title: Cued panic attacks in body dysmorphic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common and often severe disorder. Clinical observations suggest that panic attacks triggered by BDD symptoms may be common. However, to our knowledge, no study has examined such panic attacks in BDD. We investigated the prevalence, clinical features, and correlates of BDD- triggered panic attacks in individuals with this disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panic attacks and other variables were assessed using reliable and valid measures in 76 individuals with lifetime DSM-IV BDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  28.9% (95% CI, 18.5%-39.4%) of participants reported lifetime panic attacks triggered by BDD symptoms. The most common triggers of such attacks were feeling that others were looking at or scrutinizing the perceived appearance defects (61.9%), looking in the mirror at perceived defects (38.1%), and being in bright light where perceived defects would be more visible (23.8%). The most common panic attack symptoms were palpitations (86.4%), sweating (66.7%), shortness of breath (63.6%), trembling or shaking (63.6%), and fear of losing control or going crazy (63.6%). Compared to participants without such panic attacks, those with BDD-triggered panic attacks had more severe lifetime BDD, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as poorer functioning and quality of life on a number of measures. They were also less likely to be employed and more likely to have been psychiatrically hospitalized and to have had suicidal ideation due to BDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Panic attacks triggered by BDD-related situations appear com- mon in individuals with this disorder. BDD-triggered panic attacks were associated with greater symptom severity and morbidity.
authors: Rhode Island Hospital, Coro Center West, Suite 2.030, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Katharine_Phillips@brown.edu
authors: Katharine A
authors: KA
authors: Phillips
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Menard
authors: Andri S
authors: AS
authors: Bjornsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D055815:Young Adult
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