title: Learning tools and simulation in robotic surgery: state of the art.
abstract: Robotic surgery has emerged as a new technology over the last decade and has brought with it new challenges, particularly in terms of teaching and training. To overcome these challenges, robotic courses, virtual simulation, and dual consoles have been successfully introduced. In fact, there are several simulators currently on the market that have proven to be a valid option for training, especially for the novice trainee. Robotic courses have also found success around the world, allowing participants to implement robotic programs at their institution, typically with the help of a proctor. More recently, the dual console has enabled two surgeons to be operating at the same time. Having one experienced surgeon and one trainee each at his or her own console has made it an obvious choice for training. Although these methods have been successfully introduced, the data remain relatively scarce concerning their role in training. The aim of this article was to review the various methods and tools involved in the training of surgeons in robotic surgery.
authors: Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabriel-Perret-Gentil, 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland, nicolas.c.buchs@hcuge.ch.
authors: Nicolas C
authors: NC
authors: Buchs
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Pugin
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Volonté
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Morel
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017145:Models, Educational; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface
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