title: The effects of excipients on protein aggregation during agitation: an interfacial shear rheology study.
abstract: We investigated the effects of excipients in solutions of keratinocyte growth factor 2 (KGF-2) on protein aggregation during agitation as well as on interfacial shear rheology at the air-water interface. Samples were incubated with or without agitation, and in the presence or absence of the excipients heparin, sucrose, or polysorbate 80 (PS80). The effect of excipients on the extent of protein aggregation was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy and micro-flow imaging. Interfacial shear rheology was used to detect the gelation time and strength of protein gels at the air-water interface. During incubation, protein particles of size ≥1 μm and insoluble aggregates formed faster for KGF-2 solutions subjected to agitation. Addition of either heparin or sucrose promoted protein aggregation during agitation. In contrast, PS80 substantially inhibited agitation-induced KGF-2 aggregation but facilitated protein particulate formation in quiescent solutions. The combination of PS80 and heparin or sucrose completely prevented protein aggregation during both nonagitated and agitated incubations. Interfacial rheological measurements showed that KGF-2 in buffer alone formed an interfacial gel within a few minutes. In the presence of heparin, KGF-2 interfacial gels formed too quickly for gelation time to be determined. KGF-2 formed gels in about 10 min in the presence of sucrose. The presence of PS80 in the formulation inhibited gelation of KGF-2. Furthermore, the interfacial gels formed by the protein in the absence of PS80 were reversible when PS80 was added to the samples after gelation. Therefore, there is a correspondence between formulations that exhibited interfacial gelation and formulations that exhibited agitation-induced aggregation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 / Q000737:chemistry*; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D011487:Protein Conformation; D055550:Protein Stability; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D051526:Fibroblast Growth Factor 10; D011136:Polysorbates; D013395:Sucrose; D006493:Heparin
keywords: UV-Vis spectroscopy; particle size; physical stability; protein aggregation; protein formulation; rheology; surfactants