title: In vivo antioxidant and antiulcer activity of Parkia speciosa ethanolic leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study was carried out to examine the gastroprotective effects of Parkia speciosa against ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sprague Dawley rats were separated into 7 groups. Groups 1-2 were orally challenged with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); group 3 received 20 mg/kg omeprazole and groups 4-7 received 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract, respectively. After 1 h, CMC or absolute ethanol was given orally to groups 2-7. The rats were sacrificed after 1 h. Then, the injuries to the gastric mucosa were estimated through assessment of the gastric wall mucus, the gross appearance of ulcer areas, histology, immunohistochemistry and enzymatic assays. Group 2 exhibited significant mucosal injuries, with reduced gastric wall mucus and severe damage to the gastric mucosa, whereas reductions in mucosal injury were observed for groups 4-7. Groups 3-7 demonstrated a reversal in the decrease in Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining induced by ethanol. No symptoms of toxicity or death were observed during the acute toxicity tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with the extract led to the upregulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and the downregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Significant increases in the levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the gastric mucosal homogenate were observed, whereas that of a lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) was significantly decreased. Significance was defined as p<0.05 compared to the ulcer control group (Group 2).
authors.affiliation: Center of Studies for Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University Technology MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al Batran
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Bayaty
authors.forename: Mazen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Jamil Al-Obaidi
authors.forename: Abdualrahman Mohammed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdualkader
authors.forename: Hamid A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.forename: Hapipah Mohd
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Mahmood Ameen
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdulla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000431:Ethanol; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D010503:Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000431:Ethanol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione