title: Expression of oral cytokines in HIV-infected subjects with long-term use of antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the expression of oral pro-inflammatory cytokines in HIV-infected subjects compared with non-HIV individuals, (ii) the cytokine expression in the subjects with antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with those without ART, and (iii) factors associated with the expression of the cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral examination was performed and saliva samples were collected and analyzed for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between HIV/ART status and the cytokine expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifty-seven HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and 50 non-HIV individuals were enrolled. TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva were significantly decreased, while IL-8 was significantly increased in HIV infection (P < 0.05). Changes in the expression of IL-8 were also observed between HIV-infected subjects who were and were not on ART (P < 0.05). Duration of HIV infection and smoking was significantly associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral innate immunity is affected by HIV infection and use of ART. IL-8 may be the useful biomarker to identify subjects at risk of infection and malignant transformation due to HIV infection and long-term use of ART.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nittayananta
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amornthatree
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kemapunmanus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Talungchit
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sriplung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: ART; HIV; antiretroviral therapy; cytokines; pro-inflammatory cytokines; saliva