title: Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating and sessile immune cells in mosquitoes: hemocyte mitosis following infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquitoes respond to infection by mounting immune responses. The primary regulators of these immune responses are cells called hemocytes, which kill pathogens via phagocytosis and via the production of soluble antimicrobial factors. Mosquito hemocytes are circulated throughout the hemocoel (body cavity) by the swift flow of hemolymph (blood), and data show that some hemocytes also exist as sessile cells that are attached to tissues. The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative physical map of hemocyte distribution in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to describe the cellular immune response in an organismal context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using correlative imaging methods we found that the number of hemocytes in a mosquito decreases with age, but that regardless of age, approximately 75% of the hemocytes occur in circulation and 25% occur as sessile cells. Infection induces an increase in the number of hemocytes, and tubulin and nuclear staining showed that this increase is primarily due to mitosis and, more specifically, autonomous cell division, by circulating granulocytes. The majority of sessile hemocytes are present on the abdominal wall, although significant numbers of hemocytes are also present in the thorax, head, and several of the appendages. Within the abdominal wall, the areas of highest hemocyte density are the periostial regions (regions surrounding the valves of the heart, or ostia), which are ideal locations for pathogen capture as these are areas of high hemolymph flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data describe the spatial and temporal distribution of mosquito hemocytes, and map the cellular response to infection throughout the hemocoel.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
authors: Jonas G
authors: JG
authors: King
authors: Julián F
authors: JF
authors: Hillyer
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005426:Flight, Animal; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007109:Immunity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000276:immunology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010587:Phagocytosis; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: C101089:CM-DiI; D002232:Carbocyanines
references: Science. 2010 Sep 10;329(5997):1353-5
references: 20829487
references: J Insect Physiol. 1999 Feb;45(2):113-126
references: 12770379
references: Development. 2003 Oct;130(20):4955-62
references: 12930778
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002458
references: 22216006
references: J Exp Biol. 2010 Feb 15;213(4):541-50
references: 20118304
references: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Oct;7(10):e1002274
references: 21998579
references: J Exp Med. 1988 Feb 1;167(2):598-611
references: 3258008
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2010 Feb;34(2):141-9
references: 19733588
references: J Insect Physiol. 2004 Dec;50(12):1103-11
references: 15670857
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Oct 18;12(4):521-30
references: 23084919
references: Development. 1994 Jul;120(7):1829-37
references: 7924990
references: Histochem Cell Biol. 2002 May;117(5):431-40
references: 12029490
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 May 8;5(5):498-507
references: 19454353
references: Mol Immunol. 2010 Jul;47(11-12):1997-2004
references: 20483458
references: Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Dec;36(12):891-903
references: 17098164
references: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Jan;7(1):39-51
references: 15617522
references: Curr Biol. 2000 Jun 29;10(13):781-4
references: 10898983
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2010 Jun;34(6):625-9
references: 20079370
references: PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(11):e1003058
references: 23209421
references: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000335
references: 19282971
references: FASEB J. 2003 Aug;17(11):1550-2
references: 12824307
references: Cell Biol Int. 2008 Sep;32(9):1044-56
references: 18602486
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 22;105(29):10017-22
references: 18632567
references: Cell. 2004 Mar 5;116(5):661-70
references: 15006349
references: Microbes Infect. 2004 Apr;6(5):448-59
references: 15109959
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 2012 Jul;37(3-4):390-401
references: 22326457
references: J Insect Physiol. 2008 Feb;54(2):454-61
references: 18164720
references: Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2000 Apr;43(4):147-64
references: 10737919
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 4;107(18):8111-6
references: 20385844
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 3;105(22):7732-7
references: 18511557
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2003 Jul;313(1):117-27
references: 12838409
references: J Insect Physiol. 1997 Nov;44(1):1-20
references: 12770439
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;708:218-38
references: 21528701
references: J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):119-23
references: 2918431
references: Cell Tissue Res. 2013 Jan;351(1):127-37
references: 23229355
references: Dev Biol. 2001 Feb 15;230(2):243-57
references: 11161576
references: PLoS One. 2010 Sep 23;5(9):e12943
references: 20886066
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 24;106(12):4805-9
references: 19261847
references: Curr Opin Immunol. 1998 Feb;10(1):23-8
references: 9523106
references: Environ Entomol. 2012 Jun;41(3):688-96
references: 22732628
references: Dev Biol. 2010 Oct 15;346(2):310-9
references: 20707995
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 15;106(50):21270-5
references: 19940242
references: J Invertebr Pathol. 2011 Oct;108(2):126-30
references: 21843526
references: J Parasitol. 2003 Feb;89(1):62-9
references: 12659304
references: Dev Comp Immunol. 1979 Spring;3(2):189-221
references: 383538
references: Int J Parasitol. 2007 May;37(6):673-81
references: 17275826
references: Med Vet Entomol. 2012 Sep;26(3):271-81
references: 22112201
references: J Insect Physiol. 2011 Jun;57(6):830-9
references: 21439291