title: Predicting water consumption habits for seven arsenic-safe water options in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Bangladesh, 20 million people are at the risk of developing arsenicosis because of excessive arsenic intake. Despite increased awareness, many of the implemented arsenic-safe water options are not being sufficiently used by the population. This study investigated the role of social-cognitive factors in explaining the habitual use of arsenic-safe water options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred seventy-two randomly selected households in six arsenic-affected districts of rural Bangladesh, which had access to an arsenic-safe water option, were interviewed using structured face-to-face interviews in November 2009. Habitual use of arsenic-safe water options, severity, vulnerability, affective and instrumental attitudes, injunctive and descriptive norms, self-efficacy, and coping planning were measured. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression revealed that self-efficacy (B = 0.42, SE = .03, p < .001), the instrumental attitude towards the safe water option (B = 0.24, SE = .04, p < .001), the affective attitude towards contaminated tube wells (B = -0.04, SE = .02, p = .024), vulnerability (B = -0.20, SE = .02, p < .001), as well as injunctive (B = 0.08, SE = 0.04, p = .049) and descriptive norms (B = 0.34, SE = .03, p < .001) primarily explained the habitual use of arsenic-safe water options (R2 = 0.688). This model proved highly generalizable to all seven arsenic-safe water options investigated, even though habitual use of single options were predicted on the basis of parameters estimated without these options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This general model for the habitual use of arsenic-safe water options may prove useful to predict other water consumption habits. Behavior-change interventions are derived from the model to promote the habitual use of arsenic-safe water options.
authors: Environmental and Health Psychology, Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland. jennifer.inauen@uni-konstanz.de
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Inauen
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Tobias
authors: Hans-Joachim
authors: HJ
authors: Mosler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001459:Bangladesh; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004326:Drinking; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D001151:Arsenic
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