title: Role of hormones in cartilage and joint metabolism: understanding an unhealthy metabolic phenotype in osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Joint health is affected by local and systemic hormones. It is well accepted that systemic factors regulate the metabolism of joint tissues, and that substantial cross-talk between tissues actively contributes to homeostasis. In the current review, we try to define a subtype of osteoarthritis (OA), metabolic OA, which is dependent on an unhealthy phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed research articles and reviews were reviewed and summarized. Only literature readily available online, either by download or by purchase order, was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OA is the most common joint disease and is more common in women after menopause. OA is a disease that affects the whole joint, including cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, tendons, and muscles. The clinical endpoints of OA are pain and joint space narrowing, which is characterized by cartilage erosion and subchondral sclerosis, suggesting that cartilage is a central tissue of joint health. Thus, the joint, more specifically the cartilage, may be considered a target of endocrine function in addition to the well-described traditional risk factors of disease initiation and progression such as long-term loading of the joint due to obesity. Metabolic syndrome affects a range of tissues and may in part be molecularly described as a dysregulation of cytokines, adipokines, and hormones (e.g., estrogen and thyroid hormone). Consequently, metabolic imbalance may both directly and indirectly influence joint health and cartilage turnover, altering the progression of diseases such as OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial evidence for a connection between metabolic health and development of OA. We propose that more focus be directed to understanding this connection to improve the management of menopausal health and associated comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark. acbj@nordicbioscience.com
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bay-Jensen
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Slagboom
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen-An
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alexandersen
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qvist
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Meulenbelt
authors.forename: Morten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karsdal
mesh_terms: D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000378:metabolism; D008593:Menopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004967:Estrogens; D006728:Hormones; D013963:Thyroid Hormones