title: Accumulating Evidence and Research Organization (AERO) model: a new tool for representing, analyzing, and planning a translational research program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maximizing efficiency in drug development is important for drug developers, policymakers, and human subjects. Limited funds and the ethical imperative of risk minimization demand that researchers maximize the knowledge gained per patient-subject enrolled. Yet, despite a common perception that the current system of drug development is beset by inefficiencies, there remain few approaches for systematically representing, analyzing, and communicating the efficiency and coordination of the research enterprise. In this paper, we present the first steps toward developing such an approach: a graph-theoretic tool for representing the Accumulating Evidence and Research Organization (AERO) across a translational trajectory.
  
  
  METHODS
  This initial version of the AERO model focuses on elucidating two dimensions of robustness: (1) the consistency of results among studies with an identical or similar outcome metric; and (2) the concordance of results among studies with qualitatively different outcome metrics. The visual structure of the model is a directed acyclic graph, designed to capture these two dimensions of robustness and their relationship to three basic questions that underlie the planning of a translational research program: What is the accumulating state of total evidence? What has been the translational trajectory? What studies should be done next?
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate the utility of the AERO model with an application to a case study involving the antibacterial agent, moxifloxacin, for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. We then consider some possible elaborations for the AERO model and propose a number of ways in which the tool could be used to enhance the planning, reporting, and analysis of clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AERO model provides an immediate visual representation of the number of studies done at any stage of research, depicting both the robustness of evidence and the relationship of each study to the larger translational trajectory. In so doing, it makes some of the invisible or inchoate properties of the research system explicit - helping to elucidate judgments about the accumulating state of evidence and supporting decision-making for future research.
authors.affiliation: Studies for Translation, Ethics, and Medicine (STREAM) Group, Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. spencer.hey@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Spencer Phillips
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hey
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heilig
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weijer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003196:Computer Graphics; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D014796:Visual Perception; D057188:Workflow
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D000077266:Moxifloxacin