title: Truffle brûlés have an impact on the diversity of soil bacterial communities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizal symbiosis is associated with the production of an area devoid of vegetation (commonly referred to by the French word 'brûlé') around the symbiotic plants and where the fruiting bodies of T. melanosporum are usually collected. The extent of the ecological impact of such an area is still being discovered. While the relationship between T. melanosporum and the other fungi present in the brûlé has been assessed, no data are available on the relationship between this fungus and the bacteria inhabiting the brûlé.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used DGGE and DNA microarrays of 16S rRNA gene fragments to compare the bacterial and archaeal communities inside and outside of truffle brûlés. Soil samples were collected in 2008 from four productive T. melanosporum/Quercus pubescens truffle-grounds located in Cahors, France, showing characteristic truffle brûlé. All the samples were analyzed by DGGE and one truffle-ground was analyzed also using phylogenetic microarrays. DGGE profiles showed differences in the bacterial community composition, and the microarrays revealed a few differences in relative richness between the brûlé interior and exterior zones, as well as differences in the relative abundance of several taxa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The different signal intensities we have measured for members of bacteria and archaea inside versus outside the brûlé are the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that not only fungal communities, but also other microorganisms are affected by T. melanosporum. Firmicutes (e.g., Bacillus), several genera of Actinobacteria, and a few Cyanobacteria had greater representation inside the brûlé compared with outside, whereas Pseudomonas and several genera within the class Flavobacteriaceae had higher relative abundances outside the brûlé. The findings from this study may contribute to future searches for microbial bio-indicators of brûlés.
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, Turin UOS, CNR, Italy. a.mello@ipp.cnr.it
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Guo-Chun
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yvette M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Piceno
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Napoli
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: Todd Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: DeSantis
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smalla
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonfante
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D044822:Biodiversity; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D005602:France; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D035281:Plant Tubers / Q000382:microbiology; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D029963:Quercus / Q000382:microbiology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S