title: A comparison of orthopaedic resident performance on surgical fixation of an ulnar fracture using virtual reality and synthetic models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical trainees develop surgical skills using various techniques, with simulators providing a safe learning environment. Fracture fixation is the most common procedure in orthopaedic surgery, and residents may benefit from simulated fracture fixation. The performance of residents on a virtual simulator that allows them to practice the surgical fixation of fractures by providing a sense of touch (haptics) has not yet been compared with their performance using other methods of practicing fracture fixation, such as a Sawbones simulator model. The purpose of this study was to assess whether residents performed similarly on a newly developed virtual simulator compared with a Sawbones simulator fracture fixation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified, randomized controlled study involving twenty-two orthopaedic surgery residents was performed. The residents were randomized to first perform surgical fixation of the ulna on either the virtual or the Sawbones simulator, after which they performed the same procedure on the other simulator. Their performance was evaluated by examiners experienced in fracture fixation who completed a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) form, and time-to-completion record for each participant on each simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both simulators distinguished between differing experience levels, demonstrating construct validity; for the Sawbones simulator, the Cohen d value (effect size) was &gt;0.90, and for the virtual simulator, d was &gt;1.10 (p &lt; 0.05 for both). The participants achieved significantly better scores on the virtual simulator compared with the Sawbones simulator (p &lt; 0.05) for all measures except time to completion. The GRS scores showed a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach α, &gt;0.80). However, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed no significant correlations between the results on the two simulators; therefore, concurrent validity was not achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newly developed virtual ulnar surgical fixation simulator, which incorporates haptics, shows promise for helping surgical trainees learn and practice basic skills, but it did not attain the same standards as the current standard Sawbones simulator. The procedural measures used to assess resident performance demonstrated good reliability and validity, and both the Sawbones and the virtual simulator showed evidence of construct validity.
authors: Department of Surgery, Health Science Centre, Room Orthopaedic Surgery G207, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. leblanc.justin@me.com
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: LeBlanc
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Hutchison
authors: Yaoping
authors: Y
authors: Hu
authors: Tyrone
authors: T
authors: Donnon
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008954:Models, Biological; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface