title: Does phototherapy enhance skeletal muscle contractile function and postexercise recovery? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, researchers have shown that phototherapy administered to skeletal muscle immediately before resistance exercise can enhance contractile function, prevent exercise-induced cell damage, and improve postexercise recovery of strength and function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically evaluate original research addressing the ability of phototherapeutic devices, such as lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to enhance skeletal muscle contractile function, reduce exercise-induced muscle fatigue, and facilitate postexercise recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, and Rehabilitation & Physical Medicine without date limitations for the following key words: laser therapy, phototherapy, fatigue, exercise, circulation, microcirculation, and photobiomodulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies had to be original research published in English as full papers, involve human participants, and receive a minimum score of 7 out of 10 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of interest included elapsed time to fatigue, total number of repetitions to fatigue, total work performed, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (strength), electromyographic activity, and postexercise biomarker levels. We recorded the PEDro scores, beam characteristics, and treatment variables and calculated the therapeutic outcomes and effect sizes for the data sets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 12 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. However, we excluded data from 2 studies, leaving 32 data sets from 10 studies. Twenty-four of the 32 data sets contained differences between active phototherapy and sham (placebo-control) treatment conditions for the various outcome measures. Exposing skeletal muscle to single-diode and multidiode laser or multidiode LED therapy was shown to positively affect physical performance by delaying the onset of fatigue, reducing the fatigue response, improving postexercise recovery, and protecting cells from exercise-induced damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phototherapy administered before resistance exercise consistently has been found to provide ergogenic and prophylactic benefits to skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-8205, USA. pborsa@hhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Borsa
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Larkin
authors.forename: Jerry M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: True
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004576:Electromyography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010789:Phototherapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers