title: Anatomical variations in the emergence of the cutaneous nerves from the nerve point in the neck and identification of the landmarks to locate the nerve point with its clinical implications: a cadaveric study on South Indian human foetuses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cutaneous nerves from the cervical plexuses are anaesthetized by using local anaesthetics for pain relief or when minor surgical operations are performed. Knowing the variations in these nerves is important for anaestheticists to administer an effective anaesthesia to a particular nerve. So, the aim of this study was to look for the variations in the emerging patterns of the cervical cutaneous nerves in the neck and to locate the nerve point in the neck by using the superficial landmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The neck was dissected in 16 foetal cadavers (total 32). The foetuses were divided into 2 groups, depending upon their ages- group 1 (13-24wks) and group 2 (24-38wks). The cervical cutaneous nerves were dissected. Measurements for locating the nerve point, were taken in both the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical analysis of the measurements was done. In group 1, the mean distances of the nerve point from the External Acoustic Meatus (EAM), on the right and left sides, were 2.06cm and1.85cm and in group 2, the distances on the right and left sides were 2.32cm and 2.08cm. The mean distance of the nerve point from the clavicle in group 1, on both the right and the left sides was 1.85cm, and in group 2, the mean distances on the right and left sides were 2.67cm and 2.62cm. The variations in the cutaneous nerves which emerged from the nerve point were recorded and photographed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These landmarks will help the anaestheticists in locating the nerve point. These variations in the branches of the cervical plexus should be known to the anaestheticists while they give anaesthesia to a particular nerve during a nerve block.
authors: Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College , Manipal, India .
authors: Chandni
authors: C
authors: Gupta
authors: Antony Sylvan
authors: AS
authors: D'souza
authors: Biswabswabina
authors: B
authors: Raythe
keywords: Great occipital nerve; Lesser occipital nerve; Nerve point; Supraclavicular nerve; Transverse cervical nerve
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