title: Photoelectrocatalysis based on Ti/TiO2 nanotubes removes toxic properties of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Red 13 and Disperse Orange 1 from aqueous chloride samples.
abstract: This work describes the efficiency of photoelectrocatalysis based on Ti/TiO2 nanotubes in the degradation of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Red 13 and Disperse Orange 1 and to remove their toxic properties, as an alternative method for the treatment of effluents and water. For this purpose, the discoloration rate, total organic carbon (TOC) removal, and genotoxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic responses were determined, using the comet, micronucleus and cytotoxicity assays in HepG2 cells and the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. In a previous study it was found that the surfactant Emulsogen could contribute to the low mineralization of the dyes (60% after 4 h of treatment), which, in turn, seems to account for the mutagenicity of the products generated. Thus this surfactant was not added to the chloride medium in order to avoid this interference. The photoelectrocatalytic method presented rapid discoloration and the TOC reduction was ≥87% after 240 min of treatment, showing that photoelectrocatalysis is able to mineralize the dyes tested. The method was also efficient in removing the mutagenic activity and cytotoxic effects of these three dyes. Thus it was concluded that photoelectrocatalysis was a promising method for the treatment of aqueous samples.
authors.affiliation: USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. eraquel@fcfrp.usp.br
authors.forename: E R A
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.forename: G A R
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grando
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lizier
authors.forename: M V B
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002384:Catalysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D043942:Nanotubes; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D004396:Coloring Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium