title: Association of vitamin D insufficiency with adiposity and metabolic disorders in Brazilian adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of deficiency/insufficiency of vitamin D in adolescents and its relationship to overweight and metabolic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI according to WHO recommendations. Dietary intake was evaluated using a 3 d dietary record. The biochemical evaluation comprised measurements of serum lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, calcidiol (25(OH)D) and parathyroid hormone. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment. Body composition and blood pressure were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen schools (eight public and seven private) in the central city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis included a study population of 160 adolescents (seventy-seven eutrophic and eighty-three overweight) aged 15 to 17 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was observed in 1.25 and 70.6 % of adolescents, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D levels were statistically lower in adolescents with weight excess, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, higher levels of parathyroid hormone, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension (P < 0.05). Lower BMI and waist circumference were observed in the third (highest) tertile of vitamin D intake for all adolescents. The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is primarily nutritional and reflects a low vitamin D intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the negative association among serum 25(OH)D levels and vitamin D intake with non-skeletal outcomes in Brazilian adolescents. Vitamin D fortification of foods and/or the use of vitamin D supplements need to be considered to raise vitamin D intake in the adolescent population, even in a sunny country like Brazil.
authors: 1 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua Antonio Altaf 150/201, Cascatinha 36033-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Renata M S
authors: RM
authors: Oliveira
authors: 2 Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors: Juliana F
authors: JF
authors: Novaes
authors: Luiza M
authors: LM
authors: Azeredo
authors: 2 Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors: Lorena M
authors: LM
authors: Azeredo
authors: 1 Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua Antonio Altaf 150/201, Cascatinha 36033-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors: Ana Paula C
authors: AP
authors: Cândido
authors: 3 School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors: Isabel C G
authors: IC
authors: Leite
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009043:Motor Activity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D
references: Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(1):15-21
references: 19194104
references: Ann Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;12(5):303-8
references: 12062916
references: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):287-301, table of contents
references: 20511052
references: Rev Saude Publica. 2006 Oct;40(5):802-9
references: 17301901
references: J Nutr. 2010 May;140(5):987-91
references: 20237070
references: Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2008;45(4):339-414
references: 18568854
references: Nutrition. 2011 Apr;27(4):399-404
references: 20971616
references: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010 Jul;95(1 Suppl):1-51
references: 21085756
references: Bull World Health Organ. 2007 Sep;85(9):660-7
references: 18026621
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Feb;66(2):814-21
references: 2708210
references: Arch Dis Child. 2011 May;96(5):447-52
references: 21335626
references: J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Apr;111(4):524-7
references: 21443983
references: Blood Press Monit. 2002 Aug;7(4):237-41
references: 12198340
references: Diabetes Care. 2006 Jan;29 Suppl 1:S43-8
references: 16373932
references: Nutr Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):48-54
references: 21310306
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1678S-88S
references: 15585788
references: Med Hypotheses. 2009 Mar;72(3):314-21
references: 19054627
references: J Adolesc Health. 2011 May;48(5):448-52
references: 21501802
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4119-23
references: 15855256
references: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005 Dec;85 Suppl 6:4-36
references: 16597097
references: Br J Nutr. 2008 May;99(5):1061-7
references: 18197989
references: Public Health Nutr. 2012 Nov;15(11):2047-53
references: 22857261
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):18-28
references: 16825677
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Jan;34(1):18-28
references: 19434067
references: Heart. 2006 Nov;92(11):1701-6
references: 17041125