title: Neural correlates of treatment in adolescents with bipolar depression during response inhibition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormal prefrontal and subcortical activity during cognitive control tasks is identified in non-depressed adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD); however, little is known about the neural correlates of bipolar adolescents in a depressed state (BDd). We aimed to investigate baseline versus after-treatment patterns of neural activity underlying motor response and response inhibition in adolescents with BDd.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 10 adolescents with BDd relative to 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) completed a well-validated go/no go block-design cognitive control task at baseline and after 6 weeks of naturalistic treatment. We used whole-brain analysis and controlled our results for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant improvement in depression scores (mean change: 57%±28). There was no behavioral difference in BDd baseline versus HC and after treatment. BDd adolescents relative to HC had higher baseline cortical, but not subcortical, neural activity (e.g., bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal during both the go [motor control] and the no go [response inhibition] conditions, and left superior temporal during the no go condition). However, after-treatment activity relative to baseline neural activity during response inhibition was significantly increased in subcortical (e.g., right hippocampus and left thalamus), but not cortical, regions. In addition, at baseline, lower left thalamus activity was correlated with higher depression scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with BDd had baseline prefrontal and temporal hyperactivity underlying motor control and response inhibition that did not change after treatment in contrast to relatively decreased baseline subcortical activity underlying response inhibition associated with the depressive state that was increased after the treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. dilerrs@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rasim Somer
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Diler
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Segreti
authors.forename: Cecile D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ladouceur
authors.forename: Jorge R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology