title: Genetic toxicity of dillapiol and spinosad larvicides in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher rates of diseases transmitted from insects to humans led to the increased use of organophosphate insecticides, proven to be harmful to human health and the environment. New, more effective chemical formulations with minimum genetic toxicity effects have become the object of intense research. These formulations include larvicides derived from plant extracts such as dillapiol, a phenylpropanoid extracted from Piper aduncum, and from microorganisms such as spinosad, formed by spinosyns A and D derived from the Saccharopolyspora spinosa fermentation process. This study investigated the genotoxicity of dillapiol and spinosad, characterising and quantifying mutation events and chromosomal and/or mitotic recombination using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wings of Drosophila melanogaster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Standard cross larvae (72 days old) were treated with different dillapiol and spinosad concentrations. Both compounds presented positive genetic toxicity, mainly as mitotic recombination events. Distilled water and doxorubicin were used as negative and positive controls respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinosad was 14 times more genotoxic than dillapiol, and the effect was found to be purely recombinogenic. However, more studies on the potential risks of insecticides such as spinosad and dillapiol are necessary, based on other experimental models and methodologies, to ensure safe use.
authors: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Humana e Meio Ambiente (PPGSHMA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bairro Bela Vista, CEP 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil.
authors: Eliezer H Pires
authors: EH
authors: Aciole
authors: Nilza N
authors: NN
authors: Guimarães
authors: Andre S
authors: AS
authors: Silva
authors: Erima M
authors: EM
authors: Amorim
authors: Sergio M
authors: SM
authors: Nunomura
authors: Ana Cristina L
authors: AC
authors: Garcia
authors: Kênya S
authors: KS
authors: Cunha
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Rohde
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D004149:Dioxoles; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D009153:Mutagens; C498255:5-allyl 6,7-dimethoxy 1,3-benzodioxole; C415329:spinosad
keywords: SMART; essential oil; genetic toxicity; mitotic recombination