title: Prevalence, size, number and localization of vascular anastomoses in monochorionic placentas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies have an uncomplicated course, but some develop severe complications including selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR), twintwin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS). The underlying pathogenesis of these various complications is associated with the ubiquitous presence of vascular anastomoses in MC placentas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, number, size and localization of the anastomoses in sIUGR, TTTS and TAPS placentas compared to normal MC placentas using color dye injection. We excluded MC twin pregnancies treated with fetoscopic laser surgery or selective feticide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 235 placentas fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 126 normal MC, 47 TTTS, 46 sIUGR and 16 spontaneous TAPS. Median number of anastomoses in normal MC, sIUGR, TTTS and TAPS placentas was 8 (IQR: 4-12), 8 (IQR: 5-14), 7 (IQR: 5-11) and 4 (IQR: 3-5), respectively. The prevalence of arterio-arterial (AA) anastomoses in normal MC, sIUGR, TTTS and TAPS placentas was 96%, 98%, 47% and 19%, respectively. We found AV anastomoses to be evenly distributed along the vascular equator in all MC placentas except in TAPS cases, where anastomoses were mostly localized near the margin. We also found that, in sIUGR and TTTS placentas, AA anastomoses tended to be at the center of the placenta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that the prevalence, size, number and localization of the various types of anastomoses differ between normal MC, sIUGR, TTTS and TAPS placentas.
authors: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Zhao
authors: S F
authors: SF
authors: de Villiers
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Slaghekke
authors: F J
authors: FJ
authors: Walther
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Middeldorp
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Oepkes
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Lopriore
mesh_terms: D001163:Arteriovenous Anastomosis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin; D015995:Prevalence; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic