title: Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with cardiometabolic disturbances in adults, but this relation is relatively unexplored in children and adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that higher SSB intakes are associated with increases in cardiometabolic risk factors between 14 and 17 y of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were provided by 1433 adolescent offspring from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. At 14 and 17 y of age, SSB intakes were estimated by using a food-frequency questionnaire; body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured, and overall cardiometabolic risk was estimated. Prospective associations between cardiovascular disease risk factors and SSB intake were examined with adjustment for age, pubertal stage, physical fitness, socioeconomic status, and major dietary patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average SSB intake in consumers (89%) was 335 g/d or 1.3 servings/d. Girls who moved into the top tertile of SSB consumption (>1.3 servings/d) between 14 and 17 y of age had increases in BMI (3.8%; 95% CI: 1.8%, 5.7%), increased overweight and obesity risk (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 2.1, 11.4), and greater overall cardiometabolic risk (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.6, 6.2) (all P-trend ≤ 0.001). Girls and boys who moved into the top tertile of SSB intake showed increases in triglycerides (7.0-8.4%; P-trend ≤ 0.03), and boys showed reductions in HDL cholesterol (-3.1%; 95% CI: -6.2%, 0.1%; P-trend < 0.04) independent of BMI. Some associations were attenuated after adjustment for major dietary patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased SSB intake may be an important predictor of cardiometabolic risk in young people, independent of weight status.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK. gina.ambrosini@mrc-hnr.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gina Leslie
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.forename: Wendy Hazel
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oddy
authors.forename: Rae Chi
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Trevor Anthony
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Lawrence Joseph
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: Susan Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jebb
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D007328:Insulin; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D014280:Triglycerides