title: Executive functioning skills in long-term users of cochlear implants: a case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in executive functioning between deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) and normal-hearing (NH) peers. The cognitive effects of auditory deprivation in childhood may extend beyond speech-language skills to more domain-general areas including executive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Executive functioning skills in a sample of 53 prelingually deaf children, adolescents, and young adults who received CIs prior to age 7 years and who had used their CIs for ≥7 years were compared with age- and nonverbal IQ-matched NH peers and with scale norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite having above average nonverbal IQ, the CI sample scored lower than the NH sample and test norms on several measures of short-term/working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration. Executive functioning was unrelated to most demographic and hearing history characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prelingual deafness and long-term use of CIs was associated with increased risk of weaknesses in executive functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, USA. wkronenb@iupui.edu
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kronenberger
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pisoni
authors.forename: Shirley C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.forename: Bethany G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Colson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003638:Deafness / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive assessment; deafness and hearing loss; neuropsychology