title: Mutant prevention concentration of orbifloxacin: comparison between Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) is an important parameter to evaluate the likelihood of growth of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants for antimicrobial-pathogen combinations. The MPCs of fluoroquinolones for different canine pathogens have not been compared. In this study, we compared for the first time orbifloxacin MPCs between susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 1010 CFU/ml of 10 strains of each bacterial species were inoculated onto Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with different concentrations of orbifloxacin from 1× to 64× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the MPCs were recorded. MICs of original strains and of mutants arising after exposure to sub-MPC concentrations (one per original strain) were determined in the presence or absence of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). The effects of quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MPCs were significantly higher for P. aeruginosa (16-128 μg/ml) than for E. coli (0.5-32 μg/ml). MPCs for S. pseudintermedius varied between the low-susceptible (16-128 μg/ml) and the high-susceptible strains (4-16 μg/ml) and were the most broadly distributed among the three species. Regarding resistance mechanisms, only one QRDR mutation in gyrA was found in all of the 10 mutants of E. coli and in 4 of the 10 mutants of P. aeruginosa, whereas mutations in both grlA and gyrA were found in 3 mutants and one mutation in grlA was found in 2 mutants among the 10 mutants of S. pseudintermedius. In the presence of an EPI, the MICs of P. aeruginosa mutants decreased markedly, those of E. coli mutants decreased moderately, and those of S. pseudintermedius mutants were unaffected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MPCs of orbifloxacin vary between bacterial species of canine pathogens, possibly due to the diversity of the main fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism among these species. Therefore, the type of bacterial species should be taken into consideration when using fluoroquinolone drugs such as orbifloxacin in canines.
authors: Takae
authors: T
authors: Shimizu
authors: Kazuki
authors: K
authors: Harada
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Kataoka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D004285:Dogs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C095163:orbifloxacin
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