title: Uric acid metabolism in pre-hypertension and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: In humans uric acid (UA) is the end product of degradation of purines. The handling of UA by the renal system is a complex process which is not fully understood. To date, several urate transporters in the renal proximal tubule have been identified. Among them, urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and a glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) are considered of greater importance, as potential targets for treatment of hyperuricemia and the potential associated cardio-metabolic risk. Therefore, the recognition of the metabolic pathway of UA and elucidation of occurrence of hyperuricemia may provide important insights about the relationship between UA, pre-hypertension (preHT) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We also review the available clinical studies in this field, including experimental studies dealing with the mechanisms of UA transport via different transporters, as well as current treatment options for hyperuricemia in patients with MetS, preHT or cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.forename: Manfredi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obradovic
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labudovic-Borovic
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikolic
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montalto
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.affiliation: Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, P.O. Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. isenovic@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Esma R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Isenovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012306:Risk; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; C491241:SLC22A12 protein, human; C411811:SLC2A9 protein, human; D014527:Uric Acid