title: Effect of hormonal contraceptives during breastfeeding on infant's milk ingestion and growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure infants' breast milk intake and infant growth when their mothers initiated either combined oral contraceptive (COC), levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, or etonogestrel-releasing implant, or copper intrauterine device (IUD) as a reference group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  On postpartum day 42, 40 women initiated a contraceptive method according to their choice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deuterium (D2O; 0.5 g/kg mother's weight) was ingested by mothers on postpartum days 42, 52, and 63 as a marker of total body fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants' milk intake from 42 to 63 postpartum days was assessed by measurement of D2O levels in infants' saliva and infant growth by measuring their body weight, height, and tibia length. Women recorded all infant feed and changes of diapers wet with urine. Breastfeeding continuation was assessed at 6 months postpartum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infant mean milk intake, mean growth increase, mean number of breastfeeding episodes, daily wet diaper changes, and mean duration of exclusively breastfeeding (~5 months) were similar in the four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of a COC, the two progestin-only contraceptives, or copper IUD did not affect the amount of infant milk intake and growth up to 9 weeks of age. The incidence of full breastfeeding and breastfeeding continuation was similar with contraceptive hormonal use and no use.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01388582.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. bahamond@caism.unicamp.br
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahamondes
authors.forename: M Valeria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Bahamondes
authors.forename: Waleska
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Tilley
authors.forename: Alviclér
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: João Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pinto e Silva
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mishell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017135:Desogestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D011372:Progestins; C044815:etonogestrel; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D017135:Desogestrel
keywords: Breastfeeding; combined oral contraceptives; contraceptive implant; deuterium; hormonal contraceptives; levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system