title: Nanodiamonds activate blood platelets and induce thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nanodiamonds (NDs) have been evaluated for a wide range of biomedical applications. Thus, thorough investigation of the biocompatibility of NDs has become a research priority. Platelets are highly sensitive and are one of the most abundant cell types found in blood. They have a central role in hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. In this study, we aim to investigate the direct and acute effects of carboxylated NDs on platelet function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, pro-coagulant parameters such as platelet aggregability, intracellular Ca(2+) flux, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), generation of reactive oxygen species, surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, electron microscopy, cell viability assay and in vivo thromboembolism were analyzed in great detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carboxylated NDs evoked significant activation of human platelets. When administered intravenously in mice, NDs were found to induce widespread pulmonary thromboembolism, indicating the remarkable thrombogenic potential of this nanomaterial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings raise concerns regarding the putative biomedical applications of NDs pertaining to diagnostics and therapeutics, and their toxicity and prothrombotic properties should be critically evaluated.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India.
authors: Sharda
authors: S
authors: Kumari
authors: Manoj K
authors: MK
authors: Singh
authors: Sunil K
authors: SK
authors: Singh
authors: José J A
authors: JJ
authors: Grácio
authors: Debabrata
authors: D
authors: Dash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D019007:P-Selectin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002118:Calcium