title: A pretargeted PET imaging strategy based on bioorthogonal Diels-Alder click chemistry.
abstract: The specificity of antibodies have made immunoconjugates promising vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes to cancer cells; however, their long pharmacologic half-lives necessitate the use of radioisotopes with long physical half-lives, a combination that leads to high radiation doses to patients. Therefore, the development of targeting modalities that harness the advantages of antibodies without their pharmacokinetic limitations is desirable. To this end, we report the development of a methodology for pretargeted PET imaging based on the bioorthogonal Diels-Alder click reaction between tetrazine and transcyclooctene.
  
  
  METHODS
  A proof-of-concept system based on the A33 antibody, SW1222 colorectal cancer cells, and (64)Cu was used. The huA33 antibody was covalently modified with transcyclooctene, and a NOTA-modified tetrazine was synthesized and radiolabeled with (64)Cu. Pretargeted in vivo biodistribution and PET imaging experiments were performed with athymic nude mice bearing A33 antigen-expressing, SW1222 colorectal cancer xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The huA33 antibody was modified with transcyclooctene to produce a conjugate with high immunoreactivity, and the (64)Cu-NOTA-labeled tetrazine ligand was synthesized with greater than 99% purity and a specific activity of 9-10 MBq/μg. For in vivo experiments, mice bearing SW1222 xenografts were injected with transcyclooctene-modified A33; after allowing 24 h for accumulation of the antibody in the tumor, the mice were injected with (64)Cu-NOTA-labeled tetrazine for PET imaging and biodistribution experiments. At 12 h after injection, the retention of uptake in the tumor (4.1 ± 0.3 percent injected dose per gram), coupled with the fecal excretion of excess radioligand, produced images with high tumor-to-background ratios. PET imaging and biodistribution experiments performed using A33 directly labeled with either (64)Cu or (89)Zr revealed that although absolute tumor uptake was higher with the directly radiolabeled antibodies, the pretargeted system yielded comparable images and tumor-to-muscle ratios at 12 and 24 h after injection. Further, dosimetry calculations revealed that the (64)Cu pretargeting system resulted in only a fraction of the absorbed background dose of A33 directly labeled with (89)Zr (0.0124 mSv/MBq vs. 0.4162 mSv/MBq, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high quality of the images produced by this pretargeting approach, combined with the ability of the methodology to dramatically reduce nontarget radiation doses to patients, marks this system as a strong candidate for clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Zeglis
authors.forename: Kuntal K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Sevak
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mohindra
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Carlin
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanzonico
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weissleder
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D057930:Click Chemistry; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D034242:Cyclooctanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D034242:Cyclooctanes; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D011725:Pyridines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C048993:1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid; C023666:pyridine
keywords: antibody; click chemistry; colorectal cancer; positron emission tomography (PET); pretargeting