title: Racial/ethnic and immigrant differences in early childhood diet quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess racial/ethnic differences in the diet in young children and the explanatory role of maternal BMI, immigrant status and perception of child's weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among white, black and Hispanic 3-year-olds, we used negative binomial and linear regression to examine associations of race/ethnicity with foods and nutrients assessed by a validated FFQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Project Viva, Boston (MA), USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 3 years (n 898).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 38·3 (sd 2·8) months; 464 (52 %) were boys and 127 mothers (14 %) were immigrants. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, black and Hispanic children (v. white) had a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (rate ratio (RR) = 2·59 (95 % CI 1·95, 3·48) and RR = 1·59 (95 % CI 1·07, 2·47), respectively) and lower intakes of skimmed/1 % milk (RR = 0·42 (95 % CI 0·33, 0·53) and RR = 0·43 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·61), respectively) and trans-fat (-0·10 (95 % CI -0·18, -0·03) % of energy and -0·15 (95 % CI -0·26, -0·04) % of energy, respectively). Among Hispanics only, a lower intake of snack food (RR = 0·83 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·98)) was found and among blacks only, a higher intake of fast food (RR = 1·28 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·55)) and lower intakes of saturated fat (-0·86 (95 % CI -1·48, -0·23) % of energy), dietary fibre (0·85 (95 % CI 0·08, 1·62) g/d) and Ca (-120 (95 % CI -175, -65) mg/d) were found. Being born outside the USA was associated with more healthful nutrient intakes and less fast food.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-year-old black and Hispanic (v. white) children ate more sugar-sweetened beverages and less low-fat dairy. Total energy intake was substantially higher in Hispanic children. Snack food (Hispanic children) and fat intakes (black children) tended to be lower. Children of immigrants ate less fast food and bad fats and more fibre.
authors: 1 Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marieke L A
authors: ML
authors: de Hoog
authors: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Ken P
authors: KP
authors: Kleinman
authors: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: Gillman
authors: 1 Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Tanja G M
authors: TG
authors: Vrijkotte
authors: 2 Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Manon
authors: M
authors: van Eijsden
authors: 3 Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Elsie M
authors: EM
authors: Taveras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000592:standards; D004034:Diet Surveys; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
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