title: Ecoepidemiological and Social Factors Related to Rabies Incidence in Venezuela during 2002-2004.
abstract: Rabies in Venezuela has been important in last years, affecting dogs, cats, and human, among other animals, being a reportable disease. In Zulia state, it is considered a major public health concern. Recently, a considerable increase in the incidence of rabies has been occurring, involving many epidemiological but also ecoepidemiological and social factors. These factors are analyzed in this report. During 2002-2004, 416 rabies cases were recorded. Incidence has been increasingly significantly, affecting mainly dogs (88.94%). Given this epidemiology we associated ecoepidemiological and social factors with rabies incidence in the most affected state, Zulia. In this period 411 rabies cases were recorded. Zulia has varied environmental conditions. It is composed mostly of lowlands bordered in the west by mountain system and in the south by the Andes. The mean is temperature 27.8°C, and mean yearly rainfall is 750 mm. Climatologically, 2002 corresponded with El Niño (drought), middle 2003 evolved to a Neutral period, and 2004 corresponded to La Niña (rainy); this change may have affected many diseases, including rabies. Ecological analysis showed that most cases occurred in lowland area of the state and during rainy season (p<0.05). Additionally, there is an important social problem due to educational deficiencies in the native population. Many ethnic groups live un Zulia, many myths about rabies are in circulation, and the importance of the disease is not widely realized. The full scale of the rabies burden is unknown, owing to inadequate disease surveillance. Although there have been important advances in our knowledge and ability to diagnose and prevent it, enormous challenges remain in animal rabies control and provision of accessible-appropriate human prophylaxis worldwide. Human and animal surveillance including ecological and social factors is needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Perez de Leon, Health Direction of Municipio Sucre, Miranda, Caracas, Venezuela;
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rifakis
authors.forename: Jesus A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: Alfonso J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Morales
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De-La-Paz-Pineda
keywords: Rabies virus; climate variability; ecoepidemiology; social factors