title: Use of image features in predicting visually lossless thresholds of JPEG2000 compressed body CT images: initial trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the image features that may be useful in predicting the visually lossless thresholds (VLTs) of body computed tomographic (CT) images for Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 (JPEG2000) compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this study, with a waiver of informed patient consent. One hundred body CT studies obtained in different patients by using five scanning protocols were obtained, and 100 images, each of which was selected from each of the 100 studies, were collected. Five radiologists independently determined the VLT of each image for JPEG2000 compression by using the QUEST algorithm. The 100 images were randomly divided into two data sets-the training set (50 images) and the testing set (50 images)-and the division was repeated 200 times. For each of the 200 divisions, a multiple linear regression model was constructed on a training set and tested on a testing set regarding each of five image features-standard deviation of image intensity, image entropy, relative percentage of low-frequency (LF) energy, variation in high-frequency (HF) energy, and visual complexity-as independent variables and considering the VLTs determined with the median value of the radiologists' responses as a dependent variable. The root mean square residual and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the 200 divisions between the VLTs predicted by the models and those determined by radiologists were compared between the models by using repeated-measures analysis of variance with post-hoc comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean root-mean-square residuals for multiple linear regression models constructed with variation in HF energy (1.20 ± 0.10 [standard deviation]) and visual complexity (1.09 ± 0.07) were significantly lower than those for standard deviation of image intensity (1.65 ± 0.13), image entropy (1.63 ± 0.14), and relative percentage of LF energy (1.58 ± 0.12) (P < .01). ICCs for variation in HF energy (0.64 ± 0.05) and visual complexity (0.71 ± 0.04) were significantly higher than those for standard deviation of image intensity (0.04 ± 0.02), image entropy (0.05 ± 0.02), and relative percentage of LF energy (0.20 ± 0.04) (P < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the five tested image features, variation in HF energy and visual complexity were the most promising in predicting the VLTs of body CT images for JPEG2000 compression.
authors: Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
authors: Kil Joong
authors: KJ
authors: Kim
authors: Bohyoung
authors: B
authors: Kim
authors: Kyoung Ho
authors: KH
authors: Lee
authors: Rafal
authors: R
authors: Mantiuk
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Richter
authors: Heung Sik
authors: HS
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult