title: New system for digital to analog transformation and reconstruction of 12-lead ECGs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe initial validation of a new system for digital to analog conversion (DAC) and reconstruction of 12-lead ECGs. The system utilizes an open and optimized software format with a commensurately optimized DAC hardware configuration to accurately reproduce, from digital files, the original analog electrocardiographic signals of previously instrumented patients. By doing so, the system also ultimately allows for transmission of data collected on one manufacturer's 12-lead ECG hardware/software into that of any other.
  
  
  METHODS
  To initially validate the system, we compared original and post-DAC re-digitized 12-lead ECG data files (∼5-minutes long) in two types of validation studies in 10 patients. The first type quantitatively compared the total waveform voltage differences between the original and re-digitized data while the second type qualitatively compared the automated electrocardiographic diagnostic statements generated by the original versus re-digitized data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The grand-averaged difference in root mean squared voltage between the original and re-digitized data was 20.8 µV per channel when re-digitization involved the same manufacturer's analog to digital converter (ADC) as the original digitization, and 28.4 µV per channel when it involved a different manufacturer's ADC. Automated diagnostic statements generated by the original versus reconstructed data did not differ when using the diagnostic algorithm from the same manufacturer on whose device the original data were collected, and differed only slightly for just 1 of 10 patients when using a third-party diagnostic algorithm throughout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Original analog 12-lead ECG signals can be reconstructed from digital data files with accuracy sufficient for clinical use. Such reconstructions can readily enable automated second opinions for difficult-to-interpret 12-lead ECGs, either locally or remotely through the use of dedicated or cloud-based servers.
authors.affiliation: National Space Biomedical Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kothadia
authors.forename: Walter B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kulecz
authors.forename: Igor S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kofman
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Grier
authors.forename: Todd T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software