title: Effects of contamination by either blood or a hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of orthodontic buttons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of contamination by either blood or a hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic buttons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 45 freshly extracted, non-carious, impacted third molars that were divided into 3 groups of 15. Each tooth was etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 30 s. Human blood or the blood stopper agent was applied to the tooth surface in groups I and II, respectively. Group III teeth were untreated (controls). Orthodontic buttons were bonded to the teeth using light-curing composite resin. After bonding, the SBS of the button was determined using a Universal testing machine. Any adhesive remaining after debonding was assessed and scored according to the modified adhesive remnant index (ARI). ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test was used to determine significant differences in SBS and Fisher's exact test, to determine significant differences in ARI scores among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANOVA indicated a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). The highest SBS values were measured in group III (10.73 ± 0.96 MPa). The SBS values for teeth in groups I and II were significantly lower than that of group III (p < 0.001). The lowest SBS values were observed in group I teeth (4.17 ± 1.11 MPa) (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contamination of tooth surfaces with either blood or hemostatic agent significantly decreased the SBS of orthodontic buttons. When the contamination risk is high, it is recommended to use the blood stopper agent when bonding orthodontic buttons on impacted teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Yalçın
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alkis
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turkkahraman
keywords: Adhesive; Blood stopper agent; Bonding; Soft tissue surgery