title: Long chain fatty acids and gene expression in inflammation and immunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to discuss recent studies reporting on the influence of fatty acids on gene expression in relation to inflammation and immune responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Saturated fatty acids promote, whereas several n-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, some isomers of conjugated linoleic acid, and punicic acid suppress, expression of inflammatory genes. The most common targets of fatty acids are genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloproteinases. The anti-inflammatory actions of fatty acids often involve inhibition of activation of nuclear factor-κB and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ. Common upstream events include actions on Toll-like receptors and via G-protein coupled receptors. Fatty acids can influence expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory cell development and differentiation. Recent studies using genome-wide analyses demonstrate that dietary fatty acids can alter expression of a large number (many hundreds) of genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A wide range of fatty acids alter expression of genes involved in development, differentiation, and function of cells involved in inflammation and immunity.
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. pcc@soton.ac.uk
authors: Philip C
authors: PC
authors: Calder
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000235:genetics; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases