title: Lower concentrations of B-vitamin subgroups in the serum and amniotic fluid correlate to cleft lip and palate appearance in the offspring of A/WySn mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenesis and prevention of cleft lip and palate (CL/P) have been studied mainly in clinical and animal experiments. A prophylactic poly-B-vitamin substitution during the first months of pregnancy has provided the most encouraging results for the prevention of CL/P recurrence in families at risk. In vitro studies of the palatal organ in an A/WySn mouse model have confirmed the positive influence of B-vitamins on palatal development. The present animal study was performed to analyze different B-vitamin concentrations in the serum and amniotic fluid of A/WySn mice according to the appearance of CL/P in their offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of different B-vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and folic acid) in serum and amniotic fluid were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatographic detection. Immunohistochemical staining against thiamin-1 receptor was performed on histologic midface sections of A/WySn fetuses with (n = 12) and without (n = 14) CL/P.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin B5 (P < .001) and folic acid (P < .004) concentrations in the amniotic fluid of dams with CL/P were significantly lower than in dams without CL/P. Serum concentrations of folic acid (P = .5) and B5 (P = .4) showed no difference between the 2 groups. Dams with CL/P had significantly lower thiamine concentrations in serum (P = .01) and amniotic fluid (P < .001). Histologic midface sections presented high thiamin-1 receptor expression in the palatal shelf of fetuses with CL/P.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decreased use or uptake of some B-vitamin subgroups (B1, B5, and folic acid) in amniotic fluid and serum (vitamin B1) was correlated to an increased cleft appearance in A/WySn mice. The high thiamin-1 receptor expression in the palatal tissue of mouse fetuses with CL/P may be caused by a decreased availability of vitamin B1.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Facial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. konstanze.weinzierl@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors: Konstanze
authors: K
authors: Scheller
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Röckl
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Scheller
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Schubert
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000097:blood / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000097:blood / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology; D010205:Pantothenic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D013831:Thiamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C492292:Slc19a2 protein, mouse; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D010205:Pantothenic Acid; D009536:Niacinamide; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000225:Adenine; D012256:Riboflavin; D013831:Thiamine