title: The influence of gluten on clinical and immunological status of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are susceptible to gastrointestinal diseases. Sensitivity to nutritional elements, for example gluten, has been suggested, but a serological screening has not been performed yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  A gluten-containing diet was offered to 24 animals, followed by a gluten-free diet. During these diets, serum IgA antibodies to gliadin (AGA), tissue transglutaminase (tTG), deamidated gliadin (ADGA), and glycoprotein 2 (AGP2A) were determined. Body weight, diarrhea, and other clinical symptoms were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gluten increased AGA, tTG, and AGP2A concentrations in 13 of 24 animals. A significant decline of AGA and AGP2A was seen on gluten withdrawal. Positive (AGA, tTG) animals presented diarrhea more frequently on gluten-containing diet and showed significantly increased body weight on gluten-free diet compared to negative animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gluten ingestion caused gastrointestinal symptoms in common marmosets, which disappeared on gluten withdrawal. Considering the immunological response to both diets, gluten sensitivity seems to be most likely.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kuehnel
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mietsch
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buettner
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vervuert
authors.forename: Rayan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ababneh
authors.forename: Almuth
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Einspanier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000276:immunology; D002144:Callithrix / Q000276:immunology*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D005903:Gliadin / Q000378:metabolism; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D005983:Glutens; D005903:Gliadin; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins
keywords: celiac disease; diarrhea; gliadin; gluten sensitivity; wasting marmoset syndrome