title: Is there a negative interpretation bias in depressed patients? An affective startle modulation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Scientists proposed that patients with depression favour negative interpretations when appraising ambiguity. As self-report measures seem prone to response bias, implicit measures of emotional valence should be additionally used.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 patients with depression and 19 controls underwent an acoustic imagery task comprising neutral and negative words, as well as ambiguous words that could be understood either way. Affective startle modulation and direct interrogation were used to assess implicit and explicit emotional valence, respectively. We expected a negative bias for ambiguous words in the patient group, resulting in augmented startle magnitudes and preference for negative interpretations of the ambiguous words in the interrogation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surprisingly, both groups preferred neutral interpretations and showed augmented startle magnitudes to ambiguous words. Furthermore, both groups displayed an emotional startle potentiation for negative words.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, our results do not confirm a negative interpretation bias or a blunted emotional response in patients with major depression. The mismatch between self-report and affective startle reaction to ambiguous targets might reflect defensive mobilization or attention effects.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors: Mirjam
authors: M
authors: Käse
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Dresler
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Andreatta
authors: Ann-Christine
authors: AC
authors: Ehlis
authors: Babette
authors: B
authors: Wolff
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Kittel-Schneider
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Polak
authors: Andreas J
authors: AJ
authors: Fallgatter
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Mühlberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001143:Arousal; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D035501:Uncertainty