title: [Field efficacy of repellent formulation containing para-menthane-3,8-diol and lemongrass against Culicoides pachymerus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Colombia].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Culicoides pachymerus is a major pest species for the inhabitants of the western Boyacá province of Colombia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effect of a repellent lotion based on p-menthane-3,8-diol (16%) and lemongrass oil (2%) was evaluated against the bites of C. pachymerus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The repellent lotion was compared simultaneously with a control (no treatment) by human landing catches of C. pachymerus on the forearms of paired volunteers situated near human dwellings. Protection percentage and protection time for 3 to 6 h after repellent application was calculated. The test was repeated ten times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only two females of C. pachymerus were collected on arms with the repellent treatment. In contrast, the mean biting rate in the untreated control was 47.7 midges/person/10 min. Mean protection percentage of the repellent was 100% up to 4 h and 99.5% up to 5 h. Protection time was 332.2 and 338.2 min in the two replicates where bites of C. pachymerus were confirmed. In the remaining eight replicates protection time exceeded the test duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repellent showed high efficacy against C. pachymerus, up to 5 h post-application.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia. esantamaria@ins.gov.co
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santamaría
authors.forename: Olga Lucía
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Yaneth
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zipa
authors.forename: Raúl Hernando
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pardo
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003105:Colombia; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D031743:Cymbopogon; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008610:Menthol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D027822:Myrtaceae; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D063465:Skin Cream; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008610:Menthol; C005804:terpin