title: Is paternal infant care associated with breastfeeding? A population-based study in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One qualitative study has reported that more paternal infant care and housework contributed to the maintenance of breastfeeding. However, few studies have quantitatively investigated these relationships.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the association of paternal involvement in infant care and housework with exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a population-based birth cohort study in Japan, the Longitudinal Survey of Babies in the 21st Century, were analyzed. We extracted information on infants who were singletons, term, normal birth weight, and living with both parents (n = 39 742). The associations between degree of paternal involvement in infant care and housework (high, middle, low) and breastfeeding patterns (exclusive, partial, formula only) were analyzed using ordered logistic regression adjusted for covariates. Maternal anxiety about childrearing was considered as a mediator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the low level of paternal infant care group, infants in the middle and high level groups were significantly less likely to have been breastfed (adjusted odds ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.97; and 0.73, 95% CI, 0.67-0.79, respectively). In contrast, the amount of housework carried out by fathers was not associated with breastfeeding pattern. Maternal anxiety about childrearing did not attenuate the association between paternal infant care and breastfeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paternal infant care was inversely associated with breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life. An additional intervention study about the importance of breastfeeding that aims to educate fathers who tend to involve themselves in infant care is needed.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006796:Household Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: breastfeeding; epidemiology; fathers; infant care; mental health