title: Metronomic administration of chlorambucil for treatment of dogs with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the antitumor effects and toxicoses of metronomic oral administration of a low dose of chlorambucil in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  31 client-owned dogs with TCC for which prior treatments had failed or owners had declined other treatments. Procedures-Chlorambucil (4 mg/m2, PO, q 24 h) was administered to dogs. Before and at scheduled times during treatment, evaluations of dogs included physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, thoracic and abdominal imaging including cystosonography for measurement of TCCs, and grading of toxicoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29 of 31 dogs had failed prior TCC treatment. Of the 30 dogs with available data, 1 (3%) had partial remission (≥ 50% reduction in tumor volume), 20 (67%) had stable disease (< 50% change in tumor volume), and 9 (30%) had progressive disease (≥ 50% increase in tumor volume or development of additional tumors); 1 dog was lost to follow-up. The median progression-free interval (time from the start of chlorambucil treatment to the day progressive disease was detected) for the dogs was 119 days (range, 7 to 728 days). The median survival time of dogs from the time of the start of chlorambucil treatment was 221 days (range, 7 to 747 days). Few toxicoses were detected; chlorambucil administration was discontinued because of toxicoses in only 1 dog.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metronomic administration of chlorambucil was well tolerated, and 70% of dogs had partial remission or stable disease. Metronomic administration of chlorambucil may be a treatment option for dogs with TCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Schrempp
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Childress
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Tiffany N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Leach
authors.forename: Kean Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Abbo
authors.forename: Amalia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Gortari
authors.forename: Patty L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.forename: Deborah W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Knapp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002699:Chlorambucil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002699:Chlorambucil