title: Biocompatibility of gold and stainless steel chains used for forced eruption of impacted teeth - an in vitro investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical approaches for the mobilization of impacted teeth involve the use of gold chains to connect the impacted tooth with the orthodontic appliance. In this study we have compared the local effects gold plated stainless steel with stainless steel specimen using an in vitro model of the gingival mucosa and monolayer cultures of cells of the alveolus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local effects on differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis and inflammatory response were tested using organotypic cultures of gingival cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays with monolayer cultures of human periodontal cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data obtained in this study could not reveal any differences in favor of using gold plated chains during the mobilization of impacted teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients not suffering from allergies against nickel there might be no rationale to favor gold plated chains, as there are no functional aspects to favor gold plated chains over stainless steel chains.
authors: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Sebastian.Zingler@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Zingler
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Erber
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Lux
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Seeberger
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Bister
authors: Björn
authors: B
authors: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000633:toxicity*; D004595:Electroplating; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000187:drug effects; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D053547:Keratin-14 / Q000187:drug effects; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D050793:Orthodontic Extrusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000187:drug effects; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D006047:Gold Alloys; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D053547:Keratin-14; D011498:Protein Precursors; D013193:Stainless Steel; C032253:involucrin