title: Effects of non-pharmacological pain treatments on brain states.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) evaluate the effects of a single session of four non-pharmacological pain interventions, relative to a sham tDCS procedure, on pain and electroencephalogram- (EEG-) assessed brain oscillations, and (2) determine the extent to which procedure-related changes in pain intensity are associated with changes in brain oscillations.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 individuals with spinal cord injury and chronic pain were given an EEG and administered measures of pain before and after five procedures (hypnosis, meditation, transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS], neurofeedback, and a control sham tDCS procedure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each procedure was associated with a different pattern of changes in brain activity, and all active procedures were significantly different from the control procedure in at least three bandwidths. Very weak and mostly non-significant associations were found between changes in EEG-assessed brain activity and pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different non-pharmacological pain treatments have distinctive effects on brain oscillation patterns. However, changes in EEG-assessed brain oscillations are not significantly associated with changes in pain, and therefore such changes do not appear useful for explaining the benefits of these treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide new findings regarding the unique effects of four non-pharmacological treatments on pain and brain activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. mjensen@uw.edu
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sherlin
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Witkop
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianas
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Shahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakimian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D058765:Neurofeedback; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain states; Chronic pain; Electroencephalography; Non-pharmacological treatments; Spinal cord injury