title: [Stress reactions in bones of the foot in sport: diagnosis, assessment and therapy].
abstract: Stress reactions and stress fractures are defined as structural damage to bone caused by repetitive stress or stereotypical loading. The balance between loading and unloading of bone is disrupted in stress reactions and stress fractures through the sport-specific demands and by the exogenous or endogenous risk factors present. In sports orthopedics the localization of stress reactions and stress fractures are subdivided into high risk fractures and low risk fractures. Conventional diagnostic radiology can initially be inconclusive. With symptoms persisting over 2 weeks further diagnostics using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be performed. In the area of the foot stress reactions and stress fractures can often occur bilaterally or multifocally and most commonly affect the second metatarsals followed by the third metatarsals. Fractures of the fifth metatarsal, second metatarsal base, medial malleolus as well as navicular and sesamoid fractures are high risk fractures requiring special clinical and radiological monitoring. Basically, conservative treatment using the 2-phase model is the treatment of choice. In delayed union or severe pain surgical treatment is indicated.
authors: Docortho, Praxis für ganzheitliche Orthopädie & Unfallchirurgie, Friedrichstrasse 94, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland. miltner@docortho.de
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Miltner
mesh_terms: D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
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