title: Influenza mortality in the United States, 2009 pandemic: burden, timing and age distribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In April 2009, the most recent pandemic of influenza A began. We present the first estimates of pandemic mortality based on the newly-released final data on deaths in 2009 and 2010 in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained data on influenza and pneumonia deaths from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Age- and sex-specific death rates, and age-standardized death rates, were calculated. Using negative binomial Serfling-type methods, excess mortality was calculated separately by sex and age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In many age groups, observed pneumonia and influenza cause-specific mortality rates in October and November 2009 broke month-specific records since 1959 when the current series of detailed US mortality data began. Compared to the typical pattern of seasonal flu deaths, the 2009 pandemic age-specific mortality, as well as influenza-attributable (excess) mortality, skewed much younger. We estimate 2,634 excess pneumonia and influenza deaths in 2009-10; the excess death rate in 2009 was 0.79 per 100,000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pandemic influenza mortality skews younger than seasonal influenza. This can be explained by a protective effect due to antigenic cycling. When older cohorts have been previously exposed to a similar antigen, immune memory results in lower death rates at older ages. Age-targeted vaccination of younger people should be considered in future pandemics.
authors.affiliation: Palomar Health, Escondido, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noymer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult