title: Analysis of saccades and peak velocity to symmetrical convergence stimuli: binocularly normal controls compared to convergence insufficiency patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the potential peak velocity asymmetry between the left-eye and right-eye movement responses stimulated by symmetrical vergence steps in those with normal binocular vision and those with convergence insufficiency (CI) before and after vergence training. This study also evaluated whether vergence training influenced convergence peak velocity and the prevalence of saccades within the first second of the response.
  
  
  METHODS
  The peak velocities of the left-eye, right-eye, and combined vergence response evoked from symmetrical 2°, 4°, and 6° convergence step stimuli were assessed in 10 controls and 7 CI subjects. Four of the CI subjects participated in vergence training. An asymmetry ratio was calculated as the peak velocity of the slower eye movement response divided by the peak velocity of the faster eye movement response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controls were significantly more symmetrical (left-eye peak velocity was approximately equal to right-eye peak velocity) compared to CI subjects (P < 0.001). After vergence training, the CI subjects' left-eye and right-eye movements became significantly more symmetrical, convergence peak velocity increased, and the prevalence of saccades within the first 1 second decreased (P < 0.01). Peak convergence velocity was significantly correlated to the prevalence of saccades observed within the first second of the response (r = 0.8; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggest that vergence training improves the symmetry between the left-eye and right-eye movements, increases convergence peak velocity, and decreases the prevalence of saccades within the first second of the response, which facilitates binocular coordination in CI patients. Saccades may be a compensatory mechanism used by CI subjects when convergence peak velocity is reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102-1982, USA. tara.l.alvarez@njit.edu
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Eun H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D015357:Vision Disparity / Q000502:physiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: convergence; convergence insufficiency; eye movements; saccade