title: Mandibular osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis: evolution and current advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although a number of mandibular and occlusal problems may be addressed by orthodontic treatment alone, dentofacial osteotomies are often needed to achieve desired functional or cosmetic results. With the increased popularity of mandibular distraction osteogenesis in recent years, the role of the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon is crucial in the multidisciplinary care of patients with such problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the history and evolution of mandibular osteotomies and distraction osteogenesis and to discuss indications, advantages, disadvantages, and recent advances of these techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and PubMed searches without date limits, confined to publications in English, German, and French languages were used to search for terms mandibular advancement, mandibular osteotomy, orthognathic surgery, mandibular distraction osteogenesis, prognathism, and retrognathism in the respective languages. References not found on the sources noted were found in print form in the New York Medical College Library when needed. Particular techniques, as originally described or relating to mandibular osteotomies and mandibular distraction osteogenesis, were critically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The goal of surgical mandibular modification procedures is to correct a variety of craniofacial abnormalities for both functional and aesthetic purposes. Multiple techniques of both mandibular osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis have been shown to be effective. Their effectiveness and utility is primarily determined by the specific craniofacial defect and desired outcome, as well as surgeon preference and patient compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While mandibular osteotomy has evolved tremendously, distraction osteogenesis continues to grow as a leading method of surgical correction for a variety of craniofacial defects. Current research shows significant strides in making distraction more effective and efficient to use for both the surgeon and the patient. With the growing popularity of these procedures, the up-to-date knowledge of the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon in these advances is of utmost importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 310 E 14th St, New York, NY 10003, USA. saman@theidealface.com
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saman
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Abramowitz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchbinder
mesh_terms: D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D063168:Mandibular Osteotomy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States