title: Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake.
abstract: The objective was to examine the effect of consuming breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Participants who habitually ate breakfast and those who skipped breakfast were recruited for two studies. Using a randomized crossover design, the first study examined the effect of having participants consume either (a) no breakfast, (b) a high carbohydrate breakfast (335 kcals), or (c) a high fiber breakfast (360 kcals) on three occasions and measured ad libitum intake at lunch. The second study again used a randomized crossover design but with a larger, normal carbohydrate breakfast consumed ad libtum. Intake averaged 624 kcals and subsequent food intake was measured throughout the day. Participants ate only foods served from the Cornell Human Metabolic Research Unit where all foods were weighed before and after consumption. In the first study, neither eating breakfast nor the kind of breakfast consumed had an effect on the amount consumed at lunch despite a reduction in hunger ratings. In the second study, intake at lunch as well as hunger ratings were significantly increased after skipping breakfast (by 144 kcal), leaving a net caloric deficit of 408 kcal by the end of the day. These data are consistent with published literature demonstrating that skipping a meal does not result in accurate energy compensation at subsequent meals and suggests that skipping breakfast may be an effective means to reduce daily energy intake in some adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States. dal4@cornell.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Levitsky
authors.forename: Carly R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pacanowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D062408:Breakfast; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000187:drug effects; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber
keywords: Control of energy intake; Energetic compensation; Obesity; Skipping breakfast; Weight control