title: Preventable visual impairment in children  with nonprofound intellectual disability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the preventable visual impairment in children with nonprofound intellectual disability (ID).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 215 children with IDs (90 Down syndrome [DS], 125 nonprofound ID) and 116 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent ophthalmologic examinations including cycloplegic refraction measurements, ocular movement evaluation, screening for strabismus (Hirschberg, Krimsky, or prism cover test), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, funduscopy, and intraocular pressure measurements. All data were recorded for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ocular findings in decreasing prevalence were as follows: refractive errors 55 (61.1%), strabismus 30 (33.2%), cataract 7 (7.8%), and nystagmus 7 (7.8%) in children with DS; refractive errors 57 (45.6%), strabismus 19 (15.2%), cataract 7 (6.4%), nystagmus 5 (4%), and glaucoma 1 (0.8%) in children with other ID; and refractive errors 13 (11.2%) and strabismus 4 (3.5%) in controls. Cataracts, glaucoma, and nystagmus were not observed in the control group. The most common ophthalmic findings in children with DS compared with other ID and controls were with hyperopia (p<0.03 and  p<0.001, respectively) and esotropia (p<0.01 and p<0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pediatric population with ID has a high prevalence of preventable visual impairments, refractive errors, strabismus, and cataracts. The prevalence of strabismus and refractive errors was more frequent in children with DS. The importance of further health screenings including ophthalmic examinations should be utilized to implement appropriate care management and improve quality of life.
authors: Ophthalmolgy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras¸ - Turkey. lokaslan46@yahoo.com
authors: Lokman
authors: L
authors: Aslan
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Aslankurt
authors: Adnan
authors: A
authors: Aksoy
authors: Hatice
authors: H
authors: Altun
mesh_terms: D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013285:Strabismus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014787:Vision Tests; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data