title: Trends, correlates, and disease patterns of antipsychotic use among children and adolescents in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used Taiwan's population-based National Health Insurance database to investigate the trends, correlates, and disease patterns of antipsychotic use among children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Health Research Institutes provided a database of 1,000,000 random subjects for study. We chose subjects who were aged 18 years or younger during 1997-2005. In this sample, subjects who were given at least one antipsychotic prescription, including first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) or second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), were identified. Trends, prevalence, and associated factors of antipsychotic use were determined. The proportion of antipsychotic use for psychiatric and medical disorders was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year prevalence of SGA use increased from 0.00 % in 1997 to 0.09 % in 2005, whereas the 1-year prevalence of FGA use ranged from 2.24 to 3.43 % during this same period, with no significant change. Age and male gender were associated with higher SGA use. Among SGA users, the greatest proportion suffered from psychiatric disorders, including tics, hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood, schizophrenia, affective disorders, and autism. Among FGA users, a larger proportion was for medical conditions, including diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of pediatric SGA use increased greatly from 1997 to 2005. Among pediatric subjects using antipsychotics, SGAs were mostly used for psychiatric disorders, whereas FGAs were mostly prescribed for medical conditions. Future research will focus on indication, dosage, frequency, duration, adverse effects, and off-label use of antipsychotics in the pediatric population.
authors: Taoyuan Mental Hospital, Department of Health, No. 71, Longshow Street, Taoyuan, 33058, Taiwan.
authors: Yuan-Chang
authors: YC
authors: Hsu
authors: I-Chia
authors: IC
authors: Chien
authors: Happy Kuy-Lok
authors: HK
authors: Tan
authors: Ching-Heng
authors: CH
authors: Lin
authors: Shu-Wen
authors: SW
authors: Cheng
authors: Yiing-Jenq
authors: YJ
authors: Chou
authors: Pesus
authors: P
authors: Chou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
references: Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2011 Oct;96(5):192-6
references: 21771730
references: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;20(3):218-33
references: 21804853
references: Behav Res Ther. 2010 Dec;48(12):1204-10
references: 20933220
references: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Dec;62(6):677-84
references: 19068004
references: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002 Fall;12(3):221-9
references: 12427295
references: Drug Saf. 2009;32(4):325-33
references: 19388723
references: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011 Feb;20(2):177-84
references: 21254289
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;65(9):1197-210
references: 15367046
references: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Aug;21(8):600-20
references: 21550212
references: Psychiatr Serv. 2010 Feb;61(2):123-9
references: 20123816
references: Psychiatr Serv. 2005 Aug;56(8):904
references: 16088004
references: J Child Neurol. 2013 Jun;28(6):706-12
references: 22832769
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 6:30-44
references: 15104524
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69 Suppl 4:9-14
references: 18533763
references: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011 May;7(5):591-608
references: 21401439
references: Can J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;52(6):363-8
references: 17696022
references: Pediatrics. 2012 Mar;129(3):e771-84
references: 22351885
references: Psychiatr Serv. 2012 Feb 1;63(2):115-21
references: 22302327
references: Pediatrics. 2008 May;121(5):1002-9
references: 18450906
references: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 May;19(2):124-37
references: 20467549
references: Eur J Pediatr. 2007 Apr;166(4):339-47
references: 17028883
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 7:29-40
references: 16124839
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;63(6):679-85
references: 16754841
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Feb;40(2):205-11
references: 16434563
references: Drugs. 2011 Jan 22;71(2):179-208
references: 21275445
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69 Suppl 4:15-20
references: 18533764
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 Dec;47(12):1885-90
references: 22476209
references: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;21(6):517-35
references: 22166172
references: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008 Apr;29(2):106-16
references: 18349709
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011 Jan;46(1):77-84
references: 19924363
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;47(9):871-82
references: 16930381
references: CNS Drugs. 2006;20(7):549-65
references: 16800715
references: Postgrad Med J. 2003 Mar;79(929):139-46
references: 12697912
references: Eur Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;26(3):144-58
references: 21295450
references: Psychiatr Serv. 2004 Jun;55(6):691-7
references: 15175468
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010 Jan;121(1):4-10
references: 20059452
references: Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Jan;23(1):49-56
references: 17257465
references: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;21(6):537-43
references: 22136092
references: Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(4):211-6
references: 19266290
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;50(8):749-62.e39
references: 21784295
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;72(5):655-70
references: 21658348
references: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009 Dec;19(6):765-70
references: 20035595