title: Saliva and serum levels of B-cell activating factors and tumor necrosis factor-α in patients with periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  B-lymphocytes play a central and critical role in the adaptive immune response against invading pathogens. This study evaluates saliva and serum levels of APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and periodontally healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with AgP, 20 patients with CP, and 20 periodontally healthy individuals were included. Smoking status was recorded, and all individuals were divided into non-smokers and smokers. Saliva and serum samples were collected before clinical periodontal measurements. APRIL, BAFF, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels in serum and saliva samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance and bivariate correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum and saliva levels of TNF-α, APRIL, BAFF, IL-6, and IL-10 were similar in CP and AgP groups. Serum levels of TNF-α, APRIL, and BAFF and saliva levels of BAFF were significantly higher in periodontitis groups than healthy controls (P <0.05). Non-smokers with CP or AgP had lower levels of saliva TNF-α and APRIL and serum APRIL and IL-6 than smokers with CP or AgP (P <0.05). Saliva APRIL and serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in healthy smokers than healthy non-smokers (P <0.05). Clinical periodontal parameters correlated positively with TNF-family cytokines and negatively with IL-10 (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that elevated salivary and serum TNF-α, APRIL, and BAFF in patients with periodontitis may contribute to the dominance of B cells in periodontitis lesions. Moreover, higher levels in healthy smokers than non-smoking counterparts may play a role in detrimental effects of smoking on periodontal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nizam
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buduneli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D010520:Aggressive Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000145:classification; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D010519:Periodontium / Q000276:immunology; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C114631:TNFSF13 protein, human; C505719:TNFSF13B protein, human; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10