title: Climate change, northern birds of conservation concern and matching the hotspots of habitat suitability with the reserve network.
abstract: National reserve networks are one of the most important means of species conservation, but their efficiency may be diminished due to the projected climatic changes. Using bioclimatic envelope models and spatial data on habitats and conservation areas, we studied how efficient the reserve network will be in preserving 100 forest, mire, marshland, and alpine bird species of conservation concern in Finland in 2051-2080 under three different climate scenarios. The occurrences of the studied bird species were related to the amount of habitat preferred by each species in the different boreal zones. We employed a novel integrated habitat suitability index that takes into account both the species' probability of occurrence from the bioclimatic models and the availability of suitable habitat. Using this suitability index, the distribution of the topmost 5% suitability squares ("hotspots") in the four bird species groups in the period 1971-2000 and under the three scenarios were compared with the location of reserves with the highest amounts of the four habitats to study the efficiency of the network. In species of mires, marshlands, and Arctic mountains, a high proportion of protected habitat was included in the 5% hotspots in the scenarios in 2051-2080, showing that protected areas cover a high proportion of occurrences of bird species. In contrast, in forests in the southern and middle boreal zones, only a small proportion of the protected habitat was included in the 5% hotspots, indicating that the efficiency of the protected area network will be insufficient for forest birds in the future. In the northern boreal zone, the efficiency of the reserve network in forests was highly dependent on the strength of climate change varying between the scenarios. Overall, there is no single solution to preserving biodiversity in a changing climate, but several future pathways should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, Ecosystem Change Unit, Helsinki, Finland. raimo.virkkala@ymparisto.fi
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virkkala
authors.forename: Risto K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fronzek
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leikola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001717:Birds; D057231:Climate Change; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005387:Finland; D014197:Trees; D053833:Wetlands