title: Combined prevalence of frailty and mild cognitive impairment in a population of elderly Japanese people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preventive strategies for frailty and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are important for avoiding future functional decline and dementia in older adults. The purpose of this study was to use a population-based survey to ascertain the single and combined prevalence of frailty and MCI and to identify the relationships between frailty and MCI in older Japanese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5104 older adults (aged 65 years or older, mean age 71 years) who were enrolled in the Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly (OSHPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each participant underwent detailed physical and cognitive testing to assess frailty and MCI. We considered the frailty phenotype to be characterized by limitations in 3 or more of the following 5 domains: mobility, strength, endurance, physical activity, and nutrition. Screening for MCI included a standardized personal interview, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool (NCGG-FAT), which included 8 tasks used to assess logical memory (immediate and delayed recognition), word list memory (immediate and delayed recall), attention and executive function (tablet version of Trail Making Test-part A and B), processing speed (tablet version of digit symbol substitution test), and visuospatial skill (figure selection).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of frailty, MCI, and frailty and MCI combined was 11.3%, 18.8%, and 2.7%, respectively. We found significant relationships between frailty and MCI (the odds ratio adjusted for age, sex, and education was 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.5-2.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the OSHPE criteria, we found more participants with MCI than with frailty. The prevalence of frailty and MCI combined was 2.7% in our population. Future investigation is necessary to determine whether this population is at increased risk for disability or mortality.
authors.affiliation: Section for Health Promotion, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan. shimada@ncgg.go.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Hyuma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makizako
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsutsumimoto
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Anan
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Sangyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyuntae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors