title: A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of neonatal patients at risk for metabolic bone disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premature infants are at increased risk for metabolic bone disease, with resulting delayed bone growth, osteopenia, and rickets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the best available evidence to answer a series of questions regarding neonatal patients at risk of metabolic bone disease receiving parenteral or enteral nutrition was undertaken and evaluated using concepts adopted from the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group. A consensus process was used to develop the clinical guideline recommendations prior to external and internal review and approval by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) What maternal risk factors predispose the neonate to metabolic bone disease? (2) What is the optimal type of feeding to promote neonatal bone health? (3) When and how should vitamin D supplements be administered? (4) Does parenteral nutrition (PN) predispose a neonate to metabolic bone disease, and if so, are there PN formulation recommendations to minimize this risk?
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and The Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nehra
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Erica M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: Alexis K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Potemkin
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gura
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simpser
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Compher
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puder
mesh_terms: D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018529:Nutritional Support / Q000009:adverse effects*; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: minerals/trace elements; neonates; parenteral nutrition