title: Effect of a resident physician educational program on pediatric emergency department pharmacy interventions and medication errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of a resident physician educational program in a pediatric emergency department (ED) on pharmacy interventions and medication errors, particularly dose adjustments, order clarifications, and adverse drug events (ADE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The ED pharmacist recorded all interventions and medication errors on weekdays from 3 to 11 pm during a 9-month period, consisting of a preobservational (Quarter 1), observational (Quarter 2), and interventional (Quarter 3) phases. Program implementation occurred in Quarter 3, with an initial 3-hour lecture during the ED orientation, followed by daily patient case discussions. Weekly interventions and errors were analyzed using statistical process control u-chart analyses. Chi-square analyses of independence were also performed. Resident and ED staff feedback on the program was obtained through anonymous internet-based surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3507 interventions were recorded during the 9-month period. Chi-square approximation and interval estimation of odds ratio showed a statistically significant decrease between Quarters 1 and 3 in the number of dose adjustments (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.324-0.689) and order clarifications (95% CI, 0.137 to 0.382) after initiation of the program. The decline in ADE, while not as substantial (95% CI, 0.003 to 1.078), still achieved a level of significance (90% CI, 0.006 to 0.674). Survey results were positive toward the program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation of a resident physician educational program in our pediatric ED significantly decreased the number of medication errors, increased resident physician awareness of the potential for errors, and increased ED pharmacist utilization.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lighter
authors.forename: Ashok V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Godambe
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Edgerson
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Godambe
keywords: emergency medicine; medication errors; pediatrics; pharmacy; quality improvement