title: Seasonal prevalence of pathogens and parasites in the savannah honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata).
abstract: The loss of Apis mellifera L. colonies in recent years has, in many regions of the world, been alarmingly high. No single cause has been identified for these losses, but the interactions between several factors (mostly pathogens and parasites) have been held responsible. Work in the Americas on honeybees originating mainly from South Africa indicates that Africanised honeybees are less affected by the interplay of pathogens and parasites. However, little is known about the health status of South African honeybees (A. m. scutellata and A. m. capensis) in relation to pathogens and parasites. We therefore compared the seasonal prevalence of honeybee pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) and parasites (mites, bee lice, wax moth, small hive beetles, A. m. capensis social parasites) between sedentary and migratory A. m. scutellata apiaries situated in the Gauteng region of South Africa. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of pathogens and parasites between sedentary and migratory apiaries. Three (Black queen cell virus, Varroa destructor virus 1 and Israeli acute paralysis virus) of the eight viruses screened were detected, a remarkable difference compared to European honeybees. Even though no bacterial pathogens were detected, Nosema apis and Chalkbrood were confirmed. All of the honeybee parasites were found in the majority of the apiaries with the most common parasite being the Varroa mite. In spite of hosting few pathogens, yet most parasites, A. m. scutellata colonies appeared to be healthy.
authors.affiliation: Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ustrauss@zoology.up.ac.za
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Hannelie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Human
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Crewe
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dietemann
authors.forename: Christian W W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pirk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology; D016818:Nosema / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D013019:South Africa; D057077:Varroidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology
keywords: Apis mellifera scutellata; Honeybee; Parasite; Pathogen; Varroa destructor; Virus