title: Development of contrast-induced nephropathy in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a single center perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of iodinated contrast-enhanced imaging studies is increasing in acute cerebrovascular diseases, especially in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In SAH, such studies are essential for both diagnosis and treatment of the cause and sequela of hemorrhage. These patients are often subjected to multiple contrast studies such as computed tomographic angiography, computed tomographic perfusion, and cerebral angiography. They are also predisposed to intravascular volume depletion as a part of the disease process from cerebral salt wasting (CSW) and as a result of multiple contrast exposure can develop contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Data regarding CIN in this population are scarce. We aimed to examine the incidence of CIN in SAH and identify potential associative risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from a prospectively collected patient database of patients with SAH admitted to the neurocritical intensive care unit in a single center over a period of 1 year. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine by >1.5 times or >0.3 mg/dl greater than the admission value, or urine output <0.5 ml/kg/h during one 6-h block.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort of 75 patients with SAH who had undergone at least one contrast study, the mean age was 57.3 ± 15.6 years and 70.7% were women. Four percent developed CIN which resolved within 72 h and none required renal replacement therapy or dialysis. Patients older than 75 years (20%, p < 0.05), those with borderline renal function (14.3%, p = 0.26), diabetics (11.1%, p = 0.32), and those with lower recommended "maximum contrast dose" volume (33.3%, p = 0.12) had a trend toward development of CIN, although most were not statistically significant. Twenty-seven patients (36 %) were on 3% hypertonic saline (HTS) for CSW during the contrasted study but none developed CIN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of CIN in SAH patients is comparable to previously published reports on non-neurological cohorts. No definite association was noted with any predisposing factors postulated to be responsible for CIN, except for advanced age. Concurrent use of 3% HTS was not associated with CIN in this population.
authors: Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurological Surgery and Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, docbappa@gmail.com.
authors: Bappaditya
authors: B
authors: Ray
authors: Kim L
authors: KL
authors: Rickert
authors: Babu G
authors: BG
authors: Welch
authors: Jonathan A
authors: JA
authors: White
authors: Daniel R
authors: DR
authors: Klinger
authors: Benjamin P
authors: BP
authors: Boudreaux
authors: Brett A
authors: BA
authors: Whittemore
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Gu
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003422:Critical Care; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine
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