title: The classical progesterone receptor mediates the rapid reduction of fallopian tube ciliary beat frequency by progesterone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transport of gametes as well as the zygote is facilitated by motile cilia lining the inside of the fallopian tube. Progesterone reduces the ciliary beat frequency within 30 minutes in both cows and mice. This rapid reduction suggest the involvement of a non-genomic signaling mechanism, although it is not known which receptors that are involved. Here we investigated the possible involvement of the classical progesterone receptor in this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ciliary beat frequency of mice fallopian tube was measured ex vivo using an inverted bright field microscope and a high speed camera. The effects of the agonists progesterone and promegestone and an antagonist, mifeprestone, were investigated in wildtype mice. The effect of progesterone was also investigated in mice lacking the classical progesterone receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progesterone, as well as the more specific PR agonist promegestone, significantly reduced the CBF at concentrations of 10-100 nanomolar within 10-30 minutes. In the absence of progesterone, the PR antagonist mifeprestone had no effect on the ciliary beat frequency at a concentration of 1 micromolar. When ciliated cells were pre-incubated with 1 micromolar mifeprestone, addition of progesterone did not reduce the ciliary beat frequency. Accordingly, in ciliated cells from mice not expressing the classical progesterone receptor, exposure to 100 nanomolar progesterone did not reduce the ciliary beat frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to provide comprehensive evidence that the classical progesterone receptor mediates the rapid reduction of the tubal ciliary beat frequency by progesterone.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Bylander
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Lind
authors: Mattias
authors: M
authors: Goksör
authors: Håkan
authors: H
authors: Billig
authors: D G Joakim
authors: DG
authors: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007763:Lac Operon / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011397:Promegestone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone; D011397:Promegestone
references: Science. 1976 Mar 12;191(4231):1052-3
references: 1251215
references: Semin Reprod Med. 2007 May;25(3):139-53
references: 17447204
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Nov;16(11):2475-89
references: 12403837
references: Horm Cancer. 2012 Jun;3(3):101-12
references: 22350867
references: Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2005 Dec;60(6):497-500
references: 16358141
references: Steroids. 2008 Oct;73(9-10):922-8
references: 18321550
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;291(1):E59-72
references: 16449295
references: J Assist Reprod Genet. 2000 Feb;17(2):103-6
references: 10806589
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):2072-5
references: 10843198
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1992 Jul 8;1108(1):99-109
references: 1643085
references: Biomed Res. 2011 Oct;32(5):321-8
references: 22033301
references: Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009 Aug 28;7:89
references: 19715581
references: Endocrinology. 2009 Jan;150(1):473-84
references: 18801904
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980 Dec;51(6):1239-44
references: 7192290
references: Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2010 May 15;8:48
references: 20470431
references: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;148(4):381-9
references: 18602498
references: Annu Rev Physiol. 1997;59:365-93
references: 9074769
references: J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):525-35
references: 17170211
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Dec 19;97(26):14358-63
references: 11114187
references: Fertil Steril. 1995 Mar;63(3):528-34
references: 7851582
references: Dev Biol. 2005 Sep 1;285(1):70-9
references: 16099448
references: Biol Reprod. 1989 Jun;40(6):1131-6
references: 2775809
references: Steroids. 2010 Apr;75(4-5):314-22
references: 20096719
references: Hum Reprod. 1998 Nov;13(11):2991-4
references: 9853843
references: Hum Reprod. 2006 Jan;21(1):52-6
references: 16172146
references: Reprod Biomed Online. 2002 Mar-Apr;4(2):160-9
references: 12470580
references: Mol Cell. 2001 Aug;8(2):269-80
references: 11545730
references: Endocrinology. 1992 Sep;131(3):1458-66
references: 1505477
references: Steroids. 2011 Aug;76(9):921-8
references: 21291899
references: Steroids. 2005 May-Jun;70(5-7):418-26
references: 15862825
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12607-12
references: 11050156
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2237-42
references: 12601167
references: Steroids. 2008 Dec 22;73(14):1416-23
references: 18722396
references: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012 Apr;46(4):446-53
references: 22033264
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;21(2):359-75
references: 17138644
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Mar 4;100(5):2231-6
references: 12574519
references: Hum Reprod. 1998 Nov;13(11):3121-7
references: 9853868
references: Hum Reprod Update. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(4):363-72
references: 16565155
references: Mol Reprod Dev. 2007 Jul;74(7):843-50
references: 17154304
references: Gynecol Invest. 1975;6(3-4):186-205
references: 809315
references: Hum Reprod. 2010 Mar;25(3):584-7
references: 20023297
references: Horm Metab Res. 2004 Mar;36(3):136-41
references: 15057665
references: J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1999 Aug;12(3):121-6
references: 10546902
references: Hum Reprod. 1997 Jan;12(1):55-8
references: 9043902