title: A comparison of 3D scapular kinematics between dominant and nondominant shoulders during multiplanar arm motion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generally, the scapular motions of pathologic and contralateral normal shoulders are compared to characterize shoulder disorders. However, the symmetry of scapular motion of normal shoulders remains undetermined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare 3dimensinal (3D) scapular motion between dominant and nondominant shoulders during three different planes of arm motion by using an optical tracking system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy subjects completed five repetitions of elevation and lowering in sagittal plane flexion, scapular plane abduction, and coronal plane abduction. The 3D scapular motion was measured using an optical tracking system, after minimizing reflective marker skin slippage using ultrasonography. The dynamic 3D motion of the scapula of dominant and nondominant shoulders, and the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) were analyzed at each 10° increment during the three planes of arm motion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in upward rotation or internal rotation (P > 0.05) of the scapula between dominant and nondominant shoulders during the three planes of arm motion. However, there was a significant difference in posterior tilting (P = 0.018) during coronal plane abduction. The SHR was a large positive or negative number in the initial phase of sagittal plane flexion and scapular plane abduction. However, the SHR was a small positive or negative number in the initial phase of coronal plane abduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only posterior tilting of the scapula during coronal plane abduction was asymmetrical in our healthy subjects, and depending on the plane of arm motion, the pattern of the SHR differed as well. These differences should be considered in the clinical assessment of shoulder pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Ki
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae Suk
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ha Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Won Sik
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choy
keywords: 3D scapular motions; dominance; optical tracking system; scapulohumeral rhythm; shoulder