title: Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One argument made in favour of drinking water fluoridation is that it is equitable in its impact on oral health. We examined the association between exposure to fluoridation and oral health inequities among Canadian children.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND INTERVENTION: We analyzed data from 1,017 children aged 6-11 from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey that included a clinic oral health examination and a household interview. The outcome measure was a count of the number of decayed, missing (because of caries or periodontal disease) or filled teeth, either deciduous or permanent (dmftDMFT). Data were analyzed using linear (ordinary least squares) and multinomial logistic regression; we also computed the concentration index for education-related inequity in oral health. Water fluoridation status (the intervention) was assigned on the basis of the site location of data collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluoridation was associated with better oral health (fewer dmftDMFT), adjusting for socio-economic and behavioural variables, and the effect was particularly strong for more severe oral health problems (three or more dmftDMFT). The effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT was observed across income and education categories but appeared especially pronounced in lower education and higher income adequacy households. dmftDMFT were found to be disproportionately concentrated in lower-education households, though this did not vary by fluoridation status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The robust main effect of fluoridation on dmftDMFT and the beneficial effect across socio-economic groups support fluoridation as a beneficial and justifiable population health intervention. Fluoridation was equitable in the sense that its benefits were particularly apparent in those groups with the poorest oral health profiles, though the nature of the findings prompts consideration of the values underlying the judgement of health equity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. lmclaren@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.forename: J C Herbert
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Canada; fluoridation; oral health; socio-economic factors