title: Combinational effects of hexane insoluble fraction of Ficus septica Burm. F. and doxorubicin chemotherapy on T47D breast cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of n-hexane insoluble fraction (HIF) of Ficus septica leaves in combination with doxorubicin on cytotoxicity, cell cycle and apoptosis induction of breast cancer T47D cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro drugs-stimulated cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay. Analysis of cell cycle distribution was performed using flowcytometer and the data was analyzed using ModFit LT 3.0 program. Apoptosis assay was carried out by double staining method using ethydium bromide-acridin orange. The expression of cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on T47D cell lines was identified using immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination exhibited higher inhibitory effect on cell growth than the single treatment of doxorubicin in T47D cells. In addition, combination of doxorubicin and HIF increased the incidence of cells undergoing apoptosis. HIF could improve doxorubicin cytotoxic effect by changing the accumulation of cell cycle phase from G2/M to G1 phase. The combination also exhibited upregulation of cleaved-PARP in T47D cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this results, HIF is potential to be developed as co-chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, the molecular mechanism need to be explored further.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta 55281, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Agung Endro
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nugroho
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hermawan
authors.forename: Dyaningtyas Dewi Pamungkas
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Putri
authors.forename: Anindya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novika
authors.forename: Edy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meiyanto
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawaichi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006586:Hexanes; C026385:n-hexane; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Cancer; Cytotoxic; Ficus septica Burm. F.; T47D cells