title: Morphological variation in the adult hard palate and posterior pharyngeal wall.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult human vocal tracts display considerable morphological variation across individuals, but the nature and extent of this variation has not been extensively studied for many vocal tract structures. There exists a need to analyze morphological variation and, even more basically, to develop a methodology for morphological analysis of the vocal tract. Such analysis will facilitate fundamental characterization of the speech production system, with broad implications from modeling to explaining interspeaker variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A data-driven methodology to automatically analyze the extent and variety of morphological variation is proposed and applied to a diverse subject pool of 36 adults. Analysis is focused on two key aspects of vocal tract structure: the midsagittal shape of the hard palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Result Palatal morphology varies widely in its degree of concavity but also in anteriority and sharpness. Pharyngeal wall morphology, by contrast, varies mostly in terms of concavity alone. The distribution of morphological characteristics is complex, and analysis suggests that certain variations may be categorical in nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major modes of morphological variation are identified, including their relative magnitude, distribution, and categorical nature. Implications of these findings for speech articulation strategies and speech acoustics are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Humanities and Languages, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia. lammert@usc.edu
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lammert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Shrikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayanan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004947:Esophagus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anatomy; articulation; morphology; physiology; speech motor control; speech production