title: Rehabilitation in bilingual aphasia: evidence for within- and between-language generalization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine if there was a principled way to understand the nature of rehabilitation in bilingual aphasia such that patterns of acquisition and generalization are predictable and logical.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen Spanish-English bilingual individuals with aphasia participated in the experiment. For each participant, three sets of stimuli were developed for each language: (a) English Set 1, (b) English Set 2 (semantically related to each item in English Set 1), (c) English Set 3 (unrelated control items), (d) Spanish Set 1 (translations of English Set 1), (e) Spanish Set 2 (translations of English Set 2; semantically related to each item in Spanish Set 1), and (f) Spanish Set 3 (translations of English Set 3; unrelated control items). A single-subject experimental multiple baseline design across participants was implemented. Treatment was conducted in 1 language, but generalization to within- and between-language untrained items was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment for naming on Set 1 items resulted in significant improvement (i.e., effect size >4.0) on the trained items in 14/17 participants. Of the 14 participants who showed improvement, within-language generalization to semantically related items was observed in 10 participants. Between-language generalization to the translations of trained items was observed in 5 participants, and between-language generalization to the translations of the untrained semantically related items was observed in 6 participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrated within- and between-language patterns that were variable across participants. These differences are indicative of the interplay between facilitation (generalization) and inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. kirans@bu.edu
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: Chaleece
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ascenso
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001037:Aphasia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007807:Language Tests; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019303:Multilingualism; D012660:Semantics
keywords: aphasia; bilingualism; intervention; language disorders; neurologic disorders