title: Translational Approaches towards Cancer Gene Therapy: Hurdles and Hopes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Of the cancer gene therapy approaches, gene silencing, suicide/apoptosis inducing gene therapy, immunogene therapy and targeted gene therapy are deemed to sub-stantially control the biological consequences of genomic changes in cancerous cells. Thus, a large number of clinical trials have been conducted against various malignancies. In this review, we will discuss recent translational progresses of gene and cell therapy of cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Essential information on gene therapy of cancer were reviewed and discussed towards their clinical translations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene transfer has been rigorously studied in vitro and in vivo, in which some of these gene therapy endeavours have been carried on towards translational investigations and clinical applications. About 65% of gene therapy trials are related to cancer therapy. Some of these trials have been combined with cell therapy to produce personalized medicines such as Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®, marketed by Dendreon, USA) for the treatment of asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Translational approach links two diverse boundaries of basic and clinical researches. For successful translation of geno-medicines into clinical applications, it is essential 1) to have the guidelines and standard operating procedures for development and application of the genomedicines specific to clinically relevant biomarker(s); 2) to conduct necessary animal experimental studies to show the "proof of concept" for the proposed genomedicines; 3) to perform an initial clinical investigation; and 4) to initiate extensive clinical trials to address all necessary requirements. In short, translational researches need to be refined to accelerate the geno-medicine development and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Translational Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jaleh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barar
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Omidi
keywords: Cancer Therapy; Nanomedicine; Targeted Gene Therapy; Translational Medicine