title: Slow breathing as a means to improve orthostatic tolerance: a randomized sham-controlled trial.
abstract: Endogenous oscillations in blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood flow have been associated with improved orthostatic tolerance. Although slow breathing induces such responses, it has not been tested as a therapeutic strategy to improve orthostatic tolerance. With the use of a randomized, crossover sham-controlled design, we tested the hypothesis that breathing at six breaths/min (vs. spontaneous breathing) would improve orthostatic tolerance via inducing oscillations in mean arterial BP (MAP) and cerebral blood flow. Sixteen healthy participants (aged 25 ± 4 yr; mean ± SD) had continuous beat-to-beat measurements of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), BP (finometer), heart rate (ECG), and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure during an incremental orthostatic stress test to presyncope by combining head-up tilt with incremental lower-body negative pressure. Tolerance time to presyncope was improved (+15%) with slow breathing compared with spontaneous breathing (29.2 ± 5.4 vs. 33.7 ± 6.0 min; P < 0.01). The improved tolerance was reflected in elevations in low-frequency (LF; 0.07-0.2 Hz) oscillations of MAP and mean MCAv, improved metrics of dynamic cerebrovascular control (increased LF phase and reduced LF gain), and a reduced rate of decline for MCAv (-0.60 ± 0.27 vs. -0.99 ± 0.51 cm·s(-1)·min(-1); P < 0.01) and MAP (-0.50 ± 0.37 vs. -1.03 ± 0.80 mmHg/min; P = 0.01 vs. spontaneous breathing) across time from baseline to presyncope. Our findings show that orthostatic tolerance can be improved within healthy individuals with a simple, nonpharmacological breathing strategy. The mechanisms underlying this improvement are likely mediated via the generation of negative intrathoracic pressure during slow and deep breathing and the related beneficial impact on cerebrovascular and autonomic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. s.j.e.lucas@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Samuel J E
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Nia C S
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Elisabeth L G
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Sikken
authors.forename: Kate N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Ainslie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008150:Lower Body Negative Pressure / Q000379:methods; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012119:Respiration; D018667:Tilt-Table Test / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: cerebral blood flow oscillations; controlled breathing; orthostatic tolerance