title: Traffic-related air pollution exposure in the first year of life and behavioral scores at 7 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing concern about the potential effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on the developing brain. The impact of TRAP exposure on childhood behavior is not fully understood because of limited epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the association between early-life exposure to TRAP using a surrogate, elemental carbon attributed to traffic (ECAT), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms at 7 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS) birth cohort we collected data on exposure to ECAT during infancy and behavioral scores at 7 years of age. Children enrolled in CCAAPS had at least one atopic parent and a birth residence either < 400 m or > 1,500 m from a major highway. Children were followed from infancy through 7 years of age. ECAT exposure during the first year of life was estimated based on measurements from 27 air sampling sites and land use regression modeling. Parents completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition, when the child was 7 years of age. ADHD-related symptoms were assessed using the Hyperactivity, Attention Problems, Aggression, Conduct Problems, and Atypicality subscales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to the highest tertile of ECAT during the child's first year of life was significantly associated with Hyperactivity T-scores in the "at risk" range at 7 years of age, after adjustment [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.7]. Stratification by maternal education revealed a stronger association in children whose mothers had higher education (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECAT exposure during infancy was associated with higher Hyperactivity scores in children; this association was limited to children whose mothers had more than a high school education.
authors.affiliation: Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lemasters
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Gurjit K Khurana
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hershey
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lockey
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villareal
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reponen
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grinshpun
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sucharew
authors.forename: Kim N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter