title: Reliability, validity and responsiveness of the Italian version of the Foot Function Index in patients with foot and ankle diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to translate the Foot Function Index (FFI) into Italian, to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of FFI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Italian FFI was developed according to the recommended forward/backward translation protocol and evaluated in patients with foot and ankle diseases. Feasibility, reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)], internal consistency [Cronbach's alpha (CA)], construct validity (correlation with the SF-36 and a visual analogue scale (VAS) assessing for pain), responsiveness to surgery were assessed. The standardized effect size and standardized response mean were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 89 patients were recruited (mean age 51.8 ± 13.9 years, range 21-83). The Italian version of the FFI consisted in 18 items separated into a pain and disability subscales. CA value was 0.95 for both the subscales. The reproducibility was good with an ICC of 0.94 and 0.91 for pain and disability subscales, respectively. A strong correlation was found between the FFI and the scales of the SF-36 and the VAS with related content, particularly in the areas of physical function and pain was observed indicating good construct validity. After surgery, the mean FFI improved from 55.9 ± 24.8 to 32.4 ± 26.3 for the pain subscale and from 48.8 ± 28.8 to 24.9 ± 23.7 for the disability subscale (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Italian version of the FFI showed satisfactory psychometric properties in Italian patients with foot and ankle diseases. Further testing in different and larger samples is required in order to ensure the validity and reliability of this score.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ankle and Foot Surgery, IRCCS Galeazzi, Galeazzi Hospital, Via R. Galeazzi, 20145, Milan, Italy, n.martinelli@unicampus.it.
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Gennaro Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Scotto
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sartorelli
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonifacini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malerba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000473:pathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult