title: Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism.
abstract: Phytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet-secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum Nematoda.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mitchum
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health and Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Axel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elling
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wubben
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D010271:Parasites / Q000378:metabolism*; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins
keywords: cyst; effector; giant cell; nematode; parasitism; reniform; root-knot; syncytium