title: [Relevance of parents as source for contamination of neonates with multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens (MRGN)].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increase in nosocomial contamination and infection with multi-resistant bacteria among NICU patients. In 2011 we had to deal with an outbreak from multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in our NICU. Analysing the situation, we found 3 different clonal tribes. We presume that there are different sources for the contamination with multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens (MRGN) and we suspect that parents of NICU children may be of some importance. We studied in a one-year setting whether the incidence of nosocomial contaminations and infections may be prevented in a setting of barrier nursing and surveillance of the NICU patients and their parents. Our study was prospective and justified by a vote of support from the ethics committee of the 'Hamburger Ärztekammer' as well as additional funding from the Asklepios-Hamburg Pro-Research for the laboratory expenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a one-year study we undertook a programme of barrier nursing for all children admitted to our NICU with bacteriological surveillance on their entry into the NICU for children and their parents with anal and pharyngeal-nasal swabs. As long as there were no results, barrier-nursing for the children, their parents and staff was maintained. Where negative results were found, barrier-nursing was interrupted and children were nursed under normal hygienic conditions. Surveillance cultures from the children were taken once a week until being released. In cases of detection of MRGN bacteria, barrier-nursing was implemented together with room isolation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected 23 families carrying MRGN bacteria pre-existent before hospitalisation. In cases of MRGN findings, barrier-nursing and room isolation were maintained. Under these circumstances, there were 6 cases of contamination of NICU children, 4 after vaginal delivery and secondary admittance in the NICU. The circumstances for the 2 others are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents are an important source for MRGN bacteria in the NICU. The early detection of those carriers is important for the avoidance of outbreaks in an NICU. In most cases, contamination and infection can be prevented.
authors.affiliation: Neonatologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg. R.Laux@Asklepios.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huggett
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ilchmann
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010356:Patient Isolation