title: Analysis of BTEX groundwater concentrations from surface spills associated with hydraulic fracturing operations.
abstract: Concerns have arisen among the public regarding the potentialfor drinking-water contamination from the migration of methane gas and hazardous chemicals associated with hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. However, little attention has been paid to the potentialfor groundwater contamination resulting from surface spills from storage and production facilities at active well sites. We performed a search for publically available data regarding groundwater contamination from spills at ULS. drilling sites. The Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) database was selected for further analysis because it was the most detailed. The majority ofspills were in Weld County, Colorado, which has the highest density of wells that used hydraulic fracturing for completion, many producing both methane gas and crude oil. We analyzed publically available data reported by operators to the COGCC regarding surface spills that impacted groundwater From July 2010 to July 2011, we noted 77 reported surface spills impacting the groundwater in Weld County, which resulted in surface spills associated with less than 0.5% of the active wells. The reported data included groundwater samples that were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, andxylene (BTEX) components of crude oil. For groundwater samples taken both within the spill excavation area and on the first reported date of sampling, the BTEX measurements exceeded National Drinking Water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in 90, 30, 12, and 8% of the samples, respectively. However, actions taken to remediate the spills were effective at reducing BJTEX levels, with at least 84% of the spills reportedly achieving remediation as of May 2012. Our analysis demonstrates that surface spills are an important route of potential groundwater contamination from hydraulic fracturing activities and should be a focus of programs to protect groundwater
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While benzene can occur naturally in groundwater sources, spills and migration of chemicals used for hydraulic fracturing activities have recently been thought to be a main source of benzene contamination in groundwater. However, there is little scientific literature to support that claim. Therefore, we accessed a publically available database and tracked the number of reported surface spills with potential groundwater impact over a 1-year period. Although the number of surface spills was minimal, our analysis provides scientific evidence that benzene can contaminate groundwater sources following surface spills at active well sites.
authors.affiliation: ChemRisk LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA sgross@chemrisk.com
authors.forename: Sherilyn A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Heather J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Avens
authors.forename: Amber M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Banducci
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sahmel
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Panko
authors.forename: Brooke E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Tvermoes
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000737:chemistry*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene