title: Role of T-cell epitope-based vaccine in prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
abstract: Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against viral infections have advanced in recent years from attenuated live vaccines to subunit-based vaccines. An ideal prophylactic vaccine should mimic the natural immunity induced by an infection, in that it should generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. To complement subunit vaccines, which primarily target an antibody response, different methodologies are being investigated to develop vaccines capable of driving cellular immunity. T-cell epitope discovery is central to this concept. In this review, the significance of T-cell epitope-based vaccines for prophylactic and therapeutic applications is discussed. Additionally, methodologies for the discovery of T-cell epitopes, as well as recent developments in the clinical testing of these vaccines for various viral infections, are explained.
authors: Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
authors: James S
authors: JS
authors: Testa
authors: Ramila
authors: R
authors: Philip
keywords: MHC class I; cellular immunity; cytotoxic T cells; epitopes; humoral immunity; immunoproteomics; mass spectrometry; vaccine
references: J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1239-46
references: 2915381
references: Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):850-6
references: 21798894
references: J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):8682-9
references: 9765409
references: Vaccine. 2009 Jan 7;27(2):243-9
references: 18996425
references: Mass Spectrom Rev. 1998 Sep-Oct;17(5):311-35
references: 10319452
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 1;14(1):178-87
references: 18172269
references: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2006 Oct;5(5):707-16
references: 17181443
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:463-93
references: 11861610
references: J Clin Invest. 1995 Jan;95(1):341-9
references: 7814635
references: Virol J. 2011 May 02;8:199
references: 21535873
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Mar;7(3 Suppl):788s-795s
references: 11300474
references: Hum Vaccin. 2011 Apr;7(4):402-9
references: 21471731
references: Vaccine. 2010 Mar 11;28(12):2397-407
references: 20060945
references: J Virol. 2001 May;75(9):4195-207
references: 11287569
references: J Clin Invest. 1995 Jul;96(1):334-42
references: 7615803
references: Virology. 1999 Sep 1;261(2):165-72
references: 10497102
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):12069-74
references: 16880389
references: AIDS. 2010 Nov 13;24(17):2609-18
references: 20935558
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):5102-7
references: 16549792
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Apr;22(4):450-4
references: 15004565
references: Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(28):3149-57
references: 20687873
references: J Clin Invest. 1996 Apr 1;97(7):1655-65
references: 8601631
references: Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):246-51
references: 19251591
references: Eur J Immunol. 1989 Dec;19(12):2237-42
references: 2481588
references: Pathol Biol (Paris). 2010 Aug;58(4):258-66
references: 20116937
references: J Virol. 2000 Oct;74(19):9144-51
references: 10982361
references: EMBO J. 1989 Feb;8(2):513-9
references: 2542020
references: Clin Immunol. 2012 Jul;144(1):57-69
references: 22673491
references: Immunity. 1994 Dec;1(9):751-61
references: 7895164
references: Vaccine. 2009 Jun 12;27(29):3912-20
references: 19490987
references: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010 Dec;9(12):1423-39
references: 21105778
references: Vaccine. 1995;13(8):703-5
references: 7483784
references: Front Immunol. 2012 May 08;3:87
references: 22586427
references: Vaccine. 2008 Jun 6;26(24):3059-71
references: 18206276
references: Vaccine. 2009 Jul 16;27(33):4381-7
references: 19450630
references: Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):767-82
references: 16497587
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2001 Dec;1(3):209-19
references: 11905830
references: Vaccine. 2012 Apr 19;30(19):2943-50
references: 22401867
references: Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):843-50
references: 21737702
references: J Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 15;189(6):990-1000
references: 14999601
references: Virus Res. 2007 Sep;128(1-2):71-80
references: 17499382
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Mar;16(3):265-73
references: 19234466
references: Methods. 2006 Sep;40(1):60-5
references: 16997714
references: J Pept Sci. 2005 Nov;11(11):707-12
references: 16059967
references: Virol J. 2009 Mar 13;6:30
references: 19284639
references: J Virol. 2008 Jun;82(11):5161-6
references: 18353950
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;25(10):1159-64
references: 17873867
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 5;109(23):9047-52
references: 22615367
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 1992;10:123-51
references: 1534240
references: Science. 2009 Oct 30;326(5953):734-6
references: 19900932
references: Science. 1992 Mar 6;255(5049):1261-3
references: 1546328
references: Eur J Immunol. 2000 Apr;30(4):1172-81
references: 10760807
references: Mol Immunol. 2005 Apr;42(6):721-9
references: 15781116
references: J Immunol Methods. 2003 Mar 1;274(1-2):221-8
references: 12609547
references: Viruses. 2011 Dec;3(12):2374-95
references: 22355444
references: J Immunol. 2003 Jul 1;171(1):22-6
references: 12816978
references: Biol Chem. 2001 Apr;382(4):571-9
references: 11405221
references: AIDS. 2004 Sep 24;18(14):1875-83
references: 15353973
references: APMIS. 2012 Mar;120(3):204-9
references: 22339677
references: J Infect Dis. 1988 Oct;158(4):876-80
references: 3171230
references: Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010 May;12(3):157-64
references: 21308524
references: J Gen Virol. 2006 Jun;87(Pt 6):1439-1449
references: 16690908
references: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2006 May;5(5):902-13
references: 16432254
references: J Clin Invest. 2010 May;120(5):1663-73
references: 20389023
references: Hepatology. 1999 Sep;30(3):595-601
references: 10462362
references: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004 Mar;3(3):193-208
references: 14718575
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Jul 15;11(8):532-43
references: 21760609
references: Vaccine. 2009 Nov 16;27(49):6939-49
references: 19748578
references: Methods. 2004 Dec;34(4):425-8
references: 15542367
references: J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2010 Jan;1(1):29-36
references: 21188088
references: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1987 Sep;18(3):316-20
references: 3501613
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;9(11):678-87
references: 19850226
references: Vaccine. 2006 May 15;24(20):4343-53
references: 16581161
references: J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;186(8):1165-8
references: 12355369
references: J Immunol. 1998 Jan 1;160(1):322-7
references: 9551987
references: J Virol. 1999 Oct;73(10):8179-84
references: 10482568
references: J Immunol. 2007 Mar 1;178(5):3091-8
references: 17312156
references: Immunol Today. 2000 Sep;21(9):447-55
references: 10953097
references: Vaccine. 2005 Jul 1;23(31):4011-5
references: 15963359
references: J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45135-44
references: 12960169
references: Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Aug;8(8):796-801
references: 12141964
references: J Biomed Sci. 2010 Nov 22;17:88
references: 21092195
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48484
references: 23144892
references: J Virol. 2002 Sep;76(17):8690-701
references: 12163589
references: J Immunol. 2005 Jul 15;175(2):633-9
references: 16002657
references: Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):921-7
references: 12808447
references: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002 Dec 10;18(18):1357-65
references: 12487807
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 1;14(1):169-77
references: 18172268
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 1996;14:369-96
references: 8717519
references: Arch Virol. 1997;142(5):897-916
references: 9191856
references: J Immunol. 2004 Sep 1;173(5):3148-54
references: 15322175
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Mar;82(6):1785-9
references: 3872457
references: J Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 15;205(4):647-55
references: 22246683
references: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 May;6(5):404-14
references: 17473845
references: J Exp Med. 1996 Jun 1;183(6):2509-16
references: 8676071
references: Rev Infect Dis. 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S830-9
references: 2665015
references: Vaccine. 2012 Jun 19;30(29):4387-93
references: 22682294
references: Vaccine. 2001 Sep 14;19(32):4694-9
references: 11535318
references: Immunogenetics. 2011 Jan;63(1):43-55
references: 21079948
references: J Exp Med. 1997 Dec 15;186(12):2063-8
references: 9396777
references: Immunity. 2006 Jan;24(1):5-9
references: 16413916
references: BMC Immunol. 2008 Jan 22;9:1
references: 18211710
references: J Virol. 2010 Jun;84(11):5574-82
references: 20335267
references: J Virol. 2004 Jun;78(11):5707-19
references: 15140968
references: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010 Feb;9(2):157-73
references: 20109027
references: J Immunol. 2009 Jun 1;182(11):6834-43
references: 19454679
references: J Exp Med. 1991 Oct 1;174(4):875-80
references: 1919440
references: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Dec;69(6 Suppl):39-47
references: 14740954