title: Comparison of the effect of hand instruments, an ultrasonic scaler, and an erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser on root surface roughness of teeth with periodontitis: a profilometer study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to measure root surface roughness in teeth with periodontitis by a profilometer following root planning with ultrasonic and hand instruments with and without erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty single-rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were collected. The crowns and apices of the roots were cut off using a diamond bur and water coolant. The specimens were mounted in an acrylic resin block such that a plain root surface was accessible. After primary evaluation and setting a baseline, the samples were divided into 4 groups. In group 1, the samples were root planned using a manual curette. The group 2 samples were prepared with an ultrasonic scaler. In group 3, after scaling with hand instrumentation, the roots were treated with a Smart 1240D plus Er:YAG laser and in group 4, the roots were prepared with ultrasonic scaler and subsequently treated with an Er:YAG laser. Root surface roughness was then measured by a profilometer (MahrSurf M300+RD18C system) under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 25℃ and 41% humidity. The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and a t-test (P<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were detected in terms of surface roughness and surface distortion before and after treatment. The average reduction of the surface roughness after treatment in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 1.89, 1.88, 1.40, and 1.52, respectively. These findings revealed no significant differences among the four groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An Er:YAG laser as an adjunct to traditional scaling and root planning reduces root surface roughness. However, the surface ultrastructure is more irregular than when using conventional methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amid
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadkhodazadeh
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fekrazad
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hajizadeh
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghafoori
keywords: Laser therapy; Periodontitis; Tooth; Ultrasonics