title: The use of biomarkers in the patient with heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure is a major burden to the health care system in terms of not only cost, but also morbidity and mortality. Appropriate use of biomarkers is critically important to allow rapid identification and optimal risk stratification and management of patients with both acute and chronic heart failure. This review will discuss the biomarkers that have the most diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in patients with heart failure. We will discuss established biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides as well as emerging biomarkers reflective of myocyte stress, myocyte injury, extracellular matrix injury, and both neurohormonal and cardio-renal physiology.
authors: San Diego Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. cPunam80@yahoo.com
authors: Punam
authors: P
authors: Chowdhury
authors: Devin
authors: D
authors: Kehl
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Choudhary
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Maisel
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000097:blood; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000097:blood; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000097:blood; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; D037502:Galectin 3; D006020:Glycopeptides; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; C506536:IL33 protein, human; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007378:Interleukins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C048197:copeptins; C574167:mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, human; D053607:Adrenomedullin
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