title: Feeding dysfunction in single ventricle patients with feeding disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether caregivers of children with single ventricle heart defects identified as having feeding disorder will report more frequent feeding dysfunction, or maladaptive mealtime behavior and/or interactions, when compared with reference populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of routine evaluation, parents of children evaluated at the Feeding, Swallowing, and Nutrition Center at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin completed previously validated questionnaires to assess feeding dysfunction and parental stress. Parental responses for single ventricle patients were compared with all other children evaluated with a feeding disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaires were completed in eight patients with single ventricle heart defects. The mean age was 36 ± 23 months, with five females (63%). Mean weight-for-age z-score was -1.4 ± 0.9. Compared with noncardiac feeding clinic children, there was more reported child resistance to eating (83 ± 15% vs. 44 ± 2%; P = .05). Single ventricle parents were more likely to report distress (50 ± 18% vs. 21 ± 2%; P = .04) and a difficult child (63 ± 17% vs. 31 ± 2%; P = .05). There was also more defensive responding among parents of single ventricle children (63 ± 17% vs. 29 ± 2%; P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single ventricle patients evaluated for disordered feeding more frequently showed resistance to eating and parental distress than noncardiac feeding clinic patients. Parents of these children underestimated the degree of feeding difficulty by defensive responding and had more parental distress. These findings suggest that feeding dysfunction can contribute to longer-term feeding and growth problems in single ventricle patients with feeding disorder.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis, USA.
authors: Garick
authors: G
authors: Hill
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Silverman
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Noel
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Bartz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain; D014922:Wisconsin
keywords: Feeding; Growth; Nutrition; Single Ventricle
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