title: The rhizobacterium Arthrobacter agilis produces dimethylhexadecylamine, a compound that inhibits growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro.
abstract: Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi affect agricultural production worldwide. Control of these pests can be done by the use of fungicides such as captan, which may have deleterious effects on human health. This study demonstrates that the rhizobacterium Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 produces volatile organic compounds that inhibit the growth of B. cinerea in vitro. A single compound from the volatile blends, namely dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA), could inhibit the growth of both B. cinerea and P. cinnamomi when supplied to the growth medium in low concentrations. DMHDA also inhibited the growth of beneficial fungi Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride but at much higher concentrations. DMHDA-related aminolipids containing 4, 8, 10, 12, and 14 carbons in the alkyl chain were tested for their inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogens. The results show that the most active compound from those tested was dimethyldodecylamine. This effect correlates with a decrease in the number of membrane lipids present in the mycelium of the pathogen including eicosanoic acid, (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. Strawberry leaflets treated with DMHDA were not injured by the compound. These data indicate that DMHDA and related compounds, which can be produced by microorganisms may effectively inhibit the proliferation of certain plant pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B5, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
authors.forename: Crisanto
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velázquez-Becerra
authors.forename: Lourdes I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Macías-Rodríguez
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Bucio
authors.forename: Idolina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Flores-Cortez
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Santoyo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández-Soberano
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valencia-Cantero
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001173:Arthrobacter / Q000737:chemistry*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008744:Methylamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008744:Methylamines; D010743:Phospholipids; C000589426:hexadecyldimethylamine; C013553:hexadecylamine