title: Predictors of tuberculosis (TB) and antiretroviral (ARV) medication non-adherence in public primary care patients in South Africa: a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the downward trend in the absolute number of tuberculosis (TB) cases since 2006 and the fall in the incidence rates since 2001, the burden of disease caused by TB remains a global health challenge. The co-infection between TB and HIV adds to this disease burden. TB is completely curable through the intake of a strict anti-TB drug treatment regimen which requires an extremely high and consistent level of adherence.The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with adherence to anti-TB and HIV treatment drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey method was used. Three study districts (14 primary health care facilities in each) were selected on the basis of the highest TB caseload per clinic. All new TB and new TB retreatment patients were consecutively screened within one month of anti-tuberculosis treatment. The sample comprised of 3107 TB patients who had been on treatment for at least three weeks and a sub-sample of the total sample were on both anti-TB treatment and anti-retro-viral therapy(ART) (N = 757). Data collection tools included: a Socio-Demographic Questionnaire; a Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder (PTSD) Screen; a Psychological Distress Scale; the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT); and self-report measures of tobacco use, perceived health status and adherence to anti-TB drugs and ART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the participants (N = 3107) were new TB cases with a 55.9% HIV co-infection rate in this adult male and female sample 18 years and older. Significant predictors of non-adherence common to both anti-TB drugs and to dual therapy (ART and anti-TB drugs) included poverty, having one or more co-morbid health condition, being a high risk for alcohol mis-use and a partner who is HIV positive. An additional predictor for non-adherence to anti-TB drugs was tobacco use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive treatment programme addressing poverty, alcohol mis-use, tobacco use and psycho-social counseling is indicated for TB patients (with and without HIV). The treatment care package needs to involve not only the health sector but other relevant government sectors, such as social development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. pnaidoo@hsrc.ac.za
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peltzer
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louw
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matseke
authors.forename: Gugu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McHunu
authors.forename: Bomkazi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tutshana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents