title: Ectopic fat and adipokines in metabolically benign overweight/obese women: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear why despite a comparable cardiometabolic risk profile, "metabolically benign" overweight/obese individuals show an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease compared to normal weight individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  In cross-sectional analyses, we compared levels of ectopic fat (epicardial, pericardial, and hepatic fat) and adipokines (leptin, soluble leptin receptor, and high molecular weight [HMW] adiponectin) among metabolically benign (MBO) and at-risk overweight/obese (ARO), and metabolically benign normal weight (MBNW) women, screened for the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. We defined "metabolically benign" with ≤ 1, and "at-risk" with ≥2 components of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to MBO women, ARO women had significantly elevated odds of being in the top tertile of epicardial fat (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.04-2.99), hepatic fat (OR: 1.90, 95% CI:1.12-3.24) and leptin (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.23-3.76), and the bottom tertile of HMW-adiponectin (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.62-5.19). Compared to MBNW women, MBO women had significantly higher odds of being in the top tertile of epicardial fat (OR: 5.17, 95% CI: 3.22-8.29), pericardial fat (OR: 9.27, 95% CI: 5.52-15.56) and hepatic fat (OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.77-4.19) and the bottom tertile of HMW adiponectin levels (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.60-3.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of ectopic fat and the adverse adipokine profile increase on a continuum of BMI, suggesting that the metabolically benign phenotype may be a transient state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ogorodnikova
authors.forename: Unab I
authors.initials: UI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Aileen P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McGinn
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zeb
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Eliot A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Howard N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Hodis
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Merriam
authors.forename: Marcelle I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cedars
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
authors.forename: Rogerio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Rachel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wildman
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin; D054411:Receptors, Leptin