title: The role of musical training in emergent and event-based timing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musical performance is thought to rely predominantly on event-based timing involving a clock-like neural process and an explicit internal representation of the time interval. Some aspects of musical performance may rely on emergent timing, which is established through the optimization of movement kinematics, and can be maintained without reference to any explicit representation of the time interval. We predicted that musical training would have its largest effect on event-based timing, supporting the dissociability of these timing processes and the dominance of event-based timing in musical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared 22 musicians and 17 non-musicians on the prototypical event-based timing task of finger tapping and on the typically emergently timed task of circle drawing. For each task, participants first responded in synchrony with a metronome (Paced) and then responded at the same rate without the metronome (Unpaced).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of the Unpaced phase revealed that non-musicians were more variable in their inter-response intervals for finger tapping compared to circle drawing. Musicians did not differ between the two tasks. Between groups, non-musicians were more variable than musicians for tapping but not for drawing. We were able to show that the differences were due to less timer variability in musicians on the tapping task. Correlational analyses of movement jerk and inter-response interval variability revealed a negative association for tapping and a positive association for drawing in non-musicians only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that musical training affects temporal variability in tapping but not drawing. Additionally, musicians and non-musicians may be employing different movement strategies to maintain accurate timing in the two tasks. These findings add to our understanding of how musical training affects timing and support the dissociability of event-based and emergent timing modes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Centre for Research in Human Development, Concordia University Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Baer
authors.forename: J L N
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thibodeau
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gralnick
authors.forename: K Z H
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Penhune
keywords: circle drawing; emergent timing; event-based timing; finger tapping; music; timing