title: Drug use disorder (DUD) questionnaire: scale development and validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the ample interest in the measurement of substance abuse and dependence, obtaining biological samples from participants as a means to validate a scale is considered time and cost intensive and is, subsequently, largely overlooked.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the psychometric properties of the drug use disorder (DUD) questionnaire including oral fluid and blood sample screening indicators measuring the three most commonly used illicit substances--marijuana, cocaine, and extramedicinal painkillers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were a subset (N = 2,702) of the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey that was administered to daytime and nighttime weekend drivers in the 48 contiguous states to examine the prevalence of substance use and misuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed demographic and substance use questions as well as the DUD--a 12-item measure assessing substance abuse and dependence. Participants could potentially have completed the DUD three times for each of the three substances. Subscales of abuse and dependence were created using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition Text Revision [DSM-IV-TR]) criteria of these diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DUD displayed adequate internal consistency on both subscales of substance abuse and dependence (Cronbach's α ranging from .71 to .84 and .83 to .92, respectively). The DUD also demonstrated construct validity in comparison to biological markers of each substance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DUD is a biologically validated instrument that is both easy to utilize and may have valuable implications as a research tool among both clinical and nonclinical populations.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: C Debra
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furr-Holden
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Voas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001944:Breath Tests; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Measurement; methodology; survey methodology