title: Revisiting Down syndrome from the ENT perspective: review of literature and recommendations.
abstract: Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality among live born infants reaching up to 1 in 700 births and is characterized by a variety of dysmorphic features and medical conditions. The potential to reach their full developmental capacities can be hindered by ear, nose, and throat problems. Hence, knowledge of the various anatomic peculiarities that predispose them to various medical conditions is fundamental. The medical states resulting from these variations and suggested treatment options are reviewed. Such conditions include refractory otitis, eustachian tube dysfunction, laryngomalacia, tracheal stenosis, obstructive sleep apnea, hearing loss, and voice and articulatory impairments. This review revisits besides the otolaryngeal pathologies, special medical considerations in Down's syndrome patients that might affect surgical outcomes used in the management of the above pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramia
authors.forename: Umayya
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Musharrafieh
authors.forename: Wajdi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khaddage
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabri
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003638:Deafness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D015619:Respiratory System Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy