title: Nebuliser systems for drug delivery in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nebuliser systems are used to deliver medications to control the symptoms and the progression of lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis. Many types of nebuliser systems are available for use with various medications; however, there has been no previous systematic review which has evaluated these systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effectiveness, safety, burden of treatment and adherence to nebulised therapy using different nebuliser systems for people with cystic fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. We searched the reference lists of each study for additional publications and approached the manufacturers of both nebuliser systems and nebulised medications for published and unpublished data. Date of the most recent search: 15 Oct 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing nebuliser systems including conventional nebulisers, vibrating mesh technology systems, adaptive aerosol delivery systems and ultrasonic nebuliser systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion. They also independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. A third author assessed studies where agreement could not be reached.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 40 studies with 20 of these (1936 participants) included in the review. These studies compared the delivery of tobramycin, colistin, dornase alfa, hypertonic sodium chloride and other solutions through the different nebuliser systems. This review demonstrates variability in the delivery of medication depending on the nebuliser system used. Conventional nebuliser systems providing higher flows, higher respirable fractions and smaller particles decrease treatment time, increase deposition and may be preferred by people with CF, as compared to conventional nebuliser systems providing lower flows, lower respirable fractions and larger particles. Nebulisers using adaptive aerosol delivery or vibrating mesh technology reduce treatment time to a far greater extent. Deposition (as a percentage of priming dose) is greater than conventional with adaptive aerosol delivery. Vibrating mesh technology systems may give greater deposition than conventional when measuring sputum levels, but lower deposition when measuring serum levels or using gamma scintigraphy. The available data indicate that these newer systems are safe when used with an appropriate priming dose, which may be different to the priming dose used for conventional systems. There is an indication that adherence is maintained or improved with systems which use these newer technologies, but also that some nebuliser systems using vibrating mesh technology may be subject to increased failures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware of the variability in the performance of different nebuliser systems. Technologies such as adaptive aerosol delivery and vibrating mesh technology have advantages over conventional systems in terms of treatment time, deposition as a percentage of priming dose, patient preference and adherence. There is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials of these technologies to determine patient-focused outcomes (such as quality of life and burden of care), safe and effective dosing levels of medications and clinical outcomes (such as hospitalisations and need for antibiotics) and an economic evaluation of their use.
authors: York Teaching Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, York, UK. traceydaniels1@nhs.net.
authors: Tracey
authors: T
authors: Daniels
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Mills
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002228:Carbenicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I; C568813:dornase alfa; D002228:Carbenicillin; D004205:Cromolyn Sodium; D000420:Albuterol; D014031:Tobramycin; D003091:Colistin