title: Caudal epidural blockade in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various options are available for the provision of analgesia following major surgical procedures including systemic opioids and regional anesthetic techniques. Regional anesthetic techniques offer the advantage of providing analgesia while avoiding the deleterious adverse effects associated with opioids including nausea, vomiting, sedation and respiratory depression. Although used commonly in infants and children, there is a paucity of experience with the use of caudal epidural blockade in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative care of adolescents undergoing major urologic or orthopedic surgical procedures for whom a caudal epidural block was placed for postoperative analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort for the study included 5 adolescents, ranging in age from 13 to 18 years and in weight from 42 to 71 kilograms. Caudal epidural analgesia was accomplished after the induction of anesthesia and prior to the start of the surgical procedure using 20-25 mL of either 0.25% bupivacaine or 0.2% ropivacaine with clonidine (1 μg/kg). The patients denied pain the recovery room. The time to first request for analgesia varied from 12 to 18 hours with the patients requiring 1-3 doses of analgesic agents during the initial 24 postoperative hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary experience demonstrates the efficacy of caudal epidural block in providing analgesia following major urologic and orthopedic surgical procedures. The applications of this technique as a means of providing postoperative analgesia are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schloss
authors.forename: Venkata R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Jayanthi
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tobias
keywords: Caudal epidural block; postoperative pain; regional anesthesia