title: Plant cell wall profiling by fast maximum likelihood reconstruction (FMLR) and region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation of solution-state 2D 1H-13C NMR spectra.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest in the detailed lignin and polysaccharide composition of plant cell walls has surged within the past decade partly as a result of biotechnology research aimed at converting biomass to biofuels. High-resolution, solution-state 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectroscopy has proven to be an effective tool for rapid and reproducible fingerprinting of the numerous polysaccharides and lignin components in unfractionated plant cell wall materials, and is therefore a powerful tool for cell wall profiling based on our ability to simultaneously identify and comparatively quantify numerous components within spectra generated in a relatively short time. However, assigning peaks in new spectra, integrating them to provide relative component distributions, and producing color-assigned spectra, are all current bottlenecks to the routine use of such NMR profiling methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have assembled a high-throughput software platform for plant cell wall profiling that uses spectral deconvolution by Fast Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction (FMLR) to construct a mathematical model of the signals present in a set of related NMR spectra. Combined with a simple region of interest (ROI) table that maps spectral regions to NMR chemical shift assignments of chemical entities, the reconstructions can provide rapid and reproducible fingerprinting of numerous polysaccharide and lignin components in unfractionated cell wall material, including derivation of lignin monomer unit (S:G:H) ratios or the so-called SGH profile. Evidence is presented that ROI-based amplitudes derived from FMLR provide a robust feature set for subsequent multivariate analysis. The utility of this approach is demonstrated on a large transgenic study of Arabidopsis requiring concerted analysis of 91 ROIs (including both assigned and unassigned regions) in the lignin and polysaccharide regions of almost 100 related 2D 1H-13C HSQC spectra.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that when a suitable number of replicates are obtained per sample group, the correlated patterns of enriched and depleted cell wall components can be reliably and objectively detected even prior to multivariate analysis. The analysis methodology has been implemented in a publicly-available, cross-platform (Windows/Mac/Linux), web-enabled software application that enables researchers to view and publish detailed annotated spectra in addition to summary reports in simple spreadsheet data formats. The analysis methodology is not limited to studies of plant cell walls but is amenable to any NMR study where ROI segmentation techniques generate meaningful results.Please see Research Article: http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/6/1/46/.
authors.affiliation: DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, USA. rchylla@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chylla
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Acker
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azapira
authors.forename: Purba
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukerjee
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Markley
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Storme
authors.forename: Wout
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boerjan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ralph