title: In vitro inhibition of canine distemper virus by flavonoids and phenolic acids: implications of structural differences for antiviral design.
abstract: Infection caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious disease with high incidence and lethality in the canine population. Antiviral activity of flavonoids quercetin, morin, rutin and hesperidin, and phenolic cinnamic, trans-cinnamic and ferulic acids were evaluated in vitro against the CDV using the time of addition assay to determine which step of the viral replicative cycle was affected. All flavonoids displayed great viral inhibition when they were added at the times 0 (adsorption) and 1h (penetration) of the viral replicative cycle. Both quercetin and hesperidin presented antiviral activity at the time 2h (intracellular). In the other hand, cinnamic acid showed antiviral activity at the times 0 and 2h while trans-cinnamic acid showed antiviral effect at the times -1h (pre-treatment) and 0 h. Ferulic acid inhibited CDV replicative cycle at the times 0 and 1h. Our study revealed promising candidates to be considered in the treatment of CDV. Structural differences among compounds and correlation to their antiviral activity were also explored. Our analysis suggest that these compounds could be useful in order to design new antiviral drugs against CDV as well as other viruses of great meaning in veterinary medicine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Animal (LVA), Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: O V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Botelho
authors.forename: C G T
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: H C C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M A N
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: J A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Soares-Martins
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004217:Distemper Virus, Canine / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Antiviral activity; Canine distemper; Flavonoids; Phenolic acids