title: Sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of severe faecal incontinence: long-term clinical, manometric and quality of life results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Faecal incontinence (FI) is a complex and multifactorial health problem. Treatment has to be individualised, analysing the aetiology and gravity in every case. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been shown to effectively improve treatment of FI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with severe FI treated with SNS between March 2002 and December 2010 were analysed. Preoperative assessment included physical examination, anorectal manometry and anal endosonography. Anal continence was evaluated using the Wexner continence grading system. Quality of life was evaluated using the Fecal Incontinence Quality of life Scale (FIQLS). Follow-up appointments were scheduled at 1, 6 and 12 months and annually thereafter. Wexner score, FIQLS and the ability to defer defecation were assessed at each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty patients underwent a permanent implant. The overall mean follow-up period was 55.52 ± 31.84 months. After 6 months, SNS significantly improved FI and positively impacted quality of life, as evidence by significant improvements in all 4 scales of the FIQLS. Anorectal manometry showed a trend towards an increase in maximum resting pressure and maximum pressure. After the first assessment at 6 months, Wexner score and FIQLS remained stable. Ability to defer defecation was also maintained. During follow-up, 3 patients (6 %) experienced implant site pain and episodes of extremity pain and paresthesias that were refractory to medical management and required device explantation. The implant site infection rate was 2 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of our long-term results confirms the safety and effectiveness of SNS in the management of patients with FI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain, pedromoyaforcen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lacueva
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Candela
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soriano-Irigaray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calpena
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020878:Device Removal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects; D019160:Endosonography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult