title: Language mapping with navigated repetitive TMS: proof of technique and validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lesion-based mapping of speech pathways has been possible only during invasive neurosurgical procedures using direct cortical stimulation (DCS). However, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) may allow for lesion-based interrogation of language pathways noninvasively. Although not lesion-based, magnetoencephalographic imaging (MEGI) is another noninvasive modality for language mapping. In this study, we compare the accuracy of nTMS and MEGI with DCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with lesions around cortical language areas underwent preoperative nTMS and MEGI for language mapping. nTMS maps were generated using a repetitive TMS protocol to deliver trains of stimulations during a picture naming task. MEGI activation maps were derived from adaptive spatial filtering of beta-band power decreases prior to overt speech during picture naming and verb generation tasks. The subjects subsequently underwent awake language mapping via intraoperative DCS. The language maps obtained from each of the 3 modalities were recorded and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  nTMS and MEGI were performed on 12 subjects. nTMS yielded 21 positive language disruption sites (11 speech arrest, 5 anomia, and 5 other) while DCS yielded 10 positive sites (2 speech arrest, 5 anomia, and 3 other). MEGI isolated 32 sites of peak activation with language tasks. Positive language sites were most commonly found in the pars opercularis for all three modalities. In 9 instances the positive DCS site corresponded to a positive nTMS site, while in 1 instance it did not. In 4 instances, a positive nTMS site corresponded to a negative DCS site, while 169 instances of negative nTMS and DCS were recorded. The sensitivity of nTMS was therefore 90%, specificity was 98%, the positive predictive value was 69% and the negative predictive value was 99% as compared with intraoperative DCS. MEGI language sites for verb generation and object naming correlated with nTMS sites in 5 subjects, and with DCS sites in 2 subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maps of language function generated with nTMS correlate well with those generated by DCS. Negative nTMS mapping also correlates with negative DCS mapping. In our study, MEGI lacks the same level of correlation with intraoperative mapping; nevertheless it provides useful adjunct information in some cases. nTMS may offer a lesion-based method for noninvasively interrogating language pathways and be valuable in managing patients with peri-eloquent lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. taraporep@neurosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Phiroz E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Tarapore
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.forename: Susanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Honma
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mizuiri
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Houde
authors.forename: Mitchel S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Srikantan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Direct cortical stimulation; Language mapping; Magnetoencephalography; Speech arrest; Transcranial magnetic stimulation