title: The effects of antihistamines with varying anticholinergic properties on voluntary and involuntary movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent evidence indicates that antihistamines can affect movement, which is most likely due to altered neurotransmission in cholinergic and histaminergic pathways. The purpose of this study was to determine if antihistamines with varying anticholinergic properties differentially affect voluntary and involuntary movement control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven healthy subjects were enlisted into a human double blind, placebo-controlled, five-way crossover study. Drowsiness, reaction time, and physiological tremor were examined 1-, 2-, and 3-hr post-ingestion of antihistamines with known anticholinergic profiles. These were the first-generation promethazine, and second-generation loratadine, desloratadine, and fexofenadine. Hyoscine butylbromide was used in an additional experiment to determine how a peripheral antimuscarinic drug influenced neuromotor function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promethazine, desloratadine and fexofenadine increased drowsiness. Promethazine increased simple and choice reaction time and reduced tremor. Desloratadine increased choice reaction time and tremor, while loratadine slowed simple and choice reaction time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central anticholinergic and antihistaminergic properties of antihistamines potentially contribute to movement dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Second-generation antihistamines have provided the consumer with a safer alternative to the first-generation sedating antihistamine. However, the results of this study suggest that loratadine and desloratadine have the potential to affect movement control, and further research is warranted to understand the clinical relevance of these findings.
authors: School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors: Preshanta
authors: P
authors: Naicker
authors: Shailendra
authors: S
authors: Anoopkumar-Dukie
authors: Gary D
authors: GD
authors: Grant
authors: Justin J
authors: JJ
authors: Kavanagh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D017336:Loratadine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D011398:Promethazine / Q000009:adverse effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014202:Tremor / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D017336:Loratadine; D016593:Terfenadine; C093230:fexofenadine; D011398:Promethazine; C121345:desloratadine
keywords: Antihistamine; Postural tremor; Reaction time; Sedation