title: An analysis of the epidemiological and etiological factors of oral tumors of young adults in a Central-Eastern European population.
abstract: The etiology of tumors in young age is not precisely known yet, but studies on the topic generally agree that in this group of patients the traditionally known behavioural risk factors (tobacco and alcohol abuse) play no or a significantly less important role. Oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring at a young age is a topic of utmost importance that is extensively and intensively researched as, while the overall incidence of oral cancer is decreasing worldwide, that of squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in young adults is steadily increasing. The present article aims at presenting the main questions and characteristics of tumors in young adults in Central-Eastern Europe and in developed West European countries as contrasted to tumors found in middle aged and elderly patients. Factors influencing the development of oral cancer include regulatory factors of the cell cycle, the inherited vulnerability of the genetic code of certain proteins and the presence of HPV infection with an oncogenic genotype. The connections of HPV infection and genetic damages are studied intensively. It is known that the prevalence of oral HPV infections is growing with a background of potentially changing sexual habits. It is debated, however, whether smoking and alcohol consumption could have a connection to HPV associated oral cancer and whether the spread of HPV in itself could be an explanation for the growing occurrence of young-age tumors. There is no consensus in the literature as to the prognostic significance of age. Some research groups have found a better life expectancy for young patients, while other authors found a worse prognosis for these patients. It is known that the prognosis of head and neck tumors, the prevalence of HPV infections as well as genetic mutations show regional and ethnic variations. This might be explained by differences in the degree of development of a preventive system, in the quality of care and in the attitudes of young patients towards visiting a doctor. The study is made difficult by incomparable patient selection criteria as well as by the question of the intraoral localisation of tumors as an independent risk factor.
authors: Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Mária Str. 52, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Túri
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Barabás
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Csurgay
authors: G Y
authors: GY
authors: Léhner
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Lőrincz
authors: Z S
authors: ZS
authors: Németh
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
references: Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct;21 Suppl 7:vii243-5
references: 20943622
references: Int J Cancer. 2002 Sep 1;101(1):95-9
references: 12209594
references: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005 Jan;24(1):107-27
references: 15785876
references: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Sep;39(9):909-15
references: 20579853
references: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012 Jan;138(1):103-9
references: 22033727
references: Virol J. 2009 Jun 21;6:83
references: 19545396
references: Int J Cancer. 2012 Aug 1;131(3):E251-8
references: 22052649
references: Ann Oncol. 2011 Jan;22(1):165-174
references: 20587510
references: Otolaryngol Pol. 2007;61(1):11-6
references: 17605411
references: Pathol Oncol Res. 2007;13(4):341-4
references: 18158570
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Feb;14(2):467-75
references: 15734974
references: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2005 Jan;24(1):19-34
references: 15785870
references: Oncologist. 2009 Sep;14(9):900-8
references: 19726454
references: J Oncol. 2012;2012:649498
references: 22577381
references: Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4B):3197-201
references: 16886657
references: Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1157-60
references: 21798893
references: Eur J Cancer. 2007 Feb;43(3):520-6
references: 17224267
references: Acta Otolaryngol. 2009 Dec;129(12):1503-8
references: 19922105
references: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Dec;264(12):1459-65
references: 17653748
references: Hum Pathol. 2008 Mar;39(3):452-8
references: 18261630
references: Neoplasma. 2012;59(5):508-15
references: 22668015
references: Oral Oncol. 2011 Jan;47(1):45-50
references: 21167767
references: Oncogene. 1999 Nov 25;18(50):7034-45
references: 10597304
references: N Engl J Med. 2007 May 10;356(19):1944-56
references: 17494927
references: Oral Oncol. 2001 Jul;37(5):401-18
references: 11377229
references: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Feb;124(2):164-9
references: 11226950
references: Head Neck Pathol. 2009 Sep;3(3):249-51
references: 20596980
references: Oral Oncol. 2004 Mar;40(3):304-13
references: 14747062
references: Virol J. 2008 Sep 25;5:106
references: 18817577
references: Am J Surg. 1975 Oct;130(4):475-8
references: 1166939
references: Oral Oncol. 2007 Oct;43(9):894-7
references: 17307026
references: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Jul 01;16(4):e473-7
references: 20711159
references: Int J Biol Markers. 2007 Oct-Dec;22(4):252-7
references: 18161655
references: Head Neck Pathol. 2008 Jun;2(2):60-6
references: 20614324
references: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Jul;130(7):869-73
references: 15262765
references: Acta Virol. 2003;47(1):11-6
references: 12828338
references: Head Neck. 2012 Jan;34(1):10-4
references: 21438064
references: J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2009 Jan-Mar;27(1):2-5
references: 19414966
references: Head Neck. 1994 Mar-Apr;16(2):107-11
references: 8021128
references: Ann Oncol. 2011 May;22(5):1078-1087
references: 21048039
references: J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Oct;33(9):525-32
references: 15357672
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Apr 15;173(8):847-57
references: 21436184
references: JAMA. 2012 Feb 15;307(7):693-703
references: 22282321
references: Cancer Sci. 2008 Aug;99(8):1589-94
references: 18754871
references: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991 Nov;49(11):1152-8
references: 1941328
references: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jul;265 Suppl 1:S75-82
references: 18094985
references: Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1996 May;32B(3):150-3
references: 8762870
references: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 Mar;128(3):268-74
references: 11886342
references: J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 Aug;142(8):915-24
references: 21804058
references: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011 Apr;123(7-8):215-21
references: 21448626
references: J Clin Oncol. 1998 Feb;16(2):745-53
references: 9469366
references: Neoplasma. 1996;43(3):185-94
references: 8841506
references: J Cancer Res Ther. 2011 Apr-Jun;7(2):120-7
references: 21768696
references: J Clin Invest. 2012 Jun;122(6):1951-7
references: 22833868
references: Oral Oncol. 2006 Sep;42(8):831-6
references: 16527511
references: Br J Cancer. 2010 Nov 9;103(10):1510-7
references: 20959828
references: Laryngoscope. 2003 Dec;113(12):2206-17
references: 14660929
references: Int J Oncol. 2007 Jan;30(1):155-60
references: 17143524
references: Pathol Oncol Res. 1997 Sep;3(3):204-10
references: 18470731
references: Laryngoscope. 1998 Jul;108(7):1098-103
references: 9665264
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Feb 1;10(3):237-42
references: 11159942
references: Head Neck. 2011 Nov;33(11):1622-7
references: 21990227
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Feb;18(2):541-50
references: 19190158
references: Oral Oncol. 2011 Jun;47(6):487-96
references: 21498106