title: Time-frequency mapping of the rhythmic limb movements distinguishes convulsive epileptic from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A definite diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) usually requires in-patient video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Previous research has shown that convulsive psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) demonstrate a characteristic pattern of rhythmic movement artifact on the EEG. Herein we sought to examine the potential for time-frequency mapping of data from a movement-recording device (accelerometer) worn on the wrist as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between convulsive epileptic seizures and PNES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-frequency mapping was performed on accelerometer traces obtained during 56 convulsive seizure-like events from 35 patients recorded during in-patient video-EEG monitoring. Twenty-six patients had PNES, eight had epileptic seizures, and one had both seizure types. The time-frequency maps were derived from fast Fourier transformations to determine the dominant frequency for sequential 2.56-s blocks for the course of each event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coefficient of variation (CoV) of limb movement frequency for the PNES events was less than for the epileptic seizure events (median, 17.18% vs. 52.23%; p < 0.001). A blinded review of the time-frequency maps by an epileptologist was accurate in differentiating between the event types, that is, 38 (92.7%) of 41 and 6 (75%) of 8 nonepileptic and epileptic seizures, respectively, were diagnosed correctly, with seven events classified as "nondiagnostic." Using a CoV cutoff score of 32% resulted in similar classification accuracy, with 42 (93%) of 45 PNES and 10 (91%) of 11 epileptic seizure events correctly diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time-frequency analysis of data from a wristband movement monitor could be utilized as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between epileptic and nonepileptic convulsive seizure-like events.
authors: Department of Neurology, The Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Jade
authors: J
authors: Bayly
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Carino
authors: Slavé
authors: S
authors: Petrovski
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Smit
authors: Dilini A
authors: DA
authors: Fernando
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Vinton
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: Yan
authors: Jayavardhana R
authors: JR
authors: Gubbi
authors: Marimuthu S
authors: MS
authors: Palaniswami
authors: Terence J
authors: TJ
authors: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005121:Extremities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007702:Kinetocardiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epileptic seizures; Limb movements; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures; Time-frequency mapping