title: Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Polyvagal theory has influenced research on the role of cardiac vagal control, indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal (RSA-W) during challenging states, in children's self-regulation. However, it remains unclear how well RSA-W predicts adaptive functioning (AF) outcomes and whether certain caveats of measuring RSA (e.g., respiration) significantly impact these associations. A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n=4996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems. In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children's social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk). The relations between RSA-W and children's AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration). Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples. Theoretical/practical implications for the study of cardiac vagal control are discussed.
authors: Florida International University, Center for Children and Families and Department of Psychology, Miami 33199, USA. pgrazian@fiu.edu
authors: Paulo
authors: P
authors: Graziano
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Derefinko
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D001146:Arrhythmia, Sinus / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D012119:Respiration; D012919:Social Behavior; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Adaptive functioning; Cardiac vagal tone; Children, Meta-analysis; RSA withdrawal
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