title: Comparison of pasteurized whole milk, UHT whole milk, water, and diluted iodine contrast as computed tomographic enteric contrasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare four computed tomographic (CT) enteric contrasts (pasteurized whole milk, UHT whole milk, water, and diluted iodine contrast) in various aspects, including gastrointestinal (GI) distension, mural visualization, GI landmark distinction, taste, patients 'satisfaction, adverse effects, and prices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients scheduled for whole abdominal CT at the present institution were randomized to receive 1,000 ml of pasteurized whole milk (n = 15), UHT whole milk (n = 15), water (n = 15) and diluted iodine contrast (n = 15) as CT enteric contrasts. Two radiologists separately assessed the GI distension (using a 4-point scale: poor, partial, good, and full), mural visualization (using a 3-point scale: poor, partial, and good), GI landmark distinction at esophagogastric (EG) junction, ampulla of Vater, and pancreatic head-duodenal loop (using a 3-point scale: poor, partial, and good). The participants graded the taste of received enteric contrasts and their satisfaction using a 4-point scale (unacceptable, unpleasant, acceptable, and pleasant). Adverse effects were evaluated by GI associated symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping/discomfort, and diarrhea).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pasteurized whole milk was superior to other agents in GI distension and tended to be better than other agents in mural visualization and GI landmark distinction. No difference in taste and patients' satisfaction was noted between pasteurized whole milk and other agents. Gallbladder collapse was inevitable in participants with pasteurized and UHT whole milk consumption, due to 4%fat content in whole milk. GI adverse effects were more common in whole milk group than other agents. The prices of pasteurized whole milk, UHT whole milk, water and diluted iodine contrast were about 42, 40, 14, and 36 Baht, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pasteurized whole milk is an attractive oral contrast agent, providing good GI distension, mural visualization, and GI landmark discrimination. Apart from gallbladder collapse, increase of GI adverse symptoms was another major drawback of whole milk when used as CT oral contrast, especially in Thai people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. punpae@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Piyaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apisarnthanarak
authors.forename: Tawanmai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tiangpug
authors.forename: Sopa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pongpornsup
authors.forename: Sureerat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janpanich
authors.forename: Thanyaporn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suwannasit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007455:Iodine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D061352:Pasteurization; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014867:Water; D007455:Iodine