title: [Influence of veneer application on failure behavior and reliability of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic molar crowns].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of veneer application on failure behavior and reliability of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDG) crowns of maxillary first molar, and thus to reveal the failure mechanism of bilayered LDG crowns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six LDG maxillary first molar crowns were fabricated in a dental laboratory using IPS e. max Press or IPS e. max Press/Ceram. The crowns were randomly assigned into two groups (with or without veneer application) with thirteen in each group. The crowns were cemented on composite resin dies. After storage in water for one week, the sliding-contact fatigue test was performed by sliding the steatite ceramic ball indenter (6 mm in diameter) from central fossa up to the lingual surface of disto-buccal cusp, cyclic loaded 1 200 000 times with a weight of 100 N at 2 Hz with a fatigue chewing simulator. Survived specimens were subjected to single-load-to-fracture testing using a steatite ceramic ball of 6 mm in diameter at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. Fracture load values were recorded and analyzed with t test. Weibull modulus was calculated to evaluate structure reliability. Fractographic analysis was carried out to determine fracture modes of the failed specimens by a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis results indicated a significant difference of the fracture load values between monolithic group [(2071.23 ± 397.05) N] and bilayered group [(1483.41 ± 327.87) N] (P < 0.001). Monolithic and bilayered groups present similar Weibull modulus (95% confidence interval) as 6.15 (5.15 ∼ 7.15) and 5.54 (4.01 ∼ 7.08) respectively, with no significant difference (the confidence bounds overlapped with each other). Bulk fracture initiating from the middle of oblique ridge of the first maxilla molar was the primary failure mode of monolithic/bilayered LDG crowns. Crack propagation initiated from core-veneer interfacial defects was another major failure mode of bilayered all-ceramic crowns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Veneer application has some influence on fatigue failure of LDG crowns, but shows no effect on structure reliability. Accumulated damage combined with tensile stress concentration on the surface of veneer layer and defects within core-veneer interface lead to initiating of cracks. The mechanical property of veneering materials should be increased, and procedure of veneer application should be standardized and improved in order to reduce the failure rate of LDG molar crowns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ya-ru
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Shan-shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xin-ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D008422:Materials Testing; D008963:Molar
chemical_list: C508050:IPS e.max Press; D003776:Dental Porcelain