title: Halitosis: From diagnosis to management.
abstract: Halitosis is formed by volatile molecules which are caused because of pathological or nonpathological reasons and it originates from an oral or a non-oral source. It is very common in general population and nearly more than 50% of the general population have halitosis. Although halitosis has multifactorial origins, the source of 90% cases is oral cavity such as poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, tongue coat, food impaction, unclean dentures, faulty restorations, oral carcinomas, and throat infections. Halitosis affects a person's daily life negatively, most of people who complain about halitosis refer to the clinic for treatment but in some of the people who can suffer from halitosis, there is no measurable halitosis. There are several methods to determine halitosis. Halitosis can be treated if its etiology can be detected rightly. The most important issue for treatment of halitosis is detection etiology or determination its source by detailed clinical examination. Management may include simple measures such as scaling and root planning, instructions for oral hygiene, tongue cleaning, and mouth rinsing. The aim of this review was to describe the etiological factors, prevalence data, diagnosis, and the therapeutic mechanical and chemical approaches related to halitosis.
authors: Department of Periodontology, Kirikkale University Dental Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey.
authors: Bahadır Uğur
authors: BU
authors: Aylıkcı
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Colak
keywords: Diagnosis; etiology; halitosis; humans; prevention and control
references: J Dent Res. 1991 Nov;70(11):1436-40
references: 1960254
references: J Dent Res. 1994 Sep;73(9):1568-74
references: 7929993
references: Oral Dis. 2007 Nov;13(6):581-5
references: 17944676
references: Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:256-79
references: 12013345
references: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Jun 15;853(1-2):54-61
references: 17416556
references: Periodontol 2000. 2008;48:66-75
references: 18715357
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jan;15(1):97-102
references: 6764781
references: Pediatr Int. 2003 Dec;45(6):719-23
references: 14651548
references: J Can Dent Assoc. 2000 May;66(5):257-61
references: 10833869
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD005519
references: 16625641
references: Int Dent J. 2002 Jun;52 Suppl 3:212-6
references: 12090455
references: J Periodontol. 1977 Jan;48(1):13-20
references: 264535
references: Pediatr Int. 2010 Apr;52(2):279-83
references: 19793211
references: J Periodontol. 2009 Jan;80(1):24-31
references: 19228086
references: Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(6):939-42
references: 21808855
references: J Breath Res. 2010 Mar;4(1):017108
references: 21386213
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2006 Jan;33(1):29-30
references: 16367852
references: J Periodontol. 1996 Jun;67(6):577-82
references: 8794967
references: J Periodontol. 1992 Jan;63(1):39-43
references: 1552460
references: J Am Dent Assoc. 1957 Jul;55(1):37-46
references: 13438639
references: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Mar;139(3):351-5
references: 21392690
references: Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Nov-Dec;73(6):835-842
references: 18278230
references: J Periodontol. 1999 May;70(5):485-9
references: 10368052
references: Microbes Infect. 2002 May;4(6):679-83
references: 12048037
references: J Periodontol. 2001 Jan;72(1):74-8
references: 11210076
references: J Dent Res. 1981 Nov;60(11):1891-6
references: 6945328
references: Oral Dis. 2005;11 Suppl 1:37-9
references: 15752096
references: J Periodontol. 1987 Apr;58(4):266-73
references: 3473222
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2001 Sep;28(9):813-9
references: 11493349
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Sep;106(3):384-8
references: 18602293
references: J Periodontol. 1997 Dec;68(12):1176-81
references: 9444592
references: Oral Dis. 2005;11 Suppl 1:72-4
references: 15752105
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972 Jul;34(1):41-8
references: 4504316
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1971;47(4):484-509
references: 5146719
references: Analyst. 2005 Nov;130(11):1490-4
references: 16222369
references: J Am Dent Assoc. 2010 Mar;141(3):279-84
references: 20194383
references: Braz Oral Res. 2008;22 Suppl 1:44-54
references: 19838550
references: Intern Emerg Med. 2011 Aug;6(4):315-9
references: 21140240
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002 Dec;94(6):692-6
references: 12464892
references: Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006 Nov;16(6):399-404
references: 17014537
references: J Periodontol. 2003 Jul;74(7):937-44
references: 12931755
references: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 Dec;91(3 Pt 2):1193-201
references: 11219661
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2004 Dec;31(12):1128-34
references: 15560817
references: J Periodontal Res. 1984 Nov;19(6):618-21
references: 6241239
references: J Dent Res. 2002 Mar;81(3):182-5
references: 11876272
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Feb;30(2):427-33
references: 1311335
references: J Periodontol. 1995 Aug;66(8):679-84
references: 7473010
references: J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Feb;134(2):209-14
references: 12636125
references: Oral Dis. 2005;11 Suppl 1:32-4
references: 15752095
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Sep;22(3):333-5
references: 3930558
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2001 May;28(5):494-6
references: 11350515
references: Eur J Oral Sci. 1997 Oct;105(5 Pt 2):534-7
references: 9395120
references: Int Dent J. 2002 Jun;52 Suppl 3:181-6
references: 12090449
references: Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2009;22(1):11-4
references: 19601490
references: J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001 Nov 15;2(4):1-17
references: 12167916
references: Braz Dent J. 1998;9(2):77-84
references: 10219119
references: J Am Dent Assoc. 2001 Sep;132(9):1263-7; quiz 1318
references: 11665351
references: Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009 Sep;15(3):207-9
references: 19728268
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Nov;48(11):5389-95
references: 11087490
references: J Dent Res. 1987 Feb;66(2):498-505
references: 3305628
references: Quintessence Int. 1999 May;30(5):307-10
references: 10635284
references: J Dent Res. 1994 Jun;73(6):1168-72
references: 8046106
references: J Clin Dent. 1994;4(4):114-9
references: 8031479
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2003 Apr;30(4):300-6
references: 12694427
references: J Periodontol. 1994 Jan;65(1):37-46
references: 8133414
references: J Dent Res. 2004 Apr;83(4):317-21
references: 15044506
references: J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2004 Spring;28(3):239-48
references: 15163153
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Mar;1098:252-66
references: 17435133
references: Oral Dis. 2005;11 Suppl 1:35-6
references: 18557215
references: Oral Dis. 2010 Oct;16(7):702-6
references: 20561223
references: J Dent Res. 1988 Dec;67(12):1505-9
references: 3198850
references: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 Sep;14(5):463-8
references: 21673571
references: Rev Med Liege. 2002 May;57(5):324-9
references: 12143181
references: J Dent Res. 2002 Feb;81(2):140-3
references: 11827259
references: J Dent. 2007 Aug;35(8):627-35
references: 17555859
references: Swed Dent J. 2000;24(3):73-82
references: 11061205
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982 Nov;54(5):521-6
references: 6960306
references: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1997 Feb;25(2):145-50
references: 9534444
references: Int Dent J. 2002 Jun;52 Suppl 3:236-40
references: 12090460
references: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2011 Jan-Feb;32(1):22-4, 26-8, 30-1; quiz 32, 34
references: 21462620
references: BMJ. 2006 Sep 23;333(7569):632-5
references: 16990322
references: Br Dent J. 2008 Jan 26;204(2):E4
references: 18037821
references: J Periodontol. 2001 Jan;72(1):79-84
references: 11210077
references: J Dent Res. 1991 Jul;70(7):1041-4
references: 2066484
references: J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2003 Sep;21(3):120-4
references: 14703220
references: J Clin Periodontol. 2007 Sep;34(9):748-55
references: 17716310
references: J Dent Res. 1990 Oct;69(10):1696-702
references: 2212216
references: Histochemistry. 1977 Mar 4;51(2-3):219-37
references: 845061
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1990 Aug;5(4):195-201
references: 2082242
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Oct;106(4):542-7
references: 18602310
references: Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1986 Feb;19(1):111-7
references: 3951867
references: Adv Dent Res. 1996 Apr;10(1):13-6
references: 8934917
references: Anaerobe. 2003 Oct;9(5):243-6
references: 16887710
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003 Jul;96(1):38-41
references: 12847442
references: J Periodontol. 1992 Sep;63(9):783-9
references: 1474480
references: J Dent Res. 1994 May;73(5):1036-42
references: 8006229
references: J Dent. 2006 Nov;34(10):770-4
references: 16603305
references: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1989 Sep;4(3):169-72
references: 2639302
references: BMJ. 1994 Jan 22;308(6923):217-8
references: 8111254
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 08;(4):CD006701
references: 18843727
references: Anal Chem. 2006 Oct 15;78(20):7284-91
references: 17037934
references: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1997 Feb;25(2):153-9
references: 9534445