title: Spaceflight promotes biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: Understanding the effects of spaceflight on microbial communities is crucial for the success of long-term, manned space missions. Surface-associated bacterial communities, known as biofilms, were abundant on the Mir space station and continue to be a challenge on the International Space Station. The health and safety hazards linked to the development of biofilms are of particular concern due to the suppression of immune function observed during spaceflight. While planktonic cultures of microbes have indicated that spaceflight can lead to increases in growth and virulence, the effects of spaceflight on biofilm development and physiology remain unclear. To address this issue, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured during two Space Shuttle Atlantis missions: STS-132 and STS-135, and the biofilms formed during spaceflight were characterized. Spaceflight was observed to increase the number of viable cells, biofilm biomass, and thickness relative to normal gravity controls. Moreover, the biofilms formed during spaceflight exhibited a column-and-canopy structure that has not been observed on Earth. The increase in the amount of biofilms and the formation of the novel architecture during spaceflight were observed to be independent of carbon source and phosphate concentrations in the media. However, flagella-driven motility was shown to be essential for the formation of this biofilm architecture during spaceflight. These findings represent the first evidence that spaceflight affects community-level behaviors of bacteria and highlight the importance of understanding how both harmful and beneficial human-microbe interactions may be altered during spaceflight.
authors: Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.
authors: Wooseong
authors: W
authors: Kim
authors: Farah K
authors: FK
authors: Tengra
authors: Zachary
authors: Z
authors: Young
authors: Jasmine
authors: J
authors: Shong
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Marchand
authors: Hon Kit
authors: HK
authors: Chan
authors: Ravindra C
authors: RC
authors: Pangule
authors: Macarena
authors: M
authors: Parra
authors: Jonathan S
authors: JS
authors: Dordick
authors: Joel L
authors: JL
authors: Plawsky
authors: Cynthia H
authors: CH
authors: Collins
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005407:Flagella / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D010710:Phosphates; D002244:Carbon
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