title: The history of Toll-like receptors - redefining innate immunity.
abstract: The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was an important event for immunology research and was recognized as such with the awarding of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Jules Hoffmann and Bruce Beutler, who, together with Ralph Steinman, the third winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize and the person who discovered the dendritic cell, were pioneers in the field of innate immunity. TLRs have a central role in immunity - in this Timeline article, we describe the landmark findings that gave rise to this important field of research.
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. laoneill@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Luke A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Golenbock
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bowie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D050839:Interferon Regulatory Factor-7; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D016207:Cytokines; C494232:IRF3 protein, human; C494234:IRF7 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D050838:Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; D050839:Interferon Regulatory Factor-7; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases