title: Oxymetazoline and hypertensive crisis in a child: can we prevent it?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxymetazoline nasal spray is not FDA approved for use in children less than 6 years; however, its safety and efficacy are widely accepted, and it is in widespread use in children prior to procedures that may lead to epistaxis. We report a case of intraoperative oxymetazoline toxicity in a 4-year-old boy that led to a hypertensive crisis. While examining the possible causes for this problem, we became aware that the method of drug delivery led to an unanticipated overdose. The position in which the bottle is held causes pronounced variation in the quantity of oxymetazoline dispensed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the impact that bottle position has on the volume delivered, we measured the volume of oxymetazoline dispensed with the bottle in the upright and inverted position. We also measured the volume of a drop of oxymetazoline dispensed from the bottle. Because an additional source of oxymetazoline exposure is from packing the nares with surgical pledgets, we analyzed the volume of oxymetazoline absorbed by each pledget.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Squeezing the bottle in the upright position results in a fine spray of fluid that averaged 28.9 ± 6.8 μl and was largely independent of effort. This volume is nearly identical to the measured volume of a drop of oxymetazoline, which was 30 μl. However, squeezing the bottle in the inverted position resulted in a steady stream of fluid, and the volume administered was completely effort dependent. Multiple tests in the inverted position demonstrated an average volume of 1037 ± 527 μl, with a range of 473-2196 μl. Lastly, the volume of oxymetazoline absorbed by each surgical pledget was 1511 ± 184 μl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our testing indicates that bottle position during oxymetazoline administration can cause up to a 75-fold increase in intended drug administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. gregory.latham@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Latham
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jardine
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010109:Oxymetazoline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011861:Radiography, Dental
chemical_list: D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D010109:Oxymetazoline
keywords: anesthesia; drug delivery systems; drug toxicity; medication errors; pediatric