title: Prevalence and factors associated with probable HIV dementia in an African population: a cross-sectional study of an HIV/AIDS clinic population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The HIV/AIDS infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with psychological and neuro- cognitive impairment. These conditions, however, remain largely unrecognized. In this study we aimed to determine the prevalence of probable HIV dementia (PHD) in an HIV clinic population in Uganda and to delineate the factors associated with such impairment in these HIV positive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred eighty HIV clinic attendees were surveyed in a cross sectional study. PHD was assessed using the International Dementia Scale (IHDS). Standardized measures were also used to assess clinical, psychological, social and demographic variables. Respondents were aged 18 years and above and did not have severe physical or mental health conditions. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify associations between PHD and various factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of probable HIV dementia was 64.4%. PHD was significantly associated with increasing stress scores and psychosocial impairment but not with age, BMI, CD4 count, use of HAART, or a diagnosis of depression or alcohol dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of probable HIV dementia in an ambulatory adult HIV positive population in Uganda was 64.4%. Increasing stress scores and psychosocial impairment were significant contributing factors. Clinicians need to be aware of this and to make efforts to identify neuro-cognitive impairment. Secondly there is need for more studies to better understand the relationship between PHD and stress in HIV populations so as to inform patient care.
authors: Juliet
authors: J
authors: Nakku
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Kinyanda
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Hoskins
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22-33;quiz 34-57
references: 9881538
references: Neurology. 2007 Jan 30;68(5):350-5
references: 17261681
references: Neurology. 2007 Oct 30;69(18):1789-99
references: 17914061
references: Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2008 Nov;11(4):282-6
references: 19588051
references: AIDS. 2005 Sep 2;19(13):1367-74
references: 16103767
references: BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 30;11:205
references: 22208452
references: Psychosom Med. 2008 Jun;70(5):546-54
references: 18541905
references: BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Jun 10;10:44
references: 20537129
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002 Jul;106(1):20-6
references: 12100344
references: AIDS. 2004 Jan 1;18 Suppl 1:S11-8
references: 15075493
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998 Spring;10(2):125-32
references: 9608401
references: Drugs. 2006;66(6):769-89
references: 16706551
references: Crisis. 2005;26(1):4-11
references: 15762078
references: Psychol Med. 1988 Feb;18(1):203-9
references: 3363039
references: Neurology. 1999 Feb;52(3):607-13
references: 10025796
references: J Neurovirol. 2005 Jul;11(3):265-73
references: 16036806
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 Fall;15(4):436-41
references: 14627770