title: Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire (UK).
abstract: This study presents the occurrence and risk of PBDEs, new brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants along a river affected by urban and industrial pressures (River Aire, UK). Tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) were detected in all samples, with TCPP present at the highest concentrations, ranging from 113 to 26,050 ng L⁻¹. BDE-209 was detected in most of the sampled sites, ranging from 17 to 295 ng L⁻¹, while hexabromobenzene (HBB) and pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB) were seldom detected. A risk quotients based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) and flame retardants water concentration proved significant risk for adverse effects for algae, Daphnia and fish in sites close to industrial and urban sewage discharges. This study provides a protocol for the risk estimation of priority and new generation flame retardants based on river concentrations and toxicological values.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cristale
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsoyiannis
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sweetman
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacorte
mesh_terms: D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical