title: Association of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus with genital human papillomavirus infection in men: the HPV in men study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in women indicate that some sexually transmitted infections promote human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and carcinogenesis. Little is known about this association in men; therefore, we assessed whether Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) serostatus are associated with genital HPV prevalence, an early event in HPV-related pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genital exfoliated cells, first-void urine, and blood from 3971 men recruited in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil were tested for HPV, CT, and HSV-2 antibodies, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of CT infection and HSV-2 serostatus with 4 HPV outcomes (any, oncogenic, nononcogenic only, and multiple infections).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64 (1.6%) men were CT positive, and 811 (20.4%) men were HSV-2 seropositive. After adjustment for potential confounders, CT was associated with any HPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.24), oncogenic HPV (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.53-6.28), and multiple HPV (aOR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.69-6.95) prevalence. Herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus was associated with any HPV (aOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02-1.52), nononcogenic HPV only (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08-1.75), and multiple HPV (aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68) prevalence. In analyses stratified by sexual behavior, CT infection was significantly associated with HPV detection among men reporting 2 or more recent sexual partners, whereas HSV-2 serostatus was significantly associated with HPV detection in men reporting 0 to 5 lifetime sexual partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, CT infection and HSV-2 serostatus were associated with prevalent genital HPV infection. Future prospective studies should investigate whether these infections influence HPV acquisition and/or persistence.
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, GGD Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catharina Johanna
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Alberts
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schim van der Loeff
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Papenfuss
authors.forename: Roberto José Carvalho
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Luisa Lina
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nyitray
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000914:Antibodies, Viral