title: Concentrations of drugs determined in blood samples collected from suspected drugged drivers in England and Wales.
abstract: This communication reports the blood concentrations of alcohol and drugs from 376 cases of alleged driving under the influence of drugs analysed at the Forensic Science Service Chorley and London laboratories between February 2010 and March 2011. The samples were analysed for alcohol, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cocaine, MDMA, opiates, γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine, methadone and methylmethcathinone (the 4-isomer of which is known as mephedrone). The results were interpreted with respect to the number and type of drugs of abuse detected and the concentrations measured. Alcohol was quantified in 113 cases (30%), and of these a level in excess of the prescribed UK limit for driving of 80 mg% was present in 90 cases. In 80 cases, only the concentration of alcohol was measured, the concentrations of both drugs and alcohol were measured in 33 cases. In the remaining 263 cases, only the concentrations of relevant drugs of abuse were measured. The most common drug of abuse quantified was cocaine which was detected in 92 cases, either as the active drug or as its major metabolite benzoylecgonine, followed by diazepam which was quantified in 76 cases. Concentrations of some new drugs, and drugs rarely reported in driving under the influence cases are also presented.
authors.affiliation: The Forensic Science Service, London Laboratory, 109 Lambeth Road, London SE1 7LP, UK.
authors.forename: Hilary J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scott-Ham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000097:blood; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003975:Diazepam / Q000097:blood; D004739:England; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000097:blood; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000097:blood; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood; D003708:Nordazepam / Q000097:blood; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000097:blood; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014852:Wales; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009294:Narcotics; D000431:Ethanol; D008694:Methamphetamine; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D003708:Nordazepam; D007649:Ketamine; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; C548233:mephedrone; D000661:Amphetamine; D003042:Cocaine; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D003975:Diazepam; D008691:Methadone