title: Assessing the accuracy of endoscopic estimates of lesion size in urology using in vitro models of the urinary tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the frequency at which urologists endoscopically estimate lesion size, their accuracy has not been established. Our objectives were to determine the accuracy of cystoscopic and ureteroscopic estimates of lesion size using in vitro models of the urinary tract and to assess potential impacting factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven staff urologists and 9 urology learners performed cystoscopy on a series of pig bladders containing mock papillary and flat lesions. Each provided three sets of size estimates: two using only the cystoscope to assess intraobserver agreement and the third with the aid of a ureteral catheter as a visual reference. Similar estimates were made with a flexible ureteroscope on papillary lesions within an inorganic upper urinary tract model. Differences in mean estimates and the agreement between repeated estimates were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of endoscopic training did not influence the mean error of estimation (MEE) for either cystoscopy or ureteroscopy regardless of lesion size and appearance. Staff and learners consistently underestimated lesion size with median errors of 34% and 43%, with excellent (median intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] of 0.97) and fair (median ICC of 0.56) reproducibility for cystoscopy and ureteroscopy, respectively. Use of the visual reference during cystoscopy did not improve the MEE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urologists, regardless of their level of training, substantially underestimate lesion size by 34% to 43%. These findings are independent of lesion size and appearance, and the use of a visual reference during cystoscopy. Recognizing this tendency and adjusting estimates accordingly or improving instrumentation should improve clinical and operative decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Peter.Massaro@medportal.ca
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolell
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000193:education*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D023421:Models, Animal; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014513:Ureter / Q000473:pathology*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000193:education*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education