title: Comparative performance of contact plates, electrostatic wipes, swabs and a novel sampling device for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus on environmental surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the performance of four sampling methods [contact plates, electrostatic wipes (wipe), swabs and a novel roller sampler] for recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from a stainless steel surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stainless steel test plates were inoculated with Staph. aureus, dried for 24 h and sampled using each of the four methods. Samples were either incubated directly (roller, contact plate) or processed using elution and membrane filtration (swab, wipe). Performance was assessed by calculating the apparent sampling efficiency (ASE), analytical sensitivity (Sn) and percentage of replications with positive growth. The wipe demonstrated the best performance across all inoculating concentrations (ASE(48 h) = 18%; Sn(48 h) = 7 CFU per 100 cm(2)). The swab performed well when corrected for area actually sampled (ASE(48 h) = 24%; Sn(48 h) = 76 CFU per 100 cm(2)). Of the contact-based methods, the newly developed roller sampler outperformed the contact plate (roller: ASE(48 h) = 10%; Sn(48 h) = 17 CFU per 100 cm(2); contact plate: ASE(48 h) = 0·04%; Sn(48 h) = 1412 CFU per 100 cm(2)); both contact samplers performed better at higher inoculating concentrations (6E3 CFU per 100 cm(2) for the roller and 6E6 CFU per 100 cm(2) for the contact plate). Overall, the electrostatic wipe produced the highest number of replications resulting in positive growth (74%(24 h), 91%(48 h)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that selection of the sampling method must be carefully considered, given that different methods have varying performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study assessing static wipes for sampling and one that uses a more real-world-relevant 24-h drying time. The results help with infection control, and environmental health professionals choose better sampling methodologies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hoet
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel