title: Daily flaxseed consumption improves glycemic control in obese men and women with pre-diabetes: a randomized study.
abstract: The study hypothesis was that fasting glucose, insulin, fructosamine, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decrease and adiponectin increases with daily flaxseed consumption in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes. In this randomized, cross-over study overweight or obese men and postmenopausal women (n = 25) with pre-diabetes consumed 0, 13, or 26 g ground flaxseed for 12 weeks. Glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), and normalized percent of α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) were significantly different by treatment (multiple analysis of variance, P = .036, P = .013, P = .008, P = .024 respectively). Paired t tests showed glucose decreased on the 13 g intervention compared to the 0 g period [13 g = -2.10 ± 1.66 mg/L (mean ± SEM), 0 g = 9.22 ± 4.44 mg/L, P = .036]. Insulin decreased on the 13 g intervention but not the 26 g (P = .021) and 0 g (P = .013) periods (13 g = -2.12 ± 1.00 mU/L, 26 g = 0.67 ± 0.84 mU/L, 0 g = 1.20 ± 1.16 mU/L). HOMA-IR decreased on the 13 g period but not on the 26 g (P = .012) and 0 g (P = .008) periods (13 g = -0.71 ± 0.31, 26 g = 0.27 ± 0.24, 0 g = 0.51 ± 0.35). The α-linolenic fatty acid decrease for the 0 g period was different than the 13 g (P = .024) and 26 g (P = .000) periods (13 g = 0.20 ± 0.04, 26 g = 0.35 ± 0.07, 0 g = -0.01 ± 0.07). Fructosamine, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity interleukin-6 had no significant differences. Flaxseed intake decreased glucose and insulin and improved insulin sensitivity as part of a habitual diet in overweight or obese individuals with pre-diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA. andrea.hutchins@uccs.edu
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.forename: Blakely D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cunnane
authors.forename: Stephanie G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Domitrovich
authors.forename: Earle R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Courtney E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bobowiec
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D017698:Postmenopause; D011236:Prediabetic State; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D019270:Fructosamine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein