title: Uncovering the end uses of the rare earth elements.
abstract: The rare earth elements (REE) are a group of fifteen elements with unique properties that make them indispensable for a wide variety of emerging and conventional established technologies. However, quantitative knowledge of REE remains sparse, despite the current heightened interest in future availability of the resources. Mining is heavily concentrated in China, whose monopoly position and potential restriction of exports render primary supply vulnerable to short term disruption. We have drawn upon the published literature and unpublished materials in different languages to derive the first quantitative annual domestic production by end use of individual rare earth elements from 1995 to 2007. The information is illustrated in Sankey diagrams for the years 1995 and 2007. Other years are available in the supporting information. Comparing 1995 and 2007, the production of the rare earth elements in China, Japan, and the US changed dramatically in quantities and structure. The information can provide a solid foundation for industries, academic institutions and governments to make decisions and develop strategies.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland. xiaoyue.du@empa.ch
authors.forename: Xiaoyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Graedel
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D007221:Industry / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007564:Japan; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000032:analysis* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D018803:Models, Economic; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth
keywords: Consumption; End use; Flow; Rare earth elements (REE); Sankey diagram