title: Retrospective review of diagnosis and treatment in children presenting to the pediatric department with acute scrotum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Testicular torsion is a common acute condition in boys requiring prompt accurate management. The objective of this article was to evaluate ultrasound accuracy, findings, and clinical predictors in testicular torsion in boys presenting to the Stollery pediatric emergency department with acute scrotal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of surgical and emergency department ultrasound records for boys from 1 month to 17 years old presenting with acute scrotal pain from 2008 to 2011 was performed. Clinical symptoms, ultrasound and surgical findings, and diagnoses were recorded. Surgical results and follow-up were used as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 342 patients who presented to the emergency department with acute scrotum, 35 had testicular torsion. Of 266 ultrasound examinations performed, 29 boys had torsion confirmed by surgery. The false-positive rate for ultrasound was 2.6%, and there were no false-negative findings. Mean times from presentation at the emergency department to ultrasound and surgery were 209.4 and 309.4 minutes, respectively. Of the torsed testicles, 69% were salvageable. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for testicular torsion were 100%, 97.9%, and 98.1%, respectively. Sonographic heterogeneity was seen in 80% of nonviable testes at surgery and 58% of patients with viable testes (p = 0.41). Sudden-onset scrotal pain (88%), abnormal position (86%), and absent cremasteric reflex (91%) were most prevalent in torsion patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Color Doppler ultrasound is accurate and sensitive for diagnosis of torsion in the setting of acute scrotum. Despite heterogeneity on preoperative ultrasound, many testes were considered to be salvageable at surgery. The salvage rate of torsed testes was high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sevcik
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noga
mesh_terms: D000006:Abdomen, Acute / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome