title: Joint spatial-spectral reconstruction and k-t spirals for accelerated 2D spatial/1D spectral imaging of 13C dynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel imaging technique to reduce the number of excitations and required scan time for hyperpolarized (13)C imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A least-squares based optimization and reconstruction is developed to simultaneously solve for both spatial and spectral encoding. By jointly solving both domains, spectral imaging can potentially be performed with a spatially oversampled single echo spiral acquisition. Digital simulations, phantom experiments, and initial in vivo hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate experiments were performed to assess the performance of the algorithm as compared to a multi-echo approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulations and phantom data indicate that accurate single echo imaging is possible when coupled with oversampling factors greater than six (corresponding to a worst case of pyruvate to metabolite ratio < 9%), even in situations of substantial T(2)* decay and B(0) heterogeneity. With lower oversampling rates, two echoes are required for similar accuracy. These results were confirmed with in vivo data experiments, showing accurate single echo spectral imaging with an oversampling factor of 7 and two echo imaging with an oversampling factor of 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed k-t approach increases data acquisition efficiency by reducing the number of echoes required to generate spectroscopic images, thereby allowing accelerated acquisition speed, preserved polarization, and/or improved temporal or spatial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Niles
authors.forename: Sean B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019289:Pyruvic Acid
keywords: CSI; dynamic nuclear polarization; metabolism; pyruvate