title: Total and carboxylated osteocalcin associate with insulin levels in young adults born with normal or very low birth weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteocalcin (OC), a bone-derived protein, has been implicated in the regulation of glucose and energy metabolism. Young adults born with very low birth weight (VLBW) have altered glucose regulation and lower bone mineral density (BMD) compared with those born at term. The aim of this study was to explore the association between bone and glucose metabolism in healthy young adults born prematurely or at term.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort of this cross-sectional study comprised 332 non-diabetic young adults (age 18 to 27 years) born either preterm with VLBW (n = 163) or at term (n = 169). OC, carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) and markers of glucose metabolism were measured at fasting and after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VLBW adults were shorter, had lower BMD (p<0.001) and higher fasting OC (p = 0.027) and cOC (p = 0.005) than term-born subjects. They also had higher 2-hour insulin (p = 0.001) and glucose (p = 0.037) concentrations. OGTT induced a significant reduction in OC (p<0.001), similar in both groups. OC reduction was not associated with OGTT-induced increases in insulin (p = 0.54). However, fasting total OC and cOC correlated negatively with fasting insulin after adjustment for age, gender, BMD and VLBW status (r = -0.182, p = 0.009 and r = -0.283, p<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults born with VLBW have higher OC and cOC than their peers born at term. This may in part reflect the mechanisms that underlie their lower BMD and decreased insulin sensitivity. Serum OC appears to be negatively associated with long-term glucose regulation whereas acute changes during OGTT may be mediated via other mechanisms.
authors: Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. ppaldanius@gmail.com
authors: Päivi M
authors: PM
authors: Paldánius
authors: Kaisa K
authors: KK
authors: Ivaska
authors: Petteri
authors: P
authors: Hovi
authors: Sture
authors: S
authors: Andersson
authors: Johan G
authors: JG
authors: Eriksson
authors: Kalervo
authors: K
authors: Väänänen
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Kajantie
authors: Outi
authors: O
authors: Mäkitie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood* / Q000254:growth & development; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015675:Osteocalcin
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