title: Calcium co-ingestion augments postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(1-42), glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin concentrations in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined whether calcium co-ingestion potentiates postprandial GIP(1-42) and GLP-1 concentrations in humans and the concomitant impact on insulin, appetite sensations and substrate metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy males consumed two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. The calcium content of the control meal was 3 mg/kg body mass, which was increased to 15 mg/kg body mass with calcium co-ingestion. Circulating concentrations of GIP(1-42), GLP-1 and insulin were determined over a 180-min postprandial period, followed by 60 min of exercise. Visual analogue scales were used to determine subjective appetite sensations. Rates of energy expenditure and substrate (lipid and carbohydrate) oxidation were estimated using indirect calorimetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium co-ingestion resulted in a 47% increase in GIP(1-42), a 22% increase in GLP-1 and a 19% increase in insulin areas under the curve for the 120 min following consumption (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, appetite sensations were suppressed by calcium co-ingestion by 12% (P = 0.034). No differences, however, were observed in substrate metabolism (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ingestion of a high-calcium meal potentiates postprandial GIP(1-42), GLP-1 and insulin concentrations in humans. Subjective appetite is also temporarily suppressed, although substrate metabolism is unaffected.
authors.affiliation: Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK, javier.gonzalez@northumbria.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Javier T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C101760:gastric inhibitory polypeptide (1-42); D014807:Vitamin D; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1