title: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in inflammatory bowel disease: when should prophylaxis be considered?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased over the past several decades with a corresponding increase in the number of patients on combination immunosuppressive therapy including corticosteroids, anti-metabolites and biologic agents. The exact incidence of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) in IBD patients is unknown but there has been an increase in the number of reports of PJP in IBD patients on combination immunosuppressive therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the published literature describing PJP infections in IBD patients, as well as other non-HIV cohorts and identified risk factors for PJP infection in this group of patients. Prophylaxis and treatment regimens were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corticosteroid therapy, lymphopenia (total lymphocyte count < 600 cells/mm), and age greater than 55 years appear to be risk factors for developing pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. In addition, PJP mortality is greater in the non-HIV cohort in contrast to the HIV population. No evidence-based guidelines for primary PJP prophylaxis exist to direct practice for gastroenterology providers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better surveillance and reporting of opportunistic infections including PJP are needed to elucidate risk factors for acquisition of infection. Gastroenterology providers should continue to evaluate the need for PJP prophylaxis on a case-by-case basis to recognize patients who may benefit from primary PJP prophylaxis. In particular, older patients on corticosteroids, multiple immunosuppressive agents, and patients with lymphopenia should be considered for prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Okafor
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Francis A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Farraye
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D045363:Pneumocystis carinii / Q000502:physiology*; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis