title: [Myelodysplastic syndromes].
abstract: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells. The transformation rate to acute myeloid leukemia reaches 30-40 %. In early phases of the disease, the clonal cells have a growth advantage but suffer from premature apoptosis, which explains the paradox of a cellular bone marrow coupled to peripheral blood cytopenias. At later stages, additional genetic aberrations accumulate and lead to proliferation with leukemic transformation. Patients with early MDS benefit from supportive therapy or growth factors. Sometimes, immunological or immunomodulatory treatments can suppress the malignant clone and strengthen normal hematopoiesis for sustained periods. Patients with advanced MDS are usually treated with cytotoxic therapy followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation or with epigenetic therapy to initiate differentiation and slow down proliferation.
authors: Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marienhospital Düsseldorf, Rochusstr. 2, 40479, Düsseldorf, Deutschland. onkologie@marien-hospital.de
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Giagounidis
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
references: Br J Haematol. 2000 Sep;110(4):884-6
references: 11054075
references: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Jan 20;29(3):303-9
references: 21149672
references: Curr Mol Med. 2011 Nov;11(8):678-85
references: 21902648
references: Nature. 1974 Oct 4;251(5474):437-8
references: 4421285
references: Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):86-93
references: 17893227
references: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7594-603
references: 16186598
references: Br J Haematol. 2013 Mar;160(5):660-72
references: 23297687
references: Lancet Oncol. 2009 Mar;10(3):223-32
references: 19230772
references: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec 10;28(35):5166-73
references: 21041705
references: Blood. 2001 Oct 15;98(8):2326-31
references: 11588026
references: Blood. 2005 Aug 1;106(3):803-11
references: 15840690
references: Haematologica. 1998 Jan;83(1):71-86
references: 9542325
references: Leuk Res. 2010 Sep;34(9):1143-50
references: 20451251
references: Leuk Res. 1997 Feb;21(2):133-8
references: 9112430
references: Blood. 2004 Mar 15;103(6):2019-26
references: 14592816
references: Ann Hematol. 2005 Jan;84(1):1-12
references: 15480663
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 May 19;352(20):2134-5; author reply 2134-5
references: 15906434
references: Blood. 2012 Sep 20;120(12):2454-65
references: 22740453
references: Eur J Haematol. 2012 Mar;88(3):260-8
references: 22023452
references: Leuk Res. 2012 Jun;36(6):727-34
references: 22421409
references: N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 5;355(14):1456-65
references: 17021321
references: J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20;29(15):1963-70
references: 21519021
references: Br J Haematol. 1982 Jun;51(2):189-99
references: 6952920
references: Clin Transl Oncol. 2010 Oct;12(10):652-61
references: 20947479
references: J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20;29(15):1987-96
references: 21483003
references: Br J Haematol. 2003 Mar;120(6):1037-46
references: 12648074
references: Blood. 2009 Jul 30;114(5):937-51
references: 19357394