title: Development of an injury risk function for first metatarsophalangeal joint sprains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sprains of the first metatarsophalangeal (1MTP) joint, also known as turf toe, are debilitating athletic injuries. Because 85% of 1MTP sprains result from excessive hallux dorsiflexion, interventions that limit motion to subinjurious levels would greatly benefit athletes. Hallux dorsiflexion range of motion (hdROM) cannot be overly constrained, however, lest athletic performance be compromised. Therefore, the tolerance of the 1MTP joint to excessive dorsiflexion injury must be quantified before appropriate hdROM limitations may be developed. The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative injury risk function for 1MTP sprains on the basis of hallux dorsiflexion angle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty cadaveric limbs were tested to both subinjurious and injurious levels of hallux dorsiflexion. Motion capture techniques were used to track six-degree-of-freedom motion of the first proximal phalanx, first metatarsal, and calcaneus. Specimens were examined by physicians posttest to diagnose injury occurrence and ensure clinical relevance of the injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-parameter Weibull hazard function analysis reveals that a 50% risk of injury occurs at 78° of dorsiflexion from anatomical zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methods presented here drove cadaveric 1MTP joints to various degrees of dorsiflexion, resulting in both noninjurious and injurious trials, which were formed into an injury risk function.
authors: 1Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; 2Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
authors: Rebecca E
authors: RE
authors: Frimenko
authors: W Brent
authors: WB
authors: Lievers
authors: Patrick O
authors: PO
authors: Riley
authors: Joseph S
authors: JS
authors: Park
authors: Macalus V
authors: MV
authors: Hogan
authors: Jeff R
authors: JR
authors: Crandall
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Kent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006214:Hallux / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008683:Metatarsophalangeal Joint / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014741:Video Recording