title: Vector-control personnel's knowledge, perceptions and practices towards insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in Limpopo Province, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contradictory arguments regarding the benefits and harm of insecticides, especially DDT, have caused concerns in different societal circles, threatening to undermine the achievements of the indoor residual spraying (IRS) programme in South Africa. These concerns were exacerbated by the screening of a documentary on South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Television with anti-DDT sentiments. Consequently, Limpopo Malaria Control Programme (LMCP) Management advocated for an investigation to determine the potential effect of such campaigns on vector-control personnel's knowledge and perceived effects of insecticides on human health, with a view to improving the educational materials designed for use in training vector-control personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey using a structured field-piloted questionnaire, administered to 233 randomly selected vector-control personnel. Ethical clearance was granted by the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Approval for the study was granted by the Department of Health, Limpopo. Participation in the study was voluntary and all respondents signed informed consent. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most respondents (96.6%) had a positive perception of IRS as a method to control malaria. Despite their positive perception, 93.6% viewed IRS insecticides to be potentially harmful to the users. DDT was perceived to cause long-term reproductive and respiratory effects, whereas alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin were largely associated with skin irritation/itchiness and skin burn. Study participants were more worried about DDT's potential effects on their reproductive system, including poor sexual performance, decline in libido, miscarriage and bearing children with genetic defects. However, none reported personal experience of bearing a child with genetic defects or miscarriage.Most anti-insecticide messages, especially relating to DDT, emanated from sources external to the LMCP, mainly through radio (62%) and television (33.9%) and about 70% believed such messages. While most respondents preferred to work with a moderately itchy deltamethrin, DDT was admittedly the most effective insecticide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vector-control personnel faced health and ethical dilemmas, in that, while they perceived insecticides used for IRS in Limpopo to be potentially harmful to the health of users, as purported through media, they also viewed IRS using insecticides to be effective in controlling malaria.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban, 4001, South Africa. khumbulani.hlongwana@mrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Khumbulani W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Hlongwana
authors.forename: Edison J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mavundza
authors.forename: Elda P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mohapi
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Jasson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukaratirwa
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maharaj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011361:Professional Competence; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides