title: "Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is difficult in infants and young children. For microbiological confirmation of PTB children, sequential gastric lavage (GL) is recommended. Induced sputum (IS) may be an alternative or complementary tool, but the information is limited in children in developed countries. The aim of this study is to assess the safety and diagnostic yield from IS combined with GL for PTB diagnosis in non-HIV infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 22 children with suspected PTB admitted to the Getafe Hospital from January 2007 to May 2011. IS and GL were performed on three consecutive days, according to a standardized protocol. In all samples, BK staining, culture and PCR were carried out, including Genotype MTBDR plus for resistance to INH-RIF (Isoniazid-Rifampin) since 2008. A preliminary analysis of an ongoing prospective study is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 72 months (range 1 month to 14 years of age). Seven (33%) were ≤ 5 years of age. Seventeen were clinically diagnosed of PTB based on positive PPD and radiological criteria. Microbiological confirmation was achieved in 10 (58.8%) by either GL or IS. M. tuberculosis was identified by GL in 8 children (47.1%) and by IS in 7 (41.2%). One infant (2 IS samples) had transient oxygen desaturation recovered spontaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IS appears to be safe and well tolerated by children for diagnosis of PTB and is more convenient. Increasing the diagnostic yield of PTB in children with PTB may be a complementary technique. Largest studies are necessary to define the role of IS in paediatric PTB.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz Jiménez
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guillén Martín
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Prieto Tato
authors.forename: Juana B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cacho Calvo
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Álvarez García
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soto Sánchez
authors.forename: Jose T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ramos Amador
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005751:Gastric Lavage; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology