title: Roles of autophagy in elimination of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
abstract: As a fundamental intracellular catabolic process, autophagy is important and required for the elimination of protein aggregates and damaged cytosolic organelles during a variety of stress conditions. Autophagy is now being recognized as an essential component of innate immunity; i.e., the recognition, selective targeting, and elimination of microbes. Because of its crucial roles in the innate immune system, therapeutic targeting of bacteria by means of autophagy activation may prove a useful strategy to combat intracellular infections. However, important questions remain, including which molecules are critical in bacterial targeting by autophagy, and which mechanisms are involved in autophagic clearance of intracellular microbes. In this review, we discuss the roles of antibacterial autophagy in intracellular bacterial infections (Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Legionella) and present recent evidence in support of molecular mechanisms driving autophagy to target bacteria and eliminate invading pathogens.
authors: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea.
authors: Eun-Kyeong
authors: EK
authors: Jo
authors: Jae-Min
authors: JM
authors: Yuk
authors: Dong-Min
authors: DM
authors: Shin
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Sasakawa
keywords: Listeria; Mycobacteria; Salmonella; Shigella; autophagic receptors; autophagy; innate immunity; xenophagy
references: Autophagy. 2005 Oct-Dec;1(3):174-6
references: 16874072
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Aug 20;6(2):137-49
references: 19683680
references: Autophagy. 2011 Mar;7(3):310-4
references: 21193840
references: Traffic. 2013 Mar;14(3):321-36
references: 23231467
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):6031-6
references: 17389386
references: Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012 Nov 23;2:145
references: 23189273
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:367-94
references: 15473845
references: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;337:173-95
references: 19812983
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Jun 18;5(6):527-49
references: 19527881
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Aug;7(8):e1002168
references: 21829365
references: Mol Cell. 2009 Feb 27;33(4):505-16
references: 19250911
references: Autophagy. 2006 Jul-Sep;2(3):179-82
references: 16874080
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2011 May 19;9(5):376-89
references: 21575909
references: Int J Cell Biol. 2012;2012:389562
references: 22505927
references: Cell Cycle. 2009 Jul 1;8(13):1986-90
references: 19502794
references: J Immunol. 2009 Nov 1;183(9):5909-16
references: 19812211
references: Cell Death Differ. 2013 Jan;20(1):21-30
references: 22722335
references: Autophagy. 2009 Nov;5(8):1220-1
references: 19855178
references: Microbes Infect. 2007 Aug;9(10):1176-87
references: 17720603
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jul;14(3):584-640
references: 11432815
references: Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1438-41
references: 16888103
references: Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):68-76
references: 20562859
references: Autophagy. 2009 May;5(4):484-93
references: 19398893
references: Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Aug;23(4):464-72
references: 21726990
references: Cell Microbiol. 2006 May;8(5):719-27
references: 16611222
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 May 17;11(5):469-80
references: 22607800
references: Autophagy. 2012 Sep;8(9):1357-70
references: 22885411
references: Immunity. 2012 Aug 24;37(2):223-34
references: 22921120
references: J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):11374-83
references: 16495224
references: Autophagy. 2007 Sep-Oct;3(5):442-51
references: 17568179
references: Science. 2011 Jul 8;333(6039):228-33
references: 21617041
references: Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):727-31
references: 15576571
references: Autophagy. 2007 Mar-Apr;3(2):117-25
references: 17204850
references: Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):350-4
references: 18202661
references: Nature. 2012 Jan 15;482(7385):414-8
references: 22246324
references: Infect Immun. 2005 Oct;73(10):6199-209
references: 16177291
references: Nat Immunol. 2008 Aug;9(8):908-16
references: 18604211
references: Cell Microbiol. 2011 Oct;13(10):1479-96
references: 21722286
references: Trends Microbiol. 2011 Jun;19(6):268-77
references: 21353564
references: Mol Cell. 2012 Nov 9;48(3):329-42
references: 23022382
references: Cell. 2005 Jan 28;120(2):159-62
references: 15680321
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Aug 19;8(2):137-46
references: 20674539
references: J Cell Sci. 2013 Jan 15;126(Pt 2):580-92
references: 23178947
references: Cell. 2012 Aug 17;150(4):803-15
references: 22901810
references: Front Microbiol. 2011 Jun 28;2:138
references: 21743811
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Nov 13;4(5):458-69
references: 18996346
references: Infect Immun. 1999 Jan;67(1):131-9
references: 9864207
references: Immunol Rev. 2011 Mar;240(1):92-104
references: 21349088
references: Cell Microbiol. 2007 Dec;9(12):2768-74
references: 17714517
references: Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Aug;23(4):448-55
references: 21763117
references: Cell Microbiol. 2010 Jun;12(6):765-80
references: 20070309
references: Methods Enzymol. 2009;452:363-81
references: 19200893
references: Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):323-35
references: 21248839
references: Traffic. 2008 Dec;9(12):2022-31
references: 18778407
references: Cell. 2012 Aug 31;150(5):1029-41
references: 22939626
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 20;104(12):5121-6
references: 17360363
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Jun 14;11(6):563-75
references: 22704617
references: Nat Immunol. 2009 Nov;10(11):1215-21
references: 19820708
references: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):55-62
references: 19898471
references: Science. 2012 Nov 23;338(6110):1072-6
references: 23112293
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 May 17;11(5):457-68
references: 22607799
references: Trends Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;20(4):205-13
references: 20129784
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Nov 18;8(5):433-44
references: 21075354
references: J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 29;286(30):26987-95
references: 21646350
references: Cell Microbiol. 2008 Dec;10(12):2408-15
references: 18783482
references: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Jun;7(6):765-78
references: 15888080
references: Mol Cell. 2012 Mar 9;45(5):629-41
references: 22342342
references: Future Microbiol. 2008 Oct;3(5):517-24
references: 18811236
references: Front Immunol. 2012 Mar 05;3:40
references: 22566923
references: Cell. 2007 Jun 29;129(7):1287-98
references: 17604718
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jan 06;5(1):e8610
references: 20062534
references: Nat Immunol. 2009 May;10(5):461-70
references: 19381141
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2011 Aug;23(4):492-7
references: 21450448
references: Autophagy. 2006 Jul-Sep;2(3):175-8
references: 16874111
references: Trends Cell Biol. 2008 May;18(5):220-7
references: 18396046
references: Cell Microbiol. 2006 Jul;8(7):1158-71
references: 16819968