title: Pharmaceutical pictograms: a model for development and testing for comprehension and utility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With concerns about the medication literacy skills of patients comes the need to develop various types of information materials that will enhance understanding and drug use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review pictogram development projects and to propose a model for pharmaceutical pictogram development and testing for comprehension and use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previous efforts in developing specific types of pictograms in engineering and safety as well as in health care and pharmacy are collected and summarized in terms of level of comprehension and recall. The impact of pictogram-enhanced medication information materials on knowledge acquisition, information retention, and adherence is assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pictograms are a key component in re-designing medication information to improve comprehension, recall, and adherence. Many types of pictograms still produce low levels of comprehension and the impact of pictograms on medication knowledge is inconsistent. Prior training through patient counseling on the intended meaning and use of pictograms greatly increases their effectiveness. A model for the development and testing of pictograms and pictogram sequences for comprehension and use in medication information is presented and discussed.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, 179 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: Michael.montagne@mcphs.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montagne
mesh_terms: D032882:Comprehension; D004348:Drug Labeling; D058015:Health Communication; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Medication literacy; Pictograms; Visual aids