title: Antifungal synergy of theaflavin and epicatechin combinations against Candida albicans.
abstract: New antifungal agents are required to compensate for the increase in resistance to standard antifungal agents of Candida albicans, which is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes minor infections in many individuals but very serious infections in those who are immune-compromised. In this study, combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin are investigated as potential antifungal agents and also to establish whether antifungal synergy exists between these two readily accessible and cost-effective polyphenols isolated from black and green tea. The results of disc diffusion assays showed stronger antibacterial activity of theaflavin:epicatechin combinations against C. albicans NCTC 3255 and NCTC 3179, than that of theaflavin alone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1,024 μg/ml with theaflavin and 128-256 μg/ml with theaflavin:epicatechin combinations were found. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were calculated, and the synergy between theaflavin and epicatechin against both isolates of C. albicans was confirmed. Theaflavin:epicatechin combinations show real potential for future use as a treatment for infections caused by C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Antimicrobial Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Haswell
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028241:Camellia sinensis / Q000737:chemistry; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D044946:Biflavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; C056068:theaflavin; D002392:Catechin