title: Conducting health survey research in a deep rural South African community: challenges and adaptive strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many parts of the developing world, rural health requires focused policy attention, informed by reliable, representative health data. Yet there is surprisingly little published material to guide health researchers who face the unique set of hurdles associated with conducting field research in remote rural areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper we provide a detailed description of the key challenges encountered during health survey field research carried out in 2010 in a deep rural site in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The aim of the field research was to collect data on the health of children aged 10 to 17 years old, and their primary adult caregivers, as part of a larger national health survey; the research was a collaboration between several South African and foreign universities, South African national government departments, and various NGO partners. In presenting each of the four fieldwork challenges encountered on this site, we describe the initial planning decisions made, the difficulties faced when implementing these in the field, and the adaptive strategies we used to respond to these challenges. We reflect on learnings of potential relevance for the research community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our four key fieldwork challenges were scarce research capacity, staff relocation tensions, logistical constraints, and difficulties related to community buy-in. Addressing each of these obstacles required timely assessment of the situation and adaptation of field plans, in collaboration with our local NGO partner. Adaptive strategies included a greater use of local knowledge; the adoption of tribal authority boundaries as the smallest geopolitical units for sampling; a creative developmental approach to capacity building; and planned, on-going engagement with multiple community representatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue that in order to maintain high scientific standards of research and manage to 'get the job done' on the ground, it is necessary to respond to fieldwork challenges that arise as a cohesive team, with timely, locally-relevant, and often creative, solutions. Budgeting sufficient time and project resources for capacity building and community buy-in processes is also essential when working in remote communities unaccustomed to research. Documenting and sharing field experiences can provide valuable information for other researchers planning to conduct fieldwork in similar contexts.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa. casale@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casale
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Lebo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sello
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cluver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012108:Research Personnel; D012423:Rural Health; D012424:Rural Population; D013019:South Africa