title: A silver lining to higher prices at the pump? Gasoline prices and teen driving behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Existing literature shows negative relationships between gasoline price and motor vehicle crashes, particularly among teens. This paper extends that literature by evaluating the relationship between gasoline price and self-reported risky driving among teens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study using multivariate empirical analysis, using pooled data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, waves 2003-2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from survey administered in private and public high schools across the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students in grades 9 through 12, surveyed biennially from 2003 to 2009 (n = 58,749).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes are (self-reported) driving without seatbelts, driving after consuming alcohol, and moderate physical activity (like walking or bicycling). State-level retail gasoline prices constitute the main predictor variable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate logistic models are estimated for the full sample, as well as by gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Individual characteristics, state unemployment, and state driving policies are controlled for. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Results are reported in form of risk differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher gasoline prices are negatively and significantly associated with driving without seatbelts. Associations are particularly strong for males and minorities. There are fewer statistical associations between gasoline prices and driving after drinking. Higher gasoline prices are positively associated with more moderate physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher gasoline prices are associated with less risky driving behaviors among teens, and they may be associated with more active forms of transportation, like walking and bicycling. The study limitations are discussed.
authors.forename: Bisakha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Nitish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patidar
authors.forename: Sheikilya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline