title: Clinical and neurohormonal correlates and prognostic value of serum prolactin levels in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypothalamic axis deregulation is associated with clinical severity and depression in chronic heart failure (CHF). We investigated the relationship of serum prolactin, an indicator of hypothalamic axis function, to neurohomonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms in CHF as well as its prognostic value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum prolactin was determined in 180 patients with advanced CHF (aged 65 ± 12 years, mean LVEF 27 ± 7%) along with natriuretic peptides (BNP), inflammatory cytokines, endothelial adhesion molecules, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS). Patients were followed for all-cause death or hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons for up to 8 months. Prolactin levels were significantly correlated with NYHA class (r = 0.394, P < 0.001), LVEF (r = -0.314, P < 0.001), 6MWT (r = -0.353, P < 0.001), BNP (r = 0.374, P < 0.001), Zung SDS (r = 0.544, P < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (r = 0.451, P < 0.001), IL-10 (r = -0.426, P < 0.001), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (r = 0.310, P = 0.001), soluble Fas (r = 0.333, P < 0.001), soluble Fas-ligand (r = 0.517, P < 0.001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (r = 0.409, P < 0.001), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). During follow-up, 119 patients (66%) died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular events after a median time of 72 days (range 5-220 days); these patients had higher baseline prolactin levels (10.2 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 4.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and a prolactin value ≥4.5 ng/mL was associated with a higher rate of death or hospitalization (116 ± 7 vs. 181 ± 11 days, P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, prolactin levels remained an independent predictor of death or hospitalization (<4.5 vs. ≥4.5 ng/mL; odds ratio, 0.368; 95% confidence interval 0.148-0.913; P = 0.031), along with BNP (P < 0.001) and 6MWT (P = 0.020).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum prolactin is associated with neurohormonal/immune activation and depressive symptoms and is an independent predictor of prognosis in advanced CHF.
authors: Second Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Unit, University of Athens Medical School, Attiko University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Parissis
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Farmakis
authors: Katerina
authors: K
authors: Fountoulaki
authors: Antonios
authors: A
authors: Rigas
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Nikolaou
authors: Ioannis A
authors: IA
authors: Paraskevaidis
authors: Vassiliki
authors: V
authors: Bistola
authors: Koula
authors: K
authors: Venetsanou
authors: Ignatios
authors: I
authors: Ikonomidis
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Anastasiou-Nana
authors: Dimitrios T
authors: DT
authors: Kremastinos
authors: Gerasimos
authors: G
authors: Filippatos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D003863:Depression / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D005080:Exercise Test; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D016753:Interleukin-10; D011388:Prolactin
keywords: Cytokines; Depression; Heart failure; Prognosis; Prolactin