title: Evaluating focused ion beam induced damage in soft materials.
abstract: Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy uses Ga(+) ions to remove material from a sample for a variety of imaging and preparation techniques. While considerable work has examined the effects of FIB exposure on a number of materials, optimized FIB conditions for use with softer polymeric materials are yet to be determined. In this report we use phase contrast AFM to measure local changes in the elastic modulus of polycarbonate surfaces parallel to a sectioning FIB at varying beam energies. We show that polycarbonate surfaces exposed to lower FIB energies appear stiffer than the bulk material whereas surfaces exposed to the higher beam energies of up to 25keV are more representative of the bulk material. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicates that the polymer surfaces become stiffer because of Ga(+) implantation from the FIB. Our experimental observations are supported by computer simulations showing an increase in the residual Ga(+) concentration near-surface at lower FIB energies. A high energy FIB is therefore shown to be less invasive, producing a surface more representative of the bulk material, than using low energy FIB when sectioning polymers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.forename: Debbie J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Asa H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Barber
keywords: AFM; Damage; FIB; Phase contrast; Polymer