title: Assessing cancer risk in China from γ-hexachlorocyclohexane emitted from Chinese and Indian sources.
abstract: Three models, including an atmospheric transport model, a multimedia exposure model, and a risk assessment model, were used to assess cancer risk in China caused by γ-HCH (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) emitted from Chinese and Indian sources. Extensive model investigations revealed the contribution of different sources to the cancer risk in China. Cancer risk in Eastern China was primarily attributable to γ-HCH contamination from Chinese sources, whereas cancer risk in Western China was caused mostly by Indian emissions. The contribution of fresh use of lindane in India to the cancer risk in China was almost 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the reemission of γ-HCH from Indian soils. Of total population, 58% (about 0.79 billion) residents in China were found to live in the environment with high levels of cancer risk exceeding the acceptable cancer risk of 10(-6), recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The cancer risk in China was mostly induced by the local contamination of γ-HCH emitted from Chinese sources, whereas fresh use of lindane in India will become a significant source of the cancer risk in China if Indian emissions maintain their current levels.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai Shandong 264003, PR China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chongguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yingjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000633:toxicity*; D007194:India; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane