title: Influence of water physicochemical characteristics on Simuliidae (Diptera) prevalence in some streams of Meghalaya, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simuliids (Diptera) are one of the medically important biting insects group and have worldwide distribution. Their immature stages proliferate in fast flowing river or stream water and have been considered as important ecological indicator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aquatic stages of simuliids were collected and speciated from 16 different fresh water rivers and streams. Water flow rate was determined and water samples were analysed for various water variables such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), dissolved oxygen saturation (DOS), conductivity, total dissolved solute (TDS), turbidity, resistivity and salinity. Linear regression was used to determine relationship between simuliid density and water variables, whereas multiple regression was used to determine the fitness for the presence of simuliid species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the water parameters association with simuliid distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total 565 specimens comprising of three species namely, Simulium (S) barraudi Puri, S. (S) striatum Brunetti, and S. (S) himalayense Puri were recorded in the present study. Simulium barraudi was the most abundant (56.8%) and its density was high (χ2 = 289.3; df = 2; p <0.0001) as compared to the others. The average population size of each species was 188.3, whereas Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices were 0.4466 and 1.306 respectively. Linear regression showed that simuliid density was associated with the water flow rate. Principal component analysis indicated that the water parameters accounted for 42.25% variation along D1 axis, while 24.1% variation along D2 axis. Atleast two principal components have eigenvalue >1 and accounted for 32.6% of variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides new information on simuliid species association with breeding water parameters in a little studied region of high biological interest. Turbidity, water flow and pH are important water parameters affecting the simuliid species prevalence. Each simuliid species preferred different sets of physicochemical parameters of breeding habitat, which are specific to that particular species. Therefore, simuliid species community as a whole cannot be considered as a suitable indicator of the streams water quality. In addition to describing simuliids, the information provided herein will be useful for the conservation of aquatic ecology and environment in Meghalaya state of India.
authors.affiliation: Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India.
authors.forename: Bipul
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rabha
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Soilyadhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hazarika
authors.forename: Rakesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bhola
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D011156:Population Density; D045483:Rivers; D054712:Salinity; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen