title: Progressive resistance, whole body long-axis rotational training improves kicking motion motor performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate lower extremity muscle activation, peak resultant ground reaction force (GRF) production and quickness during performance of a kicking motion following progressive resistance, whole body long-axis rotational training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinesiological research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six healthy subjects were assigned to a training (Group 1) or to a control (Group 2) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-synchronized EMG (1000 Hz), peak resultant GRF (1000 Hz) and two-dimensional kinematic (60 Hz) data were collected as subjects responded to an audio cue by kicking a cone. Group mean change differences (MCD) were compared using independent sample t-tests. Fisher's exact tests were used to determine group differences in the proportion of subjects that displayed earlier activation responses post-training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 MCD revealed earlier gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, medial hamstrings, and biceps femoris activation timing than Group 2 (P ≤ 0.006) and more Group 1 subjects displayed earlier activation of these muscles post-training (P ≤ 0.041). Group 1 MCD also revealed earlier peak resultant GRF timing and improved "kick quickness" than Group 2 (P ≤ 0.014) and more Group 1 subjects displayed earlier response timing for these variables post-training (P = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive resistance, whole body long-axis rotational training may improve performance during sports movements that require quick, integrated trunk-lower extremity function.
authors: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY, USA. Electronic address: john.nyland@louisville.edu.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Nyland
authors: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY, USA.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Love
authors: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY, USA.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Burden
authors: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY, USA.
authors: Ryan
authors: R
authors: Krupp
authors: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St., Louisville, KY, USA.
authors: David N M
authors: DN
authors: Caborn
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Athletic performance; Biomechanics; Electromyography; Exercise; Injury prevention