title: Subcutaneous tissue reaction and cytotoxicity of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene blends associated with natural polymers.
abstract: Cytotoxicity and subcutaneous tissue reaction of innovative blends composed by polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene associated with natural polymers (natural rubber and native starch) forming membranes were evaluated, aiming its applications associated with bone regeneration. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mouse fibroblasts culture cells (NIH3T3) using trypan blue staining. Tissue response was in vivo evaluated by subcutaneous implantation of materials in rats, taking into account the presence of necrosis and connective tissue capsule around implanted materials after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 60, and 100 days of surgery. The pattern of inflammation was evaluated by histomorphometry of the inflammatory cells. Chemical and morphological changes of implanted materials after 60 and 100 days were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Cytotoxicity tests indicated a good tolerance of the cells to the biomaterial. The in vivo tissue response of all studied materials showed normal inflammatory pattern, characterized by a reduction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in mononuclear leukocytes over the time (p < 0.05 Kruskal-Wallis). On day 60, microscopic analysis showed regression of the chronic inflammatory process around all materials. FTIR showed no changes in chemical composition of materials due to implantation, whereas SEM demonstrated the delivery of starch in the medium. Therefore, the results of the tests performed in vitro and in vivo show that the innovative blends can further be used as biomaterials.
authors: Universidade Sagrado Coração - USC, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Leonardo
authors: L
authors: Marques
authors: Leandro A
authors: LA
authors: Holgado
authors: Rebeca D
authors: RD
authors: Simões
authors: João D A S
authors: JD
authors: Pereira
authors: Juliana F
authors: JF
authors: Floriano
authors: Lígia S L S
authors: LS
authors: Mota
authors: Carlos F O
authors: CF
authors: Graeff
authors: Carlos J L
authors: CJ
authors: Constantino
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: Rodriguez-Perez
authors: Mariza
authors: M
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013213:Starch / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013213:Starch; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C522521:poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene); C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
keywords: PVDF; biomaterial; cytotoxicity; piezoelectricity; tissue reaction