title: The expression of cytoglobin as a prognostic factor in gliomas: a retrospective analysis of 88 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests that cytoglobin (Cygb) may function as a tumor suppressor gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  We immunohistochemically evaluated the expression of Cygb, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K), phosphorylated (p)-Akt, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 88 patients with 41 high-grade gliomas and 47 low-grade gliomas. Intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) was also determined and associated with clinicopathological factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low expression of Cygb was significantly associated with the higher histological grading and tumor recurrence. A significant negative correlation emerged between Cygb expression and PI3K, p-Akt, IL-6, TNFα or VEGF expression. Cygb expression was negatively correlated with IMD. There was a positive correlation between PI3K, p-Akt, IL-6, TNFα and VEGF expression with IMD.High histologic grade, tumor recurrence, decreased Cygb expression, increased PI3K expression, increased p-Akt expression and increased VEGF expression correlated with patients' overall survival in univariate analysis. However, only histological grading and Cygb expression exhibited a relationship with survival of patients as independent prognostic factors of glioma by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cygb loss may contribute to tumor recurrence and a worse prognosis in gliomas. Cygb may serve as an independent predictive factor for prognosis of glioma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Rd, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Wu
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yue-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ze-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yan-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ze-Rui
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Xin-Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hai-Hua
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiao-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Guo-Jun
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005914:Globins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C000627265:CYGB protein, human; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D005914:Globins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt