title: High prevalence of hepatitis delta virus among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and HIV-1 in an intermediate hepatitis B virus endemic region.
abstract: We conducted a study to investigate HIV and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the triple infection's (HIV/HBV/HDV) clinical implications in India, an intermediate HBV endemic region, with an estimated HIV-positive population of 2.5 million. A total of 450 patients (men: 270; women: 180) with chronic HBV infections and 135 healthy volunteers were screened for HIV and HDV. The incidence of the triple infection was low (4 [0.8%]) compared with dual infections of HIV-1/HBV (7 [1.5%]) and HBV/HDV (22[4.8%]). Among 21- to 40-year-olds, HBV/HDV coinfection (45.8%) and HBV/HDV/HIV-1 triple infection was predominant (75%). Among 11 patients coinfected with HIV-1/HBV, 4 (36%) were tri-infected and were also associated with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The HDV coinfection was higher among patients coinfected with HBV/HIV-1, despite the declining trend in HDV infection among HIV-negative patients, as previously reported. Thus, it is important to assess the impact of HIV, chronic HBV, and HDV tri-infection in India.
authors.affiliation: Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Shanmugam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.forename: Vijayakumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velu
authors.forename: Kailapuri G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Murugavel
authors.forename: Greer
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waldrop
authors.forename: Sunil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Pachamuthu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.forename: Nagalingeswaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumarasamy
authors.forename: Davey M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Suniti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Sadras P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Thyagarajan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: coinfection in India; hepatitis B virus (HBV); hepatitis delta virus (HDV); human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)