title: Behavioural profiles in captive-bred cynomolgus macaques: towards monkey models of mental disorders?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, experimental and preclinical studies on neuropsychiatric conditions have almost exclusively been performed in experimentally-induced animal models and have only rarely relied upon an ethological approach where animals have been observed in more naturalistic settings. The laboratory species of choice has been the rodent while the potential of more closely-related non-human primates have remained largely underexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study, therefore, aimed at investigating the possible existence of spontaneous atypical/abnormal behaviours displayed by 40 cynomolgus macaques in captive conditions using an unbiased ethological scan-sampling analysis followed by multifactorial correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study identified five distinct profiles (groups A to E) that significantly differed on several behaviours, body postures, body orientations, gaze directions and locations in the cage environment. We suggest that animals from the low n groups (D and E) present depressive-like and anxious-like symptoms, reminiscent of depressive and generalized anxiety disorders. Inter-individual differences were highlighted through unbiased ethological observations of spontaneous behaviours and associated parameters, although these were not associated with differences in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid levels of either stress-related hormones or monoamines, i.e. in accordance with the human situation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No interventional behavioural testing was required to discriminate between 3 typical and 2 atypical ethologically-defined behavioural profiles, reminiscent of certain depressive-like and anxiety-like symptoms. The use of unbiased behavioural observations might, thus, allow the identification of animal models of human mental/behavioural disorders and their most appropriate control groups.
authors: Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
authors: Sandrine M J
authors: SM
authors: Camus
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Blois-Heulin
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Hausberger
authors: Erwan
authors: E
authors: Bezard
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001947:Breeding; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
references: Am J Primatol. 2010 Aug;72(8):653-71
references: 20568079
references: Depress Anxiety. 2011 Nov;28(11):946-54
references: 21898710
references: Am J Primatol. 2005 Oct;67(2):177-98
references: 16229004
references: J Comp Psychol. 2001 Mar;115(1):22-8
references: 11334215
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2008 May;19(3):183-96
references: 18469536
references: Behav Processes. 2004 Sep 30;67(2):235-44
references: 15497257
references: Mol Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;4(2):163-72
references: 10208448
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Feb 15;53(4):284-91
references: 12586447
references: Dev Psychobiol. 1991 Dec;24(8):571-81
references: 1773915
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 Sep;23(3):223-39
references: 10942847
references: Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011 Aug;20(8):1107-30
references: 21682663
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 1975 Oct;84(5):576-8
references: 811700
references: Psychosom Med. 1978 Feb;40(1):60-70
references: 414289
references: Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2011 Jun 1;132(1-2):81-89
references: 21537494
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Jun;22(3):586-98
references: 16531050
references: Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 1998 May;37(3):47-50
references: 12456160
references: Behaviour. 1967;28(1):182-209
references: 4959568
references: Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1718-21
references: 2564702
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39280
references: 22761752
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Jan;36(1):47-63
references: 21527287
references: J Fam Psychol. 2005 Mar;19(1):121-32
references: 15796658
references: Biol Psychol. 2005 Apr;69(1):67-84
references: 15740826
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Feb 20;93(4):1619-23
references: 8643680
references: Behav Biol. 1974 Nov;12(3):273-96
references: 4475586
references: J Affect Disord. 2003 Jul;75(2):97-113
references: 12798250
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1008:189-200
references: 14998885
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Jun;6(6):463-75
references: 15891777
references: Q Rev Biol. 1952 Mar;27(1):1-32
references: 14930222
references: Exp Neurol. 2012 Jan;233(1):87-94
references: 21983263
references: Br Med Bull. 1997 Jan;53(1):170-84
references: 9158292
references: Depress Anxiety. 1997;6(3):89-94
references: 9442982
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Sep 15;52(6):503-28
references: 12361666
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Apr 15;41(8):871-82
references: 9099414
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;64(3):327-37
references: 17339521
references: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 04;8(7):e67711
references: 23861787
references: Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(1):45-62
references: 19432387
references: Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):770-1
references: 20150459
references: Child Dev. 1984 Feb;55(1):305-14
references: 6705632
references: Am J Primatol. 2003 May;60(1):1-15
references: 12766938
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Jul;54(1):90-7
references: 4955132
references: Mov Disord. 2011 May;26(6):993-1002
references: 21626544
references: Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan 30;185(1-2):121-8
references: 20537715
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jan;34(1):90-105
references: 18800061
references: Physiol Behav. 1996 Apr-May;59(4-5):741-8
references: 8778861
references: Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Sep 1;40(5):338-52
references: 8874834
references: J Comp Psychol. 1995 Dec;109(4):368-383
references: 7497695
references: Stress. 2002 Sep;5(3):185-93
references: 12186681
references: Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):75-9
references: 23042886
references: J Neurosci. 2001 Sep 1;21(17):6853-61
references: 11517273
references: Behav Genet. 2002 Sep;32(5):349-61
references: 12405516
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Mar;214(1):141-54
references: 21165737
references: Stress. 2002 Feb;5(1):47-54
references: 12171766
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Sep;39(3):352-61
references: 20452425
references: Anxiety. 1996;2(4):186-91
references: 9160621
references: Brain Res Rev. 2006 Aug 30;52(1):131-59
references: 16529820
references: Cognition. 1990 Nov;37(1-2):167-96
references: 2269006
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1658-64
references: 16135625
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(8):1246-59
references: 17141312
references: Nat Neurosci. 2010 Oct;13(10):1161-9
references: 20877280
references: Behaviour. 1974;49(3):227-67
references: 4597405
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 May;55(5):473-7
references: 9596051