title: Maternal thyroid function at gestational weeks 11-13 in twin pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid disease during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk of various pregnancy complications. It is known that serum thyrotropin (TSH) is suppressed because of the increased hormone production induced by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in early pregnancy, and that higher hCG levels in twin pregnancies may cause a more pronounced physiologic suppression. The recognition of this phenomenon is important in order to avoid unnecessary concerns and to correctly establish the diagnosis of overt thyroid disease in twin pregnancies. The aim of this study was to establish reference ranges of maternal serum TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) at gestational weeks 11-13 in twin pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case series of 177 dichorionic and 58 monochorionic twin pregnancies with normal outcomes, and 19 monochorionic pregnancies complicated by severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Maternal serum concentrations of TSH, FT4, antithyroperoxidase, and antithyroglobulin antibodies were measured at gestational weeks 11-13. The measured TSH and FT4 were converted to multiple of median (MoM) of normal singleton pregnancies and MoM values in the different groups were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the antibody-negative twin pregnancies with normal outcomes, compared to singletons, serum TSH MoM was lower (median 0.62 [interquartile range [IQR 0.16-1.18] vs. 1.01 [IQR 0.61-1.51]; p < 0.0001), FT4 MoM was not significantly different (median 0.98 [IQR 0.91-1.08] vs. 0.99 [IQR 0.91-1.09]; p = 0.975), and free β-hCG MoM was higher (median 1.91 [IQR 1.33-2.59] vs. 0.98 [IQR 0.66-1.50]; p < 0.0001). In the antibody-positive group (n = 37), compared to the negative group (n = 198), the median TSH was higher, but FT4 and free β-hCG were not significantly different. In the twin-twin transfusion syndrome group, compared to normal twin pregnancies, TSH, FT4, and free β-hCG were not significantly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In twins, compared to singleton pregnancies, TSH is lower but FT4 is not significantly different. These reference ranges of thyroid hormones in twins can form the basis for the study of early thyroid function in pathological pregnancies and the investigation of the consequences of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism on twin pregnancy outcome.
authors: 1 Harris Birthright Research Center for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital , London, United Kingdom .
authors: Ghalia
authors: G
authors: Ashoor
authors: Ornella
authors: O
authors: Muto
authors: Leona C Y
authors: LC
authors: Poon
authors: Mazen
authors: M
authors: Muhaisen
authors: Kypros H
authors: KH
authors: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D012016:Reference Values; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests / Q000592:standards; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; C006606:anti-thyroglobulin; C056626:thyroid microsomal antibodies; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine