title: The role of different anesthetic techniques in altering the stress response during cardiac surgery in children: a prospective, double-blinded, and randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the role of three anesthetic techniques in altering the stress response in children undergoing surgery for repair of congenital heart diseases utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass in the setting of fast tracking or early tracheal extubation. Furthermore, we wanted to evaluate the correlation between blunting the stress response and the perioperative clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single center from December 2008 to May of 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight subjects (low-dose fentanyl plus placebo, n = 16; high-dose fentanyl plus placebo, n = 17; low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine, n = 15) were studied between ages 30 days to 3 years old who were scheduled to undergo repair for a ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, or Tetralogy of Fallot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart disease were randomized to receive low-dose fentanyl (10 mcg/kg; low-dose fentanyl), high-dose fentanyl (25mcg/kg; high-dose fentanyl), or low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine (as a 1 mcg/kg loading dose followed by infusion at 0.5mcg/kg/hr until separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. In addition, patients received a volatile anesthetic agent as needed to maintain hemodynamic stability. Blood samples were tested for metabolic, hormonal and cytokine markers at baseline, after sternotomy, after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, at the end of the procedure and at 24 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight subjects (low-dose fentanyl plus placebo, n = 16; high-dose fentanyl plus placebo, n = 17; low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine, n = 15) were studied. Subjects in the low-dose fentanyl plus placebo group had significantly higher levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, glucose, lactate, and epinephrine during the study period. The lowest levels of stress markers were seen in the high-dose fentanyl plus placebo group both over time (adrenocorticotropic hormone, p= 0.01; glucose, p = 0.007) and at individual time points (cortisol and lactate at the end of surgery, epinephrine poststernotomy; p < 0.05). Subjects in the low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine group had lower lactate levels at the end of surgery compared with the low-dose fentanyl plus placebo group (p < 0.05). Although there were no statistically significant differences in plasma cytokine levels between the three groups, the low-dose fentanyl plus placebo group had significantly higher interleukin-6:interleukin-10 ratio at 24 hours postoperatively (p < 0.0001). In addition, when compared with the low-dose fentanyl plus placebo group, the low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine group showed a lower norepinephrine level from baseline at poststernotomy, after the start of cardiopulmonary bypass, and at the end of surgery (p ≤ 0.05). Subjects in the low-dose fentanyl plus placebo group had more postoperative narcotic requirement (p = 0.004), higher prothrombin time (p ≤ 0.03), and more postoperative chest tube output (p < 0.05). Success of fast tracking was not significantly different between groups (low-dose fentanyl plus placebo 75%, high-dose fentanyl plus placebo 82%, low-dose fentanyl plus dexmedetomidine 93%; p = 0.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of low-dose fentanyl was associated with the greatest stress response, most coagulopathy, and highest transfusion requirement among our cohorts. Higher dose fentanyl demonstrated more favorable blunting of the stress response. When compared with low-dose fentanyl alone, the addition of dexmedetomidine improved the blunting of the stress response, while achieving better postoperative pain control.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. aymen.naguib@nationwidechildrens.org
authors: Aymen N
authors: AN
authors: Naguib
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Tobias
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Hall
authors: Mary J
authors: MJ
authors: Cismowski
authors: Yongjie
authors: Y
authors: Miao
authors: N'diris
authors: N
authors: Barry
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Preston
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Galantowicz
authors: Timothy M
authors: TM
authors: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D060666:Airway Extubation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016207:Cytokines; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D005283:Fentanyl
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