title: Motile invaded neutrophils in the small intestine of Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice reveal a potential mechanism for parasite spread.
abstract: Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs through the oral route, but we lack important information about how the parasite interacts with the host immune system in the intestine. We used two-photon laser-scanning microscopy in conjunction with a mouse model of oral T. gondii infection to address this issue. T. gondii established discrete foci of infection in the small intestine, eliciting the recruitment and transepithelial migration of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Neutrophils accounted for a high proportion of actively invaded cells, and we provide evidence for a role for transmigrating neutrophils and other immune cells in the spread of T. gondii infection through the lumen of the intestine. Our data identify neutrophils as motile reservoirs of T. gondii infection and suggest a surprising retrograde pathway for parasite spread in the intestine.
authors: Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. janinecoombes@gmail.com
authors: Janine L
authors: JL
authors: Coombes
authors: Brittany A
authors: BA
authors: Charsar
authors: Seong-Ji
authors: SJ
authors: Han
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Halkias
authors: Shiao Wei
authors: SW
authors: Chan
authors: Anita A
authors: AA
authors: Koshy
authors: Boris
authors: B
authors: Striepen
authors: Ellen A
authors: EA
authors: Robey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: dynamic imaging; gut; mucosal immunology; neutrophil motility
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