title: Intermittent breath holding during moderate bicycle exercise provokes consistent changes in muscle oxygenation and greater blood lactate response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effect of intermittent breath holding (IBH) on physiological response, including oxygenation in working muscle, to moderate-intensity exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen men performed bicycle exercise for 5 min at 65% of peak oxygen uptake with normal breathing (NB) and with IBH. Muscle oxygenation, concentration changes of oxyhemoglobin (ΔOxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (ΔDeoxy-Hb) and total hemoglobin (ΔTotal-Hb), in the right vastus lateralis were continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Finger capillary blood samples were taken after exercise for analyzing blood lactate concentration (BLa).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NIRS parameters showed acute changes to each BH episode in the IBH condition (Total-Hb and ΔOxy-Hb decreased, ΔDeoxy-Hb increased). Accordingly, in the IBH condition, ΔOxy-Hb was lower (P<0.05) and ΔDeoxy-Hb was higher (P<0.05) compared to that in the NB condition, whereas there was no difference in ΔTotal-Hb in the both conditions. BLa levels were greater (P<0.05) in the IBH condition compare to the NB condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that IBH during moderate-intensity exercise provokes consistent changes in muscle oxygenation, leading to lower tissue oxygenation. Our data also indicate that exercise with IBH induces higher BLa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Sports Science, Kawasaki University of Medical WelfareKurashiki, Japan. kome_dai_128@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akahoshi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsueda
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagao
mesh_terms: D062485:Breath Holding; D005080:Exercise Test; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019344:Lactic Acid