title: Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether a healthy lifestyle mitigates the adverse effects of job strain on coronary artery disease. We examined the associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with the risk of coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled individual-level data from 7 cohort studies comprising 102 128 men and women who were free of existing coronary artery disease at baseline (1985-2000). Questionnaires were used to measure job strain (yes v. no) and 4 lifestyle risk factors: current smoking, physical inactivity, heavy drinking and obesity. We grouped participants into 3 lifestyle categories: healthy (no lifestyle risk factors), moderately unhealthy (1 risk factor) and unhealthy (2-4 risk factors). The primary outcome was incident coronary artery disease (defined as first nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac-related death).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1086 incident events in 743,948 person-years at risk during a mean follow-up of 7.3 years. The risk of coronary artery disease among people who had an unhealthy lifestyle compared with those who had a healthy lifestyle (hazard ratio [HR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.18-2.98; population attributable risk 26.4%) was higher than the risk among participants who had job strain compared with those who had no job strain (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06-1.47; population attributable risk 3.8%). The 10-year incidence of coronary artery disease among participants with job strain and a healthy lifestyle (14.7 per 1000) was 53% lower than the incidence among those with job strain and an unhealthy lifestyle (31.2 per 1000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of coronary artery disease was highest among participants who reported job strain and an unhealthy lifestyle; those with job strain and a healthy lifestyle had half the rate of disease. A healthy lifestyle may substantially reduce disease risk among people with job strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mika
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authors.lastname: Kivimäki
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authors.forename: France
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authors.forename: Töres
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authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Marianna
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authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Peter J M
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authors.lastname: Westerholm
authors.forename: Hugo
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authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.forename: Marie
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authors.lastname: Zins
authors.forename: Andrew
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires