title: Analysis of selected phthalates in Canadian indoor dust collected using household vacuum and standardized sampling techniques.
abstract: Phthalates have been used extensively as plasticizers to improve the flexibility of polymers, and they also have found many industrial applications. They are ubiquitous in the environment and have been detected in a variety of environmental and biological matrices. The goal of this study was to develop a method for the determination of 17 phthalate esters in house dust. This method involved sonication extraction, sample cleanup using solid phase extraction, and isotope dilution GC/MS/MS analysis. Method detection limits (MDLs) and recoveries ranged from 0.04 to 2.93 μg/g and from 84 to 117%, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of phthalates in 38 paired household vacuum samples (HD) and fresh dust (FD) samples. HD and FD samples compared well for the majority of phthalates detected in house dust. Data obtained from 126 household dust samples confirmed the historical widespread use of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), with a concentration range of 36 μg/g to 3840 μg/g. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were also found in most samples at relatively high concentrations. Another important phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), was detected at a frequency of 98.4% with concentrations ranging from below its MDL of 0.51 μg/g to 69 μg/g.
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kubwabo
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kosarac
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zidek
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kuchta
mesh_terms: D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006798:Housing; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D011786:Quality Control; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Active dust; GC/EI-MS/MS; Household dust; Phthalates; Sampling Techniques