title: [Screening for depression by telephone using the German version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analyses of the reliability and validity of the German version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the assessment of normative values.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of 868 people (German population, 18 to 94 years) was assessed via structured interviews in a telephone survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the cut-off score of 16 points, 8.5 % of the total sample (11.0 % women and 5.6 % men) showed relevant depressive symptoms. When using the cut-off score of 22 points, 3.5 % of the subjects of the total sample, 4.2 % of the women and 2.5% of the men, were classified as depressed. The analysis of the psychometric properties of the instrument such as internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity and factor structure revealed moderate to good results. Percentile standard values were determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The German version of the CES-D can be described as a reliable and valid instrument for detecting depressive symptoms. The present study offers current normative data for the specific use in telephone surveys.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozialmedizin, Arbeitsmedizin und Public Health (ISAP), Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozialmedizin, Arbeitsmedizin und Public Health (ISAP), Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luppa
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozialmedizin, Arbeitsmedizin und Public Health (ISAP), Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
authors.forename: Jette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahnke
authors.affiliation: Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim/Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weyerer
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schomerus
authors.affiliation: Institut für Sozialmedizin, Arbeitsmedizin und Public Health (ISAP), Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.
authors.forename: Steffi G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Riedel-Heller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult