title: A preliminary study of using active vision guided robotic arm for bone drilling in a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study assesses the capability and accuracy of a robotic arm to perform burr holes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The robotic systems are instructed to recognize targets on artificial skull models placed in different positions and to make burr holes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic arms are capable to perform basic surgical tasks. However, further improvement needs to be done to refine its accuracy and capability.
authors: Electrical Engineering School, University of Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
authors: Mohd Zaid
authors: MZ
authors: Abdullah
authors: Department of Neurosciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
authors: Mohamed Saufi
authors: MS
authors: Awang
authors: Department of Neurosciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
authors: Yew Chin
authors: YC
authors: Tan
authors: Department of Neurosciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
authors: Jafri Malin
authors: JM
authors: Abdullah
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D014207:Trephining / Q000379:methods*