title: Familial glucocorticoid deficiency: a diagnostic challenge during acute illness.
abstract: Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a heterogeneous condition of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency due to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resistance. Patients have adrenal failure with normal electrolytes. We report two Arab children with different forms of FGD, in whom the diagnosis was initially masked by their acute illness and discuss the reasons for the delay in the diagnosis of FGD in both patients. Patient 1 presented at 12 days with Serratia sepsis. She received hydrocortisone for septic shock and needed dexamethasone courses to wean her off ventilation. At 13 weeks, she had normal electrolytes, low cortisol and high ACTH in keeping with FGD. A homozygous missense mutation (T159) in MC2R confirmed the diagnosis of FGD type 1. Patient 2 was admitted at 4.5 years, with an acute exacerbation of chronic asthma. At presentation, he had hypotension, hypoglycaemia and normal electrolytes. He was given IV hydrocortisone to treat his severe asthma, and his lip hyperpigmentation was thought to be central cyanosis. Two weeks later, his lips remained dark, and cortisol was low, with markedly elevated ACTH. Family history revealed a sister aged 22 years with cerebral palsy and a healthy 15-year-old brother, who were both severely pigmented with high ACTH levels. The diagnosis of FGD type 2 was confirmed by identifying a homozygous missense mutation (p.Y59D) in MRAP in the three siblings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FGD can be easily overlooked during acute illness. In a sick child, paired measurement of serum cortisol with ACTH prior to starting steroid therapy would be useful in making the diagnosis of FGD.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric department, Maternity and Children Hospital, PO Box 20873, Madinah, Saudi Arabia, amhabeb@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdelhadi M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Habeb
authors.forename: Claire R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Rida
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Arabi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Muhamadi
authors.forename: Adrian J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Metherell
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D044103:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D043202:Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C458099:MRAP protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D044103:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2