title: Does lavender aromatherapy alleviate premenstrual emotional symptoms?: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A majority of reproductive-age women experience a constellation of various symptoms in the premenstrual phase, commonly known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Despite its prevalence, however, no single treatment is universally recognized as effective, and many women turn to alternative approaches, including aromatherapy, a holistic mind and body treatment. The present study investigated the soothing effects of aromatherapy on premenstrual symptoms using lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), a relaxing essential oil, from the perspective of autonomic nervous system function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen women (20.6 ± 0.2 years) with mild to moderate subjective premenstrual symptoms participated in a randomized crossover study. Subjects were examined on two separate occasions (aroma and control trials) in the late-luteal phases. Two kinds of aromatic stimulation (lavender and water as a control) were used. This experiment measured heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting autonomic nerve activity and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) as a psychological index before and after the aromatic stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only a 10-min inhalation of the lavender scent significantly increased the high frequency (HF) power reflecting parasympathetic nervous system activity in comparison with water (aroma effect: F = 4.50, p = 0.050; time effect: F = 5.59, p = 0.017; aroma x time effect: F = 3.17, p = 0.047). The rate of increase in HF power was greater at 10-15 min (p = 0.051) and 20-25 min (p = 0.023) in the lavender trial than in the control trial with water. In addition, POMS tests revealed that inhalation of the aromatic lavender oil significantly decreased two POMS subscales-depression-dejection (p = 0.045) and confusion (p = 0.049)-common premenstrual symptoms, in the late-luteal phase, as long as 35 min after the aroma stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicated that lavender aromatherapy as a potential therapeutic modality could alleviate premenstrual emotional symptoms, which, at least in part, is attributable to the improvement of parasympathetic nervous system activity. This study further implies that HRV could evaluate the efficacy of aromatherapy using various fragrances to relieve premenstrual symptoms, and ultimately, support the mind and body health of women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Education, Faculty of Education, Shitennoji University, 3-2-1 Gakuenmae, Habikino Osaka, 583-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Ohgimachi Ladies Clinic, Center for Advanced Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi