title: Reduced nitrogen losses after conversion of row crop agriculture to perennial biofuel crops.
abstract: Current biofuel feedstock crops such as corn lead to large environmental losses of N through nitrate leaching and NO emissions; second-generation cellulosic crops have the potential to reduce these N losses. We measured N losses and cycling in establishing miscanthus (), switchgrass ( L. fertilized with 56 kg N ha yr), and mixed prairie, along with a corn ( L.)-corn-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation (corn fertilized at 168-202 kg N ha). Nitrous oxide emissions, soil N mineralization, mid-profile nitrate leaching, and tile flow and nitrate concentrations were measured. Perennial crops quickly reduced nitrate leaching at a 50-cm soil depth as well as concentrations and loads from the tile systems (year 1 tile nitrate concentrations of 10-15 mg N L declined significantly by year 4 in all perennial crops to <0.6 mg N L, with losses of <0.8 kg N ha yr). Nitrous oxide emissions were 2.2 to 7.7 kg N ha yr in the corn-corn-soybean rotation but were <1.0 kg N ha yr by year 4 in the perennial crops. Overall N balances (atmospheric deposition + fertilization + soybean N fixation - harvest, leaching losses, and NO emissions) were positive for corn and soybean (22 kg N ha yr) as well as switchgrass (9.7 kg N ha yr) but were -18 and -29 kg N ha yr for prairie and miscanthus, respectively. Our results demonstrate rapid tightening of the N cycle as perennial biofuel crops established on a rich Mollisol soil.
authors.forename: Candice M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Corey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Kristina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anderson-Teixeira
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bernacchi
authors.forename: Evan H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Delucia
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D056804:Biofuels; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D009584:Nitrogen; D012987:Soil; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D012987:Soil; D009584:Nitrogen