title: Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from Ingril, a French Mediterranean lagoon.
abstract: Following a review of official control data on shellfish in France, Ingril Lagoon had been identified as a site where positive mouse bioassays for lipophilic toxins had been repeatedly observed. These unexplained mouse bioassays, also called atypical toxicity, coincided with an absence of regulated toxins and rapid death times in mice observed in the assay. The present study describes pinnatoxin G as the main compound responsible for the toxicity observed using the mouse bioassay for lipophilic toxins. Using a well-characterised standard for pinnatoxin G, LC-MS/MS analysis of mussel samples collected from 2009 to 2012 revealed regular occurrences of pinnatoxin G at levels sufficient to account for the toxicity in the mouse bioassays. Baseline levels of pinnatoxin G from May to October usually exceeded 40 μg kg(-1) in whole flesh, with a maximum in September 2010 of around 1200 μg kg(-1). These concentrations were much greater than those at the other 10 sites selected for vigilance testing, where concentrations did not exceed 10 μg kg(-1) in a 3-month survey from April to July 2010, and where rapid mouse deaths were not typically observed. Mussels were always more contaminated than clams, confirming that mussel is a good sentinel species for pinnatoxins. Profiles in mussels and clams were similar, with the concentration of pinnatoxin A less than 2% that of pinnatoxin G, and pteriatoxins were only present in non-quantifiable traces. Esters of pinnatoxin G could not be detected by analysis of extracts before and after alkaline hydrolysis. Analysis with a receptor-binding assay showed that natural pinnatoxin G was similarly active on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as chemically synthesized pinnatoxin G. Culture of Vulcanodinium rugosum, previously isolated from Ingril lagoon, confirmed that this alga is a pinnatoxin G producer (4.7 pg cell(-1)). Absence of this organism from the water column during prolonged periods of shellfish contamination and the dominance of non-motile life stages of V. rugosum both suggest that further studies will be required to fully describe the ecology of this organism and the accumulation of pinnatoxins in shellfish.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France. Electronic address: philipp.hess@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hervé
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berteaux
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Séchet
authors.forename: Romulo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aráoz
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molgó
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakarian
authors.forename: Manoëlla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sibat
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundberget
authors.forename: Christopher O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Zouher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amzil
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism; D005602:France; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D008387:Marine Toxins; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C552840:pinnatoxin G
keywords: Accumulation; Cyclic imines; Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); Shellfish toxin; Unexplained mouse toxicity