title: Social determinants of health and periodontal disease in Brazilian adults: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, increasing importance has been placed on the social determinants of health and disease. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease in Brazilian adults and identify possible relationships with social determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed using a sample of 743 adults (aged 35-49 years) living in an urban area of a large city in southeastern Brazil. The condition of the periodontium was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) according to the diagnostic criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The variables related to social determinants were collected using a structured questionnaire. A descriptive analysis of all study variables was performed. Multiple correspondence analysis was subsequently performed to identify relationships between periodontal disease and the social determinants of health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The periodontal exams showed that 36.5% of adults had a healthy periodontium, 2.0% had gingival bleeding, 47.1% had calculus and 9.5% had periodontal pockets of 4-5 mm. Periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more were the worst periodontal condition found (affecting only 2.1% of the participants). The correspondence analysis enabled us to form three groups with different profiles. The first group was distinguished by the presence of bleeding (gingivitis) or a healthy periodontium. The members of this group were typically aged 35 to 39 years and had 9-12 years or more than 12 years of education. The second group consisted of subjects with calculus and periodontal pockets of 4-5 mm. The members of this group were typically white men aged 40-44 years with incomes greater than $ 300.00. The third group was distinguished by the presence of periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more. The members of this group were typically adult females, black and mixed individuals who had 8 years or less of schooling, individuals with incomes ≤ $ 300.00 and widowers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that periodontal health is worse in the group for which the social indicators are worse. Therefore, the social determinants of health also affect the severity of periodontal disease in adults Brazilian society.
authors.forename: Maria de Lourdes Carvalho
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Bonfim
authors.forename: Flavio Freitas
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: Efigênia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira e Ferreira
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Viana
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Andréa Maria Duarte
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D064890:Social Determinants of Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data