title: Rivaroxaban: practical considerations for ensuring safety and efficacy.
abstract: Rivaroxaban is the first agent available within a new class of anticoagulants called direct factor Xa inhibitors. Rivaroxaban is approved for use in the United States for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing total hip replacement and total knee replacement, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and for the reduction in risk of recurrence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (with additional indications under review). Rivaroxaban dose and frequency of administration vary depending on the indication. As of result of predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, a fixed dose of rivaroxaban is administered without routine coagulation testing. Rivaroxaban has a short half-life, undergoes a dual mode of elimination (hepatic and renal), and is a substrate for P-glycoprotein. Rivaroxaban has a lower potential for drug interactions compared with warfarin. Despite the advantages of a once/day fixed-dose oral agent, in many clinical situations limited evidence is available to guide optimal management of rivaroxaban therapy. In this article, we review the available evidence and provide recommendations where possible for such situations including the desire to monitor the anticoagulation intensity, use in special patient populations, managing drug interactions, and transitioning across anticoagulant agents. Potential strategies for reversing rivaroxaban's anticoagulant effect are reviewed. Health systems will need to perform a systematic safety evaluation and ensure that numerous hospital policies related to anticoagulation are updated to include rivaroxaban. A comprehensive approach to education is needed for clinicians, patients, and technical support personnel involved in patient interactions to ensure safe use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan.
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smythe
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fanikos
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gulseth
authors.forename: Ann K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wittkowsky
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spinler
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Dager
authors.forename: Edith A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nutescu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000379:methods; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D009025:Morpholines; D013876:Thiophenes; D000069552:Rivaroxaban
keywords: anticoagulation; atrial fibrillation; direct factor Xa inhibitor; drug safety; rivaroxaban; venous thromboembolism prevention