title: Mycophenolate fetal toxicity and risk evaluation and mitigation strategies.
abstract: The mycophenolic acid (MPA) preparations are one of the most commonly used immunosuppressants in the United States. However, these agents carry a black box warning regarding their use during pregnancy due to an association with increased risk of miscarriage and congenital defects. To ensure that the benefits of MPA outweigh the risks, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required all manufacturers of MPA products to propose risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS). Four years after initially calling for proposals, the FDA approved a single shared REMS system in September 2012. The elements of the MPA REMS include a medication guide and elements to assure safe use (ETASU). The medication guide, which was previously FDA-approved in 2008, should continue to be distributed to patients, and the ETASU requires physicians to complete training and obtain patient signatures on the "Patient-Prescriber Acknowledgement Form." A single, national, voluntary pregnancy registry is available, and pregnant patients should be encouraged to participate. Although the impact of the MPA REMS on clinical practice is not clear, it is a step toward increasing the understanding of fetal risks with MPA products among patients and possibly practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rostas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabardi
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid