title: Positioning of inflammatory biomarkers in the heart failure landscape.
abstract: The clinical syndrome of heart failure is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response that contributes to end organ damage in the heart and circulation and can thus lead to worsening heart failure. The ensemble of inflammatory mediators that have been detected in heart failure patients include pro-inflammatory cytokines and their cognate receptors, as well as molecules secreted/released by macrophages (galectin-3 and pentraxin-3). Inflammatory biomarkers correlate with disease severity and prognosis across the broad spectrum of heart failure syndromes. Given the proliferation of new biomarkers that predict disease severity and prognosis in heart failure, it is reasonable to ask whether there is a current role for measuring inflammatory mediators in heart failure. This review will attempt to address this question, as well as review several novel approaches that have utilized inflammatory biomarkers to enhance risk stratification and prognosis in heart failure patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartupee
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators