title: Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma radiotherapy with volumetric modulated arcs and the potential role of flattening filter-free beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the dosimetric characteristics of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with flattening filter-free (FFF) beams and assess the role of VMAT in the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cases of CT data were randomly selected from advanced NPC patients. Three treatment plans were optimized for each patient, RapidArc with FFF beams (RA-FFF), conventional beams (RA) and static gantry intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The doses to the planning target volumes (PTVs), organs at risk (OARs), skin and normal tissue were compared. All the plans were delivered on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator and verified using the Delta4 phantom. Technical delivery parameters including the mean gamma score, treatment delivery time and monitor units (MUs) were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the techniques delivered adequate doses to the PTVs. RA-FFF gave the highest D(1%) (dose received by 1% of the volume), but the poorest conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) among the PTVs except for the planning target volume of involved regional lymph nodes (PTV66) CI, which showed no significant difference among three techniques. For the planning target volume of the primary nasopharyngeal tumor (PTV70), RA-FFF provided for higher mean dose than other techniques. For the planning target volume receiving 60 Gy (PTV60) and PTV66, RA delivered the lowest mean doses whereas IMRT delivered the highest mean doses. IMRT demonstrated the highest percentage of target coverage and D(99%) for PTV60. RA-FFF provided for the highest doses to the brain stem, skin and oral cavity. RA gave the highest D(1%) to the right optic nerve among three techniques while no significant differences were found between each other. IMRT delivered the highest mean doses to the parotid glands and larynx while RA delivered the lowest mean doses. Gamma analysis showed an excellent agreement for all the techniques at 3%/3 mm. Significant differences in the MUs were observed among the three techniques (p < 0.001). Delivery times for RA-FFF and RA were 152 ± 7s and 153 ± 7s, respectively, nearly 70% lower than the 493 ± 24s mean time for IMRT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All treatment plans met the planning objectives. The dose measurements also showed good agreement with computed doses. RapidArc technique can treat patients with advanced NPC effectively, with good target coverage and sparing of critical structures. RA has a greater dosimetric superiority than RA-FFF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China. linux64@163.com
authors.forename: Mingzan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Tuodan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhixiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Derui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Qingchun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Renhua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*