title: Reference values for the incremental shuttle walk test in healthy subjects: from the walk distance to physiological responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine reference values for incremental shuttle walk distance (ISWD) and peak physiological responses during the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), as well as to develop a series of predictive equations for those variables in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 103 healthy participants > 40 years of age (54 women and 49 men). We fitted each participant with a gas analysis system for use during the ISWT. Oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, heart rate (HR), ISWD, and maximal walking velocity (MWV) were obtained as primary outcomes. We also assessed hand grip strength (HGS) and lean body mass (LBM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression analysis models, including physiological variables, ISWD, and MWV (adjusted for age, body mass, height, and sex), produced R² values ranging from 0.40 to 0.65 (for HR and peak VO₂, respectively). Using the models including LBM or HGS, we obtained no significant increase in the R² values for predicting peak VO₂, although the use of those models did result in slight increases in the R² values for ISWD and MWV (of 8% and 12%, respectively). The variables ISWD, MWV, and ISWD × body mass, respectively, explained 76.7%, 73.3%, and 81.2% of peak VO₂ variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide reference values for ISWD and physiological responses to the ISWT, which can be properly estimated by determining simple demographic and anthropometric characteristics in healthy adults > 40 years of age. The ISWT could be used in assessing physical fitness in the general adult population and in designing individualized walking programs.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Federal University of São Paulo - Baixada Santista Campus, Santos, Brazil. vzdourado@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Victor Zuniga
authors.initials: VZ
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.forename: Ricardo Luís Fernandes
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Suzana Erico
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tanni
authors.forename: Letícia Cláudia de Oliveira
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Godoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide