title: Identifying prolonged grief reactions in children: dimensional and diagnostic approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with prolonged grief reactions (PGR) have been found to be at increased risk for depression and functional impairment. Identifying and diagnosing PGR in children is challenging, as there are no available dimensional measures with established thresholds and no diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV. We examine thresholds for the Inventory for Complicated Grief-Revised for Children (ICG-RC) and compare this dimensional approach to the proposed DSM-5 criteria for Persistent Complex Bereavement-Related Disorder. We also identify a screening tool for PGR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parentally bereaved children and adolescents, 8 through 17 years of age, were assessed at 9, 21, and 33 months after parental death. Receiver operating characteristics were used to establish the "best threshold" that would identify youth with PGR and evaluate the proposed DSM-5 criteria cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A score of 68 or higher on the ICG-RC was found to have high sensitivity (0.942) and specificity (0.965) in differentiating cases of PGR from noncases at 9 months. We also identified a 6-item screening tool that consists of longing and yearning for the deceased, inability to accept the death, shock, disbelief, loneliness, and a changed world view. The proposed DSM-5 criteria correctly identified only 20% to 41.7% of cases with PGR at different time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the identification of youth at risk for PGR, the dimensional approach outperformed the proposed categorical diagnostic criteria. We propose a brief screening scale that, if validated, can help clinicians to identify bereaved children and adolescents at risk for PGR, and guide the development of prevention and intervention strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA. melhemnm@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Nadine M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Melhem
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker Payne
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D063129:Parental Death / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis; D013997:Time Factors