title: Mania and sexual risk: associations with behavioral self-regulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risky sexual behavior among young adults is a central public health concern. Hallmark cognitive effects of mania involve grandiose extrinsic goal-setting, which may be part of a tendency to approach rewarding cues while underestimating potential negative consequences. Poor impulse control also reflects a tendency to seek reward and rely on emotional decision-making. In contrast, effortful control is associated with adaptive decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n=595) completed measures of impulsivity, risk for mania, and risky sexual behavior. Relationships between risk for mania, behavioral self-regulation, and risky sexual behavior were examined in a negative binomial hurdle model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the hurdle portion, sensation-seeking was positively associated with the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. Effortful control was inversely associated with the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior, but only among those high in risk for mania. Among those endorsing engagement in risky sex, urgency was positively, and effortful control negatively, associated with frequency of risky sex. Risk for mania was positively associated with frequency of risky sex, but only for those low in effortful control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings were among a homogeneous, young adult, nonclinical population, limiting generalizability. Examining these associations among a clinical population in an active manic episode is warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest high levels of effortful control may diminish the hallmark effects of mania on cognition thereby reducing engagement in risky sexual behavior. Treatments targeting emotion-based rash action and effortful decision making may be particularly important for those experiencing manic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. robert.dvorak@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Tyler B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kuvaas
authors.forename: Tess M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kilwein
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Effortful control; Risk for mania; Risky sex; Sensation-seeking; Urgency