title: The immunologically active oligosaccharides isolated from wheatgrass modulate monocytes via Toll-like receptor-2 signaling.
abstract: Wheatgrass is one of the most widely used health foods, but its functional components and mechanisms remain unexplored. Herein, wheatgrass-derived oligosaccharides (WG-PS3) were isolated and found to induce CD69 and Th1 cytokine expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In particular, WG-PS3 directly activated the purified monocytes by inducing the expression of CD69, CD80, CD86, IL-12, and TNF-α but affected NK and T cells only in the presence of monocytes. After further purification and structural analysis, maltoheptaose was identified from WG-PS3 as an immunomodulator. Maltoheptaose activated monocytes via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling, as discovered by pretreatment of blocking antibodies against Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and also determined by click chemistry. This study is the first to reveal the immunostimulatory component of wheatgrass with well defined molecular structures and mechanisms.
authors: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Che
authors: CC
authors: Tsai
authors: Chih-Ru
authors: CR
authors: Lin
authors: Hsien-Yu
authors: HY
authors: Tsai
authors: Chia-Jung
authors: CJ
authors: Chen
authors: Wen-Tai
authors: WT
authors: Li
authors: Hui-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Yu
authors: Yi-Yu
authors: YY
authors: Ke
authors: Wei-Ying
authors: WY
authors: Hsieh
authors: Cheng-Yen
authors: CY
authors: Chang
authors: Ying-Ta
authors: YT
authors: Wu
authors: Chung-Yi
authors: CY
authors: Wu
authors: Shui-Tein
authors: ST
authors: Chen
authors: Chi-Huey
authors: CH
authors: Wong
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000276:immunology; D005936:Glucans / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000099192:CD69 Antigens
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; D016207:Cytokines; D005936:Glucans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D000099192:CD69 Antigens; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C031146:maltoheptaose
keywords: Carbohydrate Function; Immune Activation; Maltoheptaose; Monocytes; Natural Products; Oligosaccharide; Toll-like Receptors (TLR); Wheatgrass
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