title: The comparative short-term effectiveness of iron dosing and formulations in US hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous iron is used widely in hemodialysis, yet there are limited data on the effectiveness of contemporary dosing strategies or formulation type.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the clinical database of a large dialysis provider (years 2004-2008) merged with administrative data from the US Renal Data System to compare the effects of intravenous iron use on anemia management. Dosing comparisons were bolus (consecutive doses ≥100 mg exceeding 600 mg during 1 month) versus maintenance (all other iron doses during the month); and high (>200 mg over 1 month) versus low dose (≤200 mg over 1 month). Formulation comparison was administration of ferric gluconate versus iron sucrose over 1 month. Outcomes were hemoglobin, epoetin dose, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin during 6 weeks of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 117,050 patients for the dosing comparison, and 66,207 patients for the formulation comparison. Bolus dosing was associated with higher average adjusted hemoglobin (+0.23 g/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.26), transferrin saturation (+3.31%; 95% CI, 2.99-3.63), serum ferritin (+151 μg/L; 95% CI, 134.9-168.7), and lower average epoetin dose (-464 units; 95% CI, -583 to -343) compared with maintenance. Similar trends were observed with high-dose iron versus low-dose. Iron sucrose was associated with higher adjusted average hemoglobin (+0.16 g/dL; 95% CI, 0.12-0.19) versus ferric gluconate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies favoring large doses of intravenous iron or iron sucrose lead to improved measures of anemia management. These potential benefits should be weighed against risks, which currently remain incompletely characterized.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina Kidney Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7155, USA. sagar@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Abhijit V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Freburger
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wolfgang C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Winkelmayer
authors.forename: M Alan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brookhart
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014168:Transferrin; D004921:Erythropoietin; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron