title: Cytosolic Ca(2+) as a multifunctional modulator is required for spermiogenesis in Ascaris suum.
abstract: The dynamic polar polymers actin filaments and microtubules are usually employed to provide the structural basis for establishing cell polarity in most eukaryotic cells. Radially round and immotile spermatids from nematodes contain almost no actin or tubulin, but still have the ability to break symmetry to extend a pseudopod and initiate the acquisition of motility powered by the dynamics of cytoskeleton composed of major sperm protein (MSP) during spermiogenesis (sperm activation). However, the signal transduction mechanism of nematode sperm activation and motility acquisition remains poorly understood. Here we show that Ca(2+) oscillations induced by the Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) store through inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor are required for Ascaris suum sperm activation. The chelation of cytosolic Ca(2+) suppresses the generation of a functional pseudopod, and this suppression can be relieved by introducing exogenous Ca(2+) into sperm cells. Ca(2+) promotes MSP-based sperm motility by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and thus the energy supply required for MSP cytoskeleton assembly. On the other hand, Ca(2+) promotes MSP disassembly by activating Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase calcineurin. In addition, Ca(2+)/camodulin activity is required for the fusion of sperm-specifi c membranous organelle with the plasma membrane, a regulated exocytosis required for sperm motility. Thus, Ca(2+) plays multifunctional roles during sperm activation in Ascaris suum.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Noncoding RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Lianwan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000378:metabolism*; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013087:Spermatids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; C050602:major sperm protein, nematode; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D019703:Calcineurin; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D002118:Calcium