title: Aggression inoculates against PTSD symptom severity-insights from armed groups in the eastern DR Congo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), combatants are exposed to massive forms of violence and other traumatic stressors. Nevertheless, many combatants do not suffer from trauma-related disorders, although they have experienced numerous traumatizing events. Perceiving aggressive behavior as fascinating and arousing might be a defense against trauma-related disorders in the violent environment of war and conflict.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thus, in this study we investigated the relationship between the exposure to traumatic stressors, appetitive aggression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. We hypothesized that cumulative traumatic experiences correlated positively and appetitive aggression negatively with PTSD symptom severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 105 voluntary male combatants from different armed groups in the eastern DRC took part in this study. In a semistructured interview, respondents were questioned about their exposure to traumatic stressors, the extent of appetitive aggression (Appetitive Aggression Scale) and their PTSD symptom severity (PTSD Symptom Scale - Interview).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multiple sequential regression analysis showed that traumatic events were positively related to PTSD symptom severity. For participants with low to medium PTSD symptom severity, appetitive aggression correlated negatively with PTSD symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study provide further support for earlier findings that repeated exposure to traumatic stressors cumulatively heightens the risk of PTSD and revealed that appetitive aggression buffers the risk of developing PTSD symptoms under certain circumstances. Thus, the perception of aggressive behavior as fascinating and arousing seem to help combatants to adapt to violent environments but may also be one reason for recurrent failure of reintegration programs for excombatants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ; vivo international, Allensbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: Katharin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermenau
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maedl
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elbert
keywords: Appetitive aggression; DR Congo; PTSD; building block effect; defense; excombatants