title: Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice"): a case series.
abstract: Recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists-so-called "Spice" products-became very popular during the last few years. Several reports on clinical symptoms and poisonings were published. Unfortunately, most of these reports do not contain any analytical data on synthetic cannabinoids in body fluids, and no or only a limited number of cases were reported concerning driving under the influence (DUI) of this kind of drugs. In this article, several cases of DUI of synthetic cannabinoids (AM-2201, JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-122, JWH-210, JWH-307, MAM-2201 (JWH-122 5-fluoropentyl derivative), and UR-144) are presented, focusing on analytical results and signs of impairment documented by the police or the physicians who had taken the blood sample from the suspects. Consumption of synthetic cannabinoids can lead to impairment similar to typical performance deficits caused by cannabis use which are not compatible with safe driving. These deficits include centrally sedating effects and impairment of fine motor skills necessary for keeping the vehicle on track. Police as well as forensic toxicologists and other groups should become familiar with the effects of synthetic cannabinoid use, and be aware of the fact that drug users may shift to these "legal" alternatives due to their nondetectability by commonly used drug screening tests based on antibodies. Sophisticated screening procedures covering the complete range of available compounds or their metabolites have to be developed for both blood/serum and urine testing.
authors: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany, F.Musshoff@uni-bonn.de.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Musshoff
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Madea
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Kernbach-Wighton
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Bicker
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Kneisel
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Hutter
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Auwärter
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001642:Bicycling; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000187:drug effects; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
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