title: TLR4, ATF-3 and IL8 inflammation mediator expression correlates with seizure frequency in human epileptic brain tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data from animal models has nicely shown that inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS) can modulate seizure frequency. However, a potential relationship between the modulation of seizure frequency and gene expression of key inflammatory factors in human epileptic tissue is still unresolved. Brain tissue from pharmacoresistant patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) provides a unique prerequisite for clinico-neuropathological correlations. Here, we have concentrated on gene expression of the human key inflammatory mediators, TLR4, ATF-3 and IL8, in correlation to seizure frequency and additional clinical parameters in human epileptic brain tissue of pharmacoresistant mTLE patients. Furthermore, we characterized the cell types expressing the respective proteins in epileptic hippocampi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total RNAs were isolated from n=26 hippocampi of pharmacoresistant mTLE patients using AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit. cRNA was used for hybridization on Human HT-12 v3 Expression BeadChips with Illumina Direct Hybridization Assay Kit and resulting gene expression data was normalized based on the Illumina BeadStudio software suite by means of quantile normalization with background subtraction. Corresponding human hippocampal sections for immunohistochemistry were probed with antibodies against TLR4, ATF-3, IL8 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) and the microglial marker HLA-DR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed abundant TLR4 gene expression to relate to seizure frequency per month. For ATF-3, we found an inverse correlation of expression to seizure frequency. Lower expression of IL8 was significantly associated with high seizure frequency. Further, we detected TLR4 expression in neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes of pharmacoresistant mTLE patients. Only neurons of human epileptic hippocampi express ATF-3. IL8 was expressed in microglia and reactive astrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a differential correlation of key inflammatory factor expression in epileptic hippocampi and seizure frequency in patients. The modulation of such processes may open new therapeutic perspectives for treating seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany. kpernhor@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pernhorst
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herms
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cichon
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schoch
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grote
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012640:Seizures / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C490449:ATF3 protein, human; D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D016209:Interleukin-8; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: Epilepsy surgery; Epileptic hippocampi; Inflammatory processes; Seizures; mRNA