title: Methodology for labeling proteins and peptides with lead-212 (212Pb).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alpha particles possess an exquisite degree of cytotoxicity when employed for targeted α-particle therapy (TAT) or radioimmunotherapy (RIT). (212)Pb, which acts as an in vivo generator of the α-emitting nuclide (212)Bi has shown great promise in pre-clinical studies when used to label the HER2 binding antibody, trastuzumab. Currently, the first RIT clinical trial employing (212)Pb radiolabeled trastuzumab is in progress. This report provides detailed current protocol operations and steps that were generated for use in the clinical trial as well as the relevant pre-clinical experimentation, and describes in detail the labeling of proteins or peptides with (212)Pb as provided via a (224)Ra based generator system.
  
  
  METHODS
  (212)Pb was eluted from the (224)Ra/(212)Pb generator using hydrochloric acid (2M). The generator eluate was evaporated and digested with nitric acid (8M) followed by extraction of the (212)Pb with dilute nitric acid (0.1M). The dilute nitric acid solution of (212)Pb was used to label the immunoconjugate Trastuzumab-TCMC (2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-1,4,7,10,tetra-(2-carbamonylmethyl)-cyclododecane) at pH5.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elution of (212)Pb from the generator was efficient yielding>90% of available (212)Pb. Trastuzumab-TCMC was efficiently labeled with a radiochemical yield of 94% ± 4% (n=7) by ITLC and an isolated yield of 73% ± 3% (n=7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the feasibility of generating radioimmunoconjugates and peptide conjugates for use as in vivo α generator systems in the clinic. The technology holds promise in applications involving the treatment of minimal disease such as micrometastases and residual tumor after surgical debulking, hematological cancers, infections, and compartmental cancers, such as ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Radioimmune & Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA. baidook@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Kwamena E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Baidoo
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Milenic
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Brechbiel
mesh_terms: D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007856:Lead Radioisotopes; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins