title: Tumor margin detection using quantitative NIRF molecular imaging targeting EpCAM validated by far red gene reporter iRFP.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wide-field surgical excision reduces the chance of residual disease, but can also lead to disfigurement and devastating morbidities when resection is close to critical structures. We hypothesize that near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging can enable accurate detection of tumor margins for image-guided resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  An orthotopic model of human prostate cancer (PCa) was used to assess primary tumor margins using a NIRF-labeled antibody against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). PCa cells stably expressing far red fluorescent gene reporter, iRFP, enabled colocalization with NIRF signals for direct assessment of tumor margins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, far red fluorescence was validated against standard pathology of primary and metastatic lesions with >96 % accuracy. Primary tumor margins were more accurately detected by quantitative NIRF imaging using the EpCAM-targeting antibody as compared to a NIRF-labeled isotype control antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIRF molecular imaging may enable real-time and accurate assessment of tumor margins.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Banghe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wilganowski
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Sukhen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Pinkston
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azhdarinia
authors.forename: Barrett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sevick-Muraca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D007211:Indoles; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein; C562366:IRDye 800CW