title: Differentiating nonrestorative sleep from nocturnal insomnia symptoms: demographic, clinical, inflammatory, and functional correlates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have suggested that nonrestorative sleep (NRS) symptoms may be distinct from nocturnal insomnia symptoms (NIS). However, there is limited information on the demographic, medical, and biologic correlates of NRS independent from NIS in the general population. This report presents the sociodemographic correlates, patterns of comorbidity with other sleep and physical disorders, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and general productivity associated with NIS and NRS in a nationally representative sample of US adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2005-2008 surveys of the general population in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 10,908 individuals (20 years or older).
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents were classified by the presence or absence of NIS and NRS. Compared with those without insomnia symptoms, respondents with NIS were older and had lower family income and educational levels than those with NRS. In addition, there was a significant association between NIS and cardiovascular disease, whereas NRS was associated with other primary sleep disorders (including habitual snoring, sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome), respiratory diseases (emphysema and chronic bronchitis), thyroid disease, and cancer as well as increased CRP levels. In addition, the study participants with NRS only reported poorer scores on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) than those without insomnia symptoms or those with NIS only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that there are substantial differences between NIS and NRS in terms of sociodemographic factors, comorbidity with other sleep and physical disorders, increased CRP level, and functional impairment. An inflammatory response might play a unique role in the pathogenesis of NRS.
authors: Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Jihui
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Femke
authors: F
authors: Lamers
authors: Ian B
authors: IB
authors: Hickie
authors: Jian-Ping
authors: JP
authors: He
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Feig
authors: Kathleen R
authors: KR
authors: Merikangas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; functional impairment; medical condition; nocturnal insomnia symptoms; nonrestorative sleep.
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