title: Secondary choriocapillaritis in infectious chorioretinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) patterns of hypofluorescence that are compatible with choriocapillaritis that occur secondarily to toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (ToRC), ocular tuberculosis (including tuberculous choroiditis, TuCR and multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis, TMSC) and syphilitic chorioretinitis (SyCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single centre, retrospective case review study. Patients with a diagnosis of ToRC, TuCR, TMSC or SyCR were identified, their charts were reviewed and fundus photographs, fluorescein angiography (FA) and ICGA pictures were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indocyanine green angiography was performed at the initial presentation in 63 of the 105 patients with ToRC, in 37 of the 38 patients with TuCR, in six of six patients with TMSC and in two of four patients with SyCR. The following four ICGA patterns indicated choriocapillaritis: extension of hypofluorescence beyond the hypofluorescence of the actual infectious focus as seen on fundus photography or FA (seen only in ToRC and TuCR); small dark dots around the infectious focus (seen only in ToRC); multiple 'confetti-like' hypofluorescent areas or hypofluorescent geographical confluent areas (seen only in TMSC); and widespread areas of nonperfusion visible only in ICGA (seen only in SyCR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with secondary choriocapillaritis have distinct typical ICGA findings. ICGA is thus an important diagnostic tool that can provide an explanation for otherwise obscure visual loss and that might have diagnostic value for specific conditions like ToRC and SyCR.
authors.affiliation: Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Disease, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialized Care (COS), Clinic Montchoisi, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Neurosciences, Eye Clinic, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, ItalyUniversity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papadia
authors.forename: Carl P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Herbort
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002825:Chorioretinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014126:Toxoplasmosis, Ocular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014392:Tuberculosis, Ocular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: indocyanine green angiography; multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis; ocular tuberculosis; secondary choriocapillaritis; syphilitic chorioretinitis; toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis