title: Comparison of cost-effectiveness of vitamin D screening with that of universal supplementation in preventing falls in community-dwelling older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost-effectiveness of population screening for vitamin D insufficiency with that of universal vitamin D supplementation in community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov decision model simulating follow-up over a 36-month period. Published data were used to estimate values for the model, including costs (measured in 2011 U.S. dollars), utilities (measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)), and probabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis simulation from a societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypothetical cohort of community-dwelling women and men aged 65 to 80.
  
  
  METHODS
  Net monetary benefit (NMB) was calculated by subtracting the incremental cost of the strategy from the product of incremental QALYs and willingness-to-pay threshold. A higher NMB indicates greater cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women aged 65 to 80, population screening was slightly more cost-effective than universal supplementation, with an incremental NMB of $224 compared with $189 (P < .001). Population screening in men was also more cost-effective than universal supplementation (incremental NMB $298 vs $260, P < .001). Results differed according to age group. In those aged 65, population screening had cost-effectiveness similar to that of universal supplementation in women ($59 vs $71) and men ($114 vs $120), whereas in those aged 80, population screening was substantially more cost-effective than universal supplementation in women ($563 vs $428) and men ($703 vs $571).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Population screening and universal supplementation for vitamin D insufficiency are cost-effective strategies in community-dwelling older women and men. In the oldest old, population screening may be more cost-effective than universal supplementation.
authors: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. r.lee@duke.edu
authors: Richard H
authors: RH
authors: Lee
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Weber
authors: Cathleen
authors: C
authors: Colón-Emeric
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D014807:Vitamin D
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