title: Urothelial cancer and the diagnosis of subsequent malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine the likelihood of a second primary malignancy diagnosis following the diagnosis of urothelial cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified subjects from the Manitoba Cancer Registry diagnosed with urothelial cancer between April 1, 1985 and December 31, 2007. Data were collected on all subsequent new cancer diagnoses. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for each major cancer type, matched with the general population by age, sex and period. Further analysis was undertaken stratifying by morphology and invasiveness. The results in males were examined with and without prostate cancer. A competing risk model was used to analyze the data controlling for death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4412 included urothelial cancer cases, 712 patients (16.1%) subsequently developed a second primary malignancy. Risks were highest within 1 year of diagnosis persisting for 5 years. This risk was highest in males aged less than 70 (SIR = 6.25; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.08-7.04). Overall, the risk was similar between the sexes (female SIR: 1.30, CI 1.09-1.54; males 1.42, CI 1.31-1.54; males excluding prostate SIR: 1.22 CI 1.11-1.35). There was an increased relative risk for developing a second primary for cancers of the kidney (male), lung, breast (female) and prostate. Papillary cancers were associated with increased relative risk of developing lung, prostate, and breast (female and male) cancer. In the competing risks model, patients diagnosed with a papillary or in situ urothelial cancer were more likely to be diagnosed with a second primary than non-papillary and invasive disease, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those diagnosed with urothelial cancer have an increased probability of having a second primary cancer detected within the subsequent 5 years, even when prostate cancer is excluded. Papillary tumours in particular may provide a warning for subsequent malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB; ; Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB;
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Pruthi
authors.forename: Zoann
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Czaykowski
authors.forename: Alain A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Demers