title: Ranibizumab: the first vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor approved for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety data available for ranibizumab and compare the drug to other therapeutic options for diabetic macular edema (DME) to determine its likely role in therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search was initially used to identify all trials pertaining to the use of ranibizumab for DME. This search was conducted in February 2013 without a time frame for exclusion of older trials (all references included were published between January 1987 and February 2013). Following a review of the references of these articles, additional sources were obtained from PubMed, the manufacturer's website, and clinicaltrials.gov.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials conducted in animals and those written in a language other than English were excluded. Abstracts of remaining trials were reviewed for determination of relevance to this review. Preference was given to randomized controlled trials. Additional information sources were obtained from a review of references as deemed necessary by the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six Phase 2 or 3 randomized controlled trials studying the effects of ranibizumab in patients with DME were identified. Within these trials, ranibizumab consistently produced significantly greater gains in mean best corrected visual acuity than focal/grid laser photocoagulation or sham (7.4-12.5 letter improvement with ranibizumab vs 0.5-3 letters following focal/grid laser photocoagulation monotherapy) with a favorable safety and tolerability profile. Ranibizumab was also studied in combination with focal/grid laser photocoagulation, showing no additional gains in vision versus ranibizumab monotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identified trials provide support for the safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in the treatment of vision loss due to DME and present a strong case for the shift to first-line treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors from focal/grid laser photocoagulation, the standard of care since the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study of 1985.
authors: College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. kevoy@purdue.edu
authors: Kirk E
authors: KE
authors: Evoy
authors: Steven R
authors: SR
authors: Abel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017277:Drug Approval; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000069579:Ranibizumab