title: Mass spectrometry reveals synergistic effects of nucleotides, lipids, and drugs binding to a multidrug resistance efflux pump.
abstract: Multidrug resistance is a serious barrier to successful treatment of many human diseases, including cancer, wherein chemotherapeutics are exported from target cells by membrane-embedded pumps. The most prevalent of these pumps, the ATP-Binding Cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), consists of two homologous halves each comprising one nucleotide-binding domain and six transmembrane helices. The transmembrane region encapsulates a hydrophobic cavity, accessed by portals in the membrane, that binds cytotoxic compounds as well as lipids and peptides. Here we use mass spectrometry (MS) to probe the intact P-gp small molecule-bound complex in a detergent micelle. Activation in the gas phase leads to formation of ions, largely devoid of detergent, yet retaining drug molecules as well as charged or zwitterionic lipids. Measuring the rates of lipid binding and calculating apparent KD values shows that up to six negatively charged diacylglycerides bind more favorably than zwitterionic lipids. Similar experiments confirm binding of cardiolipins and show that prior binding of the immunosuppressant and antifungal antibiotic cyclosporin A enhances subsequent binding of cardiolipin. Ion mobility MS reveals that P-gp exists in an equilibrium between different states, readily interconverted by ligand binding. Overall these MS results show how concerted small molecule binding leads to synergistic effects on binding affinities and conformations of a multidrug efflux pump.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcoux
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Argyris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.forename: Eamonn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Biggin
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Houchao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morgner
authors.forename: Carol V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D001692:Biological Transport; D002308:Cardiolipins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002308:Cardiolipins; D003902:Detergents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008055:Lipids; D009711:Nucleotides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D016572:Cyclosporine
keywords: mass spectrometry from native state; real time substrate monitoring