title: Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
authors: Hollings Cancer Center and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Electronic address: alberg@musc.edu.
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Alberg
authors: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors: Malcolm V
authors: MV
authors: Brock
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors: Jean G
authors: JG
authors: Ford
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: Samet
authors: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors: Simon D
authors: SD
authors: Spivack
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
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