title: Adding fuel to the fire: the impacts of non-native grass invasion on fire management at a regional scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Widespread invasion by non-native plants has resulted in substantial change in fire-fuel characteristics and fire-behaviour in many of the world's ecosystems, with a subsequent increase in the risk of fire damage to human life, property and the environment. Models used by fire management agencies to assess fire risk are dependent on accurate assessments of fuel characteristics but there is little evidence that they have been modified to reflect landscape-scale invasions. There is also a paucity of information documenting other changes in fire management activities that have occurred to mitigate changed fire regimes. This represents an important limitation in information for both fire and weed risk management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We undertook an aerial survey to estimate changes to landscape fuel loads in northern Australia resulting from invasion by Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass). Fuel load within the most densely invaded area had increased from 6 to 10 t ha(-1) in the past two decades. Assessment of the effect of calculating the Grassland Fire Danger Index (GFDI) for the 2008 and 2009 fire seasons demonstrated that an increase from 6 to 10 t ha(-1) resulted in an increase from five to 38 days with fire risk in the 'severe' category in 2008 and from 11 to 67 days in 2009. The season of severe fire weather increased by six weeks. Our assessment of the effect of increased fuel load on fire management practices showed that fire management costs in the region have increased markedly (∼9 times) in the past decade due primarily to A. gayanus invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the high economic cost of mitigating fire impacts of an invasive grass. This study demonstrates the need to quantify direct and indirect invasion costs to assess the risk of further invasion and to appropriately fund fire and weed management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. samantha.setterfield@cdu.edu.au
authors.forename: Samantha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Setterfield
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rossiter-Rachor
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wainger
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: Piers
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barrow
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Keith B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ferdinands
mesh_terms: D031722:Andropogon / Q000254:growth & development*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D005390:Fires / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058865:Introduced Species; D018570:Risk Assessment