title: Back pain in adults.
abstract: This article provides a summary of the many causes of back pain in adults. There is an overview of the history and physical examination with attention paid to red flags that alert the clinician to more worrisome causes of low back pain. An extensive differential diagnosis for back pain in adults is provided along with key historical and physical examination findings. The various therapeutic options are summarized with an emphasis on evidence-based findings. These reviewed treatments include medication, physical therapy, topical treatments, injections, and complementary and alternative medicine. The indications for surgery and specialty referral are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship, Jewish Hospital and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. jon.becker@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stumbo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056352:Athletes; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal