title: Development and clinical gains of nurse-led medication monitoring profiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports on the development of an instrument for nurse-led medication monitoring, the West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction profile for respiratory medicines, as part of a strategy to reduce avoidable adverse drug reactions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preventable adverse drug reactions account for 3.7% hospital admissions. Nurse-led medication monitoring may reduce drug-related harm. However, development of medication monitoring strategies is not reported elsewhere.
  
  
  METHODS
  The profile was developed by: (1) cognitive interviews (n = 4), (2) the content validity index (n = 10) involving academics, clinicians and service users prescribed respiratory medicines, (3) inter-rater reliability (n = 48) and clinical gains in a nurse-led outpatient clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive interviews prompted more profile changes than either the content validity index or inter-rater reliability testing. Cohen's κ for inter-rater reliability for each item ranged from 0.73-1.00 (good to complete agreement). The profile identified previously unsuspected problems in all participants, including muscular weakness, skin and mouth problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction profile was valid and reliable, and helped to detect and ameliorate drug-related harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction profile offers opportunities to improve care. Medication monitoring provides the structure to concurrently monitor known adverse drug reactions. Practice-based adverse drug reaction profiles benefit from cognitive, content validity and inter-rater reliability testing.
authors.affiliation: Research Capacity Building Collaboration (RCBC) Wales, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gabe
authors.forename: Sue E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods*; D014852:Wales
keywords: adverse drug reaction; medication management; medication monitoring; nurses; nursing assessment