title: High levels of dietary phytosterols affect lipid metabolism and increase liver and plasma TAG in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
abstract: Replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) with plant ingredients in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets decreases dietary cholesterol and introduces phytosterols. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary sterol composition on cholesterol metabolism in Atlantic salmon. For this purpose, two dietary trials were performed, in which Atlantic salmon were fed either 100 % FM and FO (FM-FO) diet or one of the three diets with either high (80 %) or medium (40 %) plant protein (PP) and a high (70 %) or medium (35 %) vegetable oil (VO) blend (trial 1); or 70 % PP with either 100 % FO or 80 % of the FO replaced with olive, rapeseed or soyabean oil (trial 2). Replacing ≥ 70 % of FM with PP and ≥ 70 % of FO with either a VO blend or rapeseed oil increased plasma and liver TAG concentrations. These diets contained high levels of phytosterols and low levels of cholesterol. Fish fed low-cholesterol diets, but with less phytosterols, exhibited an increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol uptake and synthesis. The expression of these genes was, however, partially inhibited in rapeseed oil-fed fish possibly due to the high dietary and tissue phytosterol:cholesterol ratio. Atlantic salmon tissue and plasma cholesterol concentrations were maintained stable independent of the dietary sterol content.
authors: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Strandgaten 229, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors: Nina S
authors: NS
authors: Liland
authors: Marit
authors: M
authors: Espe
authors: Grethe
authors: G
authors: Rosenlund
authors: Rune
authors: R
authors: Waagbø
authors: Jan I
authors: JI
authors: Hjelle
authors: Øyvind
authors: Ø
authors: Lie
authors: Ramon
authors: R
authors: Fontanillas
authors: Bente E
authors: BE
authors: Torstensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D000069463:Olive Oil; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D029941:Fish Proteins; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D000069463:Olive Oil; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010840:Phytosterols; D010938:Plant Oils; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D051782:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2; D014280:Triglycerides; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002784:Cholesterol; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C019995:7-dehydrocholesterol reductase