title: Oligofructose supplementation (10%) during pregnancy and lactation does not change the inflammatory effect of concurrent trans fatty acid ingestion on 21-day-old offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we demonstrated that trans fatty acid ingestion during pregnancy and lactation caused a pro-inflammatory effect on the newborn. The opposite effect was described for gestational prebiotic intake. In the present study, we examined whether supplementation of the diet of the dams with 10% of oligofructose with or without hydrogenated vegetable fat during pregnancy and lactation affected the pro-inflammatory status on the pups at age 21 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the first day of pregnancy, rats were divided into four groups, each of which received one of four diets: a control diet (C group), a control diet supplemented with 10% oligofructose (CF group), a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat containing trans fatty acids (T group) or a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat containing trans fatty acids supplemented with 10% oligofructose (TF group). The pups were weighed at birth and at 7, 14 and 21 days of life and were euthanized on post-natal day 21. The serum glucose, insulin and adiponectin concentrations were analyzed. The IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α contents of the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, liver, soleus and extensor digital longus muscles were analyzed by ELISA. The results are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test and considered significant at p < 0.05
  
  
  RESULTS
  The body weights of the 21-day old pups in the CF and TF groups were significant lower than those of the C (27% and 21%) and T (25% and 19%, respectively) groups. The serum levels of adiponectin in the CF, T and TF groups were lower than in the C group (41%; 34% and 31%, respectively). In the retroperitoneal adipose tissue, the IL-6 content was increased in TF group relative to the C and CF groups (74% for both), and the TNF-α content was higher in the T and TF groups than in the C group (62% and 98%, respectively). In the liver, the TNF-α (56% and 104%) and IL-10 (52% and 73%) contents were increased in the CF group relative to the C and TF groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation of the diet of the dams with 10% of oligofructose during pregnancy and lactation, independent of supplementation with hydrogenated vegetable fat, adversely affected the development of the offspring and contributed to development of a pro-inflammatory status in the pups on postnatal day 21.
authors: Departamento Fisiologia, Disciplina de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 2º Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Ana Claudia Losinskas
authors: AC
authors: Hachul
authors: Laís Vales
authors: LV
authors: Mennitti
authors: Juliana Lopes
authors: JL
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Mayara Franzoi
authors: MF
authors: Moreno
authors: Marcos Hiromu
authors: MH
authors: Okuda
authors: Bruno
authors: B
authors: Dos Santos
authors: Lila Missae
authors: LM
authors: Oyama
authors: Eliane Beraldi
authors: EB
authors: Ribeiro
authors: Claudia Maria Oller
authors: CM
authors: do Nascimento
authors: Luciana Pellegrini
authors: LP
authors: Pisani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; C120489:oligofructose
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