title: Accuracy of the unified approach in maternally influenced traits--illustrated by a simulation study in the honey bee (Apis mellifera).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The honey bee is an economically important species. With a rapid decline of the honey bee population, it is necessary to implement an improved genetic evaluation methodology. In this study, we investigated the applicability of the unified approach and its impact on the accuracy of estimation of breeding values for maternally influenced traits on a simulated dataset for the honey bee. Due to the limitation to the number of individuals that can be genotyped in a honey bee population, the unified approach can be an efficient strategy to increase the genetic gain and to provide a more accurate estimation of breeding values. We calculated the accuracy of estimated breeding values for two evaluation approaches, the unified approach and the traditional pedigree based approach. We analyzed the effects of different heritabilities as well as genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects on the accuracy of estimation of direct, maternal and overall breeding values (sum of maternal and direct breeding values). The genetic and reproductive biology of the honey bee was accounted for by taking into consideration characteristics such as colony structure, uncertain paternity, overlapping generations and polyandry. In addition, we used a modified numerator relationship matrix and a realistic genome for the honey bee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all values of heritability and correlation, the accuracy of overall estimated breeding values increased significantly with the unified approach. The increase in accuracy was always higher for the case when there was no correlation as compared to the case where a negative correlation existed between maternal and direct effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that the unified approach is a useful methodology for genetic evaluation in honey bees, and can contribute immensely to the improvement of traits of apicultural interest such as resistance to Varroa or production and behavioural traits. In particular, the study is of great interest for cases where negative correlation between maternal and direct effects and uncertain paternity exist, thus, is of relevance for other species as well. The study also provides an important framework for simulating genomic and pedigree datasets that will prove to be helpful for future studies.
authors: Institute for Bee Research Hohen Neuendorf, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany. gupta@math.fu-berlin.de
authors: Pooja
authors: P
authors: Gupta
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Reinsch
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Spötter
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Conrad
authors: Kaspar
authors: K
authors: Bienefeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D010375:Pedigree; D012641:Selection, Genetic
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