title: Single operator choledochoscopy and its role in daily endoscopy routine.
abstract: Different diagnostic procedures exist for the detection of bile duct lesions in clinical practice. However, neither retrograde contrast imaging of the bile duct endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram nor other imaging procedures allow a safe diagnosis of the lesions. Therefore choledochoscopy may be a useful diagnostic procedure in macroscopic assessing lesions of the bile duct. Even if the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is not sufficient, first studies suggest an enhanced diagnostic accuracy for choledochoscopy. Since the progress of choledochoscopy has started in the 1970 different improvements were achieved. Meanwhile, the examination can be performed by an examiner and samples can be taken. Image and Resolution quality has improved over the past years, also. The SpyGlass system is a technically advanced cholangioscopic device to provide endoscopic diagnosis in case of inconclusive bile duct findings. Further more, two more lumina allow specific biopsy forceps and optical fibers for electrohydraulic or laser lithotripsy. The most frequent useful insert of SpyGlass in clinical practice are in complex gallstones and bile duct lesions of unclear dignity.
authors.affiliation: Arthur Hoffman, Johannes Wilhelm Rey, Ralf Kiesslich, Department of Interal Medicine, St. Mary Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, 60318 Hessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Johannes Wilhelm
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kiesslich
keywords: Bile duct lesions; Endoscopic choledochoscopy; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; Gallstones; SpyGlass Direct Visualization SystemTM; “Mother-baby” endoscope technique