title: Probiotic yeast inhibits VEGFR signaling and angiogenesis in intestinal inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) can protect against intestinal injury and tumor formation, but how this probiotic yeast controls protective mucosal host responses is unclear. Angiogenesis is an integral process of inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and required for mucosal remodeling during restitution. The aim of this study was to determine whether Sb alters VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) signaling, a central regulator of angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  HUVEC were used to examine the effects of Sb on signaling and on capillary tube formation (using the ECMatrix™ system). The effects of Sb on VEGF-mediated angiogenesis were examined in vivo using an adenovirus expressing VEGF-A(164) in the ears of adult nude mice (NuNu). The effects of Sb on blood vessel volume branching and density in DSS-induced colitis was quantified using VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) Sb treatment attenuated weight-loss (p<0.01) and histological damage (p<0.01) in DSS colitis. VESGEN analysis of angiogenesis showed significantly increased blood vessel density and volume in DSS-treated mice compared to control. Sb treatment significantly reduced the neo-vascularization associated with acute DSS colitis and accelerated mucosal recovery restoration of the lamina propria capillary network to a normal morphology. 2) Sb inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo in the mouse ear model. 3) Sb also significantly inhibited angiogenesis in vitro in the capillary tube assay in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). 4) In HUVEC, Sb reduced basal VEGFR-2 phosphorylation, VEGFR-2 phosphorylation in response to VEGF as well as activation of the downstream kinases PLCγ and Erk1/2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the probiotic yeast S boulardii can modulate angiogenesis to limit intestinal inflammation and promote mucosal tissue repair by regulating VEGFR signaling.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. xchen1@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guoxun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Joo-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.forename: Huiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Parsons-Wingerter
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Reinecker
authors.forename: Ciaran P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D051966:Phospholipase C gamma