title: Molecular characteristics and biological activities of anionic macromolecules from Codium fragile.
abstract: Water-soluble anionic macromolecules isolated from Codium fragile and fractionated using ion-exchange chromatography were investigated to determine their molecular characteristics and immunostimulating activity. The crude molecules and fractions (F1, F2, and F3) consisted mostly of carbohydrates (44.1-80.5%), sulfates (3.2-22.2%) and proteins (3.0-15.7%) with small amounts of uronic acids (1.1-4.2%), and included different levels of mannose (91.3-18.7%), glucose (62.7-8.6%) and galactose (37.5-59.5%). These molecules contained one or two subfractions with molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 148×10(3) to 4879×10(3)g/mol. The crude, F1 and F2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines. The treatment of sample molecules facilitated the degradation of Iκ-B and phosphorylation of MAPK in RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that they might stimulate RAW264.7 cells through the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathway. Proteins in fraction F2 were essential to possess its bioactivity and its main backbone was composed of mixed linkages of (1→3)-α and β-d-mannan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabarsa
authors.forename: Supatra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karnjanapratum
authors.forename: Myounglae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jin-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sangguan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry; D008358:Mannose / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008351:Mannans; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose; D008358:Mannose; D005690:Galactose