title: The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, Parkinson's disease (PD) research has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing PD to be an age-related multifactorial disease, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The tremendous complexity of the disease is increased by a nonlinear progression of the pathogenesis between molecular, cellular and organic systems. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of PD and propose a systems-based approach, organizing the available information around cellular disease hallmarks. We encourage our peers to adopt this cell-based view with the aim of improving communication in interdisciplinary research endeavors targeting the molecular events, modulatory cell-to-cell signaling pathways and emerging clinical phenotypes related to PD.
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Paul M A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.forename: Nico J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.forename: Rejko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balling
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D049490:Systems Biology
keywords: Parkinson's disease; cellular hallmarks; environmental factors; genetic factors; systems biology; translational research