title: Effects of tramadol or morphine in dogs undergoing castration on intra-operative electroencephalogram responses and post-operative pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of pre-operatively administered tramadol with those of morphine on electroencephalographic responses to surgery and post-operative pain in dogs undergoing castration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs undergoing castration were treated with either pre-operative morphine (0.5 mg/kg S/C, n = 8) or tramadol (3 mg/kg S/C, n = 8). All dogs also received 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine and 0.04 mg/kg atropine S/C in addition to the test analgesic. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone administered I/V to effect and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Respiratory rate, heart rate, end-tidal halothane tension (EtHal) and end-tidal CO2 tension (EtCO2) were monitored throughout surgery. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded continuously using a three electrode montage. Median frequency (F50), total power (Ptot) and 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) derived from EEG power spectra recorded before skin incision (baseline) were compared with those recorded during ligation of the spermatic cords of both testicles. Post-operatively, pain was assessed after 1, 3, 6 and 9 h using the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs premedicated with tramadol had higher mean F50 (12.2 (SD 0.2) Hz) and lower Ptot (130.39 (SD 12.1) µv(2)) compared with those premedicated with morphine (11.5 (SD 0.2) Hz and 161.8 (SD 15.1) µv(2), respectively; p<0.05) during ligation of testicle 1. There were no differences in EEG responses between the two treatment groups during ligation of testicle 2 (p>0.05). The F95 of the EEG did not differ between the two groups during the ligation of either testicle (p > 0.05). Post-operatively, no significant differences in the CMPS-SF score were found between animals premedicated with tramadol and morphine at any time during the post-operative period. No dog required rescue analgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol and morphine administered pre-operatively provided a similar degree of post-operative analgesia in male dogs at the doses tested.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kongara
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: V S R
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Dukkipati
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D009020:Morphine