title: Associations between dietary patterns and kidney function indicators in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary patterns link to risks for chronic diseases. Few studies explore relationships between dietary patterns and kidney function in adult type 2 diabetes in Asian.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetic patients (n = 635) were selected from a cohort participating in a diabetic control study in Taiwan. Three dietary patterns, high fat (meats, processed meats, seafood, fatty foods, eggs), vegetable and fish (light- or dark- colored vegetables, pond and marine fish) and traditional Chinese-snack (soy/gluten products, rice, noodles, root vegetables, nuts), were generated using factor analysis. Urinary albumin to creatinine (ACR), creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) served as clinical indicators of kidney function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for confounders, tertile scores of vegetable and fish dietary patterns correlated significantly (p-trend = 0.032) and dose-responsively with multivariable-adjusted means of decreased creatinine and marginally with increased eGFR (p- trend = 0.065). Traditional Chinese-snack dietary pattern was marginally associated with creatinine (p-trend = 0.065) and eGFR (p-trend = 0.064). High fat dietary patterns did not correlate with any kidney function indicator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy diets such as frequent intake of fish and vegetable may be related to indicators of better kidney function in type 2 diabetes. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and use of sensitive indicators for studying early renal function decline are needed to confirm this association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huei-Ru
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Jhang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University and University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Tsan
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shyi-Jang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health and Environmental Science, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: mechhu@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Meng-Chuan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000737:chemistry; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D062410:Snacks; D013624:Taiwan; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D004041:Dietary Fats; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Albuminuria; Chronic kidney disease; Dietary patterns; Nephropathy; Type 2 diabetes