title: Mechanisms of age-dependent response to winter temperature in perennial flowering of Arabis alpina.
abstract: Perennial plants live for more than 1 year and flower only after an extended vegetative phase. We used Arabis alpina, a perennial relative of annual Arabidopsis thaliana, to study how increasing age and exposure to winter cold (vernalization) coordinate to establish competence to flower. We show that the APETALA2 transcription factor, a target of microRNA miR172, prevents flowering before vernalization. Additionally, miR156 levels decline as A. alpina ages, causing increased production of SPL (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE) transcription factors and ensuring that flowering occurs in response to cold. The age at which plants respond to vernalization can be altered by manipulating miR156 levels. Although miR156 and miR172 levels are uncoupled in A. alpina, miR156 abundance represents the timer controlling age-dependent flowering responses to cold.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bergonzi
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Albani
authors.forename: Emiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ver Loren van Themaat
authors.forename: Karl J V
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nordström
authors.forename: Renhou
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Korbinian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneeberger
authors.forename: Perry D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Moerland
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coupland
mesh_terms: D031214:Arabis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors