title: Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review.
abstract: Current day concentrations of ambient air pollution have been associated with a range of adverse health effects, particularly mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In this review, we summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies on long-term exposure to fine and coarse particles, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and elemental carbon on mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. We also summarize the findings on potentially susceptible subgroups across studies. We identified studies through a search in the databases Medline and Scopus and previous reviews until January 2013 and performed a meta-analysis if more than five studies were available for the same exposure metric.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Ranjini M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ostro
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kaufman
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter