title: Penetration kinetics of four mouthrinses into Streptococcus mutans biofilms analyzed by direct time-lapse visualization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether different antiseptic mouthrinses show different penetration kinetics into Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biofilms, grown on glass-based dishes, were exposed to one of four mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine digluconate, essential oil, cetylpyridinium chloride, or isopropylmethylphenol. Then, penetration velocities were determined by monitoring fluorescence loss of calcein AM-stained biofilms with time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bactericidal activity was assessed with fluorescent bacterial viable cell (Live/Dead) staining and viable cell counts. Bacterial detachment after the mouthrinse exposure was determined by measuring fluorescence reduction of SYTO9-stained biofilms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The essential oil-containing mouthrinse showed significantly faster penetration velocity than the other mouthrinses (ANCOVA and Bonferroni test, p < 0.05). However, even 5 min of exposure left the biofilm structure almost intact. After 30 s (consumer rinsing time) of exposure, the essential oil-containing mouthrinse showed the highest log reduction of viable cells (2.7 log CFU) measured by Live/Dead staining, and the mean reduction of total viable cells was 1.41 log CFU measured by viable cell count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The essential oil-containing mouthrinse showed the best penetration. Within 30 s of exposure, however, no mouthrinses injured all the microorganisms and all mouthrinses left the biofilm structure nearly intact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mouthrinses tested showed different levels of biofilm penetration. The essential oil rinse was superior to other rinses by all three of the in vitro measurements performed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274, Gakkocho-dori 2-bancho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
authors.forename: Rika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wakamatsu
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohsumi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terao
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okiji
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D009067:Mouthwashes; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009067:Mouthwashes