title: Natural polyamine inhibits mouse skin inflammation and macrophage activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Natural polyamines are some of the most abundant polycationic molecules in eukaryotic cells, regulating gene expression. Polyamines have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities in many model inflammation systems. However, there is no report on their role in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced dermal edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse ear edema was induced by TPA. Edema biopsies were investigated using H&E staining. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) were determined using the Griess reaction. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels in cell supernatants were measured by TNFα and IL-1β ELISA kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spermidine and spermine caused significant decreases in ear thickness, water content, and neutrophil infiltrations in comparison with negative control (p < 0.05). External polyamines reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators such as NO, TNFα, and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Spermine had a higher inhibitory effect on the production of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNFα in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages compared to other polyamines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings clearly demonstrated that polyamines are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect by reducing dermal edema thickness and other inflammatory mediators like NO and cytokines in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Kyoungbook, Kyoungsan 712-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Souren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Sun Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D013095:Spermidine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013096:Spermine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D013095:Spermidine