title: Suicidal behaviour among youths associated with psychopathology in both parents and youths attending outpatient psychiatric clinic in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide is a major cause of death among youths particularly with psychiatric, alcohol abuse and substance abuse disorders. There are relatively few studies on the relationship between psychiatric and substance abuse disorders with suicidal behaviour from low-income countries. This study examines the relationship between suicidal behaviour and co-existing psychiatric or substance disorders among youths and depressive and alcohol use disorders in their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample had 678 respondents: 250 youths and 226 and 202 biological mothers and fathers, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study found a significant statistical association between depressive (p < 0.001), alcohol abuse (p <0.001) and substance abuse (p < 0.001) disorders and suicidal behaviour in youths. There was a significant relationship between maternal depressive disorder (p < 0.001) and perceived maternal rejecting parenting behaviour (p < 0.001) with suicidal behaviour in youths. There was a greater odds of a youth with two to three (odds ratio (OR) = 3.63; p = 0.009) and four or more (OR = 8.23; p < 0.001) co-existing psychiatric disorders to have suicidal behaviour than a youth with only one psychiatric disorder. The results also indicate that a higher proportion of youths between ages 16-18 years had suicidal behaviour than youths below 16 years or above 18 years of age (p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that youths with psychiatric and substance abuse disorders have mothers living with a depressive disorder. Also, perceived maternal rejecting parenting behaviour contributes significantly to the development of suicidal behaviour later in adolescent years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, P,O, Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. khaimbugwa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lincoln I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Khasakhala
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ndetei
authors.forename: Muthoni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathai