title: Ultrasonic degradation of acetaminophen and naproxen in the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
abstract: Ultrasonic (US) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-catalyzed ultrasonic (US/SWNT) degradation of a pharmaceutical (PhAC) mixture of acetaminophen (AAP) and naproxen (NPX) used as analgesics was carried out in water. In the absence of SWNTs, maximum degradations of AAP and NPX occurred at a high frequency (1000 kHz) and under acidic conditions (pH 3) and different solution temperatures (25 °C at 28 kHz and 35 °C at 1000 kHz) during US reactions. Rapid degradation of PhACs occurred within 10 min at 28 kHz (44.5% for AAP; 90.3% for NPX) and 1000 kHz (39.2% for AAP; 74.8% for NPX) at a SWNT concentration of 45 mgL(-1) under US/SWNT process, compared with 28 kHz (5.2% for AAP; 10.6% for NPX) and 1000 kHz (29.1% for AAP; 46.2% for NPX) under US process. Degradation was associated with the dispersion of SWNTs; small particles acted as nuclei during US reactions, enhancing the H2O2 production yield. NPX removal was greater than AAP removal under all US-induced reaction and SWNT adsorption conditions, which is governed by the chemical properties of PhACs. Based on the results, the optimal treatment performance was observed at 28 kHz with 45 mgL(-1) SWNTs (US/SWNT) within 10 min.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors: Jong-Kwon
authors: JK
authors: Im
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors: Jiyong
authors: J
authors: Heo
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors: Linkel K
authors: LK
authors: Boateng
authors: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy at Young-Cheon, 135-1, Changhari, Kokyungmeon, Young-cheon, Gyeongbuk 770-849, Republic of Korea.
authors: Namguk
authors: N
authors: Her
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors: Joseph R V
authors: JRV
authors: Flora
authors: Korea Institute of Energy Research, New and Renewable Energy Research Division, 71-2 Jang-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jaekyung
authors: J
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyung-Duk
authors: KD
authors: Zoh
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Electronic address: yoony@cec.sc.edu.
authors: Yeomin
authors: Y
authors: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013010:Sonication; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009288:Naproxen; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide