title: Cigarette smoking, nicotine levels and increased risk for metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at risk for metabolic syndrome, which may be exacerbated by smoking. We hypothesized that smoking worsens androgen levels and the metabolic profile in women with PCOS. PCOS smokers (n = 47) and non-smokers (n = 64) and control smokers (n = 30) and non-smokers (n = 28), aged 18-45 years, underwent anthropomorphic measurements, pelvic ultrasound and blood sampling. Smokers had higher cotinine (801 ± 83 versus <11 nmol/L; smokers versus non-smokers, respectively; p < 0.001) and nicotine levels (37 ± 4 versus <12 µmol/L; p < 0.001). Triglyceride levels were higher in women with PCOS who smoked compared to non-smokers (1.55 ± 0.18 versus 0.95 ± 0.08 mmol/L; p < 0.001), even when adjusted for BMI. Metabolic syndrome was more common in smokers with PCOS compared to non-smokers with PCOS and smokers who were controls (28.6 versus 3.6%; p = 0.02). There were no differences in reproductive parameters including androgen levels. Cotinine (r = 0.3; p < 0.001) and nicotine levels (r = 0.2; p = 0.005) correlated with triglycerides. Nicotine levels also correlated with pulse rate (r = 0.2; p = 0.02) and waist:hip ratio (WHR; r = 0.2; p = 0.02). Taken together, smoking may worsen the already high risk for metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS.
authors: Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Cindy Ta
authors: CT
authors: Pau
authors: Candace C
authors: CC
authors: Keefe
authors: Corrine K
authors: CK
authors: Welt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000097:blood*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
references: Atherosclerosis. 2001 Jun;156(2):373-8
references: 11395034
references: Fertil Steril. 1986 Aug;46(2):232-6
references: 3732529
references: BMJ. 1989 Mar 25;298(6676):784-8
references: 2496857
references: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 Jun 8;290(6483):1697-700
references: 3924219
references: Atherosclerosis. 1997 Feb 28;129(1):79-88
references: 9069521
references: Hum Reprod. 2004 Jan;19(1):41-7
references: 14688154
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):48-53
references: 16249284
references: Eur J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul;28(7):584-91
references: 9726040
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Nov;91(11):4361-8
references: 16940441
references: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Mar;53(3):316-23
references: 8453850
references: Atherosclerosis. 1994 Apr;106(2):241-53
references: 8060384
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan;84(1):165-9
references: 9920077
references: Fertil Steril. 2010 Jul;94(2):673-7
references: 19394003
references: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;13(6):251-7
references: 12128286
references: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Nov 13;58(44):1227-32
references: 19910909
references: JAMA. 1989 Feb 24;261(8):1169-73
references: 2915440
references: Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):141-6
references: 10333916
references: Circulation. 2004 Jan 27;109(3):433-8
references: 14744958
references: N Engl J Med. 1976 Sep 9;295(11):573-7
references: 950972
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;85(7):2434-8
references: 10902790
references: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010 Jul;26(7):516-20
references: 20540665
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Feb 1;153(3):256-64
references: 11157413
references: Am J Public Health. 1995 Mar;85(3):395-8
references: 7892926