title: Dietary sodium intake is associated with total fluid and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in US children and adolescents aged 2-18 y: NHANES 2005-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing dietary sodium drives the thirst response. Because sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are frequently consumed by children, sodium intake may drive greater consumption of SSBs and contribute to obesity risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between dietary sodium, total fluid, and SSB consumption in a nationally representative sample of US children and adolescents aged 2-18 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed cross-sectional data from NHANES 2005-2008. Dietary sodium, fluid, and SSB intakes were assessed with a 24-h dietary recall. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between sodium, fluid, and SSBs adjusted for age, sex, race-ethnic group, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES), and energy intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 6400 participants, 51.3% (n = 3230) were males, and the average (±SEM) age was 10.1 ± 0.1 y. The average sodium intake was 3056 ± 48 mg/d (equivalent to 7.8 ± 0.1 g salt/d). Dietary sodium intake was positively associated with fluid consumption (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, race-ethnic group, SES, and BMI, each additional 390 mg Na/d (1 g salt/d) was associated with a 74-g/d greater intake of fluid (P < 0.001). In consumers of SSBs (n = 4443; 64%), each additional 390 mg Na/d (1 g salt/d) was associated with a 32-g/d higher intake of SSBs (P < 0.001) adjusted for age, sex, race-ethnic group, SES, and energy intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary sodium is positively associated with fluid consumption and predicted SSB consumption in consumers of SSBs. The high dietary sodium intake of US children and adolescents may contribute to a greater consumption of SSBs, identifying a possible link between dietary sodium intake and excess energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Carley A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Jacqueline D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Caryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nowson
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Loria
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D013549:Sweetening Agents