title: Understanding the growth hormone therapy adherence paradigm: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth hormone (GH) therapy is used to treat a variety of growth disorders in childhood/adolescence. Its efficacy is thought to be dependent on patients' adherence to their treatment regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched using the keywords 'growth hormone', 'child'[Mesh], 'adolescent'[Mesh], and 'patient compliance'[Mesh].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most studies of adherence to paediatric GH therapy have used either issued/encashed GH prescriptions or questionnaires. Estimates of prevalence of non-adherence vary from 5-82%, depending on the methods and definitions used. Different studies have variously demonstrated an association (or lack thereof) between adherence and age, socioeconomic status, treatment duration, injection device used and injection-giver. A number of interventions have been proposed to improve adherence, including offering a choice of injection device, but none are supported by trials. Poor adherence is associated with reduced height velocity and likely increased economic costs; evidence for other effects is circumstantial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to paediatric GH therapy is suboptimal, which may partially explain why the mean final height attained is below that of the general population. Analysis of the causes of non-adherence is complicated by conflicting evidence from different studies. Multifactorial interventions are most likely to be successful in improving adherence. We make recommendations for further research.
authors: Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ben.fisher@cantab.net
authors: Benjamin G
authors: BG
authors: Fisher
authors: Carlo L
authors: CL
authors: Acerini
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D002755:Choice Behavior; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I