title: Human immunodeficiency virus infection heightens concurrent risk of functional dependence in persons with long-term methamphetamine use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disability among long-term methamphetamine (MA) users is multifactorial. This study examined the additive adverse impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a common comorbidity in MA users, on functional dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large cohort of participants (N = 798) stratified by lifetime MA-dependence diagnoses (ie, MA+ or MA-) and HIV serostatus (ie, HIV+ or HIV-) underwent comprehensive baseline neuromedical, neuropsychiatric, and functional research evaluations, including assessment of neurocognitive symptoms in daily life, instrumental and basic activities of daily living, and employment status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Independent, additive effects of MA and HIV were observed across all measures of functional dependence, independent of other demographic, psychiatric, and substance-use factors. The prevalence of global functional dependence increased in the expected stepwise fashion across the cohort, with the lowest rates in the MA-/HIV- group (29%) and the highest rates in the MA+/HIV+ sample (69%). The impact of HIV on MA-associated functional dependence was moderated by nadir CD4 count, such that polysubstance use was associated with greater disability among those HIV-infected persons with higher but not lower nadir CD4 count. Within the MA+/HIV+ cohort, functional dependence was reliably associated with neurocognitive impairment, lower cognitive reserve, polysubstance use, and major depressive disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection confers an increased concurrent risk of MA-associated disability, particularly among HIV-infected persons without histories of immune compromise. Directed referrals, earlier HIV treatment, and compensatory strategies aimed at counteracting the effects of low cognitive reserve, neurocognitive impairment, and psychiatric comorbidities on functional dependence in MA+/HIV+ individuals may be warranted.
authors: From the Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology (KB and EW), San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; and Department of Psychiatry (JEI, EEM, DJM, DRF, RJE, IG, and SPW), University of California San Diego, San Diego.
authors: Kaitlin
authors: K
authors: Blackstone
authors: Jennifer E
authors: JE
authors: Iudicello
authors: Erin E
authors: EE
authors: Morgan
authors: Erica
authors: E
authors: Weber
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Moore
authors: Donald R
authors: DR
authors: Franklin
authors: Ronald J
authors: RJ
authors: Ellis
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Grant
authors: Steven Paul
authors: SP
authors: Woods
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
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