title: Antigenically intact hemagglutinin in circulating avian and swine influenza viruses and potential for H3N2 pandemic.
abstract: The 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza, though antigenically novel to the population at the time, was antigenically similar to the 1918 H1N1 pandemic influenza, and consequently was considered to be "archived" in the swine species before reemerging in humans. Given that the H3N2 is another subtype that currently circulates in the human population and is high on WHO pandemic preparedness list, we assessed the likelihood of reemergence of H3N2 from a non-human host. Using HA sequence features relevant to immune recognition, receptor binding and transmission we have identified several recent H3 strains in avian and swine that present hallmarks of a reemerging virus. IgG polyclonal raised in rabbit with recent seasonal vaccine H3 fail to recognize these swine H3 strains suggesting that existing vaccines may not be effective in protecting against these strains. Vaccine strategies can mitigate risks associated with a potential H3N2 pandemic in humans.
authors: Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors: Kannan
authors: K
authors: Tharakaraman
authors: Rahul
authors: R
authors: Raman
authors: Nathan W
authors: NW
authors: Stebbins
authors: Karthik
authors: K
authors: Viswanathan
authors: Viswanathan
authors: V
authors: Sasisekharan
authors: Ram
authors: R
authors: Sasisekharan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001717:Birds; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
references: Nature. 1981 Jan 29;289(5796):366-73
references: 7464906
references: Nature. 2005 Oct 6;437(7060):889-93
references: 16208372
references: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;176:75-97
references: 1600756
references: Science. 2004 Jul 16;305(5682):371-6
references: 15218094
references: Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):357-60
references: 20339031
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Jan;26(1):107-13
references: 18176555
references: Sci Transl Med. 2010 Mar 24;2(24):24ps14
references: 20375006
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):14001-6
references: 10570188
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 Dec 29;356(1416):1829-39
references: 11779381
references: Nature. 1981 Apr 23;290(5808):713-7
references: 6163993
references: Virology. 2000 Sep 1;274(2):241-5
references: 10964767
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 6;109(10):3944-9
references: 22355116
references: J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(8):4315-22
references: 17287258
references: Nature. 2009 Jun 25;459(7250):1122-5
references: 19516283
references: PLoS Curr. 2009 Aug 18;1:RRN1001
references: 20025194
references: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):265-72
references: 15710788
references: J Virol. 1983 Oct;48(1):52-60
references: 6193288
references: Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):157-8
references: 21390107
references: J Virol. 2008 Jan;82(2):596-601
references: 17942553
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 26;109(52):21474-9
references: 23236176
references: Virology. 1994 Nov 15;205(1):17-23
references: 7975212
references: Eur Respir J. 2007 Dec;30(6):1158-66
references: 17715167
references: Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):340-6
references: 18420927
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 26;105(8):2800-5
references: 18287068
references: Nature. 1981 Jan 29;289(5796):373-8
references: 6162101
references: Virology. 2008 Jul 5;376(2):323-9
references: 18456302
references: Cell. 2005 Nov 4;123(3):368-71
references: 16269328
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):23-8
references: 16494712
references: Glycobiology. 2004 Dec;14(12):1229-46
references: 15175256
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;10(8):1385-90
references: 15496238
references: mBio. 2012 Jul 31;3(4):e00166-12
references: 22851656
references: Arch Virol. 2001;146(11):2133-47
references: 11765916
references: Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011 Oct 21;86(43):469-80
references: 22046595
references: Vaccine. 1999 Jul 30;17 Suppl 1:S42-6
references: 10471179
references: Microbiol Rev. 1992 Mar;56(1):152-79
references: 1579108
references: Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2004 Mar;18(1):141-55
references: 15081510
references: J Virol. 1989 Nov;63(11):4603-8
references: 2795713
references: J Gen Virol. 2001 Oct;82(Pt 10):2475-2484
references: 11562540
references: J Infect Dis. 1997 Jan;175(1):7-15
references: 8985190
references: Virology. 1978 Jun 1;87(1):13-20
references: 664248
references: Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1758-64
references: 15173503
references: Cell. 1982 Dec;31(2 Pt 1):417-27
references: 6186384
references: JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):179-86
references: 12517228
references: Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012 Oct 12;87(41):389-400
references: 23074737