title: Protective effects of shengmai san and its three fractions on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Shengmai San (SMS) and its ethyl acetate extract (SEa), n-butanol extract (SBu), and aqueous extract (SWe), and clarify the material base of SMS and the roles played by its fractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mouse model of transient forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) by means of common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) was used to investigate the effects of SMS and its three fractions. Histopathological damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, and antioxidant and inflammation-related parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. The chemical constituents of each fraction were identified by LC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen lignans in SEa, and thirteen steroidal glycosides and ginsenosides in SBu were determined. SMS significantly inhibited I/R induced formation of histological injury and cerebral MPO activity. SMS showed the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against the I/R-caused injuries. SEa showed higher antioxidant activity than the other two fractions and SBu has a slightly stronger inhibition on the productions of NO and TNF-α.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMS as a whole had the most effective protection against cerebral I/R-caused injuries compared with its fractions, which inferred that it contains different groups of compounds that contribute together to its protective effect.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Lai-Hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling-Yi
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Kong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D020011:Protective Agents; D017942:Nitric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase