title: Parental phenols exposure and spontaneous abortion in Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
abstract: Widespread use of phenols has led to ubiquitous exposure to phenols. In experimental animals, phenols increased resorptions, reduced live litter size and fetal body weights. However, there are limited epidemiological evidences of the relationships between exposure to phenols and pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated the associations between parental urinary levels of various phenols and spontaneous abortion in a Chinese population residing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A case-control study was conducted that included 70 case couples with medically unexplained spontaneous abortion and 180 control couples who did not have a history of spontaneous abortion and had at least one living child. Both parental urinary phenols were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP). Compared with the low exposure group, there was an increased risk of spontaneous abortion with high paternal urinary PCP concentration [odds ratio (OR)=2.09, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.05-4.14], and maternal exposure to 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) also significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR=2.21, 95% CI, 1.02-4.80; OR=2.81, 95% CI, 1.39-5.65, respectively). Our study firstly provides the evidence that paternal PCP exposure, maternal 4-n-OP and alkylphenol(s) exposure are associated with spontaneous abortion in humans.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Minjian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: Zhilei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Yankai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xinru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019800:Phenol / Q000506:poisoning*; D011247:Pregnancy; D045483:Rivers
chemical_list: D019800:Phenol
keywords: 2,3,4-TCP; 2,3,4-trichlorophenol; 4-n-NP; 4-n-OP; 4-n-Octylphenol; 4-n-nonylphenol; 4-n-octylphenol; APEs; APs; BMI; BP-3; BPA; CI; CR; LODs; ORs; PCP; Parental urinary exposure; Pentachlorophenol; Spontaneous abortion; UPLC–MS/MS; WHO; World Health Organization; alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers; alkylphenols; benzophenone-3; bisphenol A; body mass index; confidence interval; creatinine; limits of detection; odds ratios; pentachlorophenol; ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry