title: The influence of simulated rotator cuff tears on the risk for impingement in handbike and handrim wheelchair propulsion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotator cuff tears strongly affect the biomechanics of the shoulder joint in their role to regulate the joint contact force needed to prevent the joint from dislocation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of simulated progressed rotator cuff tears on the (in)stability of the glenohumeral joint and the risk for impingement during wheelchair and handbike propulsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model was used to calculate the magnitude of the glenohumeral joint reaction force and the objective function J, which is an indication of the effort needed to complete the task. Full-thickness tears were simulated by virtually removing muscles from the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With larger cuff tears the joint reaction force was higher and more superiorly directed. Also extra muscle force was necessary to balance the external force such that the glenohumeral joint did not dislocate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A tear of only the supraspinatus leads only to a minor increase in muscle forces and a minor shift of the force on the glenoid, indicating that it is possible to function well with a torn supraspinatus muscle. A massive tear shifts the direction of the joint reaction force to the superior border of the glenoid, increasing the risk for impingement.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Drongelen
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlüssel
authors.forename: Ursina
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arnet
authors.forename: Dirkjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veeger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D022125:Lacerations / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000009:adverse effects*