title: Potential of microalgae and lactobacilli in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Application of nanoparticles has been extensively increased in last decades. Nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, platinum and especially silver are widely applied in medical and pharmaceutical applications. Although, variety of physical and chemical methods has been developed for production of metal nanoparticles, because of destructive effects of them on environment, biosynthetic methods have been suggested as a novel alternative. Some bacteria and microalgae have different ranges of potentiality to uptake metal ions and produce nanoparticles during detoxification process. In the present work, we study the potential of three Lactobacilli and three algal species in production of AgNPs in different concentrations of silver nitrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing AAS, XRD and TEM methods, Nannochloropsis oculata, Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris as three algal species in addition to three Lactobacilli including L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. reuteri were monitored for production of silver nanoparticles. Three concentrations of AgNO3 (0.001, 0.002, 0.005 M) and two incubation times (24h and 48h) were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings demonstrated that C. vulgaris, N. oculata and L. acidophilus have the potential of nanosilver production in a culture medium containing 0.001 M of AgNO3 within 24 hours. Also L. casei and L. reuteri species exhibited their potential for production of silver nanoparticles in 0.002 M concentration of AgNO3 in 24 hours. The size range of particles was approximately less than 15 nm. The uptake rate of silver in the five species was between 1.0 to 2.7 mg/g of dry weight. Nanoparticle production was not detected in other treatments and the algae Dunaliella.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in all of three Lactobacilli and two algal species including N. oculata and C. vulgaris was confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohseniazar
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barin
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zarredar
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shanehbandi
keywords: Biosynthesis; Lactobacilli; Microalgae; Silver nanoparticles