title: Aquatic toxicity of four veterinary drugs commonly applied in fish farming and animal husbandry.
abstract: Doramectin (DOR), metronidazole (MET), florfenicol (FLO), and oxytetracycline (OXT) are among the most widely used veterinary drugs in animal husbandry or in aquaculture. Contamination of the environment by these pharmaceuticals has given cause for concern in recent years. Even though their toxicity has been thoroughly analyzed, knowledge of their ecotoxicity is still limited. We investigated their aquatic toxicity using tests with marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), green algae (Scenedesmus vacuolatus), duckweed (Lemna minor) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna). All the ecotoxicological tests were supported by chemical analyses to confirm the exposure concentrations of the pharmaceuticals used in the toxicity experiments, since deviations from the nominal concentration can result in underestimation of biological effects. It was found that OXT and FLO have a stronger adverse effect on duckweed (EC50=3.26 and 2.96mgL(-1) respectively) and green algae (EC50=40.4 and 18.0mgL(-1)) than on bacteria (EC50=108 and 29.4mgL(-1)) and crustaceans (EC50=114 and 337mgL(-1)), whereas MET did not exhibit any adverse effect in the tested concentration range. For DOR a very low EC50 of 6.37×10(-5)mgL(-1) towards D. magna was determined, which is five orders of magnitude lower than values known for the toxic reference compound K2Cr2O7. Our data show the strong influence of certain veterinary drugs on aquatic organisms and contribute to a sound assessment of the environmental hazards posed by commonly used pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kołodziejska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maszkowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Białk-Bielińska
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steudte
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumirska
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stepnowski
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stolte
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D029064:Araceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D008795:Metronidazole; D007559:Ivermectin; C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol; C084101:doramectin; D010118:Oxytetracycline
keywords: Aquatic organisms; Doramectin; Ecotoxicity; Florfenicol; Metronidazole; Oxytetracycline