title: Nutrients from fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease for which the role of dietary factors remains inconclusive. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with nutrients found in fruits and vegetables and nutrient supplementation using a clinic-based case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 384 rapidly ascertained cases and 983 controls frequency-matched on age at time of recruitment (in 5-year increments), race, sex, and region of residence. All subjects provided demographic information and completed a 144-item food frequency questionnaire in which they reported no change to their diet within 5 years prior to entering the study. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, body mass index, energy intake, and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show a significant (trend p value < 0.05) inverse association between pancreatic cancer and nutrient/supplement groupings in a dose-dependent manner including magnesium, potassium, selenium, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, niacin, total alpha-tocopherol, total vitamin A activity, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. Adjusting for diabetes or total sugar intake did not result in significant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that most nutrients obtained through consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. jansen.rick@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Rick J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Dennis P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Rachael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bamlet
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Kari G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Gloria M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables