title: [Pathological characteristic and clinical management of pulmonary carcinoid].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment of pulmonary carcinoid is a comprehensive modality focusing on surgery. Thus, accurate and timely preoperative and intraoperative pathological diagnoses are very crucial. The aim of this study is to retrospectively analyze the pathological characteristics of pulmonary carcinoid, its natural history, and patterns of disease progression to obtain evidence for clinical decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and pathological data of 32 patients with pulmonary carcinoid were retrieved and retrospectively analyzed. The pathological characteristics and their relationship with clinical diagnosis and treatment effect were systematically studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 32 patients, 18 had typical carcinoid and 14 had atypical carcinoid. The male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1, and the average age was (44±15) years. Almost half of the patients were discovered by accident. The average maximum diameter was (3.1±1.3) cm. About 27 of all 32 cases (84.4%) were stage I, 2 were stage IIa, 2 were stage IIIa, and 1 was stage IV. The follow-up time was 5.2-9.7 years. The 5-year progression free survival of 15 typical carcinoid patients and 12 atypical carcinoid patients were 100% and 92.9%, respectively. The characteristic neuroendocrine morphology and variable expression levels of cytokeratin, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and index of Ki-67 were important factors that differentiated pulmonary carcinoid from other tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathological diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid must combine morphology with immunohistochemistry. Early-stage patients can also achieve good effect after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen-Tu
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult