title: Insecticide mixtures could enhance the toxicity of insecticides in a resistant dairy population of Musca domestica L [corrected].
abstract: House flies, Musca domestica L., are important pests of dairy operations worldwide, with the ability to adapt wide range of environmental conditions. There are a number of insecticides used for their management, but development of resistance is a serious problem. Insecticide mixtures could enhance the toxicity of insecticides in resistant insect pests, thus resulting as a potential resistance management tool. The toxicity of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin benzoate and fipronil were assessed separately, and in mixtures against house flies. A field-collected population was significantly resistant to all the insecticides under investigation when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Most of the insecticide mixtures like one pyrethroid with other compounds evaluated under two conditions (1∶1-"A" and LC50: LC50-"B") significantly increased the toxicity of pyrethroids in the field population. Under both conditions, the combination indices of pyrethroids with other compounds, in most of the cases, were significantly below 1, suggesting synergism. The enzyme inhibitors, PBO and DEF, when used in combination with insecticides against the resistant population, toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and emamectin were significantly increased, suggesting esterase and monooxygenase based resistance mechanism. The toxicities of bifenthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in the resistant population of house flies could be enhanced by the combination with chlorpyrifos, profenofos, emamectin and fipronil. The findings of the present study might have practical significance for resistance management in house flies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. azhar_naturalist@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hafiz Azhar Ali
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.forename: Sarfraz Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shad
authors.forename: Jong-Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000494:pharmacology; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C017180:decamethrin; C099952:bifenthrin; D007559:Ivermectin; C443359:emamectin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C082360:fipronil