title: Toluene diisocyanate emission to air and migration to a surface from a flexible polyurethane foam.
abstract: Flexible polyurethane foam (FPF) is produced from the reaction of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyols. Because of the potential for respiratory sensitization following exposure to TDI, concerns have been raised about potential consumer exposure to TDI from residual 'free TDI' in FPF products. Limited and conflicting results exist in the literature concerning the presence of unreacted TDI remaining in FPF as determined by various solvent extraction and analysis techniques. Because residual TDI results are most often intended for application in assessment of potential human exposure to TDI from FPF products, testing techniques that more accurately simulated human contact with foam were designed. To represent inhalation exposure to TDI from polyurethane foam, a test that measured the emission of TDI to air was conducted. For simulation of human dermal exposure to TDI from polyurethane foam, a migration test technique was designed. Emission of TDI to air was determined for a representative FPF using three different emission test cells. Two were commercially available cells that employ air flow over the surface of the foam [the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC®) and the Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extraction™ cell]. The third emission test cell was of a custom design and features air flow through the foam sample rather than over the foam surface. Emitted TDI in the air of the test cells was trapped using glass fiber filters coated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine (MP), a commonly used derivatizing agent for diisocyanates. The filters were subsequently desorbed and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Measurement of TDI migration from representative foam was accomplished by placing glass fiber filters coated with MP on the outer surfaces of a foam disk and then compressing the filters against the disk using a clamping apparatus for periods of 8 and 24 h. The sample filters were subsequently desorbed and analyzed in the same manner as for the emission tests. Although the foam tested had detectable levels of solvent-extractable TDI (56ng TDI g(-1) foam for the foam used in emissions tests; 240-2800ng TDI g(-1) foam for the foam used in migration tests), no TDI was detected in any of the emission or migration tests. Method detection limits (MDLs) for the emissions tests ranged from 0.03 to 0.5ng TDI g(-1) foam (0.002-0.04ng TDI cm(-2) of foam surface), whereas those for the migration tests were 0.73ng TDI g(-1) foam (0.16ng TDI cm(-2) of foam surface). Of the three emission test methods used, the FLEC® had the lowest relative MDLs (by a factor of 3-10) by virtue of its high chamber loading factor. In addition, the FLEC® cell offers well-established conformity with emission testing standard methods.
authors.affiliation: Huntsman (Europe) BVBA, Everslaan 45, 3078 Everberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vangronsveld
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berckmans
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spence
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000517:prevention & control; D020405:Dermis / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D010879:Piperazines; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D010879:Piperazines; D011140:Polyurethanes; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate; C040083:1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine; C028279:polyurethane foam
keywords: FLEC cell; air emission; flexible foam; micro-chamber; migration; polyurethane; toluene diisocyanate