title: Stress management standards: a warning indicator for employee health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological stress is a major cause of lost working days in the UK. The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) has developed management standards (MS) to help organizations to assess work-related stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships between the MS indicator tool and employee health, job attitudes, work performance and environmental outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first phase involved a survey employing the MS indicator tool, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), job attitudes, work performance and environmental measures in a call centre from a large utility company. The second phase comprised six focus groups to investigate what employees believed contributed to their perceived stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and four call centre employees responded with a response rate of 85%. Significant negative correlations were found between GHQ-12 and two MS dimensions; demands (Rho = -0.211, P < 0.001) and relationships (Rho= -0.134, P < 0.05). Other dimensions showed no significant relationship with GHQ-12. Higher levels of stress were associated with reduced job performance, job motivation and increased intention to quit but low stress levels were associated with reduced job satisfaction. Lack of management support, recognition and development opportunities were identified as sources of stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the utility of the MS as a measure of employee attitudes and performance.
authors.affiliation: Work and Health Research Centre, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK. a.kazi@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Occupational health; risk assessment; stress; stress management.