title: Chronic 30-Hz deep cerebellar stimulation coupled with training enhances post-ischemia motor recovery and peri-infarct synaptophysin expression in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 500,000 Americans have strokes every year, making stroke the leading cause for disability in the United States and in the industrialized world. New treatments to improve poststroke motor recovery are needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate a novel approach for enhancing motor recovery that involves chronic, electrical stimulation of ascending cerebellar output combined with motor training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral endothelin-1 injections in the dominant cerebral cortex and placement of a chronic stimulating electrode in the contralateral lateral cerebellar nucleus. After 1 week, the animals were separated into 2 groups (STIM+ and STIM-), matched for poststroke motor performance in the pasta matrix task. At 2 weeks post-ischemia, the treatment phase was initiated, with animals in the STIM+ group receiving pulsed, 30-Hz stimulation for 12 hours/day. Motor training continued for both groups over 3 to 5 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 23 animals were examined after 3 weeks of treatment. STIM+ animals showed a significant improvement in motor function compared with post-ischemia baseline performance as well as in comparison with the STIM- group. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in the perilesional expression of synaptophysin for the STIM+ vs the STIM- animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that chronic activation of ascending cerebellofugal pathways enhances motor recovery after focal cortical ischemia. The recovery was associated with an increase in perilesional cortical plasticity relative to nontreated controls.
authors.affiliation: *Center for Neurological Restoration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; §Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Andre G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooperrider
authors.forename: Havan T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Furmaga
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Hyun-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016708:Synaptophysin; C569016:Syp protein, rat