title: Comparative assessment of dermal wound healing potentials of various Trifolium L. extracts and determination of their isoflavone contents as potential active ingredients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trifolium species are used in Turkish folk medicine as a wound healing agent, expectorant, antiseptic, sedative and to alleviate pain in rheumatism. In the present study, the aqueous methanolic extracts (80%) of 13 Trifolium species (Trifolium ambigum, Trifolium arvense var. arvense, Trifolium campestre, Trifolium canescens, Trifolium hybridum var. anatolicum, Trifolium hybridum var. hybridum, Trifolium pannonicum, Trifolium pratense var. pratense, Trifolium purpureum var. purpureum, Trifolium repens var. repens, Trifolium resupinatum var. microcephalum, Trifolium spadiceum and Trifolium trichocephalum) collected from different regions of Anatolia were evaluated for their in vivo wound healing effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo wound healing activities of the plant aqueous methanolic extracts were evaluated by linear incision and circular excision wound models subsequent to histopathological analysis. Active constituents were determined by a validated high performance liquid chromatographic method. Precision of the method was performed by the evaluation of intra-day and inter-day variations of the each standard at limits of quantification (LOQ) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aqueous methanolic extracts of Trifolium canescens and Trifolium pretense var. pratense possessed better wound healing activity compared to the other extracts and control groups. The animal groups treated with the Trifolium canescens extract demonstrated increased contraction (48.96%) on excision and a significant increase in wound tensile strength (35.6%) on incision models. The main compounds were detected as genistein and biochanin A for Trifolium canescens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study revealed the wound healing potential of Trifolium canescens. This might be due to the combined effect of the isoflavones genistein, formononetin, daidzein, and biochanin A present in the extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61100 Trabzon, Turkey. gulingurhan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Gülin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renda
authors.forename: Funda N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Yalçın
authors.forename: Emirhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nemutlu
authors.forename: Esra Küpeli
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Akkol
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Süntar
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keleş
authors.forename: Hiroji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ina
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Çalış
authors.forename: Tayfun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ersöz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019833:Genistein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014421:Turkey; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D019833:Genistein; C004541:biochanin A; D000432:Methanol