title: Prediction of treatment response and the effect of independent component neurofeedback in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to assess the effect of independent component neurofeedback (NFB) on EEG and clinical symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Subsequently, we explored predictors of treatment response and EEG correlates of clinical symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, 20 inpatients with OCD underwent 25 sessions of NFB or sham feedback (SFB). NFB aimed at reducing EEG activity in an independent component previously reported abnormal in this diagnosis. Resting-state EEG recorded before and after the treatment was analyzed to assess its posttreatment changes, relationships with clinical symptoms and treatment response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, clinical improvement in OCD patients was not accompanied by EEG change as assessed by standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography and normative independent component analysis. Pre- to posttreatment comparison of the trained component and frequency did not yield significant results; however, in the NFB group, the nominal values at the downtrained frequency were lower after treatment. The NFB group showed significantly higher percentage reduction of compulsions compared to the SFB group (p = 0.015). Pretreatment higher amount of delta (1-6 Hz) and low alpha oscillations as well as a lower amount of high beta activity predicted a worse treatment outcome. Source localization of these delta and high beta oscillations corresponded with previous EEG resting-state findings in OCD patients compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent component NFB in OCD proved useful in percentage improvement of compulsions. Based on our correlation analyses, we hypothesize that we targeted a network related to treatment resistance.
authors: Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic. koprivova@pcp.lf3.cuni.cz
authors: Jana
authors: J
authors: Kopřivová
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Congedo
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Raszka
authors: Ján
authors: J
authors: Praško
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Brunovský
authors: Jiří
authors: J
authors: Horáček
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000502:physiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult