title: Motor and non-motor symptoms of 1453 patients with Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the prevalence and risk of clinical symptoms in a large number of Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (n = 1453; 650 males).
  
  
  METHODS
  Events were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, logistic regression, and Cox proportional-hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age (SD) was 67.7 (10.0), age of onset was 58.0 (11.5), and disease duration was 9.7 (6.6) years. The mean modified Hoehn and Yahr stage was 2.8 (1.2). Most patients (88.9%) received levodopa (547.7 (257.6) mg/day). A large proportion (81.3%) received dopamine agonists (136.2 (140.7) mg/day). About 23.4% received pain treatment 6.9 (5.1) years after the onset; females (p < 0.05) and patients with late-onset PD (≥60 years, p < 0.001) were more likely to be affected. About 44.7% of patients had wearing-off 7.5 (4.7) years after the onset, and it was more common in females (p < 0.001) and patients with early-onset PD (p < 0.001). Camptocormia was found in 9.5% of patients 8.1 (6.2) years after the onset, and it was more common in females (p < 0.05) and patients with late-onset PD (p < 0.05). About 28.6% of patients developed psychosis 9.0 (5.4) years after the onset, and it was more likely to occur in patients with late-onset PD (p < 0.001). Late-onset PD and cerebrovascular disease were also associated with increased risk of pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that very few studies have assessed numerous clinical symptoms in the same report, these data provide a useful reference for the clinical course of PD.
authors: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Japan. ayori@juntendo.ac.jp
authors: Asako
authors: A
authors: Yoritaka
authors: Yasushi
authors: Y
authors: Shimo
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Takanashi
authors: Jiro
authors: J
authors: Fukae
authors: Taku
authors: T
authors: Hatano
authors: Toshiki
authors: T
authors: Nakahara
authors: Nobukazu
authors: N
authors: Miyamato
authors: Takao
authors: T
authors: Urabe
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Mori
authors: Nobutaka
authors: N
authors: Hattori
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors