title: Eye movement control and its disorders.
abstract: We review the supranuclear control centers and pathways leading to individual cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. We discuss horizontal and vertical gaze and their abnormalities, and review the cranial nerves which subserve eye movements, III, IV, VI, including their clinical testing. We highlight the sites at which these nerves are clinically affected, which often result in characteristic associated features with neurological localizing value. Differential diagnoses of cranial nerve palsies including Duane and Möbius syndromes are also described. Lastly, we discuss the nature of childhood neuromuscular junction disorders such as myasthenia gravis, as well as disorders of the muscle itself (chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), thyroid orbitopathy).
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Atchareeya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiwatwongwana
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*