title: Effects of movement music therapy with the Naruko clapper on psychological, physical and physiological indices among elderly females: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent interventional studies have indicated that some exercise programs have beneficial physical and immunological effects for older people. Some evidence suggests that exercise programs involving music and/or a rhythmic movement component may be particularly beneficial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a new type of movement music therapy (MMT) on physical, immunological, hormonal and psychosocial health parameters among older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  112 elderly female subjects (average age 73.62 ± 5.50 years) who performed little habitual exercise participated in this randomized, controlled, single-blinded intervention trial. The subjects were divided into two groups which participated in different exercise programs (experimental group: MMT; control group: simple exercise program). We assessed a comprehensive range of indices before and after the interventions, which lasted a total of 8 weeks. These indices included (1) the Philadelphia Geriatric Center morale scale, (2) self-rated health status, (3) physical function tests (e.g. blood pressure, pulmonary function, body balance, gait ability, muscle endurance, muscle-strength, and functional mobility), and (4) saliva analysis for physiological function indices (e.g. secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), chromogranin A, cortisol, and total protein).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparisons between the MMT and control interventions in younger elderly subjects (≤74 years old), systolic blood pressure decreased (p = 0.02), pulmonary function improved (p = 0.05) and body balance improved (p = 0.04) in the MMT group, but not in the control group. The SIgA secretion rate of the experimental group remained significantly elevated (p = 0.02) 15 min after exercise compared with before exercise. There were no significant differences between interventions in psychosocial indices. In contrast, no significant differences were detected between interventions in any measures in the older elderly group (≥75 years old).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the MMT, even with a short (8-week) intervention period, improves physical and physiological functions to a significantly greater extent in younger elderly individuals compared with a control intervention without music.
authors.affiliation: Welfare Health Section, Eiheiji Town Office, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D009068:Movement; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004856:Postural Balance; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory