title: Reduced striatal brain volumes in non-medicated adult ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders (SUD). Patients with ADHD and SUD comorbidity respond less well to pharmacological treatment (e.g., methylphenidate), have more severe ADHD symptoms, and are generally more impulsive than ADHD patients without SUD. However, little is known about structural brain abnormalities that may differentiate ADHD patients with and without comorbid SUD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared regional grey matter volumes of 10 non-medicated male ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence, 14 non-medicated male ADHD patients without cocaine dependence and 15 healthy control participants matched for age and premorbid intellectual functioning, using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) using both a whole-brain analysis and a priori ROI analysis based on the existing ADHD VBM literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a whole brain analysis, ADHD patients with and without cocaine dependence showed smaller volumes in the right putamen and cerebellum compared to healthy controls. In addition, ADHD patients without cocaine dependence showed larger volumes in the midbrain and in the precentral gyrus compared to healthy control participants and larger volumes in the occipital cortex compared to ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence. A direct comparison using the a priori defined ROI approach showed that ADHD patients with cocaine dependence had smaller putamen volumes than ADHD patients without cocaine dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD patients with cocaine dependence show more profound grey matter volume reductions in the striatum compared to ADHD patients without cocaine dependence. Possible implications for treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Wingen
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmaal
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dom
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Cleo L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Crunelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Cocaine; Grey matter volume; MRI; Putamen; Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)