title: A three-dimensional atlas of human tongue muscles.
abstract: The human tongue is one of the most important yet least understood structures of the body. One reason for the relative lack of research on the human tongue is its complex anatomy. This is a real barrier to investigators as there are few anatomical resources in the literature that show this complex anatomy clearly. As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of tongue disorders lags behind that for other structures of the head and neck. This report intended to fill this gap by displaying the tongue's anatomy in multiple ways. The primary material used in this study was serial axial images of the male and female human tongue from the Visible Human (VH) Project of the National Library of Medicine. In addition, thick serial coronal sections of three human tongues were rendered translucent. The VH axial images were computer reconstructed into serial coronal sections and each tongue muscle was outlined. These outlines were used to construct a three-dimensional (3D) computer model of the tongue that allows each muscle to be seen in its in vivo anatomical position. The thick coronal sections supplement the 3D model by showing details of the complex interweaving of tongue muscles throughout the tongue. The graphics are perhaps the clearest guide to date to aid clinical or basic science investigators in identifying each tongue muscle in any part of the human tongue.
authors: Alice and David Jurist Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA.
authors: Ira
authors: I
authors: Sanders
authors: Liancai
authors: L
authors: Mu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000716:Anatomy, Artistic; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014481:United States; D053443:Visible Human Projects
references: Clin Anat. 2010 Oct;23(7):777-91
references: 20607833
references: Acta Physiol Scand. 1980 Oct;110(2):187-98
references: 6452024
references: J Anat. 1939 Jan;73(Pt 2):201-210.3
references: 17104752
references: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002 Feb;45(1):51-65
references: 14748638
references: Am J Anat. 1982 Mar;163(3):195-222
references: 6807077
references: Anat Rec. 1994 Feb;238(2):263-76
references: 8154611
references: J Morphol. 1976 Mar;148(3):265-86
references: 1255731
references: Acta Physiol Scand. 1981 Apr;111(4):417-23
references: 7304203
references: Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb. 1985;131(1):93-123
references: 3996874
references: J Exp Biol. 1999 Apr;202(Pt 7):771-80
references: 10069966
references: Acta Anat (Basel). 1972;83(3):403-10
references: 4639716
references: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2001 Feb;44(1):95-107
references: 11218113
references: Anat Rec. 1998 Sep;252(1):102-16
references: 9737747
references: J Anat. 1938 Oct;73(Pt 1):15-30.1
references: 17104743
references: Prog Neurobiol. 1980;15(4):295-344
references: 7244250
references: Anat Rec. 2000 Nov 1;260(3):308-25
references: 11066041
references: Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(6):413-29
references: 14656897
references: J Neurophysiol. 1995 Aug;74(2):547-55
references: 7472362
references: Anat Rec. 1999 Dec 1;256(4):412-24
references: 10589027