title: On skin expansion.
abstract: This article discusses skin expansion without considering cellular growth of the skin. An in vivo analysis was carried out that involved expansion at three different sites on one patient, allowing for the observation of the relaxation process. Those measurements were used to characterize the human skin of the thorax during the surgical process of skin expansion. A comparison between the in vivo results and the numerical finite elements model of the expansion was used to identify the material elastic parameters of the skin of the thorax of that patient. Delfino's constitutive equation was chosen to model the in vivo results. The skin is considered to be an isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic, and incompressible membrane. When the skin is extended, such as with expanders, the collagen fibers are also extended and cause stiffening in the skin, which results in increasing resistance to expansion or further stretching. We observed this phenomenon as an increase in the parameters as subsequent expansions continued. The number and shape of the skin expanders used in expansions were also studied, both mathematically and experimentally. The choice of the site where the expansion should be performed is discussed to enlighten problems that can lead to frustrated skin expansions. These results are very encouraging and provide insight into our understanding of the behavior of stretched skin by expansion. To our knowledge, this study has provided results that considerably improve our understanding of the behavior of human skin under expansion.
authors: Laboratory of Membranes and Biomembranes, PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: djenane@djenane.com.
authors: Djenane C
authors: DC
authors: Pamplona
authors: Raquel Q
authors: RQ
authors: Velloso
authors: Henrique N
authors: HN
authors: Radwanski
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009929:Organ Size; D011312:Pressure; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Biomembranes; Characterization of human skin; Constitutive equation; Elastic foundation; Finite elements; Skin expanders; Skin expansion