title: Structural and functional cardiovascular changes and their consequences following interventional patent ductus arteriosus occlusion in dogs: 24 cases (2000-2006).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate cardiovascular changes and survival times following complete interventional device occlusion of uncomplicated left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 dogs with uncomplicated patent ductus arteriosus that was fully occluded and reevaluated within 24 hours, approximately 3 months, and 1 year after the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on medical history, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment received, and survival times were obtained from medical records. Patients were allocated into 2 groups on the basis of age (< 1 year [n = 14] and ≥ 1 year [10]) at the time of the procedure. Additional follow-up information was obtained through interviews of owners and referral veterinarians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following ductal occlusion, decreases were detected in vertebral heart scale size, left ventricular chamber diameter in diastole and in systole, left atrial dimension, fractional shortening, aortic velocity, and ventricular wall thickness. There were no differences between age groups for postocclusion changes except vertebral heart scale size. Systolic dysfunction was detected in 14 (58%) patients on the final visit. Median survival time for all dogs after ductal occlusion was > 11.5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete ductal occlusion resulted in immediate removal of the volume overload state and eventual return of cardiac chamber dimensions to reference range, suggesting regression of eccentric hypertrophy. Systolic dysfunction persisted in some dogs but appeared to be clinically unimportant. Most cardiovascular changes were independent of patient age at the time of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. staut004@umn.edu
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stauthammer
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Damon B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Leeder
authors.forename: Maxie U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology