title: Public attitudes toward depression and help-seeking in four European countries baseline survey prior to the OSPI-Europe intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stigmatizing attitudes toward depression and toward help-seeking are important barriers for people with mental health problems to obtain adequate professional help. This study aimed to examine: (1) population attitudes toward depression and toward seeking professional help in four European countries; (2) the relation between depression stigma and attitudes toward help-seeking; (3) the relation between both attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics; and (4) differences in attitudes across countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative general population survey (n=4011) was conducted in Germany, Hungary, Ireland, and Portugal, assessing attitudes toward depression and toward help-seeking, and a number of socio-demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respondents showed a moderate degree of personal stigma toward depression and a strikingly higher degree of perceived stigma. Although a substantial majority showed openness to seek professional help, only half of the people perceived professional help as valuable. More negative attitudes were found in Hungary and were associated with male gender, older age, lower educational level and living alone. Also, personal stigma was related to less openness to and less perceived value of professional treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The survey was cross-sectional, so no causal inferences could be drawn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personal and perceived stigma toward depression deserves public health attention, since they impact upon the intention of people with depression to seek professional help. Public media campaigns should focus on the credibility of the mental health care sector, and target males, older people, and those with a lower educational level and living alone. The content of each campaign should be adapted to the cultural norms of the country for which it is intended.
authors.affiliation: LUCAS, Centre for Care Research and Consultancy, University of Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coppens
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Audenhove
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scheerder
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arensman
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koburger
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gottlebe
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gusmão
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Vita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Postuvan
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarchiapone
authors.forename: Merike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sisask
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Székely
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Feltz-Cornelis
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hegerl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044382:Population Groups; D011639:Public Opinion; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Help-seeking; Mental health literacy; Public attitudes