title: Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin.
abstract: Traditional culture-based methods have incompletely defined the microbial landscape of common recalcitrant human fungal skin diseases, including athlete's foot and toenail infections. Skin protects humans from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms and provides a home for diverse commensal microbiota. Bacterial genomic sequence data have generated novel hypotheses about species and community structures underlying human disorders. However, microbial diversity is not limited to bacteria; microorganisms such as fungi also have major roles in microbial community stability, human health and disease. Genomic methodologies to identify fungal species and communities have been limited compared with those that are available for bacteria. Fungal evolution can be reconstructed with phylogenetic markers, including ribosomal RNA gene regions and other highly conserved genes. Here we sequenced and analysed fungal communities of 14 skin sites in 10 healthy adults. Eleven core-body and arm sites were dominated by fungi of the genus Malassezia, with only species-level classifications revealing fungal-community composition differences between sites. By contrast, three foot sites--plantar heel, toenail and toe web--showed high fungal diversity. Concurrent analysis of bacterial and fungal communities demonstrated that physiologic attributes and topography of skin differentially shape these two microbial communities. These results provide a framework for future investigation of the contribution of interactions between pathogenic and commensal fungal and bacterial communities to the maintainenace of human health and to disease pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Keisha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Findley
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conlan
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deming
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Effie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nomicos
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Heidi H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Segre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004219:District of Columbia; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006262:Health; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008290:Malassezia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult