title: Feigned symptoms among defendants claiming psychiatric problems: Survey of 45 Malingerers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In many jurisdictions, psychiatric problems are intended for commutation. Therefore, a forensic psychiatrist has an important role in detection of malingering. While several studies evaluate diagnostic tests, it is less known what symptoms are more likely to be imitated by malingerers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study 45 malingerers, who were diagnosed according to interviews by two forensic psychiatrists, from defendants with a judicial order for evaluation of mental status and criminal responsibility during a period of eighteen months were examined in legal medicine center of Tehran. Participants were assessed in another interview to determine symptoms. Dichotomous symptoms in felony and misdemeanor groups were analyzed using fisher's exact test. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight malingerers were charged with misdemeanors and seven with felonies. Behavioral symptoms were most frequently faked by 35 participants (77.8%). Participants charged with criminal accusation had a significantly lower mean age (P=0.032) and a higher level of education (P=0.008) than other non-criminal defendants. A statistically significant increase in memory function problems was demonstrated in the misdemeanor group (P=0.040). With regard to dual symptom imitation, statistically significant correlations were observed between thought content and perceptual symptoms (P=0.048) for felonies and mood & affect and thought process symptoms (P=0.034), mood & affect and behavioral symptoms (P=0.000) and cognitive function and behavioral symptoms (P=0.039) for misdemeanors. In general, many simulators attempted to mimic simple symptoms of behavioral disorders. Probably felony offenses need less accurate programming; therefore, their rates are higher in older, less educated participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that differences between presenting symptoms among different offenses may not be useful in detection of malingering,; however, unusual dual symptom imitations may be useful, particularly when standard tests are not performed.
authors.affiliation: Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mehdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.forename: Ardeshir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sheikhazadi
authors.forename: Mazaher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghorbani
authors.forename: Zaynab Nasri
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Nasrabadi
authors.forename: Ali Pasha
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Meysamie
authors.forename: Sayed Mahdi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marashi
keywords: Deception; Forensic Psychiatry; Interview; Malingering