title: Electrical stimulation with a penetrating optic nerve electrode array elicits visuotopic cortical responses in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A visual prosthesis based on penetrating electrode stimulation within the optic nerve (ON) is a potential way to restore partial functional vision for blind patients. We investigated the retinotopic organization of ON stimulation and its spatial resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A five-electrode array was inserted perpendicularly into the ON or a single electrode was advanced to different depths within the ON (~1-2 mm behind the eyeball, 13 cats). A sparse noise method was used to map ON electrode position and the visual cortex. Cortical responses were recorded by a 5 × 6 array. The visuotopic correspondence between the retinotopic position of the ON electrode was compared with the visual evoked cortical map and the electrical evoked potentials elicited in response to ON stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical stimulation with penetrating ON electrodes elicited cortical responses in visuotopographically corresponding areas of the cortex. Stimulation of the temporal side of the ON elicited cortical responses corresponding to the central visual field. The visual field position shifted from the lower to central visual field as the electrode penetrated through the depth of the ON. A spatial resolution of ~ 2° to 3° within a limited cortical visuotopic representation could be obtained by this approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visuotopic electrical stimulation with a relatively fine spatial resolution can be accomplished using penetrating electrodes implanted at multiple sites and at different depths within the ON just behind the globe. This study also provides useful experimental data for the design of electrode density and the distribution of penetrating ON electrodes for a visual prosthesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yiliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Qiushi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D010719:Phosphenes / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D057488:Visual Prosthesis