title: Longitudinal mediators of social problem solving in spina bifida and typical development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined the role of early executive functions (EF) and social language (SL) as well as responsive parenting as mediators of the effect of group on social problem-solving skills at 7 years of age for children with spina bifida and typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mediation analysis was used to determine if the effect of having spina bifida on school age social problem-solving skills was mediated through the effect of group on EF/SL at 3 years of age and responsive parenting at 12 and 18 months. As part of a larger longitudinal study, 103 infants (n = 49 with spina bifida; n = 54 typically developing) received measures of EF/SL at 3 years of age and mother-infant play interactions at 12 and 18 months of age were coded for a range of responsive parenting behaviors. Social problem-solving skills were measured with a game-like observational task at 7 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group had a direct relation with later social problem-solving as well as an indirect relation through early EF/SL skills that, in turn, had a direct relation with later social problem solving. An indirect effect of responsive parenting on later social skills also was found through a direct effect on EF/SL skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early precursors of school age difficulties with social problem solving observed for children with spina bifida can be explained, in part, by difficulties in the first 3 years of life with EF/SL. Early responsive parenting appears to positively affect the development of these EF/SL skills. Implications for early intervention are an outcome of this study.
authors.affiliation: Children's Learning Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA. Susan.Landry@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Heather B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Swank
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juranek
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000523:psychology; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000523:psychology*