title: Dry eye and its correlation to diabetes microvascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to investigate the correlation between dry eye disease and diabetes microvascular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study 243 people with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Tear osmolarity was measured using tear lab osmolarity system. All of the participants were evaluated for diabetes microvascular complications. The Michigan neuropathy screening instrument was used for detection of peripheral neuropathy, and the albumin/creatinine ratio in a spot urine sample was considered to diagnose diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of dry eye disease was 27.7%. The mean value for tear osmolarity was 301.97±13.52 mOsm/L. We found a significant correlation between dry eye disease and diabetic retinopathy (P=0.01). However no significant correlation was found between dry eye disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Dry eye disease was more prevalent in people with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and/or clinically significant macular edema (0.006). In a binary logistic regression analysis model, there was a significant correlation between dry eye disease and retinopathy (OR=2.29, CI=1.16-4.52, P=0.016). In addition, both dry eye and retinopathy had significant correlation with HbA1C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dry eye disease is common in people with type 2 diabetes, especially in those with diabetic retinopathy. In addition, it is more prevalent in people who suffer from advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center (Firouzgar), Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Laily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Ameneh Ebrahim
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Valojerdi
authors.forename: Rokhsareh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aghili
authors.forename: Mohammad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Khamseh
authors.forename: Afshin Eshghi
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fallah
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza Famil
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tokhmehchi
authors.forename: Mahmoud Jabarvand
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Behrouz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Dry eye disease; Glycemic control; Microvascular complications