title: Incremental health care utilization and costs for acute otitis media in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the incremental health care costs associated with the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of a national health-care cost database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric patients (age < 18 years) were examined from the 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. From the linked medical conditions file, cases with a diagnosis of AOM were extracted, along with comorbid conditions. Ambulatory visit rates, prescription refills, and ambulatory health care costs were then compared between children with and without a diagnosis of AOM, adjusting for age, sex, region, race, ethnicity, insurance coverage, and Charlson comorbidity Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8.7 ± 0.4 million children were diagnosed with AOM (10.7 ± 0.4% annually, mean age 5.3 years, 51.3% male) among 81.5 ± 2.3 million children sampled (mean age 8.9 years, 51.3% male). Children with AOM manifested an additional +2.0 office visits, +0.2 emergency department visits, and +1.6 prescription fills (all P <0.001) per year versus those without AOM, adjusting for demographics and medical comorbidities. Similarly, AOM was associated with an incremental increase in outpatient health care costs of $314 per child annually (P <0.001) and an increase of $17 in patient medication costs (P <0.001), but was not associated with an increase in total prescription expenses ($13, P = 0.766).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of AOM confers a significant incremental health-care utilization burden on both patients and the health care system. With its high prevalence across the United States, pediatric AOM accounts for approximately $2.88 billion in added health care expense annually and is a significant health-care utilization concern.
authors: UCLA Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Sameer
authors: S
authors: Ahmed
authors: Nina L
authors: NL
authors: Shapiro
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Acute otitis media; children; health care expenditures; health care utilization; incremental analysis