title: Three-dimensional architecture of scar and conducting channels based on high resolution ce-CMR: insights for ventricular tachycardia ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conducting channels are the target for ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. Conducting channels could be identified with contrast enhanced-cardiac magnetic resonance (ce-CMR) as border zone (BZ) corridors. A 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the ce-CMR could allow visualization of the 3D structure of these BZ channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 21 patients with healed myocardial infarction and VT. A 3D high-resolution 3T ce-CMR was performed before CARTO-guided VT ablation. The left ventricular wall was segmented and characterized using a pixel signal intensity algorithm at 5 layers (endocardium, 25%, 50%, 75%, epicardium). A 3D color-coded shell map was obtained for each layer to depict the scar core and BZ distribution. The presence/characteristics of BZ channels were registered for each layer. Scar area decreased progressively from endocardium to epicardium (scar area/left ventricular area: 34.0±17.4% at endocardium, 24.1±14.7% at 25%, 16.3±12.1% at 50%, 13.1±10.4 at 75%, 12.1±9.3% at epicardium; P<0.01). Forty-five BZ channels (2.1±1.0 per patient, 23.7±12.0 mm length, mean minimum width 2.5±1.5 mm) were identified, 85% between the endocardium and 50% shell and 76% present in ≥1 layer. The ce-CMR-defined BZ channels identified 74% of the critical isthmus of clinical VTs and 50% of all the conducting channels identified in electroanatomic maps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scar area in patients with healed myocardial infarction decreases from the endocardium to the epicardium. BZ channels, more commonly seen in the endocardium, display a 3D structure within the myocardial wall that can be depicted with ce-CMR. The use of ce-CMR-derived maps to guide VT ablation warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Armenta
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berruezo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andreu
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Camara
authors.forename: Etelvino
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbarito
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carotenutto
authors.forename: Reinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evertz
authors.forename: José T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Pérez
authors.forename: Teresa María
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: De Caralt
authors.forename: Rosario Jesús
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Perea
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sitges
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mont
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frangi
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brugada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: catheter ablation; conducting channels; magnetic resonance imaging; myocardial infarction; ventricular tachycardia