title: Enhancing the efficiency of solution-processed polymer:colloidal nanocrystal hybrid photovoltaic cells using ethanedithiol treatment.
abstract: Advances in colloidal inorganic nanocrystal synthesis and processing have led to the demonstration of organic-inorganic hybrid photovoltaic (PV) cells using low-cost solution processes from blends of conjugated polymer and colloidal nanocrystals. However, the performance of such hybrid PV cells has been limited due to the lack of control at the complex interfaces between the organic and inorganic hybrid active materials. Here we show that the efficiency of hybrid PV devices can be significantly enhanced by engineering the polymer-nanocrystal interface with proper chemical treatment. Using two different conjugated polymers, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), we show that treating the polymer:nanocrystal hybrid film in an ethanedithiol-containing acetonitrile solution can increase the efficiency of the hybrid PV devices by 30-90%, and a maximum power conversion efficiency of 5.2 ± 0.3% was obtained in the PCPDTBT:CdSe devices at 0.2 sun (AM 1.5G), which was slightly reduced to 4.7 ± 0.3% at 1 sun. The ethanedithiol treatment did not result in significant changes in the morphology and UV-vis optical absorption of the hybrid thin films; however, infrared absorption, NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies revealed the effective removal of organic ligands, especially the charged phosphonic acid ligands, from the CdSe nanorod surface after the treatment, accompanied by the possible monolayer passivation of nanorod surfaces with Cd-thiolates. We attribute the hybrid PV cell efficiency increase upon the ethanedithiol treatment to the reduction in charge and exciton recombination sites on the nanocrystal surface and the simultaneous increase in electron transport through the hybrid film.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6400, USA.
authors.forename: Renjia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stalder
authors.forename: Dongping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Weiran
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yixing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plaisant
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Kirk S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Schanze
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Jiangeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
mesh_terms: D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D003102:Colloids; D008024:Ligands; D008623:Mercaptoethanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012666:Semiconductors; D012993:Solar Energy; D012996:Solutions; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D003102:Colloids; D008024:Ligands; D011108:Polymers; D018036:Selenium Compounds; D012996:Solutions; D013830:Thiadiazoles; D013876:Thiophenes; C555055:poly(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b-3,4-b0)dithiophene))-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole); C507295:poly(3-hexylthiophene); D008623:Mercaptoethanol; C031854:1,2-ethanedithiol; C058667:cadmium selenide