title: Targeted therapies and the treatment of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Targeted therapies have shown profound effects on the outcome of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the optimal treatment for RCC of non-clear cell histology (nccRCC)-typically excluded from trials of targeted agents-remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  By carrying out extensive searches of PubMed and ASCO databases, we identified and summarised research into the biological characteristics, clinical behaviour and treatment of different histological subtypes of nccRCC, focusing on targeted therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The available data suggest that treatments currently approved for RCC are active in ncc subtypes, although the overall clinical benefit may be less than for clear cell RCC. Temsirolimus has proven benefit over interferon-alfa (IFN-α) in patients with nccRCC, based on phase III data, while everolimus, sunitinib and sorafenib have all demonstrated some degree of activity in nccRCC in expanded-access trials. No clear picture has emerged of whether individual histological subtypes are particularly responsive to any individual treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further molecular studies into the pathogenesis of RCC histological subtypes will help direct the development of novel, appropriate targeted agents. Clinical trials specifically designed to evaluate the role of targeted agents in nccRCC are ongoing, and data from trials with sunitinib and everolimus will be reported soon.
authors.affiliation: Solid Tumor Oncology (GU & GI), Medical Oncology Service, University Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jbellmunt@parcdesalutmar.cat.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bellmunt
authors.affiliation: St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, Continuum Cancer Centers, New York, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutcher
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Xp11 translocated RCC; chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; non-clear cell RCC; papillary RCC; sarcomatoid features; targeted therapies