title: Increased early RNA replication by chimeric West Nile virus W956IC leads to IPS-1-mediated activation of NF-κB and insufficient virus-mediated counteraction of the resulting canonical type I interferon signaling.
abstract: Although infections with "natural" West Nile virus (WNV) and the chimeric W956IC WNV infectious clone virus produce comparable peak virus yields in type I interferon (IFN) response-deficient BHK cells, W956IC infection produces higher levels of "unprotected" viral RNA at early times after infection. Analysis of infections with these two viruses in IFN-competent cells showed that W956IC activated NF-κB, induced higher levels of IFN-β, and produced lower virus yields than WNV strain Eg101. IPS-1 was required for both increased induction of IFN-β and decreased yields of W956IC. In Eg101-infected cells, phospho-STAT1/STAT2 nuclear translocation was blocked at all times analyzed, while some phospho-STAT1/STAT2 nuclear translocation was still detected at 8 h after infection in W956IC-infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and early viral protein levels were lower in these cells. A set of additional chimeras was made by replacing various W956IC gene regions with the Eg101 equivalents. As reported previously, for three of these chimeras, the low early RNA phenotype of Eg101 was restored in BHK cells. Analysis of infections with two of these chimeric viruses in MEFs detected lower early viral RNA levels, higher early viral protein levels, lower early IFN-β levels, and higher virus yields similar to those seen after Eg101 infection. The data suggest that replicase protein interactions directly or indirectly regulate genome switching between replication and translation at early times in favor of translation to minimize NF-κB activation and IFN induction by decreasing the amount of unprotected viral RNA, to produce sufficient viral protein to block canonical type I IFN signaling, and to efficiently remodel cell membranes for exponential genome amplification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Scherbik
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pulit-Penaloza
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brinton
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002678:Chimera / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D006224:Cricetinae; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000502:physiology*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D007370:Interferon Type I; D016899:Interferon-beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012367:RNA, Viral; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050795:STAT2 Transcription Factor; C512612:MAVS protein, mouse; C494080:Stat1 protein, mouse; C494085:Stat2 protein, mouse