title: Traumatic brain injury, mental health, substance use, and offending among incarcerated young people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite being at high risk, little is known about traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) among incarcerated young people. This study aims to describe the prevalence of TBI among incarcerated young people and assess the association with mental health, substance use, and offending behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2009 NSW Young People in Custody Health Survey was conducted in 9 juvenile detention centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 361 young people agreed to participate, representing 80% of all incarcerated young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young people were asked if they ever had a head injury where they became unconscious or "blacked-out." The survey used the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders for Children to assess for psychiatric disorders, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, and the Severity of Dependence Scale to measure problematic substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample comprised 88% man, 48% Aboriginal, with an average age of 17 years. One-third (32%) of young people reported ever experiencing a TBI, and 13% reported multiple TBIs. The majority (92%) of "most serious" TBIs were defined as mild, and the most common cause was an assault (62% woman, 34% man). Young people who reported a history of TBI (compared with those reporting no TBI) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a mental health disorder, psychological distress, a history of bullying, problematic substance use, participation in fights, and offending behaviors. Reporting multiple (>2) TBIs conferred a higher risk of psychological disorders and problematic substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incarcerated young people have high rates of TBI. Enhanced detection of TBI among incarcerated young people will assist clinicians in addressing the associated psychosocial sequelae.
authors: Centre for Health Research in Criminal Justice (Drs Moore and Indig) and Adolescent Health (Dr Haysom), Justice Health; and School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales (Dr Indig), Sydney, Australia.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Moore
authors: Devon
authors: D
authors: Indig
authors: Leigh
authors: L
authors: Haysom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058445:Bullying; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008603:Mental Health; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult