title: Changes in motor cortex excitability associated with muscle fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a standard technique for noninvasive assessment of changes in central nervous system excitability. The aim of this study was to examine changes in responses to TMS in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) during sustained submaximal isometric voluntary contraction [60% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] of the adductor pollicis muscle, as well as during a subsequent recovery period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cortical excitability was tested by single TMS pulses of twice of the motor threshold intensity applied over the vertex. Testing was carried out during the sustained contraction phase every 10 s before and every 5 s after the endurance point, as well as at rest and during brief 60% MVC contractions before (control), immediately after the sustained contraction, and at 5 min intervals during the recovery period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the PD patients could sustain the contraction at the required level for as long period of time as the healthy subjects (though contraction level subsided more rapidly after the endurance point), effects of muscle fatigue on the responses to TMS were different. In contrast to the findings observed in the healthy people where motor evoked potentials (MEP) and EMG silent period (SP) in fatigued muscle gradually diminished during contraction up to the endurance point, and increased thereafter, in the majority of patients no changes occurred in MEP size (peak and area) of the adductor pollicis muscle, either before or after the endurance point. On the other hand, changes in the SP of this muscle differed among the subjects, showing a gradual increase, a decrease or no changes in duration. The trends of changes in both MEP size and SP duration in the musculus brachioradialis varied among the tested PD patients, without any consistent pattern, which was in contrast with the findings in the healthy people where both measures showed a gradual increase from the beginning of the sustained contraction. A complete dissociation between changes in MEP and SP during fatigue was also of note, which differed sharply from the findings in the healthy people in who fatigue induced changes in these measures followed identical patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results in the PD patients suggest the presence of impairment and/or compensatory changes in mechanisms responsible for adaptation of voluntary drive as well as for matching between cortical excitation and inhibition which become manifest in demanding motor tasks such as those imposed by muscle fatigue.
authors.affiliation: University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia. sladjan.milanovic@imi.bg.ac.rs
authors.forename: Sladjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milanović
authors.forename: Sasa R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Filipović
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radovanović
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blesić
authors.forename: Nela V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Ilić
authors.forename: Vladimir S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Kostić
authors.forename: Milos R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ljubisavljević
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation