title: Association of hyperglycemia mediated increased advanced glycation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity in different stages of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate whether hyperglycemia mediated increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was associated with erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity in subjects with different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum level of AGEs was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase activity were estimated by enzymatic reaction based spectrophotometric assay in patients with type 2 diabetes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and no retinopathy (DNR) and also in healthy non-diabetic controls (HC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocyte SOD and GR activity was significantly lower among NPDR (p=0.024, 0.0017, respectively) and PDR (p=0.0003, 0.0001, respectively) subjects compared with DNR individuals. A significant inverse correlation was observed between serum AGEs and erythrocyte SOD or GR activity in DNR (p=0.0019; r=-0.3033, p=0.0021; r=-0.3015, respectively), NPDR (p=0.0001; r=-0.4602, p=0.0003; r=-0.4161, respectively), and PDR (p<0.0001; r=-0.6753, p<0.0001; r=-0.5854, respectively) individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor glycemia may be the key factor enhancing AGE formation, which may be associated with lower erythrocyte SOD and GR activity along with increased catalase activity in DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), 244B, AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India.
authors.forename: Subhadip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choudhuri
authors.forename: Deep
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Imran H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Lakshmi K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Satinath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Basudev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002374:Catalase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase