title: Bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets against pyrethroid-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from different malaria transmission zones in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are major concerns over sustaining the efficacy of current malaria vector control interventions given the rapid spread of resistance, particularly to pyrethroids. This study assessed the bioefficacy of five WHO-recommended long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae field populations from Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult An. gambiae from Lira, Tororo, Wakiso and Kanungu districts were exposed to permethrin (0.75%) or deltamethrin (0.05%) in standard WHO susceptibility tests. Cone bioassays were used to measure the bioefficacy of four mono-treated LLINs (Olyset®, Interceptor®, Netprotect® and PermaNet® 2.0) and one combination LLIN (PermaNet® 3.0) against the four mosquito populations. Wireball assays were similarly conducted to determine knockdown rates. Species composition and kdr mutation frequency were determined for a sample of mosquitoes from each population. Chemical assays confirmed that test nets fell within target dose ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anopheles gambiae s.s. predominated at all four sites (86-99% of Anopheles spp.) with moderate kdr L1014S allelic frequency (0.34-0.37). Confirmed or possible resistance to both permethrin and deltamethrin was identified for all four test populations. Reduced susceptibility to standard LLINs was observed for all four populations, with mortality rates as low as 45.8% even though the nets were unused. The combination LLIN PermaNet®3.0 showed the highest overall bioefficacy against all four An. gambiae s.l. populations (98.5-100% mortality). Wireball assays provided a more sensitive indicator of comparative bioefficacy, and PermaNet 3.0 was again associated with the highest bioefficacy against all four populations (76.5-91.7% mortality after 30 mins).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bioefficacy of mono-treated LLINs against pyrethroid-resistant field populations of An. gambiae varied by LLIN type and mosquito population, indicating that certain LLINs may be more suitable than others at particular sites. In contrast, the combination LLIN PermaNet 3.0 performed optimally against the four An. gambiae populations tested. The observed reduced susceptibility of malaria vectors to mono-treated LLINs is of particular concern, especially considering all nets were unused. With ongoing scale-up of insecticidal tools in the advent of increasing resistance, it is essential that those interventions with proven enhanced efficacy are given preference particularly in areas with high resistance.
authors: National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Okia
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Ndyomugyenyi
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Kirunda
authors: Anatol
authors: A
authors: Byaruhanga
authors: Seraphine
authors: S
authors: Adibaku
authors: Denis K
authors: DK
authors: Lwamafa
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Kironde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D015222:Sodium Channels; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin
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