title: Trends and associations of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in Johannesburg, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between T vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  During six annual surveys (2007-2012), 1218 cases of male urethral discharge syndrome and 1232 cases of vaginal discharge syndrome were consecutively recruited. Diagnostic methods included nucleic acid amplification (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, T vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium), microscopy (bacterial vaginosis and Candida) and serology (Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and HIV). Logistic regression analyses and χ2 tests were used to identify predictors of T vaginalis infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of T vaginalis decreased from 2007 to 2012 (men from 13.4% to 4.8%; women from 33.8 to 23.1%). Overall, 74 (6.1%) men and 291 (23.6%) women were T vaginalis positive, with the highest prevalence in those aged ≥40 years (men 13.6%; women 30.9%). T vaginalis infection occurred more often in pregnant women (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.67; 95% CI 1.29 to 5.54) and in women with serological evidence of T pallidum (aOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.45) or HSV-2 infections (aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.64). T vaginalis infection occurred less often in men with coexistent gonorrhoea (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.57) and in women with either bacterial vaginosis (aOR 0.60; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.82) or Candida morphotypes (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the prevalence of T vaginalis infection has decreased over time, it remains an important cause of genital discharge in South Africa, particularly in older patients and pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. davidl@nicd.ac.za
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Radebe
authors.forename: Venessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maseko
authors.forename: Gwenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D003710:Demography; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Africa; Pregnancy; Trichomonas; Urethritis; Vaginal Discharge