title: Emotional reactions to involuntary psychiatric hospitalization and stigma-related stress among people with mental illness.
abstract: Compulsory admission to psychiatric inpatient treatment can be experienced as disempowering and stigmatizing by people with serious mental illness. However, quantitative studies of stigma-related emotional and cognitive reactions to involuntary hospitalization and their impact on people with mental illness are scarce. Among 186 individuals with serious mental illness and a history of recent involuntary hospitalization, shame and self-contempt as emotional reactions to involuntary hospitalization, the cognitive appraisal of stigma as a stressor, self-stigma, empowerment as well as quality of life and self-esteem were assessed by self-report. Psychiatric symptoms were rated by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In multiple linear regressions, more self-stigma was predicted independently by higher levels of shame, self-contempt and stigma stress. A greater sense of empowerment was related to lower levels of stigma stress and self-contempt. These findings remained significant after controlling for psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis, age, gender and the number of lifetime involuntary hospitalizations. Increased self-stigma and reduced empowerment in turn predicted poorer quality of life and reduced self-esteem. The negative effect of emotional reactions and stigma stress on quality of life and self-esteem was largely mediated by increased self-stigma and reduced empowerment. Shame and self-contempt as reactions to involuntary hospitalization as well as stigma stress may lead to self-stigma, reduced empowerment and poor quality of life. Emotional and cognitive reactions to coercion may determine its impact more than the quantity of coercive experiences. Interventions to reduce the negative effects of compulsory admissions should address emotional reactions and stigma as a stressor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Militärstr. 8, PO 1930, 8021, Zürich, Switzerland, nicolas.ruesch@dgsp.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rüsch
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Corrigan
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.forename: Thekla
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schönenberger
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bleiker
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lengler
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rössler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003068:Coercion; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult