title: In vitro spine testing using a robot-based testing system: comparison of displacement control and "hybrid control".
abstract: The two leading control algorithms for in-vitro spine biomechanical testing-"load control" and "displacement control"-are limited in their lack of adaptation to changes in the load-displacement response of a spine specimen-pointing to the need for sufficiently sophisticated control algorithms that are able to govern the application of loads/motions to a spine specimen in a more realistic, adaptive manner. A robotics-based spine testing system was programmed with a novel hybrid control algorithm combining "load control" and "displacement control" into a single, robust algorithm. Prior to in-vitro cadaveric testing, preliminary testing of the new algorithm was performed using a rigid-body-spring model with known structural properties. The present study also offers a direct comparison between "hybrid control" and "displacement control". The hybrid control algorithm enabled the robotics-based spine testing system to apply pure moments to an FSU (in flexion/extension, lateral bending, or axial rotation) in an unconstrained manner through active control of secondary translational/rotational degrees-of-freedom-successfully minimizing coupled forces/moments. The characteristic nonlinear S-shaped curves of the primary moment-rotation responses were consistent with previous reports of the FSU having a region of low stiffness (neutral zone) bounded by regions of increasing stiffness (elastic zone). Direct comparison of "displacement control" and "hybrid control" showed that hybrid control was able to actively minimize off-axis forces and resulted in larger neutral zone and range of motion.
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, C-313 PUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. bellkm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*