title: Invasive mechanical ventilation as a risk factor for acute kidney injury in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical ventilation (MV) is commonly regarded as a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) in the critically ill. We investigated the strength of this association and whether settings of tidal volume (Vt) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) affect the risk for AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using studies found by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and references in relevant reviews and articles. We included studies reporting on a relation between the use of invasive MV and subsequent onset of AKI, or comparing higher with lower Vt or PEEP and subsequent onset of AKI. All studies clearly stating that MV was initiated after onset of AKI were excluded. We extracted the proportion with and without MV and AKI. We included 31 studies on invasive MV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the overall effect of MV on AKI was 3.16 (95% CI 2.32 to 4.28, P<0.001). Nearly all subgroups showed that MV increases the risk for AKI. The pooled OR for studies with a multivariate analysis including MV as a risk factor for AKI was 3.58 (95% CI 1.85 to 6.92; P<0.001). Different settings of Vt and PEEP showed no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive MV is associated with a threefold increase in the odds of developing AKI and various Vt or PEEP settings do not modify this risk. The latter argues in favour of a haemodynamic origin of AKI during MV.
authors.forename: Johannes P C
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.forename: Mahamud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egal
authors.forename: A B Johan
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors