title: Residential segregation and gonorrhea rates in US metropolitan statistical areas, 2005-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The residential segregation of black populations, often in areas of high-economic disadvantage and low social status, may play a crucial role in the observed racial inequities in sexually transmitted disease rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ecological analysis of 2005 to 2009 average gonorrhea rates was performed across 277 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The black isolation index and Gini index of income inequality were used as proxy measures for racial and economic residential segregation respectively, derived from 2005 to 2009 US Census estimates. We used logistic regression modeling to produce estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between the segregation indices, both independently and in combination, on gonorrhea rates in MSAs. Effect measure modification was assessed by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction between the 2 indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with MSAs with low levels of racial segregation, MSAs with high levels of racial segregation had increased odds of high gonorrhea rates (adjusted OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.23-9.21). Similarly, higher levels of income inequality predicted higher gonorrhea rates, although this association did not persist after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.74-3.24). In combined models, the influence of racial residential segregation on gonorrhea rates was stronger than that of income inequality-based segregation; there was no evidence of additivity or a multiplicative interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residential segregation by race or income equality may be a key component in the perpetuation of high rates of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases among black populations in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23218-2448, USA. river.pugsley@vdh.virginia.gov
authors.forename: River A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pugsley
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: May G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lapane
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D063505:Racism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*