title: The durability of examination gloves used on intensive care units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of examination gloves is part of the standard precautions to prevent medical staff from transmission of infectious agents between patients. Gloves also protect the staff from infectious agents originating from patients. Adequate protection, however, depends on intact gloves. The risk of perforation of examination gloves is thought to correlate with duration of wearing, yet, only very few prospective studies have been performed on this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of 1500 consecutively used pairs of examination gloves of two different brands and materials (latex and nitrile) were collected over a period of two months on two ICU's. Used gloves were examined for micro perforations using the "water-proof-test" according to EN 455-1. Cox-regression for both glove types was used to estimate optimal changing intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 26% of gloves were worn longer than 15 min. The total perforation rate was 10.3% with significant differences and deterioration of integrity of gloves between brands (p<0.001). Apart from the brand, "change of wound dressing" (p = 0.049) and "washing patients" (p = 0.001) were also significantly associated with an increased risk of perforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical gloves show marked differences in their durability that cannot be predicted based on the technical data routinely provided by the manufacturer. Based on the increase of micro perforations over time and the wearing behavior, recommendations for maximum wearing time of gloves should be given. Changing of gloves after 15 min could be a good compromise between feasibility and safety. HCWs should be aware of the benefits and limitations of medical gloves. To improve personal hygiene hand disinfection should be further encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany. HuebnerN@RKI.de
authors.forename: Nils-Olaf
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goerdt
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannerow
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pohrt
authors.forename: Claus-Dieter
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heidecke
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Lars Ivo
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Partecke
mesh_terms: D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017575:Gloves, Protective / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis