title: ADHD among adolescents with intellectual disabilities: pre-pathway influences.
abstract: Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at heightened risk for developing ADHD. However, the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for youth with ID remains controversial. To advance research on validity, the present study examined the hypothesized precursors to ADHD in typically developing adolescents (TD) and adolescents with ID, specifically with regard to family history of ADHD, molecular genetics, and neuropsychological functioning. Results indicated that youth ADHD symptoms were related to parental ADHD symptoms regardless of the adolescent's cognitive functioning. Additionally, findings suggested that the DRD4 genetic variant and adolescent set-shifting abilities were related to adolescent ADHD symptoms independent of cognitive functioning. This study provides an initial investigation of the biological correlates of ADHD among youth with ID.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, United States. cneece@llu.edu
authors.forename: Cameron L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Neece
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4