title: The strange flight behaviour of slowly spinning soccer balls.
abstract: The strange three-dimensional flight behaviour of slowly spinning soccer balls is one of the most interesting and unknown phenomenon associated with the trajectories of sports balls. Many spectators have experienced numerous exciting and emotional instances while observing the curious flight behaviour of these balls. We examine the aerodynamic mechanisms of erratic ball behaviours through real flight observations, unsteady force measurements and flow pattern visualisations. The strange behaviour is elucidated by the relationship between the unsteady forces on the ball and the wake flow. The irregular changes in position for twin longitudinal vortices have already been discovered in the supercritical Reynolds number region of a sphere with a smooth surface. This finding is applicable to the strange behaviour of the flight of soccer balls with this supercritical flow. The players, spectators, and television viewers will gain greater insight into the effects of soccer ball flights.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Mechanical Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1, Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295, Japan. mizota@fit.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taketo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizota
authors.forename: Kouhei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurogi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naruo
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawamura