title: In vivo study of the initial bacterial adhesion on different implant materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biofilm formation on implant materials plays a major role in the aetiology of periimplantitis. The aim of this study was to examine in vivo the initial bacterial adhesion on six different implant materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The implant materials Ti-m, TiUnite®, ZiUnite®, ATZ-m, ATZ-s, TZP-A-m were tested using bovine enamel slabs as controls. All materials, fixed on splint systems, were examined after 30 min and 120 min of oral exposure. DAPI staining was used for quantitative analysis of the initially adherent microorganisms. Initial adherent microorganisms were visualised by fluorescence In situ-hybridisation (FISH) and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The targets of the oligonucleotide probes were Eubacteria, Veillonella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus spp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAPI analysis showed that increasing the time of oral exposure resulted in an increasing amount of initial adherent bacteria. The highest level of colonisation was on ZiUnite®, with the lowest occurring on the bovine enamel, followed by Ti-m. This early colonisation correlated significantly with the surface roughnesses of the materials. FISH and CLSM showed no significant differences relating to total bacterial composition. However, Streptococcus spp. was shown to be the main colonisers on each of the investigated materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  it could be shown that within an oral exposure time of 30 min and 120 min, despite the salivary acquired pellicle initial biofilm formation is mainly influenced directly or indirect by the material surface topography. Highly polished surfaces should minimise the risk of biofilm formation, plaque accumulation and possibly periimplantitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany. ali.al-ahmad@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fackler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Follo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellwig
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bächle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hannig
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolkewitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000379:methods; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002417:Cattle; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000382:microbiology*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000254:growth & development*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Implant material; Oral biofilm; Periimplantitis; Titanium; Zirconia