title: Impact of Caesarean section on subsequent fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is there an association between a Caesarean section and subsequent fertility?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most studies report that fertility is reduced after Caesarean section compared with vaginal delivery. However, studies with a more robust design show smaller effects and it is uncertain whether the association is causal.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A previous systematic review published in 1996 summarizing six studies including 85 728 women suggested that Caesarean section reduces subsequent fertility. The included studies suffer from severe methodological limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies comparing subsequent reproductive outcomes of women who had a Caesarean section with those who delivered vaginally.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches of Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, CINAHL Plus and Maternity and Infant Care databases were conducted in December 2011 to identify randomized and non-randomized studies that compared the subsequent fertility outcomes after a Caesarean section and after a vaginal delivery. Eighteen cohort studies including 591 850 women matched the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Data extraction was done independently by two reviewers. The meta-analysis was based on a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess whether the estimated effect was influenced by parity, risk adjustment, maternal choice, cohort period, and study quality and size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of Caesarean section on subsequent pregnancies could be analysed in 10 studies and on subsequent births in 16 studies. A meta-analysis suggests that patients who had undergone a Caesarean section had a 9% lower subsequent pregnancy rate [risk ratio (RR) 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.87, 0.95)] and 11% lower birth rate [RR 0.89, 95% CI (0.87, 0.92)], compared with patients who had delivered vaginally. Studies that controlled for maternal age or specifically analysed primary elective Caesarean section for breech delivery, and those that were least prone to bias according to the NOS reported smaller effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant variation in the design and methods of included studies. Residual bias in the adjusted results is likely as no study was able to control for a number of important maternal characteristics, such as a history of infertility or maternal obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to reduce the impact of selection bias by indication through creating more comparable patient groups and applying risk adjustment.
authors: Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK. ipek.gurol@lshtm.ac.uk
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Gurol-Urganci
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Bou-Antoun
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Lim
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Cromwell
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Mahmood
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Templeton
authors: J H
authors: JH
authors: van der Meulen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001723:Birth Rate; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Caesarean section; fertility; meta-analysis