title: Prevalence of HIV-1 dual infection in long-term nonprogressor-elite controllers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) dual infection (DI) in long-term nonprogressor-elite controller patients (LTNP-EC) has been described only in sporadic cases and then, consequences in disease progression are not clearly established. To fill-up this limited knowledge, we analyzed, for the first time, the prevalence, host genetic polymorphisms, and clinical consequences of HIV-1 DI in a group of LTNP-EC.
  
  
  METHODS
  For DI detection, nucleotide sequences in env gene from viruses from 20 LTNP-EC were analyzed by maximum likelihood. Epidemiological and clinical parameters and host factors of patients were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DI was detected in 4 (20%) of the 20 LTNP-EC, of which 3 maintained the elite controller status. CD4⁺ T-cell counts were not different between single and DI patients although higher CD8⁺ T-cell counts were observed in DI patients, and, consequently, the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios were lower in LTNP-EC DI patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of HIV-1 DIs in LTNP-EC is similar to other groups of HIV-1 patients; in addition, DI was not associated with loss of disease control in the patients. These DI LTNP-EC patients showed, in comparison with single infected patients, higher numbers of CD8⁺ T cells and lower CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratios.
authors.affiliation: *Servicio de Virología Molecular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; †Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain; ‡Laboratory of Immunovirology, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, IBiS/CSIC/SAS/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; §Unidad de Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; ‖Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ¶Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and #IrsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pernas
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sandonis
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arcones
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Ezequiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Mateos
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramírez de Arellano
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rallón
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Val
authors.forename: Eulalia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.forename: Mariola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Vazquez
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Romero
authors.forename: Cecilio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López Galíndez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020276:HIV Long-Term Survivors; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D015235:HLA-B Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015235:HLA-B Antigens; D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus