title: The role of β-adrenergic blockers in Parkinson's disease: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms.
abstract: Genetic studies have identified numerous factors linking β-adrenergic blockade to Parkinson's disease (PD), including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. β-Adrenergic blockade has also been implicated in PD via its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. β-Adrenergic blockade may have a significant role in PD; therefore, the characterization of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with PD is needed.
authors.affiliation: Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA 92683, USA. lng2687765@aol.com
authors.forename: Khanh vinh quoc
authors.initials: Kv
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: Lan Thi Hoàng
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; tremor; β-adrenergic antagonism; β-adrenergic blocker