title: Decreased pain threshold in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the pain threshold in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared with healthy children by using a digital pressure algometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight children with JIA born between 1995 and 2000 and 91 age-related healthy children participated in the study. We used a digital pressure algometer to measure the pain threshold on 17 symmetric, anatomically predefined joint-related or bone-related areas. All children were asked to rate their current pain on a Faces Pain Scale, and parents of children with JIA were asked to complete a parental revised version of the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ-R). Clinical data were registered on children with JIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pain threshold was significantly lower among children with JIA (total mean PT = 1.33 ± 0.69 kg/cm(2)) when compared with the healthy control group (total mean PT = 1.77 ± 0.67 kg/cm(2)). The same pattern was found in all areas measured, including negative control areas that are normally unaffected in JIA (p = 0.0001 to 0.005). Overall, the pain threshold was 34% lower in females than in males in both groups (p < 0.0001). We found no correlation between pain threshold and age, current pain experience, disease duration, or disease activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with JIA had a substantially lower pain threshold even in areas usually unaffected by arthritis. Our findings suggest that JIA alters the pain perception and causes decreased pain threshold.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, and the Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark. anne.leegaard@gmail.com
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Leegaard
authors: Johanne Jeppesen
authors: JJ
authors: Lomholt
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Thastum
authors: Troels
authors: T
authors: Herlin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS; PAIN MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION; PAIN THRESHOLD; PRESSURE