title: Myopia induced by flickering light in guinea pigs: a detailed assessment on susceptibility of different frequencies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of inducing myopia in guinea pigs by flickering light (FL) stimulation with different frequencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to six groups: five FL groups and a control group (n=12 for each). Animals in the five FL groups were raised under 500lx illumination with a duty diurnal cycle of 50% at a flash rate of 5, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1Hz respectively. Those in the control group were reared under steady 250lx illumination. Refraction, axial length, and radius of curvature were measured before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after treatment. At week 12, the eyeballs were taken out and three ocular dimensions and dry weight of sclera were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A myopic shift and axial eye length increase developed in the five FL groups. Stimulation at 0.5Hz caused greater changes in myopic shift, axial elongation, eyeball dimension, and dry weight of sclera than stimulation at other frequencies. Compared with controls, eyes in 0.5Hz group were approximately -5.5±1.5D more myopic with increase in horizontal, vertical, axial dimensions by 0.89±0.3mm, 0.69±0.2mm, 1.12±0.2mm respectively and with increase in dry weight of sclera by 0.44mg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic exposure to periodic illumination at temporal frequency is attended by development of excessive ocular enlargement and myopic refractive error. Emmetropization could be disrupted differently by frequency alteration.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Di
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Liu
authors: Ren-Yuan
authors: RY
authors: Chu
authors: Xing-Tao
authors: XT
authors: Zhou
authors: Xiao-Dong
authors: XD
authors: Zhou
keywords: animal model; eye development; flickering illumination; guinea pig; myopia; stimulus
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