title: Gastroprotective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extracts against Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the gastroprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPEs) against nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to the normal control, indomethacin, low-dose GSPE, high-dose GSPE and misoprostol groups. All groups except the normal control group received pretreatment drugs for 6 consecutive days. On the 5th and 6th day, indomethacin was administered orally to all groups except for normal control group. The microscopic features of injury were analyzed. The levels of gastric mucosal glutathione, gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory cytokines were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total areas of ulceration in the GSPE and misoprostol groups were significantly decreased compared with the indomethacin group (p<0.05). However, a difference in ulcer formation among the drug treatment groups was not observed. Meanwhile, the glutathione levels in the high-dose GSPE group were higher than those of both the indomethacin and misoprostol groups (p<0.05) and were similar to those of the normal control group. Additionally, there was no difference among the groups in the levels of gastric mucosal PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-dose GSPE has a strong protective effect against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury, which may be associated with the antioxidant effects of GSPE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun Jeong
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Dae Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Chang Whan
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sok Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Myung Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Youn Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mi-La
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jae Hyuck
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jun Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Jin Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Antioxidants; Gastropathy; Grape seed proanthocyanidins; Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug