title: The effectiveness of artificial intelligent 3-D virtual reality vocational problem-solving training in enhancing employment opportunities for people with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience cognitive deficits in attention, memory, executive functioning and problem-solving. The purpose of the present research study was to examine the effectiveness of an artificial intelligent virtual reality (VR)-based vocational problem-solving skill training programme designed to enhance employment opportunities for people with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effectiveness of the above programme with that of the conventional psycho-educational approach. Forty participants with mild (n = 20) or moderate (n = 20) brain injury were randomly assigned to each training programme. Comparisons of problem-solving skills were performed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Tower of London Test and the Vocational Cognitive Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in selective memory processes and perception of memory function were found. Across-group comparison showed that the VR group performed more favourably than the therapist-led one in terms of objective and subjective outcome measures and better vocational outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the potential use of a VR-based approach in memory training in people with MCI. Further VR applications, limitations and future research are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, PR China .
authors.forename: David Wai Kwong
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Wai Sang
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Chow
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004651:Employment; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D063367:Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy