title: Comparison of cell-loading methods in hydrogel systems.
abstract: Bone regenerative medicine, based on the combined use of cells and scaffolds, represents a promising strategy in bone regeneration. Hydrogels have attracted huge interests for application as a scaffold for minimally invasive surgery. Collagen and oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate) (OPF) hydrogels are the representatives of two main categories of hydrogels, that is, natural- and synthetic-based hydrogels. With these the optimal cell-loading (i.e., cell distribution inside the hydrogels) method was assessed. The cell behavior of both bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM- and AT-MSCs) in three loading methods, which are dispersed (i.e., homogeneous cell encapsulation, D), sandwich (i.e., cells located in between two hydrogel layers, S), and spheroid (i.e., cell pellets encapsulation, Sp) loading in two hydrogel systems (i.e., collagen and OPF), was compared. The results suggested that the cell behavior was influenced by the hydrogel type, meaning cells cultured in collagen hydrogels had higher proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity than in OPF hydrogels. In addition, AT-MSCs exhibited higher proliferation and osteogenic properties compared to BM-MSCs. However, no difference was observed for mineralization among the three loading methods, which did not approve the hypothesis that S and Sp loading would increase osteogenic capacity compared to D loading. In conclusion, D and Sp loading represents two promising cell loading methods for injectable bone substitute materials that allow application of minimally invasive surgery for cell-based regenerative treatment.
authors: Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
authors: Jinling
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Yang
authors: Sanne K
authors: SK
authors: Both
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Kersten-Niessen
authors: Matilde
authors: M
authors: Bongio
authors: Juli
authors: J
authors: Pan
authors: Fu-Zhai
authors: FZ
authors: Cui
authors: F Kurtis
authors: FK
authors: Kasper
authors: Antonios G
authors: AG
authors: Mikos
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Jansen
authors: Jeroen J J P
authors: JJ
authors: van den Beucken
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C469550:oligo(poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate); D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: bone regenerative medicine; cell-loading; hydrogels; mesenchymal stem cells; spheroids