title: RHD variants in Polish blood donors routinely typed as D-.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood donors exhibiting a weak D or DEL phenotypical expression may be mistyped D- by standard serology hence permitting incompatible transfusion to D- recipients. Molecular methods may overcome these technical limits. Our aim was to estimate the frequency of RHD alleles among the apparently D- Polish donor population and to characterize its molecular background.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma pools collected from 31,200 consecutive Polish donors typed as D- were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of RHD-specific markers located in Intron 4 and Exons 7 and 10. RHD+ individuals were characterized by PCR or cDNA sequencing and serology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma cross-pool strategy revealed 63 RHD+ donors harboring RHD*01N.03 (n = 17), RHD*15 (n = 12), RHD*11 (n = 7), RHD*DEL8 (n = 3), RHD*01W.2 (n = 3), RHD-CE(10) (n = 3), RHD*01W.3, RHD*01W.9, RHD*01N.05, RHD*01N.07, RHD*01N.23, and RHD(IVS1-29G>C) and two novel alleles, RHD*(767C>G) (n = 3) and RHD*(1029C>A). Among 47 cases available for serology, 27 were shown to express the D antigen
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Plasma cross-pool strategy is a reliable and cost-effective tool for RHD screening. 2) Only 0.2% of D- Polish donors carry some fragments of the RHD gene; all of them were C or E+. 3) Almost 60% of the detected RHD alleles may be potentially immunogenic when transfused to a D- recipient.
authors: Department of Immunohematology and Immunology of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Warsaw, Poland; Regional Blood Transfusion Centers in Warsaw, Kraków, Gdańsk, Racibórz, Kalisz, Kielce, Radom, Poland; Red Cross Transfusion Centre of Upper Austria, Linz, Austria; Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Orzińska
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Guz
authors: Helene
authors: H
authors: Polin
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Pelc-Kłopotowska
authors: Justyna
authors: J
authors: Bednarz
authors: Agata
authors: A
authors: Gieleżyńska
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Sliwa
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Kowalewska
authors: Elżbieta
authors: E
authors: Pawłowska
authors: Bogusława
authors: B
authors: Włodarczyk
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Malaga Alicja Żmudzin
authors: Magdalena
authors: M
authors: Krzemienowska
authors: Kshitij
authors: K
authors: Srivastava
authors: Bogumiła
authors: B
authors: Michalewska
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Gabriel
authors: Willy A
authors: WA
authors: Flegel
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Brojer
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000191:economics; D054928:Validation Studies as Topic
chemical_list: D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen
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