title: Seropositivity rates for agents of canine vector-borne diseases in Spain: a multicentre study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controlling canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) is a major concern, since some of these diseases are serious zoonoses. This study was designed to determine seropositivity rates in Spain for agents causing the following five CVBD: leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum: Li), heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis: Di), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis: Ec), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasma platys: An) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi: Bb).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-An, -Bb, and -Ec antibodies and the Di antigen were determined using the 4DX SNAP® Test (IDEXX Laboratories) and anti-L. infantum (Li) antibodies using the Leishmania SNAP® Test (IDEXX Laboratories) in blood and/or serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1100 dogs examined, overall seropositivity rates were: Li (15.7%), Ec (5%), An (3.1%), Di (1.25%) and Bb (0.4%). While seropositivity towards Bb and Di was similar in all geographic regions, rates were significantly higher in the east of Spain (8.3%) for An, significantly higher in the north (20%) for Ec, and significantly higher in the Southeast (46.6%) and South (27.4%), and significantly lower in the north (0%) for Li.No statistical associations were observed between sex and the CVBD analyzed (p ≥ 0.05) while the following associations with other variables were detected: a higher seropositivity to Ec (40%) and Bb (6.7%) in dogs under one year of age compared with adults (p < 0.05); and a higher seropositivity to An and Li in dogs that lived outdoors versus indoors (p = 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively). Seropositivity rates of 2.1%, 0%, 1.7%, 0.5% and 4.2% were recorded respectively for An, Bb, Ec, Di and Li in dogs with no clinical signs (n = 556) versus 3.8%, 0.6%, 7.5%, 1.8% and 25.9% for those with signs (n = 507) suggestive of a CVBD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data obtained indicate a risk for dogs in Spain of acquiring any of the five CVBD examined. Veterinarians in the different regions should include these diseases in their differential diagnoses and recommend the use of repellents and other prophylactic measures to prevent disease transmission by arthropod vectors. Public health authorities also need to become more involved in the problem, since some of the CVBD examined here also affect humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. gmiro@ucm.es
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Roura
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sainz
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs; D041061:Ehrlichia canis / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000947:Antigens, Helminth