title: An update on venom allergy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Allergic reactions to stinging insects may be unexpected, frightening, and severe. A clear understanding of recent advances in the field facilitates appropriate care of children who experience severe reactions to hymenoptera stings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent investigations have underscored the importance of appropriate patient selection for potentially life-saving venom immunotherapy. Venom immunotherapy is effective in preventing future anaphylaxis from hymenoptera stings. Immunotherapy is indicated for patients with a history of anaphylaxis. Children who develop large local swelling or strictly cutaneous systemic reactions generally do not require immunotherapy. Component resolved diagnostic testing has been investigated to clarify the possibility of multiple venom allergies in patients with sensitization to multiple venoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis are critical. Subsequent education about avoiding future stings and attention to emergency preparedness with appropriate prescription of self-injectable epinephrine is important. Referral of patients who have experienced venom-associated anaphylaxis for possible venom immunotherapy can prevent future severe episodes of anaphylaxis resulting from stings.
authors.affiliation: aSection of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon bGeisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire cSection of Allergy and Immunology, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shaker
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gruenberg
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001180:Arthropod Venoms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003888:Desensitization, Immunologic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006927:Hymenoptera; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D012017:Referral and Consultation
chemical_list: D001180:Arthropod Venoms