title: Female genital cosmetic surgery: a review of techniques and outcomes.
abstract: The aesthetic and functional procedures that comprise female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) include traditional vaginal prolapse procedures as well as cosmetic vulvar and labial procedures. The line between cosmetic and medically indicated surgical procedures is blurred, and today many operations are performed for both purposes. The contributions of gynecologists and reconstructive pelvic surgeons are crucial in this debate. Aesthetic vaginal surgeons may unintentionally blur legitimate female pelvic floor disorders with other aesthetic conditions. In the absence of quality outcome data, the value of FGCS in improving sexual function remains uncertain. Women seeking FGCS need to be educated about the range and variation of labia widths and genital appearance, and should be evaluated for true pelvic support disorders such as pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Women seeking FGCS should also be screened for psychological conditions and should act autonomously without coercion from partners or surgeons with proprietary conflicts of interest.
authors.affiliation: Section of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA, cheryl.iglesia@medstar.net.
authors.forename: Cheryl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Iglesia
authors.forename: Ladin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yurteri-Kaplan
authors.forename: Red
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alinsod
mesh_terms: D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010502:Perineum / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012060:Rejuvenation / Q000523:psychology; D019529:Sexuality / Q000523:psychology; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*; D014844:Vulva / Q000601:surgery*