title: The effect of bosentan on exercise capacity in Fontan patients; rationale and design for the TEMPO study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palliative treatment with the Fontan procedure has greatly improved survival for children with functionally univentricular heart. Since Fontan performed the first successful operation, the procedure has evolved and is now performed as Total Cavo-Pulmonary Connection (TCPC).An increasing prevalence and longer life expectancy of TCPC patients have raised new challenges. The survivors are often suffering complications such as arrhythmias, myocardial dysfunction, thromboembolic events, neuropsychological deficit, protein-losing enteropathy and reduced exercise capacity. Several causes for the reduced exercise capacity may be present e.g. impaired function of the single ventricle, valve dysfunction and chronotropic impairment, and perhaps also increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Thus, plasma endothelin-1 has been shown to correlate with increased pulmonary vascular resistance and the risk of failing Fontan circulation. This has raised the question of the role for pulmonary vasodilation therapy, especially endothelin receptor antagonist in the management of TCPC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TEMPO trial aims to investigate whether Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, can be administered safely and improve exercise capacity in TCPC patients. The trial design is randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled. Bosentan/placebo is administered for 14 weeks with control visits every four weeks. The primary endpoint is change in maximal oxygen consumption as assessed on bicycle ergometer test. Secondary endpoints include changes in pulmonary blood flow during exercise test, pro brain natriuretic peptide and quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that treatment with Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, can be administered safely and improve exercise capacity in TCPC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark. andershebert@gmail.com
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Annette S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Idorn
authors.forename: Keld E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Søndergaard
mesh_terms: D000077300:Bosentan; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077300:Bosentan; C003959:TEMPO