title: Penetrating diaphragmatic injury: accuracy of 64-section multidetector CT with trajectography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (a) determine the diagnostic performance of 64-section multidetector computed tomography (CT) trajectography for penetrating diaphragmatic injury (PDI), (b) determine the diagnostic performance of classic signs of diaphragmatic injury at 64-section multidetector CT, and (c) compare the performance of these signs with that of trajectography.
  
  
  METHODS
  This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study had institutional review board approval, with a waiver of the informed consent requirement. All patients who had experienced penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma, who had undergone preoperative 64-section multidetector CT of the chest and abdomen, and who had surgical confirmation of findings during a 2.5-year period were included in this study (25 male patients, two female patients; mean age, 32.6 years). After a training session, four trauma radiologists unaware of the surgical outcome independently reviewed all CT studies and scored the probability of PDI on a six-point scale. Collar sign, dependent viscera sign, herniation, contiguous injury on both sides of the diaphragm, discontinuous diaphragm sign, and transdiaphragmatic trajectory were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV). Accuracies were determined and receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities for detection of PDI by using 64-section multidetector CT with postprocessing software ranged from 73% to 100%, specificities ranged from 50% to 92%, NPVs ranged from 71% to 100%, PPVs ranged from 68% to 92%, and accuracies ranged from 70% to 89%. Discontinuous diaphragm, herniation, collar, and dependent viscera signs were highly specific (92%-100%) but nonsensitive (0%-60%). Contiguous injury was generally more sensitive (80%-93% vs 73%-100%) but less specific (50%-67% vs 83%-92%) than transdiaphragmatic trajectory when patients with multiple entry wounds were included in the analysis. Transdiaphragmatic trajectory was a much more sensitive sign of PDI than previously reported (73%-100% vs 36%), with NPVs ranging from 71% to 100% and PPVs ranging from 85% to 92%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sixty-four-section multidetector CT trajectography facilitates the identification of transdiaphragmatic trajectory, which accurately rules in PDI when identified. Contiguous injury remains a highly sensitive sign, even when patients with multiple injuries are considered, and is useful for excluding PDI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Jackson Memorial Hospital, and Ryder Trauma Center, 1611 NW 12th Ave, West Wing 279, Miami FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dreizin
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Borja
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Danton
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadakia
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caban
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult