title: Pilot study of cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin, and escalating dose cyclophosphamide therapy for children with high risk germ cell tumors: a report of the children's oncology group (COG).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and toxicity profile of cyclophosphamide with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (C-PEB) in children with high-risk malignant germ cell tumors (HR-MGCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility criteria included untreated patients ≤ 21 years of age with stage III/IV extragonadal, extra cranial MGCT. Patients received four cycles (repeated every 3 weeks) of cisplatin (20 mg/m(2) /day × 5 days), etoposide (100 mg/m(2) /day × 5 days), and bleomycin (15 mg/m(2) on Day 1) with escalating doses of cyclophosphamide on Day 1, assigned at the time of enrollment (1.2, 1.8, or 2.4 g/m(2)). Patients with complete response had therapy discontinued. Patients with residual disease underwent second-look surgery, those with pathologic evidence of residual MGCT or whose markers had not normalized received two more cycles. All other patients had protocol therapy stopped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients were enrolled between July 2004 and August 2007. Three patients were non-evaluable. Sixteen patients completed four cycles. Eleven had complete response, one had progressive disease and four had partial response. All four with partial response underwent second look surgery followed by two more cycles. Only one patient, on dose 1.8 g/m(2), experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during the first cycle of therapy (grade 3 hyperglycemia). The 4-year EFS and OS (± standard deviation) were 74 ± 7% and 89 ± 10%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of cyclophosphamide to the standard PEB regimen (cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin) is feasible and well-tolerated at all dose levels used on this study.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. mmalogol@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Marcio H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Malogolowkin
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krailo
authors.forename: Neyssa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marina
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: A Lindsay
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin; D005047:Etoposide; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002945:Cisplatin
keywords: cyclophosphamide; germ cell tumors; maximum tolerated doses