title: The Australian public's beliefs about the causes of depression: associated factors and changes over 16 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological conceptualisations of depression are increasingly prevalent. The current study aimed to investigate the current prevalence of causal beliefs about depression in the Australian public, the factors associated with these beliefs, and changes over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative sample of Australian adults was surveyed as part of the 2011 National Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Survey. Beliefs about the causes of depression were assessed based on responses to vignettes depicting a person with either depression (n=893) or depression with suicidal thoughts (n=903). Socio-demographic characteristics, personal and professional experience with depression, and correct recognition of depression were investigated as predictors of causal beliefs about depression using binary logistic regression. Comparisons were made between the Australian public's current causal beliefs and data obtained in national surveys conducted in 1995 and 2003/4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 80% of the Australian public attributed depression to day to day problems, death of a close friend or relative, a recent traumatic event, childhood problems, and a chemical imbalance in the brain. People who correctly labelled the disorder in the vignettes were more likely to attribute depression to psychosocial reasons and less likely to attribute it to an allergic reaction, a virus, or an infection. Belief in psychosocial and genetic causes has increased over time, whereas belief in infection, allergy and weakness of character has decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparisons between the 1995, 2003/4 and 2011 surveys were limited by the differences in the survey methodology at each time point, and by low response rates to the 2003/4 and 2011 surveys. The survey design prevented insight into the reasoning underlying individuals' responses, and lacked sufficient power to explore the beliefs of Australians from cultural minorities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the Australian public believe that both psychosocial and biological factors cause depression.
authors.affiliation: Population Mental Health Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. pamelap@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Pamela D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Pilkington
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Reavley
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jorm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001315:Australia; D015984:Causality; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011639:Public Opinion; D057545:Social Stigma
keywords: Attitudes; Causal beliefs; Depression; Mental health literacy