title: Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) polyphenol-rich extract improves antioxidant function and reduces total plasma cholesterol in apolipoprotein E knockout mice.
abstract: We hypothesized that a polyphenol-rich chokeberry extract (CBE) would modulate hepatic lipid metabolism and improve antioxidant function in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice were fed diets containing 15% fat with 0.2% cholesterol alone or supplemented with 0.005% or 0.05% CBE for 4 weeks. CBE polyphenol content was determined by the total phenols, 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The 0.05% CBE diet provided mice with mean daily doses of 1.2 mg gallic acid equivalents of total phenols, 0.19 mg anthocyanins, 0.17 mg phenolic acids, 0.06 mg proanthocyanidins (as catechin-equivalents), and 0.02 mg flavonols. The 0.05% CBE group had 12% less plasma total cholesterol concentrations than the control. Despite the hypocholesterolemic effect of CBE, hepatic mRNA levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor, hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in CBE-fed mice were not significantly different from controls. Dietary CBE did not alter hepatic lipid content or the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation such as fatty acid synthase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and acyl-CoA oxidase. Plasma paraoxonase and catalase activities were significantly increased in mice fed 0.05% CBE. Both CBE diets increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity but the 0.05% CBE group had 24% less proximal intestine GPx activity relative to controls. Thus, dietary CBE lowered total cholesterol and improved plasma and hepatic antioxidant function at nutritionally-relevant doses in apoE(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the CBE cholesterol-lowering mechanism in apoE(-/-) mice was independent of hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Bohkyung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chai Siah
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Tho X
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Youngki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Derek A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Liyang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bradley W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bolling
mesh_terms: D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D046936:Photinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002934:Cinnamates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002784:Cholesterol; C018523:4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde; D002790:Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase; D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases