title: Individual lytic efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in an in vitro human clot model: rate of "nonresponse".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is a lytic medication widely used in the emergency department to treat acute thrombotic disorders such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. It is known in the clinical use of this drug that it can be less effective in approximately 25% of individuals receiving such treatment. However, there are no data on the variation of lytic efficacy of rt-PA in decreasing individuals' clot size over time. In this study, in vitro lytic efficacy was determined by measuring the decrease in clot diameter after 30 minutes of drug exposure. The authors sought to explore whether there are individuals who do not respond to this lytic therapy and to estimate the rate of nonresponse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human whole blood clots were made from blood drawn from 22 adult volunteers. The only exclusion criterion was the use of aspirin within 72 hours of the blood draw. Blood clots were allowed to spontaneously form at room temperature and were then incubated at 37°C for 3 hours to ensure complete clot retraction. Sample clots from the same individuals were then exposed to human fresh-frozen plasma (hFFP) control or rt-PA in hFFP (rt-PA) at a concentration of 3.15 μg/mL. All clots were exposed at 37°C for 30 minutes, and clot diameter was measured as a function of time, using a microscopic imaging technique. The fractional clot loss (FCL), which is the percentage decrease in clot diameter at 30 minutes, was used as a measure of lytic efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Means with standard deviation (SD) FCL values were 8.6% (±3.0%) for control and 20.6% (±9.3%) for rt-PA-treated clots. The mean (±SD) difference in FCL values was 12.0% (±8.8%) and was significant (p < 0.05, paired t-test). Five of the 22 subjects (23%) were "rt-PA nonresponders," in that their FCL (rt-PA) values fell within that of the FCL control values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, rt-PA does not produce clot lysis in vitro in clots from a substantial minority of the population, likely due to individual variations in clot composition and structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wenker
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lindsell
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003018:Clot Retraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator