title: Calcium and vitamin D intake and mortality: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium and vitamin D are recommended for bone health, but there are concerns about adverse risks. Some clinical studies suggest that calcium intake may be cardioprotective, whereas others report increased risk associated with calcium supplements. Both low and high serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D have been associated with increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the association between total calcium and vitamin D intake and mortality and heterogeneity by source of intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study cohort is a population-based longitudinal cohort with a 10-year follow-up (1995-2007).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included randomly selected community-dwelling men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9033 participants with nonmissing calcium and vitamin D intake data and follow-up were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total calcium intake (dairy, nondairy food, and supplements) and total vitamin D intake (milk, yogurt, and supplements) were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcome variable was all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1160 deaths during the 10-year period. For women only, we found a possible benefit of higher total calcium intake, with a hazard ratio of 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.01) per 500-mg increase in daily calcium intake and no evidence of heterogeneity by source; use of calcium supplements was also associated with reduced mortality, with hazard ratio of 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.92) for users vs nonusers with statistically significant reductions remaining among those with doses up to 1000 mg/d. These associations were not modified by levels of concurrent vitamin D intake. No definitive associations were found among men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplements, up to 1000 mg/d, and increased dietary intake of calcium may be associated with reduced risk of mortality in women. We found no evidence of mortality benefit or harm associated with vitamin D intake.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Langsetmo
authors.forename: Claudie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kreiger
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Sophie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genest
authors.forename: Suzanne N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodsman
authors.forename: Jerilynn C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lentle
authors.forename: Millan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jacques P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Tassos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anastasiades
authors.forename: Tanveer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Towheed
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: K Shawn
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goltzman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D