title: Viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age -- a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV), adenoviruses (AV), and coronaviruses (CV) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The review of the literature followed PRISMA guidelines. We included studies of hospitalized children aged 0-4 years with confirmed ALRI published between 1995 and 2011. A total of 51 studies were included in the final review, comprising 56091 hospitalized ALRI episodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IV was detected in 3.0% (2.2%-4.0%) of all hospitalized ALRI cases, PIV in 2.7% (1.9%-3.7%), and AV in 5.8% (3.4%-9.1%). CV are technically difficult to culture, and they were detected in 4.8% of all hospitalized ALRI patients in one study. When respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and less common viruses were included, at least one virus was detected in 50.4% (40.0%-60.7%) of all hospitalized severe ALRI episodes. Moreover, 21.9% (17.7%-26.4%) of these viral ALRI were mixed, including more than one viral pathogen. Among all severe ALRI with confirmed viral etiology, IV accounted for 7.0% (5.5%-8.7%), PIV for 5.8% (4.1%-7.7%), and AV for 8.8% (5.3%-13.0%). CV was found in 10.6% of virus-positive pneumonia patients in one study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article provides the most comprehensive analysis of the contribution of four viral causes to severe ALRI to date. Our results can be used in further cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccine development and implementation for a number of respiratory viruses.
authors: Ivana Luksic, Institute of Publich Health Dr. Andrija Štampar, Department of Microbiology, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ivana.luksic@stampar.hr
authors: Ivana
authors: I
authors: Lukšić
authors: Patrick K
authors: PK
authors: Kearns
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Scott
authors: Igor
authors: I
authors: Rudan
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Campbell
authors: Harish
authors: H
authors: Nair
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D018108:Respirovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*
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