title: Hypothetical decision making in schizophrenia: the role of expected value computation and "irrational" biases.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine the contributions to decision making (DM) deficits in schizophrenia (SZ) patients of expected value (EV) estimation and loss aversion. Patients diagnosed with SZ (n=46) and healthy controls (n=34) completed two gambling tasks. In one task, participants chose between two options with the same EV across two conditions: Loss frames and Keep frames. A second task involved accepting or rejecting gambles, in which gain and loss amounts varied, determining the EV of each trial. SZ patients showed a reduced "framing effect" relative to controls, as they did not show an increased tendency to gamble when faced with a certain loss. SZ patients also showed a reduced tendency to modify behavior as a function of EV. The degree to which choices tracked EV correlated significantly with several cognitive measures in both patients and controls. SZ patients show distinct deviations from normal behavior under risk when their decisions are based on prospective outcomes. These deviations are two-fold: cognitive deficits prevent value-based DM in more-impaired patients, and in less-impaired patients there is a lack of influence from well-established subjective biases found in healthy people. These abnormalities likely affect everyday DM strategies in schizophrenia patients.
authors.affiliation: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Waltz
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: Framing effects; Loss aversion; Prospect theory; Risk