title: A possible role of IL-1RN gene polymorphism in the outcome of gastrointestinal diseases associated with H. pylori infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the IL-1RN gene that encodes the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plays a role in the outcome of gastrointestinal diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with normal endoscopy (n = 71), inflammation of the upper gastrointestinal tract only (n = 196), gastric ulcer (n = 28), duodenal ulcer (n = 76), and gastric cancer (n = 19) were studied. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by the urease test, histological examination, and polymerase chain reaction. The IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL-1RN intron 2 VNTR) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Gastritis was scored according to the updated Sydney system of classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. pylori infection was an independent risk factor for mild (odds ratio [OR] = 5.53 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.63-11.64; P < 0.05]), moderate (OR = 83.93 [95% CI = 29.7-237.18; P < 0.05]) and marked (OR = 47.47 [95% CI = 5.39-418.05; P < 0.05]) gastritis. The carriage of IL-1RN*2/*2 had a significant protective effect of H. pylori infection (OR = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.17-0.57; P < 0.05]). H. pylori infection was identified as an independent risk of inflammation, duodenal ulcer, and gastric ulcer. The carriage of IL-1RN*2/*2 was an independent risk factor for gastric cancer (OR = 5.81 [95% CI = 1.06-31.98; P < 0.05]); nonetheless, the carriage of allele 2 (IL-1RN*2/*2 plus IL-1RN*L/*2) had an independent protective effect on duodenal ulcer (OR = 0.45 [95% CI = 0.22-0.91; P < 0.05]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allele 2 of the VNTR IL-1RN polymorphism had a protective effect against duodenal ulcer and H. pylori infection; however, it increased the risk of gastric cancer.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Rejane
authors: R
authors: Mattar
authors: Sergio Barbosa
authors: SB
authors: Marques
authors: Anibal Ferreira
authors: AF
authors: Dos Santos
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: do Socorro Monteiro
authors: Kiyoshi
authors: K
authors: Iriya
authors: Flair José
authors: FJ
authors: Carrilho
keywords: Helicobacter pylori; IL-1RN polymorphism; gastric cancer; peptic ulcer
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar 14;16(10):1188-200
references: 20222161
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 Sep;125(3):368-75
references: 11531943
references: Gastroenterology. 2001 Oct;121(4):823-9
references: 11606496
references: Helicobacter. 2005 Dec;10(6):601-8
references: 16302986
references: Scand J Immunol. 1998 Mar;47(3):195-8
references: 9519856
references: J Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 15;188(2):272-81
references: 12854083
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Nov 20;94(22):1680-7
references: 12441323
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct 14;18(38):5404-11
references: 23082057
references: Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 2004 Aug;59(4):172-80
references: 15361981
references: Cytokine. 2002 Jun 7;18(5):242-51
references: 12161099
references: Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2004;41(3):313-37
references: 15307635
references: Gastroenterology. 2002 Jul;123(1):92-105
references: 12105837
references: BMC Public Health. 2005 Nov 10;5:118
references: 16283940
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jan;30(1):54-8
references: 1370850
references: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;16(9):1663-8
references: 12197846
references: Helicobacter. 2010 Sep;15 Suppl 1:1-6
references: 21054646
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar 28;15(12):1465-71
references: 19322919
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Nov;104(11):2704-13
references: 19603010
references: Rev Med Chil. 2011 Oct;139(10):1313-21
references: 22286731
references: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012 Sep;45(9):811-7
references: 22714811
references: Rev Saude Publica. 2005 Oct;39(5):847-9
references: 16254664
references: World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2010 Jun 15;2(6):265-71
references: 21160639
references: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Nov;7(11):629-41
references: 20938460
references: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 May;10(5):487-93.e1
references: 22230167
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Jul;19(3):449-90
references: 16847081
references: Infect Agent Cancer. 2010 Jan 11;5:1
references: 20205796
references: Arq Gastroenterol. 2011 Jul-Sep;48(3):171-4
references: 21952700
references: Nature. 2000 Mar 23;404(6776):398-402
references: 10746728
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Jan 15;34(2):204-9
references: 11740709
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 1995 Nov;102(2):379-83
references: 7586694
references: J Med Microbiol. 2007 Jan;56(Pt 1):9-14
references: 17172510
references: Gut. 2012 May;61(5):646-64
references: 22491499
references: Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Jul;39(7):7617-25
references: 22327782
references: Am J Surg Pathol. 1996 Oct;20(10):1161-81
references: 8827022
references: Immunol Lett. 2005 Sep 15;100(2):107-12
references: 15885804