title: Optimal caliper placement: manual vs automated methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the inter- and intra-operator repeatability of manual placement of callipers in the assessment of basic biometric measurements and to compare the results to an automated calliper placement system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stored ultrasound images of 95 normal fetuses between 19 and 25 weeks' gestation were used. Five operators (two experts, one resident and two students) were asked to measure the BPD, OFD and FL two times manually and automatically. For each operator, intra-operator repeatability of the manual and automated measurements was assessed by within operator standard deviation. For the assessment of the interoperator repeatability, the mean of the four manual measurements by the two experts was used as the gold standard.The relative bias of the manual measurement of the three non-expert operators and the operator-independent automated measurement were compared with the gold standard measurement by means and 95% confidence interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 88.4% of the 95 cases, the automated measurement algorithm was able to obtain appropriate measurements of the BPD, OFD, AC and FL. Within operator standard deviations of the manual measurements ranged between 0.15 and 1.56, irrespective of the experience of the operator.Using the automated biometric measurement system, there was no difference between the measurements of each operator. As far as the inter-operator repeatability is concerned, the difference between the manual measurements of the two students, the resident, and the gold standard was between -0.10 and 2.53 mm. The automated measurements tended to be closer to the gold standard but did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In about 90% of the cases, it was possible to obtain basic biometric measurements with an automated system. The use of automated measurements resulted in a significant improvement of the intra-operator but not of the inter-operator repeatability, but measurements were not significantly closer to the gold standard of expert examiners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wanger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sonek
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pintoffl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoopmann
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kagan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D001699:Biometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*