title: Technological resources and personnel costs required to implement an automated alert system for ambulatory physicians when patients are discharged from hospitals to home.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the adoption of electronic medical records by medical group practices, there are opportunities to improve the quality of care for patients discharged from hospitals. However, there is little guidance for medical groups outside integrated hospital systems to automate the flow of patient information during transitions in care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the technological resources, expertise and time needed to develop an automated system providing information to ambulatory physicians when their patients are discharged from hospitals to home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a medical group practice, we developed an automated alert system that provides notification of discharges, reminders of the need for follow-up visits, drugs added during inpatient stays, and recommendations for laboratory monitoring of high-risk drugs. We tracked components of the information system required and the time spent by team members. We used USA national averages of hourly wages to estimate personnel costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critical components of the information system are notifications of hospital discharges through an admission, discharge and transfer registration (ADT) interface, linkage to the group's scheduling system, access to information on pharmacy dispensing and lab tests, and an interface engine. Total personnel cost was $76,314. Nearly half (47%) was for 614 hours by physicians who developed content, provided overall project management, and reviewed alerts to ensure that only 'actionable' alerts would be sent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing a system to provide information about hospital discharges requires strong internal informatics expertise, cooperation between facilities and ambulatory providers, development of electronic linkages, and extensive commitment of physician time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA, USA. terry.field@meyersprimary.org
authors.forename: Terry S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Shawn J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tjia
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Preusse
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.forename: Abir O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Kanaan
authors.forename: Jerry H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gurwitz
mesh_terms: D000555:Ambulatory Care Information Systems / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000379:methods; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends