title: Effectiveness of multidisciplinary interventions to improve the quality of life for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review and critically evaluate the literature on the effectiveness of multidisciplinary interventions to improve quality of life for people with Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of the following publication databases was performed for records from 1995 to 2011: CINAHL PLUS (EBSCO), Joanna Briggs Institute, Pubmed, Web of Science (ISI), psycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane library. The keywords used were Parkinson's disease, nursing, allied health, doctor, intervention, quality of life, rehabilitation, multidisciplinary team and their various combinations. Key terms were matched to MeSH subject headings and exploded where relevant to include all subheadings and related terms to each key term used. 1808 articles were initially identified based on our selection criteria and the reference list of these articles was hand searched. Nine studies were included after this sifting process and critiqued by two reviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three randomised controlled trials and 6 non-randomised cohort studies were included. For these studies the level of evidence ranged from the Scottish Intercollegiate Network (SIGN) level of 1- to 2-. The outcome measures assessed were heterogeneous, including measures of disability of disease, stage of disease and various quality of life measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence quantifying positive and sustained effects of multidisciplinary interventions to improve quality of life for people with Parkinson's disease is inconclusive. There has been relative lack of controlled experimentation to quantify therapy outcomes. The studies reviewed were varied and lacked long-term follow-up to quantify retention of the intervention. It is recommended that interventions to improve quality of life are tested in randomised controlled trials using standardised outcome measures, adequately powered samples and longer follow-up periods to assess intervention sustainability.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Division, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Electronic address: tan.siok.bee@sgh.com.sg.
authors.forename: Siok Bee
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Allison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Intervention; Multidisciplinary; Nursing; Parkinson's disease; Quality of life; Rehabilitation