title: Self-reported use of the upper limbs related to clinical tests in persons with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the relationship between self-reported use of the upper limbs and clinical tests in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study involved 25 pwMS with upper limb dysfunction. The Motor Activity Log (MAL) was bilaterally applied to investigate the self-reported use of both upper limbs. Clinical tests on function level were the Motricity Index (MI) and the Brunnström-Fugl-Meyer (BFM). On activity level, the Action Research Arm test (ARAt) was conducted. To identify the relationship between the self-reported use and the clinical tests, Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Subgroups of dominant and non-dominant arms were differentiated, and compared with the Wilcoxon Signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest correlations were found between the MAL and function level tests: MI (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and BFM (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). A lower correlation was found between the MAL and the ARAt (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). For all outcome measures, the absolute scores were higher for the dominant hand. Higher correlations were found for the non-dominant compared to the dominant hand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-reported use of the upper limbs was highly associated with measures on function level. The association with activity level was, however, less pronounced. Magnitudes of relationships were influenced by hand dominance. Implications for Rehabilitation Self-reported use of the upper limbs in persons with MS, measured by the MAL, is highly associated with muscle strength and movement control. The ARAt (activity level of the ICF) is less associated with self-reported use compared to outcome measures at function level. The ARAt seems to be less sensitive to mild arm dysfunction. This study indicates that it is feasible and clinically relevant to apply the MAL as a self-reported outcome measure of upper limb use in MS.
authors.affiliation: BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium .
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lamers
authors.forename: Annick A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Timmermans
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kerkhofs
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Severijns
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Wijmeersch
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feys
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*