title: Toxicity of copper sulfate to Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Rainbow Trout eggs.
abstract: Tests were conducted to determine the concentrations of copper sulfate needed to kill Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the cause of bacterial coldwater disease, either in vitro or on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss eggs. For the in vitro test, a plastic strip dipped in a solution of F. psychrophilum was exposed for 15 min to copper sulfate solutions of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, or 100 mg/L. Bacteria were "too numerous to count" at concentrations ≤10 mg/L CuSO4; significant reductions in prevalence relative to untreated controls were noted for concentrations ≥35 mg/L. However, CFUs were still observed at 50 and 75 mg/L (20% of plates with tryptone yeast extract salts media). No yellow-pigmented CFUs typical of F. psychrophilum were observed at 100 mg/L CuSO4. For the in vivo test, eggs were exposed for 15 min to 100, 300, 500, and 700 mg/L CuSO4 or 100 mg/L iodine (control). Survival to hatch was significantly lower at 500 (44.3 ± 15.2%, mean ± SD) or 700 mg/L CuSO4 (1.7 ± 0.8%) than for controls treated with 100 mg/L iodine (93.6 ± 0.9%) or at copper sulfate concentrations ≤300 mg/L. The 15-min LD50 and LD10 for copper sulfate were 461 mg/L (95% confidence interval: 457-466 mg/L) and 259 mg/L (251-266 mg/L). The prevalence of yellow CFUs at 100 mg/L CuSO4 (40.0%) was significantly higher than in untreated controls. Significant reductions in yellow CFUs were achieved using 300, 500, or 700 mg/L CuSO4 (7.5, 2.5, or 0.0% of plates with CFUs, respectively) or 100 mg/L iodine (2.5%), relative to untreated control eggs. Overall, since the concentrations of copper sulfate required to eliminate F. psychrophilum were toxic to the eggs, copper sulfate is not recommended for coldwater disease control in Rainbow Trout eggs based on conditions and parameters in this study.
authors.affiliation: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources , Fisheries Experiment Station, Logan, UT, USA. ericwagner@utah.gov
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Randall W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Oplinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000187:drug effects*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D019327:Copper Sulfate