title: Urine NGAL and KIM-1 in children and adolescents with hyperuricemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that urine levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are enhanced in pediatric patients with hyperuricemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 88 children and adolescents (60 males, 28 females) with a median age of 16 (range 11-18.5) years who had been referred to our department to rule out or confirm hypertension. The subjects were divided into two groups: the hyperuricemic (HU) group comprising 59 subjects with hyperuricemia (defined as serum uric acid >4.8 and >5.5 mg/dl in girls and boys, respectively) and the reference group comprising 29 patients with normouricemia. Urine NGAL and KIM-1 levels were evaluated using a commercially available kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of the examined biomarkers [urine NGAL, NGAL/creatinine (cr.) ratio, urine KIM-1, KIM-1/cr. ratio] were increased in the HU group compared with the reference group (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations between the serum uric acid and urine NGAL/cr. ratio (R = 0.67, p < 0.001) and the urine KIM-1/cr. ratio (R = 0.36, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression models, serum uric acid, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol accounted for more than 49 % of the variation in the NGAL/cr. ratio (R = 0.702, p < 0.001). In the second model, serum uric acid, gender, age and systolic blood pressure accounted for more than 36 % of the variation in the KIM-1/cr. ratio (R = 0.604, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that male, obese, hypertensive adolescents with hyperuricemia have higher urine NGAL and KIM-1 levels relative to a reference group with normouricemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Białystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tomczak
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wasilewska
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Milewski
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000652:urine*; D016014:Linear Models; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus