title: The association of a novel haplotype in the dopamine transporter with preschool age posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant evidence supports a genetic contribution to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three previous studies have demonstrated an association between PTSD and the nine repeat allele of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the dopamine transporter (DAT, rs28363170). Recently a novel, functionally significant C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3'UTR (rs27072) with putative interactions with the 3'VNTR, has been identified. To provide enhanced support for the role of DAT and striatal dopamine regulation in the development of PTSD, this study examined the impact of a haplotype defined by the C allele of rs27072 and the nine repeat allele of the 3'VNTR on PTSD diagnosis in young trauma-exposed children.
  
  
  METHODS
  DAT haplotypes were determined in 150 trauma-exposed 3-6 year-old children. PTSD was assessed with a semistructured interview. After excluding double heterozygotes, analysis was performed on 143 total subjects. Haplotype was examined in relation to categorical and continuous measures of PTSD, controlling for trauma type and race. Additional analysis within the two largest race categories was performed, as other means of controlling for ethnic stratification were not available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of haplotypes (0, 1, or 2) defined by the presence of the nine repeat allele of rs28363170 (VNTR in the 3'UTR) and the C allele of rs27072 (SNP in the 3'UTR) was significantly associated with both the diagnosis of PTSD and total PTSD symptoms. Specifically, children with one or two copies of the haplotype had significantly more PTSD symptoms and were more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD than were children without this haplotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings extend previous findings associating genetic variation in the DAT with PTSD. The association of a haplotype in DAT with PTSD provides incremental traction for a model of genetic vulnerability to PTSD, a specific underlying mechanism implicating striatal dopamine regulation, and insight into potential future personalized interventions.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. sdrury@tulane.edu
authors: Stacy S
authors: SS
authors: Drury
authors: Zoë H
authors: ZH
authors: Brett
authors: Caitlin
authors: C
authors: Henry
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Scheeringa
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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