title: Anthropometric predictors of visceral adiposity in normal-weight and obese adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and fat distribution patterns [subcutaneous vs. visceral adipose tissue (VAT)] are important predictors of future cardiometabolic risk. As accurate VAT measurement entails imaging, surrogate anthropometric measurements that would be cheaper and quicker to obtain would be highly desirable. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) may be better than other VAT surrogate measures in adults, but the value of SAD to predict magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-determined VAT in adolescents of different races, sexes, and pubertal stages has not been determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that SAD correlates more strongly with volumetric VAT than other anthropometric measurements, independent of age, sex, race, and Tanner stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight normal-weight and 44 obese adolescents underwent Tanner staging, anthropometric examinations, and abdominal MRI for volumetric partitioned fat calculation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAT increased exponentially in the body mass index (BMI) > 97th percentile range. SAD, waist circumference (WC), BMI, and BMI Z-score correlated strongly with VAT (correlation coefficients of 0.85-0.86, all p-values < 0.0005); waist-hip ratio was less predictive of VAT (r = 0.68, p < 0.0005). On hierarchical regression, the strongest predictors of VAT in obese subjects were BMI Z-score and SAD (R(2)  = 0.34 vs. 0.31, respectively, p < 0.0005); in normal-weight subjects, most anthropometric measures predicted VAT equally (R(2)  = 0.16-0.18, p-values = 0.018-0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike adults, in obese adolescents, SAD is not the strongest predictor of visceral adiposity. BMI Z-score is equivalently predictive and, together with BMI, provides sufficient information to assess visceral adiposity; more specialized anthropometric measurements (e.g., SAD and WC) do not add additional predictive value.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics-Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koren
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Babette S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Zemel
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056865:Ideal Body Weight; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
keywords: anthropometric measures; children; obesity; visceral adiposity