title: ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder Symptoms in Australian Adults: Descriptive Scores, Incidence Rates, Factor Structure, and Gender Invariance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD) have the same 18 symptoms, covering inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HYP), and impulsivity (IMP). This study was aimed at providing descriptive scores for the different symptom groups in these disorders and how these scores varied by age and gender, the percentages of individuals meeting the symptom thresholds for the different ADHD types and HKD, the factor structure, and gender invariance of these symptoms in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  To accomplish this, 852 adults provided self-ratings for a scale comprising the 18 ADHD/HKD symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that age and gender had minimal effects on the ADHD symptoms. Also, in terms of symptom counts, 2% had HKD and 6.3% had ADHD (inattentive = 1.6%, hyperactive-impulsive = 2.7%, and combined type = 2.0%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided most support for the three-factor HKD model, involving separate factors for the IA, HYP, and IMP symptoms. This model showed full measurement invariance across gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
authors: University of Ballarat, Australia rapson.gomez@ballarat.edu.au.
authors: Rapson
authors: R
authors: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; Australia; Current Symptoms Scale; adults; descriptive scores; factor models; gender invariance; hyperkinetic disorder; incidence rates