title: Outcomes of fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction treated with vesicoamniotic shunt: a single-institution experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this manuscript was to examine the outcomes of patients with lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) treated with vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS) to improve the quality of prenatal consultation and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of all patients diagnosed with LUTO at our center between January 2004 and March 2012 were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 14 male fetuses with LUTO, all with characteristic ultrasound findings, 11 underwent intervention. One patient received vesicocentesis alone, while 10 had VAS. Two fetuses additionally underwent cystoscopy (one with attempted valve ablation), and two had peritoneoamniotic shunts. Of 16 total VAS, 13 were placed successfully, 8 dislodged (median 7 days), and 1 obstructed (84 days). Two fetuses suffered in utero demise, and two have unknown outcomes. LUTO was confirmed in six of eight live-born fetuses. One patient died in the neonatal period, while seven survived. All six available at follow-up (median 3.7 years), had significant genitourinary morbidity. Five patients had chronic kidney disease, but only one has required dialysis and transplant. Three had respiratory insufficiency, and one required a tracheostomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite significant perinatal and long-term morbidity, VAS offers patients faced with a poor prognosis an improved chance of survival. Our results underscore the need for further research into the diagnosis and treatment of LUTO.
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ethun
authors.forename: Irving J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Arundhati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cisek
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haeri
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: Oluyinka O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Olutoye
authors.forename: Darrell L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cass
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology; D000028:Abortion, Induced; D000653:Amniotic Fluid; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D016104:Oligohydramnios / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery*; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery*