title: Cardiovascular risk in individuals with depression.
abstract: Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are both common illnesses. Several studies demonstrated that depressed individuals have higher mortality compared to age- and gender-matched population, with an excess of cardiovascular deaths. There is a bidirectional association between depression and CVD. Several factors can interact and influence this relationship: poverty and social inequality, reduced accessibility to health care, biological alterations (as reduced heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation and platelet function, and hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), side effects of psychiatric medication, lower adherence to medical treatments, and higher frequency of cardiovascular risk factors (higher tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes mellitus). This article aims to update the current evidence of the possible mechanisms involved in the association between depression and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Saúde Escola Barra Funda Dr. Alexandre Vranjac, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. danielle.bivanco@gmail.com
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bivanco-Lima
authors.forename: Itamar de
authors.initials: Id
authors.lastname: Souza Santos
authors.forename: Ana Maria Cortez
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vannucchi
authors.forename: Manoel Carlos Sampaio de
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Almeida Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors