title: Development and content validation of a surgical safety checklist for operating theatres that use robotic technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and assess potential hazards in robot-assisted urological surgery. To develop a comprehensive checklist to be used in operating theatres with robotic technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (HFMEA), a risk assessment tool, was used in a urology operating theatre with innovative robotic technology in a UK teaching hospital between June and December 2011. A 15-member multidisciplinary team identified 'failure modes' through process mapping and flow diagrams. Potential hazards were rated according to severity and frequency and scored using a 'hazard score matrix'. All hazards scoring ≥8 were considered for 'decision tree' analysis, which produced a list of hazards to be included in a surgical safety checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Process mapping highlighted three main phases: the anaesthesia phase, the operating phase and the postoperative handover to recovery phase. A total of 51 failure modes were identified, 61% of which had a hazard score ≥8. A total of 22 hazards were finalised via decision tree analysis and were included in the checklist. The focus was on hazards specific to robotic urological procedures such as patient positioning (hazard score 12), port placement (hazard score 9) and robot docking/de-docking (hazard score 12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HFMEA identified hazards in an operating theatre with innovative robotic technologies which has led to the development of a surgical safety checklist. Further work will involve validation and implementation of the checklist.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. k.ahmed@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Nuzhath
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohammed Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D057189:Checklist / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D009873:Operating Rooms; D061214:Patient Safety; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics; D017751:Safety Management; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D014572:Urology