title: Is a swine model of arteriovenous malformation suitable for human extracranial arteriovenous malformation? A preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A chronic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) model using the swine retia mirabilia (RMB) was developed and compared with the human extracranial AVM (EAVM) both in hemodynamics and pathology, to see if this brain AVM model can be used as an EAVM model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We created an arteriovenous fistula between the common carotid artery and the external jugular vein in eight animals by using end-to-end anastomosis. All animals were sacrificed 1 month after surgery, and the bilateral retia were obtained at autopsy and performed hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Pre- and postsurgical hemodynamic evaluations also were conducted. Then, the blood flow and histological changes of the animal model were compared with human EAVM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angiography after operation showed that the blood flow, like human EAVM, flowed from the feeding artery, via the nidus, drained to the draining vein. Microscopic examination showed dilated lumina and disrupted internal elastic lamina in both RMB of model and nidus of human EAVM, but the thickness of vessel wall had significant difference. Immunohistochemical reactivity for smooth muscle actin, angiopoietin 1, and angiopoietin 2 were similar in chronic model nidus microvessels and human EAVM, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor was significant difference between human EAVM and RMB of model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AVM model described here is similar to human EAVM in hemodynamics and immunohistochemical features, but there are still some differences in anatomy and pathogenetic mechanism. Further study is needed to evaluate the applicability and efficacy of this model.
authors: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China, lvmingming001@163.com.
authors: Ming-ming
authors: MM
authors: Lv
authors: Xin-dong
authors: XD
authors: Fan
authors: Li-xin
authors: LX
authors: Su
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D013552:Swine