title: Discovery of trypanosomatid parasites in globally distributed Drosophila species.
abstract: Microbial parasites of animals include bacteria, viruses, and various unicellular eukaryotes. Because of the difficulty in studying these microorganisms in both humans and disease vectors, laboratory models are commonly used for experimental analysis of host-parasite interactions. Drosophila is one such model that has made significant contributions to our knowledge of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Despite this, less is known about other potential parasites associated with natural Drosophila populations. Here, we surveyed sixteen Drosophila populations comprising thirteen species from four continents and Hawaii and found that they are associated with an extensive diversity of trypanosomatids (Euglenozoa, Kinetoplastea). Phylogenetic analysis finds that Drosophila-associated trypanosomatids are closely related to taxa that are responsible for various types of leishmaniases and more distantly related to the taxa responsible for human African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. We suggest that Drosophila may provide a powerful system for studying the interactions between trypanosomatids and their hosts.
authors: Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors: James Angus
authors: JA
authors: Chandler
authors: Pamela M
authors: PM
authors: James
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004330:Drosophila / Q000145:classification / Q000469:parasitology*; D005060:Europe; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
references: Int J Parasitol. 2001 May 1;31(5-6):648-52
references: 11334958
references: Protist. 2012 Jul;163(4):616-31
references: 22341645
references: BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 07;7:371
references: 16893466
references: Parasitology. 2011 Jun;138(7):858-65
references: 21554843
references: Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2011 Feb;6(2):129-40
references: 22647132
references: Genetics. 2008 Nov;180(3):1671-8
references: 18791251
references: Bioinformatics. 2003 Aug 12;19(12):1572-4
references: 12912839
references: Trends Parasitol. 2006 Apr;22(4):168-74
references: 16504583
references: J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2012 Nov-Dec;59(6):537-47
references: 22845426
references: Bioinformatics. 2010 Aug 1;26(15):1899-900
references: 20427515
references: Genetics. 2006 Sep;174(1):363-76
references: 16783009
references: Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Feb;31(2):129-37
references: 11164335
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:697-743
references: 17201680
references: Trends Genet. 2004 Mar;20(3):163-70
references: 15036810
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jul 15;30(14):3059-66
references: 12136088
references: Parasitology. 2006 Nov;133(Pt 5):537-46
references: 16834819
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7537-41
references: 19801464
references: PLoS Biol. 2008 Dec 23;6(12):e2
references: 19222304
references: Microbiol Rev. 1980 Mar;44(1):140-73
references: 6997722
references: J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2007 Jan-Feb;54(1):57-65
references: 17300521
references: J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2010 Mar-Apr;57(2):177-88
references: 20113381
references: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Jul;25(7):1253-6
references: 18397919
references: Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2006;7:339-67
references: 16756480
references: J Invertebr Pathol. 2001 Jan;77(1):27-32
references: 11161990
references: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55:453-83
references: 11544364
references: BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Nov 22;8:460
references: 18034891
references: Lancet. 2010 Apr 17;375(9723):1388-402
references: 20399979
references: Cell. 2009 Dec 24;139(7):1268-78
references: 20064373
references: Int J Parasitol. 2012 May 1;42(5):489-500
references: 22537738
references: Nature. 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):454-7
references: 21866160
references: J Cyst Fibros. 2011 Dec;10(6):387-400
references: 21775220
references: PLoS Genet. 2011 Sep;7(9):e1002272
references: 21966276
references: Parasitology. 2004 Nov;129(Pt 5):537-47
references: 15552399
references: Syst Biol. 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704
references: 14530136
references: Trends Parasitol. 2013 Jan;29(1):43-52
references: 23246083
references: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jan;25(1):193-213
references: 22232376
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Jan;6(1):9-23
references: 15630418
references: Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1796-9
references: 8511587
references: Infect Genet Evol. 2010 Jan;10(1):115-21
references: 19879380
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Oct;78(20):7327-36
references: 22885750
references: Nature. 2011 Aug 24;476(7361):450-3
references: 21866159
references: Biol Cell. 1988;64(2):109-19
references: 3067793
references: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 May;35(5):1216-23
references: 9114410
references: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Oct;4(10):e1000184
references: 18949036
references: Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2376-9
references: 10875925
references: Nat Methods. 2010 May;7(5):335-6
references: 20383131
references: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2010 Jan;54(1):243-53
references: 19835965
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 15;90(24):11608-12
references: 8265597
references: Trends Parasitol. 2011 Nov;27(11):514-22
references: 21697014