title: Metabolic profile and genotoxicity in obese rats exposed to cigarette smoke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental studies have shown that exposure to cigarette smoke has negative effects on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress status. Cigarette smoke exposure in nonpregnant and pregnant rats causes significant genotoxicity (DNA damage). However, no previous studies have directly evaluated the effects of obesity or the association between obesity and cigarette smoke exposure on genotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate DNA damage levels, oxidative stress status and lipid profiles in obese Wistar rats exposed to cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats subcutaneously (s.c.) received a monosodium glutamate solution or vehicle (control) during the neonatal period to induce obesity. The rats were randomly distributed into three experimental groups: control, obese exposed to filtered air, and obese exposed to tobacco cigarette smoke. After a 2-month exposure period, the rats were anesthetized and killed to obtain blood samples for genotoxicity, lipid profile, and oxidative stress status analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obese rats exposed to tobacco cigarette smoke presented higher DNA damage, triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, VLDL-c, HDL-c, and LDL-c levels compared to control and obese rats exposed to filtered air. Both obese groups showed reduced SOD activity. These results showed that cigarette smoke enhanced the effects of obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the association between obesity and cigarette smoke exposure exacerbated the genotoxicity, negatively impacted the biochemical profile and antioxidant defenses and caused early glucose intolerance. Thus, the changes caused by cigarette smoke exposure can trigger the earlier onset of metabolic disorders associated with obesity, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp/Univ. Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil. damascenofmb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Debora C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.forename: Yuri K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sinzato
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallaqua
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Iracema M P
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: Marilza V C
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: Kleber E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase