title: Perspectives and potential applications of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in cardiometabolic diseases and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: There is abundant evidence to suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a main cause of insulin resistance and related cardiometabolic comorbidities. On the other hand, insulin resistance is one of the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Lipid and glucose metabolism require mitochondria to generate energy, and when O2 consumption is low due to inefficient nutrient oxidation, there is an increase in reactive oxygen species, which can impair different types of molecules, including DNA, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, thereby inducing proinflammatory processes. Factors which contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, such as mitochondrial biogenesis and genetics, can also lead to insulin resistance in different insulin-target tissues, and its association with mitochondrial dysfunction can culminate in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, therapies that improve mitochondrial function may also improve insulin resistance. This review explains mechanisms of mitochondrial function related to the pathological effects of insulin resistance in different tissues. The pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases will be explained from a mitochondrial perspective and the potential beneficial effects of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as a therapy for modulating mitochondrial function in cardiometabolic diseases, especially diabetes, will also be considered.
authors: Fundacion para la Investigacion Sanitaria y Biomedica de la Comunidad Valenciana FISABIO, Valencia, Spain; University Hospital Doctor Peset, Endocrinology Service, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Foundation, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Milagros
authors: M
authors: Rocha
authors: Nadezda
authors: N
authors: Apostolova
authors: Jose Raul
authors: JR
authors: Herance
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Rovira-Llopis
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Hernandez-Mijares
authors: Victor M
authors: VM
authors: Victor
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: cardiometabolic disease; diabetes; insulin resistance; mitochondria; oxidative stress