title: Fibrin promotes development and function of macaque primary follicles during encapsulated three-dimensional culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does fibrin introduced into the extracellular matrix affect the growth and maturation of individual primate follicles during encapsulated three-dimensional (3D) culture?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While not altering follicle survival, fibrin-alginate (FIBRIN) improves macaque primary, but not secondary, follicle development during encapsulated 3D culture in terms of growth, steroidogenesis, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and oocyte maturation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Efforts to grow non-human primate ovarian follicles from the secondary to the antral stage during encapsulated 3D culture have been successful. However, the growth and maturation of primary follicles in vitro has not been reported in primates, especially in chemically defined conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro follicle maturation was investigated using the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Ovaries (n = 7 pairs) were obtained during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (cycle day 1-4). Primary (80-120 µm diameter) and secondary (125-225 µm diameter) follicles were isolated mechanically, randomly assigned to experimental groups, encapsulated into alginate (0.25% w/v) or FIBRIN (25 mg/ml fibrinogen-0.25% alginate) and cultured for 13 and 5 weeks, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual follicles were cultured in alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with FSH. Follicle survival and growth were assessed by microscopy. Follicles that reached the antral stage were treated with recombinant hCG. Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were inseminated via ICSI. Follicle morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed for cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP17A1) and 19 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1). Culture medium was analyzed for estradiol (E2) and progesterone by chemiluminescence, androstenedione (A4) by radioimmunoassay, as well as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 105 primary and 133 secondary follicles were collected. The presence of fibrin in the alginate matrix had no effect on either primary or secondary follicle survival. Growing primary and secondary follicles formed an antrum at Weeks 9 and 3, respectively. The percentage of growing follicles was higher (P < 0.05) for primary follicles cultured in FIBRIN than alginate at Week 13. The diameters were larger for the growing secondary follicles cultured in alginate than FIBRIN at Week 5 (P < 0.05). H&E staining revealed the typical morphology for small antral follicles. CPY17A1 immunostaining was detected in theca cells, while CYP19A1 was observed in granulosa cells. E2 increased (P < 0.05) during antrum formation in growing follicles at Week 9 for primary and Week 3 for secondary follicles. AMH levels in medium from growing primary follicles increased (P < 0.05) after Week 4 with peak levels at Weeks 9-11. AMH increased (P < 0.05) in growing secondary follicles at Weeks 3-5. VEGF levels in medium were elevated (P < 0.05) in growing primary follicles at Week 9. VEGF increased (P < 0.05) in medium from growing secondary follicles at Weeks 3-5. E2, AMH and VEGF production was higher (P < 0.05) in primary follicle culture with FIBRIN than alginate alone. One primary follicle cultured in FIBRIN (1 of 5 follicles harvested) and a secondary follicle cultured in alginate alone (1 of 15 follicles harvested) yielded an MII oocyte. The fertilized oocyte from primary follicle culture arrested without cell division after fertilization, while the oocyte from secondary follicle culture cleaved and reached the morula stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study reports on in vitro development and function of individual macaque follicles, that is limited to the interval from the primary and secondary stage to the small antral stage. The findings await translation to human ovarian follicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D model for primate follicle development offers a unique opportunity to investigate the growth and regulation of primate primary, as well as secondary follicles, and their enclosed oocytes, as they grow to the antral stage by monitoring and manipulating factors or signaling pathways in vitro. Since primate primary follicles, in addition to secondary follicles, can be cultured to the antral stage to provide mature oocytes, they represent an additional source of pre-antral follicles for in vitro follicle maturation with the potential to provide gametes for assisted reproductive technology as an option for fertility preservation in women, including patients with cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was supported by The Oncofertility Consortium (NIH U54 RR024347-HD058294, PL1-EB008542), NIH U54-HD18185 (Eunice Kennedy Shriver Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research), NIH ORWH/NICHD 2K12HD043488 (BIRCWH), Oregon National Primate Research Center 8P51OD011092. There are no conflicts of interest.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. xujin@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Yeoman
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Molskness
authors.forename: A Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Stouffer
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zelinski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005337:Fibrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D008251:Macaca / Q000502:physiology*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D005337:Fibrin
keywords: fibrin; follicle culture; macaque; primary follicle; secondary follicle