title: Reduced immune responses to purified protein derivative and Candida albicans in oral lichen planus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impairment of cellular immunity is reported in lichen planus, an autoimmune disease affecting mucosae and skin. Our aim was to investigate immune responses directed against a set of microbial antigens in patients with oral lichen planus and in matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood was obtained, and the mononuclear cells were enriched by density gradient centrifugation. The proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed, following stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD), Candida albicans, phytohemagglutinin or when cells were left unstimulated, after three or six days of cell culture. The production of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-ß was assessed in supernatants using the Bio-plex(®) assay and was complemented with ELISA for selected cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with oral lichen planus demonstrated reduced proliferative responses against PPD (P < 0.05) and C. albicans (P < 0.05). The majority of investigated cytokines, including the pro-inflammatory, IFN-γ and TNF-α were expressed at reduced levels in PPD-stimulated supernatants from patients with oral lichen planus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, the findings suggested that memory lymphocytes from patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) may have an impaired functional ability to react against certain recall antigens, as part of a generalized response, which may reflect immune regulatory processes. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of down-regulation in OLP pathogenesis and progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Public Dental Health Service Västra Götaland, University Clinics, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simark-Mattsson
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eklund
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000032:analysis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000032:analysis; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008934:Mitogens / Q000276:immunology; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000276:immunology; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000946:Antigens, Fungal; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C066507:CCL4 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; C508599:IL5 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015848:Interleukin-5; D007378:Interleukins; D008934:Mitogens; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D014373:Tuberculin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Candida albicans; T lymphocytes; oral lichen planus; proliferation; purified protein derivative