title: Evaluation of the 2011 long-lasting, insecticide-treated net distribution for universal coverage in Togo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria remains a substantial public health problem in Togo. An integrated child health campaign was conducted in Togo in October 2011. This campaign included a component of free distribution of 2,799,800 long-lasting, insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) to households throughout Togo. This distribution marked the first effort in Togo at universal LLIN coverage and was not targeted specifically to children under five years and pregnant women, but to all household members. This study reports the results of the LLIN distribution campaign in terms of bed net possession and utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative household survey was implemented during the rainy season nine months after the LLIN distribution component of the campaign. Some 6,015 households selected through two stages of probability proportion to size stratified random sampling were interviewed using a brief questionnaire that included a demographic section with questions on the number of household members and sleeping spaces, and a campaign participation section with questions used to evaluate non-LLIN aspects of the campaign. A net roster listed all nets and their characteristics, and a household roster listed all members and visitors with information about bed net use. The questions addressed different aspects of bed net and LLIN possession and utilization. Crude weighted frequencies, percentages, and t- tests of association were calculated using the Stata 12.0 Survey features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Possession of at least one bed net and/or LLIN increased from 41.3% to 96.7% (P <0.001). Household possession of at least one campaign LLIN was 93.3%. Report LLIN among pregnant women was 77.5% and 79.3% for children under five. For the general population LLIN use was 68.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the gap in LLIN possession and use and the significant number of individuals reporting a lack of nets as a reason for non-use, additional national LLIN distribution campaigns with a stronger educational component need to be implemented in order increase the use of available LLINs and to reach and maintain universal coverage of LLINs in Togo. The LLIN distribution campaign focusing on universal coverage of the general population in Togo was more successful at increasing LLIN possession and use of children under five years and pregnant women than other campaigns focusing only on these target groups.
authors.affiliation: United States Peace Corps, Togo, BP3194, Lomé, Togo. stevenselir@gmail.com
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aldridge
authors.forename: Yawo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Degbey
authors.forename: Akou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pignandi
authors.forename: Monique A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dorkenoo
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hugelen-Padin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014037:Togo; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000458:organization & administration*; D055815:Young Adult