title: Pancreatic trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic trauma occurs in approximately 4% of all patients sustaining abdominal injuries. The pancreas has an intimate relationship with the major upper abdominal vessels, and there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with severe pancreatic injury. Immediate resuscitation and investigations are essential to delineate the nature of the injury, and to plan further management. If main pancreatic duct injuries are identified, specialised input from a tertiary hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) team is advised.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive online literature search was performed using PubMed. Relevant articles from international journals were selected. The search terms used were: 'pancreatic trauma', 'pancreatic duct injury', 'radiology AND pancreas injury', 'diagnosis of pancreatic trauma', and 'management AND surgery'. Articles that were not published in English were excluded. All articles used were selected on relevance to this review and read by both authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pancreatic trauma is rare and associated with injury to other upper abdominal viscera. Patients present with non-specific abdominal findings and serum amylase is of little use in diagnosis. Computed tomography is effective in diagnosing pancreatic injury but not duct disruption, which is most easily seen on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography or operative pancreatography. If pancreatic injury is suspected, inspection of the entire pancreas and duodenum is required to ensure full evaluation at laparotomy. The operative management of pancreatic injury depends on the grade of injury found at laparotomy. The most important prognostic factor is main duct disruption and, if found, reconstructive options should be determined by an experienced HPB surgeon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of pancreatic trauma requires a high index of suspicion and detailed imaging studies. Grading pancreatic injury is important to guide operative management. The most important prognostic factor is pancreatic duct disruption and in these cases, experienced HPB surgeons should be involved. Complications following pancreatic trauma are common and the majority can be managed without further surgery.
authors.affiliation: Barts Health NHS Trust, UK. rajlahiri@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D010179:Pancreas / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery