title: Endemic characteristics of infantile visceral leishmaniasis in the People's Republic of China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was once a severe parasitic disease in China. Thanks to the great efforts of integrated control, VL was eliminated in most epidemic areas, except for certain western provinces (autonomous region) at the end of 1950s. From then on, VL gained less attention and has seemed to spread, especially in the last 15 years. Infants are the most important population threatened by VL. However, there have been few studies on the endemic characteristics of infantile VL in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infantile VL cases were collected from the online National Infectious Diseases Reporting System (NIDRS). Statistical description and inference was used to reveal the endemic characteristics in gender, age group, time and regionalism. Spatial analysis was carried out to explore the high risk area for infantile VL in China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1093 infantile VL cases were reported from 2006 to 2012. There was no statistically significant difference in gender over time. The minimum, maximum and mean age of these cases was 1.1, 35.9 and 13.8 months, respectively. Among them 86.92% were under 2 years of age, and there was a statistically significant difference among age groups over time. An incidence peak appeared in 2008-2009, most cases were distributed in the months September to December, and there was a tail-raising effect in the coming two months of the next year. More than 98% of cases were reported in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Sichuan Province, accounting for 61.02%, 32.75% and 4.57%, respectively. A total of 56 counties reported infantile VL cases, with the cumulative incidence ranging from 0.02 to 24.57%. There were two main zones of high endemicity for infantile VL in China. The monthly incidence clearly coincides with the number of towns where infantile VL cases were reported. Three fatalities were reported during the study period, the case fatality rate was 2.75‰.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endemic situation of infantile VL is serious, and there are several active foci of infantile VL prevalence in China. VL has emerged as a severe threat to infants of endemic regions in China.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Shi-Zhu
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Li-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lin-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D019371:Topography, Medical