title: Prospective associations between brain activation to cocaine and no-go cues and cocaine relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to predict potential for relapse to substance use following treatment could be very useful in targeting aftercare strategies. Recently, a number of investigators have focused on using neural activity measured by fMRI to predict relapse propensity. The purpose of the present study was to use fMRI to investigate prospective associations between brain reactivity to cocaine and response inhibition cues and relapse to cocaine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty cocaine-dependent participants with clean cocaine urine drug screens (UDS) completed a baseline fMRI scan, including a cocaine-cue reactivity task and a go no-go response inhibition task. After participating in a brief clinical trial of d-cycloserine for the facilitation of cocaine-cue extinction, they returned for a one-week follow-up UDS. Associations between baseline activation to cocaine and inhibition cues and relapse to cocaine use were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive cocaine UDS was significantly associated with cocaine-cue activation in the right putamen and insula, as well as bilateral occipital regions. Associations between positive cocaine UDS and activation to no-go cues were concentrated in the postcentral gyri, a region involved in response execution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although preliminary, these results suggest that brain imaging may be a useful tool for predicting risk for relapse in cocaine-dependent individuals. Further, larger-scale naturalistic studies are needed to corroborate and extend these findings.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Neuroscience Division, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. priscian@musc.edu
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Prisciandaro
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Myrick
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Aimee L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McRae-Clark
authors.forename: Kathleen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brady
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003042:Cocaine; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine