title: Knowledge and beliefs about cervical cancer screening among men in Kumasi, Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The age-standardized mortality rate for cervical cancer in Ghana, West Africa is more than three times the global cervical cancer mortality rate (27.6/100,000 vs. 7.8/100,000 respectively). The Pap test and visual inspection with acetic acid are available at public and private hospitals in Ghana. Approximately, 2.7% of Ghanaian women obtain cervical cancer screenings regularly. Men in middle-income countries play a key role in cervical cancer prevention. Increasing spousal support for cervical cancer screening may increase screening rates in Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five focus groups were conducted with Ghanaian men (N = 29) to assess their cervical cancer and cervical cancer screening knowledge and beliefs. The qualitative data was analyzed via indexed coding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Targets for education interventions were identified including inaccurate knowledge about cervical cancer and stigmatizing beliefs about cervical cancer risk factors. Cultural taboos regarding women's health care behaviours were also identified. Several participants indicated that they would be willing to provide spousal support for cervical cancer screening if they knew more about the disease and the screening methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men play a significant role in the health behaviours of some Ghanaian women. Cervical cancer education interventions targeting Ghanaian men are needed to correct misconceptions and increase spousal support for cervical cancer screening.
authors: Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd. 227 Ryal Public Health Building, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. msw117@uab.edu
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Williams
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Amoateng
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D005869:Ghana; D058869:Gynecological Examination / Q000523:psychology; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008571:Men / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D013609:Taboo; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Attitudes; Focus Groups; Ghana; Health Knowledge; Male; Practice; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/Prevention and Control
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