title: Associations between nocturnal blood pressure dipping and the metabolic syndrome in high- vs. low-acculturated Mexican American women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Less nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping has been associated with greater odds for the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little work has examined this association in Hispanics, who have elevated rates of MetS, or investigated differences in this relationship by level of acculturation. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between BP dipping and MetS in Hispanic women and to determine if this association is moderated by acculturation status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred eighty-six Mexican American women underwent assessment of MetS components (BP, waist circumference, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) and completed a 36-hour ambulatory BP monitoring protocol, during which systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP readings were obtained. Nocturnal BP dipping was calculated as the percentage difference between average daytime and nighttime BP. Acculturation was defined by the language (Spanish, English) in which participants preferred to complete study instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although no significant main effects for BP dipping or acculturation emerged for MetS, the SBP dipping by acculturation interaction was significantly related to MetS (P < 0.01). Simple slope analyses revealed that less SBP dipping related to greater odds of MetS in high-acculturated women, but SBP dipping and MetS were unrelated in low-acculturated women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strength of the association between BP dipping and CVD risk (as measured by MetS) appears to vary by acculturation in Hispanic women. Future studies should explore mechanisms behind the BP dipping and CVD risk association and relevant modifying factors.
authors: San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA. smriti.shivpuri@gmail.com
authors: Smriti
authors: S
authors: Shivpuri
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Allison
authors: Caroline A
authors: CA
authors: Macera
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: Lindsay
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Gallo
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D017058:Mexican Americans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Hispanic; acculturation; blood pressure; blood pressure dipping; hypertension; metabolic syndrome.
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