title: Serum urate and incidence of kidney disease among veterans with gout.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between serum urate level (sUA) and the risk of incident kidney disease among US veterans with gouty arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2002 through 2011 adult male patients with gout who were free of kidney disease were identified in the data from the Veterans Administration VISN 16 database and were followed until incidence of kidney disease, death, or the last available observation. Accumulated hazard curves for time to kidney disease were estimated for patients with average sUA levels > 7 mg/dl (high) versus ≤ 7 mg/dl (low) based on Kaplan-Meier analyses; and statistical comparison was conducted using a log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model with time-varying covariates was used to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for kidney disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eligible patients (n = 2116) were mostly white (53%), with average age 62.6 years, mean body mass index 31.2 kg/m(2), and high baseline prevalence of hypertension (93%), hyperlipidemia (67%), and diabetes (20%). Mean followup time was 6.5 years. The estimated rates of all incident kidney disease in the overall low versus high sUA groups were 2% versus 4% at Year 1, 3% versus 6% at Year 2, and 5% versus 9% at Year 3, respectively (p < 0.0001). After adjustment, high sUA continued to predict a significantly higher risk of kidney disease development (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male veterans with gout and sUA levels > 7 mg/dl had an increased incidence of kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Stanford, California; Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc., Deerfield, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Eswar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Kasem S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Akhras
authors.forename: Hari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marynchenko
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rima H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tawk
authors.forename: Jinan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lizheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D006073:Gout / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: GOUT; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; SERUM URATE; URIC ACID