title: Next-generation sequencing for viruses in children with rapid-onset type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Viruses are candidate causative agents in the pathogenesis of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes. We hypothesised that children with a rapid onset of type 1 diabetes may have been exposed to such agents shortly before the initiation of islet autoimmunity, possibly at high dose, and thus study of these children could help identify viruses involved in the development of autoimmune diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used next-generation sequencing to search for viruses in plasma samples and examined the history of infection and fever in children enrolled in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study who progressed to type 1 diabetes within 6 months from the appearance of islet autoimmunity, and in matched islet-autoantibody-negative controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses were not detected more frequently in plasma from rapid-onset patients than in controls during the period surrounding seroconversion. In addition, infection histories were found to be similar between children with rapid-onset diabetes and control children, although episodes of fever were reported less frequently in children with rapid-onset diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings do not support the presence of viraemia around the time of seroconversion in young children with rapid-onset type 1 diabetes.
authors: Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors: H-S
authors: HS
authors: Lee
authors: Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Briese
authors: Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Winkler
authors: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rewers
authors: Center for Regenerative Therapies-Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bonifacio
authors: Department of Virology, University of Tampere, Finland.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Hyoty
authors: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pflueger
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Simell
authors: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors: J X
authors: JX
authors: She
authors: Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Hagopian
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden.
authors: Å
authors: Å
authors: Lernmark
authors: National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Akolkar
authors: Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Krischer
authors: Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics*
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