title: Leptin, resistin and visfatin: the missing link between endocrine metabolic disorders and immunity.
abstract: Adipose tissue is still regarded as a principle site for lipid storage and mobilizing tissue with an important role in the control of energy homeostasis. Additionally, adipose tissue-secreted hormones such as leptin, visfatin, resistin, apelin, omentin, sex steroids, and various growth factors are now regarded as a functional part of the endocrine system. These hormones also play an important role in the immune system. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested the complex role of adipocyte-derived hormones in immune system and inflammation. Adipokines mediate beneficial and detrimental effects in immunity and inflammation. Many of these adipocytokines have a physiological role in metabolism. The uncontrolled secretions of several adipocytokines were associated with the stimulation of inflammatory processes leading to metabolic disorders including obesity, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity leads to the dysfunction of adipocytes andcorrelated with the imbalance of adipokines levels. In obese and diabetic conditions, leptin deficiency inhibited the Jak/Stat3/PI3K and insulin pathways. In this review, ample evidence exists to support the recognition of the adipocyte's role in various tissues and pathologies. New integral insights may add dimensions to translate any potential agents into the future clinical armamentarium of chronic endocrine metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Functional balance of both adipocytes and immune cells is important to exert their effects on endocrine metabolic disorders; furthermore, adipose tissue should be renamed not only as a functional part of the endocrine system but also as a new part of the immune system.
authors: Department of Biology, Sciences College, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Ealsuhaimi@ud.edu.sa
authors: Ebtesam A
authors: EA
authors: Al-Suhaimi
authors: Adeeb
authors: A
authors: Shehzad
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D052243:Resistin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D006728:Hormones; D020738:Leptin; D052243:Resistin; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase
references: J Clin Invest. 2008 May;118(5):1796-805
references: 18382766
references: Endocr Regul. 2009 Oct;43(4):157-68
references: 19908934
references: Regul Pept. 2008 Nov 29;151(1-3):26-34
references: 18556075
references: Diabetes. 2005 Jan;54(1):63-8
references: 15616011
references: J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 7;272(10):6093-6
references: 9102398
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;151(1):151-4
references: 15248836
references: Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1304-10
references: 12360490
references: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 Feb;17(2):191-5
references: 11812861
references: FEBS Lett. 2002 Aug 28;526(1-3):26-30
references: 12208498
references: Nature. 1998 Aug 20;394(6695):790-3
references: 9723619
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Apr 9;394(3):562-8
references: 20227394
references: Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov;46(11):1355-61
references: 21770819
references: Curr Pharm Des. 2010 Jun;16(17):1896-901
references: 20370675
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar;89(3):985S-990S
references: 19176744
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2008 May 1;78(2):356-65
references: 18093986
references: Forum Nutr. 2010;63:111-122
references: 19955779
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jan 22;365(2-3):273-9
references: 9988112
references: Obes Res. 2002 Jan;10(1):1-5
references: 11786595
references: Diabetes. 2005 Jan;54(1):41-50
references: 15616009
references: Diabetes. 2000 Feb;49(2):263-71
references: 10868943
references: Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007 Dec;3(12):716-24
references: 18037931
references: Endocr Regul. 2010 Jan;44(1):25-36
references: 20151765
references: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011 Aug 02;7(9):528-36
references: 21808287
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;25(4):1569-75
references: 15684405
references: J Clin Invest. 1997 Dec 1;100(11):2729-36
references: 9389736
references: Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2439-40
references: 11431552
references: Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):531-43
references: 11239410
references: J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(9):1318-27
references: 15124023
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20287
references: 21694775
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Apr;26(4):577-80
references: 12075587
references: Acta Med Croatica. 2010 Oct;64(4):253-62
references: 21688608
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Oct;6(4):307-19
references: 17908559
references: Endocrinology. 2006 May;147(5):2550-6
references: 16497805
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3038-9
references: 12107197
references: J Clin Invest. 1997 Feb 1;99(3):385-90
references: 9022070
references: Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Dec;19(4):525-46
references: 16311215
references: Diabetes. 1996 Jul;45(7):988-91
references: 8666154
references: Endocrinology. 1996 Apr;137(4):1497-500
references: 8625929
references: Endocrinology. 2003 May;144(5):2121-31
references: 12697721
references: Neuroendocrinology. 2011;93(4):201-10
references: 21464566
references: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006 Oct;43(4):548-9
references: 17033537
references: Ann Saudi Med. 2005 Jul-Aug;25(4):283-7
references: 16212119
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2407
references: 11994397
references: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67(2):215-25
references: 17366001
references: J Anim Sci. 2004 Mar;82(3):925-34
references: 15032451
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2005 Sep;109(3):243-56
references: 16104844
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29389
references: 22253718
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 18;277(3):1794-9
references: 11707433
references: Cell Metab. 2006 Jul;4(1):49-60
references: 16814732
references: Nature. 2003 Feb 20;421(6925):856-9
references: 12594516
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23672-8
references: 17556363
references: Cell Biol Int. 2004;28(3):159-69
references: 14984741
references: Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70:537-56
references: 17937601
references: J Lipid Res. 1975 Mar;16(2):79-91
references: 1168684
references: J Immunol. 2007 Feb 1;178(3):1748-58
references: 17237424
references: Mol Membr Biol. 2001 Jul-Sep;18(3):205-11
references: 11681787
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar;89(3):991S-997S
references: 19176740
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2010 Jan 1;85(1):167-74
references: 19684036
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Jun;24(12):5434-46
references: 15169905
references: Cell. 1996 Feb 9;84(3):491-5
references: 8608603
references: Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1195-8
references: 14976316
references: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2007 Nov;17(8):275-83
references: 18021938
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Nov;147(5):571-4
references: 12444887
references: FASEB J. 2010 Aug;24(8):2596-611
references: 20371626
references: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;14(2):1431-7
references: 8289818
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jun 16;493(1-3):41-4
references: 15189762
references: J Inflamm (Lond). 2011 May 26;8:12
references: 21615949
references: Nature. 1996 Jul 18;382(6588):250-2
references: 8717038
references: Med Res Rev. 2002 Jul;22(4):373-84
references: 12111750
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 May 6;408(2):339-43
references: 21514279
references: J Physiol Biochem. 2005 Dec;61(4):529-37
references: 16669350
references: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;21(2):68-74
references: 19818643
references: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Mar;79(3):412-8
references: 18241953
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5):C1481-8
references: 17728393
references: Endocrinology. 2005 May;146(5):2200-9
references: 15705777
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;283(6):E1266-71
references: 12388167
references: Diabetes. 2005 Oct;54(10):2911-6
references: 16186392
references: Nat Med. 2004 Jul;10(7):739-43
references: 15208705
references: J Biosci. 2012 Jun;37(2):289-94
references: 22581334
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;153(3):R1-5
references: 16131594
references: Endokrynol Pol. 2011;62(3):258-62
references: 21717410
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Jan 10;300(2):472-6
references: 12504108
references: J Immunol. 2005 Jun 15;174(12):8090-6
references: 15944317
references: Am J Pathol. 2006 Mar;168(3):765-77
references: 16507892
references: Diabetes. 1999 Feb;48(2):279-86
references: 10334302
references: Metabolism. 2007 Aug;56(8):1131-4
references: 17618961
references: Diabetes. 2003 Jul;52(7):1611-8
references: 12829623
references: J Physiol. 2007 Sep 1;583(Pt 2):437-43
references: 17584844
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Nov;6(5):363-75
references: 17983582
references: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):R1185-93
references: 21325649
references: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec;19(12):1070-4
references: 17998831
references: J Diabetes Complications. 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):377-81
references: 21813294
references: J Biol Chem. 1998 May 8;273(19):11937-43
references: 9565622
references: Przegl Lek. 2003;60(1):40-2
references: 12884646
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Oct;149(4):331-5
references: 14514348
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Oct 7;52(15):1201-10
references: 18926322
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;296(1):E22-36
references: 18854421
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Sep 19;309(2):286-90
references: 12951047
references: Nature. 1994 Dec 1;372(6505):425-32
references: 7984236
references: Diabetes. 2006 Nov;55(11):3083-90
references: 17065346
references: J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 13;279(33):34733-40
references: 15181014
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1407-13
references: 9589630
references: Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Oct;252(1-2):397-400
references: 14577616
references: Obes Rev. 2010 Dec;11(12):863-74
references: 20149119
references: Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59:305-31
references: 14749508
references: Diabetes. 2004 Sep;53(9):2443-8
references: 15331557
references: Nat Med. 1995 Dec;1(12):1311-4
references: 7489415
references: Nat Med. 2006 May;12(5):534-40
references: 16604086
references: Cell Immunol. 2000 Jan 10;199(1):15-24
references: 10675271
references: J Physiol Biochem. 2009 Dec;65(4):423-36
references: 20358356
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Apr;5(4):237-52
references: 17403369
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;91(8):3165-70
references: 16720654
references: Diabetologia. 2012 Mar;55(3):752-62
references: 22202803
references: J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 6;271(49):31372-8
references: 8940145
references: Curr Genomics. 2007 Apr;8(2):113-28
references: 18660845
references: Int J Cardiol. 2009 May 29;134(3):414-6
references: 18378021
references: Horm Metab Res. 2007 Oct;39(10):710-6
references: 17952831
references: Blood. 1999 Mar 1;93(5):1668-76
references: 10029596
references: Diabetes. 1998 Jun;47(6):913-7
references: 9604868
references: Science. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):426-30
references: 15604363
references: J Leukoc Biol. 2010 Mar;87(3):355; author reply 357
references: 20194159
references: Pancreas. 2008 Mar;36(2):120-4
references: 18376301
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5452-5
references: 14602788
references: Cell Mol Immunol. 2009 Oct;6(5):353-60
references: 19887048
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Oct;6(10):772-83
references: 16998510
references: Horm Metab Res. 2008 Jul;40(7):467-72
references: 18401839
references: EMBO J. 2000 Aug 1;19(15):4046-55
references: 10921885
references: J Leukoc Biol. 2002 Aug;72(2):330-8
references: 12149424
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 2;280(48):39723-31
references: 16179343
references: Diabetes. 2001 Oct;50(10):2268-78
references: 11574408
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Aug;16(8):1920-30
references: 12145345
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2008 Feb;114(4):275-88
references: 18194136
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 15;332(4):1070-2
references: 15922301
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2006 Apr 1;70(1):146-57
references: 16515776
references: Expert Rev Mol Med. 2012 Jan 11;14:e1
references: 22233681
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jun;325(3):801-8
references: 18339969
references: Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(1):R15
references: 18234104
references: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Aug;45(8):944-50
references: 16720637
references: J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;56 Suppl 6:5-25
references: 16340035
references: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Mar 25;316(2):129-39
references: 19723556
references: Oncogene. 2004 Apr 22;23(19):3414-25
references: 15064728
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1730-6
references: 12679465
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Jul;5(7):1462-8
references: 17425664
references: BMC Cancer. 2010 Jun 22;10:320
references: 20569445
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2548-56
references: 15181022
references: Acta Med Port. 2009 May-Jun;22(3):291-8
references: 19686630
references: Dis Esophagus. 2000;13(4):305-10
references: 11284979
references: Eur J Immunol. 2002 Nov;32(11):3225-34
references: 12555668
references: Endocrinology. 2005 May;146(5):2157-64
references: 15677756
references: World J Diabetes. 2010 Jul 15;1(3):76-88
references: 21537431
references: J Endocrinol. 2010 Jan;204(1):1-11
references: 19770178
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 Jul;133(1):11-9
references: 12823272
references: Nature. 2001 Jan 18;409(6818):307-12
references: 11201732