title: Floral ontogeny and gene protein localization rules out euanthial interpretation of reproductive units in Lepironia (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae, Chrysitricheae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the sedge subfamily Mapanioideae there are considerable discrepancies between the standard trimerous monocot floral architecture expected and the complex floral and inflorescence morphologies seen. Decades of debate about whether the basic reproductive units are single flowers or pseudanthia have not resolved the question. This paper evaluates current knowledge about Mapaniid reproductive structures and presents an ontogenetic study of the Mapaniid genus Lepironia with the first floral protein expression maps for the family, localizing the products of the APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like (AP1/FUL) MADS-box genes with the aim of shedding light on this conundrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A range of reproductive developmental stages, from spikelet primordia through to infructescence material, were processed for anatomical and immunohistochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The basic reproductive unit is subtended by a bract and possesses two prophyll-like structures, the first organs to be initiated on the primordium, which grow rapidly, enclosing two whorls of initiating leaf-like structures with intervening stamens and a central gynoecium, formed from an annular primordium. The subtending bract and prophyll-like structures possess very different morphologies from that of the internal leaf-like structures and do not show AP1/FUL-like protein localization, which is otherwise strongly localized in the internal leaf-like structures, stamens and gynoecia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the synanthial hypothesis as the evolutionary origin of the reproductive unit. Thus, the basic reproductive unit in Lepironia is an extremely condensed pseudanthium, of staminate flowers surrounding a central terminal pistillate female flower. Early in development the reproductive unit becomes enclosed by a split-prophyll, with the whole structure subtended by a bract.
authors.affiliation: Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. c.prychid@kew.org
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Prychid
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bruhl
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: AP1-FUL-like MADS-box genes; Chrysitricheae; Cyperaceae; Floral development; Hypolytreae; Lepironia articulata; Mapanioideae; SEM; immunolocalization