title: PPP1R42, a PP1 binding protein, regulates centrosome dynamics in ARPE-19 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The centrosome is the primary site for microtubule nucleation in cells and orchestrates reorganisation of the microtubule cytoskeleton during the cell cycle. The activities of the centrosome must be closely aligned with progression of the cell cycle; misregulation of centrosome separation and duplication is a hallmark of cancer. In a subset of cells, including the developing spermatid, the centrosome becomes specialised to form the basal body thereby supporting growth of the axoneme in morphogenesis of cilia and flagella, structures critical for signalling and motility. Mammalian spermatogenesis is an excellent model system to investigate the transformations in cellular architecture that accompany these changes including formation of the flagellum. We have previously identified a leucine-rich repeat protein (PPP1R42) that contains a protein phosphatase-1 binding site and translocates from the apical nucleus to the centrosome at the base of the flagellum during spermiogenesis. In this manuscript, we examine localisation and function of PPP1R42 in a ciliated epithelial cell model as a first step in understanding the role of this protein in centrosome function and flagellar formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that PPP1R42 localises to the basal body in ARPE-19 retinal epithelial cells. Co-localisation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments further show that PPP1R42 interacts with γ-tubulin. Inhibition of PPP1R42 with small interfering RNAs causes accumulation of centrosomes indicating premature centrosome separation. Importantly, the activity of two signalling molecules that regulate centrosome separation, PP1 phosphatase and NEK2 kinase, changes when PPP1R42 is inhibited: PP1 activity is reduced with a corresponding increase in NEK2 activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified a role for the PP1-binding protein, PPP1R42, in centrosome separation in ciliated ARPE-19 cells. Our finding that inhibition of PPP1R42 expression increases the number of centrosomes per cell is consistent with our model that PPP1R42 is a positive regulator of PP1. PPP1R42 depletion reduces the activity of PP1 leading to activation of NEK2, the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of centrosomal linker proteins promoting centrosome separation. This work identifies a new molecule localised to the centrosome and basal body with a role in the complex signalling network responsible for controlling centrosome activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DeVaul
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ann O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Sperry
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018385:Centrosome / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002923:Cilia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D021381:Protein Transport; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012160:Retina / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000090263:Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1
keywords: Centrosome; PP1; PPP1R42; Polarisation; TLRR