title: Risk factors for proton pump inhibitor refractoriness in Chinese patients with non-erosive reflux disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze risk factors for refractoriness to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 256 NERD patients treated with the PPI esomeprazole were enrolled. They were classified into symptom-free and residual symptoms groups according to Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QolRad) scale. All subjects completed questionnaires on psychological status (self-rating anxiety scale; self-rating depression scale) and quality of life scale (Short Form 36). Multivariate analysis was used to determine the predictive factors for PPI responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to QolRad, 97 patients were confirmed to have residual reflux symptoms, and the remaining 159 patients were considered symptom free. There were no significant differences between the two groups in lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption), age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and hiatal hernia. There were significant differences between the two groups in relation to sex, psychological distress including anxiety and depression, body mass index (BMI), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis found that BMI < 23, comorbid IBS, anxiety, and depression were major risk factors for PPI resistance. Symptomatic patients had a lower quality of life compared with symptom-free patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some NERD patients are refractory to PPIs and have lower quality of life. Residual symptoms are associated with psychological distress, intestinal disorders, and low BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medicine College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Bao-Ping
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yun-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Shao-Fen
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chi-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Guo-Zheng
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wan-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D064098:Esomeprazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D064098:Esomeprazole
keywords: Non-erosive reflux disease; Proton pump inhibitors; Refractoriness; Risk factors