title: Acute vibration induces transient expression of anabolic genes in the murine intervertebral disc.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-amplitude whole-body vibration has been adopted for the treatment of back pain and spinal disorders. However, there is limited knowledge of the impact of vibration on the intervertebral disc (IVD). This study was undertaken to examine the effects of acute vibration on anabolic and catabolic pathways in the IVD and to characterize the dependence of these changes on time and frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Custom-designed platforms were developed to apply acute vibration to ex vivo and in vivo mouse models. Spinal segments (ex vivo) or mice (in vivo) were subjected to vibration (for 30 minutes at 15-90 Hz with peak acceleration at 0.3g), and IVDs were examined at specific time points after vibration. Gene expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were examined by quantitative mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ex vivo model, acute vibration at 15 Hz induced expression of anabolic genes (aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, type I collagen, and Sox9) and suppressed expression of Mmp13, with the most pronounced changes detected 6 hours following vibration. These beneficial effects were frequency dependent and were no longer evident between 45 and 90 Hz. In vivo, the effects on anabolic gene expression were even more robust and were accompanied by decreased expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and Mmp3. Moreover, significant increases in the protein levels of aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, and type I collagen were detected in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate dramatic anabolic effects of acute vibration on IVD tissue, responses that are dependent on frequency. The similarity of the in vivo and ex vivo responses indicates that at least some effects of vibration are tissue autonomous.
authors: Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: McCann
authors: Priya
authors: P
authors: Patel
authors: Kim L
authors: KL
authors: Beaucage
authors: Yizhi
authors: Y
authors: Xiao
authors: Corey
authors: C
authors: Bacher
authors: Walter L
authors: WL
authors: Siqueira
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Holdsworth
authors: S Jeffrey
authors: SJ
authors: Dixon
authors: Cheryle A
authors: CA
authors: Séguin
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein; D000071116:ADAMTS5 Protein; D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D024042:Collagen Type I; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D000071116:ADAMTS5 Protein; C498489:Adamts5 protein, mouse; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C507081:Mmp13 protein, mouse; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C511769:Mmp3 protein, mouse; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein; C000603919:Adamts4 protein, mouse