title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: a meta-analytic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Within the last decade, working memory (WM) has garnered increased interest as a potential core deficit or endophenotype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study is the first meta-analytic review to examine several subject and task moderator variables' (e.g., percent female, diagnostic selection procedure, trials per set size, response demands, type of dependent variable, and central executive [CE] demands) effect on between-group phonological (PH) and visuospatial (VS) WM in adults with ADHD, relative to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches were conducted using the PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, and yielded 38 studies of WM in adults with ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed moderate-magnitude between-group effect sizes (ESs) across both WM domains. In addition, several task-moderating variables explained significant ES variability among PH and VS studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these findings indicate that WM deficits persist into adulthood and suggest that methodological variability may explicate why WM deficits have not been uniformly detected in previous experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3064, USA. matt.alderson@okstate.edu
authors.forename: R Matt
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Alderson
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hudec
authors.forename: Connor H G
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Patros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests