title: Synthesis of spherical calcium phosphate particles for dental and orthopedic applications.
abstract: Calcium phosphate materials have been used increasingly in the past 40 years as bone graft substitutes in the dental and orthopedic fields. Accordingly, numerous fabrication methods have been proposed and used. However, the controlled production of spherical calcium phosphate particles remains a challenge. Since such particles are essential for the synthesis of pastes and cements delivered into the host bone by minimally-invasive approaches, the aim of the present document is to review their synthesis and applications. For that purpose, production methods were classified according to the used reagents (solutions, slurries, pastes, powders), dispersion media (gas, liquid, solid), dispersion tools (nozzle, propeller, sieve, mold), particle diameters of the end product (from 10 nm to 10 mm), and calcium phosphate phases. Low-temperature calcium phosphates such as monetite, brushite or octacalcium phosphate, as well as high-temperature calcium phosphates, such as hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate or tetracalcium phosphate, were considered. More than a dozen production methods and over hundred scientific publications were discussed.
authors.affiliation: RMS Foundation; Bettlach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohner
authors.affiliation: RMS Foundation; Bettlach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Solène
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tadier
authors.affiliation: RMS Foundation; Bettlach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Noémie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Garderen
authors.affiliation: RMS Foundation; Bettlach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Gasparo
authors.affiliation: RMS Foundation; Bettlach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Döbelin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biomécanique; Département de Génie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke, QC Canada.
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baroud
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates
keywords: biomaterial; bone; calcium phosphate; ceramic; graft; particle; production