title: Prevalence of use of human milk in US advanced care neonatal units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all preterm infants receive human milk. The objective of this study was to describe the use of human milk in advanced care neonatal units of US maternity hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's national Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care survey from 2007, 2009, and 2011 to analyze 2 questions to describe the prevalence of US advanced care (special/level 2 or intensive/level 3) neonatal units routinely providing human milk to infants, and the use of any donor milk in these units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2011, 30.8% of maternity hospitals reported that most infants (≥90%) were routinely provided human milk in advanced care units, compared with 26.7% in 2009 and 21.2% in 2007 (trend P < .001). States in the Northwest and Northeast had a higher prevalence of hospitals routinely providing human milk to ≥90% of infants in advanced care units. In 2011, 22.0% of maternity hospitals providing advanced care used banked donor milk, compared with 14.4% in 2009 and 11.5% in 2007 (trend P < .001). Most of this increase occurred in intensive care units (25.1% 2007 vs 45.2% 2011; trend P < .001). There was substantial geographic variation in the prevalence of advanced care units using donor milk; generally the prevalence was higher in the West and in states with a milk bank in the state or a neighboring state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of human milk in US advanced care neonatal units is increasing; however, only one-third of these units are routinely providing human milk to most infants.
authors.affiliation: Centers forDisease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. cperrine@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Cria G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Perrine
authors.forename: Kelley S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Scanlon
mesh_terms: D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017784:Milk Banks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008895:Milk, Human; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States
keywords: NICU; donor milk; hospital; human milk; intensive care; special care