title: Antibacterial resistance and trend of urinary tract pathogens to commonly used antibiotics in Kashmir Valley.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increase in resistance pattern of urinary tract pathogens to conventional antimicrobial agents used for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is gaining the attention of many microbiologists worldwide in respect to treatment of UTIs. The aim of the present study was to obtain data on resistance patterns of pathogens responsible for UTIs to currently used antimicrobial agents in Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (tertiary healthcare hospital).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2842 samples were collected from both outpatient and inpatient departments. The majority of samples in this study were midstream urine specimens, others included catheterized urine samples. Standard parameters were followed for isolation and identification of clinical isolates and further antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 2842 samples, 1980 (67%) were culture positive. Escherichia coli (E coli) was the most prevalent isolate (OP 63%, IP 45.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (K pneumonia) as the second commonest UTI-causing agent (OP 15.9%, IP 21.7%). High percentage of isolates showed resistance to sulfa drugs such as cotrimoxazole. First generation cephalosporins were ineffective, while aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins were effective against E coli, K pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa), Enterococcus faecalis and Staphyococcus aureus (Staph aureus). Furthermore, this study noticed that glycopeptide drugs such as vancomycin are highly effective against E faecalis and Staph aureus UTIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals the increased trend in resistance pattern of uropathogens in the valley region. These data may aid health professionals in choosing the appropriate treatment for patients with UTI in the region and hopefully will prevent the misuse of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Tantry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahiman
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D002511:Cephalosporins; D014640:Vancomycin; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination