title: Hepatitis B infection among adults in the philippines: A national seroprevalence study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity among adult Filipinos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testing for HBsAg was performed on serum samples from persons aged ≥ 20 years old who participated in the National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHeS) conducted in 2003. Information on age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and income were collected. For this study, marital status was classified as never married or otherwise (i.e., married, divorced, separated, widowed); educational attainment was classified as high school graduate or below or at least some tertiary education; and employment status was classified as currently employed or currently unemployed. Annual income was divided into 4 quartiles in Philippine pesos (PhP): Q1, ≤ PhP 53064; Q2, PhP 53065-92192; Q3, PhP 92193-173387; and Q4, ≥ PhP 173388. Prevalence estimates were weighted so that they represented the general population. Social and demographic factors were correlated with HBsAg seropositivity. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of HBsAg seropositivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2150 randomly selected adults, 20 years and over, out of the 4753 adult participants of NNHeS were tested for HBsAg. The HBsAg seroprevalence was 16.7% (95%CI: 14.3%-19.1%), which corresponded to an estimated 7278968 persons infected with hepatitis B. There was no significant difference between males and females (17.5% vs 16.0%; P = 0.555). This corresponded to an estimated 3721775 men and 3557193 women infected with hepatitis B. The HBsAg seroprevalence peaked at age 20-39 years old, with declining prevalence in the older age groups. The only independent predictor of HBsAg seropositivity was the annual income, with persons in the highest income quartile being less likely to be HBsAg positive (age-adjusted OR = 0.51; 95%CI: 0.30-0.86) compared to subjects in the lowest income quartile. Sex, marital status, educational attainment, and employment status were not found to be independent predictors of HBsAg seropositivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high HBsAg seroprevalence among adults in the Philippines classifies the country as hyperendemic for HBV infection and appears unchanged over the last few decades.
authors.affiliation: Stephen N Wong, Jose D Sollano Jr, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila 1008, Philippines.
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Janus P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Madalinee Eternity D
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Labio
authors.forename: Oscar T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Cabahug
authors.forename: Maria Lourdes O
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daez
authors.forename: Erlinda V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Valdellon
authors.forename: Jose D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sollano
authors.forename: Marilyn O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Arguillas
keywords: Asia; Hepatitis B; Philippines; Prevalence; Survey