title: Temperature variation makes ectotherms more sensitive to climate change.
abstract: Ectotherms are considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate warming. Descriptions of habitat temperatures and predicted changes in climate usually consider mean monthly, seasonal or annual conditions. Ectotherms, however, do not simply experience mean conditions, but are exposed to daily fluctuations in habitat temperatures. Here, we highlight how temperature fluctuation can generate 'realized' thermal reaction (fitness) norms that differ from the 'fundamental' norms derived under standard constant temperatures. Using a mosquito as a model organism, we find that temperature fluctuation reduces rate processes such as development under warm conditions, increases processes under cool conditions, and reduces both the optimum and the critical maximum temperature. Generalizing these effects for a range of terrestrial insects reveals that prevailing daily fluctuations in temperature should alter the sensitivity of species to climate warming by reducing 'thermal safety margins'. Such effects of daily temperature dynamics have generally been ignored in the climate change literature.
authors: Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. krijn@paaijmans.nl
authors: Krijn P
authors: KP
authors: Paaijmans
authors: Rebecca L
authors: RL
authors: Heinig
authors: Rebecca A
authors: RA
authors: Seliga
authors: Justine I
authors: JI
authors: Blanford
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Blanford
authors: Courtney C
authors: CC
authors: Murdock
authors: Matthew B
authors: MB
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D057231:Climate Change; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D007313:Insecta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Anopheles stephensi; Jensen's inequality; climate change; conservation; diurnal temperature fluctuation; ectotherm fitness; thermal fitness curve; thermal reaction norm
references: Am Nat. 2010 Aug;176(2):E40-9
references: 20528470
references: Evolution. 2009 Feb;63(2):537-41
references: 19154355
references: Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):1024-6
references: 21852500
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e30598
references: 22427799
references: Bull Entomol Res. 2003 Oct;93(5):375-81
references: 14641976
references: Ecol Lett. 2013 Jan;16(1):22-30
references: 23050931
references: Trends Ecol Evol. 2011 Jun;26(6):270-7
references: 21481487
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 24;107(34):15135-9
references: 20696913
references: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2011 Jul;159(3):242-6
references: 21406244
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32083
references: 22384147
references: Am Nat. 2008 Mar;171(3):E102-18
references: 18271721
references: Am Nat. 2011 Jun;177(6):738-51
references: 21597251
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 6;105(18):6668-72
references: 18458348
references: PLoS One. 2010 Aug 16;5(8):e12189
references: 20808442
references: Environ Entomol. 2008 Feb;37(1):16-28
references: 18348792
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29409
references: 22253720
references: Proc Biol Sci. 2011 Nov 22;278(1723):3412-20
references: 21450730
references: Ecol Evol. 2012 Oct;2(10):2450-9
references: 23145331
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 4;107(18):8269-74
references: 20404180
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24528
references: 21935419
references: J Exp Biol. 2012 Feb 15;215(Pt 4):694-701
references: 22279077
references: Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Jun 7;276(1664):1939-48
references: 19324762
references: Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1296-7
references: 18535231
references: PLoS Biol. 2010 Apr 27;8(4):e1000357
references: 20463950
references: Am Nat. 2012 Feb;179(2):178-91
references: 22218308
references: Physiol Biochem Zool. 2011 Nov-Dec;84(6):543-52
references: 22030847
references: J Exp Biol. 2010 Mar 15;213(6):870-80
references: 20190112
references: Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2009 Nov;154(3):389-93
references: 19622394
references: Trends Ecol Evol. 1999 Sep;14(9):361-366
references: 10441312
references: J Theor Biol. 2010 Oct 7;266(3):449-57
references: 20654630
references: Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2068-74
references: 11000103
references: Ecol Evol. 2012 Nov;2(11):2866-80
references: 23170220
references: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 03;4(8):e6487
references: 19649255
references: Integr Comp Biol. 2011 Nov;51(5):733-50
references: 21705795
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012 Jun 19;367(1596):1665-79
references: 22566674
references: Ecology. 2012 Mar;93(3):449-55
references: 22624199
references: Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:127-45
references: 20148670
references: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2008 Aug;83(3):339-55
references: 18979595