title: Coffee and risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee intake has recently been associated with significantly lower risk of lethal and advanced prostate cancer in a US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the association between coffee and prostate cancer risk in the population-based case-control study Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden. Dietary data were available for 1,499 cases and 1,112 controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of prostate cancer in high versus low categories of coffee intake using logistic regression. We studied overall prostate cancer risk as well as risk of fatal, advanced, localized, high-grade, grade 7, and low-grade disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean coffee intake was 3.1 cups per day among both cases and controls. Coffee intake was not associated with overall prostate cancer risk. Risk of fatal prostate cancer was inversely, but not statistically significantly, associated with coffee intake, with an odds ratio of 0.64 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.34-1.19, p value for linear trend = 0.81] for men consuming greater than 5 cups per day compared to men drinking less than 1 cup per day. The highest intake of coffee was associated non-significantly with lower risk of advanced disease (OR = 0.73, 95 % CI 0.41-1.30, p trend = 0.98) and associated significantly with lower risk of high-grade cancer (Gleason 8-10; OR = 0.50, 95 % CI 0.26-0.98, p trend = 0.13). Risk of localized, grade 7, and low-grade cancers was not associated with coffee intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides some support of an inverse association between coffee and lethal and high-grade prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kwilson@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bälter
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Ove
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.forename: Swen-Olof
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grönberg
authors.forename: Lorelei A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mucci
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee