title: Indirect inguinal hernia with uterine tissue in a male: A case of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome and literature review.
abstract: A 32-year-old male presenting with a direct inguinal hernia was found to have uterine tissue extending through the inguinal canal, warranting a diagnosis of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS). PMDS is an extremely rare form of internal male pseudo-hermaphroditism in which female internal sex organs, including the uterus, cervix and proximal vagina, persist in a 46XY male with normal external genitalia. The condition results from a congenital insensitivity to anti-Mullerian hormone, or lack of anti-Mullerian hormone, leading to persistence of the female internal sex organs in a male. Clinically, this condition is associated with cryptochoridism. Controversy persists regarding the appropriate treatment of PMDS, since resection of the remnant structures is associated with potential morbidity, but retention risks development of occasional malignancies. We review the literature and discuss various aspects of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of PMDS.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University Medical Center and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahdoot
authors.forename: Motaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qadan
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santa-Maria
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ilano