title: Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment of chronically symptomatic bipolar patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine if cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is beneficial in chronically symptomatic bipolar (CSBP) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of all consecutive CSBP subjects who were prescribed CES collected demographic and clinical information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Clinical Global Impression improved significantly [mean (SD), 2.7 (0.6) at baseline vs 2.0 (0.0), t = 0, P < 0.001], but mood symptoms change minimally. There were very few adverse effects of CES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CSBP continue to experience symptoms with CES but also are modestly improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amr
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Wasify
authors.forename: Ahmed Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Elmaadawi
authors.forename: R Jeannie
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Rif S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: El-Mallakh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents