title: VIP gene deletion in mice causes cardiomyopathy associated with upregulation of heart failure genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), a pulmonary vasodilator and inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, is absent in pulmonary arteries of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We previously determined that targeted deletion of the VIP gene in mice leads to PAH with pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) dilatation. Whether the left ventricle is also affected by VIP gene deletion is unknown. In the current study, we examined if VIP knockout mice (VIP(-/-)) develop both right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) cardiomyopathy, manifested by LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction, as well as overexpression of genes conducive to heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined VIP(-/-)and wild type (WT) mice using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for evidence of cardiomyopathy associated with biventricular dilation and wall thickness changes. Lung tissue from VIP(-/-) and WT mice was subjected to whole-genome gene microarray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lungs from VIP(-/-) mice showed overexpression of cardiomyopathy genes: Myh1 was upregulated 224 times over WT, and Mylpf was increased 72 fold. Tnnt3 was increased 105 times and tnnc2 181 fold. Hearts were dilated in VIP(-/-) mice, with thinning of LV wall and increase in RV and LV chamber size, though RV enlargement varied. Weights of VIP(-/-) mice were consistently lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically-important heart failure-related genes are upregulated in VIP(-/-) mice associated with the spontaneous cardiomyopathy phenotype, involving both left and right ventricles, suggesting that loss of the VIP gene orchestrates a panoply of pathogenic genes which are detrimental to both left and right cardiac homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA. anthony.szema@stonybrookmedicine.edu
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Szema
authors.forename: Sayyed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hamidi
authors.forename: S David
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Benveniste
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide