title: Validity of 24-h recalls in (pre-)school aged children: comparison of proxy-reported energy intakes with measured energy expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the validity of repeated 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) as a measure of total energy intake (EI) in young children. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of proxy-reported EI by comparison with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  The agreement between EI and TEE was investigated in 36 (47.2% boys) children aged 4-10 years from Belgium and Spain using subgroup analyses and Bland-Altman plots. Low-energy-reporters (LER), adequate-energy-reporters (AER) and high-energy-reporters (HER) were defined from the ratio of EI over TEE by application of age- and sex-specific cut-off values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was good agreement between means of EI (1500 kcal/day) and TEE (1523 kcal/day) at group level though in single children, i.e. at the individual level, large differences were observed. Almost perfect agreement between EI and TEE was observed in thin/normal weight children (EI: 1511 kcal/day; TEE: 1513 kcal/day). Even in overweight/obese children the mean difference between EI and TEE was only -86 kcal/day. Among the participants, 28 (78%) were classified as AER, five (14%) as HER and three (8%) as LER.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two proxy-reported 24-HDRs were found to be a valid instrument to assess EI on group level but not on the individual level.
authors.affiliation: BIPS - Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Börnhorst
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bel-Serrat
authors.affiliation: BIPS - Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pigeot
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Dietary Exposure Assessment Groups, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottavaere
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sioen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; University College Ghent, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care "Vesalius", Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mesana
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Westerterp
authors.affiliation: BIPS - Institute for Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Bremen, Germany; Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bammann
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lissner
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eiben
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.affiliation: BioTel Ltd. Clifton, Clifton, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rayson
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: lmoreno@unizar.es.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: 24-HDR; 24-h dietary recall; AER; Child; DLW; Doubly labeled water; EI; Energy expenditure; Energy intake; HER; LER; TEE; adequate energy reporters; doubly labelled water; energy intake; high-energy-reporters; low-energy-reporters; total energy expenditure