title: The role of major depression in neurocognitive functioning in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur after traumatic experiences and share neurocognitive disturbances in verbal memory and executive functioning. However, few attempts have been made to systematically assess the role of a comorbid MDD diagnosis in neuropsychological studies in PTSD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current study is to investigate neurocognitive deficits in PTSD patients with and without MDD. We hypothesized that PTSD patients with comorbid MDD (PTSD+MDD) would have significantly lower performance on measures of verbal memory and executive functioning than PTSD patients without MDD (PTSD-MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included in this study were 140 treatment-seeking outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD after various single traumatic events and participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing different treatment types. Baseline neuropsychological data were compared between patients with PTSD+MDD (n=84) and patients with PTSD-MDD (n=56).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PTSD+MDD patients had more severe verbal memory deficits in learning and retrieving words than patients with PTSD alone. There were no differences between the groups in recall of a coherent paragraph, recognition, shifting of attention, and cognitive interference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that a more impaired neurocognitive profile may be associated with the presence of comorbid MDD, with medium-sized group differences for verbal memory but not for executive functioning. From a clinical standpoint, being aware that certain verbal memory functions are more restricted in patients with comorbid PTSD and MDD may be relevant for treatment outcome of trauma-focused psychotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirjam J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.forename: Berthold P R
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Gersons
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olff
keywords: PTSD; cognitive functioning; comorbidity; major depressive disorder; neuropsychology