title: The toxicological impacts of the Fusarium mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, in poultry flocks with special reference to immunotoxicity.
abstract: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common Fusarium toxin in poultry feed. Chickens are more resistant to the adverse impacts of deoxynivalenol (DON) compared to other species. In general, the acute form of DON mycotoxicosis rarely occurs in poultry flocks under normal conditions. However, if diets contain low levels of DON (less than 5 mg DON/kg diet), lower productivity, impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infectious diseases can occur. The molecular mechanism of action of DON has not been completely understood. A significant influence of DON in chickens is the impairment of immunological functions. It was known that low doses of DON elevated the serum IgA levels and affected both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in animals. DON is shown to suppress the antibody response to infectious bronchitis vaccine (IBV) and to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in broilers (10 mg DON/kg feed) and laying hens (3.5 to 14 mg of DON/kg feed), respectively. Moreover, DON (10 mg DON/kg feed) decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the plasma of broilers. DON can severely affect the immune system and, due to its negative impact on performance and productivity, can eventually result in high economic losses to poultry producers. The present review highlights the impacts of DON intoxication on cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity, gut immunity, immune organs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. wageha.awad@vetmeduni.ac.at
authors.forename: Wageha
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Awad
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghareeb
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zentek
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005670:Fusarium; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol