title: Carotid atherosclerotic plaque characterisation by measurement of ultrasound sound speed in vitro at high frequency, 20 MHz.
abstract: This study aimed to utilise a tissue mimicking material (TMM) in order to embed in vitro carotid plaque tissue so that its acoustic properties could be assessed. Here, an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) agar-based TMM was adapted to a clear gel by removal of the particulates. This clear TMM was measured with sound speed at 1540 ms(-1) and an attenuation coefficient of 0.15 dB cm(-1)MHz(-1). Composite sound speed was then measured through the embedded material using a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM). Both broadband reflection and transmission techniques were performed on each plaque specimen in order to ensure the consistency of the measurement of sound speed, both at 21 °C and 37 °C. The plaque was measured at two temperatures to investigate any effect on the lipid content of the plaque. The contour maps from its associated attenuation plots were used to match the speed data to the photographic mask of the plaque outline. This physical matching was then used to derive the sound speed from the percentage composition seen in the histological data by solution of simultaneous equations. Individual speed values for five plaque components were derived; TMM, elastin, fibrous/collagen, calcification and lipid. The results for derived sound speed in the TMM were consistently close to the expected value of soft tissue, 1540 ms(-1). The fibrous tissue showed a mean value of 1584 ms(-1) at 37 °C. The derived sound speeds for elastic and lipid exhibited large inter-quartile ranges. The calcification had higher sound speed than the other plaque components at 1760-2000 ms(-1). The limitations here lay in the difficulties in the matching process caused by the inhomogeneity of the plaque material and shrinkage during the histological process. Future work may concentrate on more homogeneous material in order to derive sound speed data for separate components. Nevertheless, this study increases the known data ranges of the individual components within a plaque. This information may be used help to assess the mechanical properties and structural integrity and its associated vulnerability or risk of embolization in future diagnostic ultrasound techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physics, Royal London Hospital, 56-76, Ashfield Street, Whitechapel, London, UK. Electronic address: mark.brewin@salisbury.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Brewin
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Srodon
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Carotid artery; High frequency; Plaque; Tissue characterisation; Ultrasound