title: The mRNA expression of inhibitors of DNA binding-1 and -2 is associated with advanced tumour stage and adverse clinical outcome in human breast cancer.
abstract: Inhibitors of DNA binding (ID) are known to have a role in embryogenesis and oncogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the role of ID1 and ID2 in breast cancer, by assessing associations of mRNA expression with clinicopathological parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast cancer tissues (n=152) and adjacent normal tissues (n=31) underwent reverse transcription and quantitative- polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Transcript levels were correlated with clinicopathological data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients who were disease-free had significantly lower ID1 mRNA expression than all other patients (p=0.0033). Higher expression was associated with worse disease-free (p=0.001) and overall survival (p=0.02). ID2 expression was directly associated with the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) (NPI 2 vs. 3; p=0.0062) and worsening clinical outcome (disease-free vs. mortality: p=0.0004), and with worse disease-free (p=0.01) and overall survival (p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings are suggestive of a role for ID1 and ID2 in human breast cancer as possible prognostic markers and therapeutic targets meriting further validating investigations, by immunohistochemistry and mechanistic studies.
authors: London Breast Institute, the Princess Grace Hospital, 45 Nottingham Place, London W1U 5NY, UK.
authors: Umar
authors: U
authors: Wazir
authors: Wen G
authors: WG
authors: Jiang
authors: Anup K
authors: AK
authors: Sharma
authors: Robert F
authors: RF
authors: Newbold
authors: Kefah
authors: K
authors: Mokbel
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D018276:Carcinoma, Medullary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C497453:ID1 protein, human; C497450:ID2 protein, human; D051798:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D051796:Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C075640:ID3 protein, human
keywords: ID1; ID2; Inhibitor of differentiation; breast cancer; cell cycle; helix-loop-helix; inhibitor of DNA binding; qPCR