title: Evaluation of an autonomous braking system in real-world PTW crashes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Powered 2-wheelers (PTWs) are becoming increasingly popular in Europe. They have the ability to get around traffic queues, thus lowering fuel consumption and increasing mobility. The risk of rider injury in a traffic crash is however much higher than that associated with car users. The European project, Powered Two Wheeler Integrated Safety (PISa), identified an autonomous braking system (AB) as a priority to reduce the injury consequences of a PTW crash. The aim of this study was to assess the potential effectiveness of the AB system developed in PISa, taking into account the specific system characteristics that emerged during the design, development and testing phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight PTW cases representing European crash configurations were examined, in which 43 percent of riders sustained a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 2+ injury. Two of the most common crash types were a PTW impacting a stationary object (car following scenario) 16% and an object pulling across the PTW path (crossing scenario) 54%. An expert team analysed the in-depth material of the sample crashes and determined a posteriori to what extent the AB would have affected the crash. For those cases where the AB was evaluated as applicable, a further quantitative evaluation of the benefits was conducted by considering a set of different possible rider reactions in addition to that exhibited in the actual crash.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 67 percent of cases, the application of AB could have mitigated the crash outcome. Analysis of those real crash cases showed the potential for an expert rider to avoid the collision. An early reaction of the rider, associated with a correct application of the brakes would have avoided 18 of the 37 car following/crossing scenarios. Conversely, according to the analysis, an expert rider would not have been able to avoid 19 of the 37 cases. In 14 of those 19 cases, the AB would have contributed to mitigating the crash outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated significant potential for application of the autonomous braking system in car following and crossing scenarios. In addition, the theoretical benefit curves for the AB globally, were able to provide good quantitative indications of its benefits in real cases where the AB was considered applicable. Further analysis with larger databases is suggested in order to confirm the magnitude of benefits in the PTW crash population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. giovanni.savino@unifi.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savino
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pierini
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frampton
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D009049:Motorcycles; D011482:Protective Devices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*