title: Interactions between immunity, proliferation and molecular subtype in breast cancer prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gene expression signatures indicative of tumor proliferative capacity and tumor-immune cell interactions have emerged as principal biology-driven predictors of breast cancer outcomes. How these signatures relate to one another in biological and prognostic contexts remains to be clarified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To investigate the relationship between proliferation and immune gene signatures, we analyzed an integrated dataset of 1,954 clinically annotated breast tumor expression profiles randomized into training and test sets to allow two-way discovery and validation of gene-survival associations. Hierarchical clustering revealed a large cluster of distant metastasis-free survival-associated genes with known immunological functions that further partitioned into three distinct immune metagenes likely reflecting B cells and/or plasma cells; T cells and natural killer cells; and monocytes and/or dendritic cells. A proliferation metagene allowed stratification of cases into proliferation tertiles. The prognostic strength of these metagenes was largely restricted to tumors within the highest proliferation tertile, though intrinsic subtype-specific differences were observed in the intermediate and low proliferation tertiles. In highly proliferative tumors, high tertile immune metagene expression equated with markedly reduced risk of metastasis whereas tumors with low tertile expression of any one of the three immune metagenes were associated with poor outcome despite higher expression of the other two metagenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a productive interplay among multiple immune cell types at the tumor site promotes long-term anti-metastatic immunity in a proliferation-dependent manner. The emergence of a subset of effective immune responders among highly proliferative tumors has novel prognostic ramifications.
authors.forename: Srikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagalla
authors.forename: Jeff W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willingham
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lash
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton-Dutoit
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergh
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sotiriou
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Lance D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin; D006801:Humans; D008285:Major Histocompatibility Complex; D008875:Middle Aged; D059467:Transcriptome