title: Dynamic MR imaging patterns of cerebral fat embolism: a systematic review with illustrative cases.
abstract: Different MR imaging patterns of cerebral fat embolism have been reported in the literature without a systematic review. Our goal was to describe the patterns, explore the relationship between disease course and the imaging patterns, and discuss the underlying mechanism. We reveal 5 distinctive MR imaging patterns: 1) scattered embolic ischemia occurring dominantly at the acute stage; 2) confluent symmetric cytotoxic edema located at the cerebral white matter, which mainly occurs at the subacute stage; 3) vasogenic edematous lesions also occurring at the subacute stage; 4) petechial hemorrhage, which persists from the acute to the chronic stage; and 5) chronic sequelae, occurring at late stage, including cerebral atrophy, demyelinating change, and sequelae of infarction or necrosis. Underlying mechanisms of these imaging patterns are further discussed. Recognition of the 5 evolving MR imaging patterns of cerebral fat embolism may result in adjustment of the appropriate management and improve the outcome.
authors: From the Division of Medical Image (K.-H.K., Y.-J.L., W.-K.C.)Department of Radiology (K.-H.K., F.-C.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Medicine (K.-H.K., Y.-J.P., F.-C.C), National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: K-H
authors: KH
authors: Kuo
authors: Department of Psychiatry (Y.-J.P.), Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banciao, TaiwanSchool of Medicine (K.-H.K., Y.-J.P., F.-C.C), National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Y-J
authors: YJ
authors: Pan
authors: From the Division of Medical Image (K.-H.K., Y.-J.L., W.-K.C.).
authors: Y-J
authors: YJ
authors: Lai
authors: From the Division of Medical Image (K.-H.K., Y.-J.L., W.-K.C.).
authors: W-K
authors: WK
authors: Cheung
authors: Department of Radiology (K.-H.K., F.-C.C.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Medicine (K.-H.K., Y.-J.P., F.-C.C), National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan fcchang374@gmail.com.
authors: F-C
authors: FC
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Neuroradiology (J.J.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Jarosz
mesh_terms: D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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