title: Clean home-delivery in rural Southern Tanzania: barriers, influencers, and facilitators.
abstract: The study explored the childbirth-related hygiene and newborn care practices in home-deliveries in Southern Tanzania and barriers to and facilitators of behaviour change. Eleven home-birth narratives and six focus group discussions were conducted with recently-delivering women; two focus group discussions were conducted with birth attendants. The use of clean cloth for delivery was reported as common in the birth narratives; however, respondents did not link its use to newborn's health. Handwashing and wearing of gloves by birth attendants varied and were not discussed in terms of being important for newborn's health, with few women giving reasons for this behaviour. The lack of handwashing and wearing of gloves was most commonly linked to the lack of water, gloves, and awareness. A common practice was the insertion of any family member's hands into the vagina of delivering woman to check labour progress before calling the birth attendant. The use of a new razor blade to cut the cord was near-universal; however, the cord was usually tied with a used thread due to the lack of knowledge and the low availability of clean thread. Applying something to the cord was near-universal and was considered essential for newborn's health. Three hygiene practices were identified as needing improvement: family members inserting a hand into the vagina of delivering woman before calling the birth attendant, the use of unclean thread, and putting substances on the cord. Little is known about families conducting internal checks of women in labour, and more research is needed before this behaviour is targeted in interventions. The use of clean thread as cord-tie appears acceptable and can be addressed, using the same channels and methods that were used for successfully encouraging the use of new razor blade.
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Mikocheni, Kiko Avenue, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. dshamba@gmail.com
authors.forename: Donat D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Shamba
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Penfold
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mashasi
authors.forename: Mwifadhi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrisho
authors.forename: Fatuma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marchant
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mshinda
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schellenberg
authors.forename: Zelee
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008880:Midwifery / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013636:Tanzania; D014470:Umbilical Cord; D055815:Young Adult