title: Evidence for impaired visual prediction error in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mismatch negativity (MMN) is regarded a prediction error signal that is deficient in schizophrenia in the auditory modality. If, however, MMN reflects a general computational signal of the cortex, then MMN should be also deficient in the visual modality in schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two schizophrenia patients and 24 matched healthy controls finished a visual oddball task while high-density electroencephalogram was recorded. Visual mismatch negativity was computed as a surrogate marker of prediction error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual MMN, as measured over posterior extra-striate cortical areas, was significantly reduced in schizophrenia at about 300 ms post stimulus. Standardized mean difference was -.98, corresponding to a large effect size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A posterior visual MMN deficit in schizophrenia is demonstrated for the first time. Our results tentatively suggest a supra-modal MMN deficit in schizophrenia and thus argue in favor of reduced prediction error estimation in schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. andres.neuhaus@charite.de
authors.forename: Andres H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Emily S L
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Terry E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Malhotra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult