title: A comparison of heart rate changes associated with levalbuterol and racemic albuterol in pediatric cardiology patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To our knowledge, no data exist regarding the effect of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol on heart rate in pediatric cardiology patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare heart rate change in pediatric cardiology patients receiving levalbuterol and/or racemic albuterol. The secondary objective was to identify characteristics associated with heart rate changes observed with these drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of electronic medical records at a pediatric academic hospital was conducted to determine the equivalence of heart rate change in patients receiving levalbuterol or racemic albuterol. Patients receiving at least 3 doses of levalbuterol and/or racemic albuterol during the study period were included if they were younger than 18 years and had a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD), cardiomyopathy, or supraventricular tachycardia. Patients were excluded if they received a β-blocker or continuous racemic albuterol or did not have documented pre- and postdose heart rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred ninety-two patients were included. One hundred forty-two received racemic albuterol, 40 received levalbuterol, and 10 received both racemic albuterol and levalbuterol. The mean increase in heart rate for patients receiving racemic albuterol and levalbuterol was 6.8 beats/min and 6.2 beats/min, respectively (p = 0.01). In patients with CHD, the racemic albuterol group experienced a mean heart rate increase of 6.6 beats/min compared to 6.3 beats/min in the levalbuterol group (p = 0.01). Equivalence was also determined in patients without surgical intervention and patients receiving concomitant cardiac and respiratory medications. Equivalence was not established in other analyzed subgroups secondary to insufficient sample sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racemic albuterol and levalbuterol were associated with increased heart rate in pediatric cardiology patients. This increase was found to be equivalent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO, USA. amkelly@cmh.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Barnabas M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Blythe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duane
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemanowicz
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000420:Albuterol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016084:Bronchoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol