title: Young and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes have optimal B cell responses to the seasonal influenza vaccine.
abstract: We evaluated immune response to the seasonal influenza vaccine in young and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Immune measures included the in vivo serum response to the vaccine by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and ELISA in 22 patients (14 young, 8 elderly) and 65 healthy age-matched controls (37 young, 28 elderly). B cell-specific biomarkers of optimal vaccine response were measured ex vivo by switched memory B cells and plasmablasts and in vitro by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in stimulated cells. Markers of systemic and B cell-intrinsic inflammation were also measured. Results show that in vivo responses, as well as B cell-specific markers identified above, decrease by age in healthy individuals but not in T2D patients. This occurred despite high levels of B cell-intrinsic inflammation (TNF-α) in T2D patients, which was surprising as we had previously demonstrated this negatively impacts B cell function. These results altogether suggest that valid protection against influenza can be achieved in T2D patients and proposed mechanisms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA. dfrasca@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frasca
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Nicholas V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Ana Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Landin
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Blomberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D015415:Biomarkers; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase
keywords: Antibody responses; Inflammation; Influenza vaccine; Type 2 diabetes