title: In vitro investigation of friction at the interface between bone and a surgical instrument.
abstract: This study investigated the friction between surgical instruments and bone to aid improvements to instrument design. The bases of orthopaedic surgical instruments are usually made of metal, especially stainless steel. Silicone elastomer was chosen as an alternate biocompatible material, which would be compliant on the bone surface when used as the base of an instrument. The coefficient of static friction was calculated at the bone/material interface in the presence of a synthetic solution that had a comparable viscosity to that of blood, to assess the friction provided by each base material. Three types of silicone elastomers with different hardnesses (Shore A hardness 23, 50 and 77) and three distinct stainless steel surfaces (obtained by spark erosion, sand blasting and surface grinding) were used to assess the friction provided by the materials on slippery bone. The bone specimens were taken from the flattest region of the femoral shaft of a bovine femur; the outer surfaces of the specimens were kept intact. In general, the stainless steel surfaces exhibited higher values of coefficient of static friction, compared to the silicone elastomer samples. The stainless steel surface finished by spark erosion (surface roughness Ra  = 8.9 ± 1.6 µm) had the highest coefficient value of 0.74 ± 0.04. The coefficient values for the silicone elastomer sample with the highest hardness (Dow Corning Silastic Q7-4780, Shore A hardness 77) was not significantly different to values provided by the stainless steel surface finished by sand blasting (surface roughness Ra  = 2.2 ± 0.1 µm) or surface grinding (surface roughness Ra  = 0.1 ± 0.0 µm). Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that silicone could be a potentially useful material for the design of bases of orthopaedic instruments that interface with bone.
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors: Jugal
authors: J
authors: Parekh
authors: Duncan E T
authors: DE
authors: Shepherd
authors: David W L
authors: DW
authors: Hukins
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: Hingley
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008153:Lubrication; D008422:Materials Testing; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012828:Silicones; D013193:Stainless Steel
keywords: Bone; friction coefficient; silicone; stainless steel; surgical instrument