title: Considerations in developing lipid-based nutrient supplements for prevention of undernutrition: experience from the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS) Project.
abstract: The International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS) Project began in 2009 with the goal of contributing to the evidence base regarding the potential of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) to prevent undernutrition in vulnerable populations. The first project objective was the development of acceptable LNS products for infants 6-24 months and for pregnant and lactating women, for use in studies in three countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana and Malawi). This paper shares the rationale for a series of decisions in supplement formulation and design, including those related to ration size, ingredients, nutrient content, safety and quality, and packaging. Most iLiNS supplements have a daily ration size of 20 g and are intended for home fortification of local diets. For infants, this ration size is designed to avoid displacement of breast milk and to allow for dietary diversity including any locally available and accessible nutrient-dense foods. Selection of ingredients depends on acceptability of flavour, micronutrient, anti-nutrient and essential fatty acid contents. The nutrient content of LNS designed to prevent undernutrition reflects the likelihood that in many resource-poor settings, diets of the most nutritionally vulnerable individuals (infants, young children, and pregnant and lactating women) are likely to be deficient in multiple micronutrients and, possibly, in essential fatty acids. During ingredient procurement and LNS production, safety and quality control procedures are required to prevent contamination with toxins or pathogens and to ensure that the product remains stable and palatable over time. Packaging design decisions must include consideration of product protection, stability, convenience and portion control.
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.|Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Arimond
authors: Nutriset S.A.S., Malaunay, France.
authors: Mamane
authors: M
authors: Zeilani
authors: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Svenja
authors: S
authors: Jungjohann
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.|Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Kenneth H
authors: KH
authors: Brown
authors: University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Ashorn
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.|Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.|ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Lindsay H
authors: LH
authors: Allen
authors: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.|Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Kathryn G
authors: KG
authors: Dewey
mesh_terms: D002050:Burkina Faso; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000191:economics; D002149:Energy Intake; D007887:Fabaceae; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D018857:Food Packaging; D063427:Food Quality; D005869:Ghana; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007774:Lactation; D008295:Malawi; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013649:Taste; D000067348:Whole Grains
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Africa; essential fatty acids; home fortification; infant; lactation; micronutrients; pregnancy; prevention; undernutrition; young child
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