title: What is the role of brain stimulation therapies in the treatment of depression?
abstract: Brain stimulation therapies have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of depression has grown substantially due to their favorable adverse effect profiles. The role of transcranial direct current stimulation in TRD is unclear, but emerging data suggests that it may be an effective add-on treatment. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has demonstrated efficacy in TRD that is supported by several multicenter randomized controlled trials. Though, vagus nerve stimulation has been found to be effective in some studies, sham controlled studies were equivocal. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established brain stimulation treatment for severe depression and TRD, yet stigma and cognitive adverse effects limit its wider use. Magnetic seizure therapy has a more favorable cognitive adverse effect profile; however, equivalent efficacy to ECT needs to be established. Deep brain stimulation may play a role in severe TRD and controlled trials are now underway.
authors.affiliation: Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen St. W. Unit 4, Room 115, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada. daniel.blumberger@camh.ca
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Blumberger
authors.forename: Benoit H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Mulsant
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods