title: Environmental dissolved organic matter governs biofilm formation and subsequent linuron degradation activity of a linuron-degrading bacterial consortium.
abstract: It was examined whether biofilm growth on dissolved organic matter (DOM) of a three-species consortium whose members synergistically degrade the phenylurea herbicide linuron affected the consortium's integrity and subsequent linuron-degrading functionality. Citrate as a model DOM and three environmental DOM (eDOM) formulations of different quality were used. Biofilms developed with all DOM formulations, and the three species were retained in the biofilm. However, biofilm biomass, species composition, architecture, and colocalization of member strains depended on DOM and its biodegradability. To assess the linuron-degrading functionality, biofilms were subsequently irrigated with linuron at 10 mg liter(-1) or 100 μg liter(-1). Instant linuron degradation, the time needed to attain maximal linuron degradation, and hence the total amount of linuron removed depended on both the DOM used for growth and the linuron concentration. At 10 mg liter(-1), the final linuron degradation efficiency was as high as previously observed without DOM except for biofilms fed with humic acids which did not degrade linuron. At 100 μg liter(-1) linuron, DOM-grown biofilms degraded linuron less efficiently than biofilms receiving 10 mg liter(-1) linuron. The amount of linuron removed was more correlated with biofilm species composition than with biomass or structure. Based on visual observations, colocalization of consortium members in biofilms after the DOM feed appears essential for instant linuron-degrading activity and might explain the differences in overall linuron degradation. The data show that DOM quality determines biofilm structure and composition of the pesticide-degrading consortium in periods with DOM as the main carbon source and can affect subsequent pesticide-degrading activity, especially at micropollutant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horemans
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breugelmans
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofkens
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springael
mesh_terms: D020562:Betaproteobacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D020582:Hyphomicrobium / Q000502:physiology*; D008044:Linuron / Q000378:metabolism*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D006812:Humic Substances; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014131:Trace Elements; D008044:Linuron; D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen