title: The effect of coffee consumption on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus endemic area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee consumption is inversely related to the risk of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the protective effect of coffee drinking against the risk of HCC was not established in HBV-prevalent region. To elucidate the relationship between lifetime coffee consumption and the risk of HCC development under the consideration of replication status of HBV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based case-control study was performed in 1364 subjects. A total of 258 HCC patients, 480 health-check examinees (control 1, HCE) and 626 patients with chronic liver disease other than HCC (control 2, CLD) were interviewed on smoking, alcohol and coffee drinking using a standardized questionnaire. HBV e-antigen (HBeAg) status and serum HBV DNA levels were measured in patients infected with HBV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, gender, obesity, DM, presence of hepatitis virus (except for HCE) and lifetime alcohol drinking/smoking, a high lifetime coffee consumption (≥20 000 cups) was an independent protective factor against HCC, in each analyses using healthy and risky control groups respectively (HCE group, OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.95; CLD group, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.85). However, the high coffee consumption did not affect the HCC risk in patients with HBV (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.36-1.14) after adjustment for HBeAg status, serum HBV DNA level and antiviral therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high lifetime coffee consumption was negatively associated with a HCC development. However, this difference of coffee exposure with the HCC group was reduced in chronic hepatitis B patients by the dominant role of viral replication.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Eun Sun
authors: ES
authors: Jang
authors: Sook-Hyang
authors: SH
authors: Jeong
authors: Sang Hyub
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: Sung Ho
authors: SH
authors: Hwang
authors: So Yeon
authors: SY
authors: Ahn
authors: Jaebong
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Young Soo
authors: YS
authors: Park
authors: Jin Hyoek
authors: JH
authors: Hwang
authors: Jin-Wook
authors: JW
authors: Kim
authors: Nayoung
authors: N
authors: Kim
authors: Dong Ho
authors: DH
authors: Lee
authors: Hyun Young
authors: HY
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: alcohol; chronic hepatitis B; coffee; hepatitis B e-antigen; hepatocellular carcinoma; smoking