title: Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not survival in Second World War Finnish soldiers.
abstract: We investigated fitness, military rank and survival of facial phenotypes in large-scale warfare using 795 Finnish soldiers who fought in the Winter War (1939-1940). We measured facial width-to-height ratio-a trait known to predict aggressive behaviour in males-and assessed whether facial morphology could predict survival, lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and social status. We found no difference in survival along the phenotypic gradient, however, wider-faced individuals had greater LRS, but achieved a lower military rank.
authors: Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi 16900, Finland. john.loehr@helsinki.fi
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Loehr
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: O'Hara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005387:Finland; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D012930:Social Dominance; D013534:Survival; D047789:World War II; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: facial morphology; lifetime reproductive success; social dominance; survival; war
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