title: A novel in vitro bovine cartilage punch model for assessing the regeneration of focal cartilage defects with biocompatible bacterial nanocellulose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current therapies for articular cartilage defects fail to achieve qualitatively sufficient tissue regeneration, possibly because of a mismatch between the speed of cartilage rebuilding and the resorption of degradable implant polymers. The present study focused on the self-healing capacity of resident cartilage cells in conjunction with cell-free and biocompatible (but non-resorbable) bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This was tested in a novel in vitro bovine cartilage punch model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized bovine cartilage discs with a central defect filled with BNC were cultured for up to eight weeks with/without stimulation with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1. Cartilage formation and integrity were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Content, release and neosynthesis of the matrix molecules proteoglycan/aggrecan, collagen II and collagen I were also quantified. Finally, gene expression of these molecules was profiled in resident chondrocytes and chondrocytes migrated onto the cartilage surface or the implant material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-stimulated and especially TGF-β1-stimulated cartilage discs displayed a preserved structural and functional integrity of the chondrocytes and surrounding matrix, remained vital in long-term culture (eight weeks) without signs of degeneration and showed substantial synthesis of cartilage-specific molecules at the protein and mRNA level. Whereas mobilization of chondrocytes from the matrix onto the surface of cartilage and implant was pivotal for successful seeding of cell-free BNC, chondrocytes did not immigrate into the central BNC area, possibly due to the relatively small diameter of its pores (2 to 5 μm). Chondrocytes on the BNC surface showed signs of successful redifferentiation over time, including increase of aggrecan/collagen type II mRNA, decrease of collagen type I mRNA and initial deposition of proteoglycan and collagen type II in long-term high-density pellet cultures. Although TGF-β1 stimulation showed protective effects on matrix integrity, effects on other parameters were limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present bovine cartilage punch model represents a robust, reproducible and highly suitable tool for the long-term culture of cartilage, maintaining matrix integrity and homoeostasis. As an alternative to animal studies, this model may closely reflect early stages of cartilage regeneration, allowing the evaluation of promising biomaterials with/without chondrogenic factors.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pretzel
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Linss
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahrem
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaps
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klemm
authors.forename: Raimund W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kinne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D002482:Cellulose; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D041822:Gluconacetobacter xylinus; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose