title: Claudin 1 expression in basal-like breast cancer is related to patient age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Defects in tight junctions, gate-keepers of the integrity of the epidermal barrier function, are known to contribute to cancer development. As such, enhancing our understanding of how the expression of proteins involved in these junctions is regulated in cancer, remains a priority. Although the expression of one of these proteins, claudin 1, is down regulated in most invasive human breast cancers (HBC), we have recently shown that high levels of claudin 1, characterized tumors belonging to the very aggressive basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) subtype. In these tumors, the claudin 1 protein, usually localized in the cell membrane, is often mislocalized to the cytoplasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the clinical relevance of this observation, we have generated and analyzed an invasive HBC tissue microarray consisting of 151 breast tumor samples; 79 of which presented a basal-like phenotype (i.e. ER-ve, PR-ve HER2-ve, CK5/6 or EGFR+ve). We also interrogated the outcome of claudin 1 knockdown in a human BLBC cell line, BT-20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of this patient cohort revealed a significant association between high claudin 1 expression and BLBCs in women 55 years of age and older. Interestingly, no significant association was found between claudin 1 and nodal involvement, tumor grade or tumor size. Regression analysis however, showed a significant positive association between claudin 1 and claudin 4, even though claudin 4 did not significantly correlate with patient age. Claudin 1 knockdown in BT-20 cells resulted in decreased cell migration. It also significantly altered the expression of several genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT); in particular, SERPINE 1 (PAI1) and SSP1 (osteopontin), known to inhibit EMT and cancer cell migration. Conversely, genes known to maintain EMT through their interaction, SNAIL2, TCF4 and FOXC2 were significantly down regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of high claudin 1 protein levels observed in tumors derived from older women with BLBC, suggests that claudin 1 has the potential to serve as a marker which can identify a specific subgroup of patients within the BLBC subtype and thus, further contribute to the characterization of these ill-defined breast cancers. More importantly, our studies strongly suggest that claudin 1 directly participates in promoting breast cancer progression, possibly through the alteration of expression of EMT genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dueck
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mulhall
authors.forename: Leigh C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leygue
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Myal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D062445:Claudin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C568108:CLDN1 protein, human; D062445:Claudin-1