title: An (un)clear conscience clause: the causes and consequences of statutory ambiguity in state contraceptive mandates.
abstract: Since 1996, twenty-eight states have adopted legislation mandating insurance coverage of prescription contraceptives for women. Most of these policies include language that allows providers to opt out of the requirement because of religious or moral beliefs-conscience clause exemptions. There is striking variation in how these exemptions are defined. This article investigates the sources and consequences of ambiguous versus precise statutory language in conscience clauses. We find that some forms of political and institutional fragmentation (party polarization and gubernatorial appointment power) are correlated with the degree of policy specificity in state contraceptive mandates. This finding reinforces previous law and policy scholarship that has shown that greater fragmentation promotes ambiguous statutory language because broad wording acts as a vehicle for compromise when actors disagree. Interestingly, it is the more precisely worded statutes that have prompted court battles. We explain this with reference to the asymmetry of incentives and mobilizing costs between those disadvantaged by broad (primarily female employees) versus precisely worded statutes (primarily Catholic organizations). Our findings suggest that the impact of statutory ambiguity on court intervention is heavily contextualized by the resources and organization of affected stakeholders.
authors: Pitzer College, USA.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: VanSickle-Ward
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Hollis-Brusky
mesh_terms: D003242:Conscience; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011057:Politics; D012067:Religion; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003270:Contraceptive Agents