title: Investigation into alternative sugars as potential carriers for dry powder formulation of budesonide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations are so far being used for pulmonary drug delivery, mainly for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Currently most of DPI formulations rely on lactose as a carrier in the drug powder blend. However, due to reducing sugar function of lactose which makes it incompatible with some drugs such as budesonide, it is realistic to investigate for alternative sugars that would overcome the concerned drawback but still have the positive aspects of lactose.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted by characterizing carriers for their physico-chemical properties and preparing drug/carrier blends with concentration of 5% and 10% drug with the carrier. The mixing uniformity (homogeneity) of Budesonide in the blends was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The blend was then filled into NB7/2 Airmax inhaler device and the deposition profiles of the drug were determined using multi stage liquid impinger (MSLI) after aerosolization at 4 kPa via the inhaler. The morphology of the carriers conducted using the scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results determined that the mean fine particle fraction (FPF) of 5% and 10% blends of mannitol was 61%, possibly due to fine elongated particles. Dextrose exhibited excellent flowability. Scanning electron microscope illustrated mannitol with fine elongated particles and dextrose presenting larger and coarse particles. It was found out that type of carriers, particle size distribution, and morphology would influence the FPF of budesonide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that mannitol could be suitable as a carrier on the basis of its pharmaceutical performance and successful achievement of FPF whereas the more hygroscopic sugars such as sorbitol or xylitol showed poor dispersibility leading to lower FPF.
authors.affiliation: Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Kent, England, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammed-Nurul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Momin
authors.forename: Atoosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nokhodchi
keywords: Budesonide; Dry Powder Inhaler; Fine Particle Dose; Fine Particle Fraction; Physico-Chemical Properties