title: Effects of Ginkgo biloba on chemically-induced mammary tumors in rats receiving tamoxifen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is used extensively by breast cancer patients undergoing treatment with Tamoxifen (TAM). Thus, the present study investigated the effects of GbE in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats bearing chemically-induced mammary tumors and receiving TAM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals bearing mammary tumors (≥1 cm in diameter) were divided into four groups: TAM [10 mg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.)], TAM plus GbE [50 and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or an untreated control group. After 4 weeks, the therapeutic efficacy of the different treatments was evaluated by measuring the tumor volume (cm(3)) and the proportions of each tumor that were alive, necrotic or degenerative (mm(2)). In addition, labeling indexes (LI%) were calculated for cell proliferation (PCNA LI%) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 LI%), expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) and p63 biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the tumor volume and the PCNA LI% within live tumor areas were reduced by 83% and 99%, respectively, in all TAM-treated groups when compared to the untreated control group. GbE treatment (100 mg/kg) reduced the proportions of live (24.8%) and necrotic areas (2.9%) (p = 0.046 and p = 0.038, respectively) and significantly increased the proportion of degenerative areas (72.9%) (p = 0.004) in mammary tumors when compared to the group treated only with TAM. The expression of ER-α, p63 and cleaved caspase-3 in live tumor tissues was not modified by GbE treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-treatment with 100 mg/kg GbE presented a slightly beneficial effect on the therapeutic efficacy of TAM in female SD rats bearing mammary tumors.
authors: Post-Graduation Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors: Marcos Correa
authors: MC
authors: Dias
authors: Kelly Silva
authors: KS
authors: Furtado
authors: Maria Aparecida Marchesan
authors: MA
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Luís Fernando
authors: LF
authors: Barbisan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013629:Tamoxifen
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