title: Predictors of long-term opioid treatment among patients who receive chemoradiation for head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The factors associated with successful opioid discontinuation after cancer treatment are not well-known. We determined the proportion of patients with advanced head and neck cancer who continued using opioids 3 months after the completion of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 70 patients with head and neck cancer referred to our institution's supportive care center between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2010. Patients who no longer used opioids 3 months after the completion of radiation therapy were classified as stoppers; patients who continued using opioids were considered nonstoppers. We compared demographics, cancer-related characteristics, alcoholism, substance abuse history, use of psychoactive drugs, and opioid-related factors between stoppers and nonstoppers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 44 of 70 patients (63%) and 23 of 70 patients (33%) continued opioids 3 months and 6 months after the completion of radiation therapy, respectively. A total of 18 of 44 nonstoppers (41%) and 3 of 26 stoppers (12%) were positive for alcoholism based on the CAGE questionnaire (i.e., Cut down, Annoying, Guilty, Eye opener; odds ratio: 5.3). Demographic and clinical characteristics did not differ between stoppers and nonstoppers. The median duration of any type of opioid use of CAGE-positive patients was significantly longer than that of CAGE-negative patients (median: 261 days vs. 93 days; hazard ratio: 2.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAGE positivity is a risk factor for opioid use beyond 3 months after the completion of radiation therapy and for duration of opioid treatment. Routine CAGE screening and meticulous follow-up are needed for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruera
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: CAGE; Head and neck cancer; Opioids; Radiation; Treatment-related side effects