title: Histone modifications and traditional Chinese medicinals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromatin, residing in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, comprises DNA and histones to make up chromosomes. Chromatin condenses to compact the chromosomes and loosens to facilitate gene transcription and DNA replication/repair. Chemical modifications to the histones mediate changes in chromatin structure. Histone-modifying enzymes are potential drug targets. How herbs affect phenotypes through histone modifications is interesting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two public traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) databases were accessed to retrieve the chemical constituents and TCM natures of 3,294 TCM medicinals. NCBI taxonomy database was accessed to build the phylogenetic tree of the TCM medicinals. Statistical test was used to test if TCM natures of the medicinals cluster in the phylogenetic tree. A public chemical-protein interaction database was accessed to identify TCM medicinals whose constituent chemicals interact with human histone-modifying enzymes. For each histone modification, a correlation coefficient was calculated between the medicinals' TCM natures and modification modulabilities. Information of the ingredient medicinals of 200 classical TCM formulas was accessed from a public database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that 1,170 or 36% of the 3,294 TCM medicinals interact with human histone-modifying enzymes. Among the histone-modifying medicinals, 56% of them promote chromatin condensation. The cold-hot natures of TCM medicinals were found to be phylogenetically correlated. Furthermore, cold (hot) TCM medicinals were found to be associated with heterochromatinization (euchromatinization) through mainly H3K9 methylation and H3K4 demethylation. The associations were weak yet statistically significant. On the other hand, analysis of TCM formulas, the major form of TCM prescriptions in clinical practice, found that 99% of 200 government approved TCM formulas are histone-modifying. Furthermore, in formula formation, heterochromatic medicinals were found to team up with other heterochromatic medicinals to enhance the heterochromatinization of the formula. The synergy was mainly through concurrent DNMT and HDAC inhibition, co-inhibition of histone acetylation and H3S10 phosphorylation, or co-inhibition of H3K4 demethylation and H3K36 demethylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCM prescriptions' modulation of the human epigenome helps elucidation of phyto-pharmacology and discovery of epigenetic drugs. Furthermore, as TCM medicinals' properties are closely tied to patient TCM syndromes, results of this materia-medica-wide, bioinformatic analysis of TCM medicinals may have implications for molecular differentiation of TCM syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Institute, National Central University, No, 300, Chungda Road, Chungli city 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Pei-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Sun-Chong
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D006657:Histones