title: Three-dimensional cephalometry: a method for the identification and for the orientation of the skull after cone-bean computed tomographic scan.
abstract: The aims of this work were (1) to describe a method to identify new skeletal landmarks useful to define the reference system to orient the skull in a new position after cone-bean computed tomographic scan and (2) to demonstrate the reliability of this new method.Ten orthognathic patients (5 male, 5 female; mean [SD] age, 18.9 [1.2] years) underwent the cone-bean computed tomographic scan before surgery. Seven 3-dimensional skeletal measurements derived from 4 skeletal point of construction (C) (right, left, and median orbital C, and sella C) have been used for this study. Reliability has been calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient tests.Intraobserver reliability was 0.9999 for operator A (T1-T2) and 0.9999 for operator B (T1-T2); interobserver reliability was 0.9999 between the first (T1-T1) measurement and 0.9999 between the second (T2-T2).The original method is able to reduce the variability of landmark identification due to the variability of the human anatomy and the influence of the human error in cephalometric analysis. The innovation of this new method is the real possibility to use the anatomical structures in a 3-dimensional way, enhancing the reliability of the reference points.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Surgery, Dental School, Turin University, Turin, Italy. gianluigi_frongia@msn.com
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frongia
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Piancino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology