title: Molecular and genetic advances in the regeneration of the intervertebral disc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Owing to the debilitating nature of degenerative disc disease (DDD) and other spine pathologies, significant research has been performed with the goal of healing or regenerating the intervertebral disc (IVD). Structural complexity, coupled with low vascularity and cellularity, make IVD regeneration an extremely challenging task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue engineering-based strategies utilize three components to enhance tissue regeneration; scaffold materials to guide cell growth, biomolecules to enhance cell migration and differentiation, and cells (autologous, or allogeneic) to initiate the process of tissue formation. Significant advances in IVD regeneration have been made utilizing these tissue engineering strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current literature demonstrates that members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily are efficacious in the regeneration of an anabolic response in the IVD and to facilitate chondrogenic differentiation. Gene therapy, though thwarted by safety concerns and the risk of ectopic transfection, has significant potential for a targeted and sustained regenerative response. Stem cells in combination with injectable, biocompatible, and biodegradable scaffolds in the form of hydrogels can differentiate into de novo IVD tissue and facilitate regeneration of the existing matrix. Therapies that address both anabolism and the inherent catabolic state of the IVD using either direct inhibitors or broad-spectrum inhibitors show extensive promise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review article summarizes the genetic and molecular advances that promise to play an integral role in the development of new strategies to combat DDD and promote healing of injured discs.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Research, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
authors: Tristan
authors: T
authors: Maerz
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Herkowitz
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Baker
keywords: Disc tissue engineering; growth factors; intervertebral disc regeneration; scaffolds; stem cells
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