title: What studies are appropriate and necessary for staging gastric adenocarcinoma? Results of an international RAND/UCLA expert panel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The approach for staging gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) has not been well defined, with heterogeneity in the application of staging modalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing a RAND/UCLA appropriateness methodology (RAM), a multidisciplinary expert panel of 16 physicians scored 84 GC staging scenarios. Appropriateness was scored from 1 to 9. Median appropriateness scores from 1 to 3 were considered inappropriate, 4-6 uncertain, and 7-9 appropriate. Agreement was reached when 12 or more of 16 panelists scored the scenario similarly. Appropriate scenarios were subsequently scored for necessity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment TNM stage determination is necessary. Necessary staging maneuvers include esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD); biopsy of the tumor; documentation of tumor size, description, location, distance from gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and any GEJ, esophageal, or duodenal involvement; if an EGD report is unclear, surgeons should repeat it to confirm tumor location. Pretreatment radiologic assessment should include computed tomography (CT)-abdomen and CT-pelvis, performed with multidetector CT scanners with 5-mm slices. Laparoscopy should be performed before resection of cT3-cT4 lesions or multivisceral resections. Laparoscopy should include inspection of the stomach, diaphragm, liver, and ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a RAM, we describe appropriate and necessary staging tests for the pretreatment staging evaluation of GC, as well as how some of these staging maneuvers should be conducted.
authors: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Dixon
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Cardoso
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Tinmouth
authors: Lucy
authors: L
authors: Helyer
authors: Calvin
authors: C
authors: Law
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Swallow
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Paszat
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: McLeod
authors: Rajini
authors: R
authors: Seevaratnam
authors: Alyson
authors: A
authors: Mahar
authors: Natalie G
authors: NG
authors: Coburn
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000592:standards*; D015588:Observer Variation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011379:Prognosis; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000592:standards*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
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