title: Positive academic emotions moderate the relationship between self-regulation and academic achievement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has shown how academic emotions are related to achievement and to cognitive/motivational variables that promote achievement. Mediated models have been proposed to account for the relationships among academic emotions, cognitive/motivational variables, and achievement, and research has supported such mediated models, particularly with negative emotions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study tested the hypotheses: (1) self-regulation and the positive academic emotions of enjoyment and pride are positive predictors of achievement; and (2) enjoyment and pride both moderate the relationship between self-regulation and achievement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1,345 students enrolled in various trigonometry classes in one university.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants answered the Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Math (Pekrun, Goetz, & Frenzel, 2005) and a self-regulation scale (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1991) halfway through their trigonometry class. The students' final grades in the course were regressed to self-regulation, positive emotions, and the interaction terms to test the moderation effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enjoyment and pride were both positive predictors of grades; more importantly, both moderated the relationship between self-regulation and grades. For students who report higher levels of both positive emotions, self-regulation was positively associated with grades. However, for those who report lower levels of pride, self-regulation was not related to grades; and, for those who reported lower levels of enjoyment, self-regulation was negatively related to grades. The results are discussed in terms of how positive emotions indicate positive appraisals of task/outcome value, and thus enhance the positive links between cognitive/motivational variables and learning.
authors.affiliation: Bulacan State University College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Bulacan, Philippines De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Felicidad T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Villavicencio
authors.forename: Allan B I
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bernardo
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult