title: Maillard reactions in hyperthermophilic archaea: implications for better understanding of non-enzymatic glycation in biology.
abstract: Maillard reactions are an unavoidable feature of life that appear to be damaging to cell and organisms. Consequently, all living systems must have ways to protect themselves against this process. As of 2012, several such defense mechanisms have been identified. They are all enzymatic and were found in mesophilic organisms. To date, no systematic study of Maillard reactions and the relevant defense mechanisms has been conducted in thermophiles (50°C-80°C) or hyperthermophiles (80°C-120°C). This is surprisingly because Maillard reactions become significantly faster and potent with increasing temperatures. This review examines this neglected issue in two well-defined sets of hyperthermophiles. My analysis suggests that hyperthermophiles cope with glycation stress by several mechanisms: • Absence of glycation-prone head groups (such as ethanoalamine) from hyperthermophilic phospholipids • Protection of reactive carbohydrates and labile metabolic intermediates by substrate channeling. • Conversion of excess reactive sugars such as glucose to non-reactive compounds including trehalose, di-myo-inositol-phosphate and mannosylglycerate. • Detoxification of methylglyoxal and other ketoaldehydes by conversion to inert products through a variety of reductases and dehydrogenases. • Scavenging of the remaining carbonyls by nucleophilic amines, including a variety of novel polyamines. Disruption of the Maillard process at its early stages, rather than repair of damage caused by it at later stages, appears to be the preferred strategy in the organisms examined. The most unique among these mechanisms appears to be a polyamine-based scavenging system. Undertaking research of the Maillard process in hyperthermophiles is important in its own right and is also likely to provide new insights for the control of these reactions in humans, especially in diseases such as diabetes mellitus.
authors: Deglycation Research Inc., West Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors: Benjamin S
authors: BS
authors: Szwergold
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000378:metabolism*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D012545:Schiff Bases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012545:Schiff Bases