title: Geographic variation in work injuries: a multilevel analysis of individual-level data and area-level factors within Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to examine provincial variation in work injuries and to assess whether contextual factors are associated with geographic variation in work injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual-level data from the 2003 and 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey was obtained for a representative sample of 89,541 Canadians aged 15 to 75 years old who reported working in the past 12 months. A multilevel regression model was conducted to identify geographic variation and contextual factors associated with the likelihood of reporting an activity limiting work injury [corrected], while adjusting for demographic and work variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Provincial differences in work injuries were observed, even after controlling for other risk factors. Workers in western provinces such as Saskatchewan (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.55), Alberta (AOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.13-1.51), and British Columbia (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.26-1.71) had a higher risk of work injuries compared with Ontario workers. Indicators of area-level material and social deprivation were not associated with work injury risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provincial differences in work injuries suggest that broader factors acting as determinants of work injuries are operating across workplaces at a provincial level. Future research needs to identify the provincial determinants and whether similar large area-level factors are driving work injuries in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. smorassaei@iwh.on.ca
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morassaei
authors.forename: F Curtis
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breslin
authors.forename: Selahadin A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Cameron A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mustard
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Amick
authors.forename: Ketan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shankardass
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petch
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult