title: The practice of nondisclosure of advanced cancer diagnosis in Singapore: a continuing challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional family-centred approach to cancer management in Singapore often leads to nondisclosure of diagnosis to patients with advanced cancer. This study aimed to determine the rate of nondisclosure to such patients in Singapore, and compare it against the rate of nondisclosure to patients' families and that of a study conducted in 1992.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients (n = 100) with advanced cancer who were referred to a palliative home care service in 2004 were studied retrospectively. Comparison between the 1992 and present study groups was performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to patient age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, gender and ethnicity to identify factors associated with nondisclosure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall nondisclosure rate among patients with advanced cancer was 23% (23/100), compared to only 2% (2/99) among their families (p < 0.001). The nondisclosure rates among ECOG 0-2 and ECOG 3-4 patients were 11% (7/62) and 42% (16/38), respectively (p < 0.001). There was no significant improvement in the nondisclosure rate among ECOG 3-4 patients when compared to the 1992 study (p = 0.94). It was more likely for nondisclosure to occur among patients aged ≥ 70 years (p < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] 14.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.68-59.26) and those with poor ECOG performance status (p = 0.019; OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.26-12.73). There was no significant association between nondisclosure and gender or ethnicity (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disclosure of diagnosis to patients with advanced cancer remains a challenge in Singapore. The relationship between nondisclosure and advanced age, as well as nondisclosure and poor ECOG performance status, needs to be clarified with further studies.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Health Services, Singapore 169611. yung.h.kao@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yung Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Cynthia Ruth
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goh
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore; D014342:Truth Disclosure