title: Cap-translation inhibitor, 4EGI-1, restores sensitivity to ABT-737 apoptosis through cap-dependent and -independent mechanisms in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The lymph node microenvironment promotes resistance to chemotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), partly through induction of BCL2 family prosurvival proteins. Currently available inhibitors do not target all BCL2 family prosurvival proteins and their effectiveness is also modified by proapoptotic BCL2 homology domain 3 (BH3) only protein expression. The goal of this study was to evaluate synergy between the eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitor, 4EGI-1, and the BH3 mimetic, ABT-737.
  
  
  METHODS
  CLL cells were cultured in conditions to mimic the lymph node microenvironment. Protein synthesis and cap-complex formation were determined. Polysome association of mRNAs from BCL2 family survival genes was analyzed by translational profiling. The effects of 4EGI-1 and the BCL2/BCL2L1 antagonist, ABT-737, on CLL cell apoptosis were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protein synthesis was increased approximately 6-fold by stromal cell/CD154 culture in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα)-specific manner and was reduced by 4EGI-1. PI3K inhibitors and 4EGI-1 also reduced cap-complex formation but only 4EGI-1 consistently reduced BCL2L1 and BCL2A1 protein levels. 4EGI-1, but not PI3K inhibitors or rapamycin, induced an endoplasmic reticulum stress response including proapoptotic NOXA and the translation inhibitor phosphorylated eIF2α. 4EGI-1 and ABT-737 synergized to cause apoptosis, independent of levels of prosurvival protein expression in individual patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall protein synthesis and cap-complex formation are induced by microenvironment stimuli in CLL. Inhibition of the cap-complex was not sufficient to repress BCL2 family prosurvival expression, but 4EGI-1 inhibited BCL2A1 and BCL2L1 while inducing NOXA through cap-dependent and -independent mechanisms. 4EGI-1 and ABT-737 synergized to produce apoptosis, and these agents may be the basis for a therapeutically useful combination.
authors: Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine and MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors: Shaun
authors: S
authors: Willimott
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Beck
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Ahearne
authors: Victoria C
authors: VC
authors: Adams
authors: Simon D
authors: SD
authors: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D053492:Elafin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C517852:4EGI-1 compound; C501332:ABT-737; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D053492:Elafin; C484586:HRK protein, human; D006835:Hydrazones; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009596:Nitrophenols; C506806:PI3 protein, human; D010879:Piperazines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013844:Thiazoles