title: Characterization of peanut germin-like proteins, AhGLPs in plant development and defense.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germin-like superfamily members are ubiquitously expressed in various plant species and play important roles in plant development and defense. Although several GLPs have been identified in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), their roles in development and defense remain unknown. In this research, we study the spatiotemporal expression of AhGLPs in peanut and their functions in plant defense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have identified three new AhGLP members (AhGLP3b, AhGLP5b and AhGLP7b) that have distinct but very closely related DNA sequences. The spatial and temporal expression profiles revealed that each peanut GLP gene has its distinct expression pattern in various tissues and developmental stages. This suggests that these genes all have their distinct roles in peanut development. Subcellular location analysis demonstrated that AhGLP2 and 5 undergo a protein transport process after synthesis. The expression of all AhGLPs increased in responding to Aspergillus flavus infection, suggesting AhGLPs' ubiquitous roles in defense to A. flavus. Each AhGLP gene had its unique response to various abiotic stresses (including salt, H2O2 stress and wound), biotic stresses (including leaf spot, mosaic and rust) and plant hormone stimulations (including SA and ABA treatments). These results indicate that AhGLPs have their distinct roles in plant defense. Moreover, in vivo study of AhGLP transgenic Arabidopsis showed that both AhGLP2 and 3 had salt tolerance, which made transgenic Arabidopsis grow well under 100 mM NaCl stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, our study analyzes the AhGLP gene expression profiles in peanut and reveals their roles under various stresses. These results provide an insight into the developmental and defensive roles of GLP gene family in peanut.
authors.affiliation: Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fanghe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Haifen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qingli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Shanlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xuanqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010367:Arachis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D009154:Mutation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D021381:Protein Transport; D054712:Salinity; D055049:Salt Tolerance; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C121430:germin-like protein 3, plant; D000040:Abscisic Acid