title: Modulation of the nano-tensile mechanical properties of co-blended amphiphilic alginate fibers as oradurable biomaterials for specialized biomedical application.
abstract: The modulation of the mechanical properties of monolithic fibers by plasticizing and crosslinking enables the dynamic control of the nano-tensile forces, thereby obtaining optimized Young's modulus and ultimate strain for specialized application in the treatment of periodontal disease. In this work, drug-loaded crosslinked and plasticized alginate fibers (cl-PAFs) were prepared by extrusion-gelification with the aim of designing oradurable biomaterials for placement within the periodontal pocket and provide prolonged drug delivery. Mechanical properties of drug-free cl-PAFs were determined using a nanoTensile™ 5000 instrument and subsequently optimized versus the quantity of plasticizer and crosslinker as formulation variables employing a Box-Behnken experimental design strategy. Mechanically optimized fibers obtained (Young's Modulus=314.04 MPa, yield stress=5.80 MPa, ultimate strength=10.05 MPa, ultimate strain=0.29 MPa and toughness=2.39 J cm(-3)) were loaded with the model drugs ciprofloxacin and diclofenac both individually and simultaneously. The Young's modulus of cl-PAFs loaded with either drug individually exhibited a steep decline. However, in the case of cl-PAFs loaded with both drugs simultaneously, Young's modulus regained the original value which may be attributed to the cohesive energy density, porosity and space filling. The effect of various formulation variables on the drug entrapment and release characteristics of the alginate fibers was elucidated at pH 4.0 and pH 6.8. Furthermore, a previously established atomistic computational model based on energy refinements was employed to mechanistically describe the fiber performance. The effect of varying the plasticizer and crosslinking ion concentration on Young's modulus and ultimate strain of the linear elastic polymer matrix and the performance of the ciprofloxacin and/or diclofenac loaded optimized fiber was elucidated and conceptualized using molecular mechanics energy relationships (MMER) via the geometrical conformation and positioning of the molecular architectures.
authors.affiliation: University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Deanne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Yahya E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Choonara
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.forename: Viness
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pillay
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003764:Dental Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011108:Polymers; D004008:Diclofenac; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D020723:Glucuronic Acid