title: Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant- and mushroom-based foods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. In search of anti-inflammatory foods, we have systematically screened a variety of common dietary plants and mushrooms for their anti-inflammatory activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A selection of 115 samples was prepared by a generic food-compatible processing method involving heating. These products were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in murine N11 microglia and RAW 264.7 macrophages, using nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as pro-inflammatory readouts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten food samples including lime zest, English breakfast tea, honey-brown mushroom, button mushroom, oyster mushroom, cinnamon and cloves inhibited NO production in N11 microglia, with IC50 values below 0.5 mg/ml. The most active samples were onion, oregano and red sweet potato, exhibiting IC50 values below 0.1 mg/ml. When these ten food preparations were retested in RAW 264.7 macrophages, they all inhibited NO production similar to the results obtained in N11 microglia. In addition, English breakfast tea leaves, oyster mushroom, onion, cinnamon and button mushroom preparations suppressed TNF-α production, exhibiting IC50 values below 0.5 mg/ml in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, anti-inflammatory activity in these food samples survived 'cooking'. Provided that individual bioavailability allows active compounds to reach therapeutic levels in target tissues, these foods may be useful in limiting inflammation in a variety of age-related inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, these foods could be a source for the discovery of novel anti-inflammatory drugs.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Campbelltown, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
authors: Dhanushka
authors: D
authors: Gunawardena
authors: Kirubakaran
authors: K
authors: Shanmugam
authors: Mitchell
authors: M
authors: Low
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Bennett
authors: Suresh
authors: S
authors: Govindaraghavan
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Head
authors: Lezanne
authors: L
authors: Ooi
authors: Gerald
authors: G
authors: Münch
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003296:Cooking; D005502:Food; D007249:Inflammation; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide
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