title: Opposing functions of psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) in epithelial carcinogenesis.
abstract: The S100 protein family is involved in epithelial cell maturation and inflammation. Some S100 members are dysregulated during carcinogenesis and have been established as tumor markers. Psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) are highly homologous proteins that have been first described in psoriasis, which is characterized by disturbed epidermal maturation and chronic inflammation. Despite their homology, both S100 proteins are distinct in expression and function through different receptors but synergize as chemoattractants and pro-inflammatory 'alarmins' to promote inflammation. Psoriasin and koebnerisin are further regulated with tumor progression in epithelial cancers. In tumor cells, high cytoplasmic expression of psoriasin and koebnerisin may prevent oncogenic activity, whereas their nuclear translocation and extracellular secretion are associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. The present review outlines these opposing effects of psoriasin and koebnerisin in multifunctional pathways and mechanisms that are known to affect tumor cells ('seeds'), tumor environment ('soil') and tumor cell metastasis ('seeding') thereby influencing epithelial carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hattinger
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zwicker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
authors.forename: Stuart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yuspa
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075023:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000075023:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7; D009418:S100 Proteins; C089242:S100A7 protein, human; C510475:S100A7A protein, human; C506174:S100a7a protein, mouse