title: Moving from basic toward systems pharmacodynamic models.
abstract: Building upon many classical foundations of pharmacology, a diverse array of mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models have emerged based on mechanisms of drug action and primary rate-limiting or turnover processes in physiology. An array of basic models can be extended to handle various complexities including tolerance and can readily be employed as building blocks in assembling enhanced PK/PD or small systems models. Our corticosteroid models demonstrate these concepts as well as elements of horizontal and vertical integration of molecular to whole-body processes. The potential advantages and challenges in moving PK/PD toward systems models are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA. wjjusko@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jusko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D000069437:Pharmacological Phenomena; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*
keywords: dose response; indirect response models; mathematical model; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; pharmacometrics; preclinical pharmacokinetics; systems pharmacology