title: Naturalistic parental pain management during immunizations during the first year of life: observational norms from the OUCH cohort.
abstract: No research to date has descriptively catalogued what parents of healthy infants are naturalistically doing to manage their infant's pain over immunization appointments during the first year of life. This knowledge, in conjunction with an understanding of the relationships different parental techniques have with infant pain-related distress, would be useful when attempting to target parental pain management strategies in the infant immunization context. This study presents descriptive information about the pain management techniques parents have chosen and examines the relationships these naturalistic techniques have with infant pain-related distress during the first year of life. A total of 760 parent-infant dyads were recruited from 3 pediatric clinics in Toronto, ON, Canada, and were naturalistically followed and videotaped longitudinally over 4 immunization appointments during the infant's first year of life. Infants were full-term, healthy babies. Videotapes were subsequently coded for infant pain-related distress behaviors and parental pain management techniques. After controlling for preceding infant pain-related distress levels, parent pain management techniques accounted for, at most, 13% of the variance in infant pain-related distress scores. Across all age groups, physical comfort, rocking, and verbal reassurance were the most commonly used nonpharmacological pain management techniques. Pacifying and distraction appeared to be most promising in reducing needle-related distress in our sample of healthy infants. Parents in this sample seldom used pharmacological pain management techniques. Given the psychological and physical repercussions involved with unmanaged repetitive acute pain and the paucity of work in healthy infants, this paper highlights key areas for improving parental pain management in primary care.
authors.affiliation: York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lisi
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pillai Riddell
authors.forename: Hartley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garfield
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002170:Canada; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires