title: Early management of pediatric vascular injuries through humanitarian surgical care during U.S. military operations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this report is to describe our experience of pediatric vascular injuries in a U.S. military combat support hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. A retrospective study was designed using Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) records in order to evaluate the pediatric (age <18 years) population presenting with vascular trauma to a combat hospital in Baghdad, Iraq between April 2006 and August 2008. Demographic data comprised casualty, age, gender, and mechanism of injury. Physiologic data included presenting vital signs (rectal temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate), arterial pH, base deficit, hemoglobin (g/dL), and international normalized ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five children, median age 14 years (range, 5-17 years), median weight 48 kg (range, 15-80 kg) sustained 18 (72%) blast and 7 (28%) gunshot wounds. The mean Injury Severity Score was 25 ± 16.2. The median operative time for the vascular repairs was 189 minutes (range, 41-505 minutes). Patients were tachycardic (mean ± standard deviation, 136 ± 29 bpm), hypotensive (109/63 ± 29/19 mm Hg), and acidemic (pH 7.26 ± 0.07; BD -5.57 ± 5.1 mEq/L) on arrival to the emergency department and were physiologically improved upon admission to the intensive care unit 3 hours later. Repair techniques were ligation (14; 39%), saphenous graft (11; 31%), lateral suture (7; 19%), end anastomosis (2; 5%), patch (1; 3%), and thrombectomy (1; 3%). Twenty-four hour mean transfusion requirements included crystalloid 102 mL/kg (range, 19-253), transfused blood 47 mL/kg (range, 0-119), fresh frozen plasma 14 mL/kg (range, 0-68), and apheresis platelets (1.2 ± 3.68 units). Over a follow-up of 22 ± 5.5 days, the amputation-free survival was 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest reported wartime series to demonstrate in children that damage control resuscitation despite high injury severity permits simultaneous limb salvage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Medical Center, Houston, Tex., USA.
authors.forename: Anahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: Katherine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Via
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kreishman
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kragh
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Spinella
authors.forename: Bhavin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000533:Altruism; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006772:Hospitals, Military; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*