title: Measuring spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from biological material.
abstract: Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons. In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University, USA. todd.harvey@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Todd Alan
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bostwick
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marschner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry*; D005241:Feathers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D046749:Starlings / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures