title: Neurosurgery and the dawning age of Brain-Machine Interfaces.
abstract: Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) are on the horizon for clinical neurosurgery. Electrocorticography-based platforms are less invasive than implanted microelectrodes, however, the latter are unmatched in their ability to achieve fine motor control of a robotic prosthesis capable of natural human behaviors. These technologies will be crucial to restoring neural function to a large population of patients with severe neurologic impairment - including those with spinal cord injury, stroke, limb amputation, and disabling neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. On the opposite end of the spectrum are neural enhancement technologies for specialized applications such as combat. An ongoing ethical dialogue is imminent as we prepare for BMI platforms to enter the neurosurgical realm of clinical management.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Rm M779, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Nathan C
authors: NC
authors: Rowland
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Breshears
authors: Edward F
authors: EF
authors: Chang
keywords: Brain–computer interface; DEKA arm; braingate; brain–machine interface; electrocorticography; electroencephalogram
references: Neurology. 2011 Sep 27;77(13):1295-304
references: 21917777
references: Lancet Neurol. 2012 May;11(5):429-42
references: 22516078
references: Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1416-9
references: 3749885
references: Depress Anxiety. 2012 Feb;29(2):139-46
references: 22095837
references: Nature. 2006 Jul 13;442(7099):164-71
references: 16838014
references: IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2011;4:140-54
references: 22273796
references: Neurosurg Focus. 2009 Jul;27(1):E4
references: 19569892
references: J Neural Eng. 2004 Jun;1(2):63-71
references: 15876624
references: Arch Neurol. 2011 Dec;68(12):1550-6
references: 21825213
references: Science. 1965 Nov 26;150(3700):1187-8
references: 5852977
references: J Neurosurg. 2011 Jun;114(6):1715-22
references: 21314273
references: Neurosurg Focus. 2010 May;28(5):E25
references: 20568942
references: Biotechnol J. 2008 Dec;3(12):1493-501
references: 19072905
references: J Clin Ethics. 2010 Summer;21(2):125-32
references: 20866018
references: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;24(6):495-501
references: 21934620
references: N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 11;359(11):1175-7
references: 18784110
references: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991 Mar;78(3):252-9
references: 1707798
references: Neurosurg Focus. 2009 Jul;27(1):E5
references: 19569893
references: Prog Brain Res. 2011;194:71-82
references: 21867795
references: Neurosurg Focus. 2008 Sep;25(3):E12
references: 18759613
references: Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):370-84
references: 22017994
references: Science. 1971 Oct 22;174(4007):431-5
references: 5000088
references: Nature. 2012 May 16;485(7398):372-5
references: 22596161
references: Neurosurg Focus. 2010 Aug;29(2):E9
references: 20672926