title: Association of caesarean delivery with child adiposity from age 6 weeks to 15 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  o assess associations of caesarean section with body mass from birth through adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  ongitudinal birth cohort study, following subjects up to 15 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children born in 1991-1992 in Avon, UK who participated in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (n=10 219).
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  standardized measures of body mass (weight-for length z-scores at 6 weeks, 10 and 20 months; and body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 38 months, 7, 9, 11 and 15 years). Secondary outcome: categorical overweight or obese (BMI: 85th percentile) for age and gender, at 38 months, 7, 9, 11 and 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 10 219 children, 926 (9.06%) were delivered by caesarean section. Those born by caesarean had lower-birth weights than those born vaginally (-46.1 g, 95% confidence interval(CI): 14.6-77.6 g; P=0.004). In mixed multivariable models adjusting for birth weight, gender, parental body mass, family sociodemographics, gestational factors and infant feeding patterns, caesarean delivery was consistently associated with increased adiposity, starting at 6 weeks (+0.11 s.d. units, 95% CI: 0.03-0.18; P=0.005), through age 15 (BMI z-score increment+0.10 s.d. units, 95% CI: 0.001-0.198; P=0.042). By age 11 caesarean-delivered children had 1.83 times the odds of overweight or obesity (95% CI: 1.24-2.70; P=0.002). When the sample was stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy weight, the association among children born of overweight/obese mothers was strong and long-lasting. In contrast, evidence of an association among children born of normal-weight mothers was weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cesarean delivery is associated with increased body mass in childhood and adolescence. Research is needed to further characterize the association in children of normal weight women. Additional work is also needed to understand the mechanism underlying the association, which may involve relatively enduring changes in the intestinal microbiome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Medicine, and Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10012, USA. jan.blustein@wagner.nyu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blustein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attina
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trasande
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D009035:Mothers; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology