title: Interaction between morphine and noradrenergic system of basolateral amygdala on anxiety and memory in the elevated plus-maze test based on a test-retest paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amygdala is the key brain structure for anxiety and emotional memory storage. We examined the involvement of β-adrenoreceptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and their interaction with morphine in modulating these behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The elevated plus-maze has been employed for investigating anxiety and memory. Male Wistar rats were used for this test. We injected morphine (4, 5, and 6 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, while salbutamol (albuterol) (1, 2, and 4 μg/rat) and propranolol (1, 2, and 4 μg/rat) were injected into the BLA. Open- arms time percentage (%OAT), open- arms entry percentage (%OAE), and locomotor activity were determined by this behavioral test. Retention was tested 24 hours later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraperitoneal injection of morphine (6 mg/kg) had an anxiolytic-like effect and improvement of memory. The highest dose of salbutamol decreased the anxiety parameters in test session and improved the memory in retest session. Coadministration of salbutamol and ineffective dose of morphine presenting anxiolytic response. In this case, the memory was improved. Intra-BLA administration of propranolol (4 μg/rat) decreased %OAT in the test session, while had no effect on memory formation. Coadministration of propranolol and morphine (6 mg/kg) showed an increase in %OAT. There was not any significant change in the above- mentioned parameter in the retest session. Coadministration of morphine and propranolol with the effective dose of salbutamol showed that propranolol could reverse anxiolytic-like effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that opioidergic and β-adrenergic systems have the same effects on anxiety and memory in the BLA; but these effects are independent of each other.
authors: Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem (Kharazmi) University, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir
authors: Farhad
authors: F
authors: Valizadegan
authors: Shahrbanoo
authors: S
authors: Oryan
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Nasehi
authors: Mohammad Reza
authors: MR
authors: Zarrindast
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000819:agonists*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D011957:Receptors, Opioid; D009020:Morphine; D011433:Propranolol; D000420:Albuterol