title: Safe zone for retractor placement to the lumbar spine via the transpsoas approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure anatomic variations of the lumbar plexus within the psoas in relation to the L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5 disc spaces and to delineate a safe zone to avoid nerve injury during retractor placement via the transpsoas approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male and 6 female cadavers (24 psoas/ lumbar plexuses) aged 35 to 74 years were dissected. The lumbar plexus was isolated bilaterally. The L2, L3, and L4 nerve roots were identified and isolated without disturbing their natural anatomic course. The anteroposterior (AP) diameter of each intervertebral disc at L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5 was used as a reference. Four measurements were made using a caliper: the AP and mediolateral (ML) diameters of the psoas and AP and ML excursions of each nerve root. Percentages were calculated for the 4 measurements using the reference of the AP diameter of the intervertebral disc at each level. Comparison between left and right sides, between males and females, and between excursions of nerve roots were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AP diameter of the psoas increased from L2 to L4, with a mean vertebral body coverage of 80%, 86%, and 85% at L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5, respectively. Both the L2 and L3 nerve roots demonstrated substantial anterior trajectories as they coursed distally in the lumbar spine. No nerve root encroached anteriorly beyond 33% of the intervertebral disc space at L2 to L5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lumbar plexus area corresponding to the anterior half of the intervertebral disc was the safe zone. Procedures to the lumbar spine via the transpsoas approach should be performed within the safe zone to avoid nerve injury.
authors: New York University - Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, USA.
authors: Jeffery M
authors: JM
authors: Spivak
authors: Carl B
authors: CB
authors: Paulino
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Patel
authors: Nael
authors: N
authors: Shanti
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Pathare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000293:injuries; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
keywords: lumbar vertebrae; lumbosacral plexus