title: Simultaneous recording of single-neuron activities and broad-area intracranial electroencephalography: electrode design and implantation procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There has been growing interest in clinical single-neuron recording to better understand epileptogenicity and brain function. It is crucial to compare this new information, single-neuronal activity, with that obtained from conventional intracranial electroencephalography during simultaneous recording. However, it is difficult to implant microwires and subdural electrodes during a single surgical operation because the stereotactic frame hampers flexible craniotomy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe newly designed electrodes and surgical techniques for implanting them with subdural electrodes that enable simultaneous recording from hippocampal neurons and broad areas of the cortical surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  We designed a depth electrode that does not protrude into the dura and pulsates naturally with the brain. The length and tract of the depth electrode were determined preoperatively between the lateral subiculum and the lateral surface of the temporal lobe. A frameless navigation system was used to insert the depth electrode. Surface grids and ventral strips were placed before and after the insertion of the depth electrodes, respectively. Finally, a microwire bundle was inserted into the lumen of the depth electrode. We evaluated the precision of implantation, the recording stability, and the recording rate with microwire electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depth-microwire electrodes were placed with a precision of 3.6 mm. The mean successful recording rate of single- or multiple-unit activity was 14.8%, which was maintained throughout the entire recording period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We achieved simultaneous implantation of microwires, depth electrodes, and broad-area subdural electrodes. Our method enabled simultaneous and stable recording of hippocampal single-neuron activities and multichannel intracranial electroencephalography.
authors: *Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; ‡Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan; §Department of Ultrastructual Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Japan; ¶Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Matsuo
authors: Kensuke
authors: K
authors: Kawai
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Uno
authors: Naoto
authors: N
authors: Kunii
authors: Naohisa
authors: N
authors: Miyakawa
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Usami
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Kawasaki
authors: Isao
authors: I
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Nobuhito
authors: N
authors: Saito
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult