title: Correcting injunctive norm misperceptions motivates behavior change: a randomized controlled sun protection intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite long-standing social psychological research supporting the influence of injunctive norms (i.e., what is commonly approved or disapproved) on behavior, support for this influence on health behaviors is limited. We examined the utility of correcting misperceptions of injunctive norms for improving sun protection and whether changes in attitudes mediated the injunctive norm-intention relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline 263 community residing primarily White women, aged 37 to 77 years, reported their beliefs about sun protection and tanning and their perceptions of "typical women's" approval of sun protection versus tanning. Women underestimated approval of sun protection and overestimated approval of tanning. In a randomized trial, 189 of these women received either information about sun protection or information plus personalized normative feedback (PNF). PNF compared each woman's own perceptions of typical women's approval of tanning and sun protection with actual normative values, both measured at baseline. PNF communicated that most women approve of others who sun protect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PNF led to more positive sun protection injunctive norms, attitudes, and intentions at immediate posttest and more positive intentions and self-reported behavior at 4-week follow-up. Baseline discrepancy between a woman's beliefs and actual normative values related negatively to changes in sun protection in the control condition but positively in the PNF condition. As hypothesized, changes in attitudes partially mediated the influence of PNF on changes in intentions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present research demonstrates the utility of correcting injunctive norm misperceptions for promoting healthy behaviors. That attitudes changed in response to PNF and mediated the norm-intention relationship suggests a method for influencing attitudes that may limit reactance.
authors: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA. allecia.reid@yale.edu
authors: Allecia E
authors: AE
authors: Reid
authors: Leona S
authors: LS
authors: Aiken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057566:Self Report; D012938:Social Perception; D055108:Sunbathing / Q000523:psychology*; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D013473:Sunscreening Agents