title: Fatty acids modulate cytokine and chemokine secretion of stimulated human whole blood cultures in diabetes.
abstract: Fatty acids, uric acid and glucose are thought to contribute to subclinical inflammation associated with diabetes mellitus. We tested whether co-incubation of free fatty acids and uric acid or glucose influences the secretion of immune mediators from stimulated human whole blood in vitro. Fresh whole blood samples from 20 healthy subjects, 20 patients with type 1 diabetes and 23 patients with type 2 diabetes were incubated for 24 h with palmitic acid (PAL), linolenic acid (LIN) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone or together with elevated concentrations of uric acid or glucose. Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-12(p70), IL-18, IFN-γ, of regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) were measured by multiplex-bead technology from supernatants. Co-incubation of fatty acids with uric acid resulted in a significant reduction of IL-10, IL-12(p70), IFN-γ and CCL2 (MCP-1) concentrations in supernatants compared to incubation with uric acid alone (P < 0·0001). In contrast, IL-18 was up-regulated upon co-stimulation with fatty acids and uric acid. Similarly, co-incubation of fatty acids with glucose diminished secretion of IL-10, IFN-γ and CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), while IL-8 was up-regulated (P < 0·001). Samples from healthy and diabetic subjects did not differ after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index and diabetes type. All three fatty acids similarly influenced whole blood cytokine release in vitro and modulated uric acid or glucose-stimulated cytokine secretion. Although the ω-3-fatty acid EPA showed slightly stronger effects, further studies are required to elaborate the differential effects of PAL, LIN and EPA on disease risk observed previously in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowotny
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dickhaus
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burkart
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Schloot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D014527:Uric Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D005947:Glucose