title: Insecticide resistance alleles affect vector competence of Anopheles gambiae s.s. for Plasmodium falciparum field isolates.
abstract: The widespread insecticide resistance raises concerns for vector control implementation and sustainability particularly for the control of the main vector of human malaria, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. However, the extent to which insecticide resistance mechanisms interfere with the development of the malignant malaria parasite in its vector and their impact on overall malaria transmission remains unknown. We explore the impact of insecticide resistance on the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection in its natural vector using three An. gambiae strains sharing a common genetic background, one susceptible to insecticides and two resistant, one homozygous for the ace-1(R) mutation and one for the kdr mutation. Experimental infections of the three strains were conducted in parallel with field isolates of P. falciparum from Burkina Faso (West Africa) by direct membrane feeding assays. Both insecticide resistant mutations influence the outcome of malaria infection by increasing the prevalence of infection. In contrast, the kdr resistant allele is associated with reduced parasite burden in infected individuals at the oocyst stage, when compared to the susceptible strain, while the ace-1 (R) resistant allele showing no such association. Thus insecticide resistance, which is particularly problematic for malaria control efforts, impacts vector competence towards P. falciparum and probably parasite transmission through increased sporozoite prevalence in kdr resistant mosquitoes. These results are of great concern for the epidemiology of malaria considering the widespread pyrethroid resistance currently observed in Sub-Saharan Africa and the efforts deployed to control the disease.
authors.affiliation: Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290 IRD 224, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Haoues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alout
authors.forename: Nicaise Tuikue
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Ndam
authors.forename: Marcel Maurice
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sandeu
authors.forename: Innocent
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Djégbe
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chandre
authors.forename: Roch Kounbobr
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dabiré
authors.forename: Luc Salako
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Djogbénou
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohuet
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D033661:Oocysts / Q000502:physiology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000502:physiology; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology