title: Obesity and the food environment: income and ethnicity differences among people with diabetes: the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unknown whether any association between neighborhood food environment and obesity varies according to individual income and/or race/ethnicity. The objectives of this study were to test whether there was an association between food environments and obesity among adults with diabetes and whether this relationship differed according to individual income or race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n = 16,057) were participants in the Diabetes Study of Northern California survey. Kernel density estimation was used to create a food environment score for each individual's residence address that reflected the mix of healthful and unhealthful food vendors nearby. Logistic regression models estimated the association between the modeled food environment and obesity, controlling for confounders, and testing for interactions between food environment and race/ethnicity and income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found that more healthful food environments were associated with lower obesity in the highest income groups (incomes 301-600% and >600% of U.S. poverty line) among whites, Latinos, and Asians. The association was negative, but smaller and not statistically significant, among high-income blacks. On the contrary, a more healthful food environment was associated with higher obesity among participants in the lowest-income group (<100% poverty threshold), which was statistically significant for black participants in this income category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the availability of healthful food environments may have different health implications when financial resources are severely constrained.
authors: Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. jjoness@jhsph.edu
authors: Jessica C
authors: JC
authors: Jones-Smith
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Karter
authors: E Margaret
authors: EM
authors: Warton
authors: Maggi
authors: M
authors: Kelly
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Kersten
authors: Howard H
authors: HH
authors: Moffet
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Adler
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Schillinger
authors: Barbara A
authors: BA
authors: Laraia
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*
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