title: Epidermal growth factor receptor variant type III markedly accelerates angiogenesis and tumor growth via inducing c-myc mediated angiopoietin-like 4 expression in malignant glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of the constitutively activated mutant EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), the most common mutation in glioblastoma multiforme (GBMs), has been clinically correlated with tumor proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the role of EGFRvIII on the tumor microenvironment, especially on angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To study the role of EGFRvIII in tumor angiogenesis, we prepared LN229 glioblastoma transfected with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), wild-type EGFR, or EGFRvIII (LN229-WT or -vIII), and examined tumor growth and microvessel density in the tumors. Additionally, the potential angiogenic factors were identified by real-time PCR analysis, and the functions in LN229-vIII cells were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LN229-vIII cells showed more aggressive tumor growth and higher vascularity as compared to LN229-WT cells in vivo, although there was no significant difference in the cell growth rates in vitro. We next investigated the expression of 60 angiogenesis-related factors to clarify the mechanisms underlying the difference in vascularity between tumor xenografts of LN229-vIII and LN229-WT. We found that the mRNA and protein expressions of angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), a secreted protein involved in angiogenesis and metabolism regulation, were significantly induced by EGFRvIII overexpression, both in vitro and in vivo. Constitutive knockdown of Angptl4 in LN229-vIII using shRNA significantly decreased the microvessel density in the tumor xenografts and suppressed tumor growth. To clarify the regulatory mechanisms of Angptl4 by EGFRvIII, we analyzed the signaling pathways and transcription factors by pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference. U0126, an ERK signal inhibitor dramatically suppressed Angptl4 expression. The transcription factor c-Myc, which is regulated by ERK, was activated in the LN229-vIII cells and knockdown of c-Myc using siRNA also attenuated Angptl4 expression in the LN229-vIII cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed increased recruitment of c-Myc to the promoter region of Angptl4 in the LN229-vIII cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, we demonstrated that EGFRvIII induces Angptl4 expression through the ERK/c-Myc pathway and promotes tumor angiogenesis in malignant gliomas.
authors.affiliation: Shien-lab, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Katanasaka
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kodera
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Tomohide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koizumi
mesh_terms: D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000235:genetics; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C474772:ANGPTL4 protein, human; D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; C410723:epidermal growth factor receptor VIII; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases