title: Spatial variation in herbicide leaching from a marine clay soil via subsurface drains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsurface transport via tile drains can significantly contribute to pesticide contamination of surface waters. The spatial variation in subsurface leaching of normally applied herbicides was examined together with phosphorus losses in 24 experimental plots with water sampled flow-proportionally. The study site was a flat, tile-drained area with 60% marine clay in the topsoil in southeast Sweden. The objectives were to quantify the leaching of frequently used herbicides from a tile drained cracking clay soil and to evaluate the variation in leaching within the experimental area and relate this to topsoil management practices (tillage method and structure liming).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In summer 2009, 0.14, 0.22 and 1.62%, respectively, of simultaneously applied amounts of MCPA, fluroxypyr and clopyralid were leached by heavy rain five days after spraying. In summer 2011, on average 0.70% of applied bentazone was leached by short bursts of intensive rain 12 days after application. Peak flow concentrations for 50% of the treated area for MCPA and 33% for bentazone exceeded the Swedish no-effect guideline values for aquatic ecosystems. Approximately 0.08% of the glyphosate applied was leached in dissolved form in the winters of 2008/2009 and 2010/2011. Based on measurements of glyphosate in particulate form, total glyphosate losses were twice as high (0.16%) in the second winter. The spatial inter-plot variation was large (72-115%) for all five herbicides studied, despite small variations (25%) in water discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows the importance of local scale soil transport properties for herbicide leaching in cracking clay soils.
authors: Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Barbro M
authors: BM
authors: Ulén
authors: Mats
authors: M
authors: Larsbo
authors: Jenny K
authors: JK
authors: Kreuger
authors: Annika
authors: A
authors: Svanbäck
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: MCPA; bentazone; clopyralid; fluroxypyr; glyphosate; subsoil
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