title: Clinical evaluation of pediatric anaphylaxis and the necessity for multiple doses of epinephrine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epinephrine administered intramuscularly is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis, and more than 1 dose is occasionally required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical background of anaphylaxis for improving the treatment, management, and prognosis of anaphylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children who had satisfied the diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network were selected from our hospital from April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 61 patients from the ages of 2 months to 14 years who satisfied the diagnostic criteria for anaphylaxis. Parents of 32 children (52.5%) reported that they had been administered single dose of epinephrine, and 3 children (4.9%) reported receiving multiple doses of epinephrine. The latter group experienced syncope more often (p = 0.049) than the former and suffered more often from comorbid allergic diseases (p = 0.043) that included either bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis. Two (3.3%) children experienced biphasic reactions. Patients who experienced a biphasic reaction were more likely to have experienced syncope (p = 0.033), vomiting (p = 0.02), and administration of multiple doses of epinephrine (p = 0.0016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings lead us to recommend that children receiving more than 1 injection of epinephrine should be observed for 24 hours, because it seems that children with requiring more than 1 injection of epinephrine might be have biphasic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Inagi Municipal Hospital, 1171 Omaru, Inagi, Tokyo 206-2801, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
keywords: Anaphylaxis; Biphasic anaphylaxis; Children; Epinephrine