title: Cadmium exposure induces hematuria in Korean adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxic heavy metals have adverse effects on human health. However, the risk of hematuria caused by heavy metal exposure has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 4701 Korean adults were obtained in the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2008-2010). Blood levels of the toxic heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury were measured. Hematuria was defined as a result of ≥+1 on a urine dipstick test. The odds ratios (ORs) for hematuria were measured according to the blood heavy metal levels after adjusting for multiple variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with blood cadmium levels in the 3rd and 4th quartiles had a greater OR for hematuria than those in the 1st quartile group: 3rd quartile, 1.35 (1.019-1.777; P=0.037); 4th quartile, 1.52 (1.140-2.017; P=0.004). When blood cadmium was considered as a log-transformed continuous variable, the correlation between blood cadmium and hematuria was significant: OR, 1.97 (1.224-3.160; Ptrend=0.005). In contrast, no significant correlations between hematuria and blood lead or mercury were found in the multivariate analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that high cadmium exposure is associated with a risk of hematuria.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung Seok
authors: SS
authors: Han
authors: Myounghee
authors: M
authors: Kim
authors: Su Mi
authors: SM
authors: Lee
authors: Jung Pyo
authors: JP
authors: Lee
authors: Sejoong
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: Kwon Wook
authors: KW
authors: Joo
authors: Chun Soo
authors: CS
authors: Lim
authors: Yon Su
authors: YS
authors: Kim
authors: Dong Ki
authors: DK
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury