title: Effects of asymmetry on the strength of the chelonian shell: a comparison of three species.
abstract: A major focus of the field of organismal biology is to understand how morphology impacts performance. Although the functional implications of certain aspects of shape have been widely examined, the functional implications of a related parameter, symmetry, remain mostly unknown. We used finite-element models to examine the effects of turtle shell asymmetry on shell strength across three morphologically distinct emydid species. The goals of this study were to: 1) test the hypothesis that increased asymmetry (independent of differences in shape) is associated with increased stress levels for a given load, and thus with weaker shells, 2) ascertain how asymmetry and the position of load application interact to influence shell strength, and 3) determine how interspecific differences in shape influence the effect of asymmetry. We found that increased asymmetry does produce higher stresses for both midline and non-midline loads. Non-midline loads produce slightly larger and more variable stresses. Species-specific shell shape can mitigate the effects of asymmetry; stronger shapes are potentially more resistant to the negative effects of asymmetry. Our findings indicate that changes in asymmetry associated with relatively small changes in shape can have as much of an effect on stress incurred by the shell as the changes in shape themselves.
authors: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. grivera@g.clemson.edu
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Rivera
authors: C Tristan
authors: CT
authors: Stayton
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D013045:Species Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: finite element; shell morphology; stress; symmetry; turtle