title: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of maxillary alveolus metastasising to the abdomen: the role of immunomarkers in diagnosis.
abstract: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) originating mostly in the minor salivary glands of the posterior hard and soft palate is characterised by its indolent growth and a slower rate of metastasis. Seldom does the PLGA present an aggressive behaviour and demonstrate distant metastasis, as in the present case where a 73-year-old female patient with a swelling in the maxillary alveolus was diagnosed as PLGA exhibiting high-grade transformation, subsequently metastasizing to the abdomen and lungs. The importance of immunomarkers, c-kit and ki-67 in deciphering the clinical behaviour of this PLGA is highlighted. Distant metastasis to the abdomen has not yet been reported; hence, this case of PLGA emphasises the importance of immunohistochemistry in assessing its aggressiveness and understanding a novel aspect of its pathogenesis.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors: Aatish
authors: A
authors: Thennavan
authors: Lakshmi
authors: L
authors: Rao
authors: Raghu
authors: R
authors: Radhakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology*; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000097:blood; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D012470:Salivary Glands, Minor / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit
references: Histopathology. 2002 Sep;41(3):250-9
references: 12207787
references: Mod Pathol. 2002 Jul;15(7):687-91
references: 12118104
references: Cancer. 1984 Feb 15;53(4):935-42
references: 6692293
references: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Sep;66(3):323-33
references: 2845326
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 1999 Jun;111(6):785-91
references: 10361514
references: Patholog Res Int. 2011;2011:325965
references: 21876843
references: Cancer. 1999 Jul 15;86(2):207-19
references: 10421256
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 4;101(18):7005-10
references: 15103019
references: Ultrastruct Pathol. 1995 Sep-Oct;19(5):365-70
references: 7483012
references: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Mar;64(3):415-23
references: 16487803
references: Histopathology. 1998 Jun;32(6):521-9
references: 9675591