title: Bed bugs, their blood sources and life history parameters: a comparison of artificial and natural feeding.
abstract: A blood-feeding system that utilizes a small amount of whole heparinized human blood in parafilm bags is described in detail, and similarities and differences between artificially fed and naturally rodent-fed bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are discussed. Blood with high levels of heparin (10%) was unsuitable for artificial colony rearing, whereas bed bugs fed on 1% heparinized blood and those that naturally ingested rat blood completed their lifecycle with similar stage structures over time, with no significant differences in mortality. No differences in feeding efficiency or fertility were found in a direct comparison of bed bugs maintained under each of these two treatments, but analysis of the full lifecycle revealed that artificially fed bed bugs became significantly smaller and laid fewer eggs than rodent-fed bed bugs. The level of membrane stretching regulated the number of bed bugs that fed. When the membrane was stretched to twice its length and width, 96% of bed bugs successfully fed through the parafilm. Whole heparinized blood that was stored at 6 °C for ≥ 14 days failed to retain its nutritional value and the amount of blood consumed and number of consecutive moults were significantly reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aak
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rukke
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004772:Entomology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D009758:Nymph; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin
keywords: Bed bug; Cimex lectularius; artificial feeding; blood feeding; fertility; growth; survival