title: New direct compression excipient from tigernut starch: physicochemical and functional properties.
abstract: Tigernut starch has been isolated and modified by forced retrogradation of the acidic gel by freezing and thawing processes. Relevant physicochemical and functional properties of the new excipient (tigernut starch modified by acid gelation and accelerated (forced) retrogradation (ST(AM))) were evaluated as a direct compression excipient in relation to the native tigernut starch (ST(NA)), intermediate product (tigernut starch modified by acid gelation (ST(A))), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The particle morphology, swelling capacity, moisture sorption, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermographs and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns, flow, dilution capacity, and tablet disintegration efficiency were evaluated. The particles of ST(NA) were either round or oval in shape, ST(A) were smooth with thick round edges and hollowed center while ST(AM) were long, smooth, and irregularly shaped typically resembling MCC. The DSC thermographs of ST(NA) and MCC showed two endothermic transitions as compared with ST(A) and ST(AM) which showed an endothermic and an exothermic. The moisture uptake, swelling, flow, and dilution capacity of ST(AM) were higher than those of MCC, ST(A), and ST(NA). The XRD pattern and moisture sorption profile of ST(AM) showed similarities and differences with ST(NA), ST(A), and MCC that relate the modification. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablets containing ST(AM) disintegrated at 3±0.5 min as compared with the tablets containing ST(NA), ST(A), and MCC which disintegrated at 8.5±0.5, 10±0.5, and 58±0.8 min, respectively. The study shows the physicochemical properties of tigernut starch modified by forced retrogradation as well as its potential as an efficient direct compression excipient with enhanced flow and disintegration abilities for tablets production.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria. philsonsky@yahoo.com
authors: Philip F
authors: PF
authors: Builders
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Anwunobi
authors: Chukwuemeka C
authors: CC
authors: Mbah
authors: Michael U
authors: MU
authors: Adikwu
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D029786:Cyperus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D012212:Rheology; D012995:Solubility; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013817:Thermography; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; D014867:Water; D002482:Cellulose; D013213:Starch; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose; D001241:Aspirin
references: AAPS PharmSciTech. 2012 Jun;13(2):379-88
references: 22350737
references: Int J Pharm. 2006 Apr 26;313(1-2):23-8
references: 16466870
references: Pharm Res. 2000 Sep;17(9):1138-43
references: 11087048
references: J Pharm Sci. 1973 Jan;62(1):43-9
references: 4682932
references: Acta Pharm Suec. 1984;21(1):1-8
references: 6730987
references: AAPS PharmSciTech. 2005 Dec 12;6(4):E634-40
references: 16408865
references: Int J Pharm. 2010 Mar 30;388(1-2):159-67
references: 20060448
references: Carbohydr Res. 2000 Oct 6;328(4):509-15
references: 11093706
references: Pharm Res. 1986 Aug;3(4):187-94
references: 24271581
references: Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1999 May;25(5):571-81
references: 10219525