title: Evidence-based guidelines on the use of opioids in chronic non-cancer pain--a consensus statement by the Pain Association of Singapore Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While opioids are effective in carefully selected patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), they are associated with potential risks. Therefore, treatment recommendations for the safe and effective use of opioids in this patient population are needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary expert panel was convened by the Pain Association of Singapore to develop practical evidence-based recommendations on the use of opioids in the management of CNCP in the local population. This article discusses specific recommendations for various common CNCP conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Available data demonstrate weak evidence for the long-term use of opioids. There is moderate evidence for the short-term benefit of opioids in certain CNCP conditions. Patients should be carefully screened and assessed prior to starting opioids. An opioid treatment agreement must be established, and urine drug testing may form part of this agreement. A trial duration of up to 2 months is necessary to determine efficacy, not only in terms of pain relief, but also to document improvement in function and quality of life. Regular reviews are essential with appropriate dose adjustments, if necessary, and routine assessment of analgesic efficacy, aberrant behaviour and adverse effects. The reasons for discontinuation of opioid therapy include side effects, lack of efficacy and aberrant drug behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to insufficient evidence, the task force does not recommend the use of opioids as first-line treatment for various CNCP. They can be used as secondor third-line treatment, preferably as part of a multimodal approach. Additional studies conducted over extended periods are required.
authors.affiliation: Raffles Pain Management Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore 188770. ho_kokyuen@raffl esmedical.com
authors.forename: Kok Yuen
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Nicholas Hl
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Sow Nam
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Norhisham Bin
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Main
authors.forename: Chee Yong
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.forename: James Wt
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Kian Hian
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Beng Yeong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid