title: Using digital flow cytometry to assess the degradation of three cyanobacteria species after oxidation processes.
abstract: Depending on drinking water treatment conditions, oxidation processes may result in the degradation of cyanobacteria cells causing the release of toxic metabolites (microcystin), odorous metabolites (MIB, geosmin), or disinfection byproduct precursors. In this study, a digital flow cytometer (FlowCAM(®)) in combination with chlorophyll-a analysis was used to evaluate the ability of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine to damage or lyse cyanobacteria cells added to Colorado River water. Microcystis aeruginosa (MA), Oscillatoria sp. (OSC) and Lyngbya sp. (LYN) were selected for the study due to their occurrence in surface water supplies, metabolite production, and morphology. Results showed that cell damage was observed without complete lysis or fragmentation of the cell membrane under many of the conditions tested. During ozone and chlorine experiments, the unicellular MA was more susceptible to oxidation than the filamentous OSC and LYN. Rate constants were developed based on the loss of chlorophyll-a and oxidant exposure, which showed the oxidants degraded MA, OSC, and LYN according to the order of ozone > chlorine ~ chlorine dioxide > chloramine. Digital and binary images taken by the digital flow cytometer provided qualitative insight regarding cell damage. When applying this information, drinking water utilities can better understand the risk of cell damage or lysis during oxidation processes.
authors.affiliation: Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA. eric.wert@snwa.com
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wert
authors.forename: Mei Mei
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Fernando L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Rosario-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000737:chemistry; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D005453:Fluorescence; D007700:Kinetics; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010126:Ozone / Q000494:pharmacology; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone; C025109:chlorine dioxide; C030816:chloramine; D000077194:Chlorophyll A