title: Tracheostomy in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's Syndrome).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) may develop progressive multi-level upper airway obstruction. Despite the unique challenges presented by these complex patients, tracheostomy remains an important intervention to safeguard the airway when other interventions have failed or when the airway obstruction involves multiple sites. Airway involvement is largely responsible for the significant anaesthetic risk seen in MPS II. We reviewed our tertiary unit's experience of tracheostomies in patients with MPS II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case note review of MPS II patients requiring tracheostomy at our tertiary institution. The primary outcome measure used for this study was complications following tracheostomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 10 MPS II patients requiring tracheostomy to manage upper airway obstruction. Mean age at which tracheostomy was 11 years 2 months (range 4 years 6 months to 28 years 10 months). Tracheostomy insertion was indicated in 3 scenarios: (1) to safeguard an anticipated difficult airway prior to a planned non-ENT surgical procedure, (2) to treat refractory progressive upper airway obstruction and (3) emergency airway management. Complications recorded included infratip and suprastomal granulations, local wound infection and skin ulceration from mechanical trauma. There were no immediate postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive upper airway obstruction is common in children with MPS II. Tracheostomy is an effective way of managing airway obstruction when less invasive interventions are no longer adequate. Tracheostomy in these patients can be technically difficult and although the complications of tracheostomy in MPS II do not significantly differ from other patient groups, the implications and management complexity vary considerably. The impact of ERT on airway obstruction is not yet fully understood, with tracheostomies likely to remain an important airway adjunct in some patients who fail to respond to ERT, or in those patients surviving into adulthood. It is vital that a multidisciplinary team, comprising clinicians with experience in managing such patients, are involved in airway management of patients with MPS II to enable the best standard of care to be given. The significant additional implications of a tracheostomy in a patient with MPS II, in terms of safety, aftercare and potentially life-threatening complications must be discussed in detail with the patient's family and/or carers.
  
  
  METHODS
  2c.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric ENT Department, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. malikvik@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nichani
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rothera
authors.forename: James Edmond
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wraith
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D016532:Mucopolysaccharidosis II / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult