title: The impact of flattening-filter-free beam technology on 3D conformal RT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The removal of the flattening filter (FF) leads to non-uniform fluence distribution with a considerable increase in dose rate. It is possible to adapt FFF beams (flattening-filter-free) in 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT) by using field in field techniques (FiF). The aim of this retrospective study is to clarify whether the quality of 3D CRT plans is influenced by the use of FFF beams.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study includes a total of 52 CT studies of RT locations that occur frequently in clinical practice. Dose volume targets were provided for the PTV of breast (n=13), neurocranium (n=11), lung (n=7), bone metastasis (n=10) and prostate (n=11) in line with ICRU report 50/62. 3D CRT planning was carried out using FiF methods. Two clinically utilized photon energies are used for a Siemens ARTISTE linear accelerator in FFF mode at 7MVFFF and 11MVFFF as well as in FF mode at 6MVFF and 10MVFF. The plan quality in relation to the PTV coverage, OAR (organs at risk) and low dose burden as well as the 2D dosimetric verification is compared with FF plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were found between FFF and FF plans in the mean dose for the PTV of breast, lung, spine metastasis and prostate. The low dose parameters V5Gy and V10Gy display significant differences for FFF and FF plans in some subgroups. The DVH analysis of the OAR revealed some significant differences. Significantly more fields (1.9-4.5) were necessary in the use of FFF beams for each location (p<0.0001) in order to achieve PTV coverage. All the tested groups displayed significant increases (1.3-2.2 times) in the average number of necessary MU with the use of FFF beams (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown that the exclusive use of a linear accelerator in FFF mode is feasible in 3D CRT. It was possible to realize RT plans in comparable quality in typical cases of clinical radiotherapy. The 2D dosimetric validation of the modulated fields verified the dose calculation and thus the correct reproduction of the characteristic FFF parameters in the planning system that was used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiooncology, Radiologische Allianz Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Matthias.Kretschmer@radiologische-allianz.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blechschmidt
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heyden
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grünberg
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Würschmidt
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies