title: 177Lu-labeled HPMA copolymers utilizing cathepsin B and S cleavable linkers: synthesis, characterization and preliminary in vivo investigation in a pancreatic cancer model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major barrier to the advancement of therapeutic nanomedicines has been the non-target toxicity caused by the accumulation of the drug delivery systems in organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the liver and spleen. Herein, we report the development of peptide based metabolically active linkers (MALs) that are enzymatically cleaved by cysteine cathepsin B and S, two proteases highly expressed in the liver and spleen. The overall goal of this approach is to utilize the MALs to lower the non-target retention and toxicity of radiolabeled drug delivery systems, thus resulting in higher diagnostic and radiotherapeutic efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study three MALs (MAL0, MAL1 and MAL2) were investigated. MAL1 and MAL2 are composed of known substrates of cathepsin B and S, respectively, while MAL0 is a non-cleavable control. Both MAL1 and MAL2 were shown to undergo enzymatic cleavage with the appropriate cathepsin protease. Subsequent to conjugation to the HPMA copolymer and radiolabeling with (177)Lu, the peptide-polymer conjugates were renamed (177)Lu-metabolically active copolymers ((177)Lu-MACs) with the corresponding designations: (177)Lu-MAC0, (177)Lu-MAC1 and (177)Lu-MAC2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo evaluation of the (177)Lu-MACs was performed in an HPAC human pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse model. (177)Lu-MAC1 and (177)Lu-MAC2 demonstrated 3.1 and 2.1 fold lower liver retention, respectively, compared to control ((177)Lu-MAC0) at 72h post-injection. With regard to spleen retention, (177)Lu-MAC1 and (177)Lu-MAC2 each exhibited a nearly fourfold lower retention, relative to control, at the 72h time point. However, the tumor accumulation of the (177)Lu-MAC0 was two to three times greater than (177)Lu-MAC1 and (177)Lu-MAC2 at the same time point. The MAL approach demonstrated the capability of substantially reducing the non-target retention of the (177)Lu-labeled HPMA copolymers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While further studies are needed to optimize the pharmacokinetics of the (177)Lu-MACs design, the ability of the MAL to significantly decrease non-target retention establishes the potential this avenue of research may have for the improvement of diagnostic and radiotherapeutic drug delivery systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Sunny M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ogbomo
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Nilesh K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Wagh
authors.forename: Zhengyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brusnahan
authors.forename: Jered C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002401:Cathepsin B / Q000378:metabolism*; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D008187:Lutetium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059748:Proteolysis; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D008689:Methacrylates; D010455:Peptides; D011868:Radioisotopes; D008187:Lutetium; D002403:Cathepsins; D002401:Cathepsin B; C028217:cathepsin S; C032802:hydroxypropyl methacrylate