title: Stability of airborne microbes in the Louvre Museum over time.
abstract: The microbial content of air has as yet been little described, despite its public health implications, and there remains a lack of environmental microbial data on airborne microflora in enclosed spaces. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity and dynamics of airborne microorganisms in the Louvre Museum using high-throughput molecular tools and to underline the microbial signature of indoor air in this human-occupied environment. This microbial community was monitored for 6 month during occupied time. The quantitative results revealed variations in the concentrations of less than one logarithm, with average values of 10(3) and 10(4) Escherichia coli/Aspergillus fumigatus genome equivalent per m(3) for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Our observations highlight the stability of the indoor airborne bacterial diversity over time, while the corresponding eukaryote community was less stable. Bacterial diversity characterized by pyrosequencing 454 showed high diversity dominated by the Proteobacteria which represented 51.1%, 46.9%, and 38.4% of sequences, for each of the three air samples sequenced. A common bacterial diversity was underlined, corresponding to 58.4% of the sequences. The core species were belonging mostly to the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and to the genus Paracoccus spp., Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enhydrobacter sp., Sphingomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Laboratoire de Recherche et d'Innovation pour l'Hygiène des Bâtiments, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaüzère
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moletta-Denat
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanquart
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moularat
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Godon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robine
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009144:Museums; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Bioaerosols; Capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism; Indoor air quality; Louvre museum; Pyrosequencing; qPCR