title: Genotoxic and clastogenic effects of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes.
abstract: The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second-most prevalent class of drinking water disinfection by-products formed by chemical disinfectants. Previous studies have determined DNA damage and repair of HAA-induced lesions in mammalian and human cell lines; however, little is known of the genomic DNA and chromosome damage induced by these compounds in primary human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of the monoHAA disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. All monoHAAs were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes, the rank order of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA. After 6 h of repair time, only 50% of the DNA damage (maximum decrease in DNA damage) was repaired compared to the control. This demonstrates that primary human lymphocytes are less efficient in repairing the induced damage by monoHAAs than previous studies with mammalian cell lines. In addition, the monoHAAs induced an increase in the chromosome aberration frequency as a measurement of the clastogenic effect of these compounds. These results coupled with genomic technologies in primary human cells and other mammalian non-cancerous cell lines may lead to the identification of biomarkers that may be employed in feedback loops to aid water chemists and engineers in the overall goal of producing safer drinking water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Research Group Genetic Toxicology and Cytogenetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Education, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 2da N° 1 A-25 Barrio Caldas, Popayán, Cauca, Colombia. lescobarh@gmail.com
authors.forename: Luisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Escobar-Hoyos
authors.forename: Luz Stella
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hoyos-Giraldo
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Londoño-Velasco
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reyes-Carvajal
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Trujillo
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carvajal-Varona
authors.forename: Adalberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Gómez
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Plewa
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D019807:Iodoacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008940:Mitotic Index; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D009153:Mutagens; C006972:chloroacetic acid; C016274:bromoacetate; D019807:Iodoacetic Acid