title: Evaluation of esophageal high-resolution manometry in awake and sedated dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of high-resolution manometry (HRM) in awake and sedated dogs and to assess potential effects of a standard sedation protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  22 Beagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  An HRM catheter with 36 pressure sensors was inserted intranasally in each dog. After an adaption period of 5 minutes, each set of measurements included 5 swallows of a liquid and 5 swallows of a solid bolus. Measurements were repeated 30 minutes after IM administration of buprenorphine and acepromazine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRM was successfully performed in 14 dogs. Data sets of 8 dogs were adequate for analysis. For the upper esophageal sphincter, median values of baseline pressure, residual pressure, relaxation time to nadir, and relaxation duration were determined for awake and sedated dogs for liquid and solid swallows. For the tubular portion of the esophagus, median values of peristaltic contractile integral, bolus transit time, and contractile front velocity were determined for awake and sedated dogs for liquid and solid swallows. For the lower esophageal sphincter, median values of baseline pressure and residual pressure were determined for awake and sedated dogs for liquid and solid swallows. Significant differences (awake vs sedated) were found for the upper esophageal sphincter residual pressure (liquid swallows), relaxation time to nadir (liquid swallows), bolus transit time (solid swallows), and contractile front velocity (solid swallows).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRM was feasible for evaluation of esophageal function in most awake dogs. Although sedation in uncooperative patients may minimally influence results of some variables, an overall assessment of swallowing should be possible.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Reusch
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*