title: Influence of socio-demographic characteristics on eye care expenditure: data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between sociodemographic factors and eye care expenditure and to assess the burden of ocular expenditure compared to total health care expenditure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of ocular expenditure in participants of the 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Data from 20,620 unique participants aged ≥18 years were evaluated for eye care expenditure by demographic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22% of the studied population had eye care expenditures in 2007. Demographic factors significantly associated with higher probability of having eye care expenditures included older age (65+ years 35%, 45-64 years 23%, <45 years 17%), female sex (female 26%, male 19%), higher educational attainment (greater than high school education 25%, less than high school education 17%), having insurance (private 24%, uninsured 13%), and visual impairment (mild 31%, none 22%). Older age, female sex, higher educational attainment, having insurance, and presence of visual impairment were also significantly associated with higher mean eye care expenditure. In those with eye care expenditure, the mean ratio between eye care and total medical expenditure was 24%, with uninsured patients spending 42% of their medical care expenditure on eye care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic factors are associated with both the probability of having ocular expenditure and the amount of expenditure. Of all factors examined, insurance status has the most potential for modification. Policy makers should consider these numbers when devising the terms by which eye care coverage will be provided under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
authors.affiliation: Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, FL , USA .
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diane Zheng
authors.forename: Kristopher L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.forename: Byron L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: McCollister
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ocasio
authors.forename: Cristina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Eye care expenditure; Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; health care reform; sociodemographic information