title: New insights into extracellular and post-translational regulation of TGF-β family signalling pathways.
abstract: Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted proteins are present in all multicellular animals. TGF-β proteins are versatile intercellular signalling molecules that orchestrate cell fate decisions during development and maintain homeostasis in adults. The Smad family of signal transducers implements TGF-β signals in responsive cells. Given the ability of TGF-β ligands to induce dramatic responses in target cells, numerous regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent unintended consequences. Here we review new reports of extracellular and post-translational regulation in Drosophila and vertebrates. Extracellular topics include the regulation of TGF-β signalling range and the coordination between tissue morphogenesis and TGF-β signalling. Post-translational topics include the regulation of TGF-β signal transduction by Gsk3-β phosphorylation of Smads and by cycles of Smad mono- and deubiquitylation. Extension of the ubiquitylation data to the Hippo pathway is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. osamu.shimmi@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shimmi
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Newfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008954:Models, Biological; D009024:Morphogenesis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D054875:Ubiquitination
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C064196:dpp protein, Drosophila; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
keywords: BMP; Smad; facilitated transport; phosphorylation; ubiquitylation