title: Pomegranate and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Over the last decade, various studies have linked pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn), a fruit native to the Middle East, with type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment. This review focuses on current laboratory and clinical research related to the effects of pomegranate fractions (peels, flowers, and seeds) and some of their active components on biochemical and metabolic variables associated with the pathologic markers of type 2 diabetes. This review systematically presents findings from cell culture and animal studies as well as clinical human research. One key mechanism by which pomegranate fractions affect the type 2 diabetic condition is by reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. This reduction may occur by directly neutralizing the generated reactive oxygen species, increasing certain antioxidant enzyme activities, inducing metal chelation activity, reducing resistin formation, and inhibiting or activating certain transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor κB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Fasting blood glucose levels were decreased significantly by punicic acid, methanolic seed extract, and pomegranate peel extract. Known compounds in pomegranate, such as punicalagin and ellagic, gallic, oleanolic, ursolic, and uallic acids, have been identified as having anti-diabetic actions. Furthermore, the juice sugar fraction was found to have unique antioxidant polyphenols (tannins and anthocyanins), which could be beneficial to control conditions in type 2 diabetes. These findings provide evidence for the anti-diabetic activity of pomegranate fruit; however, before pomegranate or any of its extracts can be medically recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes, controlled, clinical studies, are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan. sabanihani@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Saleem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banihani
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swedan
authors.forename: Ziyad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alguraan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008877:Middle East; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid; C115642:punicalagin