title: In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of Acer tegmentosum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acer tegmentosum, which contains salidroside and tyrosol, has been used for the treatment of hepatic disorders in eastern Asia. However, little is known about its safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety of Acer tegmentosum, we evaluated its acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salidroside and tyrosol present in Acer tegmentosum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute oral toxicity testing of Acer tegmentosum was performed in rats. Genotoxicity of Acer tegmentosum was assessed by bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and bone marrow micronucleus tests. All the tests were conducted in accordance with the good laboratory practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amounts of salidroside and tyrosol in Acer tegmentosum were found to be 85.01±1.21mg/g and 3.12±0.04mg/g, respectively. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, Acer tegmentosum increased the number of revertant Salmonella typhimurium TA98 colonies, regardless of metabolic activation by S9 mixture. In contrast, Acer tegmentosum application did not significantly increase the number of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice. In the acute oral toxicity test, the median lethal dose (LD50) of Acer tegmentosum was found to be >2000mg/kg in rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Take together, Acer tegmentosum exhibits mutagenicity, which was evident from the bacterial reverse mutation test. Further studies are needed to identify the components responsible for such an effect and the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: KM-Based Herbal Drug Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Hwayong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jin Yeul
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D016466:CHO Cells; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; C009172:rhodioloside; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol