title: Anaesthetic considerations for endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature on the use of general anaesthesia and propofol deep sedation for patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) procedures. Propofol is primarily an anaesthetic agent, but its use in a sedative capacity has resulted in the extensive off-label administration of this drug by gastroenterologists and other nonanaesthesia personnel. This has created controversy and enabled the gastroenterology community to gather evidence and campaign for US Food and Drug Administration approval to administer propofol to patients undergoing ERCP and other endoscopic procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General anaesthesia appears to be a well tolerated technique for patients undergoing ERCP procedures, although there is a scarcity of publications in this field. The available evidence from prospective and retrospective cohort studies suggests a low incidence of serious outcomes (from sedation-related incidents) in patients undergoing ERCP procedures under propofol deep sedation. However, data from the American Society of Anesthesiologists closed claims analysis report suggests that endoscopy procedures performed under monitored anaesthetic care using propofol as a sedative agent can result in serious patient harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deep sedation with propofol, administered by anaesthesia personnel, can be used as an alternative to general anaesthesia for a select group of patients undergoing ERCP procedures. Further research is necessary to clarify the nature and parameters of deep sedation.
authors: St George's Hospital, Tooting, London, UK. davinder.garewel@stgeorges.nhs.uk
authors: Davinder
authors: D
authors: Garewal
authors: Liana
authors: L
authors: Vele
authors: Pallavi
authors: P
authors: Waikar
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods*; D054810:Deep Sedation; D006801:Humans; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015742:Propofol