title: Antinociceptive Activity and Redox Profile of the Monoterpenes (+)-Camphene, p-Cymene, and Geranyl Acetate in Experimental Models.
abstract: Objective. To evaluate antinocicpetive and redox properties of the monoterpenes (+)-camphene, p-cymene, and geranyl acetate in in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods. Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of (+)-camphene, p-cymene, and geranyl acetate using different free radical-generating systems and evaluation of antinociceptive actions by acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests in mice. Results. p-Cymene has the strongest antinociceptive effect, but (+)-camphene and geranyl acetate also present significant activity at high doses (200 mg/kg). (+)-Camphene had the strongest antioxidant effect in vitro at TBARS and TRAP/TAR assays and also had the highest scavenging activities against different free radicals, such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Sodium nitroprussiate-derived NO production was enhanced by (+)-camphene. Geranyl acetate and p-cymene also presented some antioxidant effects, but with a varying profile according the free radical-generating system studied. Conclusion. (+)-Camphene, p-cymene, and geranyl acetate may present pharmacological properties related to inflammation and pain-related processes, being potentially useful for development of new therapeutic strategies, with limited possibilities for p-cymene and geranyl acetate.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucindo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quintans-Júnior
authors.forename: José C F
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Matheus A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.forename: Soheyla M S
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rabie
authors.forename: André S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Thallita K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.forename: João P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Pollyana S S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Sócrates C H
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.forename: Adriano A S
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Jullyana S S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Quintans
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gelain