title: Effects of smoking on heart rate at rest and during exercise, and on heart rate recovery, in young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an established link between smoking, abnormal heart rate (HR) values, and impaired cardiovascular health in middle-aged or older populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smoking on resting HR and on HR responses during and after exercise in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 298 young adults (159 men), aged 20-29 years old, were selected from a large population of health-science students based on health status, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking habit. All subjects underwent a maximal Bruce treadmill test and their HR was recorded during, at peak, and after termination of exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers had significantly higher resting HR values than non-smokers. Both female and male smokers showed a significantly slower HR increase during exercise. Female smokers failed to reach their age-predicted maximum HR by 6.0 bpm and males by 3.6 bpm. The actual maximum HR achieved (HRmax) was significantly lower for both female smokers (191.0 bpm vs.198.0 bpm) and male smokers (193.2 bpm vs.199.3 bpm), compared to non-smokers. Heart rate reserve was also significantly lower in female (114.6 bpm vs. 128.1 bpm) and male smokers (120.4 bpm vs. 133.0 bpm). During recovery, the HR decline was significantly attenuated, but only in female smokers. Females had a higher resting HR and showed a higher HR response during sub-maximal exercise compared to males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking was found to affect young smokers' HR, increasing HR at rest, slowing HR increase during exercise and impairing their ability to reach the age-predicted HRmax. In addition, smoking was associated with an attenuated HR decline during recovery, but only in females.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Greece. papathanasiou.g@gmail.com
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Papathanasiou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
authors.forename: Effie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Efthimia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zerva
authors.forename: Lampros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michalis
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalfakakou
authors.forename: Angelos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evangelou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult