title: Effects of low-volume walking programme and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative damage and health-related variables in healthy older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both exercise and vitamin E supplementation have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease risk in older adults, and when combined there is evidence suggesting that they act synergistically. The currently recommended amount of exercise for older adults is 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise; however, the minimum amount of exercise necessary to achieve health benefits is not known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of participation in a low-volume walking exercise programme (i.e. 90 min/week) combined with daily vitamin E supplementation on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were recruited from the following four groups separately: 1) control (CG, n = 14), 2) vitamin E supplementation (SG, n = 10), 3) walking (WG, n = 7), or 4) walking + supplementation (WSG, n = 7). In the CG, participants were advised to maintain their normal lifestyle during the study. Participants in both the SG and WSG received 450 IU (300 mg) /day of α-tocopherol for 12 weeks. The exercise programme for the WG and WSG consisted of two 30-60 minute sessions weekly for 12 weeks (average walking time was 44.5 ± 1.6 min/session). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delta plasma oxidised LDL concentrations did not differ among four groups (One-factor ANOVA, P = 0.116). However, negative delta plasma TBARS, a marker of oxidative damage, concentrations were observed in the WG, WSG and SG relative to the CG at the end of the study period (One-factor ANOVA, P = 0.001; post hoc tests; CG compared with WG, WSG and SG, P = 0.005; P = 0.021; P = 0.024, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a low-volume of physical activity and/or vitamin E supplementation may be an effective intervention strategy for reducing TBARS concentrations of older adults.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN000008304.
authors: Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei 184-8501, Japan. masashi@u-gakugei.ac.jp.
authors: Jong-Hwan
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Miyashita
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Takahashi
authors: Noriaki
authors: N
authors: Kawanishi
authors: Seong-Ryu
authors: SR
authors: Bae
authors: Hyun-Shik
authors: HS
authors: Kim
authors: Katsuhiko
authors: K
authors: Suzuki
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Nakamura
references: Biogerontology. 2009 Dec;10(6):773-81
references: 19466577
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Feb;25(2):279-86
references: 15591226
references: Br J Nutr. 2009 Nov;102(10):1390-4
references: 19930773
references: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007 Sep;61(9):778-83
references: 17699531
references: N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1450-6
references: 8479464
references: Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 Sep;4(3):253-64
references: 7987360
references: Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(2):297-308
references: 18586652
references: Exp Gerontol. 2001 Feb;36(2):209-20
references: 11226737
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jul 1;43(1):4-15
references: 17561088
references: JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1433-9
references: 15383513
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Aug 05;11(9):607-15
references: 21818123
references: N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1444-9
references: 8479463
references: PLoS Med. 2008 Jan 8;5(1):e12
references: 18184033
references: Med Sci Sports. 1973 Summer;5(2):90-3
references: 4721012
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1392-8
references: 17991651
references: J Phys Act Health. 2009 May;6(3):354-9
references: 19564665
references: Postgrad Med J. 2003 Apr;79(930):195-199; quiz 198-200
references: 12743334
references: Clin Chim Acta. 1998 Feb 23;270(2):85-100
references: 9544447
references: Lancet. 2011 Oct 1;378(9798):1244-53
references: 21846575
references: Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 28;167(10):999-1008
references: 17533202
references: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Sep;218(1):90-5
references: 21605864
references: Circulation. 2003 Feb 25;107(7):947-53
references: 12600905
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Apr 1;167(7):875-81
references: 18303006
references: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2000;7(4):177-97
references: 11521681
references: Biol Res Nurs. 2003 Jul;5(1):47-55
references: 12886670
references: J Hypertens. 2009 Apr;27(4):753-62
references: 19300110
references: Clin Exp Med. 2008 Mar;8(1):51-7
references: 18385941
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jul;40(7):1263-70
references: 18580406
references: Blood. 2005 Mar 15;105(6):2294-9
references: 15572589
references: Br J Nutr. 2004 Feb;91(2):235-43
references: 14756909
references: Am J Cardiol. 2008 May 22;101(10A):14D-19D
references: 18474268
references: JAMA. 2001 Mar 7;285(9):1178-82
references: 11231747
references: Lancet. 1994 Sep 17;344(8925):793-5
references: 7916078
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Feb;25(2):225-31
references: 8450725
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Jul 1;22(7):1162-7
references: 12117732
references: Circulation. 2002 Sep 17;106(12):1453-9
references: 12234947
references: J Nutr Health Aging. 2011 Dec;15(10):883-9
references: 22159777
references: Physiol Rev. 2004 Oct;84(4):1381-478
references: 15383655