title: All-trans-retinoic acid attenuates intestinal injury in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia/reperfusion-induced intestinal injury is mediated by reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate whether all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) administration can attenuate intestinal injury and to analyze the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ATRA in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine Wistar albino rat pups were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 = control, group 2 = NEC and saline, and group 3 = NEC and ATRA treatment. NEC was induced by hyperosmolar enteral formula feeding and exposure to hypoxia after cold stress at +4°C and oxygen. Pups in group 3 were injected intraperitoneally with ATRA (0.5 mg/kg body weight) once a day prior to each NEC procedure, beginning on postnatal day 1 and daily through postnatal day 4. The pups were killed on the 4th day and their intestinal tissues were harvested for biochemical and histopathological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal injury scores and intestinal malondialdehyde levels in group 2 were found to be significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.05). Intestinal superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in group 3 were significantly higher than group 2 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.04, respectively). Intestinal tissue tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly reduced with ATRA treatment in group 3 compared to group 2 (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators contributed to the pathogenesis of NEC and that ATRA had a protective effect on intestinal injury through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inönü University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey. ramazanoz@yahoo.com.tr
authors.forename: Ramazan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Sadık
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yurttutan
authors.forename: Fatma Nur
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.forename: Mehmet Yekta
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Oncel
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erdeve
authors.forename: Hatice Germen
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Unverdi
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Ugur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dilmen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D000860:Hypoxia; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D014212:Tretinoin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase