title: Pronasale position: an appraisal of two recently proposed methods for predicting nasal projection in facial reconstruction.
abstract: This study examines two recently proposed methods for predicting nose projection from the skull, those developed by Stephan et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 122, 2003, 240) and Rynn et al. (Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6, 2010, 20). A sample of 86 lateral head cephalograms of adult subjects from Central Europe was measured, and the actual and predicted dimensions were compared. Regarding nose projection (the anterior and vertical position of the pronasale), in general, the method of Rynn et al. (Forensic Sci Med Pathol 6, 2010, 20) was found to perform better and with less error variance than the method of Stephan et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 122, 2003, 240), but the mean difference between the actual and predicted values did not exceed 2.2 mm (6.5% of the actual dimension) in most of the variables tested. The vertical dimensions of the nose were predictable with greater accuracy than the horizontal dimensions. Although the mean error of both methods is not great in practice and thus both methods could be considered to be "accurate," the real variance of error should not be overlooked.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic. mala.mala@email.cz
authors.forename: Pavla Zednikova
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Mala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000885:Anthropology, Physical / Q000379:methods*; D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: accuracy test; facial approximation; facial reconstruction; forensic anthropology; forensic science; nose projection; soft tissue prediction