title: Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: A Systematic Review of Self-Esteem and Social Function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the long-term self-esteem and social function outcomes of individuals with untreated and treated ADHD across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of 12 databases was performed to identify peer-reviewed, primary research articles, published January 1980 to December 2011, reporting long-term self-esteem and/or social function outcomes (≥2 years; life consequences distinct from symptoms) of individuals with untreated or treated ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 127 studies reported 150 outcomes. Most outcomes were poorer in individuals with untreated ADHD versus non-ADHD controls (57% [13/23] for self-esteem; 73% [52/71] for social function). A beneficial response to treatment (pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and multimodal treatments) was reported for the majority of self-esteem (89% [8/9]) and social function (77% [17/22]) outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Untreated ADHD was associated with poorer long-term self-esteem and social function outcomes compared with non-ADHD controls. Treatment for ADHD was associated with improvement in outcomes; however, further long-term outcome studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, UK val.harpin@sch.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harpin
authors.affiliation: I.R.C.C.S. Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzone
authors.affiliation: CHU de Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Raynaud
authors.affiliation: BPS International, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kahle
authors.affiliation: Shire Development, LLC, Wayne, PA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hodgkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ADHD; long-term outcomes; self-esteem; social functioning; treatment