title: Aging- and activation-induced platelet microparticles suppress apoptosis in monocytic cells and differentially signal to proinflammatory mediator release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet microparticles (PM) are the most abundant cell-derived microparticles in the blood, and accumulate in thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Platelets produce PM upon aging via an apoptosis-like process and by activation with strong agonists. We previously showed that long-term treatment of monocytic cells with apoptosis-induced PM (PMap) promotes their differentiation into resident macrophages. Here we investigated shorter term effects of various types of PM on monocyte signalling and function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy revealed that PM formed upon platelet aging (PMap) or ultra-sonication (PMsonic) expressed activated αIIbβ3 integrins and tended to assemble into aggregates. In contrast, PM formed upon platelet activation with thrombin (PMthr) or Ca(2+) ionophore (PMiono) had mostly non-activated αIIbβ3 and little aggregate formation, but had increased CD63 expression. PM from activated and sonicated platelets expressed phosphatidylserine at their surface, while only the latter were enriched in the receptors CD40L and CX3CR1. All PM types expressed P-selectin, interacted with monocytic cells via this receptor, and were internalised into these cells. The various PM types promoted actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and hydrogen peroxide production by monocytic cells. Markedly, both aging- and activation-induced PM types stimulated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, suppressing apoptosis induced by several agonists, in a P-selectin-dependent manner. On the other hand, the PM types differentially influenced monocyte signalling in eliciting Ca(2+) fluxes (particularly PMap) and in releasing secondary mediators (complement factor C5a with PMap, and pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor-α with PMthr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of their common anti-apoptotic potential via Akt activation, aging- and activation-induced PM cause different Ca(2+) signalling events and mediator release in monocytic cells. By implication, aging and activated platelets may modulate monocyte function in different way by the shedding of different PM types.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen Germany ; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elena M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vasina
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cauwenberghs
authors.forename: Mareike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staudt
authors.forename: Marion Ah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Feijge
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Rory R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Koenen
authors.forename: Johan Wm
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Heemskerk
keywords: Aging; apoptosis; microparticles; monocytes; platelet activation; tumour necrosis factor