title: Past smoking and current dopamine agonist use show an independent and dose-dependent association with impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have described the association between dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease and impulse control disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed to establish the prevalence of four of these behaviors in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease on stable dopamine replacement therapy and the possible associated risk factors. We investigated 152 patients and 212 healthy controls for pathological gambling, compulsive sexual behavior and compulsive buying and eating.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, patients had more impulsive control disorders than controls (18.4% vs. 4.2%, P < 0.001). Impulse control disorders were more common in younger patients (P = 0.008) and in those taking dopamine agonist (P < 0.001) and levodopa (P = 0.02). Higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (P = 0.03) and past smoking (P = 0.02) were also associated in the univariate analysis. Variables independently associated with impulse control disorders were history of smoking (odds ratio = 1.059 for each year of smoking, P = 0.010) and current use of pramipexole (odds ratio = 2.551 for each increase in 1 mg, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dopaminergic stimulation and previous exposure to smoking are independently associated with impulse control disorders in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders and Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Bahia State Health Attention Center for the Elderly, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Valença
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Nadja N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Negreiros
authors.forename: Meirelayne B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Lais M G B
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Mila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Jamary
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Filho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa