title: Attempted bladder reinnervation and creation of a scratch reflex for bladder emptying through a somatic-to-autonomic intradural anastomosis.
abstract: An intradural somatic-to-autonomic anastomosis, or Xiao procedure, has been described to create a "skin-CNS-bladder" reflex that improves bladder and bowel function in patients with neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction. The authors present their experience with a 10-year-old boy with chronic neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction related to spinal cord injury who underwent the Xiao procedure. After undergoing a left L-5 ventral root to left S2-3 intradural anastomosis, the patient reported that his bladder and bowel dysfunction improved between 6 and 12 months. Two years after the procedure, however, he reported that there was no change in his bladder or bowel dysfunction as compared with his condition prior to the procedure. Frequent, systematic multidisciplinary evaluations produced conflicting data. Electrophysiological and histological evaluation of the previously performed anastomosis during surgical reexploration 3 years after the Xiao procedure revealed that the anastomosis was in anatomical continuity but neuroma formation had prevented reinnervation. Nerve action potentials were not demonstrable across the anastomosis, and stimulation of the nerve above and below the anastomosis created no bladder or perineal contractions. This is the first clinical report on the outcome of the Xiao procedure in a child with spinal cord injury outside of China. It is impossible to draw broad conclusions about the efficacy of the procedure based on a single patient with no demonstrable benefit. However, future studies should carefully interpret transient improvements in bladder function, urodynamic findings, and the patient's ability to void in response to scratching after the Xiao procedure. The authors' experience with the featured patient, in whom reinnervation could not be demonstrated, suggests that such changes could be related to factors other than the establishment of a skin-CNS-bladder reflex as a result of a somatic-to-autonomic anastomosis.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neuroscience Center, All Children's Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, 601 5th Street South, Suite 511, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA. geraldtuite@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tuite
authors.forename: Bruce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Storrs
authors.forename: Yves L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Homsy
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gaskill
authors.forename: Ethan G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Polsky
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Gomez
authors.forename: S Parrish
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Winesett
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tetreault
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D012018:Reflex; D012086:Reoperation; D019051:Rhizotomy; D012447:Sacrum; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013355:Subdural Space; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery; D014554:Urination; D014563:Urodynamics