title: Treatment-based strategy for the management of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in the Sudan.
abstract: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis that affects more than 50% of successfully treated visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients in Sudan. PKDL is considered an important reservoir for the parasite and its treatment may help in the control of VL. Currently, treatment is mainly with sodium stibogluconate (SSG), an expensive and fairly toxic drug and without universally in treatment protocols used. A literature review, a consensus of a panel of experts, and unpublished data formed the basis for the development of guidelines for the treatment of PKDL in the Sudan. Six treatment modalities were evaluated. Experts were asked to justify their choices based on their experience regarding of drug safety, efficacy, availability, and cost. The consensus was defined by assigning a categorical rank (first line, second line, third line) to each option. Regarding the use of AmBisome the presence of the drug in the skin was confirmed in smears from PKDL lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AmBisome at 2.5 mg/kg/day/20 days or SSG at 20 mg/kg/day/40 days plus four/weekly intradermal injection of alum-precipitated autoclave L. major vaccine are suggested as first- and second-treatment options for PKDL in the Sudan, respectively. SSG at 20 mg/Kg/day/60 or more days can be used if other options are not available.
authors.affiliation: The Leishmaniasis Research Group, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan ; Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Sudan.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.forename: E A G
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Younis
authors.forename: M E E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elfaki
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Elamin
authors.forename: A O A
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: H A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: M M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dafalla
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abuzaid
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Hassan