title: Selection of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) inhibitors using both the GM1-ELISA and the cAMP Vero cell assay.
abstract: Weaned piglets are very susceptible to diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In the past, various natural components were proposed to have beneficial effects by reducing the effects of diarrheal infectious diseases in humans and animals, and thus may represent an alternative for the use of (prophylactic) antibiotics. Alternatives may inactivate enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) by interfering with toxin binding to the cellular receptor GM1. In this study, various plants and other natural substances were tested for inhibitory properties, in the GM1 binding assay, and in the LT-induced cAMP production in Vero cells. The toxic dose of each compound was determined in a cell viability assay, and the highest nontoxic concentrations were used in the GM1 and cAMP assays. Results demonstrated that only d-(+)-galactose, lactose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, and two tea extracts were able to inhibit the binding of LT to its GM1 receptor. In the cAMP assay, only the two tea extracts showed inhibitory activity. This shows that d-(+)-galactose, lactose, and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine can indeed inhibit LT binding to GM1 based on structural homology with GM1 in the absence of living cells. However, in the cAMP assay, d-(+)-galactose, and lactose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine are apparently metabolized to below their effective inhibitory concentration, likely predicting limited practical applicability in vivo. Both tea extracts maintained their activity in the presence of cells. The active compounds in both are probably polyphenols, which are not easily metabolized, and most likely work by aggregating the toxin. In conclusion, the combination of methods used here is a convenient and fast method for preselecting natural substances containing potentially toxin-binding compounds. Furthermore, if antidiarrhea activity is attributed to compounds found inactive here, their activity is unlikely based on interference with toxin binding.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Health Unit, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Roderick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verhelst
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroyen
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buys
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niewold
mesh_terms: D029912:Abrus / Q000737:chemistry; D000116:Acetylgalactosamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D032449:Canavalia / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005690:Galactose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013662:Tea / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D013662:Tea; C034993:ganglioside receptor; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli; D007785:Lactose; D000116:Acetylgalactosamine; D005690:Galactose