title: Optical image-guided cancer surgery: challenges and limitations.
abstract: Optical image-guided cancer surgery is a promising technique to adequately determine tumor margins by tumor-specific targeting, potentially resulting in complete resection of tumor tissue with improved survival. However, identification of the photons coming from the fluorescent contrast agent is complicated by autofluorescence, optical tissue properties, and accurate fluorescent targeting agents and imaging systems. All these factors have an important influence on the image that is presented to the surgeon. Considering the clinical consequences at stake, it is a prerequisite to answer the questions that are essential for the surgeon. What is optical image-guided surgery and how can it improve patient care? What should the oncologic surgeon know about the fundamental principles of optical imaging to understand which conclusions can be drawn from the images? And how do the limitations influence clinical decision making? This article discusses these questions and provides a clear overview of the basic principles and practical applications. Although there are limitations to the intrinsic capacity of the technique, when practical and technical surgical possibilities are considered, optical imaging can be a very powerful intraoperative tool in guiding the future oncologic surgeon toward radical resection and optimal clinical results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Center of Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. s.keereweer@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keereweer
authors.forename: Pieter B A A
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Van Driel
authors.forename: Thomas J A
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Snoeks
authors.forename: Jeroen D F
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kerrebijn
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baatenburg de Jong
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
authors.forename: Henricus J C M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Sterenborg
authors.forename: Clemens W G M
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Löwik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted