title: Prolonged influenza virus shedding and emergence of antiviral resistance in immunocompromised patients and ferrets.
abstract: Immunocompromised individuals tend to suffer from influenza longer with more serious complications than otherwise healthy patients. Little is known about the impact of prolonged infection and the efficacy of antiviral therapy in these patients. Among all 189 influenza A virus infected immunocompromised patients admitted to ErasmusMC, 71 were hospitalized, since the start of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. We identified 11 (15%) cases with prolonged 2009 pandemic virus replication (longer than 14 days), despite antiviral therapy. In 5 out of these 11 (45%) cases oseltamivir resistant H275Y viruses emerged. Given the inherent difficulties in studying antiviral efficacy in immunocompromised patients, we have infected immunocompromised ferrets with either wild-type, or oseltamivir-resistant (H275Y) 2009 pandemic virus. All ferrets showed prolonged virus shedding. In wild-type virus infected animals treated with oseltamivir, H275Y resistant variants emerged within a week after infection. Unexpectedly, oseltamivir therapy still proved to be partially protective in animals infected with resistant virus. Immunocompromised ferrets offer an attractive alternative to study efficacy of novel antiviral therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van der Vries
authors.forename: Koert J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stittelaar
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Amerongen
authors.forename: Edwin J B
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Veldhuis Kroeze
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Waal
authors.forename: Pieter L A
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Fraaij
authors.forename: Roland J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Meesters
authors.forename: Theo M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Luider
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Nagel
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Arnold G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vulto
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schutten
authors.forename: Albert D M E
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Osterhaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058873:Pandemics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017201:Virus Shedding / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D053139:Oseltamivir