title: In vitro characterization of a synthetic calcium phosphate bone graft on periodontal ligament cell and osteoblast behavior and its combination with an enamel matrix derivative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that a combination of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) with grafting material may improve periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Newly developed calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have been demonstrated a viable synthetic replacement option for bone grafting filler materials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to test the ability for EMD to adsorb to the surface of CaP particles and to determine the effect of EMD on downstream cellular pathways such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of primary human osteoblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMD was adsorbed onto CaP particles and analyzed for protein adsorption patterns via scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution immunocytochemistry with an anti-EMD antibody. Cell attachment and cell proliferation were quantified using CellTiter 96 One Solution Cell Assay (MTS). Cell differentiation was analyzed using real-time PCR for genes encoding Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and collagen1α1, and mineralization was assessed using alizarin red staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of cell attachment revealed significantly higher number of cells attached to EMD-adsorbed CaP particles when compared to control and blood-adsorbed samples. EMD also significantly increased cell proliferation at 3 and 5 days post-seeding. Moreover, there were significantly higher mRNA levels of osteoblast differentiation markers including collagen1α1, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in osteoblasts and PDL cells cultured on EMD-adsorbed CaP particles at various time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the addition of EMD to CaP grafting particles may influence periodontal regeneration by stimulating PDL cell and osteoblast attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Future in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of EMD and CaP may represent an option for regenerative periodontal therapy in advanced intrabony defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.forename: Dieter D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bosshardt
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gemperli
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dard
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C020243:calcium phosphate