title: Secondary prevention of diabetic foot infections in a Caribbean nation: a call for improved patient education.
abstract: Most countries have instituted measures to limit the complications of diabetes. We evaluate secondary prevention strategies for diabetic foot infections in a Caribbean country. We performed a prospective questionnaire study evaluating all patients admitted to tertiary care hospitals across Trinidad and Tobago from July 2011 to June 2012. Primary study end points were the number of patient-detected injuries and the time interval between injury and presentation. Secondary end points included the practice of regular foot inspection (≥2 foot examinations per week) for early detection and the use of self-directed nonmedical therapies to treat foot infections. There were 446 patients admitted with diabetic foot infections at an average age of 56.9 ± 12.4 years. Three hundred and fifty-six (80%) were previously hospitalized with foot infections and 226 (51%) had already sustained end organ injury from diabetes. There were 163 (36.6%) patients walking barefoot at the time of injury and 189 (42.4%) had footwear-related injuries. In 257 (57.6%) cases, patients identified their foot injury shortly after the event. Despite early detection, they presented to hospital after a mean interval of 6.2 ± 5.03 days, with 78 (30.4%) having tried some form of home therapy first. Overall, 190 (42.6%) patients did not practice regular foot examinations. There is room for improvement in secondary preventative measures for diabetic foot infections in this setting. Educational campaigns may be beneficial to educate diabetics on the dangers of walking barefoot, the importance of appropriate footwear, regular foot inspection, and the importance of seeking immediate medical attention instead of experimenting with home remedies.
authors.affiliation: 1San Fernando General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
authors.forename: Shariful
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harnarayan
authors.forename: Shamir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cawich
authors.forename: Vijai
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahabir
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Budhooram
authors.forename: Vinoo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bheem
authors.forename: Shivaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramsewak
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naraynsingh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: diabetes; epidemiology; foot infection