title: Cue-induced smoking urges deplete cigarette smokers' self-control resources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to smoking-related cues leads to increased urge to smoke in regular cigarette smokers and resisting these urges requires considerable self-control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Adopting a resource depletion model, two studies tested the hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes self-control resources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adopting a within-participants randomized cross-over design, participants (study 1, N = 19; study 2, N = 32) were exposed to smoking-related (study 1: smoking images; study 2: cigarette cue-exposure task) and neutral (study 1: neutral images; study 2: drinking-straw task) cues with presentation order randomized. After each cue set, participants completed self-control tasks (study 1: handgrip task; study 2: handgrip and Stroop tasks), performance on which constituted dependent measures of self-control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-control task performance was significantly impaired when exposed to smoking-related cues compared to neutral cues. No significant presentation-order effects, or interaction effects between stimulus and presentation order, were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings corroborate our hypothesis that resisting smoking urges depletes cigarette smokers' self-control resources and suggests that self-control capacity is governed by a limited resource.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, Martin.Hagger@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hagger
authors.forename: Eamonn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leaver
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.forename: Chung-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Te Pas
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Keatley
authors.forename: Derwin K-C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Nikos L D
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Chatzisarantis
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009812:Odorants; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D055815:Young Adult