title: Indirect color prediction of amorphous carbohydrate melts as a function of thermal history.
abstract: Glassy carbohydrate microcapsules are widely used for the encapsulation of flavors in food applications, and are made using various thermal processes (for example, extrusion). During manufacturing, these carbohydrate melts are held at elevated temperatures and color can form due to nonenzymatic browning reactions. These reactions can negatively or positively affect the color and flavor of microcapsules. The rate of color formation of maltodextrin and maltodextrin/sucrose melts at elevated temperatures was determined spectrophotometrically and was found to follow pseudo zero-order kinetics. The effect of temperature was adequately modeled by an Arrhenius relationship. Reaction rate constants and Arrhenius parameters were determined for individual wavelengths in the visible range (360 to 700 nm at 1 nm intervals). Transient processes (temperature changes with time) were modeled as a sequence of small isothermal events, and the equivalent thermal history at a reference temperature calculated using the Arrhenius relationship. Therefore, spectral transmittance curves could be predicted with knowledge of the time/temperature relationship. Validation was conducted by subjecting both melts to a transient thermal history. Experimental transmittance spectrum compared favorably against predicted values. These spectra were optionally converted to any desirable color space (for example, CIELAB, XYZ, RGB) or derived parameter (for example, Browning Index). The tool could be used to better control nonenzymatic browning reactions in industrial food processes.
authors.affiliation: Firmenich, Inc., PO Box 5880, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA. rutger.van.sleeuwen@firmenich.com
authors.forename: Rutger M T
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Sleeuwen
authors.forename: Anaїck J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gosse
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Normand
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003116:Color; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013395:Sucrose / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013395:Sucrose; C008315:maltodextrin
keywords: carbohydrates; color; encapsulation; heat treatment; predictive modeling