title: The role of the nose in sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of airway collapse, ranging from primary snoring to profound obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have shown an association between impaired nasal breathing and SDB; consequently, treatments of nasal obstruction are often used in an attempt to improve disease severity. The authors performed a review of the literature to determine the impact of nasal obstruction and the effectiveness of nonsurgical and surgical interventions on SDB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant literature up to 2012 on the association between nasal obstruction and SDB and effectiveness of nonsurgical and surgical treatment of the nose in SDB were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature is mostly limited to uncontrolled case series in which patient groups, interventions, disease definitions, and outcome measures are not standardized. Nasal medications, including intranasal steroids and nasal decongestants, have not been shown to improve either snoring or OSA. Nasal dilators have no impact on OSA but may improve snoring. Surgery for nasal obstruction does not improve objective indicators of SDB but can improve subjective elements of disease, such as snoring, sleepiness, and quality of life. Nasal surgery can facilitate continuous positive airway pressure use in cases where nasal obstruction is the factor limiting compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal obstruction plays a modulating, but not causative, role in SDB. Nasal interventions may improve subjective aspects of snoring and OSA but do not improve objective indicators of disease. Standardization of methods and higher evidence level studies will further clarify the benefit of nasal interventions in the treatment of SDB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. ericmeen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Meen
authors.forename: Rakesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandra
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology; D059747:Nasal Surgical Procedures; D009666:Nose / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome