title: Rapid, simple and sensitive detection of Q fever by loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the htpAB gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Q fever is the most widespread zoonosis, and domestic animals are the most common sources of transmission. It is not only difficult to distinguish from other febrile diseases because of the lack of specific clinical manifestations in humans, but it is also difficult to identify the disease in C. burnetii-carrying animals because of the lack of identifiable features. Conventional serodiagnosis requires sera from the acute and convalescent stages of infection, which are unavailable at early diagnosis. Nested PCR and real-time PCR require equipment. In this study, we developed a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay to identify C. burnetii rapidly and sensitively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A universal LAMP primer set was designed to detect the repeated sequence IS1111a of the htpAB gene of C. burnetii using PrimerExplorer V4 software. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was evaluated using known quantities of recombined reference plasmids containing the targeted genes. The specificity of the developed LAMP assay was determined using 26 members of order Rickettsiae and 18 other common pathogens. The utility of the LAMP assay was further compared with real time PCR by the examination 24 blood samples including 6 confirmed and 18 probable Q fever cases, which diagnosed by IFA serological assessment and real time PCR. In addition, 126 animal samples from 4 provinces including 97 goats, 7 cattle, 18 horses, 3 marmots and 1 deer were compared by these two methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The limits of detection of the LAMP assay for the htpAB gene were 1 copy per reaction. The specificity of the LAMP assay was 100%, and no cross-reaction was observed among the bacteria used in the study. The positive rate of unknown febrile patients was 33.3%(95%CI 30.2%-36.4%) for the LAMP assay and 8.3%(95%CI 7.4%-9.2%) for the real time PCR(P<0.05). Similarly, the total positive rate of animals was 7.9%(95%CI 7.1%-8.7%) for the LAMP assay and 0.8%(95%CI 0.7%-0.9%)for the real time PCR(P<0.01). Using the developed LAMP assay, Q fever in the Yi Li area, Xinjiang Province, was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LAMP assay is a potential tool to support the diagnosis of Q fever in humans and domestic animals in the field, especially in the rural areas of China, because of its rapid and sensitive detection without the aid of sophisticated equipment or a complicated protocol.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Rickettsiology, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Desheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Xiuchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qunying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Qiyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011778:Q Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000662:veterinary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial