title: Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of two Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal-specific Podoviruses to other N4-like phages reveal extensive genetic diversity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal is the only serogroup other than O1 implicated in cholera epidemics. We describe the isolation and characterization of an O139 serogroup-specific phage, vB_VchP_VchO139-I (ϕVchO139-I) that has similar host range and virion morphology as phage vB_VchP_JA1 (ϕJA1) described previously. We aimed at a complete molecular characterization of both phages and elucidation of their genetic and structural differences and assessment of their genetic relatedness to the N4-like phage group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Host-range analysis and plaque morphology screening were done for both ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I. Both phage genomes were sequenced by a 454 and Sanger hybrid approach. Genomes were annotated and protein homologies were determined by Blast and HHPred. Restriction profiles, PFGE patterns and data on the physical genome structure were acquired and phylogenetic analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The host specificity of ϕJA1 has been attributed to the unique capsular O-antigen produced by O139 strains. Plaque morphologies of the two phages were different; ϕVchO139-I produced a larger halo around the plaques than ϕJA1. Restriction profiles of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I genomes were also different. The genomes of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I consisted of linear double-stranded DNA of 71,252 and 70,938 base pairs. The presence of direct terminal repeats of around 1974 base pairs was demonstrated. Whole genome comparison revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms, small insertions/deletions and differences in gene content. Both genomes had 79 predicted protein encoding sequences, of which only 59 were identical between the two closely related phages. They also encoded one tRNA-Arg gene, an intein within the large terminase gene, and four homing endonuclease genes. Whole genome phylogenetic analyses of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I against other sequenced N4-like phages delineate three novel subgroups or clades within this phage family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The closely related phages feature significant genetic differences, in spite of being morphologically identical. The phage morphology, genetic organization, genomic content and large terminase protein based phylogeny support the placement of these two phages in the Podoviridae family, more specifically within the N4-like phage group. The physical genome structure of ϕJA1 could be demonstrated experimentally. Our data pave the way for potential use of ϕJA1 and ϕVchO139-I in Vibrio cholerae typing and control.
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Derrick E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fouts
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klumpp
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bishop-Lilly
authors.forename: Mathumathi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajavel
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Willner
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butani
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Biswajit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Manrong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Loessner
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calendar
authors.forename: Shanmuga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sozhamannan
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017902:Podoviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D041242:Vibrio cholerae O139 / Q000821:virology*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral