title: Inequality in fertility rate and modern contraceptive use among Ghanaian women from 1988-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most resource poor countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, modern contraceptive use and prevalence is unusually low and fertility is very high resulting in rapid population growth and high maternal mortality and morbidity. Current evidence shows slow progress in expanding the use of contraceptives by women of low socioeconomic status and insufficient financial commitment to family planning programs. We examined gaps and trends in modern contraceptive use and fertility within different socio-demographic subgroups in Ghana between 1988 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a database using the Women's Questionnaire from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008. We applied regression-based Total Attributable Fraction (TAF); we also calculated the Relative and Slope Indices of Inequality (RII and SII) to complement the TAF in our investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equality in use of modern contraceptives increased from 1988 to 2008. In contrast, inequality in fertility rate increased from 1988 to 2008. It was also found that rural-urban residence gap in the use of modern contraceptive methods had almost disappeared in 2008, while education and income related inequalities remained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One obvious observation is that the discrepancy between equality in use of contraceptives and equality in fertility must be addressed in a future revision of policies related to family planning. Otherwise this could be a major obstacle for attaining further progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5. More research into the causes of the unfortunate discrepancy is urgently needed. There still exist significant education and income related inequalities in both parameters that need appropriate action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. benedict_oppong.asamoah@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Benedict O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Asamoah
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Per-Östergren
authors.initials: PÖ
authors.lastname: Ostergren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001723:Birth Rate / Q000639:trends*; D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult