title: Benzophenone-type UV filters in urine and blood from children, adults, and pregnant women in China: partitioning between blood and urine as well as maternal and fetal cord blood.
abstract: Limited information exists on the exposure of benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters (i.e., sunscreen compounds) in children, adults, and pregnant women in China. In this study, we determined the concentrations of five BP derivatives, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, and 4OH-BP in urine (n=101) as well as paired specimens of blood and urine (n=24 pairs) collected from adults; in matched maternal and fetal cord blood (n=20 pairs) collected from pregnant women; and in blood collected from children (n=10). 4OH-BP, BP-1, and BP-3 were found in 61%, 57%, and 25%, respectively, of the urine samples analyzed. 4OH-BP was found in all blood samples; BP-3 was found more frequently in the blood of adults (83%), followed, in decreasing order, by pregnant women (35%) and children (30%). Among all adults, urinary BP-3 concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) positively correlated with urinary BP-1 concentrations. Nevertheless, no significant correlations were found between urinary concentrations of BP-3 (or BP-1) and 4OH-BP. Our results suggest that human exposure to BP-3 and BP-1 is related, whereas 4OH-BP originates from a discrete source. Females had higher urinary concentrations of BP-3, BP-1 and 4OH-BP than males. The distribution profiles of BP-1 and its parent compound (i.e., BP-3) in urine decreased with increasing age of donors (p<0.05). The ratio of concentrations of BP-3 between blood and urine was 0.21 in adults, which was significantly lower than that for 4OH-BP (0.36). The concentration ratio of BPs between cord blood and maternal blood was higher for 4OH-BP (0.61) than that for BP-3 (0.48), which suggested greater trans-placental transfer potential of 4OH-BP. This is the first study to document the occurrence of BPs in paired urine and blood, and in matched maternal and fetal cord blood.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hongwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yanfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011247:Pregnancy; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; C047723:benzophenone
keywords: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; Benzophenone-type UV filters; Blood levels; Human exposure; Trans-placental transfer; Urinary levels