title: Interactive effects of dietary ractopamine HCl and L-carnitine on finishing pigs: I. Growth performance.
abstract: A total of 2,152 pigs (C22 × 336 PIC) were used in 4 experiments to determine the interactive effects of dietary l-carnitine and ractopamine HCl (RAC) on finishing pig growth performance. All trials were arranged as factorial arrangements with main effects of l-carnitine (0, 25, or 50 mg/kg in Exp. 1 and 2 and 0 or 50 mg/kg in Exp. 3 and 4) and RAC (0, 5, or 10 mg/kg in Exp. 1 and 0 or 10 mg/kg in Exp. 2, 3, and 4). Dietary carnitine was fed from 38 to 109 kg (Exp. 1 and 3) or for the last 4 or 3 wk before slaughter (118 kg; Exp. 2 and 4, respectively). Ractopamine HCl was fed for 4 wk (Exp. 1, 2, and 3) or 3 wk (Exp. 4) before slaughter. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in university research facilities, and Exp. 3 and 4 were conducted in a commercial research facility. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% total Lys during the last phase of each experiment. In all experiments, pigs fed RAC had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed no RAC. Feeding l-carnitine before the RAC feeding period did not affect pig growth performance. In Exp. 1 and 2, l-carnitine did not affect ADG during the last 4 wk; however, in Exp. 2, G:F tended (quadratic; P = 0.07) to improve with increasing l-carnitine. In Exp. 3, l-carnitine × RAC interactions were observed (P < 0.04) for ADG and G:F. Both added l-carnitine and RAC improved performance, but the response was not additive. In Exp. 4, pigs fed l-carnitine had increased (P < 0.04) ADG (0.88 vs. 0.84 kg) and G:F (0.36 vs. 0.35) compared with pigs fed no l-carnitine, and the response was additive to that of RAC. Analysis of treatments common to all experiments showed that pigs fed RAC had increased (P < 0.01) ADG (1.03 vs. 0.93 kg) and G:F (0.40 vs. 0.35) compared with pigs fed no RAC. Pigs fed l-carnitine tended to have increased (P = 0.07) ADG (1.00 vs. 0.96 kg) and improved (P < 0.01) G:F (0.38 vs. 0.37) compared with pigs not fed l-carnitine. These results confirm that RAC improves growth performance of finishing pigs. Added l-carnitine improved growth performance of finishing pigs, and the greatest response was observed in Exp. 3 and 4, which were conducted in commercial research environments. These experiments imply that adding l-carnitine to a finishing diet does not enhance the growth effects of RAC and that effects of RAC and l-carnitine on ADG and G:F are independent.
authors: Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA.
authors: B W
authors: BW
authors: James
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Tokach
authors: R D
authors: RD
authors: Goodband
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Nelssen
authors: S S
authors: SS
authors: Dritz
authors: K Q
authors: KQ
authors: Owen
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Woodworth
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Sulabo
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D010627:Phenethylamines; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; C060897:ractopamine; D002331:Carnitine