title: Cyclic restricted feeding enhances lipid storage in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People who skip breakfast have more visceral fat than those who eat breakfast; however, the mechanism underlying this difference is unclear. In this study, we examined 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and assessed 1) whether restricted feeding (i.e., "breakfast skipping") alters the cyclic expression of brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-like protein 1 (BMAL1) and lipogenic proteins and 2) whether repeated exposure to growth media at the time-points with enhanced lipogenic regulatory signals increases de novo lipogenesis and lipid storage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiated adipocytes were divided into two groups: a control group and a restricted feeding group, for which incubation with growth medium from ZT 9 to ZT 12 was withheld.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A bout of restricted feeding disrupted the cyclic expression of BMAL1 protein and increased the expression of lipogenic proteins, such as fatty acid synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipocytes. Furthermore, the repeated exposure to growth media at the time-points with enhanced lipogenic regulatory signals increased de novo lipogenesis and lipid storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that direct disruption of intracellular molecular clock systems by breakfast skipping and the concurrent changes in the daily cycle of lipogenic proteins in adipocytes, as a consequence of repeated nutrition at the time-points with enhanced lipogenic regulatory signals, would result in increased lipogenesis and lipid storage. These alterations are important molecular mechanisms underlying augmented adiposity induced by breakfast skipping.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D062408:Breakfast; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; C538961:Bmal1 protein, mouse; D003470:Culture Media; D047495:PPAR gamma; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases