title: Systematic review of recent advances in pharmacokinetics of four classical Chinese medicines used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: Recent studies have focused more on Chinese medicine used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. The current review covers researches on the pharmacokinetics of Chinese medicine, providing a convenient reference for researchers to increase efficiency of drug discovery, by compiling and discussing the pharmacokinetics of four classical Chinese medicines for therapy of cerebrovascular disease containing: Panax notoginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligusticum Chuanxiong and Gardenia. It also helps to eliminate side effect as far as possible from inappropriate Chinese medicine usage. Current integrative and comprehensive review of Chinese medicine for cerebrovascular disease including 1) the absorption of some constituents is limited such as ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1. It may be affected by gastric juice, first-pass effect, etc. 2) The interactions between Chinese medicine and prescription can occur. Borneol and carbomer would enhance the absorption of R1 and Rg1 in vivo by increasing adjacent cell transport ability. 3) The distribution of active constituents in brain is important for cerebrovascular disease. BBB protects brain from xenobiotic. Intranasal, intra-tympanic administration is a promising alternative to conventional administration to reach brain for ligustrazine. 4) Renal excretion is the uppermost route of these Chinese medicines. But biliary, fecal and urinary excretion are the other major routes. Theoretical and practical aspects are described with pharmacokinetic examples. In the end, this paper also discusses recent development of bio-analysis of Chinese medicine.
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mingfei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: linmeip@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Linmei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shunmei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuntai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Huaxu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D032062:Gardenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D030004:Ligusticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D053723:Panax notoginseng / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal
keywords: ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion); Bioavailability; Cerebrovascular disease; Chinese medicine; Drug interaction; Pharmacokinetics