title: Update on the long-term complications of renal transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Powerful immunosuppressive regimens have reduced rejection risk, leading to an expanding cohort of long-term kidney transplant recipients who are likely to encounter practitioners in other specialties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key review papers and primary literature identified through searches of PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Death from cardiovascular disease and malignancy remain the chief causes of transplant loss. Risk factors and phenotypes for these differ from the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many guidelines for renal transplant recipients are based on extrapolation from studies on non-transplant cohorts and may not be appropriate. Emerging studies demonstrate that established interventions in the general population are less efficacious in transplant recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The influence of immunosuppression on the development of complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Markers to guide individualized optimal immunosuppression and predict the development of complications would allow for targeted early intervention.
authors: Churchill Hospital, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Bottomley
authors: Paul N
authors: PN
authors: Harden
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: cancer; cardiovascular; complications; kidney; long-term; malignancy; renal; transplant dysfunction; transplantation