title: Computed tomography assessment of lateral pedicle wall perforation by free-hand subaxial cervical pedicle screw placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the technique of free-hand subaxial cervical pedicle screw (CPS) placement without using intra-operative navigating devices, and to investigate the crucial factors for safe placement and avoidance of lateral pedicle wall perforation, by measuring and classifying perforations with postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. The placement of CPS has generally been considered as technically demanding and associated with considerable lateral wall perforation rate. For surgeons without access to navigation systems, experience of safe free-hand technique for subaxial CPS placement is especially valuable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 214 consecutive traumatic or degenerative patients with 1,024 CPS placement using the free-hand technique were enrolled. In the operative process, the lateral mass surface was decorticated. Then a small curette was used to identify the pedicle entrance by touching the cortical bone of the medial pedicle wall. It was crucial to keep the transverse angle and make appropriate adjustment with guidance of the resistance of the thick medial cortical bone. The hand drill should be redirected once soft tissue breach was palpated by a slim ball-tip prober. With proper trajectory, tapping, repeated palpation, the 26-30 mm screw could be placed. After the procedure, the transverse angle of CPS trajectory was measured, and perforation of the lateral wall was classified by CT scan: grade 1, perforation of pedicle wall by screw placement, with the external edge of screw deviating out of the lateral pedicle wall equal to or less than 2 mm and grade 2, critical perforation of pedicle wall by screw placement, large than 2 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 129 screws (12.64 %) were demonstrated as lateral pedicle wall perforation, of which 101 screws (9.86 %) were classified as grade 1, whereas 28 screws (2.73 %) as grade 2. Among the segments involved, C3 showed an obviously higher perforating rate than other (P < 0.05). The difference between the anatomical pedicle transverse angle and the screw trajectory angle was higher in patients of grade 2 perforation than the others. In the 28 screws of grade 2 perforation verified by axial CT, 26 screws had been palpated as abnormal during operation. However, only 19 out of the 101 screws of grade 1 perforation had shown palpation alarming signs during operation. The average follow-up was 36.8 months (range 5-65 months). There was no symptom and sign of neurovascular injuries. Two screws (0.20 %) were broken, and one screw (0.10 %) loosen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of screw through a correct trajectory may lead to grade 1 perforation, which suggests transversal expansion and breakage of the thinner lateral cortex, probably caused by mismatching of the diameter of 3.5 mm screws and the tiny cancellous bone cavity of pedicle. Grade 1 perforation is deemed as relatively safe to the vertebral artery. Grade 2 perforation means obvious deviation of the trajectory angle of hand drill, which directly penetrates into the transverse foramen, and the risk of vertebral artery injury (VAI) or development of thrombi caused by the irregular blood flow would be much greater compared to grade 1 perforation. Moreover, there are two crucial maneuvers for increasing accuracy of screw placement: identifying the precise entry point using a curette or hand drill to touch the true entrance of the canal after decortication, and guiding CPS trajectory on axial plane by the resistant of thick medial wall.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 347 of Dianmian Street, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650101, People's Republic of China.
authors: Yingsong
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Jingming
authors: J
authors: Xie
authors: Zhendong
authors: Z
authors: Yang
authors: Zhi
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Luping
authors: L
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome