title: CT volumetry of artificial pulmonary nodules using an ex vivo lung phantom: influence of exposure parameters and iterative reconstruction on reproducibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of exposure parameters and raw-data based iterative reconstruction (IR) on the measurement variability of computer-aided nodule volumetry on chest multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  N=7 porcine lung explants were inflated in a dedicated ex vivo phantom and prepared with n=162 artificial nodules. MDCT was performed eight consecutive times (combinations of 120 and 80 kV with 120, 60, 30 and 12 mAs), and reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and IR. Nodule volume and diameter were measured semi-automatically with dedicated software. The absolute percentage measurement error (APE) was computed in relation to the 120 kV 120 mAs acquisition. Noise was recorded for each nodule in every dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean nodule volume and diameter were 0.32 ± 0.15 ml and 12.0 ± 2.6mm, respectively. Although IR reduced noise by 24.9% on average compared to FBP (p<0.007), APE with IR was equal to or slightly higher than with FBP. Mean APE for volume increased significantly below a volume computed tomography dose index (CTDI) of 1.0 mGy: for 120 kV 12 mAs APE was 3.8 ± 6.2% (FBP) vs. 4.0 ± 5.2% (IR) (p<0.007); for 80 kV 12 mAs APE was 8.0 ± 13.0% vs. 9.3 ± 15.8% (n.s.), respectively. Correlating APE with image noise revealed that at identical noise APE was higher with IR than with FBP (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-aided volumetry is robust in a wide range of exposure settings, and reproducibility is reduced at a CTDI below 1.0 mGy only, but the error rate remains clinically irrelevant. Noise reduction by IR is not detrimental for measurement error in the setting of semi-automatic nodule volumetry on chest MDCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Mark.wielpuetz@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Wielpütz
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lederlin
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wroblewski
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dinkel
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichinger
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederer
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puderbach
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Computer-aided diagnosis; Lung cancer; Screening