title: Family functioning deficits in bipolar disorder and ADHD in youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rates of diagnosis and treatment for bipolar disorder (BD) in youth continue to rise. Researchers and clinicians experience difficulty differentiating between BD in youth and other conditions that are commonly comorbid or share similar clinical features with BD, especially attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparative studies of the phenomenology and psychosocial correlates of these conditions help to address this. Family functioning is an important topic for both BD and ADHD since both are associated with numerous family-related deficits. One previous study suggested that manic/hypomanic youths'family functioning differed from ADHD and typically developing control (TDC) groups. However, many family functioning studies with BD and ADHD youth have methodological limitations or fail to use comprehensive, validated measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation used adolescent report on the Family Assessment Device (FAD), based on the McMaster Model of family functioning. Youth were recruited in BD (n=30), ADHD (n=36), and TDC (n=41) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups were similar on most demographic variables, but The TDC group scored somewhat higher than the others on IQ and socioeconomic status. FAD results indicated that BD and ADHD groups scored worse than TDC on the General Functioning and Roles scales of the FAD. In addition, the BD group showed impairment on the Problem Solving scale relative to TDC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sample size, lack of parent report, ADHD comorbidity in BD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family functioning deficits distinguish both clinical groups from TDC, and problem-solving dysfunction may be specific to BD. These findings may apply to treatment models for both conditions.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Mood, Imaging and Neurodevelopment Program (Pedi-MIND), Emma Pendleton, Bradley Hospital East Providence, RI, USA. matthew_young@brown.edu
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Thania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galvan
authors.forename: Brooke L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pescosolido
authors.forename: Kerri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dickstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States
keywords: ADHD; Adolescent; Bipolar disorder; Child; Family functioning