title: State of the art in platelet function testing.
abstract: Platelets perform many functions in hemostasis but also in other areas of physiology and pathology. Therefore, it is obvious that many different function tests have been developed, each one conceived and standardized for a special purpose. This review will summarize the different fields in which platelet function testing is currently in use; diagnostics of patients with bleeding disorders, monitoring patients' response to anti-platelet therapy, monitoring in transfusion medicine (blood donors, platelet concentrates, and after transfusion), and monitoring in perioperative medicine to predict bleeding tendency. The second part of the review outlines different methods for platelet function testing, spanning bleeding time, and platelet counting as well as determining platelet adhesion, platelet secretion, platelet aggregation, platelet morphology, platelet signal transduction, platelet procoagulant activity, platelet apoptosis, platelet proteomics, and molecular biology.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Hemostasis, University of Münster, Germany.
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: E Kehrel
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: F Brodde
keywords: Antiplatelet drugs; Platelet concentrates; Platelet disorders; Platelet function testing
references: Microvasc Res. 1973 Mar;5(2):167-79
references: 4694283
references: Thromb Res. 2008;121(6):821-5
references: 17884149
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Sep 1;22(9):1381-9
references: 12231555
references: Blood. 2012 Jul 12;120(2):415-23
references: 22665935
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jan;6(1):54-61
references: 17949474
references: Transl Res. 2008 Sep;152(3):99-102
references: 18774538
references: Blood. 1998 Jan 15;91(2):491-9
references: 9427702
references: Transfusion. 1991 Jun;31(5):409-14
references: 1710840
references: Transfusion. 2000 Jan;40(1):121-2
references: 10644824
references: Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2012 Apr;47(4):242-51; quiz 252
references: 22504621
references: Physiol Rev. 2013 Jan;93(1):327-58
references: 23303912
references: J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3355-62
references: 16322780
references: Cell. 2003 Jan 10;112(1):87-97
references: 12526796
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jul;27(7):1657-65
references: 17510465
references: Haematologica. 2012 Dec;97(12):1873-81
references: 22733027
references: Transfusion. 2003 Jan;43(1):2-6
references: 12519424
references: Transfusion. 2002 Jun;42(6):711-8
references: 12147023
references: Clin Lab. 2005;51(7-8):367-72
references: 16122146
references: Blood. 1994 Feb 1;83(3):691-702
references: 8298132
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Aug;3(8):1791-9
references: 16102046
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010 Nov;36(8):807-18
references: 21049381
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Mar;10(3):437-46
references: 22212198
references: Am J Physiol. 1987 Nov;253(5 Pt 2):H1035-43
references: 3688248
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001 Jun;27(3):237-43
references: 11446657
references: Arch Surg. 1998 Feb;133(2):134-9
references: 9484723
references: Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006;35(1-2):83-8
references: 16855351
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Mar;6(3):415-20
references: 18088344
references: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Aug;32(8):443-50
references: 21612832
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Jul;9 Suppl 1:76-91
references: 21781244
references: J Lab Clin Med. 1963 Nov;62:724-35
references: 14078008
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:153-68
references: 15308800
references: Atherosclerosis. 1999 May;144(1):211-9
references: 10381294
references: Platelets. 2008 Aug;19(5):365-72
references: 18791943
references: Thromb Haemost. 2006 Aug;96(2):160-6
references: 16894459
references: Br J Haematol. 1988 Jan;68(1):53-62
references: 3345296
references: Semin Immunopathol. 2012 Jan;34(1):5-30
references: 21818701
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:179-200
references: 15308802
references: Thromb Res. 1983 Oct 15;32(2):115-22
references: 6419373
references: Mol Cell Biochem. 1978 Nov 1;21(2):109-28
references: 102916
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009 Mar;35(2):213-23
references: 19408194
references: Thromb Haemost. 2000 Sep;84(3):492-8
references: 11019977
references: Nanomedicine. 2009 Mar;5(1):64-72
references: 18848813
references: Thromb Haemost. 2011 Aug;106(2):248-52
references: 21505715
references: Transfusion. 2005 May;45(5):654-9
references: 15847651
references: Blood. 1998 Jun 1;91(11):4206-15
references: 9596668
references: Blood. 2000 Oct 1;96(7):2469-78
references: 11001899
references: Microvasc Res. 1975 May;9(3):335-44
references: 1128284
references: Platelets. 1998;9(3-4):171-7
references: 16793697
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Jul;28(7):1326-31
references: 18451328
references: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2007 Mar;6(3):548-64
references: 17186946
references: FASEB J. 2003 Aug;17(11):1490-2
references: 12824298
references: Vox Sang. 2011 Jul;101(1):1-9
references: 21668862
references: Nat Med. 2011 Nov 07;17(11):1423-36
references: 22064432
references: J Clin Invest. 1985 Oct;76(4):1522-9
references: 2932469
references: Transfus Apher Sci. 2003 Jun;28(3):285-95
references: 12725956
references: Lancet. 2010 Oct 9;376(9748):1233-43
references: 20817281
references: J Proteomics. 2012 Apr 3;75(7):2080-92
references: 22270014
references: J Lab Clin Med. 1982 Sep;100(3):425-36
references: 7108351
references: Blood. 2010 Jan 28;115(4):879-86
references: 19861681
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Nov;6(11):1983-5
references: 18795992
references: N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 4;367(14):1297-309
references: 22920930
references: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 Sep;8(9):534-42
references: 22868927
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Jun;2(6):892-8
references: 15140124
references: Transfusion. 2004 May;44(5):764-70
references: 15104660
references: Blood. 2012 Jan 19;119(3):e22-34
references: 22123846
references: Transfusion. 2007 Jan;47(1):67-73
references: 17207232
references: Platelets. 2012;23(2):91-105
references: 21736419
references: Transfusion. 2013 Aug;53(8):1780-7
references: 23216254
references: Am J Hematol. 2011 Dec;86(12):1032-4
references: 21812020
references: Platelets. 2012;23(3):229-42
references: 22502645
references: Blood. 2011 Sep 29;118(13):e62-73
references: 21813449
references: Br J Haematol. 1985 Mar;59(3):471-83
references: 2982391
references: Thromb Haemost. 2013 Feb;109(2):229-37
references: 23238804
references: Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2009 Jan;20(1):52-6
references: 20523165
references: Blut. 1990 Jan;60(1):15-22
references: 2297582
references: Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jul;100(1):134-45
references: 18612548
references: Br J Haematol. 2011 Oct;155(1):30-44
references: 21790527
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2005;31(4):381-92
references: 16149014
references: Clin Lab Haematol. 1981;3(3):257-71
references: 7326903
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:301-12
references: 15308808
references: Transfusion. 1975 Sep-Oct;15(5):414-21
references: 823
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Dec;76(12):6376-80
references: 118466
references: Nature. 1962 Jun 9;194:927-9
references: 13871375
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2012 Feb;38(1):102-13
references: 22314608
references: Transfus Med Hemother. 2010;37(5):237-246
references: 21113246
references: N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 29;367(22):2100-9
references: 23121439
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 2012 Jan;137(1):65-74
references: 22180479
references: Thromb Res. 1984 Dec 1;36(5):411-8
references: 6151753
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003 Aug;29(4):363-72
references: 14517748
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007 Mar;33(2):179-84
references: 17340467
references: Blood Rev. 2012 Mar;26(2):51-63
references: 22055392
references: Micron. 2004;35(7):565-73
references: 15219903
references: Thromb Haemost. 1980 Jun 18;43(2):147-53
references: 7455974
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Nov;9(11):2278-90
references: 21929690
references: Clin Chem. 2001;47(7):1204-11
references: 11427450
references: Clin Lab Sci. 2007 Winter;20(1):32-7
references: 17361966
references: Blood. 2009 Jul 16;114(3):663-6
references: 19387006
references: Stroke. 2010 Jun;41(6):1301-3
references: 20395605
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Nov 15;46(10):1820-6
references: 16286165
references: Platelets. 1990;1(3):127-33
references: 21043968
references: Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:65-75
references: 22371653
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;788:141-53
references: 22130706
references: Am J Hematol. 2012 May;87 Suppl 1:S92-9
references: 22367928
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;788:73-89
references: 22130701
references: Int J Neurosci. 2013 May;123(5):287-99
references: 23301959
references: Transfus Apher Sci. 2008 Feb;38(1):65-76
references: 18291723
references: Cancer Discov. 2012 Dec;2(12):1091-9
references: 23166151
references: J Biomed Opt. 2013 Jan;18(1):16014
references: 23348747
references: Vox Sang. 2005 Apr;88(3):153-63
references: 15787725
references: Thromb Res. 1998 Dec 15;92(6 Suppl 2):S43-6
references: 9886909
references: Nat Mater. 2011 Jan;10(1):61-6
references: 21131961
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:3-32
references: 15308791
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Apr;32(4):1054-8
references: 22328775
references: Circulation. 2001 Apr 24;103(16):2032-4
references: 11319189
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4):1939-46
references: 20139232
references: J Cell Sci. 2012 Aug 15;125(Pt 16):3914-20
references: 22582082
references: Toxicol In Vitro. 2012 Sep;26(6):930-8
references: 22542759
references: Blood. 1996 Jun 15;87(12):4925-36
references: 8652804
references: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2007 Jul-Sep;21(3):259-61
references: 17804959
references: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 14;5(10):e13404
references: 20976234
references: Thromb Haemost. 2010 Jun;103(6):1193-202
references: 20352160
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009 Mar;35(2):150-7
references: 19408188
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Feb;10(2):306-9
references: 22118648
references: Br J Haematol. 2007 Mar;136(5):762-4
references: 17313379
references: Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009 May;37(3):354-69
references: 19499855
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Apr;6(4):609-14
references: 18182039
references: Platelets. 2006 Feb;17(1):56-60
references: 16308188
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:251-76
references: 15308806
references: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011 Jul 19;8(10):572-9
references: 21769112
references: Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):199-206
references: 22589474
references: J Pharmacol Methods. 1980 Feb;3(2):135-58
references: 7392654
references: Transfus Clin Biol. 2012 Jun;19(3):90-7
references: 22677430
references: Blood. 2008 Jul 1;112(1):90-9
references: 18310501
references: Transl Res. 2012 Jan;159(1):15-24
references: 22153806
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004 Oct;30(5):501-11
references: 15497093
references: Cell Biochem Biophys. 2003;38(1):55-78
references: 12663942
references: Thromb Haemost. 2006 Dec;96(6):781-8
references: 17139373
references: Neurology. 2011 Jan 18;76(3):247-52
references: 21242492
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;788:3-19
references: 22130696
references: Proteomics. 2013 Mar;13(6):1016-27
references: 23322602
references: Clin Cardiol. 2008 Mar;31(3 Suppl 1):I10-6
references: 18481816
references: Blood. 1990 Jan 1;75(1):116-21
references: 1688494
references: J Clin Pathol. 1984 Aug;37(8):874-8
references: 6206096
references: Transfusion. 2011 Apr;51(4):886-93
references: 21496051
references: Thromb Haemost. 2000 Apr;83(4):589-91
references: 10780322
references: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005 Apr;27(4):584-91
references: 15784355
references: Thromb Haemost. 2008 Oct;100(4):713-5
references: 18841299
references: ISRN Hematol. 2012;2012:839242
references: 22928115
references: J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2004 Apr;18(2):136-40
references: 15073699
references: Nat Genet. 2011 Jul 17;43(8):732-4
references: 21765412
references: Tissue Antigens. 2012 Apr;79(4):237-45
references: 22385314
references: Circ Res. 2007 Jun 22;100(12):1673-85
references: 17585075
references: J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012 May;33(4):397-411
references: 22383127
references: JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008 Dec;1(6):649-53
references: 19463379
references: Anal Chem. 2011 Apr 1;83(7):2598-604
references: 21384903
references: Platelets. 2005 Sep;16(6):329-33
references: 16194862
references: Thromb Haemost. 2002 Aug;88(2):186-93
references: 12195687
references: Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2006 Mar-Apr;36(2):152-6
references: 16487730
references: J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32):34032-7
references: 15163665
references: J Clin Invest. 2012 Jul;122(7):2661-71
references: 22684106
references: Br J Haematol. 2000 Feb;108(2):228-35
references: 10691847
references: Eur Heart J. 2006 Oct;27(20):2420-5
references: 17005534
references: Haemophilia. 2012 Jul;18(4):626-9
references: 22226191
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 1990 Jan;16(1):1-20
references: 2406907
references: Platelets. 2012;23(7):501-9
references: 22873212
references: Transfusion. 2003 Apr;43(4):526-35
references: 12662287
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Feb;67(4):499-511
references: 20016997
references: Chest. 2011 Mar;139(3):658-668
references: 21362652
references: Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):193-200
references: 15197141
references: Platelets. 2008 Feb;19(1):43-50
references: 18231937
references: Blood. 2010 May 20;115(20):4102-10
references: 20107233
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Oct;17(10):2044-53
references: 9351370
references: Thromb Haemost. 1990 Apr 12;63(2):275-8
references: 2141956
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Nov;9(11):2322-4
references: 22947397
references: Lab Invest. 2009 Apr;89(4):374-84
references: 19238135
references: Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2002 Sep-Dec;32(5-6):249-53
references: 13679651
references: J Lab Clin Med. 2006 Apr;147(4):197-204
references: 16581348
references: Biol Chem. 2010 Aug;391(8):893-900
references: 20482312
references: Nature. 2002 Jan 10;415(6868):175-9
references: 11805836
references: Thromb Haemost. 1999 Sep;82(3):1145-52
references: 10494779
references: Blood. 1991 Jun 15;77(12):2547-52
references: 2043759
references: Blood. 2012 Oct 11;120(15):e73-82
references: 22869793
references: Clin Nephrol. 2010 Mar;73(3):229-37
references: 20178723
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;272:145-51
references: 15226542
references: Transfus Clin Biol. 2012 Jun;19(3):98-103
references: 22703674
references: Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jul;94(1):211-5
references: 16113806
references: Blood. 2011 Jan 13;117(2):651-60
references: 21037087
references: Thromb Res. 2013 May;131(5):377-82
references: 23402970
references: Transfusion. 2013 Jul;53(7):1531-43
references: 23305609
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Aug;32(8):1777-83
references: 22652600
references: Circulation. 2009 Jun 30;119(25):3215-22
references: 19528337
references: Pediatr Res. 1970 May;4(3):229-37
references: 5423160
references: Thromb Haemost. 2013 Mar;109(3):532-9
references: 23306356
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Dec;9(12):2466-76
references: 21981726
references: Blood. 1992 Aug 15;80(4):953-9
references: 1498335
references: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010 Jul;37(7):726-35
references: 20337657
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:213-28
references: 15308804
references: Transfusion. 2012 Mar;52(3):658-67
references: 21950582
references: Atherosclerosis. 1995 Jan 6;112(1):115-22
references: 7772062
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2009 Jul;7(7):1163-71
references: 19426283
references: Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009 Mar;35(2):204-12
references: 19408193
references: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1960;12 Suppl:1-117
references: 13713095
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 25;280(47):39474-84
references: 16195235
references: Platelets. 2008 Nov;19(7):479-88
references: 18979359
references: J Proteomics. 2012 Dec 5;76 Spec No.:275-86
references: 22579745
references: Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1999 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):271-8
references: 10744422
references: J Clin Invest. 1994 Feb;93(2):615-32
references: 8113399
references: Eur J Cell Biol. 1993 Aug;61(2):314-20
references: 8223720
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2004;273:229-50
references: 15308805
references: Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Oct;40(1):223-9
references: 9876335
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Aug;32(8):1979-90
references: 22539594
references: Blood. 2011 Aug 18;118(7):1952-61
references: 21673343
references: J Proteomics. 2011 May 16;74(6):902-13
references: 21406263
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Apr;10(4):647-61
references: 22268819
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 2005 Feb;123(2):172-83
references: 15842039
references: J Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;110(4):1067-75
references: 2324192
references: Internist (Berl). 2010 Sep;51(9):1086, 1088-92, 1094
references: 20700569
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):2712-6
references: 6265903
references: J Lab Clin Med. 1983 Jan;101(1):44-52
references: 6336776
references: J Leukoc Biol. 2012 Dec;92(6):1167-75
references: 22923486
references: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006 Oct 15;47(5 Suppl):697-700
references: 16933272
references: Br J Haematol. 2002 Mar;116(3):604-11
references: 11849219
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Jul;28(7):727-32
references: 20562863
references: Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011 Jun;56(6):975-83
references: 21294245
references: JAMA. 2010 Feb 24;303(8):754-62
references: 20179285
references: Transfusion. 2003 Jul;43(7):857-66
references: 12823744
references: Vox Sang. 2004 Jan;86(1):48-53
references: 14984560
references: Stroke. 2005 Mar;36(3):e17-9
references: 15692116
references: Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(12):9009-30
references: 22272117
references: Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1405-12
references: 16219796
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2009 Apr;7(4):676-84
references: 19143930