title: Frameshifting dynamics.
abstract: Translation of messenger RNA by a ribosome occurs three nucleotides at a time from start signal to stop. However, a frameshift means that some nucleotides are read twice or some are skipped, and the following sequence of amino acids is completely different from the sequence in the original frame. In some messenger RNAs, including viral RNAs, frameshifting is programmed with RNA signals to produce specific ratios of proteins vital to the replication of the organism. The mechanisms that cause frameshifting have been studied for many years, but there are no definitive conclusions. We review ribosome structure and dynamics in relation to frameshifting dynamics provided by classical ensemble studies, and by new single-molecule methods using optical tweezers and FRET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1460.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tinoco
authors.forename: Hee-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018965:Frameshifting, Ribosomal; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: FRET; fluorescence; optical tweezers; programmed frameshifting; ribosome structure; single molecule; translation