title: Food sources of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar in the Spanish hypertensive and diabetic population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has shown that the diet of hypertensive and diabetic patients has a low accordance with the main nutritional recommendations, mostly due to the high intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugars. This is the first study to identify the main food sources of these nutrients in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population, including 2323 patients with hypertension and 635 with diabetes. The habitual diet was assessed using a validated diet history. The intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugars was estimated with Spanish food composition tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypertensive and diabetic population showed, respectively, an intake of 2.9 and 3.1 g/day of sodium, 26 and 26 g/day of saturated fat, and 33 and 24 g/day of added sugar. In hypertensive and diabetic patients, respectively, most sodium intake came from bread (35%, 34%), raw-cured sausages (15%, 15%), cooked sausages (6%, 7%), and soup (5%, 6%). The main sources of saturated fat were cured cheese (13%, 13%), bakery products (12%, 11%), red meat (10%, 11%), raw-cured sausages (8%, 9%) and whole milk (4%, 4%). The food groups that most contributed to added sugar intake were sugar directly added to coffee and other beverages (27%, 19%), bakery products (15%, 19%), sugary soft drinks (10%, 13%), and whole yogurt (9%, 12%). The main food sources of nutrients were similar in all sex and age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with hypertension and diabetes, the intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar can be substantially reduced by prioritizing low-salt varieties of bread, reducing the consumption of bakery products and sausages, replacing cured cheese and other whole dairy products by low-fat products, using non-sugary sweeteners, and substituting sugar-free soft drinks, or plain water, for sugary sodas.
authors: Departamento Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPaz, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain. mpilar.guallar@uam.es
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Guallar-Castillón
authors: Maritza
authors: M
authors: Muñoz-Pareja
authors: Ma Teresa
authors: MT
authors: Aguilera
authors: Luz María
authors: LM
authors: León-Muñoz
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Rodríguez-Artalejo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D012982:Sodium, Dietary