title: Hemodialysis catheter thrombi: visualization and quantification of microstructures and cellular composition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the increasing use of central venous catheters (CVC) for hemodialysis in clinical practice, the role of CVC in thrombus development is poorly understood. This work aims at defining new methods and protocols for assessing the micromorphology and composition of thrombi formed into tunneled and non-tunneled hemodialysis CVC removed from patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine CVCs were collected and the microscopic features of intra-luminal thrombi were quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and visualized by two photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEM quantification showed that fibrin was the most abundant structure in CVC thrombi. Specifically, the median micromorphologic composition of the surface layer resulted in: 42.6% of fibrin plaque, 16.3% of fibrin network, 0.4% of fibrin fibers, 9.3% of platelets, 10.3% of erythrocytes and 1.7% of white blood cells. TPLSM showed that sub-surface layers were instead composed by smaller amounts of fibrin and platelets and higher amounts of blood cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration of SEM and TPLSM was found to be an excellent tool for characterizing thrombi in hemodialysis CVC removed from patients. Protocols and techniques presented here may be useful in the development and testing of new strategies for limiting thrombus formation on vascular access because of CVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte - Brazil.
authors.forename: Thabata C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tessarolo
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veniero
authors.forename: Iole
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caola
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.forename: Giandomenico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nollo
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D062905:Central Venous Catheters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D056824:Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005337:Fibrin