title: Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of populus leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) comprise the largest group within the receptor-like kinase (RLK) superfamily in plants. This gene family plays critical and diverse roles in plant growth, development and stress response. Although the LRR-RLK families in Arabidopsis and rice have been previously analyzed, no comprehensive studies have been performed on this gene family in tree species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, 379 LRR-RLK genes were retrieved from the Populus trichocarpa genome and further grouped into 14 subfamilies based on their structural and sequence similarities. Approximately 82% (312 out of 379) of the PtLRR-RLK genes are located in segmental duplication blocks indicating the role of duplication process in the expansion of this gene family. The conservation and variation in motif composition and intron/exon arrangement among PtLRR-RLK subfamilies were analyzed to provide additional support for their phylogenetic relationship and more importantly to indicate the potential divergence in their functions. Expression profiling of PtLRR-RLKs showed that they were differentially expressed in different organs and tissues and some PtLRR-RLKs were specifically expressed in meristem tissues, which indicated their potential involvement in tissue development and differentiation. For most AtLRR-RLKs with defined functions, Populus homologues exhibiting similar expression patterns could be identified, which might indicate the functional conservation during evolution. Among 12 types of environmental cues analyzed by the genome-wide microarray data, PtLRR-RLKs showed specific responses to shoot organogenesis, wounding, low ammonium feeding, hypoxia and seasonal dormancy, but not to drought, re-watering after drought, flooding, AlCl3 treatment and bacteria or fungi treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first comprehensive genomic analysis of the Populus LRR-RLK gene family. Segmental duplication contributes significantly to the expansion of this gene family. Populus and Arabidopsis LRR-RLK homologues not only share similar genetic structures but also exhibit comparable expression patterns which point to the possible functional conservation of these LRR-RLKs in two model systems. Transcriptome profiling provides the first insight into the functional divergence among PtLRR-RLK gene subfamilies and suggests that they might take important roles in growth and adaptation of tree species.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zan
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yingjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jiehua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D020440:Gene Duplication; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D032107:Populus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C580847:leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, Populus