title: APIS-a novel approach for conditioning honey bees.
abstract: Honey bees perform robustly in different conditioning paradigms. This makes them excellent candidates for studying mechanisms of learning and memory at both an individual and a population level. Here we introduce a novel method of honey bee conditioning: APIS, the Automatic Performance Index System. In an enclosed walking arena where the interior is covered with an electric grid, presentation of odors from either end can be combined with weak electric shocks to form aversive associations. To quantify behavioral responses, we continuously monitor the movement of the bee by an automatic tracking system. We found that escapes from one side to the other, changes in velocity as well as distance and time spent away from the punished odor are suitable parameters to describe the bee's learning capabilities. Our data show that in a short-term memory test the response rate for the conditioned stimulus (CS) in APIS correlates well with response rate obtained from conventional Proboscis Extension Response (PER)-conditioning. Additionally, we discovered that bees modulate their behavior to aversively learned odors by reducing their rate, speed and magnitude of escapes and that both generalization and extinction seem to be different between appetitive and aversive stimuli. The advantages of this automatic system make it ideal for assessing learning rates in a standardized and convenient way, and its flexibility adds to the toolbox for studying honey bee behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany ; International Max-Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicholas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kirkerud
authors.forename: Henja-Niniane
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Wehmann
authors.forename: C Giovanni
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Galizia
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gustav
keywords: automatic conditioning; automatic tracking; aversive learning; behavior; honey bee; olfaction; proboscis extension response; short term memory