title: Cell-penetrating peptide enhanced intracellular Raman imaging and photodynamic therapy.
abstract: We present the application of a theranostic system combining Raman imaging and the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. The theranostic nanoplatform was created by loading the photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX, onto a Raman-labeled gold nanostar. A cell-penetrating peptide, TAT, enhanced intracellular accumulation of the nanoparticles in order to improve their delivery and efficacy. The plasmonic gold nanostar platform was designed to increase the Raman signal via the surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) effect. Theranostic SERS imaging and photodynamic therapy using this construct were demonstrated on BT-549 breast cancer cells. The TAT peptide allowed for effective Raman imaging and photosensitization with the nanoparticle construct after a 1 h incubation period. In the absence of the TAT peptide, nanoparticle accumulation in the cells was not sufficient to be observed by Raman imaging or to produce any photosensitization effect after this short incubation period. There was no cytotoxic effect observed after nanoparticle incubation, prior to light activation of the photosensitizer. This report shows the first application of combined SERS imaging and photosensitization from a theranostic nanoparticle construct.
authors: Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
authors: Andrew M
authors: AM
authors: Fales
authors: Hsiangkuo
authors: H
authors: Yuan
authors: Tuan
authors: T
authors: Vo-Dinh
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D011524:Protoporphyrins; C028025:protoporphyrin IX
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Mar 7;129(9):2669-75
references: 17288423
references: Appl Spectrosc. 2010 Aug;64(8):858-66
references: 20719048
references: Anal Chem. 2006 Oct 1;78(19):6967-73
references: 17007522
references: Nanomedicine. 2012 Nov;8(8):1355-63
references: 22370335
references: Nat Med. 2012 Apr 15;18(5):829-34
references: 22504484
references: Langmuir. 2007 Jul 17;23(15):8194-9
references: 17590032
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Aug 30;62(11):1064-79
references: 20691229
references: Trends Biotechnol. 2008 Nov;26(11):612-21
references: 18804298
references: J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces. 2010 Apr 29;114(16):7480-7488
references: 24839505
references: Anal Chem. 2004 Jan 15;76(2):412-7
references: 14719891
references: Anal Chem. 2005 Apr 15;77(8):2381-5
references: 15828770
references: J Raman Spectrosc. 2013 Feb;44(2):234-239
references: 24839346
references: Small. 2010 Nov 5;6(21):2336-57
references: 20878632
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Mar-Apr;81(2):242-9
references: 15595888
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Jul 2;125(26):7860-5
references: 12823004
references: Mol Pharm. 2010 Dec 6;7(6):1899-912
references: 20822168
references: Langmuir. 2009 Dec 15;25(24):13894-9
references: 19591480
references: Small. 2007 Aug;3(8):1341-6
references: 17566138
references: Bioconjug Chem. 2005 Sep-Oct;16(5):1176-80
references: 16173795
references: Biomaterials. 2011 Jun;32(16):4021-9
references: 21376388
references: Anal Chem. 2013 Jan 2;85(1):208-12
references: 23194068
references: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(11):1950-3
references: 19191355
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012 Oct;64(13):1394-416
references: 22728642
references: ACS Nano. 2011 Jun 28;5(6):4679-87
references: 21553850
references: Integr Biol (Camb). 2011 Sep;3(9):922-6
references: 21829857
references: Langmuir. 2008 Nov 4;24(21):12534-8
references: 18834155
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Dec 3;125(48):14676-7
references: 14640621
references: Chem Soc Rev. 2008 May;37(5):912-20
references: 18443676
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Nov 28;129(47):14759-66
references: 17983227
references: Nano Lett. 2007 Sep;7(9):2835-42
references: 17718587
references: Anal Chem. 2009 Dec 1;81(23):9643-50
references: 19874000
references: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):47379-86
references: 11579101
references: Small. 2010 Mar 8;6(5):604-10
references: 20108237
references: Nanomedicine. 2011 Feb;7(1):115-22
references: 20817123
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Apr 4;134(13):5722-5
references: 22420312
references: Langmuir. 2010 Sep 21;26(18):14937-42
references: 20726559
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 11;106(32):13511-6
references: 19666578
references: Chem Commun (Camb). 2004 Dec 21;(24):2810-1
references: 15599418
references: Nanotechnology. 2012 Feb 24;23(7):075102
references: 22260928
references: Photochem Photobiol. 2003 Dec;78(6):587-91
references: 14743867
references: Small. 2009 Oct;5(20):2285-90
references: 19598161
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010 Aug 30;62(11):1052-1063
references: 20709124
references: Adv Mater. 2012 Mar 15;24(11):1418-23
references: 22318874
references: J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jul 18;134(28):11358-61
references: 22734608
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 15;105(15):5844-9
references: 18378895
references: Langmuir. 2011 Oct 4;27(19):12186-12190
references: 21859159
references: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008 Mar 1;60(4-5):548-58
references: 18053612