title: A dual-process model of early substance use: tests in two diverse populations of adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested a dual-process model based on behavioral and emotional regulation constructs, which posits that good self-control and poor regulation make independent contributions and have different types of pathways to outcomes. The utility of the model for predicting substance use was tested in two diverse populations of younger adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was administered in classrooms to middle-school students in Westchester County, New York (N = 601) and Honolulu, Hawaii (N = 881). The New York sample was 8% African American, 5% Asian American, 47% Caucasian, 31% Hispanic, and 9% other ethnicity. The Hawaii sample was 21% Asian American, 8% Caucasian, 26% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 34% Filipino, and 10% other ethnicity. Structural equation modeling analyses tested pathways from the four regulation variables through six hypothesized mediators to a criterion construct of substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were replicated across samples and were consistent with prediction. Unique contributions were found for good self-control and poor regulation, including both behavioral and emotional aspects. Good self-control had an inverse effect on substance use primarily through relations to higher levels of protective factors (e.g., academic competence). Poor regulation independently had a risk-promoting effect on substance use through relations to higher levels of risk factors (e.g., negative life events).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two field studies showed the dual-process model is robust across different populations. Substance prevention programs should consider approaches for enhancing good self-control as well as procedures for reducing poor regulation and minimizing its impact. Extensions to health behaviors including dietary intake and physical activity are discussed.
authors: Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 200, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. twills@cc.hawaii.edu
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Wills
authors: Erin O'Carroll
authors: EO
authors: Bantum
authors: Pallav
authors: P
authors: Pokhrel
authors: Jay E
authors: JE
authors: Maddock
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Ainette
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Morehouse
authors: Bonnie
authors: B
authors: Fenster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009518:New York; D012649:Self Concept; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*