title: Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: background and update on prevention and management.
abstract: Given that impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been identified among a considerable minority of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, these conditions have gained increased clinical and research attention in the past decade. Dopamine-replacement therapies, taken to ameliorate PD symptoms, have been associated with ICDs in PD. Unfortunately, there are relatively sparse empirical data regarding how best to address ICDs in PD patients. Conversely, progress has been made in understanding the clinical, neurobiological and cognitive correlates of ICDs in PD. Some of these findings may inform possible courses of action for care providers working with PD patients with ICDs. The literature on ICDs in non-PD populations may also be informative in this regard. The goals of the present article are to outline important clinical characteristics of ICDs in PD, briefly review relevant neurocognitive and neurobiological studies and discuss possible ways to prevent and manage ICDs in PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CMHC, Room S200, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Billingsley
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza