title: Pharyngeal airway characterization in adolescents related to facial skeletal pattern: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to characterize the volume and the morphology of the pharyngeal airway in adolescent subjects, relating them to their facial skeletal pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four subjects who had cone-beam computed tomography were divided into 3 groups-skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III-according to their ANB angles. The volumes of the upper pharyngeal portion and nasopharynx, and the volume and morphology of the lower pharyngeal portion and its subdivisions (velopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx) were assessed with software (version 11.5; Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). The results were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and the Dunn multiple comparison tests to identify intergroup differences. Correlations between variables assessed were tested by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Correlations between the logarithms of airway volumes and the ANB angle values were tested as continuous variables with linear regression, considering the sexes as subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum areas in the Class II group (112.9 ± 42.9, 126.9 ± 45.9, and 142.1 ± 83.5 mm(2)) were significantly smaller than in Class III group (186.62 ± 83.2, 234.5 ± 104.9, and 231.1 ± 111.4 mm(2)) for the lower pharyngeal portion, the velopharynx, and the oropharynx, respectively, and significantly smaller than the Class I group for the velopharynx (201.8 ± 94.7 mm(2)). The Class II group had a statistically significant different morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups in the velopharynx. There was a tendency to decreased airway volume with increased ANB angle in the lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx. In the upper pharyngeal portion, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx, there seemed to be no association between the airway volume and the skeletal pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Class II subjects had smaller minimum and mean areas (lower pharyngeal portion, velopharynx, and oropharynx) than did the Class III group and significantly less uniform velopharynx morphology than did the Class I and Class III groups. A negative correlation was observed between the ANB value and airway volume in the lower pharyngeal portion and the velopharynx (both sexes) and in the oropharynx (just in male subjects).
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia Vieira
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Claudino
authors.forename: Claudia Trindade
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos de Oliveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ruellas
authors.forename: Eduardo Franzotti
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Sant' Anna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007013:Hypopharynx / Q000473:pathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology*; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000473:pathology; D055158:Velopharyngeal Sphincter / Q000473:pathology