title: Long-term effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure in adolescent and adult rats: radial-arm maze performance and operant food reinforced responding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescence is not only a critical period of late-stage neurological development in humans, but is also a period in which ethanol consumption is often at its highest. Given the prevalence of ethanol use during this vulnerable developmental period we assessed the long-term effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure during adolescence, compared to adulthood, on performance in the radial-arm maze (RAM) and operant food-reinforced responding in male rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to CIE (or saline) and then allowed to recover. Animals were then trained in either the RAM task or an operant task using fixed- and progressive- ratio schedules. After baseline testing was completed all animals received an acute ethanol challenge while blood ethanol levels (BECs) were monitored in a subset of animals. CIE exposure during adolescence, but not adulthood decreased the amount of time that animals spent in the open portions of the RAM arms (reminiscent of deficits in risk-reward integration) and rendered animals more susceptible to the acute effects of an ethanol challenge on working memory tasks. The operant food reinforced task showed that these effects were not due to altered food motivation or to differential sensitivity to the nonspecific performance-disrupting effects of ethanol. However, CIE pre-treated animals had lower BEC levels than controls during the acute ethanol challenges indicating persistent pharmacokinetic tolerance to ethanol after the CIE treatment. There was little evidence of enduring effects of CIE alone on traditional measures of spatial and working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These effects indicate that adolescence is a time of selective vulnerability to the long-term effects of repeated ethanol exposure on neurobehavioral function and acute ethanol sensitivity. The positive and negative findings reported here help to further define the nature and extent of the impairments observed after adolescent CIE and provide direction for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mary-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Risher
authors.forename: Rebekah L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boutros
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semenova
authors.forename: Wilkie A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Athina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Markou
authors.forename: H Scott
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Swartzwelder
authors.forename: Shawn K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Acheson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D013995:Time
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol