title: Of inflammasomes and pathogens--sensing of microbes by the inflammasome.
abstract: Inflammasomes are signalling platforms that sense a diverse range of microbial products and also a number of stress and damage associated endogenous signals. Inflammasome complexes can be formed by members of the Nod-like receptor family or the PYHIN family member AIM2. Upon formation, inflammasomes trigger proteolysis of caspase-1, which subsequently leads to a potent inflammatory response through the maturation and secretion of IL-1 family cytokines, which can be accompanied by an inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Here, we review the sensing mechanisms of the currently characterized inflammasome complexes and discuss how they are involved in the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. We especially highlight recent advances in the molecular understanding of how microbial patterns are detected and discriminated from endogenous compounds by inflammasome sensors. Further, we review how inflammasomes contribute to the anti microbial host defense by cytokine-dependent and cell autonomous mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Unit for Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bauernfeind
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hornung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D051616:Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C410167:AIM2 protein, human; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D058847:Inflammasomes; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C435692:NLRC4 protein, human; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D051616:Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D020170:Caspase 1