title: Vulnerabilities of Local Healthcare Providers in Complex Emergencies: Findings from the Manipur Micro-level Insurgency Database 2008-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on healthcare delivery in zones of conflict requires sustained and systematic attention. In the context of the South Asian region, there has been an absence of research on the vulnerabilities of health care workers and institutions in areas affected by armed conflict. The paper presents a case study of the varied nature of security challenges faced by local healthcare providers in the state of Manipur in the North-eastern region of India, located in the Indo-Myanmar frontier region which has been experiencing armed violence and civil strife since the late 1960s. . The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal and spatial trends in incidents involving health care workers in Manipur during the period 2008 to 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective database analysis of the Manipur Micro-level Insurgency Database 2008-2009, created by using local newspaper archives to measure the overall burden of violence experienced in the state over a two year period. Publicly available press releases of armed groups and local hospitals in the state were used to supplement the quantitative data. Simple linear regression was used to assess longitudinal trends. Data was visualized with GIS-software for spatial analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean proportion of incidents involving health care workers per month was 2.7% and ranged between 0 and 6.1% (table 2). There was a significant (P=0.037) month-to-month variation in the proportion of incidents involving health care workers, as well as a upward trend of about 0.11% per month. Spatial analysis revealed different patterns depending on whether absolute, population-adjusted, or incident-adjusted frequencies served as the basis of the analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper shows a small but steady rise in violence against health workers and health institutions impeding health services in Manipur's pervasive violence. More evidence-building backed by research along with institutional obligations and commitment is essential to protect the health-systems Keywords: India, Manipur, insurgency, healthcare, security, ethnic strife.
authors: Centre for Study of Political Violence, Jindal School of International Affairs, O.P.Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India.
authors: Samrat
authors: S
authors: Sinha
authors: Siddarth
authors: S
authors: David
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Gerdin
authors: Nobhojit
authors: N
authors: Roy
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