title: Current status of spirituality in cardiac rehabilitation programs: a review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Strong spiritual experiences in life are a protective, positive, prognostic factor in cardiovascular diseases. However, spirituality is often neglected in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs. The purpose of this article was to review studies that investigated spirituality in CR programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic databases PubMed, CINHAL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews were searched for studies that measured spirituality in a CR population. The search included studies with and without spiritual interventions in CR settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five quantitative studies and 1 qualitative study that enrolled a total of 1636 patients in phase 2 CR programs were reviewed. The spiritual interventions found were relaxation responses and spiritual classes. Two studies showed preliminary evidence that supports the further exploration of spiritual interventions in CR programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence supporting the use of spiritual interventions for medical and psychological outcomes in CR programs is very limited because of a lack of controlled clinical trials. However, the descriptive and observational studies provide some empirical support to further explore spiritual interventions in CR programs, with the goal of enhancing the psychosocial and emotional status of CR participants. Further rigorous research design and procedures are needed to establish the contribution of spirituality in CR programs for cardiac patients.
authors: Pain and Palliative Care, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. nadarajahs@mail.nih.gov
authors: Sheeba
authors: S
authors: Nadarajah
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Berger
authors: Sue Ann
authors: SA
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D026443:Spiritual Therapies / Q000379:methods*; D029181:Spirituality; D016896:Treatment Outcome