title: Intervention in gene regulatory networks with maximal phenotype alteration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A basic issue for translational genomics is to model gene interaction via gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and thereby provide an informatics environment to study the effects of intervention (say, via drugs) and to derive effective intervention strategies. Taking the view that the phenotype is characterized by the long-run behavior (steady-state distribution) of the network, we desire interventions to optimally move the probability mass from undesirable to desirable states Heretofore, two external control approaches have been taken to shift the steady-state mass of a GRN: (i) use a user-defined cost function for which desirable shift of the steady-state mass is a by-product and (ii) use heuristics to design a greedy algorithm. Neither approach provides an optimal control policy relative to long-run behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We use a linear programming approach to optimally shift the steady-state mass from undesirable to desirable states, i.e. optimization is directly based on the amount of shift and therefore must outperform previously proposed methods. Moreover, the same basic linear programming structure is used for both unconstrained and constrained optimization, where in the latter case, constraints on the optimization limit the amount of mass that may be shifted to 'ambiguous' states, these being states that are not directly undesirable relative to the pathology of interest but which bear some perceived risk. We apply the method to probabilistic Boolean networks, but the theory applies to any Markovian GRN.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary materials, including the simulation results, MATLAB source code and description of suboptimal methods are available at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/yousefi13b.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  edward@ece.tamu.edu
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
authors: Mohammadmahdi R
authors: MR
authors: Yousefi
authors: Edward R
authors: ER
authors: Dougherty
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010641:Phenotype; D011336:Probability; D011382:Programming, Linear