title: Vertebrate animal models of glioma: understanding the mechanisms and developing new therapies.
abstract: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is recognized as one of the most deadly cancers characterized by cellular atypia, severe necrosis, and high rate of angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss a diversified group of GBM xenograft models and compare them with the genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model systems. Next, we describe common genetic defects observed in GBM and numerous GEM models that recapitulate these abnormalities. Finally, we focus on the clinical value of other vertebrate animal models such as the canine model by examining their contributions to GBM research.
authors.affiliation: The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jingxuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005910:Glioma / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*