title: Self-assembled glucosamine monolayers as biomimetic receptors for detecting WGA lectin and influenza virus with a quartz crystal microbalance.
abstract: N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a natural ligand that interacts with the binding sites of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin. For immobilization, GlcNAc was linked to p-nitrophenol, and the nitro group was reduced and then bound to cysteine via two-step synthesis. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies revealed proper immobilization of the ligand on the gold surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) via the cysteine S-H bond as well as binding between GlcNAc and WGA. QCM measurements revealed that maximum sensitivity towards WGA can only be achieved when co-immobilizing one part ligand and 5,000 parts cysteine for steric reasons, because it allows binding of a protein monolayer on the surface. Langmuir-type treatment of the binding isotherm suggests two different binding ranges for WGA and the GlcNAc monolayer, because at concentrations of WGA below 1 μm the Gibbs energy for the binding process is one third higher than that at concentrations above this value. The same systems can be transferred to first proof-of-concept measurements with different strains of influenza A virus (H5N3, H5N1, H1N3) because GlcNAc is part of the oligosaccharide ligand responsible for the first binding step. Thus, it constitutes both a suitable tool for rapid analysis and the basis for future theoretical calculations of ligand-virus interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thipvaree
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wangchareansak
authors.forename: Chak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sangma
authors.forename: Paiboon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ngernmeesri
authors.forename: Arunee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thitithanyanont
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lieberzeit
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000737:chemistry*; D037121:Plant Lectins / Q000737:chemistry*; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D037121:Plant Lectins; D005944:Glucosamine