title: Fatal verminous pharyngitis and esophagitis caused by Streptocara incognita in mute swans (Cygnus olor).
abstract: Streptocara spp. infections are reported to cause gastritis, proventriculitis, esophagitis, and pharyngitis in various waterfowls, especially diving ducks. In the present paper, we describe severe fatal diphtheritic pharyngitis and esophagitis caused by Streptocara incognita in three female mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to death, the swans were showing signs of lethargy, anorexia, and reluctance to move. At necropsy, in all swans severe diphtheritic pharyngitis and esophagitis with deep, dark red hemorrhagic ulcerations were observed. Numerous thin, white, up to 1-cm-long nematodes, identified as S. incognita, were observed embedded in the pharyngeal and esophageal mucosa under the diphtheritic membranes. Histopathology revealed severe fibrinonecrotic inflammation with numerous cross-sections of the parasites. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of severe, fatal streptocariasis in mute swans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. amer.alic@vfs.unsa.ba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alić
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prasović
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodzić
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Besirović
authors.forename: Emina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Residbegović
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Omeragić
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017174:Spirurida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017205:Spirurida Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*