title: Gendered constructions of the impact of HIV and AIDS in the context of the HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual relationship.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article explores the complex, dynamic and contextual frameworks within which men working in a mining community and their live-in long-term partners or spouses (termed "couples" in this study) respond to the introduction of HIV into their heterosexual relationships; the way in which partners adopt gendered positions in enabling them to make sense of their illness; how they negotiate their respective masculine and feminine roles in response to the need for HIV-related lifestyle changes; as well as the gendered nature of partner support in relation to antiretroviral therapy (ARV) adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an in-depth qualitative study with a sample of 12 HIV-positive seroconcordant heterosexual couples in a South African mining organization. Transcripts based on semi-structured couple's interviews were analyzed using an inductive emergent thematic analytical method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings present compelling evidence that the impact of HIV and AIDS is mitigated, in the main, by the nature of the dyadic relationship. Where power and agency were skewed in accordance with traditional gender scripts, the impact of HIV and AIDS was deleterious in terms of negotiating disclosure, meeting expectations of care and support, and promoting treatment adherence. As a corollary, the study also revealed that where the relational dynamic evidenced a more equitable distribution of power, the challenge of negotiating illness was embraced in a way that strengthened the couples' affiliation in profound ways, manifested not simply in a reduction in risk behaviours, but in both partner's courage to re-visit sensitive issues related to managing their relationship in the context of a debilitating illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gendered positioning (by self and others) was found to play a crucial role in the way couples experienced HIV and ARV treatment, and underscored the positive role of a couples-counselling approach in the negotiation of the illness experience. However, as part of a broader social project, the findings highlight the need to address the shortcomings of a public health discourse on illness normalization that reifies and reinforces skewed gender relations. In essence, the findings make a compelling case for targeting couples as the primary unit of analysis and intervention in HIV and AIDS praxis, not only to enhance treatment and prevention outcomes, but to impact on and potentially transform the lived identity of such relationships, in AIDS-affected communities. We recommend early intervention with couples in terms of couples HIV testing, risk-reduction counselling and gender-based interventions giving couples opportunities to revisit and challenge their prevailing gendered identities. We note, however, that these efforts will be undermined in the long term, if the structural drivers of HIV risk and vulnerability, contained within macro-level social, economic and cultural practices, are not simultaneously addressed.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology (Howard College), University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. anilbhagwanjee@gmail.com
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhagwanjee
authors.forename: Kaymarlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Govender
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: South Africa; gendered identities; hegemonic masculinities; mining