title: An adaptive planning strategy for station parameter optimized radiation therapy (SPORT): Segmentally boosted VMAT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conventional volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) discretizes the angular space into equally spaced control points during planning and then optimizes the apertures and weights of the control points. The aperture at an angle in between two control points is obtained through interpolation. This approach tacitly ignores the differential need for intensity modulation of different angles. As such, multiple arcs are often required, which may oversample some angle(s) and undersample others. The purpose of this work is to develop a segmentally boosted VMAT scheme to eliminate the need for multiple arcs in VMAT treatment with improved dose distribution and∕or delivery efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The essence of the new treatment scheme is how to identify the need of individual angles for intensity modulation and to provide the necessary beam intensity modulation for those beam angles that need it. We introduce a "demand metric" at each control point to decide which station or control points need intensity modulation. To boost the modulation at selected stations, additional segments are added in the vicinity of the selected stations. The added segments are then optimized together with the original set of station or control points as a whole. The authors apply the segmentally boosted planning technique to four previously treated clinical cases: two head and neck (HN) cases, one prostate case, and one liver case. The proposed planning technique is compared with conventional one-arc and two-arc VMAT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed segmentally boosted VMAT technique achieves better critical structure sparing than one-arc VMAT with similar or better target coverage in all four clinical cases. The segmentally boosted VMAT also outperforms two-arc VMAT for the two complicated HN cases, yet with ∼30% reduction in the machine monitor units (MUs) relative to two-arc VMAT, which leads to less leakage∕scatter dose to the patient and can potentially translate into faster dose delivery. For the less challenging prostate and liver cases, similar critical structure sparing as the two-arc VMAT plans was obtained using the segmentally boosted VMAT. The benefit for the two simpler cases is the reduction of MUs and improvement of treatment delivery efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Segmentally boosted VMAT achieves better dose conformality and∕or reduced MUs through effective consideration of the need of individual beam angles for intensity modulation. Elimination of the need for multiple arcs in rotational arc therapy while improving the dose distribution should lead to improved workflow and treatment efficacy, thus may have significant implication to radiation oncology practice.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5847, USA.
authors: Ruijiang
authors: R
authors: Li
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Xing
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
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