title: A member of the Plasmodium falciparum PHIST family binds to the erythrocyte cytoskeleton component band 4.1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmodium falciparum parasites export more than 400 proteins into the cytosol of their host erythrocytes. These exported proteins catalyse the formation of knobs on the erythrocyte plasma membrane and an overall increase in erythrocyte rigidity, presumably by modulating the endogenous erythrocyte cytoskeleton. In uninfected erythrocytes, Band 4.1 (4.1R) plays a key role in regulating erythrocyte shape by interacting with multiple proteins through the three lobes of its cloverleaf-shaped N-terminal domain. In P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, the C-lobe of 4.1R interacts with the P. falciparum protein mature parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (MESA), but it is not currently known whether other P. falciparum proteins bind to other lobes of the 4.1R N-terminal domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to identify novel 4.1R interacting proteins, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed with a fragment of 4.1R containing both the N- and α-lobes. Positive interactions were confirmed and investigated using site-directed mutagenesis, and antibodies were raised against the interacting partner to characterise it's expression and distribution in P. falciparum infected erythrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a positive interaction between the 4.1R N- and α-lobes and PF3D7_0402000. PF3D7_0402000 is a member of a large family of exported proteins that share a domain of unknown function, the PHIST domain. Domain mapping and site-directed mutagenesis established that it is the PHIST domain of PF3D7_0402000 that interacts with 4.1R. Native PF3D7_0402000 is localized at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), and colocalizes with a subpopulation of 4.1R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The function of the majority of P. falciparum exported proteins, including most members of the PHIST family, is unknown, and in only a handful of cases has a direct interaction between P. falciparum-exported proteins and components of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton been established. The interaction between 4.1R and PF3D7_0402000, and localization of PF3D7_0402000 with a sub-population of 4.1R at the PVM could indicate a role in modulating PVM structure. Further investigation into the mechanisms for 4.1R recruitment is needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PF3D7_0402000 was identified as a new binding partner for the major erythrocyte cytoskeletal protein, 4.1R. This interaction is consistent with a growing body of literature that suggests the PHIST family members function by interacting directly with erythrocyte proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Deborah W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Erika L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kitson
authors.forename: Julian C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rayner
mesh_terms: D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D050505:Mutant Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins