title: Present and future global distributions of the marine Cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus.
abstract: The Cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus account for a substantial fraction of marine primary production. Here, we present quantitative niche models for these lineages that assess present and future global abundances and distributions. These niche models are the result of neural network, nonparametric, and parametric analyses, and they rely on >35,000 discrete observations from all major ocean regions. The models assess cell abundance based on temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but the individual responses to these environmental variables differ for each lineage. The models estimate global biogeographic patterns and seasonal variability of cell abundance, with maxima in the warm oligotrophic gyres of the Indian and the western Pacific Oceans and minima at higher latitudes. The annual mean global abundances of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are 2.9 ± 0.1 × 10(27) and 7.0 ± 0.3 × 10(26) cells, respectively. Using projections of sea surface temperature as a result of increased concentration of greenhouse gases at the end of the 21st century, our niche models projected increases in cell numbers of 29% and 14% for Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, respectively. The changes are geographically uneven but include an increase in area. Thus, our global niche models suggest that oceanic microbial communities will experience complex changes as a result of projected future climate conditions. Because of the high abundances and contributions to primary production of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, these changes may have large impacts on ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flombaum
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gallegos
authors.forename: Rodolfo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gordillo
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rincón
authors.forename: Lina L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zabala
authors.forename: Nianzhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: William K W
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lomas
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veneziano
authors.forename: Carolina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: Jasper A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vrugt
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martiny
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D017753:Ecosystem; D005544:Forecasting; D005843:Geography; D019156:Indian Ocean; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000639:trends; D008954:Models, Biological; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D048929:Prochlorococcus / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D046940:Synechococcus / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: climate change; marine biogeochemistry; microbial biogeography