title: Low urine vascular endothelial growth factor levels are associated with mechanical ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Organ-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is decreased during the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) several weeks before either disease can be diagnosed. Early measurement of organ-specific tissue VEGF levels might allow identification of infants at high risk for these diseases, but is not clinically feasible. Urine VEGF is easily measured and useful in early diagnosis of several diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were to assess the correlation of urine VEGF levels measured in the first postnatal month with subsequent BPD or ROP diagnosis and to determine whether various infant characteristics influence urine VEGF levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  106 subjects born at <29 weeks' gestation and surviving to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age were selected from an existing database and biorepository. Urine VEGF and total protein were measured in 2-3 samples per subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urine VEGF/protein levels increased by 72% per week (p < 0.0001) during the first postnatal month. In multivariable analysis controlling for postnatal age, lower VEGF/protein was associated with higher levels of mechanical respiratory support (p = 0.006), male gender (p = 0.001) and early sepsis (p = 0.003) but not with fraction of inspired oxygen. Lower urine VEGF/protein and mechanical ventilation were each associated with BPD and ROP. In analyses adjusted for respiratory support, lower urine VEGF/protein and ROP remained associated but urine VEGF/protein and BPD did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low urine VEGF/protein levels in the first postnatal month are associated with mechanical ventilation, BPD, and ROP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA. Bernadette.levesque@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Bernadette M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kalish
authors.forename: Abigail B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Winston
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Parad
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Diaz
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zolit
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.forename: Munish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mammoto
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ingber
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Van Marter
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000652:urine*; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000652:urine*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000652:urine; D012737:Sex Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A