title: Development of a scale for estimating procedural distress in the newborn intensive care unit: the Procedural Load Index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to routine procedures that often cause distress and carry a negative burden or load on the infant's neurodevelopment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A ratio level index is introduced to estimate procedural load so as to begin to develop a system to monitor the intensity of distress associated with common NICU procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two psychophysical methods, magnitude estimation (ME) and the general labeled magnitude scale (gLMS) were used to survey 86 clinicians via the internet to estimate the distress associated with 55 common NICU procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  gLMS and ME estimations correlated highly across all procedures (r = 0.97). gLMS values were used to derive the procedural load index (PLI) as a ratio level estimation of procedural distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PLI ranks and differentiates distress among common NICU procedures more precisely than current tools. This methodology, if correlated with infant physiological indices and health outcomes, may be operationalized at the bedside to measure procedural distress, and help to guide the ideal timing to perform procedures and minimize their negative consequence.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. m.schiavenato@miami.edu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiavenato
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Antos
authors.forename: Frances A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kozak
authors.forename: Travis B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kroot
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Kirsten E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sternfield
authors.forename: Laurel H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Carney
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care
keywords: Infant pain; Pain assessment; Pain measurement; Pediatric pain; Scale development