title: Expression patterns of nociceptin in rats following experimental tooth movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the expression levels of nociceptin following experimental tooth movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: sham and experimental groups. For the experimental group, closed coil springs were used to mimic orthodontic force (80 g) between upper incisors and first molars, and the rats were killed at 0 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. All of these procedures were similar for the sham group, except for that no force was applied. The four rats killed at 0 hours without any intervention were used as the baseline control in each group. Trigeminal nucleus caudalis from both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of force applications were obtained for immunostaining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nociceptin was expressed in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of each group. Its expression levels started to increase on day 2, peaked on day 7, and returned to baseline on day 10 in the experimental group, while expression levels started to decrease on day 1 and returned to baseline on day 10 in the sham group. Moreover, the expression levels were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression levels of nociceptin were elevated following experimental tooth movement. The anesthetic agent used in this study (chloral hydrate) may have an antagonism with nociceptin. Due to bilateral innervation of anterior teeth and bilateral projection of nerve fibers, the expression levels of nociceptin were similar between ipsilateral and contralateral sides.
authors: a  PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors: Lina
authors: L
authors: Liao
authors: Xiaochuan
authors: X
authors: Hua
authors: Hu
authors: H
authors: Long
authors: Niansong
authors: N
authors: Ye
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Sheng
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Wenli
authors: W
authors: Lai
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014275:Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097629:Nociceptin
chemical_list: D018847:Opioid Peptides; D000097629:Nociceptin
references: Eur J Orthod. 2007 Apr;29(2):170-9
references: 17488999
references: Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Sep;53(3):381-415
references: 11546835
references: Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):519-26
references: 23075062
references: Headache. 2011 Sep;51(8):1245-53
references: 21797854
references: Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Nov;28(6):1581-9
references: 23001570
references: Peptides. 2011 Jul;32(7):1530-5
references: 21672568
references: Brain Res. 2005 Mar 2;1036(1-2):196-201
references: 15725418
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Sep;318(3):1257-64
references: 16766718
references: Angle Orthod. 2009 Sep;79(5):951-7
references: 19705939
references: Cephalalgia. 2007 Aug;27(8):868-76
references: 17640294
references: Brain Res. 1976 Sep 3;113(3):517-25
references: 985625
references: Neuroscience. 1999;93(2):703-12
references: 10465454
references: Eur J Orthod. 2004 Feb;26(1):79-85
references: 14994886
references: J Dent Res. 2006 Jul;85(7):658-63
references: 16798869
references: Arch Oral Biol. 2009 Jan;54(1):63-70
references: 18945422
references: Eur J Oral Sci. 2002 Apr;110(2):92-8
references: 12013568
references: Angle Orthod. 2010 Sep;80(5):925-32
references: 20578865
references: Neuropeptides. 2011 Aug;45(4):247-61
references: 21477860
references: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Aug;7(8):694-710
references: 18670432
references: Pain. 2006 Sep;124(1-2):100-8
references: 16697109
references: J Pain. 2009 May;10(5):509-16
references: 19231294
references: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Nov;76(5):3568-72
references: 8930296
references: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1997 Aug;18(8):293-300
references: 9277133