title: Toxicological impact of inhaled electric mosquito-repellent liquid on the rat: a hematological, cytokine indications, oxidative stress and tumor markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High malaria burden has led to the increased use of insecticides in the tropics and subtropics. This study thus aimed at assessing the hematological effects alteration of pyrethroid insecticide exposure using the experimental animal model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A commonly available Electric Mosquito-Repellent Liquid pyrethroid insecticide containing prallethrin 1.6% w/w is widely used for mosquito control in Saudi Arabia. The immunotoxic effects after inhalation exposures to the preparation for a continuous period of 24, 48, and 72 h were investigated in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were exposed to prallethrin 1.6% w/w by inhalation for 72 consecutive hours. Total blood count, blood indices of creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factors (TNF)α, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19.9 and carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) were assayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of prallethrin 1.6% w/w created significant increased changes in the levels of total WBC, lymphocytes, RBC, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, platelets, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in rats after 24, 48, and 72 h of continuous inhalation; however, there was a significant reduction in neutrophils at transient reduction in the monocytes after 24 and 48 h to return to normal after 72 h. Significant increases in the levels of CK, γ-GT, SOD, NO, MDA, AFP, IL-2, and TNFα were recorded. CA and CEA did not exhibit any change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous inhalation to prallethrin 1.6% insecticides poses toxicity on hematological variables. It is also concluded that pyrethroid group of insecticide may cause hematological, biochemical, cytokine disturbances and possible mutagenic damage to the tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts Onizah, Qassim University, Onizah, KSA. dr_mona_aldamegh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mona A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Damegh
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000097:blood; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; C078965:I-antigen; D007306:Insecticides; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; C055818:d,d-T80-prallethrin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D003402:Creatine Kinase