title: Histone lysine-specific methyltransferases and demethylases in carcinogenesis: new targets for cancer therapy and prevention.
abstract: Aberrant histone lysine methylation that is controlled by histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) plays significant roles in carcinogenesis. Infections by tumor viruses or parasites and exposures to chemical carcinogens can modify the process of histone lysine methylation. Many KMTs and KDMs contribute to malignant transformation by regulating the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), forming a fused gene, interacting with proto-oncogenes or being up-regulated in cancer cells. In addition, histone lysine methylation participates in tumor suppressor gene inactivation during the early stages of carcinogenesis by regulating DNA methylation and/or by other DNA methylation independent mechanisms. Furthermore, recent genetic discoveries of many mutations in KMTs and KDMs in various types of cancers highlight their numerous roles in carcinogenesis and provide rare opportunities for selective and tumor-specific targeting of these enzymes. The study on global histone lysine methylation levels may also offer specific biomarkers for cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis, as well as for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenic exposures and risk assessment. This review summarizes the role of histone lysine methylation in the process of cellular transformation and carcinogenesis, genetic alterations of KMTs and KDMs in different cancers and recent progress in discovery of small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Xuejiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Saiyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yan-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercola
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sassone-Corsi
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056466:Histone Demethylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056466:Histone Demethylases; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase