title: Comparisons of maximum deformation and failure forces at the implant-abutment interface of titanium implants between titanium-alloy and zirconia abutments with two levels of marginal bone loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zirconia materials are known for their optimal aesthetics, but they are brittle, and concerns remain about whether their mechanical properties are sufficient for withstanding the forces exerted in the oral cavity. Therefore, this study compared the maximum deformation and failure forces of titanium implants between titanium-alloy and zirconia abutments under oblique compressive forces in the presence of two levels of marginal bone loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty implants were divided into Groups A and B, with simulated bone losses of 3.0 and 1.5 mm, respectively. Groups A and B were also each divided into two subgroups with five implants each: (1) titanium implants connected to titanium-alloy abutments and (2) titanium implants connected to zirconia abutments. The maximum deformation and failure forces of each sample was determined using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean maximum deformation and failure forces obtained the subgroups were as follows: A1 (simulated bone loss of 3.0 mm, titanium-alloy abutment) = 540.6 N and 656.9 N, respectively; A2 (simulated bone loss of 3.0 mm, zirconia abutment) = 531.8 N and 852.7 N; B1 (simulated bone loss of 1.5 mm, titanium-alloy abutment) = 1070.9 N and 1260.2 N; and B2 (simulated bone loss of 1.5 mm, zirconia abutment) = 907.3 N and 1182.8 N. The maximum deformation force differed significantly between Groups B1 and B2 but not between Groups A1 and A2. The failure force did not differ between Groups A1 and A2 or between Groups B1 and B2. The maximum deformation and failure forces differed significantly between Groups A1 and B1 and between Groups A2 and B2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this experimental study, the maximum deformation and failure forces are lower for implants with a marginal bone loss of 3.0 mm than of 1.5 mm. Zirconia abutments can withstand physiological occlusal forces applied in the anterior region.
authors.forename: Chiung-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Heng-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dan-Jae
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yen-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Lih-Jyh
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuh
authors.forename: Jui-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D000044:Dental Abutments / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D014025:Titanium; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide