title: Effect of temperature and salinity on egg hatching and description of the life cycle of Lernanthropus latis (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) infecting barramundi, Lates calcarifer.
abstract: The parasite Lernanthropus latis (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) is a major threat to the sustained mariculture of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes: Latidae). We investigated the effect of water temperature and salinity on egg hatching success of L. latis and describe the life cycle for the first time. Wild and sea-caged L. calcarifer examined in tropical north Australia exhibited similar parasite prevalence (range: 80-100%) and mean parasite intensity (range: 3-6), whereas land-based maricultured fish were not infected. Hatching success and time to first and last hatch was determined for a range of water temperature (22, 30, 32 and 34°C) and salinity (0, 11, 22, 35 and 40‰) combinations representing current and predicted climate conditions. There was a significant interaction between water temperature and salinity on the hatching success of L. latis nauplii. Eggs hatched in all temperature treatments, with the greatest hatching success at 30°C and 32°C (98 and 92% success, respectively) in 35‰. Hatching did not occur at 0‰ and was severely reduced at 11‰ (1.6% success). Hatching began within 6h at all water temperatures with >95% of eggs hatched within 30h at 30, 32 and 34°C and within 60h at 22°C. Adult parasites differed from the original description by the presence of the parabasal flagellum, small setae on the legs and caudal rami and minor incongruences regarding morphological measurements. The life cycle of L. latis includes three free living stages and five parasitic stages. Although L. latis exhibits broad environmental tolerance, freshwater can be used as an effective management strategy to break the life cycle in aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture and the School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. alexander.brazenor@my.jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Alexander K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Brazenor
authors.forename: Kate S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hutson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033342:Copepoda / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects*; D010473:Perciformes; D054712:Salinity
keywords: Aquaculture; Asian sea bass; Climate; Copepod; Life cycle; Siphonostomatoida