title: Complex genitourinary duplication affecting neurourologic and urodynamic findings: report of a case and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complete duplication of the bladder and urethra is a rare congenital anomaly and usually occurs in association with other organ anomalies. We report a case of complete bladder duplication associated with multiple non-genitourinary anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 10-year-old girl presented with urinary incontinence and recurrent episodes of febrile urinary tract infections. Simultaneous right and left bladder urodynamic study was performed and revealed bilateral decreased bladder compliance associated with hyperreflexia. The patient underwent reconstructive surgery with combination of the 2 bladders and closure of the right incompetent bladder neck.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of bladder duplication is directed towards creating an unobstructed urinary tract, preventing infections, and achieving urinary continence. Neurourologic and urodynamic assessment is of utmost importance especially when concomitant spinal anomaly exists. Furthermore, these patients should be observed lifelong as alteration in bladder function may occur.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Urology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abdol-Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kajbafzadeh
authors.forename: Erfan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.forename: Niloufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Javan-Farazmand
authors.forename: Alireza Alam
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sahebpour
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Congenital abnormalities; Urinary bladder; Urodynamics