title: Application of basic principles of physics to head and neck MR angiography: troubleshooting for artifacts.
abstract: Neurovascular imaging studies are routinely used for the assessment of headaches and changes in mental status, stroke workup, and evaluation of the arteriovenous structures of the head and neck. These imaging studies are being performed with greater frequency as the aging population continues to increase. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic imaging techniques are helpful in this setting. However, mastering these techniques requires an in-depth understanding of the basic principles of physics, complex flow patterns, and the correlation of MR angiographic findings with conventional MR imaging findings. More than one imaging technique may be used to solve difficult cases, with each technique contributing unique information. Unfortunately, incorporating findings obtained with multiple imaging modalities may add to the diagnostic challenge. To ensure diagnostic accuracy, it is essential that the radiologist carefully evaluate the details provided by these modalities in light of basic physics principles, the fundamentals of various imaging techniques, and common neurovascular imaging pitfalls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakky
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Hernan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Sami H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Erbay
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D006257:Head / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology