title: End-tidal carbon dioxide as a measure of stress response to clustered nursing interventions in neurologic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guidelines recommend rest periods between nursing interventions for patients with a neurologic diagnosis but do not specify a safe number of interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the physiological stress response to clustered nursing interventions in neurologic patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, comparative, descriptive design to examine effects of clustered interventions (≥6 interventions in a single nursing interaction) versus nonclustered interventions on patients' stress. Stress response was defined as a 10% change in end-tidal carbon dioxide from before the interaction to (1) 5 and 10 minutes after the start of the interaction, (2) at the end of the interaction, and (3) 15 minutes after the interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percent change in end-tidal carbon dioxide at 5 minutes differed significantly between patients with clustered interventions and patients with nonclustered interventions (6.7% vs -0.2%; P = .001). Patients with clustered interventions were significantly more likely than patients with low clustering to exhibit a stress response at 5 minutes (24.3% vs 0%; P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurologic patients receiving mechanical ventilation who experienced 6 or more clustered nursing interventions showed a higher mean change in end-tidal carbon dioxide than did patients who received fewer than 6 clustered interventions. These findings suggest that providing fewer interventions during 1 nursing interaction may minimize induced stress in neurologic patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
authors: Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA. laura.genzler@allina.com
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Genzler
authors: Pamela Jo
authors: PJ
authors: Johnson
authors: Neha
authors: N
authors: Ghildayal
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Pangarakis
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Sendelbach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000451:nursing*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing* / Q000592:standards; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide