title: Evolution of community- and healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent cause of human infections globally. The high prevalence of infections is compounded by antibiotic resistance--a significant problem for treatment. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is endemic in hospitals and healthcare facilities worldwide, and is an increasingly common cause of community-associated bacterial infections in industrialized countries. Although much focus is placed on the role of S. aureus as a human pathogen, it is in fact a human commensal organism that has had a relatively long coexistence with the human host. Many S. aureus infections can be explained by host susceptibility or other predisposing risk factors. On the other hand, the emergence/re-emergence of successful S. aureus clones (referred to as epidemic waves) suggests a rapid bacterial adaption and evolution, which includes the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increased virulence and/or transmissibility. It is within this context that we review our understanding of selected S. aureus epidemic waves, and highlight the use of genome sequencing as a means to better understand the evolution of each lineage.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Anne-Catrin
authors: AC
authors: Uhlemann
authors: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Otto
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Franklin D
authors: FD
authors: Lowy
authors: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. Electronic address: fdeleo@niaid.nih.gov.
authors: Frank R
authors: FR
authors: DeLeo
mesh_terms: D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Epidemic; Genome sequencing; MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus
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