title: Solid fuel use for household cooking: country and regional estimates for 1980-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels in simple stoves is a major health risk. Modeling reliable estimates of solid fuel use is needed for monitoring trends and informing policy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to revise the disease burden attributed to household air pollution for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 project and for international reporting purposes, we estimated annual trends in the world population using solid fuels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a multilevel model based on national survey data on primary cooking fuel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of households relying mainly on solid fuels for cooking has decreased from 62% (95% CI: 58, 66%) to 41% (95% CI: 37, 44%) between 1980 and 2010. Yet because of population growth, the actual number of persons exposed has remained stable at around 2.8 billion during three decades. Solid fuel use is most prevalent in Africa and Southeast Asia where > 60% of households cook with solid fuels. In other regions, primary solid fuel use ranges from 46% in the Western Pacific, to 35% in the Eastern Mediterranean and < 20% in the Americas and Europe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multilevel modeling is a suitable technique for deriving reliable solid-fuel use estimates. Worldwide, the proportion of households cooking mainly with solid fuels is decreasing. The absolute number of persons using solid fuels, however, has remained steady globally and is increasing in some regions. Surveys require enhancement to better capture the health implications of new technologies and multiple fuel use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonjour
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adair-Rohani
authors.forename: Jennyfer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Nigel G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Sumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prüss-Ustün
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahiff
authors.forename: Eva A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rehfuess
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002606:Charcoal / Q000032:analysis; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D014943:Global Health / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014934:Wood / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D002606:Charcoal