title: Age and sex pattern of cardiovascular mortality, hospitalisation and associated cost in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Though the cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in India, little is known about the human and economic loss attributed to the disease. The aim of this paper is to account the age and sex pattern of mortality, hospitalisation and the cost of hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for the present study has been drawn from multiple sources; 52(nd) and 60(th) rounds of the National Sample Survey, Special Survey of Death, 2001-03 and the Sample Registration System 2004-2010. Under the changing demographics and constant assumptions of mortality, hospitalisation and cost of hospitalisation, we have estimated the deaths, hospitalisation and cost of hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases in India during 2004 to 2021. Descriptive analyses and multivariate techniques were used to understand the socio-economic differentials in cost of hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases in India.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In India, the cardiovascular diseases accounted for an estimated 1.4 million deaths in 2004 and it is likely to be 2.1 million in 2021. An estimated 6.7 million people were hospitalised for cardiovascular diseases in 2004, and projected to be 10.9 million by 2021. Unlike mortality, majority of the hospitalisation due to cardiovascular diseases will be in the prime working age group (25-59). The estimated cost of hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases was 94/- billion rupees in 2004 and expected to be 152/- billion rupees by 2021, at 2004 prices. The cost of hospitalisation for cardiovascular diseases was significantly high in private health centres, high fertility states and among high socio-economic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisation will be largely concentrated in the prime working age group and the cost of hospitalisation is expected to increase substantially in coming years. This calls for mobilising resources, increasing access to health insurance and devising strategies for the prevention, control and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in India.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. akankshaleo@gmail.com
authors.forename: Akanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mohanty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002017:Budgets; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult