title: Carbohydrate intake in relation to BMI, HbA1c and lipid profile in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare reported and recommended carbohydrate intake in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to explore associations with BMI, HbA1c and lipid profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional observational study of reported carbohydrate intake in 46,010 patients with T1D aged 1-18 years from 332 diabetes centres in Germany and Austria in comparison to age-matched healthy children and adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median reported carbohydrate intake in T1D patients was markedly lower than in healthy children. It varied between 56% and 90% of recommended amounts across the paediatric age range with younger patients showing levels closer to recommend. Lower carbohydrate intake was associated with higher BMI-SDS (p < 0.001), particularly during adolescence, higher total cholesterol (p < 0.001), higher LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.005) and lower HbA1c (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodologically simple measure of reported carbohydrate intake may be a valuable addition to the information gathered on paediatric patients with T1D in an outpatient setting. Children and adolescents with T1D appear to restrict their consumption of carbohydrates, which may have adverse effects on BMI and the lipid profile, particularly if there is a compensatory increased fat intake. Health care providers should therefore advise patients and parents of the recommended age-dependent levels of carbohydrate intake.
authors: Department of General Paediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.meissner@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Meissner
authors: St. Vincenz Children Hospital, Paderborn, Germany.
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Wolf
authors: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany.
authors: Mathilde
authors: M
authors: Kersting
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
authors: Elke
authors: E
authors: Fröhlich-Reiterer
authors: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Flechtner-Mors
authors: Department of General Paediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors: Burak
authors: B
authors: Salgin
authors: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center at the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Stahl-Pehe
authors: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors: Reinhard W
authors: RW
authors: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: BMI; CU; Carbohydrate intake; DPV; Diabetes Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentation (diabetes patients observational study); HDL-cholesterol; HbA1c; LDL-cholesterol; Lipid profile; SDS; T1D; Type 1 diabetes; body mass index; carbohydrate unit (1 unit = 10–12 g carbohydrate); glycated haemoglobin A1c; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; standard deviation score; type 1 diabetes