title: The musculoskeletal effects of cigarette smoking.
abstract: ➤ Cigarette smoking decreases bone mineral density and increases the risk of sustaining a fracture or tendon injury, with partial reversibility of these risks with long-term cessation of smoking. ➤ Cigarette smoking increases the risk for perioperative complications, nonunion and delayed union of fractures, infection, and soft-tissue and wound-healing complications. ➤ Brief preoperative cessation of smoking may mitigate these perioperative risks. ➤ Informed-consent discussions should include notification of the higher risk of perioperative complications with cigarette smoking and the benefits of temporary cessation of smoking.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive SPC 5328, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Lee
authors: Rakesh
authors: R
authors: Patel
authors: J Sybil
authors: JS
authors: Biermann
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Dougherty
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014945:Wound Healing