title: Chemical cues released by an alien invasive aquatic gastropod drive its invasion success.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical cues provide aquatic organisms with sensory information that guides behavioural responses and thus interactions among themselves, each other and the environment. Chemical cues are considered important for predator avoidance, foraging, larval settlement and broadcast spawning in aquatic environments. However, the significance of their role as drivers of direct interactions between heterospecifics has been largely overlooked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A video camera and a demarcated arena were used in situ to record behavioural responses of three native gastropod species, Assiminea cf. capensis, Melanoides tuberculata and Coriandria durbanensis, exposed to treatments representing chemical cues released by a non-native invasive gastropod, Tarebia granifera. The responses were measured quantitatively as displacement and orientation of movement at locations in St Lucia Estuary, within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the east coast of South Africa. All native gastropods exhibited a negative taxis response to chemical cues released by T. granifera, while T. granifera individuals responded randomly to conspecifics. Displacement was measured relative to the source of the extract, the number of steps taken were determined with path analysis and orientation was determined from the mean (±95% CIs) turning angles, with significant negative turning angles representing negative taxis. Responses to treatments corresponding to the environment and conspecifics were random and undirected, indicating kinesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents evidence for interactions driven by chemical cues between a non-native invasive gastropod and several gastropods native to South Africa. The results indicate that chemical cues can facilitate invasion success as the behavioural response of native gastropods is to move away allowing additional food and space resources to become available to T. granifera.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Raw
authors.forename: Nelson A F
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perissinotto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D058865:Introduced Species; D013045:Species Specificity