title: Tactile and Kinesthetic Stimulation (TKS) intervention improves outcomes in weanling rat bone in a neonatal stress model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm infants are born with low bone mineral. Neonatal stress further impedes bone mineralization. Clinical evidence suggests that tactile and kinesthetic stimulation (TKS) improves bone phenotype and decreases stress response. Clinical and translational studies indicate the IGF-1 axis, responsible for postnatal growth and bone mineralization, is a key player. We hypothesized that TKS would attenuate the negative impact of neonatal stress on bone phenotype and the IGF-1 axis in weanling rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal stress (STRESS) or TKS (STRESS + 10min TKS) was administered from D6 to D10. Control animals received standard care. Tissue was harvested on D21. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone morphometry were performed and serum osteocalcin, type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide (PINP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and bone and liver mRNA levels of IGF-1, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and growth hormone receptor (GHR) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal stress increased bone mineral content (BMC), area (BA), growth plate width, liver IGF-1 mRNA, and serum IGF-1. TKS maintained areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone specific IGF-1 and IGF-1R mRNA while STRESS decreased compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal stress results in apparent accelerated growth response. TKS differed from STRESS with improved tibia aBMD and increased bone specific IGF-1 mRNA.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric Nutrition Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. shannon.haley@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gulliver
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baldassarre
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Moyer-Mileur
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015415:Biomarkers; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000473:pathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D003720:Densitometry; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I