title: Ventriculoatrial conduction and related pacemaker-mediated arrhythmias in patients implanted for atrioventricular block: an old problem revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction and related pacemaker-mediated tachyarrhythmias (PMT) have not been systematically investigated in a large cohort of patients implanted for symptomatic atrioventricular (AV) block.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty consecutive patients (71±14 years, 63% male) implanted for symptomatic second- or third-degree AV block were screened for retrograde VA conduction and related PMTs including endless loop tachycardia (ELT) and repetitive nonreentrant VA synchrony (RNRVAS). After a mean post-implantation period of 38±12 months, AV block was persistent in 137 (55%) and variable in 113 (45%) patients. Retrograde 1:1 conduction was present in 76 patients (30%) with a mean VA conduction time of 258±65 ms. The incidence of VA conduction varied considerably according to the presence and type of anterograde conduction block. Retrograde conduction was present in 24 of 137 patients (18%) with persistent AV block. Fifteen of the 76 patients (20%) with VA conduction had ≥1 documented PMT. The recorded arrhythmias were ELT in 11 and RNRVAS in 4 patients. VA conduction time was significantly longer in patients with than without PMT (297±64 vs. 249±62 ms, resp., P<0.01). None of the patients without VA conduction had documented PMTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde VA conduction and related PMTs are not uncommon in patients implanted for symptomatic AV block. Testing for retrograde conduction should therefore be performed in all patients with AV block in order to optimize device programming and prevent PMTs.
authors: Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: s.richter@med.uni-leipzig.de.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Richter
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Muessigbrodt
authors: Jozef
authors: J
authors: Salmas
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Doering
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Wetzel
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Arya
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Hindricks
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Brugada
authors: Carsten W
authors: CW
authors: Israel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054537:Atrioventricular Block / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000502:physiology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Atrioventricular block; DDD mode; Implanted cardiac pacing device; Pacemaker-mediated tachyarrhythmias; Ventriculoatrial conduction