title: Costal cartilage nasal augmentation rhinoplasty: Study on warping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To retrospectively study the costochondral graft (CCG) based nasal dorsum augmentation failures due to warping.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria between January 2008 and December 2011 were included in the study. The details of the dorsal nasal length (DNL) immediate postoperative and 1 week postoperative period as well as the degree of divergence from midline by warping noted down in mm along with age, gender, and nature of graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance are presented. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifty seven cases fulfilled the criteria. Of these, 44 (28%) were males and rest were females. The mean age of the patients was 24.41 ± 4.9 years with a range of 17-37 years. In 102 cases (65%) had soft CCG while 55 (35%) were identified to be gritty type of CCG. Of the 157 cases, warping was identified in 41 cases (26.1%) and required revision of the surgery. Age group was significantly associated with presence of warping (P = 0.000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With increase in age, the number of patients with gritty CCG was higher. Older patients had lesser incidence of warping while younger patients had more incidence of warping. The incidence was not significantly related to gender or the DNL. The grafts that were relatively straight had less incidence of warping.
authors: Director, Balaji Dental and Craniofacial Hospital, Teynampet, Chennai, India.
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Balaji
keywords: Costochondral grafts; nasal dorsal augmentation; rhinoplasty; warping
references: J Forensic Sci. 1980 Oct;25(4):736-41
references: 7430987
references: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993 Oct;92(5):912-5
references: 8415973
references: Br J Plast Surg. 1967 Apr;20(2):146-58
references: 6025581
references: Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;15(3):293-307, v
references: 17658425
references: Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;8(1):42-6
references: 16415446
references: Am J Med Genet. 2002 Sep 1;111(4):388-91
references: 12210297
references: Semin Plast Surg. 2008 May;22(2):65-73
references: 20567692
references: Nature. 1976 Apr 29;260(5554):808-9
references: 1264261
references: Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2014;17(2):94-107
references: 22515744
references: Acta Biomater. 2011 Mar;7(3):1202-9
references: 20974298
references: GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;9:Doc01
references: 22073105
references: J Struct Biol. 2003 Mar;141(3):208-17
references: 12648567