title: Overexpression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1: possible mechanism for increased breast cancer risk with norethisterone in hormone therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical trials have demonstrated an increased risk of breast cancer during estrogen/norethisterone (NET) therapy. With this in mind, the effects of estrogen/NET combination on the proliferation of breast cancer cells overexpressing the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) were examined. The same combination was used for the first time in a mouse xenograft model to determine its effects on tumor development.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cells were stably transfected with PGRMC1 expression plasmid (WT-12 cells) or empty vector control (pcDNA-3HA). NET, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and progesterone were tested alone and sequentially and continuously combined with estradiol (E2). Six-week-old nude mice were inoculated with E2 pellets 24 hours before the injection of tumor cells into both flanks (n = 5-6 mice per group). After 8 days, animals were inoculated with a NET pellet or with placebo pellets, and tumor volumes were recorded twice a week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NET alone significantly increased the proliferation of WT-12 cells, MPA was effective only at the two highest concentrations, and progesterone had no effect. The twofold to threefold E2-induced increase (10 M) was not significantly influenced by the addition of the various progestogens. In contrast, 10 M E2 had no effect; however, addition of MPA and NET triggered a significant proliferative response. In vivo, a sequential combination of NET and E2 also significantly increased the tumor growth of WT-12 cells; empty vector cells did not respond to NET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated for the first time that an E2/NET combination increases the proliferation of PGRMC1-overexpressing breast cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that undetected tumor cells overexpressing PGRMC1 may be more likely to develop into frank tumor cells in women undergoing E2/NET hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: University Women's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Xiangyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Yayun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Benfor
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mafuvadze
authors.forename: Salman M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fehm
authors.forename: Alfred O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mueck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D004967:Estrogens; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C115296:PGRMC1 protein, human; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone