title: Forgotten hardware: how to urinate in a spacesuit.
abstract: On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American to fly in space. Although National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had discounted the need for him to urinate, Shepard did, in his spacesuit, short circuiting his electronic biosensors. With the development of the pressure suit needed for high-altitude and space flight during the 1950s, technicians had developed the means for urine collection. However, cultural mores, combined with a lack of interagency communication, and the technical difficulties of spaceflight made human waste collection a difficult task. Despite the difficulties, technicians at NASA created a successful urine collection device that John Glenn wore on the first Mercury orbital flight on February 20, 1962. With minor modifications, male astronauts used this system to collect urine until the Space Shuttle program. John Glenn's urine collection device is at the National Air and Space Museum and has been on view to the public since 1976.
authors.affiliation: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. hollinsh@si.edu
authors.forename: Hunter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollins
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009144:Museums; D013026:Space Flight / Q000266:history; D019442:Space Suits / Q000266:history; D014481:United States; D018557:United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration; D014554:Urination; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: history of physiology; space physiology; urine collection