title: Acute kidney injury according to pediatric RIFLE criteria is associated with negative outcomes after heart surgery in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) according to pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria and adverse outcomes in children after heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children undergoing heart surgery in a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil were followed during their stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or until death. The exposure variable was occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria which place AKI in three categories: R (risk), I (injury), and F (failure). The outcomes studied were death, length of mechanical ventilation (MV), and length of PICU stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five children were enrolled in the study. Of these, 47 (55.3 %) did not have AKI, while 22 (25.9 %), seven (8.2 %), and nine (10.6 %) were classified into pRIFLE categories R, I, and F, respectively. The incidence of death was 18.4 and 4.2 % in patients with and without AKI, respectively. Compared to children who did not develop AKI, the adjusted odds ratio for death was 1.05 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.09-11.11], 8.36 (95 % CI 1.32-52.63), and 7.85 (95 % CI 1.53-40.29) in the R, I, and F groups, respectively (p = 0.022). Duration of MV and of PICU stay were significantly higher in those children with AKI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria is associated to adverse outcomes in children after heart surgery.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. michelgeorges1981@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Michel Georges
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: dos Santos El Halal
authors.forename: Paulo Roberto A
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000367:Age Factors; D001938:Brazil; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D013997:Time Factors