title: Management of small cell carcinoma of esophagus in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small cell carcinoma of esophagus (SCEC) is characterized by high malignancy and early metastasis. Although the morbidity of SCEC is very low, few studies of patients with SCEC have been conducted in China, there are no sufficient studies of SCEC conducted and reported in the existing published works, and the choices of treatment remain controversial. In this work, we aim to study the clinical characteristics of SCEC, and explore the corresponding treatment and prognosis through retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original articles were identified through the leading digital libraries in China in which the terms "esophagus or esophageal" and "small cell esophageal carcinoma" appeared from 2005 to 2009, 1,176 eligible cases were reviewed for clinical data. Analysis of survival was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences were compared using the log-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand one hundred seventy-six eligible cases were analyzed; the median age of patients was 57 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1. The number of SCEC accounted for 1.26 % of esophageal cancer treated in the same period. Of the tumors, 89.7 % were located in mid- and lower thoracic esophagus. The average tumor length was 5.4 cm (0.5-17 cm). The median overall survival was 11.1 months for all patients. The 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year average overall survival rates of 469 patients was 51.1, 25.5, 13.2, 7.9 %, respectively. The median survival time for LD patients who received systemic treatment was 16.8 m, whereas for those who received local treatment (surgery), the median survival time was 10.1 m; the median survival time for ED patients who received systemic treatment was 7.4 m, compared with 5.8 m for those who received sole treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCEC is a tumor characterized by high malignancy and early metastasis. Although our retrospective analysis cannot provide definitive conclusions on the optimal treatment modality for SCEC, however, our results suggest that systemic treatment combined with surgical resection plays a major role in the therapy of SCEC, systemic therapy may be an effective approach for the treatment of SCEC, and randomized, prospective, multicenter studies are needed to identify optimal treatment modalities for SCEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Soochow University, Changzhou 213002, Jiangsu Province, China. luxujing68@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Xu-jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ju-dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Ying-Ze
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002681:China; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate