title: CTCF: the protein, the binding partners, the binding sites and their chromatin loops.
abstract: CTCF has it all. The transcription factor binds to tens of thousands of genomic sites, some tissue-specific, others ultra-conserved. It can act as a transcriptional activator, repressor and insulator, and it can pause transcription. CTCF binds at chromatin domain boundaries, at enhancers and gene promoters, and inside gene bodies. It can attract many other transcription factors to chromatin, including tissue-specific transcriptional activators, repressors, cohesin and RNA polymerase II, and it forms chromatin loops. Yet, or perhaps therefore, CTCF's exact function at a given genomic site is unpredictable. It appears to be determined by the associated transcription factors, by the location of the binding site relative to the transcriptional start site of a gene, and by the site's engagement in chromatin loops with other CTCF-binding sites, enhancers or gene promoters. Here, we will discuss genome-wide features of CTCF binding events, as well as locus-specific functions of this remarkable transcription factor.
authors: Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sjoerd Johannes Bastiaan
authors: SJ
authors: Holwerda
authors: Wouter
authors: W
authors: de Laat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D056426:Genetic Loci; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000097722:Cohesins
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D055544:beta-Globins; D000097722:Cohesins; C000619697:CTCF protein, human; C035170:IGF2 protein, human
keywords: CTCF; chromatin loops; cohesin; nuclear organization; transcription
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