title: Optimization of outdoor cultivation in flat panel airlift reactors for lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris.
abstract: Microalgae are discussed as a potential renewable feedstock for biofuel production. The production of highly concentrated algae biomass with a high fatty acid content, accompanied by high productivity with the use of natural sunlight is therefore of great interest. In the current study an outdoor pilot plant with five 30 L Flat Panel Airlift reactors (FPA) installed southwards were operated in 2011 in Stuttgart, Germany. The patented FPA reactor works on the basis of an airlift loop reactor and offers efficient intermixing for homogeneous light distribution. A lipid production process with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (SAG 211-12), under nitrogen and phosphorous deprivation, was established and evaluated in regard to the fatty acid content, fatty acid productivity and light yield. In the first set of experiments limitations caused by restricted CO₂ availability were excluded by enriching the media with NaOH. The higher alkalinity allows a higher CO₂ content of supplied air and leads to doubling of fatty acid productivity. The second set of experiments focused on how the ratio of light intensity to biomass concentration in the reactor impacts fatty acid content, productivity and light yield. The specific light availability was specified as mol photons on the reactor surface per gram biomass in the reactor. This is the first publication based on experimental data showing the quantitative correlation between specific light availability, fatty acid content and biomass light yield for a lipid production process under nutrient deprivation and outdoor conditions. High specific light availability leads to high fatty acid contents. Lower specific light availability increases fatty acid productivity and biomass light yield. An average fatty acid productivity of 0.39 g L⁻¹  day⁻¹ for a 12 days batch process with a final fatty acid content of 44.6% [w/w] was achieved. Light yield of 0.4 g mol photons⁻¹ was obtained for the first 6 days of cultivation.
authors.affiliation: University of Stuttgart/Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Nobelstraβe 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. ronja.muenkel@igvt.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Ronja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Münkel
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmid-Staiger
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirth
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D005858:Germany; D008027:Light; D008055:Lipids / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D008055:Lipids; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Chlorella vulgaris; Flat Panel Airlift reactor; carbon dioxide; light availability; lipid production; outdoor cultivation