title: Hemodynamic, ventilator, and ECG changes in pediatric patients undergoing extraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental treatment induces pain anxiety and fear. This study was conducted to assess the changes in hemodynamic, ventilator, and electrocardiograph changes during extraction procedure among 12-15-year-old children and compare these changes with anxiety, fear, and pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A purposive sample of 60 patients selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent study procedure in the dental OPD of a medical college and hospital. The anxiety, fear, and pain were recorded by dental anxiety scale, dental fear scale, and visual analogue scale, respectively, before the start of the procedure. The systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and electrocardiogram changes were monitored during the extraction procedure. The recording was taken four times (preinjection phase, injection, extraction, and postextraction) and was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the preinjection phase the mean vales were systolic blood pressure (128 ± 11.2), diastolic blood pressure (85.7 ± 6.3), heart rate (79.7 ± 9.3), and oxygen saturation (97.9 ± 5.8). These values increased in injection phases and decreased in extraction phase and the least values were found after 10 min of procedure and this relation was significant for all parameters except oxygen saturation (P = 0.48, NS). ECG abnormalities were seen among 22 patients and were significant before and after injection of Local anesthetic (P = 0.0001, S).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety, fear, and pain have an effect on hemodynamic, ventilator, and cardiovascular parameters during the extraction procedure and hence behavioral management has to be emphasized among children in dental clinics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jhalawar Hospital and Medical College, Jhalawar, India.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sanadhya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanadhya
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalihal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagarajappa
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010482:Periapical Abscess / Q000601:surgery; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000601:surgery; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000523:psychology; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D010100:Oxygen