title: Right atrial to left atrial area ratio on early echocardiography predicts long-term survival after acute pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current guidelines recommend that transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) should be performed for acute risk stratification following acute pulmonary embolism (PE), but it is unclear whether the initial TTE can predict long-term outcome beyond six months. We sought to assess the potential of the initial right atrial (RA) to left atrial (LA) area ratio (RA/LA ratio) on TTE to predict long-term mortality in survivors of submassive PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A derivation cohort comprised a previously reported group of 35 consecutive patients with acute PE who were intensively studied by serial TTE at 1, 2, 5 days, 2, 6, 12 and 26 weeks and RA/LA ratio related to long-term outcome. The Day 1 RA/LA ratio findings were then further related to long-term outcome in 158 patients followed for 3.6 ± 2.3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the derivation cohort, total mortality was 28.6% (n = 10) following a mean (±standard deviation) follow-up of 4.3 ± 1.9 years. The RA/LA ratio was highly dynamic, being increased at day 1, but normalised rapidly within 2-5 days of presentation and this was most marked amongst long-term non-survivors. A RA/LA ratio > 1.0 on day 1 was independently associated with a three-fold increase in long-term mortality on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Pooled analysis of 158 patient indicated that age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Score (PESI), troponin T, day 1 RA/LA Ratio and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) were univariate predictors of long-term mortality. Multivariate analysis identified Day 1 RA/LA Ratio (HR 1.7 per 10% increase, p = 0.002), CCI (HR 2.2 per 1 unit increase, p = 0.004) and age (HR 1.1, p = 0.03) as the only independent predictors of long-term mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A RA/LA Ratio >1.0 at presentation with acute PE was associated with a three-fold increased risk of long-term mortality. The RA/LA ratio on presentation with an acute PE is a simple, novel predictor of long-term survival.
authors.affiliation: Concord Repatriation General Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Austin Chin Chwan
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Liza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kritharides
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*