title: Is poststroke depression a major depression?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most common neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. A large number of studies have focused on the pathogenesis of PSD, but only a few aimed to characterize its psychopathology; these studies yielded results that are difficult to compare because of the different methods utilized. The current study aimed to characterize the symptom profile of PSD in an attempt to better understand the disease and allow a more accurate diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample comprised 64 patients divided into three groups: stroke patients without diagnosis of depression (n = 33), stroke patients diagnosed with PSD (PSD group, n = 14) and patients diagnosed with major depression (MD) but with no clinical comorbidity (MD group, n = 17). All patients were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). The initial diagnostic interview was complemented by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Rankin Scale, and four scales for the assessment of the intensity of symptoms of anxiety and depression: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression General Scale (HADS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). The Star Plot, a graphical method of data visualization, was used to analyze the results. The t test was used for independent samples (two-tailed analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As measured by the BDI, HAM-D and HAM-A scales and HADS depression subscale, the average total scores of symptoms for the sample of patients diagnosed with MD without clinical comorbidity was significantly higher than that of the PSD patients (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained by plotting the BDI data on Star Plot. The PSD patients showed mild typical depressive symptoms such as less depressed mood, anhedonia, disinterest, guilt, negative thoughts, depreciation, suicidal ideation and anxiety, when evaluated by the HAM-A scale. Moreover, the somatic symptoms of depression did not lead to increased diagnosis of major depression in stroke patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the PSD clinical picture comprised, in general, symptoms of mild/moderate intensity, especially those considered as pillars for the diagnosis of depression: depressed mood, loss of pleasure and lack of interest. Given the imprecision of boundaries that separate the clinical forms of depression from subclinical and nonpathological forms, or even from the concepts of demoralization and adjustment disorders, we situate PSD in a complex biopsychosocial context in which a better understanding of its psychopathological profile could provide diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives best suited to the difficult reality experienced by stroke patients.
authors: Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. cdarocha@terra.com.br
authors: Carlos E
authors: CE
authors: da Rocha e Silva
authors: Marco A
authors: MA
authors: Alves Brasil
authors: Emilia
authors: E
authors: Matos do Nascimento
authors: Basilio
authors: B
authors: de Bragança Pereira
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: André
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D009626:Terminology as Topic