title: Facial soft tissue depths in French adults: variability, specificity and estimation.
abstract: Facial soft tissue depths (FSTD) are used in facial approximation to render the shape of the face, and are traditionally published specifically to population, corpulence, and sex amongst other factors. This paper investigates the variability of FSTD collected at 37 landmarks on 500 CT (computed tomography) scans of French living individuals. The specificity of the sample is evaluated by comparing values with six published datasets of various populations and recording techniques. Apart from a significant influence of the corpulence, FSTD show negligible variations with age and sex. The differences between the French sample and other datasets contradict the hypothesis of major influence of population, and underline sample specificity linked with technique and methodology of data measurement. Regression equations were computed to estimate FSTD using age, sex, facial build, and craniometrics, leading to more accurate results if such factors are known. Nevertheless, application of the pooled T-table (Tallied-Facial-Soft-Tissue-Depth-Data) has been validated according to the French sample.
authors.affiliation: Université Bordeaux 1, UMR 5199 PACEA, Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, avenue des Facultés, bât. B8, F-33405 Talence, France. Pierre.Guyomarch.FRN@jpac.pacom.mil
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guyomarc'h
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dutailly
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coqueugniot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Computed tomography; Craniofacial identification; Facial approximation; Facial reconstruction; Soft tissue thickness; TIVMI