title: Resting state magnetoencephalography functional connectivity in traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. One mechanism by which blunt head trauma may disrupt normal cognition and behavior is through alteration of functional connectivity between brain regions. In this pilot study, the authors applied a rapid automated resting state magnetoencephalography (MEG) imaging technique suitable for routine clinical use to test the hypothesis that there is decreased functional connectivity in patients with TBI compared with matched controls, even in cases of mild TBI. Furthermore, they posit that these abnormal reductions in MEG functional connectivity can be detected even in TBI patients without specific evidence of traumatic lesions on 3-T MR images. Finally, they hypothesize that the reductions of functional connectivity can improve over time across serial MEG scans during recovery from TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetoencephalography maps of functional connectivity in the alpha (8- to 12-Hz) band from 21 patients who sustained a TBI were compared with those from 18 age- and sex-matched controls. Regions of altered functional connectivity in each patient were detected in automated fashion through atlas-based registration to the control database. The extent of reduced functional connectivity in the patient group was tested for correlations with clinical characteristics of the injury as well as with findings on 3-T MRI. Finally, the authors compared initial connectivity maps with 2-year follow-up functional connectivity in a subgroup of 5 patients with TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen male and 7 female patients (17-53 years old, median 29 years) were enrolled. By Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) criteria, 11 patients had mild, 1 had moderate, and 3 had severe TBI, and 6 had no GCS score recorded. On 3-T MRI, 16 patients had abnormal findings attributable to the trauma and 5 had findings in the normal range. As a group, the patients with TBI had significantly lower functional connectivity than controls (p < 0.01). Three of the 5 patients with normal findings on 3-T MRI showed regions of abnormally reduced MEG functional connectivity. No significant correlations were seen between extent of functional disconnection and injury severity or posttraumatic symptoms (p > 0.05). In the subgroup undergoing 2-year follow-up, the second MEG scan demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of voxels with decreased connectivity (p < 0.05) than the initial MEG scan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rapid automated resting-state MEG imaging technique demonstrates abnormally decreased functional connectivity that may persist for years after TBI, including cases classified as "mild" by GCS criteria. Disrupted MEG connectivity can be detected even in some patients with normal findings on 3-T MRI. Analysis of follow-up MEG scans in a subgroup of patients shows that, over time, the abnormally reduced connectivity can improve, suggesting neuroplasticity during the recovery from TBI. Resting state MEG deserves further investigation as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94107-0946, USA.
authors.forename: Phiroz E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Tarapore
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lahue
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mizuiri
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Luks
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.forename: Srikantan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult