title: Examination with next-generation sequencing technology of the bacterial microbiota in bronchoalveolar lavage samples after traumatic injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the microbiota of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to determine whether its results correlate with those of standard culture methods or affect patient outcome or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected BAL samples in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) as part of the standard of care for intubated individuals who had a Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS)≥6 points. A portion of the BAL fluid was sequenced for the 16S region of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) with the Roche 454 FLX Titanium sequencer. Sequences were analyzed through a data-analysis pipeline to identify the appropriate taxonomic designation (∼species) of each 16s sequence. The bacterial microbiota of each BAL sample was compared with the bacteria identified in the sample through standard culture methods. Correlations between the taxonomic diversity of the microbiota and clinical outcome were examined through linear regression and Pearson correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 12 individuals in the SICU who had a CPIS≥6 points were examined through 454 pyrosequencing. The number of phylotypes (∼species) in the samples ranged from 15 to 129. The number of phyla in the BAL samples ranged from 3 to 14. There was little correlation between the bacteria identified by NGS and those identified with standard culture methods. The same predominant bacterial strain was identified by both culture and sequencing in only a single sample. The correlation between patient days on a ventilator and the number of species in BAL samples was significant (r=0.7435, p=0.0056; r2=0.5528).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing diversity of the bacterial microbiota in BAL samples correlates with the duration of mechanical ventilation. Bacteria identified through standard culture methods were not well correlated with the findings of NGS.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9160, USA. Ryan.Huebinger@utsouthwestern.edu
authors: Ryan M
authors: RM
authors: Huebinger
authors: Ming-Mei
authors: MM
authors: Liu
authors: Scot E
authors: SE
authors: Dowd
authors: Fernando A
authors: FA
authors: Rivera-Chavez
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Boynton
authors: Curtis
authors: C
authors: Carey
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Hawkins
authors: Christian T
authors: CT
authors: Minshall
authors: Steven E
authors: SE
authors: Wolf
authors: Joseph P
authors: JP
authors: Minei
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Barber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D003422:Critical Care; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
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