title: Real-time thermographic analysis of low-density bone during implant placement: a randomized parallel-group clinical study comparing lateral condensation with bone drilling surgical technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of two surgical techniques, lateral condensation and bone drilling, on changes in temperature of the adjacent low-density bone during implant placement into posterior maxilla and to investigate the influence of the host factors - age, gender, region of implantation, bone density, and thickness of the cortical bone at the recipient sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Local bone temperature was measured thermographically during implant placement into posterior maxilla following lateral bone condensing (test group) or bone drilling (controls). The main study outcomes were baseline bone temperature prior to implantation and maximum bone temperature recorded during implantation. Early implant success was evaluated after 6 months of healing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 40 implants were randomly allocated to test and control groups and placed into maxillary premolar and/or molar region of 18 participants of both genders and average age of 51.74 years. All recorded bone temperatures were below the threshold for thermal necrosis. Although both groups showed significant increase in bone temperature during implant placement procedure (P ≤ 0.0005), it was significantly higher for bone condensing compared with drilling (P ≤ 0.0005; 3.79 ± 1.54°C; 1.91 ± 0.70°C respectively). No host factor was singled out as a significant predictor of bone temperature changes, although trend of higher increase was observed in young patients, regardless of gender, during implant placement procedure into maxillary first premolar region with bone density type 3 and cortical layer thicker than 1 mm. Early implant success rate after 6 months follow-up was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although both surgical techniques, bone condensing and bone drilling, can be considered safe regarding their thermal effect on the bone of posterior maxilla, bone drilling is associated with fewer local bone heating during implantation. Host factors do not affect the bone thermal changes significantly.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marković
authors.forename: Tijana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mišić
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mančić
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jovanović
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šćepanović
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jezdić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015519:Bone Density; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D008875:Middle Aged; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D055771:Serbia; D012737:Sex Factors; D013817:Thermography; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: bone condensing; bone drilling; implant placement; low-density bone; real-time thermography