title: Pain among older Hispanics in the United States: is acculturation associated with pain?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that acculturation may influence the experience of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the association between acculturation and the prevalence, intensity, and functional limitations of pain in older Hispanic adults in the United States.
  Participants were English- (HE) and Spanish-speaking (HS) Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals aged 50 years and older who were interviewed for the Health and Retirement Study during 1998-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured: 1) acculturation as defined by language used in interviews, and 2) the presence, intensity, and functional limitations of pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied logistic regression using generalized estimating equations, with NHW as the reference category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 18,593 participants (16,733 NHW, 824 HE, and 1,036 HS), HS had the highest prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI  = 1.1-1.4) and intensity (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.4-1.9) of pain, but these differences were not significant after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, immigration status (U.S.- vs non-U.S-born), and health status (number of health conditions). Even after adjustment, HS reported the lowest levels of functional limitation (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain prevalence and intensity were not related to acculturation after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, while functional limitation was significantly lower among HS even after adjusting for known risk factors. Future studies should explore the reasons for this difference.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. njimen@uw.edu
authors.forename: Nathalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dansie
authors.forename: Dedra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buchwald
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Acculturation; Language; Older Hispanics; Pain