title: Growth factor directed chondrogenic differentiation of porcine bone marrow-derived progenitor cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite advances in surgical technique, reconstruction of a mandibular condyle still causes significant donor-site morbidity. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 3 different growth factors and define optimal cell culture conditions for bone marrow-derived progenitor cells to differentiate into chondrocytes for mandibular condyle reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (pBMPCs) were cultured as a pellet for 2, 3, and 4 weeks under the following conditions: group 1, TGF-β3 + standard medium; group 2, TGF-β3 + BMP-2 + standard medium; group 3, TGF-β3 + IGF-1 + standard medium; and group 4, TGF-β3 + BMP-2 + IGF-1 + standard medium. Chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated using 3 lineage differentiation markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean type II collagen positive area increased over weeks 2, 3, and 4 in group 4 compared to all the other groups (ANOVA; P = 0.005). At week 4, there was significantly greater type II collagen production in group 4 compared to all the other groups (ANOVA; P = 0.003). The medium in group 4 produces the greatest amount of cartilage when compared to groups 1, 2, and 3, and that 4 weeks produces the greatest amount of type II collagen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that the most efficacious medium for chondrogenic differentiation of pBMPCs was group 4 medium and the most type II collagen was produced at 4 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. habukawa@tokyo-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Harutsugi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abukawa
authors.forename: Brad S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Oriel
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leaf
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vacanti
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kaban
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Troulis
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hartnick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000187:drug effects; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000187:drug effects; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D003470:Culture Media; D011509:Proteoglycans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I