title: Field of view comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relative to microscopic transnasal surgery, endoscopic surgery provides improved visualization with an increased field of view. Advances such as high-definition (HD) and three-dimensional (3D) endoscopy have been introduced and clearly improve visualization. However, do both technologies maintain an increased field of view? We hypothesize that the field of view of 3D endoscopy is restricted relative to two-dimensional (2D) HD endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory investigation, prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard measurements at 6-cm and 2-cm working distances where made to determine the comparative field of view utilizing Storz 0° 2D HD and Visionsense 3D endoscopes. Relative measurements were then made to determine field of view. Five clinical patients were then utilized to confirm laboratory studies and demonstrate the relative field of view change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3D endoscopy demonstrates a 52% loss of field of view compared to 2D endoscopy in a controlled lab testing. This was confirmed in a small clinical patient series where a 55% ± 3% relative field of view reduction was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When working with 3D endoscopy in a currently available commercial product, the operator should be aware that relative to HD 2D endoscopy, there is a field of view restriction of 52%.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jamie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Gompel
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tabor
authors.forename: A Samy
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.forename: Tsz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: van Loveren
authors.forename: Siviero
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agazzi
mesh_terms: D019723:Endoscopes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Endoscopic skull base; endoscope