title: Novel long noncoding RNAs are regulated by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Misregulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) actions can lead to atherosclerosis and hypertension. Evaluating transcriptomic responses to Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is important to understand the gene networks regulated by Ang II, which might uncover previously unidentified mechanisms and new therapeutic targets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify all transcripts, including novel protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs, differentially expressed in response to Ang II in rat VSMCs using transcriptome and epigenome profiling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  De novo assembly of transcripts from RNA-sequencing revealed novel protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The majority of the genomic loci of these novel transcripts are enriched for histone H3 lysine-4-trimethylation and histone H3 lysine-36-trimethylation, 2 chromatin modifications found at actively transcribed regions, providing further evidence that these are bonafide transcripts. Analysis of transcript abundance identified all protein-coding and lncRNAs regulated by Ang II. We further discovered that an Ang II-regulated lncRNA functions as the host transcript for miR-221 and miR-222, 2 microRNAs implicated in cell proliferation. Additionally, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lnc-Ang362 reduced proliferation of VSMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide novel insights into the epigenomic and transcriptomic effects of Ang II in VSMCs. They provide the first identification of Ang II-regulated lncRNAs, which suggests functional roles for these lncRNAs in mediating cellular responses to Ang II. Furthermore, we identify an Ang II-regulated lncRNA that is responsible for the production of 2 microRNAs implicated in VSMC proliferation. These newly identified noncoding transcripts could be exploited as novel therapeutic targets for Ang II-associated cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Candi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trac
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lanting
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbany
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sætrom
authors.forename: Dustin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Schones
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natarajan
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D000804:Angiotensin II
keywords: VSMCs; angiotensin II; atherosclerosis; gene expression/regulation; genomics; lncRNA; transcriptome