title: [The influence of high fluoride exposure in drinking water on endocrine hormone in female].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the influence of water fluoride exposure on reproductive hormones in female.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study was conducted in seven villages of a county in Henan province by using simple random sampling including high fluoride area, defluoridation project area and control area on April, 2011 based on the preliminary study results of fluoride concentration in drinking water. Women who were born and growth or lived in the village at least 5 years and aged 18-48 years old were recruited using cluster sampling. They were divided into high fluoride group (HFG, 116 subjects), defluoridation project group (DFPG, 132 subjects) and control group (CG, 227 subjects) in accordance with the above areas. All subjects accepted questionnaire and physical checkup. Fasting blood and morning urine samples were collected. The concentration of fluoride in urine was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode method. The serum level of GnRH was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) were determined by chemiluminesence immunoassay (CLIA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age was (39.44 ± 7.34), (38.84 ± 8.03), (37.45 ± 7.70) years old in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively, there were no significant differences among the three groups (F = 3.02, P = 0.05). The urine fluoride levels were (1.34 ± 1.07), (2.59 ± 1.57), (0.92 ± 0.46) mg/ml in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively, there was a significant difference among three groups (F = 105.38, P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed of serum GnRH, LH, T, FSH and E2 among three groups in follicular phase (P > 0.05). The serum levels of E2 in Ovulatory period were 67.73, 58.09, 84.96 pg/ml in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively. It was lower in HFG than that in CG (H = 4.00, P < 0.05). The serum levels of T in Ovulatory period were 0.55, 0.45, 0.55 ng/ml in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively. It was lower in HFG than that in DFPG (H = 6.47, P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between HFG and CG (H = 2.41, P > 0.05). The serum levels of GnRH in Luteal phase were 24.09, 20.16, 23.50 ng/ml in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively. It was lower in HFG than that in DFPG (H = 14.14, P < 0.05) and CG (H = 12.53, P < 0.05). The serum level of E2 in luteal phase were 81.47, 64.60, 74.55 pg/ml in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively. It was lower in HFG than that in DFPG (H = 5.69, P < 0.05). As for LH, FSH and T, no significant differences were observed among the three groups (P > 0.05 respectively). The abnormal rates of E2 level were 22.73 (30/102), 37.93 (44/72), 20.26 (46/181) in female from DFPG, HFG and CG respectively. The E2 abnormal rate in female from HFG was higher that from DFPG (χ(2) = 6.82, P < 0.05) and CG (χ(2) = 12.38, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride exposure may influence reproductive hormones in female, especially in ovulatory and luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health in Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jia-xiang
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Yue-jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Shi-hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Shi-bao
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Shi-qun
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xue-min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Liu-xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D005459:Fluorides