title: Where are you from? A validation of the Foreigner Objectification Scale and the psychological correlates of foreigner objectification among Asian Americans and Latinos.
abstract: Many ethnic minorities in the United States consider themselves to be just as American as their European American counterparts. However, there is a persistent cultural stereotype of ethnic minorities as foreigners (i.e., the perpetual foreigner stereotype) that may be expressed during interpersonal interactions (i.e., foreigner objectification). The goal of the present study was to validate the Foreigner Objectification Scale, a brief self-report measure of perceived foreigner objectification, and to examine the psychological correlates of perceived foreigner objectification. Results indicated that the Foreigner Objectification Scale is structurally (i.e., factor structure) and metrically (i.e., factor loadings) invariant across foreign-born and U.S.-born Asian Americans and Latinos. Scalar (i.e., latent item intercepts) invariance was demonstrated for the two foreign-born groups and the two U.S.-born groups, but not across foreign-born and U.S.-born individuals. Multiple-group structural equation models indicated that, among U.S.-born individuals, perceived foreigner objectification was associated with less life satisfaction and more depressive symptoms, and was indirectly associated with lower self-esteem via identity denial, operationalized as the perception that one is not viewed by others as American. Among foreign-born individuals, perceived foreigner objectification was not significantly associated directly with self-esteem, life satisfaction, or depressive symptoms. However, perceived foreigner objectification was positively associated with identity denial, and identity denial was negatively associated with life satisfaction. This study illustrates the relevance of perceived foreigner objectification to the psychological well-being of U.S.-born Asian Americans and Latinos.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
authors: Brian E
authors: BE
authors: Armenta
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
authors: Richard M
authors: RM
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
authors: Stephanie T
authors: ST
authors: Pituc
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
authors: Kyoung-Rae
authors: KR
authors: Jung
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame.
authors: Irene J K
authors: IJK
authors: Park
authors: Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University.
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: Soto
authors: Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas-Austin.
authors: Su Yeong
authors: SY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami.
authors: Seth J
authors: SJ
authors: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D013240:Stereotyping; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology
references: Am J Public Health. 2003 Feb;93(2):200-8
references: 12554570
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008 Sep;95(3):695-708
references: 18729703
references: Dev Psychol. 2008 May;44(3):787-800
references: 18473644
references: J Pers Assess. 1985 Feb;49(1):71-5
references: 16367493
references: J Community Psychol. 2008 May 1;36(4):421-433
references: 19960098
references: J Soc Clin Psychol. 2011;30(2):133-162
references: 21572896
references: South Calif Law Rev. 1991 Nov;65(1):341-54
references: 11645838
references: Psychol Sci. 2011 Jul;22(7):959-67
references: 21653909
references: Psychol Bull. 2011 Jan;137(1):68-96
references: 21219057
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Nov;89(5):717-30
references: 16351364
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2005 Mar;88(3):447-66
references: 15740439
references: Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2012 Apr;18(2):153-164
references: 22506818
references: Br J Soc Psychol. 2008 Jun;47(Pt 2):191-215
references: 17621413
references: Nebr Symp Motiv. 2008;53:43-67
references: 18232130
references: Am Psychol. 2007 May-Jun;62(4):271-86
references: 17516773
references: Psychol Bull. 2009 Jul;135(4):531-54
references: 19586161
references: J Psychol. 2000 Nov;134(6):581-600
references: 11092413
references: J Youth Adolesc. 2009 Feb;38(2):153-63
references: 19636714
references: Psychol Bull. 2003 Jul;129(4):522-44
references: 12848219
references: Soc Sci Med. 2007 May;64(10):1984-96
references: 17374553
references: Dev Psychol. 2011 Jan;47(1):289-301
references: 21244164
references: J Pers Assess. 2006 Apr;86(2):150-61
references: 16599789
references: Emotion. 2011 Jun;11(3):675-80
references: 21534660
references: Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):83-104
references: 11928892
references: Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2006 Dec;32(12):1608-19
references: 17122174
references: Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2012 Oct;18(4):384-94
references: 23066643
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Aug;85(2):348-62
references: 12916575
references: Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2010 Jan;16(1):94-8
references: 20099969
references: Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2010 Jul;16(3):323-34
references: 20658875
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2009 Aug;118(3):472-8
references: 19685945