title: Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis in genotyping Yersinia enterocolitica strains from human and porcine origins.
abstract: Sporadic and epidemiologically linked Yersinia enterocolitica strains (n = 379) isolated from fecal samples from human patients, tonsil or fecal samples from pigs collected at slaughterhouses, and pork samples collected at meat stores were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) with six loci, i.e., V2A, V4, V5, V6, V7, and V9. In total, 312 different MLVA types were found. Similar types were detected (i) in fecal samples collected from human patients over 2 to 3 consecutive years, (ii) in samples from humans and pigs, and (iii) in samples from pigs that originated from the same farms. Among porcine strains, we found farm-specific MLVA profiles. Variations in the numbers of tandem repeats from one to four for variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci V2A, V5, V6, and V7 were observed within a farm. MLVA was applicable for serotypes O:3, O:5,27, and O:9 and appeared to be a highly discriminating tool for distinguishing sporadic and outbreak-related strains. With long-term use, interpretation of the results became more challenging due to variations in more-discriminating loci, as was observed for strains originating from pig farms. Additionally, we encountered unexpectedly short V2A VNTR fragments and sequenced them. According to the sequencing results, updated guidelines for interpreting V2A VNTR results were prepared.
authors: Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. sonja.virtanen@helsinki.fi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Virtanen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Laukkanen-Ninios
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ortiz Martínez
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Siitonen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Fredriksson-Ahomaa
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Korkeala
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D058889:Molecular Typing; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000382:microbiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2001 Aug;127(1):37-47
references: 11561973
references: Jpn J Microbiol. 1973 May;17(3):220-2
references: 4541939
references: J Bacteriol. 2011 Apr;193(8):2067
references: 21296963
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Aug;45(8):2508-15
references: 17553973
references: Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999 Nov;29(5):308-12
references: 10664971
references: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2003 Mar;26(1):132-7
references: 12747421
references: J Med Microbiol. 2006 Jun;55(Pt 6):747-749
references: 16687594
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Sep;107(3):875-84
references: 19320943
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Dec;32(12):2913-20
references: 7883877
references: J Food Prot. 1999 Feb;62(2):123-7
references: 10030629
references: BMC Microbiol. 2011 Feb 25;11:42
references: 21349206
references: Mutat Res. 2007 Mar 1;616(1-2):145-58
references: 17161849
references: N Engl J Med. 1990 Apr 5;322(14):984-7
references: 2314448
references: Euro Surveill. 2011 May 12;16(19):
references: 21596007
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Apr;78(8):3000-3
references: 22307302
references: J Infect Chemother. 2010 Feb;16(1):56-8
references: 20072799
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov;50(11):3620-6
references: 22952264
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Feb;44(2):374-7
references: 16455886
references: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Dec;41(12):5389-97
references: 14662916
references: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1990 Feb;9(2):148
references: 2318220
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Apr 30;139(1-2):64-9
references: 20206396
references: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 Jul-Aug;6(6):719-24
references: 19580449
references: Int J Med Microbiol. 2011 Dec;301(8):648-53
references: 21975141
references: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007 Feb;49(1):22-7
references: 17266711
references: Electrophoresis. 2005 Jun;26(13):2567-82
references: 15937984
references: J Med Microbiol. 1996 Jul;45(1):48-56
references: 8667412
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37309
references: 22615971
references: Can J Microbiol. 1986 Aug;32(8):700-1
references: 3768809
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Nov;26(11):2465-6
references: 3069867
references: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 Jul-Aug;6(6):681-8
references: 19425826
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 May;76(10):3398-400
references: 20348301