title: Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia and bone mineral density.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Currently used diagnostic measures for sarcopenia utilize different measures of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. These diagnostic measures associate differently to bone mineral density (BMD), as an example of muscle-related clinical outcome. These differences should be taken into account when studying sarcopenia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia utilize different measures of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. To understand differences between these measures, we determined the association with respect to whole body BMD, as an example of muscle-related clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the European cross-sectional study MYOAGE, 178 young (18-30 years) and 274 healthy old participants (69-81 years) were recruited. Body composition and BMD were evaluated using dual-energy X-ray densitometry. Diagnostic measures for sarcopenia were composed of lean mass as percentage of body mass, appendicular lean mass (ALM) as percentage of body mass, ALM divided by height squared (ALM/height(2)), knee extension torque, grip strength, walking speed, and Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Linear regression models were stratified for sex and age and adjusted for age and country, and body composition in separate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lean mass and ALM/height(2) were positively associated with BMD (P < 0.001). Significance remained in all sex and age subgroups after further adjustment for fat mass, except in old women. Lean mass percentage and ALM percentage were inversely associated with BMD in old women (P < 0.001). These inverse associations disappeared after adjustment for body mass. Knee extension torque and handgrip strength were positively associated with BMD in all subgroups (P < 0.01), except in old women. Walking speed and TUG were not related to BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations between diagnostic measures of sarcopenia and BMD as an example of muscle-related outcome vary widely. Differences between diagnostic measures should be taken into account when studying sarcopenia.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: A Y
authors: AY
authors: Bijlsma
authors: M C G
authors: MC
authors: Meskers
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Molendijk
authors: R G J
authors: RG
authors: Westendorp
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sipilä
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Stenroth
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sillanpää
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: McPhee
authors: D A
authors: DA
authors: Jones
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Narici
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Gapeyeva
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pääsuke
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Seppet
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Voit
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Barnouin
authors: J Y
authors: JY
authors: Hogrel
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Butler-Browne
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Maier
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
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