title: Patient-reported outcomes in adequately treated hypothyroidism - insights from the German versions of ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been developed as important research tools in the study of various diseases. For hypothyroidism there exist three validated disease-specific questionnaires in English: the Thyroid-Dependent Quality of Life Questionnaire (ThyDQoL), the Underactive Thyroid Symptom Rating Questionnaire (ThySRQ) and the Thyroid Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ThyTSQ). We report psychometric properties of new German versions of the questionnaires including construct validity from two independent samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  230 envelopes with ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ were given out to patients receiving levothyroxine for diagnosed hypothyroidism. Reliability and factor analyses were performed, correlations and hypothesised subgroup differences calculated to assess psychometric properties. Independently, 18 patients with treated hypothyroidism for autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) and 18 healthy control subjects were enrolled in a clinical study. Participants filled in the above questionnaires alongside well-known generic PROMs, e.g. the Beck Depression Inventory, the 12-item Well-Being Questionnaire and the Short-Form-36. Two blood samples were taken. Groups were compared and correlations between disease-specific and generic instruments analysed. Relationships between PROMs and biochemically determined thyroid hormone status were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  102 patients returned completed questionnaires (response rate 44%). The newly translated questionnaires had satisfactory psychometric properties. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 for ThyDQoL, 0.81 for ThySRQ and 0.86 for ThyTSQ. For each of the questionnaires, a single factor structure explained the data best. Adequately treated patients with thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the upper normal range reported more symptoms in the ThySRQ. Those with autoimmune hypothyroidism reported being more bothered by depressive symptoms. Within the clinical sample, correlation with well-known generic instruments revealed good construct validity. In the clinical sample patients reported more symptoms in the ThySRQ, being more bothered by tiredness, higher depression and reduced well-being despite biochemically adequate treatment. Correlations between PROMs and biochemical thyroid hormone status revealed moderate though consistent associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychometric properties including construct validity of German versions of the ThyDQoL, ThySRQ and ThyTSQ are satisfactory. Feasibility and sensitivity in a clinical sample could be shown. We encourage the use of disease-specific PROMs in future studies as important additions to generic instruments in clinical research on hypothyroidism.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. weig@cbs.mpg.de
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Quinque
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villringer
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kratzsch
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karger
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires