title: The disposition to understand for oneself at university: integrating learning processes with motivation and metacognition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A re-analysis of several university-level interview studies has suggested that some students show evidence of a deep and stable approach to learning, along with other characteristics that support the approach. This combination, it was argued, could be seen to indicate a disposition to understand for oneself.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify a group of students who showed high and consistent scores on deep approach, combined with equivalently high scores on effort and monitoring studying, and to explore these students' experiences of the teaching-learning environments they had experienced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Re-analysis of data from 1,896 students from 25 undergraduate courses taking four contrasting subject areas in eleven British universities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inventories measuring approaches to studying were given at the beginning and the end of a semester, with the second inventory also exploring students' experiences of teaching. K-means cluster analysis was used to identify groups of students with differing patterns of response on the inventory scales, with a particular focus on students showing high, stable scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One cluster clearly showed the characteristics expected of the disposition to understand and was also fairly stable over time. Other clusters also had deep approaches, but also showed either surface elements or lower scores on organized effort or monitoring their studying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining these findings with interview studies previously reported reinforces the idea of there being a disposition to understand for oneself that could be identified from an inventory scale or through further interviews.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, UK. Velda.McCune@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Entwistle
authors.forename: Velda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McCune
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D009042:Motivation; D010551:Personality; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities