title: Ultrastructural localization of desmoglein and plakophilin in the human hair suggests that the cell membrane complex is a long desmosomal remnant.
abstract: Unlike the superficial part of the corneous layer of the epidermis (Stratum corneum) where desmosomes are degraded and corneocytes flake away, the trichocytes in the hair remain attached to each other after cornification. The permanence and fine localization of cell junctions, in particular of desmosomal proteins in the cornifying and mature human hair, is not known. The present electron microscope immunolocalization study indicates that two protein markers for desmosomes such as desmoglein 4 and plakophilins 1 and 3 are still present in mature cortical and cuticle cells. These proteins remain mainly localized in the cornified cytoplasmic side of desmosomal remnants of cortical cells, but also in the delta layer of the extracellular region of the membrane complex. This suggests that the delta layer represents an extensive desmosomal remnant formed between mature cortical cells and in cuticle cells. The endocuticle appears to be the site of accumulation of desmosomal proteins and degraded nuclear material. The cornification of desmosomal junctions in both cortical and cuticle cells likely contributes to stabilize the integrity of the hair shaft.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: lorenzo.alibardi@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alibardi
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nöcker
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*; D051182:Desmogleins / Q000032:analysis*; D003896:Desmosomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D051191:Plakophilins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C473409:DSG4 protein, human; D051182:Desmogleins; C495335:PKP1 protein, human; C495339:PKP3 protein, human; D051191:Plakophilins
keywords: Desmosomal proteins; Human hair; Immunogold; Keratinizing zone; Ultrastructure