title: Ultrasound-guided vs. fluoroscopy-guided caudal epidural steroid injection for the treatment of unilateral lower lumbar radicular pain: a prospective, randomized, single-blind clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effects and advantages of ultrasound-guided caudal epidural steroid injections with fluoroscopy-guided epidural steroid injections for unilateral radicular pain in the lower lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 patients with unilateral radicular pain were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the fluoroscopy or the ultrasound group. Complication frequencies during the procedures, treatment effects, functional improvement, and adverse events were compared after the procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The verbal numerical rating scale and the Oswestry Disability Index improved 2 and 12 wks after the injections in both groups. Statistical differences were not observed in the verbal numerical rating scale, the Oswestry Disability Index, or the effectiveness of the procedure between the groups. Two cases of intravascular injections were observed in the fluoroscopy group, without the prevalence of complication between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound approach with color Doppler mode may avoid intravascular injection-induced complications. The results showed similar improvements in short-term pain relief, function, and patient satisfaction with both ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yongbum
authors: Y
authors: Park
authors: Ji-Hae
authors: JH
authors: Lee
authors: Ki Deok
authors: KD
authors: Park
authors: Jae Ki
authors: JK
authors: Ahn
authors: Jaehyun
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Haemi
authors: H
authors: Jee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids