title: Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre-adolescent children's food preferences: experimental research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess pre-adolescent children's responses to common child-oriented front-of-pack food promotions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-subjects, web-based experiment with four front-of-pack promotion conditions on energy-dense and nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods: no promotion [control]; nutrient content claims; sports celebrity endorsements (male athletes) and premium offers. Participants were 1302 grade 5 and 6 children (mean age 11 years) from Melbourne, Australia. Participants chose their preferred product from a randomly assigned EDNP food pack and comparable healthier food pack then completed detailed product ratings. Child-oriented pack designs with colourful, cartooned graphics, fonts and promotions were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control condition, children were more likely to choose EDNP products featuring nutrient content claims (both genders) and sports celebrity endorsements (boys only). Perceptions of nutritional content were enhanced by nutrient content claims. Effects of promotions on some product ratings (but not choice) were negated when children referred to the nutrition information panel. Premium offers did not enhance children's product ratings or choice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutrient content claims and sports celebrity endorsements influence pre-adolescent children's preferences towards EDNP food products displaying them. Policy interventions to reduce the impact of unhealthy food marketing to children should limit the use of these promotions.
authors: Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dixon
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Scully
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Niven
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Chapman
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Donovan
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Martin
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Baur
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Crawford
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising; D056352:Athletes; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D019649:Food Industry / Q000379:methods*; D005515:Food Labeling; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing; D009753:Nutritive Value; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Children; experiment; food marketing; food promotions