title: Rapid Presentation of Emotional Expressions Reveals New Emotional Impairments in Tourette's Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on a variety of empirical evidence obtained within the theoretical framework of embodiment theory, we considered it likely that motor disorders in Tourette's syndrome (TS) would have emotional consequences for TS patients. However, previous research using emotional facial categorization tasks suggests that these consequences are limited to TS patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OCB).
  
  
  METHODS
  These studies used long stimulus presentations which allowed the participants to categorize the different emotional facial expressions (EFEs) on the basis of a perceptual analysis that might potentially hide a lack of emotional feeling for certain emotions. In order to reduce this perceptual bias, we used a rapid visual presentation procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this new experimental method, we revealed different and surprising impairments on several EFEs in TS patients compared to matched healthy control participants. Moreover, a spatial frequency analysis of the visual signal processed by the patients suggests that these impairments may be located at a cortical level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study indicates that the rapid visual presentation paradigm makes it possible to identify various potential emotional disorders that were not revealed by the standard visual presentation procedures previously reported in the literature. Moreover, the spatial frequency analysis performed in our study suggests that emotional deficit in TS might lie at the level of temporal cortical areas dedicated to the processing of HSF visual information.
authors: Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble and CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105 Grenoble, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France.
authors: Martial
authors: M
authors: Mermillod
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Devaux
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Derost
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Rieu
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Chambres
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Auxiette
authors: Guillaume
authors: G
authors: Legrand
authors: Fabienne
authors: F
authors: Galland
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Dalens
authors: Louise Marie
authors: LM
authors: Coulangeon
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Broussolle
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Durif
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Jalenques
keywords: Tourette’s syndrome; embodiment theory; emotional facial expressions; spatial frequency analysis
references: Neuroimage. 2007 Jan 15;34(2):618-38
references: 17110133
references: Psychol Sci. 2010 Oct;21(10):1429-37
references: 20817781
references: Brain. 2000 Mar;123 Pt 3:425-62
references: 10686169
references: Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1986 Sep-Oct;86(5):608-15
references: 3825572
references: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 19;4(11):e7924
references: 19936235
references: Neuroreport. 1999 Dec 16;10(18):3759-63
references: 10716205
references: Nat Neurosci. 2005 Jan;8(1):24-5
references: 15592466
references: Perception. 2010;39(6):807-18
references: 20698475
references: J Affect Disord. 2005 Sep;88(1):103-8
references: 16054228
references: Hum Brain Mapp. 2005 Sep;26(1):65-79
references: 15954123
references: Brain. 1996 Oct;119 ( Pt 5):1647-65
references: 8931587
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct 1;54(7):751-6
references: 14512216
references: Neuropsychologia. 2008 Jan 31;46(2):743-56
references: 18037143
references: J Neurol Sci. 2007 Apr 15;255(1-2):50-6
references: 17337006
references: J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98
references: 1202204
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22-33;quiz 34-57
references: 9881538
references: Neuropsychologia. 1997 Jun;35(6):907-12
references: 9204494
references: Cognition. 2009 Sep;112(3):467-72
references: 19576578
references: Cogn Process. 2012 Aug;13 Suppl 1:S103-6
references: 22802035
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;64(1):53-9
references: 12590624
references: Trends Neurosci. 2006 Mar;29(3):175-82
references: 16430974
references: Atten Percept Psychophys. 2011 Jul;73(5):1344-9
references: 21541808
references: Proc Biol Sci. 1997 Dec 22;264(1389):1767-73
references: 9447734
references: Behav Modif. 2005 Sep;29(5):746-83
references: 16046663
references: Pediatr Neurol. 2001 Sep;25(3):190-8
references: 11587872
references: Medicine (Baltimore). 1991 Jan;70(1):15-32
references: 1988764
references: Neuroscience. 1990;39(1):59-67
references: 1982467
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010 Summer;22(3):348-51
references: 20686143
references: Cognition. 1999 Jan 1;69(3):243-65
references: 10193048
references: PLoS One. 2010 Sep 24;5(9):e12959
references: 20885982
references: Brain Cogn. 2006 Dec;62(3):214-20
references: 16837115
references: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009 Winter;21(1):13-23
references: 19359447
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70
references: 6880820
references: J Child Neurol. 2006 Aug;21(8):678-89
references: 16970869
references: Psychol Sci. 2009 Jun;20(6):707-13
references: 19422624
references: Nature. 2005 Jan 6;433(7021):68-72
references: 15635411
references: J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 Dec;22(12):2768-80
references: 20044901
references: J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;35(2):183-92
references: 15210378
references: Brain Cogn. 2007 Nov;65(2):145-68
references: 17923222
references: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Oct;36(2-3):96-107
references: 11690606
references: Ann Neurol. 1991 Oct;30(4):558-62
references: 1838678
references: Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1002-5
references: 17510358
references: Brain. 2011 Aug;134(Pt 8):2287-301
references: 21727098
references: Ann Neurol. 2010 Feb;67(2):170-81
references: 20225192
references: Cognition. 2009 Mar;110(3):346-57
references: 19128799
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Aug;5(8):617-29
references: 15263892
references: Neuropsychologia. 2012 Oct;50(12):2869-2879
references: 22944002
references: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Jun;6(6):624-31
references: 12740580
references: Behav Brain Sci. 2010 Dec;33(6):417-33; discussion 433-80
references: 21211115
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Nov;46(11):1012-6
references: 2510699
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989 Jul;28(4):566-73
references: 2768151
references: J Nucl Med. 1997 Aug;38(8):1243-7
references: 9255158
references: Psychophysiology. 1990 Sep;27(5):481-94
references: 2274612