title: Seed dispersal of the Australian cycad Macrozamia miquelii (Zamiaceae): are cycads megafauna-dispersed "grove forming" plants?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plants that invest in large, heavy seeds and colorful, fleshy fruits or analogous structures seem adapted for dispersal by large vertebrates. Some such plants, like Australian cycads in the genus Macrozamia, do not disperse well, which could be explained by seed-dispersal relationships with megafauna that are rare or extinct in contemporary ecosystems. Such plants provide an opportunity to investigate the ecological consequences of low seed-dispersal distances. •
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated seed dispersal of Macrozamia miquelii in Central Queensland by tracking the fate of marked seeds, identifying the dispersal fauna and quantifying population demography and spatial structure. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 70-100% of marked seeds remained within 1 m of maternal females (cycads are dioecious). Of the 812 seeds recovered (from 840 originally marked) only 24 dispersed >1 m from maternal females, the greatest observed dispersal being 5 m. We found an average of 2.2 seedlings and 0.7 juveniles within 1.5 m of mature females, which suggests that most seeds that remain in the vicinity of maternal females perish. Within-stand densities ranged between 1000 and 5000 plants/ha. The brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula was the only animal observed to move the seeds. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrozamia are adapted for dispersal by megafauna that are rare or absent in contemporary ecosystems. We argue that Macrozamia are "grove forming" plants that derive ecological benefit from existing as high-density, spatially discrete populations, the function of megafaunal dispersal adaptations being the infrequent dispersal of seeds en masse to establish new such groves in the landscape.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. john.hall@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Gimme H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D017753:Ecosystem; D011793:Queensland; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology*; D032481:Zamiaceae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Macrozamia; Zamiaceae; clumped plant distribution; cycad; extinct dispersal fauna; megafaunal dispersal; possum; seed dispersal