title: Effects of coverage gap reform on adherence to diabetes medications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of Part D coverage gap reform on diabetes medication adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data analysis based on pharmacy claims data from a national pharmacy benefit manager.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a difference-in-difference-indifference method to evaluate the impact of coverage gap reform on adherence to diabetes medications. Two cohorts (2010 and 2011) were constructed to represent the last year before Affordable Care Act (ACA) reform and the first year after reform, respectively. Each patient had 2 observations: 1 before and 1 after entering the coverage gap. Patients in each cohort were divided into groups based on type of gap coverage: no coverage, partial coverage (generics only), and full coverage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following ACA reform, patients with no gap coverage and patients with partial gap coverage experienced substantial drops in copayments in the coverage gap in 2011. Their adherence to diabetes medications in the gap, measured by percentage of days covered, improved correspondingly (2.99 percentage points, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-5.48, P = .019 for patients with no coverage; 6.46 percentage points, 95% CI 3.34-9.58, P <.0001 for patients with partial coverage). Patients with full coverage also had lower copayments in the gap in 2011. However, their adherence did not increase (-0.13 percentage point, P = .8011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the first year of ACA coverage gap reform, copayments in the gap decreased substantially for all patients. Patients with no coverage and patients with partial coverage in the gap had better adherence in the gap in 2011.
authors.affiliation: MedImpact Healthcare Systems Inc, San Diego, CA 92131, USA. fzeng@medimpact.com
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Bimal V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunetti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D054524:Medicare Part D; D055118:Medication Adherence; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States