title: A framework for developing research protocols for evaluation of microbial hazards and controls during production that pertain to the application of untreated soil amendments of animal origin on land used to grow produce that may be consumed raw.
abstract: Application of manure or soil amendments of animal origin (untreated soil amendments; UTSAs) to agricultural land has been a long-standing practice to maintain or improve soil quality through addition of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Much smaller quantities of these types of UTSAs are applied to land used for food crops than to land used for animal grain and forage. UTSAs can harbor zoonotic enteric pathogens that may survive for extended periods after application. Additional studies are needed to enhance our understanding of preharvest microbial food safety hazards and control measures pertaining to the application of UTSAs especially for land used to grow produce that may be consumed raw. This document is intended to provide an approach to study design and a framework for defining the scope and type of data required. This document also provides a tool for evaluating the strength of existing data and thus can aid the produce industry and regulatory authorities in identifying additional research needs. Ultimately, this framework provides a means by which researchers can increase consistency among and between studies and facilitates direct comparison of hazards and efficacy of controls applied to different regions, conditions, and practices.
authors.affiliation: Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA. ljharris@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Elaine D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Tyann
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blessington
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jay-Russell
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Killinger
authors.forename: Fredrick C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Millner
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Manan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Trevor V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Suslow
authors.forename: Luxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Randy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Worobo
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004777:Environment; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D064088:Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012107:Research Design; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen