title: Intramuscular heating through fluidotherapy and heat shock protein response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic modalities that can increase intramuscular temperature commonly are used to treat injuries in the clinical setting. Researchers recently have suggested that the physiologic changes occurring during an increase in temperature also could provide a cytoprotective effect for exercise-induced muscle damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the Fluidotherapy treatment increases the inducible expression of heat shock protein (HSP), to identify the rate of heating that occurs in the lower extremity with Fluidotherapy treatment, and to evaluate the relationship between the inducible expression of HSP and temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six male (age = 21.67 ± 1.63 years, height = 180.09 ± 4.83 cm, mass = 87.60 ± 10.51 kg) and 6 female (age = 24.60 ± 4.59 years, height = 151.05 ± 35.76 cm, mass = 55.59 ± 14.58 kg) college-aged students.
  
  
  METHODS
  One lower extremity was randomly selected to receive the heat treatment, and the other extremity received no treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured intramuscular temperature every 10 minutes, determining peak intramuscular temperature by 2 identical sequential measurements, and we analyzed the time to peak temperature. We analyzed the amount of HSP70 expression and HSP27P:T (ratio of HSP27 to the total HSP27 expression) in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and measured baseline skinfold thickness and estradiol levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluidotherapy increased intramuscular temperature by 5.66 ± 0.78°C (t11 = 25.67, P < .001) compared with baseline temperature, with a peak temperature of 39.08°C ± 0.39°C occurring at 84.17 ± 6.69 minutes. We did not find a heat treatment effect for HSP70 or HSP27P:T in the gastrocnemius or soleus muscles (P > .05). Peak temperature and the percentage change of HSP70 were positively correlated for the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles (P < .05). We found no other correlations for skinfold thickness, sex, or estradiol levels (P > .05). No effect of sex for skinfold thickness or estradiol levels at baseline was discovered (P > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This Fluidotherapy protocol increased the intramuscular temperature to a therapeutic level; however, it did not stimulate inducible HSP70 or HSP27P:T in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles regardless of sex or skinfold thickness. These data confirmed that Fluidotherapy is an effective heating modality but suggested it is not an effective method for stimulating an HSP response in the lower limb.
authors.affiliation: Applied Physiology Lab, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. pvardim@ku.edu
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vardiman
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jefferies
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Touchberry
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001706:Biopsy; D001831:Body Temperature; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D004958:Estradiol