title: Genetic associations to germinal centre formation in primary Sjogren's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease mainly characterised by focal mononuclear cell infiltration in the salivary and lacrimal glands, and by the symptoms xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Germinal centre-like structures (GC) are found in the minor salivary glands of approximately 25% of patients. In this study, we aimed to assess genetic variations in pSS patients with GC-like formations (GC+) compared with patients without such formations (GC-).
  
  
  METHODS
  Minor salivary gland biopsies from Swedish and Norwegian pSS patients (n=320) were evaluated for GC-like formations, identifying 76 GC+ and 244 GC- patients. A panel of 1536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 107 genes was genotyped. Minor allele frequencies in GC+ and GC- patients were compared using Fisher's exact test, and associations were considered significant when p<4.7×10(-4) and suggestive when p<0.01.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this case-only analysis, we identified two SNPs in CCL11 (eotaxin) associated with GC-like structures (p<4.7×10(-4), OR 0.45 and 0.41, respectively). A haplotype of the two minor alleles was associated with GC status with p=2.6×10(-4), OR 0.40. Suggestive associations (p<0.01) were found in SNPs in the B cell activation and/or GC-formation related genes AICDA, BANK1 and BCL2. Furthermore, SNPs in IL17A, ICA1, PKN1 and SNPs in the NF-κB pathway genes CARD8, IKBKE and TANK were found suggestively associated with GC-like structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that genetic variations may explain why ectopic GC-like structures are present in some pSS patients, and support the hypothesis that GC+ and GC- patients represent distinct disease phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, , Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tove Ragna
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Reksten
authors.forename: Svein Joar Auglænd
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: Malin Viktoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Roald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Omdal
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Theander
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahren-Herlenius
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nordmark
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000235:genetics; D001706:Biopsy; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000235:genetics; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D019254:Genes, bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D018858:Germinal Center / Q000473:pathology*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000473:pathology*; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D001324:Autoantigens; C447641:BANK1 protein, human; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C455623:CARD8 protein, human; C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; C087054:ICA1 protein, human; C508717:IL17A protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C484406:TANK protein, human; C061570:protein kinase N; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; C496565:IKBKE protein, human; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase
keywords: Chemokines; Gene Polymorphism; Inflammation; Sjégren's Syndrome