title: Hematoma complicating permanent pacemaker implantation: the role of periprocedural antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periprocedural management of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy at the time of device implantation remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all cases for whom a pacemaker was implanted in our institution between January 2008 and June 2009. In addition, beginning in June 2009, we prospectively collected data from all patients admitted to our institution, for whom a pacemaker was placed. Clinical characteristics and anticoagulant/antiplatelet drug use were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 574 patients underwent a permanent pacemaker implantation. Of these, 20 patients (3.6%, 9 women) experienced a hematoma on pacemaker pocket site. Patients were aged between 35 and 79 years (mean 60.6 ± 12 years). The frequency of hematoma formation was significantly higher (p<0.001) in those who used warfarin than in those who did not. Aspirin (ASA), clopidogrel, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT), and bridging to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) did not increase the risk of hematoma formation (p>0.05). Eleven pocket revisions for hematoma evacuation were needed in 9 patients (1.6%), six of whom were on warfarin therapy (p>0.05). Co-morbidities were similar in patients with and without hematoma (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of hematoma is within acceptable ranges after pacemaker placement. The use of warfarin seriously increases the risk of hematoma. Bridging to LMWH safely prevents thromboembolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Center, 34087 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kazım Serhan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Özcan
authors.forename: Damirbek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osmonov
authors.forename: Ersin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yıldırım
authors.forename: Servet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altay
authors.forename: Ceyhan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Türkkan
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekmekçi
authors.forename: Barış
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.forename: Izzet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erdinler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: Anticoagulant; Antiplatelet; Hematoma