title: Cultural humility: measuring openness to culturally diverse clients.
abstract: Building on recent theory stressing multicultural orientation, as well as the development of virtues and dispositions associated with multicultural values, we introduce the construct of cultural humility, defined as having an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented rather than self-focused, characterized by respect and lack of superiority toward an individual's cultural background and experience. In 4 studies, we provide evidence for the estimated reliability and construct validity of a client-rated measure of a therapist's cultural humility, and we demonstrate that client perceptions of their therapist's cultural humility are positively associated with developing a strong working alliance. Furthermore, client perceptions of their therapist's cultural humility were positively associated with improvement in therapy, and this relationship was mediated by a strong working alliance. We consider implications for research, practice, and training.
authors: Department of Psychology.
authors: Joshua N
authors: JN
authors: Hook
authors: Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University.
authors: Don E
authors: DE
authors: Davis
authors: Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of Louisville.
authors: Jesse
authors: J
authors: Owen
authors: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors: Everett L
authors: EL
authors: Worthington
authors: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors: Shawn O
authors: SO
authors: Utsey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D054521:Cultural Competency / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult