title: Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although recognized for decades, little is known about the etiology, physiopathology, and prevention of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), and its treatment remains a major challenge for neonatologists. In this review, the clinical features and physiopathology of the syndrome will be addressed, as well as its general and specific treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MRei consult databases, searching for articles related to the syndrome and published between 1995 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors and the physiopathological mechanisms of the syndrome are discussed. The clinical presentation depends on the different factors involved. These are related to the etiology and physiopathology of the different forms of the disease. In addition to the measures used to allow for the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance after birth, in some instances pulmonary vasodilators will be required. Although inhaled nitric oxide has proved effective, other vasodilators have been recently used, but clinical evidence is still lacking to demonstrate their benefits in the treatment of PPHN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite recent technological advances and new physiopathological knowledge of this disease, mortality associated with PPHN remains at 10%. More clinical research and evidence-based experimental results are needed to prevent, treat, and reduce the morbidity/mortality associated with this neonatal syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Hospital São Luiz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. dr.jcabral@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Joaquim E B
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Jaques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Belik
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide