title: Influence of upper extremity positioning on pain, paresthesia, and tolerance: advancing current practice.
abstract: Loss of upper extremity motion caused by axillary burn scar contracture is a major complication of burn injury. Positioning acutely injured patients with axillary burns in positions above 90° of shoulder abduction may improve shoulder motion and minimize scar contracture. However, these positions may increase injury risk to the nerves of the brachial plexus. This study evaluated the occurrence of paresthesias, pain, and positional intolerance in four shoulder abduction positions in healthy adults. Sixty men and women were placed in four randomly assigned shoulder abduction positions for up to 2 hours: 1) 90° with elbow extension (90 ABD); 2) 130° with elbow flexion at 110° (130 ABD); 3) 150° with elbow extension (150 ABD); and 4) 170° with elbow extension (170 ABD). Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and every 30 minutes and included the occurrence of upper extremity paresthesias, position comfort/tolerance, and pain. Transient paresthesias, lasting less than 3 minutes, occurred in all test positions in 10 to 37% of the cases. Significantly fewer subjects reported paresthesias in the 90 ABD position compared with the other positions (P < .01). Pain was reported more frequently in the 170° position (68%) compared with the other positions (P < .01). Positioning with the elbow flexed or in terminal extension is not recommended, regardless of the degree of shoulder abduction. Positioning patients in a position of 150° of shoulder abduction was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Consideration of positions above this range should be undertaken cautiously and only with strict monitoring in alert and oriented patients for short time periods.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; †The Hand Center of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; and ‡U.S. Army Burn Center, Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hazelton
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010292:Paresthesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology