title: Unmet needs in the prediction and detection of metastases in prostate cancer.
abstract: The therapeutic landscape for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer is rapidly evolving, especially for those patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CPRC). Despite advances in therapy options, the diagnostic landscape has remained relatively static, with few guidelines or reviews addressing the optimal timing or methodology for the radiographic detection of metastatic disease. Given recent reports indicating a substantial proportion of patients with CRPC thought to be nonmetastatic (M0) are in fact metastatic (M1), there is now a clear opportunity and need for improvement in detection practices. Herein, we discuss the current status of predicting the presence of metastatic disease, with a particular emphasis on the detection of the M0 to M1 transition. In addition, we review current data on newer imaging technologies that are changing the way metastases are detected. Whether earlier detection of metastatic disease will ultimately improve patient outcomes is unknown, but given that the therapeutic options for those with metastatic and nonmetastatic CPRC vary, there are considerable implications of how and when metastases are detected.
authors: Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. osartor@tulane.edu
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Sartor
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Eisenberger
authors: Michael W
authors: MW
authors: Kattan
authors: Bertrand
authors: B
authors: Tombal
authors: Frederic
authors: F
authors: Lecouvet
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens
keywords: Imaging; Lymph nodes; Magnetic resonance imaging; Neoplasm metastasis; Prostatic neoplasms; Radionuclide imaging
references: J Urol. 2006 Mar;175(3 Pt 1):939-44; discussion 944
references: 16469587
references: J Nucl Med. 2010 Aug;51(8):1293-300
references: 20660376
references: Cancer. 2000 Jun 15;88(12 Suppl):2989-94
references: 10898342
references: Cancer. 2008 Dec 1;113(11):3075-99
references: 18823041
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 May;172(5):1347-51
references: 10227514
references: J Urol. 2012 Jul;188(1):103-9
references: 22583636
references: J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2009 Jun;53(3):241-7
references: 19624290
references: N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 10;368(2):138-48
references: 23228172
references: Semin Urol Oncol. 2002 May;20(2):82-8
references: 12012293
references: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011 Jan;38(1):14-22
references: 20862471
references: Urology. 1992 Oct;40(4):346-50
references: 1413354
references: Clin Nucl Med. 2011 Mar;36(3):192-8
references: 21285676
references: Nuklearmedizin. 2003 Feb;42(1):25-30
references: 12601451
references: Lancet. 2012 Jan 7;379(9810):39-46
references: 22093187
references: Int J Urol. 2008 Jun;15(6):516-9
references: 18422581
references: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008 Oct;35(10):1766-74
references: 18465129
references: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 19;348(25):2491-9
references: 12815134
references: Urol Oncol. 2011 Nov-Dec;29(6):647-53
references: 19926311
references: J Nucl Med. 2004 Nov;45(11):1966-71
references: 15534070
references: Cancer. 2011 May 15;117(10):2077-85
references: 21523719
references: J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 15;22(14):2942-53
references: 15254062
references: BJU Int. 2011 Aug;108(3):378-85
references: 21091976
references: CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jan-Feb;62(1):10-29
references: 22237781
references: BJU Int. 2011 Dec;108(11):1762-8
references: 21615849
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Dec;169(6):1655-61
references: 9393186
references: J Nucl Med. 2003 Mar;44(3):331-5
references: 12620996
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 15;17(24):7673-83
references: 22038995
references: Eur Radiol. 2010 Dec;20(12):2973-82
references: 20661742
references: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 1;28(7):1099-105
references: 20100959
references: J Orthop Res. 1986;4(2):180-7
references: 3712127
references: Semin Nucl Med. 2004 Oct;34(4):274-92
references: 15493005
references: Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46(5):161-8; quiz N47-8
references: 17938748
references: J Urol. 2008 Jan;179(1):156-61; discussion 161-2
references: 18001801
references: N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1513-20
references: 15470214
references: Curr Opin Urol. 2005 May;15(3):181-6
references: 15815195
references: Eur J Nucl Med. 1998 Jun;25(6):635-8
references: 9618579
references: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005 Mar;32(3):344-50
references: 15726353
references: Cancer. 2012 Mar 15;118(6):1533-42
references: 21960118
references: J Urol. 1991 Jul;146(1):85-9
references: 1711590
references: Rev Urol. 2006 Summer;8(3):112-9
references: 17043708
references: Clin Radiol. 2008 Apr;63(4):387-95
references: 18325358
references: Curr Opin Urol. 2011 May;21(3):230-6
references: 21378572
references: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Jul;177(1):229-36
references: 11418435
references: JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1591-7
references: 10235151
references: BJU Int. 2012 Jan;109(1):32-9
references: 21777360
references: Adv Urol. 2012;2012:641689
references: 22110494
references: N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1502-12
references: 15470213
references: Adv Urol. 2012;2012:893193
references: 22013439
references: Eur Urol. 2009 Apr;55(4):761-9
references: 19144456
references: Cancer. 2008 Nov 1;113(9):2478-87
references: 18785254
references: J Nucl Med. 2006 Feb;47(2):287-97
references: 16455635
references: J Nucl Med. 2004 Mar;45(3):366-73
references: 15001675
references: Eur J Radiol. 2005 Jul;55(1):41-55
references: 15950100
references: Mt Sinai J Med. 1999 Jan;66(1):26-30
references: 9989102
references: J Nucl Med. 2001 Dec;42(12):1800-4
references: 11752076
references: Eur Urol. 2008 Sep;54(3):601-11
references: 18207312
references: Q J Nucl Med. 2001 Mar;45(1):53-64
references: 11456376
references: J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 1;23(13):2918-25
references: 15860850
references: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;25(22):3281-7
references: 17664475
references: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 20;25(36):5837-8; author reply 5838-9
references: 18089886
references: Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):68-75
references: 22366187
references: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Feb;47(2):292-7
references: 11810672
references: Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 15;11(24 Pt 1):8669-73
references: 16361552
references: Mol Imaging Biol. 2009 Nov-Dec;11(6):446-54
references: 19326171
references: J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):157-61
references: 20483148
references: J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3343-51
references: 15738542
references: J Urol. 2004 Jun;171(6 Pt 1):2260-4
references: 15126798
references: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1962-8
references: 15774789
references: BJU Int. 2002 Jan;89(1):14-7; discussion 17-8
references: 11849153
references: J Urol. 1996 Jul;156(1):106-9
references: 8648768
references: Urology. 2003 Mar;61(3):607-11
references: 12639656