title: Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietary protein amounts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher-protein weight-loss diets (defined as >25% of energy as protein) are not recommended for individuals with type 2 diabetes because of their potential adverse effect on renal function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the effect of such diets on renal function over 12 mo in people with type 2 diabetes and early renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overweight and obese people with type 2 diabetes were screened to identify those with an albumin:creatinine ratio from 3 to 30 mg/mmol. Seventy-six subjects were randomly assigned to either a moderate-protein weight-loss diet or a standard-protein weight-loss diet for 12 mo. The primary endpoint was the change in renal function as assessed by the isotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimated GFR, and cystatin C. Forty-five subjects (moderate protein: n = 21; standard protein: n = 24) completed the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SE) weight loss was not different between diets at 9.7 ± 13.4 kg for the moderate-protein diet and 6.6 ± 7.1 kg for the standard-protein diet. There were no changes in renal function or albuminuria or blood pressure, although glycated hemoglobin was lowered with both diets. Changes in renal function were related to the baseline estimated GFR. Patients with stage 1-3 renal disease (<120 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2); n = 33) had an improvement in renal function, whereas patients with hyperfiltration (>120 mL · min(-1) · 1.73 m(-2); n = 12) had a decrease in the GFR. After adjustment for weight loss, the baseline GFR remained a significant predictor of outcomes with no effect of dietary treatment. An average difference in protein intake between diets of 19 ± 6 g/d was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight loss improved renal function, but differences in dietary protein had no effect. This trial was registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Register as ACTRN12608000045314.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Animal Food and Health Science, Adelaide University, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Nutrition and University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jesudason
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clifton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001823:Body Composition; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin