title: Implementation science perspectives and opportunities for HIV/AIDS research: integrating science, practice, and policy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disparities in the incidence and mortality of HIV/AIDS persist, challenging researchers, practitioners, and communities to develop improved strategies to reach vulnerable and marginalized populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The emerging field of Implementation Science, with its focus on context, external validity, and innovative design approaches, is well suited to respond to this challenge. We provide an overview of Implementation Science, including its frameworks, tools, and strategies, and how they can inform the response to HIV/AIDS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We summarize pioneering Implementation Science frameworks, and then present examples using newer models, including RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness/Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) and the Evidence Integration Triangle, a framework for combining research and practice using participatory and adaptive processes in a multilevel context.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although still developing, the international field of Implementation Science can offer helpful perspectives for facilitating the more rapid integration of HIV/AIDS research, practice, and policy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. glasgowre@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Glasgow
authors.forename: Erin T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: M Khair
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Elzarrad
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical