title: Psychosurgery for schizophrenia: history and perspectives.
abstract: Following the early studies of Moniz and Lima, psychosurgery had considerable scientific credibility until the advent of modern antipsychotics in the mid 1950s. Thereafter, psychosurgery was almost abandoned in large medical centers as a common treatment for schizophrenia, although is still used for some affective and anxiety disorders. We reviewed relevant papers cited in the Medline/Index Medicus, Cochrane, and Scielo databases from 1930 to 2012. In our review of the literature, we show from recent studies that there are still many patients with schizophrenia who have serious deficits even after being treated with current noninvasive therapies. The value of psychosurgery remains controversial. There are no data available to support the use of stereotactic procedures for schizophrenia. Well designed controlled trials are needed to establish the effectiveness of psychosurgery in patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Schmidt
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Wellingson Silva
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.forename: Eda Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Guertzenstein
authors.forename: Robson Luis
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Luca Silveira
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Jose Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Erich Talamoni
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Fonoff
authors.forename: Manoel Jacobsen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
keywords: psychosurgery; schizophrenia; stereotactic techniques; treatment