title: Metabolomic changes in the rat retina after optic nerve crush.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify metabolic pathways and metabolites affected by optic nerve crush that can act as predictors of the disease or therapeutic targets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left optic nerve of adult rats was intraorbitally crushed and retinas were dissected 24 hours or 14 days after the lesion (n = 10 per group). Metabolic profiling analysis was carried out by Metabolon, Inc. A total of 195 metabolites were unambiguously detected. Data were normalized and the regulated metabolites were identified after comparing the different conditions. Metabolite concentration changes were analyzed using single and multivariate statistical analysis to detect discriminatory metabolites. Functional clustering and meta-analysis of the regulated metabolites was run through the Metacore platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of 24 hours versus control, 14 days versus control samples, and 24 hours versus 14 days identified 9, 19, and 32 regulated metabolites, respectively. Single and multivariate analysis identified a total of 27 and 36 metabolites to discriminate between control and 14 days and between 24 hours and 14 days, respectively. Enrichment analysis showed alterations in the amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, which were further linked to translation, oxidative stress, energy (glucose and tricarboxylic acid cycle), and apoptosis through ceramide pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis differentiates a set of metabolites that clearly discriminate control and early-injury samples from late-injury samples. These metabolites could have potential use as diagnostic molecules.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Fundación para la Formación e InvestigaciónSanitarias de la Región de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigacón Biosanitaria, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agudo-Barriuso
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahoz
authors.forename: Francisco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nadal-Nicolás
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobrado-Calvo
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piquer-Gil
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Llopis
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal-Sanz
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mullor
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D019771:Axotomy; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics; D009409:Nerve Crush; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids
keywords: amino acid metabolism; axotomy; carbohydrate; central nervous system; ceramide; glutathione; multivariate data analysis; oxidative stress; translation; trauma