title: Inner ear disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a framework for the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear disorders, with an emphasis on problems common to neuro-rehabilitation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Disorders of the inner ear can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo and imbalance. Hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed; conductive hearing loss arises from the ear canal or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss arises from the inner ear or auditory nerve. Vertigo is a hallucination of motion, and is the cardinal symptom of vestibular system disease. It should be differentiated from other causes of dizziness: gait imbalance, disequilibrium, lightheadedness (pre-syncope). Vertigo can be caused by problems in the inner ear or central nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnosis of inner ear disorders begins with a targeted physical examination. The initial work-up of hearing loss is made by audiometry, and vertigo by electronystagmography (ENG). Supplemental tests and MRI are obtained when clinically indicated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical pattern and duration of vertigo are the most important clinical features in the diagnosis. Common inner ear causes of vertigo include: vestibular neuritis (sudden, unilateral vestibular loss), Meniere's disease (episodic vertigo), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and bilateral vestibular loss. Common central nervous system causes of vertigo include: post concussion syndrome, cervical vertigo, vestibular migraine, cerebrovascular disease, and acoustic neuroma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A basic knowledge of vestibular physiology, coupled with a understanding of common vestibular syndromes, will lead to correct diagnosis and treatment in most cases.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1189, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. eric.smouha@mssm.edu
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Smouha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007759:Labyrinth Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*