title: Nanocarrier-based topical drug delivery for an antifungal drug.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The conventional liposomal amphotericin B causes many unwanted side effects like blood disorder, nephrotoxicity, dose-dependent side effects, highly variable oral absorption and formulation-related instability. The objective of the present investigation was to develop cost-effective nanoemulsion as nanocarreir for enhanced and sustained delivery of amphotericin B into the skin. METHODS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS: Different oil-in-water nanoemulsions were developed by varying the composition of hydrophilic (Tween(®) 80) surfactants and co-surfactant by the spontaneous titration method. The developed formulation were characterized, optimized, evaluated and compared for the skin permeation with commercial formulation (fungisome 0.01% w/w). Optimized formulations loaded with amphotericin B were screened using varied concentrations of surfactants and co-surfactants as decided by the ternary phase diagram.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The maximum % transmittance obtained were 96.9 ± 1.0%, 95.9 ± 3.0% and 93.7 ± 1.2% for the optimized formulations F-I, F-III and F-VI, respectively. These optimized nanoemulsions were subjected to thermodynamic stability study to get the most stable nanoemulsions (F-I). The results of the particle size and zeta potential value were found to be 67.32 ± 0.8 nm and -3.7 ± 1.2 mV for the final optimized nanoemulsion F-I supporting transparency and stable nanoemulsion for better skin permeation. The steady state transdermal flux for the formulations was observed between 5.89 ± 2.06 and 18.02 ± 4.3 µg/cm(2)/h whereas the maximum enhancement ratio were found 1.85- and 3.0-fold higher than fungisome and drug solution, respectively, for F-I. The results of the skin deposition study suggests that 231.37 ± 3.6 µg/cm(2) drug deposited from optimized nanoemulsion F-I and 2.11-fold higher enhancement ratio as compared to fungisome. Optimized surfactants and co-surfactant combination-mediated transport of the drug through the skin was also tried and the results were shown to have facilitated drug permeation and skin perturbation (SEM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined results suggested that amphotericin B nanoemulsion could be a better option for localized topical drug delivery and have greater potential as an effective, efficient and safe approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar, Punjab , India .
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Abdus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samad
authors.forename: Iram
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazish
authors.forename: Farhan Jalees
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B