title: Early diet impacts infant rhesus gut microbiome, immunity, and metabolism.
abstract: Epidemiological research has indicated a relationship between infant formula feeding and increased risk of chronic diseases later in life including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The present study used an infant rhesus monkey model to compare the comprehensive metabolic implications of formula- and breast-feeding practices using NMR spectroscopy to characterize metabolite fingerprints from urine and serum, in combination with anthropometric measurements, fecal microbial profiling, and cytokine measurements. Here we show that formula-fed infants are larger than their breast-fed counterparts and have a different gut microbiome that includes higher levels of bacteria from the Ruminococcus genus and lower levels of bacteria from the Lactobacillus genus. In addition, formula-fed infants have higher serum insulin coupled with higher amino acid levels, while amino acid degradation products were higher in breast-fed infants. Increases in serum and urine galactose and urine galactitol were observed in the second month of life in formula-fed infants, along with higher levels of TNFα, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, and other cytokines and growth factors at week 4. These results demonstrate that metabolic and gut microbiome development of formula-fed infants is different from breast-fed infants and that the choice of infant feeding may hold future health consequences.
authors: Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors: Aifric
authors: A
authors: O'Sullivan
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Elizabeth M S
authors: EM
authors: McNiven
authors: Neill W
authors: NW
authors: Haggarty
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Lönnerdal
authors: Carolyn M
authors: CM
authors: Slupsky
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D004376:Galactitol / Q000652:urine; D005690:Galactose / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D064307:Microbiota; D045857:Ruminococcus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D004376:Galactitol; D005690:Galactose