title: The role of Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in Alzheimer's disease: potential genetic and cellular signaling mechanisms.
abstract: According to genetic studies, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade through numerous factors, including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is also implicated in AD due to its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may also have a significant role in AD, although the role is controversial. Behavioral symptoms, sex, or genetic factors, including Beta 2-adrenergic receptor variants, apolipoprotein E, and cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, may contribute to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade modulation in AD. Thus, the characterization of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in patients with AD is needed.
authors.affiliation: Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, California, CA 92683, USA. Lng2687765@aol.com
authors.forename: Khanh vinh quoc
authors.initials: Kv
authors.lastname: Lương
authors.forename: Lan Thi Hoàng
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism; beta-adrenergic receptor blocker; dementia