title: Special tools for the assessment of balance and dizziness in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although a majority of patients following minor traumatic brain injury recover to their pre-morbid functional level, persistent activity and participation limitations can occur in the refractory patient. These long-term consequences of brain injury may only become apparent months to years after the injury. In order to quantify these long-term sequella, laboratory, clinical and functional outcome measures may not only identify needed areas of treatment, but may also assist in determining the impact of the treatment on the individuals function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this manuscript is to review the clinical utility of vestibular laboratory testing and the bedside vestibular examination in patients following mild traumatic brain injury. In addition, the validity and inter-observer reliability of functional outcome measures commonly used in individuals with mTBI will also be reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the diffuse pathology seen with mTBI, multiple tests are needed to determine the resultant impairment and their impact on the patient's activity level and participation level. Laboratory test and bedside tests of vestibular impairment are reviewed. Functional outcome measures including the Dynamic Gait Index, the Functional Gait Assessment, the Balance Error Scoring System, and Dual Task Performance are reviewed for their appropriateness in quantifying the effect of mTBI at activity level and participation level of the individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBI rehabilitation services are increasingly exemplified by the needs of patients, rather than by the underlying pathology or diagnosis. Basing treatment decisions and treatment timing on laboratory, clinical, and functional testing can optimize the rehabilitation outcome.
authors: Vestibular Rehabilitation Department, New York Eye & Ear Infirmary, NY, USA.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Lei-Rivera
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Sutera
authors: Jessica A
authors: JA
authors: Galatioto
authors: Bryan D
authors: BD
authors: Hujsak
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Gurley
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*