title: [A comparison of the effects of intraoperative tramadol and ketamine usage for postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing tonsillectomy].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and tramadol administered intraoperatively on postoperative pain and analgesic demand in children undergoing tonsillectomy operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety children undergoing tonsillectomy, aging 5-15 years old, with ASA I - II , were included in this study. Cases were arranged in three groups and given standardized general anesthesia. After coagulation, ketamine (0.5 mg.kg-1) was administered intravenously (iv) in the ketamine group, and tramadol iv (2 mg.kg-1) was given in the tramadol group and the control group received a physiologic iv. The duration of anesthesia, duration of operation, and length of stay in the PACU were recorded. NRS and CHEOPS scales were used to assess postoperative pain. Paracetamol (15 mg.kg-1) was given rectally in the first 6 hours (hrs) and orally over the subsequent 6 hrs, if NRS greater than 3 and CHEOPS greater than 8 were observed. All data were recorded concerning the initial and total dosage of analgesic and the presence of complications within 24 hrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Demographic data, duration of anesthesia, duration of operation, and duration of stay in the PACU were similar between groups (p>0.05). The number of patients requiring additive analgesic was higher in the control group. No differences were found between the tramadol and ketamine groups (p>0.05). Additional analgesic was given earlier in the control group (p<0.05), but the need for additional analgesic was similar in tramadol and ketamine groups (p>0.05). Paracetamol dosage was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05), but similar between the tramadol and ketamine groups (p>0.05). The frequency of nausea and vomiting was found to be significantly higher in tramadol and ketamine groups compared to the control group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative pain was effectively managed using 2 mg.kg-1 tramadol and 0.5 mg.kg-1 ketamine in pediatric tonsillectomies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Selçuk University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çiğdem
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Sizer
authors.forename: Inci
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.forename: Jale Bengi
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Çelik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D007649:Ketamine