title: Quasi-immiscible spreading of aqueous surfactant solutions on entangled aqueous polymer solution subphases.
abstract: Motivated by the possibility of enhancing aerosol drug delivery to mucus-obstructed lungs, the spreading of a drop of aqueous surfactant solution on a physically entangled aqueous poly(acrylamide) solution subphase that mimics lung airway surface liquid was investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was used as the surfactant. To visualize spreading of the drop and mimic the inclusion of a drug substance, fluorescein, a hydrophilic and non-surface-active dye, was added to the surfactant solution. The spreading progresses through a series of events. Marangoni stresses initiate the convective spreading of the drop. Simultaneously, surfactant escapes across the drop's contact line within a second of deposition and causes a change in subphase surface tension outside the drop on the order of 1 mN/m. Convective spreading of the drop ends within 2-3 s of drop deposition, when a new interfacial tension balance is achieved. Surfactant escape depletes the drop of surfactant, and the residual drop takes the form of a static lens of nonzero contact angle. On longer time scales, the surfactant dissolves into the subphase. The lens formed by the water in the deposited drop persists for as long as 3 min after the convective spreading process ends due to the long diffusional time scales associated with the underlying entangled polymer solution. The persistence of the lens suggests that the drop phase behaves as if it were immiscible with the subphase during this time period. Whereas surfactant escapes the spreading drop and advances on the subphase/vapor interface, hydrophilic dye molecules in the drop do not escape but remain with the drop throughout the convective spreading. The quasi-immiscible nature of the spreading event suggests that the chemical properties of the surfactant and subphase are much less important than their physical properties, consistent with prior qualitative studies of spreading of different types of surfactants on entangled polymer subphases: the selection of surfactant for pulmonary delivery applications may be limited only by physical and toxicological considerations. Further, the escape of surfactant from individual drops may provide an additional spreading mechanism in the lung, as hydrodynamic and/or surface pressure repulsions may drive individual droplets apart after deposition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Ramankur
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garoff
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Przybycien
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tilton
mesh_terms: D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D019793:Fluorescein