title: A unique patient population? Health-related quality of life in adolescent athletes versus general, healthy adolescent individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normative scores for patient-rated outcome (PRO) instruments are important for providing patient-centered, whole-person care and making informed clinical decisions. Although normative values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Generic Core Scale (PedsQL) have been established in the general, healthy adolescent population, whether adolescent athletes demonstrate similar values is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare PedsQL scores between adolescent athletes and general, healthy adolescent individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 2659 interscholastic athletes (males = 2059, females = 600, age = 15.7 ± 1.1 years) represented the athlete group (ATH), and a previously published normative dataset represented the general, healthy adolescent group (GEN).
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed the PedsQL during 1 testing session.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PedsQL consists of 2 summary scores (total, psychosocial) and 4 subscale scores (physical, emotional, social, school), with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Groups were stratified by age (14, 15, or 16 years old). Independent-samples t tests were conducted to compare between-groups and sex differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ATH group scored higher than the GEN group across all ages for total and psychosocial summary scores and for emotional and social functioning subscale scores (P ≤ .005). For physical functioning, scores of the 15-year-old ATH were higher than for their GEN counterparts (P = .001). Both 14- and 15-year-old ATH scored higher than their GEN counterparts for the school functioning subscale (P ≤ .013), but differences between 16-year olds were not significant (P = .228). Male adolescent athletes reported higher scores than female adolescent athletes across all scores (P ≤ .001) except for social functioning (P = .229).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent athletes reported better HRQOL than GEN, particularly in emotional functioning. These findings further support the notion that ATH constitutes a unique population that requires its own set of normative values for self-reported, patient-rated outcome instruments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA. klam@atsu.edu
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Alison R Snyder
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Valier
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.forename: Tamara C Valovich
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires