title: Social context of smoking hookah among college students: scale development and validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an instrument that measures the social context of hookah use among college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pool of 50 potential items, based on 44 in-depth interviews with regular college hookah smokers, was administered to a sample of 274 hookah users between October and December 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were approached in hookah bars and asked to complete the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A principle components analysis revealed 3 reliable factors: social facilitation, family/cultural influence, and alternative to smoking cigarettes and drinking. These were examined across different categories of hookah use: Weekly hookah users were more likely to smoke in a context of social facilitation than the other 2 groups. Similar effects were observed for family/cultural influence. Asians were more likely to smoke in a context of family and cultural influence than non-Asians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This scale has potential for identifying situation-specific contexts of hookah use that may help in designing effective interventions for college students.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland College Park School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. esharmaa@umd.edu
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Pamela I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014026:Nicotiana; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult