title: Frequency and correlates of anxiety and mood disorders among TB- and HIV-infected Zambians.
abstract: We determined the frequency and correlates of current common mental disorders (CMDs) in a consecutive series of 649 adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB) or both receiving treatment at 16 primary health care centres across Zambia. Data on socio-demographic variables, clinical disease features, anxiety and mood disorders were collected. The frequency of any anxiety disorder (AD) was 30.8% and major depressive disorder (MDD) 11.3%. Although differences by disease group did not reach statistical significance, rates of suicidality (34.8%) and panic disorder (4.1%) were highest for the TB-HIV group (n = 269), while rates of generalised AD (13.3%), obsessive compulsive disorder (7.6%), posttraumatic stress disorder (7.4%) and any AD (37.8%) were highest for the HIV group (n = 149). Female gender (p = 0.004) predicted any current AD as well as current suicidality (p = 0.009), while lower education status (p < 0.001) predicted current MDD. World Health Organisation (WHO) clinical staging and antiretroviral treatment status were not significantly associated with MDD or anxiety in the HIV and co-infected groups. This study indicates the importance of early identification of CMDs in TB, HIV and co-infected patients, especially women and uneducated patients, newly initiated on treatment in primary care settings.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chishinga
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinyanda
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ayles
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cloete
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seedat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology