title: Mechanisms of oxysterol-induced disease: insights from the biliary system.
abstract: Oxysterols are oxidized species of cholesterol that are derived from exogenous (e.g. dietary) and endogenous (in vivo) sources. Oxysterols play critical roles in normal physiologic functions as well as in pathophysiologic processes in a variety of organ systems. This review provides an overview of oxysterol biology from the vantage point of the biliary system. Several oxysterols have been identified in human bile in the context of biliary tract infection and inflammation. This finding has led to investigations regarding the potential pathophysiologic significance of biliary oxysterols in diseases affecting the biliary system, with an emphasis on cholangiocarcinoma. Emerging evidence implicates specific oxysterols in the development and progression of this malignancy. This review will summarize the literature on oxysterols in the biliary system and discuss how the accumulated evidence contributes to a hypothesis describing the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Box 356424, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Tel.: +1 206 543 1305, , kuver@u.washington.edu.
authors: Rahul
authors: R
authors: Kuver
keywords: Opisthorchis viverrini; bile; bile acids; biliary tract; cholangiocarcinoma; cholangiocytes; cholesterol; gallbladder; gallstones; oxysterols
references: Hepatology. 2010 Mar;51(3):881-90
references: 20146264
references: Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(6):685-705
references: 19199932
references: Biochem J. 2010 Jul 1;429(1):13-24
references: 20545625
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25637
references: 22046243
references: J Lipid Res. 1999 Dec;40(12):2195-203
references: 10588945
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Jan;19(1):310-8
references: 20056652
references: World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Aug 14;11(30):4644-9
references: 16094703
references: Parasitol Int. 2012 Mar;61(1):136-9
references: 21763455
references: Gastroenterology. 2001 Jul;121(1):118-23
references: 11438500
references: Mol Aspects Med. 2009 Jun;30(3):153-70
references: 19248805
references: Annu Rev Biochem. 2011;80:885-916
references: 21495846
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Feb 20;1631(1):1-11
references: 12573443
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Jun;1821(6):877-83
references: 22425966
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Feb 26;1530(2-3):199-208
references: 11239822
references: Hepatology. 2001 Jun;33(6):1353-7
references: 11391522
references: J Lipid Res. 1998 Aug;39(8):1594-600
references: 9717719
references: J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S15-27
references: 18974038
references: Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Mar 09;10:44
references: 21388551
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 1996 Feb;34(2):193-211
references: 8606036
references: Hepatol Res. 2012 Nov;42(11):1119-30
references: 22568523
references: Circ J. 2010 Oct;74(10):2045-51
references: 20838002
references: Gastroenterology. 2001 Jan;120(1):190-9
references: 11208728
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):G1247-56
references: 15246959
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Dec;48(12):3289-303
references: 20870006
references: Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1999 Mar;28(1):99-115
references: 10198780
references: Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:891-923
references: 15189162
references: Lipids. 2010 Sep;45(9):821-32
references: 20700770
references: Dig Dis. 2011;29(2):191-201
references: 21734384
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2004 May;19(5):830-40
references: 15068507
references: Physiol Rev. 2000 Jan;80(1):361-554
references: 10617772
references: Hepatology. 2004 Mar;39(3):732-8
references: 14999691
references: Mol Carcinog. 2006 May;45(5):279-87
references: 16550611
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Dec;94(12):3502-6
references: 10606311
references: Lab Invest. 1991 May;64(5):682-92
references: 1709426
references: Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;3(1):33-42
references: 16397610
references: Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10517-24
references: 17079474
references: Hepatology. 2011 Oct;54(4):1421-32
references: 21735468
references: Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Jan 08;8(2):211-20
references: 22231273
references: Mol Aspects Med. 2009 Jun;30(3):111-22
references: 19248801
references: Mutat Res. 2012 Mar 1;731(1-2):48-57
references: 22044627
references: Ann Nutr Metab. 1998;42(4):221-30
references: 9745108
references: Mutat Res. 2010 Sep 10;691(1-2):9-16
references: 20541562
references: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Feb;214(2):350-6
references: 21146170
references: Metabolism. 2012 Jun;61(6):836-45
references: 22225954
references: J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 23;282(12):8959-68
references: 17200122
references: Br J Nutr. 2005 Sep;94(3):443-51
references: 16176617
references: Mol Biosyst. 2011 May;7(5):1367-75
references: 21311794
references: J Lipid Res. 2003 Apr;44(4):705-15
references: 12562864
references: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 18;283(3):1445-1455
references: 18024962
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 May 1;22(5):734-42
references: 12006384
references: Curr Mol Med. 2010 Aug;10(6):579-95
references: 20642438
references: Chem Phys Lipids. 2011 Sep;164(6):457-68
references: 21703250
references: Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Nov 20;412(23-24):2037-45
references: 21855537
references: Cancer Res. 2000 Jan 1;60(1):184-90
references: 10646872
references: J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1343-52
references: 17347498
references: Prog Lipid Res. 2008 Jan;47(1):37-49
references: 18022398
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;98(10):2275-80
references: 14572579
references: J Lipid Res. 2012 Jul;53(7):1399-409
references: 22517925
references: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2010;26:157-77
references: 19575662
references: FEBS Lett. 2000 Jul 28;478(1-2):113-8
references: 10922480
references: J Lipid Res. 1989 Jul;30(7):1097-111
references: 2794792
references: Parasitol Int. 2012 Mar;61(1):130-5
references: 21704729
references: Steroids. 2008 Feb;73(2):149-57
references: 18068744
references: Neurol Sci. 2006 Jun;27(2):143-9
references: 16816916
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 30;103(22):8408-13
references: 16707575
references: Xenobiotica. 2008 Jul;38(7-8):1119-39
references: 18668442
references: Nature. 2011 Jul 27;475(7357):519-23
references: 21796211
references: Cancer Res. 1978 Dec;38(12):4634-9
references: 214229
references: Prog Lipid Res. 2008 Nov;47(6):391-404
references: 18502209
references: PLoS Genet. 2011 Sep;7(9):e1002224
references: 21912524
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 15;1529(1-3):126-35
references: 11111082
references: Nature. 2011 Jul 27;475(7357):524-7
references: 21796212
references: Science. 1996 Oct 11;274(5285):255-9
references: 8824192
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr 1;302(7):E788-99
references: 22275753
references: J AOAC Int. 2004 Mar-Apr;87(2):467-73
references: 15164842
references: J Surg Res. 2013 Jun 15;182(2):207-9
references: 22502870
references: Anal Biochem. 2003 Jan 15;312(2):217-23
references: 12531208
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 5;343(2):467-9
references: 16546125