title: Epigenetic regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell function in atherosclerosis.
abstract: Epigenetics involve heritable and acquired changes in gene transcription that occur independently of the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms constitute a hierarchic upper-level of transcriptional control through complex modifications of chromosomal components and nuclear structures. These modifications include, for example, DNA methylation or post-translational modifications of core histones; they are mediated by various chromatin-modifying enzymes; and ultimately they define the accessibility of a transcriptional complex to its target DNA. Integrating epigenetic mechanisms into the pathophysiologic concept of complex and multifactorial diseases such as atherosclerosis may significantly enhance our understanding of related mechanisms and provide promising therapeutic approaches. Although still in its infancy, intriguing scientific progress has begun to elucidate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in vascular biology, particularly in the control of smooth muscle cell phenotypes. In this review, we will summarize epigenetic pathways in smooth muscle cells, focusing on mechanisms involved in the regulation of vascular remodeling.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. hfindeisen@ukaachen.de
authors: Hannes M
authors: HM
authors: Findeisen
authors: Florian K
authors: FK
authors: Kahles
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Bruemmer
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000235:genetics*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D006657:Histones
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Jun;29(6):921-8
references: 19342595
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Dec;41(12):1350-3
references: 19881528
references: Circ Res. 2002 May 3;90(8):858-65
references: 11988486
references: Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):707-19
references: 17320508
references: Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Sep 23;11(10):726-34
references: 21941284
references: Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):693-705
references: 17320507
references: Annu Rev Physiol. 2012;74:13-40
references: 22017177
references: Circ Res. 2011 May 13;108(10):1180-9
references: 21474819
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 May 1;302(9):H1894-904
references: 22389387
references: Vasc Med. 2002 Feb;7(1):5-11
references: 12083735
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Aug;6(8):597-610
references: 16136652
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Mar;29(3):387-93
references: 19095999
references: Cell. 2012 Jul 6;150(1):12-27
references: 22770212
references: J Clin Invest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2493-503
references: 7989608
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22;353(25):2643-53
references: 16371630
references: Circ Res. 2011 Sep 2;109(6):697-711
references: 21885837
references: J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 17;286(24):21853-64
references: 21531708
references: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):H688-98
references: 20023119
references: Circ Res. 2000 Oct 27;87(9):746-52
references: 11055977
references: Nature. 2001 Mar 1;410(6824):116-20
references: 11242053
references: Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1074-80
references: 11498575
references: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2006 Aug;13(4):183-91
references: 16908950
references: Cell. 1993 Jul 30;74(2):281-9
references: 8343956
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Apr;31(4):851-60
references: 21233448
references: PLoS One. 2010 Dec 13;5(12):e14301
references: 21179216
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Mar;19(3):563-73
references: 15677708
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Nov;295(5):C1175-82
references: 18768922
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Feb 1;89(2):446-56
references: 20829218
references: FASEB J. 2011 May;25(5):1718-28
references: 21266537
references: Biochem J. 2007 Oct 1;407(1):79-87
references: 17600529
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Sep;32(9):2045-51
references: 22895665
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Jul 15;95(2):194-204
references: 22467316
references: Diabetes. 2010 Nov;59(11):2904-15
references: 20699419
references: Circ Res. 2001 Jun 8;88(11):1127-34
references: 11397778
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 May;28(5):812-9
references: 18276911
references: Eur Heart J. 2009 Feb;30(3):266-77
references: 19147603
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2000 Apr;46(1):172-9
references: 10727665
references: Circulation. 2001 Jun 19;103(24):2980-6
references: 11413090
references: Genes Dev. 1993 Apr;7(4):592-604
references: 8458576
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Jun 1;90(3):421-9
references: 21266525
references: J Clin Invest. 2006 Jan;116(1):36-48
references: 16395403
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):C886-95
references: 16987998
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 1;105(26):9047-52
references: 18579779
references: Circ Res. 2012 Aug 31;111(6):685-96
references: 22811558
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Nov;27(11):2355-62
references: 17823368
references: Circ Res. 2000 Feb 4;86(2):221-32
references: 10666419
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Nov;31(11):2676-84
references: 21836063
references: Biomol Concepts. 2011 Jun;2(3):135-147
references: 21779312
references: Vascul Pharmacol. 2011 Nov-Dec;55(5-6):127-34
references: 21763782
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jul;31(13):2618-31
references: 21518954
references: Science. 2009 May 15;324(5929):930-5
references: 19372391
references: J Cell Biochem. 2012 Aug;113(8):2597-606
references: 22415975
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Dec 1;22(12):2030-6
references: 12482830
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jan;25(1):364-76
references: 15601857
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Jul 15;95(2):147-55
references: 22362814
references: J Vasc Res. 2010;47(2):168-80
references: 19851078
references: Basic Res Cardiol. 2012 Mar;107(2):245
references: 22234702
references: FASEB J. 2012 Jan;26(1):181-91
references: 21965603
references: Cardiovasc Res. 1999 Feb;41(2):361-8
references: 10341835
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Nov;25(11):2404-9
references: 16141407
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Sep;25(9):1996-2005
references: 20499380
references: Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):317-25
references: 21593864
references: J Biol Chem. 2012 Sep 7;287(37):30897-905
references: 22952240
references: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2012 Mar;52(3):587-95
references: 22226905
references: J Vasc Res. 2008;45(2):143-52
references: 17957103
references: Cell. 2011 Sep 16;146(6):1016-28
references: 21925322
references: Biomed Pharmacother. 2010 Dec;64(10):733-40
references: 20970954
references: Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Jun 1;90(3):413-20
references: 21233251
references: Circ Res. 2002 Feb 22;90(3):251-62
references: 11861412
references: J Biomech. 2009 May 11;42(7):945-8
references: 19261284
references: Oncogene. 2007 Aug 13;26(37):5541-52
references: 17694093
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Jun;9(6):465-76
references: 18463664
references: J Intern Med. 2006 Sep;260(3):192-210
references: 16918817
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Sep;19(9):2171-8
references: 10479660
references: J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 3;274(49):34940-7
references: 10574969
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Sep;31(9):2054-62
references: 21719763
references: Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1300-3
references: 21778364
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Jul;26(7):1423-30
references: 16601233
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jul;27(7):1528-34
references: 17495236
references: Nat Med. 2002 Nov;8(11):1249-56
references: 12411952
references: Circ Res. 2007 Dec 7;101(12):e115-23
references: 17991879
references: Genes Dev. 2002 Jan 1;16(1):6-21
references: 11782440
references: Am J Pathol. 2010 Feb;176(2):542-8
references: 20035052