title: Outbreak of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis with rugby sport due to soil exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a cluster of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in 33 eyes of 25 previously healthy paediatric and teenage individuals after a rugby match.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational case series was reported. Analysis of medical record of patients with microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, who presented within May 2012, was performed. All patients were treated by a single ophthalmologist with a standardized topical regime, including a fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin) and an antiseptic (Brolene or Desomedine). Five eyes received corneal scrapings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 13.36 years (range 5-16). All patients have participated in a rugby match on 21-22 April 2012. The onset of symptoms ranged from 10 to 30 days post exposure. All eyes had multiple superficial coarse punctate keratitis. Four (12%) eyes presented with keratic precipitates. One (3%) eye had intraocular pressure of 27 mm Hg. Microscopic examination of corneal scrapings with modified trichrome or calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescent staining was unremarkable but subsequent PCR test was positive for the small subunit rRNA gene of Vittaforma corneae in three out of five eyes. Sequencing of the PCR product of 1150 bp showed 96-100% identity with the Indian or Singaporean strains of V. corneae. After treatment, all eyes healed without sequel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first outbreak of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in paediatric and teenage individuals with a rugby match is reported. A standardized topical regime, including a fluoroquinolone (moxifloxacin) and an antiseptic (Brolene or Desomedine), seems to be safe and effective, and requires validation in future treatment trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, China. alvinkwok@hksh.com
authors.forename: A K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: J M K
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: B S F
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: R W S
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: W W T
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D007637:Keratoconjunctivitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D016814:Microsporidia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D000077266:Moxifloxacin