title: PCR screening for the N526K substitution in isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Firstly, to evaluate the current PBP3-S primers of Hasegawa et al. (Microb Drug Resist 2003; 9: 39-46) and develop new primers for the amplification of N526 in isolates of Haemophilus haemolyticus. Secondly, to develop a new PCR assay for the detection (by amplification) of the N526K substitution, encoded by either the AAA or AAG single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1576-1578 of the ftsI gene, in isolates of both Haemophilus influenzae and H. haemolyticus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 H. influenzae and 50 H. haemolyticus isolates, comprising N526 and N526K genotypes, were used to evaluate the performance of SNP-based PCR primers for the detection of the β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance (BLNAR)-defining N526K substitution in H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus, using a real-time PCR platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PBP3-S primers of Hasegawa et al. failed to amplify H. haemolyticus isolates, irrespective of their N526/N526K status, owing to an inability of the forward primer to bind the H. haemolyticus ftsI sequence, giving an overall sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 40% when using all of the isolates. However, the PBP3-N526 and PBP3-N526K PCR primers designed in this study were 100% sensitive and specific, and 84% sensitive and 100% specific, respectively, for the detection of N526K-positive isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although antibiotic resistance surveillance studies on H. influenzae should include a definitive test for H. influenzae/H. haemolyticus identification, the new primers from this study will not only allow for PCR characterization of both H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus with respect to the N526K BLNAR substitutions, they will also stop incorrect characterization of susceptible H. haemolyticus isolates as low-BLNAR H. influenzae.
authors: School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Witherden
authors: Dale
authors: D
authors: Kunde
authors: Stephen G
authors: SG
authors: Tristram
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006190:Haemophilus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006192:Haemophilus Infections; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D050505:Mutant Proteins
keywords: PBP3; ftsI; β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance