title: Accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate enables stress endurance and catalytic vigour in Pseudomonas putida KT2440.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a persistent trait throughout the whole Tree of Life, is claimed to play a fundamental role in enduring environmental insults in a large variety of microorganisms. The share of polyP in the tolerance of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to a suite of physicochemical stresses has been studied on the background of its capacity as a host of oxidative biotransformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells lacking polyphosphate kinase (Ppk), which expectedly presented a low intracellular polyP level, were more sensitive to a number of harsh external conditions such as ultraviolet irradiation, addition of β-lactam antibiotics and heavy metals (Cd(2+) and Cu(2+)). Other phenotypes related to a high-energy phosphate load (e.g., swimming) were substantially weakened as well. Furthermore, the ppk mutant was consistently less tolerant to solvents and its survival in stationary phase was significantly affected. In contrast, the major metabolic routes were not significantly influenced by the loss of Ppk as diagnosed from respiration patterns of the mutant in phenotypic microarrays. However, the catalytic vigour of the mutant decreased to about 50% of that in the wild-type strain as estimated from the specific growth rate of cells carrying the catabolic TOL plasmid pWW0 for m-xylene biodegradation. The catalytic phenotype of the mutant was restored by over-expressing ppk in trans. Some of these deficits could be explained by the effect of the ppk mutation on the expression profile of the rpoS gene, the stationary phase sigma factor, which was revealed by the analysis of a PrpoS → rpoS'-'lacZ translational fusion. Still, every stress-related effect of lacking Ppk in P. putida was relatively moderate as compared to some of the conspicuous phenotypes reported for other bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While polyP can be involved in a myriad of cellular functions, the polymer seems to play a relatively secondary role in the genetic and biochemical networks that ultimately enable P. putida to endure environmental stresses. Instead, the main value of polyP could be ensuring a reservoire of energy during prolonged starvation. This is perhaps one of the reasons for polyP persistence in live systems despite its apparent lack of essentiality.
authors.affiliation: Systems and Synthetic Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Nikel
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chavarría
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-García
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de Lorenzo
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002384:Catalysis; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D056426:Genetic Loci; D016296:Mutagenesis; D017856:Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000378:metabolism*; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014992:Xylenes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011122:Polyphosphates; D012808:Sigma Factor; D014992:Xylenes; D017856:Phosphotransferases (Phosphate Group Acceptor); C022424:polyphosphate kinase; C031285:3-xylene