title: Three-dimensional laparoscopy: a new tool in the surgeon's armamentarium.
abstract: With the introduction of laparoscopy more than 20 years ago, the surgeon has been confronted with several new challenges. First, the loss of the depth perception (two-dimensional [2D] vision) is a clear handicap during the initial learning curve. Then, the reduced dexterity with the current available instruments remains a drawback of classic minimally invasive surgery. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the advent of robotic surgery has given back the three-dimensional (3D) vision thanks to the two camera channels. In addition, the dexterity was restored, with the "endowristed" technology (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). In parallel, several groups have tested and evaluated new cameras for 3D laparoscopy with interesting results. Yet, the real advantages have still to be proven. On the other hand, restoring the 3D vision is clearly a step forward to all the possibilities associated with augmented reality. Reviewing the current literature, this article shows the interest in the use of 3D technology for laparoscopic surgery. In addition, future trends are explored, especially those concerning augmented and virtual reality coupled with 3D technology.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Buchs
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morel
mesh_terms: D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface