title: Pharmacology of local anesthetics used in oral surgery.
abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacology of local anesthetics as a class, and provides details of the individual drugs available in dental cartridges. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors are presented for healthy adult and pediatric patients, and for patients with cardiovascular system impairments. Various complications and reasons for failure of local anesthesia effectiveness are discussed, and current and future trends in local anesthesia are presented to provide an overview of current research in local anesthesia.
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Center for Patients with Special Needs, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3501 Terrace Street, G-89 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. jag74@pitt.edu
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Giovannitti
authors: Morton B
authors: MB
authors: Rosenberg
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Phero
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002021:Buffers; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000187:drug effects; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002021:Buffers; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents
keywords: Complications and reasons for failure; Future trends; Local anesthetics; Pharmacology