title: Understanding interprofessional communication: a content analysis of email communications between doctors and nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical communication is recognized as a major source of errors in hospitals. The lack of documentation of communication, especially among verbal interactions, often creates hindrances and impedes improvement efforts. By providing smartphones to residents and encouraging nurses to communicate with residents by email shifted much of the communication to emails which permitted analysis of content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Description on the interprofessional email communication between doctors and nurses occurring on the general internal medicine wards at two academic hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective analysis of email communications between doctors and nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  34 out of the 67 residents who were on the general medicine clinical teaching units consented to allow analysis of their emails over a 6 month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical tabulations were performed on the volume and frequency of communications as well the response time of messages. Two physicians coded the content of randomly selected emails for urgency, emotion, language, type of interaction, and subject content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13,717 emails were available for analysis. Among the emails from nurses, 39.1% were requests for a call back, 18.9% were requests for a response by email and the remaining 42.0% indicated no response was required from physicians. For the messages requesting a response by email, only 50% received an email response. Email responses had a median response time of 2.3 minutes. Content analysis revealed that messages were predominantly non-urgent. The two most frequent purposes for communications were to convey information (91%) and to request action by the physician (36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A smartphone-based email system facilitated the description and content analysis of a large amount of email communication between physicians and nurses. Our findings provide a picture of the communication between physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals. This work may help inform the further development of information and communications technology that can improve clinical communication.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Innovation in Complex Care, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4;
authors.forename: C N C
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Rossos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khatibi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: Hospital communication system; content analysis; email; interprofessional communication