title: Are there radiologically identifiable prodromal changes in Thoroughbred racehorses with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractures of the proximal phalanx are generally considered to result from monotonic supraphysiological loads, but radiological observations from clinical cases suggest there may be a stress-related aetiology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there are radiologically identifiable prodromal changes in Thoroughbred racehorses with confirmed parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case records and radiographs of Thoroughbred racehorses with parasagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx were analysed. Thickness of the subchondral bone plate was measured in fractured and contralateral limbs, and additional radiological features consistent with prodromal fracture pathology documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subchondral bone plate was significantly thicker in affected than in contralateral limbs. Evidence of additional prodromal fracture pathology was observed in 15/110 (14%) limbs with parasagittal fractures, and in 4% of contralateral limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study are not consistent with monotonic loading as a cause of fracture in at least a proportion of cases, but suggest a stress-related aetiology. Increased thickness of the subchondral bone plate may reflect (failed) adaptive changes that precede fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better understanding of the aetiology of fractures of the proximal phalanx may help develop strategies to reduce the risk of fracture.
authors.affiliation: Newmarket Equine Hospital, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
authors.forename: M R W
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000473:pathology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013177:Sports
keywords: Thoroughbred; fracture; horse; proximal phalanx; racehorse