title: Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: a single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial basal-cell carcinoma is most commonly treated with topical non-surgical treatments, such as photodynamic therapy or topical creams. Photodynamic therapy is considered the preferable treatment, although this has not been previously tested in a randomised control trial. We assessed the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy compared with imiquimod or fluorouracil in patients with superficial basal-cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled multicentre trial, we enrolled patients with a histologically proven superficial basal-cell carcinoma at seven hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT; two sessions with an interval of 1 week), imiquimod cream (once daily, five times a week for 6 weeks), or fluorouracil cream (twice daily for 4 weeks). Follow-up was at 3 and 12 months post-treatment. Data were collected by one observer who was blinded to the assigned treatment. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients free of tumour at both 3 and 12 month follow up. A pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 10% was used and modified intention-to-treat analyses were done. This trial is registered as an International Standard Randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN 79701845).
  
  
  RESULTS
  601 patients were randomised: 202 to receive MAL-PDT, 198 to receive imiquimod, and 201 to receive fluorouracil. A year after treatment, 52 of 196 patients treated with MAL-PDT, 31 of 189 treated with imiquimod, and 39 of 198 treated with fluorouracil had tumour residue or recurrence. The proportion of patients tumour-free at both 3 and 12 month follow-up was 72.8% (95% CI 66.8-79.4) for MAL-PDT, 83.4% (78.2-88.9) for imiquimod cream, and 80.1% (74.7-85.9) for fluorouracil cream. The difference between imiquimod and MAL-PDT was 10.6% (95% CI 1.5-19.5; p=0.021) and 7.3% (-1.9 to 16.5; p=0.120) between fluorouracil and MAL-PDT, and between fluorouracil and imiquimod was -3.3% (-11.6 to 5.0; p=0.435. For patients treated with MAL-PDT, moderate to severe pain and burning sensation were reported most often during the actual MAL-PDT session. For other local adverse reactions, local skin redness was most often reported as moderate or severe in all treatment groups. Patients treated with creams more often reported moderate to severe local swelling, erosion, crust formation, and itching of the skin than patients treated with MAL-PDT. In the MAL-PDT group no serious adverse events were reported. One patient treated with imiquimod and two patients treated with fluorouracil developed a local wound infection and needed additional treatment in the outpatient setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical fluorouracil was non-inferior and imiquimod was superior to MAL-PDT for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, imiquimod can be considered the preferred treatment, but all aspects affecting treatment choice should be weighted to select the best treatment for patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research ZONMW (08-82310-98-08626).
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands. a.arits@MUMC.nl
authors.forename: Aimée H M M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Arits
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mosterd
authors.forename: Brigitte Ab
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Essers
authors.forename: Eefje
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spoorenberg
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Michette J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: De Rooij
authors.forename: Han P A
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van Pelt
authors.forename: Patricia J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Quaedvlieg
authors.forename: Gertruud A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Krekels
authors.forename: Pierre A F A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Neer
authors.forename: Joris J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rijzewijk
authors.forename: Adrienne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Geest
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Steijlen
authors.forename: Patty J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Nelemans
authors.forename: Nicole W J
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Kelleners-Smeets
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011379:Prognosis; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D000077271:Imiquimod; D005472:Fluorouracil