title: Targeted apoptotic effects of thymoquinone and tamoxifen on XIAP mediated Akt regulation in breast cancer.
abstract: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is constitutively expressed endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis, exhibit its antiapoptotic effect by inactivating key caspases such as caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 and also play pivotal role in rendering cancer chemoresistance. Our studies showed the coadministration of TQ and TAM resulting in a substantial increase in breast cancer cell apoptosis and marked inhibition of cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Anti-angiogenic and anti-invasive potential of TQ and TAM was assessed through in vitro studies. This novel combinatorial regimen leads to regulation of multiple cell signaling targets including inactivation of Akt and XIAP degradation. At molecular level, TQ and TAM synergistically lowers XIAP expression resulting in binding and activation of caspase-9 in apoptotic cascade, and interfere with cell survival through PI3-K/Akt pathway by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Cleaved caspase-9 further processes other intracellular death substrates such as PARP thereby shifting the balance from survival to apoptosis, indicated by rise in the sub-G1 cell population. This combination also downregulates the expression of Akt-regulated downstream effectors such as Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and induce expression of Bax, AIF, cytochrome C and p-27. Consistent with these results, overexpression studies further confirmed the involvement of XIAP and its regulatory action on Akt phosphorylation along with procaspase-9 and PARP cleavage in TQ-TAM coadministrated induced apoptosis. The ability of TQ and TAM in inhibiting XIAP was confirmed through siRNA-XIAP cotransfection studies. This novel modality may be a promising tool in breast cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.forename: B N Prashanth
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Siddik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Subhasis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Belal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.forename: Prasanna K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Santhekadur
authors.forename: Swadesh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Luni
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emdad
authors.forename: Devanand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Mahitosh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016227:Benzoquinones; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D013629:Tamoxifen; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C003466:thymoquinone