parsimonious logistic regression was used to generate a preoperative risk model for perioperative stroke in the unmatched cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of perioperative stroke was 55 of 57,218 (0.09%). Preoperative metoprolol was associated with an approximately 4.2-fold increase in perioperative stroke (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 2.2-8.1). Analysis of matched cohorts revealed a significantly higher incidence of stroke in patients taking preoperative metoprolol compared with atenolol (P = 0.016). However, preoperative metoprolol was not an independent predictor of stroke in the entire cohort, which included patients who were not taking β blockers. The use of intraoperative metoprolol was associated with a 3.3-fold increase in perioperative stroke (P = 0.003; 95% CI, 1.4-7.8); no association was found for intraoperative esmolol or labetalol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine use of preoperative metoprolol, but not atenolol, is associated with stroke after noncardiac surgery, even after adjusting for comorbidities. Intraoperative metoprolol but not esmolol or labetalol, is associated with increased risk of perioperative stroke. Drugs other than metoprolol should be considered during the perioperative period if β blockade is required.
authors.affiliation: * Assistant Professor and Associate Chair for Faculty Affairs, § Robert B. Sweet Professor and Chair, ∥ Director of Statistical Core, Department of Anesthesiology, # Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, ‡ Resident in Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. † Resident in Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. ** Medical Student, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School. †† Assistant Professor, Director, Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mashour
authors.forename: Milad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifpour
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Freundlich
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Tremper
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanks
authors.forename: Brahmajee K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Nallamothu
authors.forename: Phillip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vlisides
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weightman
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Matlen
authors.forename: Janna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merte
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kheterpal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001262:Atenolol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007741:Labetalol / Q000009:adverse effects; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; D001262:Atenolol; D008790:Metoprolol; C036604:esmolol; D007741:Labetalol