title: Physiological stressors and invasive plant infections alter the small RNA transcriptome of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae is a destructive pathogen of rice and other related crops, causing significant yield losses worldwide. Endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs), including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical components of gene regulation in many eukaryotic organisms. Recently several new species of sRNAs have been identified in fungi. This fact along with the availability of genome sequence makes M. oryzae a compelling target for sRNA profiling. We have examined sRNA species and their biosynthetic genes in M. oryzae, and the degree to which these elements regulate fungal stress responses. To this end, we have characterized sRNAs under different physiological stress conditions, which had not yet been examined in this fungus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting libraries are composed of more than 37 million total genome matched reads mapping to intergenic regions, coding sequences, retrotransposons, inverted, tandem, and other repeated regions of the genome with more than half of the small RNAs arising from intergenic regions. The 24 nucleotide (nt) size class of sRNAs was predominant. A comparison to transcriptional data of M. oryzae undergoing the same physiological stresses indicates that sRNAs play a role in transcriptional regulation for a small subset of genes. Support for this idea comes from generation and characterization of mutants putatively involved in sRNAs biogenesis; our results indicate that the deletion of Dicer-like genes and an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase gene increases the transcriptional regulation of this subset of genes, including one involved in virulence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various physiological stressors and in planta conditions alter the small RNA profile of the rice blast fungus. Characterization of sRNA biosynthetic mutants helps to clarify the role of sRNAs in transcriptional control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Vidhyavathi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romag
authors.forename: Feray
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mathioni
authors.forename: Jixian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Blake C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Donofrio
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D023281:Genomics; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000235:genetics*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated