title: Free fatty acid effects on myokine production in combination with exercise mimetics.
abstract: METHODS
  We aimed to study the effects of free fatty acids (FFAs) alone and combined with the exercise mimetics adrenaline and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) in the production of IL6, IL15 and Irisin in muscle cells, using a time-sequential model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with FFA, adrenaline or AICAR alone for 0, 1, 3, 8, 12 and 24 h and with double or triple combinations for 0, 3 and 24 h. Levels of mRNA in cells and protein in the medium were measured. Adrenaline, AICAR and FFA showed no significant effects on Irisin expression, while the presence in the culture of adrenaline and/or AICAR decreased IL15 mRNA expression. On contrary, the three signals showed a deep, rapid impact on the IL6 induction, especially when both AICAR and FFA were present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different response in IL6 versus IL15 regulation may be explained by their different energy-activating versus muscle-cell-hypertrophy suggested roles, considering that adrenaline and AMPK are involved in the activation of energy-generating pathways. Moreover, the results suggest FFAs are components that may regulate IL6 production and may have a role in muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk.
authors: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors: Juana
authors: J
authors: Sánchez
authors: Yuriy
authors: Y
authors: Nozhenko
authors: Andreu
authors: A
authors: Palou
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C571428:FNDC5 protein, mouse; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005353:Fibronectins; D007093:Imidazoles; D019409:Interleukin-15; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C098330:4-aminoimidazole; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Fat-muscle crosstalk; IL15; IL6; Irisin; Muscle Cells