title: Phenotypic polarization of macrophages in atherosclerosis.
abstract: Macrophages orchestrate the inflammatory response in inflamed tissues, and recent work indicates that these cells can alter their phenotypes and functions accordingly in response to changes in the microenvironment. Initial work in models of cardiovascular disease used immunologic markers to characterize macrophage phenotypes present in atherosclerotic plaque, and these studies have lately been extended through the use of markers that are more specific for atherosclerosis and metabolic disease. Together, these studies have led to a novel view of the function of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis that suggests dynamic plasticity. Understanding this plasticity and the ensuing macrophage heterogeneity could lead to novel strategies of pharmacological intervention to combat chronic inflammation in metabolic diseases. Most importantly, revealing the functional characteristics of individual macrophage phenotypes will lead to a better understanding of their contribution to lesion development and plaque stability.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA. nl2q@virginia.edu
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Leitinger
authors: Ira G
authors: IG
authors: Schulman
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D010641:Phenotype; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: atherosclerosis; chemokines; cytokines; macrophages
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Mar;27(3):621-7
references: 17158354
references: Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):503-16
references: 11239408
references: Physiol Genomics. 2007 Apr 24;29(2):149-60
references: 17244792
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Aug;23(16):3057-68
references: 22718904
references: J Immunol. 2010 May 1;184(9):4810-8
references: 20335529
references: J Lipid Res. 2013 Mar;54(3):806-815
references: 23288947
references: J Clin Invest. 2011 Jul;121(7):2736-49
references: 21670502
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2910-8
references: 23042816
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2839-46
references: 23023374
references: J Lipid Res. 2010 May;51(5):900-6
references: 20388921
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2919-28
references: 23023367
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Mar;1801(3):327-37
references: 19796705
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Nov 15;51(10):1903-9
references: 21925592
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Nov;31(11):2685-91
references: 21868703
references: Circ Res. 2010 Sep 17;107(6):737-46
references: 20651288
references: Mol Cell. 2007 Jan 12;25(1):57-70
references: 17218271
references: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2011 Oct;22(5):335-42
references: 21841486
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7604-9
references: 12032330
references: J Innate Immun. 2012;4(5-6):498-508
references: 22572544
references: Biochemistry (Mosc). 2012 Apr;77(4):327-38
references: 22809150
references: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2012 Oct;23(5):453-61
references: 22777293
references: Eur J Immunol. 2009 Aug;39(8):2270-80
references: 19609977
references: Circ Res. 2010 May 28;106(10):1559-69
references: 20508200
references: Cell Metab. 2007 Aug;6(2):137-43
references: 17681149
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Jul;31(7):1506-16
references: 21677293
references: Circ Res. 2009 Nov 20;105(11):1072-82
references: 19834009
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2003 Jun;17(6):985-93
references: 12690094
references: Cell. 2011 Dec 23;147(7):1442-5
references: 22196723
references: FASEB J. 2008 Oct;22(10):3595-606
references: 18559988
references: Thromb Haemost. 2011 Nov;106(5):763-71
references: 21947328
references: J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Aug;86(2):411-21
references: 19406830
references: Cell. 2012 Sep 28;151(1):138-52
references: 23021221
references: J Inflamm (Lond). 2011 Apr 28;8:9
references: 21526997
references: Circ Res. 2010 Jan 8;106(1):203-11
references: 19910578
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 23;5(7):e11765
references: 20668705
references: Cell. 2012 Oct 26;151(3):658-70
references: 23101632
references: Circ Res. 2012 Feb 3;110(3):416-27
references: 22194622
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Oct;29(10):1419-23
references: 19696407
references: Genes Dev. 2007 Aug 1;21(15):1909-20
references: 17671090
references: Front Physiol. 2012 Jan 13;3:1
references: 22275902
references: Thromb Haemost. 2007 Nov;98(5):917-8
references: 18000592
references: Cell Metab. 2008 Jun;7(6):485-95
references: 18522830
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 10;59(2):166-77
references: 22154776
references: Nat Immunol. 2012 Nov;13(11):1118-28
references: 23023392
references: Circ Res. 2011 Aug 19;109(5):492-501
references: 21757649
references: Circ Res. 2011 Apr 15;108(8):985-95
references: 21350215
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2836-8
references: 23065827
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;21(22):7558-68
references: 11604492
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):135-42
references: 15539622
references: J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 23;287(48):40502-12
references: 23055522
references: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012 Nov;44(5):491-7
references: 22975154
references: Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012 Oct;14(5):450-9
references: 22847772
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42507
references: 22880008
references: Immunity. 2010 May 28;32(5):593-604
references: 20510870
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2929-37
references: 23042820
references: Nature. 2010 Apr 29;464(7293):1357-61
references: 20428172
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Dec;32(12):2869-76
references: 23023371
references: Cell. 2011 Apr 29;145(3):341-55
references: 21529710
references: Cell Metab. 2008 May;7(5):365-75
references: 18460328
references: Atherosclerosis. 2012 Dec;225(2):461-8
references: 23078881
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Nov;28(11):1920-7
references: 18723831
references: Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012 Jun;14(3):254-63
references: 22407286
references: J Clin Invest. 2012 May;122(5):1688-99
references: 22484817
references: Immunol Rev. 2012 Mar;246(1):379-400
references: 22435567
references: Nature. 2007 Jun 28;447(7148):1116-20
references: 17515919
references: Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1524-9
references: 10968783
references: Am J Pathol. 2009 Mar;174(3):1097-108
references: 19234137
references: J Clin Invest. 2009 Jan;119(1):136-45
references: 19065049
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Mar;16(3):506-14
references: 11875109
references: Cell. 2004 Oct 15;119(2):299-309
references: 15479645
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Aug;25(8):1647-53
references: 15947238
references: Cell Metab. 2008 Jun;7(6):496-507
references: 18522831