title: Comparison of progressive addition lenses by direct measurement of surface shape.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the optical properties of five state-of-the-art progressive addition lenses (PALs) by direct physical measurement of surface shape.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five contemporary freeform PALs (Varilux Comfort Enhanced, Varilux Physio Enhanced, Hoya Lifestyle, Shamir Autograph, and Zeiss Individual) with plano distance power and a +2.00-diopter add were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. The front and back surface heights were physically measured, and the optical properties of each surface, and their combination, were calculated with custom MATLAB routines. Surface shape was described as the sum of Zernike polynomials. Progressive addition lenses were represented as contour plots of spherical equivalent power, cylindrical power, and higher order aberrations (HOAs). Maximum power rate, minimum 1.00-DC corridor width, percentage of lens area with less than 1.00 DC, and root mean square of HOAs were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comfort Enhanced and Physio Enhanced have freeform front surfaces, Shamir Autograph and Zeiss Individual have freeform back surfaces, and Hoya Lifestyle has freeform properties on both surfaces. However, the overall optical properties are similar, regardless of the lens design. The maximum power rate is between 0.08 and 0.12 diopters per millimeter and the minimum corridor width is between 8 and 11 mm. For a 40-mm lens diameter, the percentage of lens area with less than 1.00 DC is between 64 and 76%. The third-order Zernike terms are the dominant high-order terms in HOAs (78 to 93% of overall shape variance). Higher order aberrations are higher along the corridor area and around the near zone. The maximum root mean square of HOAs based on a 4.5-mm pupil size around the corridor area is between 0.05 and 0.06 µm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This nonoptical method using a coordinate measuring machine can be used to evaluate a PAL by surface height measurements, with the optical properties directly related to its front and back surface designs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Raasch
authors.forename: Allen Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bullimore
mesh_terms: D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology