title: Neighbourhood safety and area deprivation modify the associations between parkland and psychological distress in Sydney, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived neighbourhood safety and area deprivation influenced the relationship between parklands and mental health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about psychological distress, perceptions of safety, demographic and socio-economic background at the individual level was extracted from New South Wales Population Health Survey. The proportion of a postcode that was parkland was used as a proxy measure for access to parklands and was calculated for each individual. Generalized Estimating Equations logistic regression analyses were performed to account for correlation between participants within postcodes, and with controls for socio-demographic characteristics and socio-economic status at the area level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In areas where the residents reported perceiving their neighbourhood to be "safe" and controlling for area levels of socio-economic deprivation, there were no statistically significant associations between the proportion of parkland and high or very high psychological distress. In the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods which were perceived as unsafe by residents, those with greater proportions of parkland, over 20%, there was greater psychological distress, this association was statistically significant (20-40% parkland: OR=2.27, 95% CI=1.45-3.55; >40% parkland: OR=2.53, 95% CI=1.53-4.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that perceptions of neighbourhood safety and area deprivation were statistically significant effect modifiers of the association between parkland and psychological distress.
authors: Centre for Research, Evidence Management and Surveillance, Sydney and South Western Sydney Local Health Districts, Liverpool BC, Sydney, NSW, 1871, Australia. Shanley.chong@sswahs.nsw.gov.au
authors: Shanley
authors: S
authors: Chong
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Lobb
authors: Rabia
authors: R
authors: Khan
authors: Hisham
authors: H
authors: Abu-Rayya
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: Byun
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Jalaludin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D011633:Public Facilities; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012423:Rural Health / Q000592:standards; D012449:Safety; D012923:Social Class; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult
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