title: Biological control of infective larvae of Ancylostoma spp. in beach sand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Geohelminths are parasites that stand out for their prevalence and wide distribution, depending on the soil for their transmission.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungal isolate of the genus Duddingtonia (CG768) on third stage larvae (L3) of Ancylostoma spp. in beach sand under laboratory conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the assay A five treatment groups and 1 control group were formed. The treatment groups contained 5000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000 or 25,000 chlamydospores of the fungal isolate and 1000 Ancylostoma spp. L3 in pots containing 30g of sand. The control group (without fungus) contained only 1000 Ancylostoma spp. L3 and distilled water in pots with 30g of sand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence of predatory activity was observed at the end of 15 days, where we observed the following percentages of reduction of L3: Group 1 (4.5%); Group 2 (24.5%); Group 3 (59.2%); Group 4 (58.8%); Group 5 (63%). However, difference was noted (p<0.01) only at concentrations 15,000, 20,000 and 25,000 in relation to control group. In the assay B two groups were formed in Petri dishes of 9cm in diameter containing agar water 2% medium. In the treated group, each Petri dish contained 500 Ancylostoma spp. L3 and 5g of sand containing the isolate CG 768 at a concentration of 25,000 chlamydospores/g of sand, and the control group (without fungus) contained only 500 L3. At the end of 7 days the non-predation L3 of Petri dishes using the method of Baermann were recovered. Difference (p<0.01) between groups on reducing the average number of Ancylostoma spp. L3 (percent reduction of 84%) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm earlier work on the efficiency of the Duddingtonia genus in the control of Ancylostoma spp. infective larvae.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: ingkramer@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ingrid Ney Kramer
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: De Mello
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thalita S Avelar
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Filippe E Freitas
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jackson V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Araújo
mesh_terms: D000722:Ancylostoma / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D000724:Ancylostomiasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D001938:Brazil; D059586:Duddingtonia / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Ancylostoma spp.; Arena; Duddingtonia flagrans; Hongos nematófagos; Larvae; Larvas; Nematophagous fungi; Sand