title: Bowel perforation in intestinal lymphoma: incidence and clinical features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perforation is a serious life-threatening complication of lymphomas involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although some perforations occur as the initial presentation of GI lymphoma, others occur after initiation of chemotherapy. To define the location and timing of perforation, a single-center study was carried out of all patients with GI lymphoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1975 and 2012, 1062 patients were identified with biopsy-proven GI involvement with lymphoma. A retrospective chart review was undertaken to identify patients with gut perforation and to determine their clinicopathologic features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine percent (92 of 1062) of patients developed a perforation, of which 55% (51 of 92) occurred after chemotherapy. The median day of perforation after initiation of chemotherapy was 46 days (mean, 83 days; range, 2-298) and 44% of perforations occurred within the first 4 weeks of treatment. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common lymphoma associated with perforation (59%, 55 of 92). Compared with indolent B-cell lymphomas, the risk of perforation was higher with aggressive B-cell lymphomas (hazard ratio, HR = 6.31, P < 0.0001) or T-cell/other types (HR = 12.40, P < 0.0001). The small intestine was the most common site of perforation (59%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perforation remains a significant complication of GI lymphomas and is more frequently associated with aggressive than indolent lymphomas. Supported in part by University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic SPORE CA97274 and the Predolin Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ristow
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Macon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Colgan
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Inwards
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ansell
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Porrata
authors.forename: I N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Micallef
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nowakowski
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Witzig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013534:Survival; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: lymphoma; perforation