title: Associations between traffic-related black carbon exposure and attention in a prospective birth cohort of urban children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ambient air pollution may have neurotoxic effects in children. Data examining associations between traffic-related air pollution and attention domains remain sparse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between black carbon (BC), a marker of traffic particles, and attention measures ascertained at 7-14 years of age among 174 children in a birth cohort based in the Boston, Massachusetts, area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated BC levels using a validated spatial-temporal land-use regression model based on residence during children's lifetime. Children completed the Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT) measuring omission errors, commission errors, and hit reaction time (HRT), with higher scores indicating increased errors or slower reaction time. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses were used to examine associations between BC and each attention outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children were primarily Hispanic (56%) and Caucasian (41%); 53% were boys. We found a positive association between higher BC levels with increased commission errors and slower HRT, adjusting for child IQ, age, sex, blood lead level, maternal education, pre- and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure, and community-level social stress. Notably, the association was weaker, though still positive, for the highest BC quartile relative to the middle two quartiles. Sex-stratified analysis demonstrated statistically significant associations between BC and both commission errors and HRT in boys, but BC was not significantly associated with any of the CPT outcomes in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of urban children, we found associations between BC exposure and higher commission errors and slower reaction time. These associations were overall more apparent in boys than girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. mathilda.chiu@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bellinger
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coull
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001900:Boston; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions