title: Toxin-antitoxin Systems: Classification, Biological Function and Application in Biotechnology.
abstract: The toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are systems in which an unstable antitoxin inhibits a stable toxin. This review aims to introduce the TA system and its biological application in bacteria. For this purpose, first we introduce a new classification for the TA systems based on how the antitoxin can neutralize the toxin, we then describe the functions of TA systems and finally review the application of these systems in biotechnology.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors: Sobhan
authors: S
authors: Ghafourian
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Raftari
authors: Nourkhoda
authors: N
authors: Sadeghifard
authors: Zamberi
authors: Z
authors: Sekawi
mesh_terms: D000992:Antitoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057790:Staphylococcus saprophyticus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000992:Antitoxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D001427:Bacterial Toxins