title: Virtual garden computer program for use in exploring the elements of biodiversity people want in cities.
abstract: Urban ecology is emerging as an integrative science that explores the interactions of people and biodiversity in cities. Interdisciplinary research requires the creation of new tools that allow the investigation of relations between people and biodiversity. It has been established that access to green spaces or nature benefits city dwellers, but the role of species diversity in providing psychological benefits remains poorly studied. We developed a user-friendly 3-dimensional computer program (Virtual Garden [www.tinyurl.com/3DVirtualGarden]) that allows people to design their own public or private green spaces with 95 biotic and abiotic features. Virtual Garden allows researchers to explore what elements of biodiversity people would like to have in their nearby green spaces while accounting for other functions that people value in urban green spaces. In 2011, 732 participants used our Virtual Garden program to design their ideal small public garden. On average gardens contained 5 different animals, 8 flowers, and 5 woody plant species. Although the mathematical distribution of flower and woody plant richness (i.e., number of species per garden) appeared to be similar to what would be expected by random selection of features, 30% of participants did not place any animal species in their gardens. Among those who placed animals in their gardens, 94% selected colorful species (e.g., ladybug [Coccinella septempunctata], Great Tit [Parus major], and goldfish), 53% selected herptiles or large mammals, and 67% selected non-native species. Older participants with a higher level of education and participants with a greater concern for nature designed gardens with relatively higher species richness and more native species. If cities are to be planned for the mutual benefit of people and biodiversity and to provide people meaningful experiences with urban nature, it is important to investigate people's relations with biodiversity further. Virtual Garden offers a standardized tool with which to explore these relations in different environments, cultures, and countries. It can also be used by stakeholders (e.g., city planners) to consider people's opinions of local design.
authors: Lab LADYSS, UMR 7733 CNRS Université de Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2 Rue Valette, 75005 Paris, France. shwar.a@mail.huji.ac.il
authors: Assaf
authors: A
authors: Shwartz
authors: Helene
authors: H
authors: Cheval
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Simon
authors: Romain
authors: R
authors: Julliard
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D044822:Biodiversity; D002947:Cities; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004522:Educational Status; D051639:Gardening / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software; D013045:Species Specificity; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: city dwellers; conexión con la naturaleza; connection to nature; conservation psychology; diversidad de especies; ecología urbana; ecosystem services; habitantes de ciudades; percepciones; perceptions; psicología de la conservación; servicios ecosistémicos; species diversity; urban ecology