title: The effectiveness of a graphical presentation in addition to a frequency format in the context of familial breast cancer risk communication: a multicenter controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate understanding of risk among counselees is a common problem in familial cancer clinics. It has been suggested that graphical displays can help counselees understand cancer risks and subsequent decision-making. We evaluated the effects of a graphical presentation in addition to a frequency format on counselees' understanding, psychological well-being, and preventive intentions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three familial cancer clinics in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Unaffected women with a breast cancer family history (first-time attendees).
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediately after standard genetic counseling, an additional consultation by a trained risk counselor took place where women were presented with their lifetime breast cancer risk in frequency format (X out of 100) (n = 63) or frequency format plus graphical display (10 × 10 human icons) (n = 91).
  
  
  METHODS
  understanding of risk (risk accuracy, risk perception), psychological well-being, and intentions regarding cancer prevention. Measurements were assessed using questionnaires at baseline, 2-week and 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline participant characteristics did not differ between the two groups. In both groups there was an increase in women's risk accuracy from baseline to follow-up. No significant differences were found between women who received the frequency format and those who received an additional graphical display in terms of understanding, psychological well-being and intentions regarding cancer prevention. The groups did not differ in their evaluation of the process of counseling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women's personal risk estimation accuracy was generally high at baseline and the results suggest that an additional graphical display does not lead to a significant benefit in terms of increasing understanding of risk, psychological well-being and preventive intentions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials http://ISRCTN14566836.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.henneman@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Lidewij
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Henneman
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Oosterwijk
authors.forename: Christi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van Asperen
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Menko
authors.forename: Caroline F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ockhuysen-Vermey
authors.forename: Piet J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kostense
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claassen
authors.forename: Daniëlle Rm
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Timmermans
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D003196:Computer Graphics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003626:Data Display; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors