title: A hybrid approach to the simultaneous eliminating of power-line interference and associated ringing artifacts in electrocardiograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The second-order, infinite impulse response notch filter is widely used to remove electrical power line noise in electrocardiograms (ECGs). However this filtering process often introduces spurious ringing artifacts in the vicinity of raw signal with sharp transitions. It is challenging to simultaneously remove these two types of noise without losing vital information about cardiac activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective is to devise a method to remove the power-line interference without introducing artifacts nor losing vital information. To this end we have developed the "hybrid approach" involving two-sided filtration and multi-iterative approximation techniques. The two-sided filtration technique can suppress the interference but some cardiac components are lost. The lost information can be restored using multi-iterative approximation technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For evaluation, four artificial data sets, each including 91 ECGs of different heart rates, were generated by a dynamical model. Four publicly-accessible sets of clinical data (MIT-BIH Arrhythmia, QT, PTB Diagnostic ECG, and T-Wave Alternans Challenge Databases) were also selected. Our new hybrid approach and the existing method were tested with these two types of signal under various pre-determined conditions. In contrast with the existing method, the hybrid approach can provide more than 27.40 dB and 37.77 dB reduction in signal distortion for 95% and 60% of artificial ECGs respectively; it can provide in excess of 11.78 dB and 17.48 dB reduction in distortion for 95% and 60% of these real records respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, a significant reduction in signal distortion is demonstrated. These test results indicate that the newly proposed approach outperforms the traditional method assessed on both the artificial and clinical ECGs and suggest it could be of practical use for clinicians in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China. xl.zhou@siat.ac.cn
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yuanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors