title: Expressions of candidate molecules in the human fallopian tube and chorionic villi of tubal pregnancy exposed to levonorgestrel emergency contraception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cases of ectopic pregnancy (EP) following levonorgestrel (LNG) emergency contraception (EC) failure were reported, however, the effects of LNG on tubal microenvironment or chorionic villi in EP have not yet been documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five women with tubal pregnancy were divided into two groups according to whether LNG-EC was administrated during the cycle of conception. The serum concentrations of beta-hCG, E2 and P were measured. The mRNA and protein expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors, leukemia inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endocannabinoid receptor - CB1 in the ectopic implantation site and chorionic villi were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to those unexposed to LNG-EC, women with tubal pregnancy exposed to LNG-EC during the cycle of conception had no statistically significances in the serum concentrations of beta-hCG, E2 P, nor in the pathological types of tubal pregnancy or the expressions of ER-alpha, PR, LIF, VEGF, iNOS and CB1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expressions of candidate molecules in the fallopian tube and chorionic villi were not altered by exposure to LNG-EC. A routine therapy with no additional intervention might thus be applied to tubal pregnancy exposed to LNG-EC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Changxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002824:Chorionic Villi / Q000378:metabolism*; D044363:Contraception, Postcoital / Q000379:methods; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011274:Pregnancy, Tubal / Q000235:genetics*; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; C507837:LIF protein, human; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II