title: The neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article provides an overview of research on the neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and a selective review of treatment implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Findings from a broad array of human and animal studies of early adversity were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topics reviewed include neuroendocrine, neurotrophic, neuroimaging, and cognitive effects of adversity, as well as genetic and epigenetic influences. Effects of early-life stress on treatment outcome are considered, and development of treatments designed to address the neurobiological abnormalities is discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early adversity is associated with abnormalities of several neurobiological systems that are implicated in the development of psychopathology and other medical conditions. Early-life stress negatively impacts treatment outcome, and individuals may require treatments that are specific to this condition.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tyrka
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Burgers
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: childhood abuse; early-life stress; neurobiology; treatment