title: CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) immunoregulatory NK cells are increased in the tumor microenvironment and inversely correlate with advanced stages in patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The innate immune system is the first line of defense and plays a key role in thyroid cancer development. The role of the tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells is becoming increasingly important in research and potential cancer therapies. NK cell subpopulations, CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) and CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright), demonstrate a significant role in the tumor immuno-surveillance process.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the distribution of CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) and CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK subpopulations in tissue and blood samples from patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and nodular goiter (NG). Twenty-eight patients with PTC, 13 patients with NG, and 50 healthy donors were included in the study. Tissue and blood samples from all patients and blood samples from healthy donors were analyzed for CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) and CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cells by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant predominance of CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) cells compared to CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cells was found in blood samples in all groups (p<0.0001 in PTC, NG, and healthy donors). Increased infiltration by CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cells was observed in thyroid tissue of patients with PTC, as compared to CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) NK cells (p=0.046), while CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) NK cells demonstrated a higher infiltration of NG tissues. CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(dim) NK cell tissue infiltration positively correlated with advanced stages of PTC. In contrast, the CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cell population was negatively associated with tumor stage in patients with PTC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cell infiltration seems to be associated with PTC progression. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immune response in PTC and may lead to novel immunotherapeutic approaches in these patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Greece .
authors.forename: Foteini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gogali
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paterakis
authors.forename: George Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Rassidakis
authors.forename: Chrysoula I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Liakou
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liapi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult