title: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) modulation of TIMP1 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells facilitates extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Are secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling elements, relevant to embryo implantation and placentation, modified by hCG in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hCG decreases tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) secretion in ESCs, thereby facilitating extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Successful embryo implantation and placentation depend on the appropriate invasion of the trophoblast into the maternal endometrial stroma. hCG is one of the earliest embryo-derived secreted signals in the endometrium which abundantly expresses hCG receptors. However, there is little data concerning the effects of hCG on endometrial ECM remodelling with respect to embryo implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in an academic research laboratory within a tertiary-care hospital. Samples were collected from 36 women undergoing benign gynaecological surgery during the mid-secretory phase. ESCs were isolated and stimulated with hCG (10 UI/ml) or vehicle. Conditioned media (CM) were analysed to determine changes in the secreted profile of nine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and three tissue-specific inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) using an ELISA array. Data were confirmed by gelatine zymography, western blot and ELISA. The HTR8/SVneo cell line served as a model for trophoblast cells. The invasive potential of trophoblast cells was assessed using Transwell invasion assays under CM or co-culture conditions with ECS and the role of regulated molecules was examined by using immunoprecipitation in CM prior to the assessment of invasive potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-2 levels increased 30%, whereas TIMP-1 levels decreased 20% in CM from ESCs stimulated with hCG (P < 0.05). Gelatine zymography confirmed an increase in MMP-2 activity (P < 0.05). ELISA and western blotting also confirmed the reduction in TIMP-1 upon hCG treatment (P < 0.05). Invasion assays revealed a ∼50% increase in invading HTR8/SVneo cells in chambers with hCG-stimulated ESCs compared with the control (P < 0.05). Immunodepletion of TIMP-1 from control ESC-CM partially resembled the effect of CM from hCG-stimulated ESCs in the trophoblast invasion assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assays were performed in vitro and ESCs were not decidualized, therefore they reflected the very early stages of embryo implantation or the advanced stages when decidualization fails.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that hCG induces endometrial stromal extracellular remodelling by modulating secreted MMP-2 and TIMP-1. This regulation may be physiologically relevant because it increases the invasive potential of trophoblast-derived cells. At present, few data exist concerning the implications of hCG and endometrial ECM remodelling in embryo implantation. Hence, our results should be confirmed by further in vivo studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was funded by FONDECYT 11100443, PBCT-PSD51 (IDIMI) and FONDAP 15010006. None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. atapiap@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tapia-Pizarro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Argandoña
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Palomino
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Devoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: chorionic gonadotropin; endometrial stromal cells; endometrium; hCG; trophoblast invasion