title: Disability transitions and health expectancies among adults 45 years and older in Malawi: a cohort-based model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falling fertility and increasing life expectancy contribute to a growing elderly population in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); by 2060, persons aged 45 y and older are projected to be 25% of SSA's population, up from 10% in 2010. Aging in SSA is associated with unique challenges because of poverty and inadequate social supports. However, despite its importance for understanding the consequences of population aging, the evidence about the prevalence of disabilities and functional limitations due to poor physical health among older adults in SSA continues to be very limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants came from 2006, 2008, and 2010 waves of the Malawi Longitudinal Survey of Families and Health, a study of the rural population in Malawi. We investigate how poor physical health results in functional limitations that limit the day-to-day activities of individuals in domains relevant to this subsistence-agriculture context. These disabilities were parameterized based on questions from the SF-12 questionnaire about limitations in daily living activities. We estimated age-specific patterns of functional limitations and the transitions over time between different disability states using a discrete-time hazard model. The estimated transition rates were then used to calculate the first (to our knowledge) microdata-based health expectancies calculated for SSA. The risks of experiencing functional limitations due to poor physical health are high in this population, and the onset of disabilities happens early in life. Our analyses show that 45-y-old women can expect to spend 58% (95% CI, 55%-64%) of their remaining 28 y of life (95% CI, 25.7-33.5) with functional limitations; 45-y-old men can expect to live 41% (95% CI, 35%-46%) of their remaining 25.4 y (95% CI, 23.3-28.8) with such limitations. Disabilities related to functional limitations are shown to have a substantial negative effect on individuals' labor activities, and are negatively related to subjective well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals in this population experience a lengthy struggle with disabling conditions in adulthood, with high probabilities of remitting and relapsing between states of functional limitation. Given the strong association of disabilities with work efforts and subjective well-being, this research suggests that current national health policies and international donor-funded health programs in SSA inadequately target the physical health of mature and older adults.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Group in Demography, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. collinp@sas.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Collin F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mkandawire
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kohler
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D019456:Health Transition; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012423:Rural Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors