title: Trampoline related injuries in children: risk factors and radiographic findings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Backyard trampolines are immensely popular among children, but are associated with an increase of trampoline-related injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographs of children with trampoline related injuries and to determine the risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2003 and 2009, 286 children under the age of 16 with backyard trampoline injuries were included in the study. The number of injuries increased from 13 patients in 2003 to 86 in 2009. The median age of the 286 patients was 7 years (range: 1-15 years). Totally 140 (49%) patients were males, and 146 (51%) females. Medical records and all available diagnostic imaging were reviewed. A questionnaire was sent to the parents to evaluate the circumstances of each injury, the type of trampoline, the protection equipment and the experience of the children using the trampoline. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Bern.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaires and radiographs of the 104 patients were available for evaluation. A fracture was sustained in 51 of the 104 patients. More than 75% of all patients sustaining injuries and in 90% of patients with fractures were jumping on the trampoline with other children at the time of the accident. The most common fractures were supracondylar humeral fractures (29%) and forearm fractures (25%). Fractures of the proximal tibia occurred especially in younger children between 2-5 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children younger than 5 years old are at risk for specific proximal tibia fractures ("Trampoline Fracture"). A child jumping simultaneously with other children has a higher risk of suffering from a fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. peter.klimek@ksa.ch
authors.forename: Peter Michael
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Klimek
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Juen
authors.forename: Enno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stranzinger
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Theddy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Slongo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000293:injuries*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology