title: Effectiveness of alcohol prevention interventions based on the principles of social marketing: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol education aims to increase knowledge on the harm related to alcohol, and to change attitudes and drinking behaviour. However, little (lasting) evidence has been found for alcohol education, in changing alcohol-related attitudes and behaviour. Social marketing uses marketing techniques to achieve a social or healthy goal, and can be used in alcohol education. Social marketing consists of eight principles: customer orientation, insight, segmentation, behavioural goals, exchange, competition, methods mix, and is theory based. This review investigates the application of social marketing in alcohol prevention interventions, and whether application of social marketing influences alcohol-related attitudes or behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsychInfo, Cochrane and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were that original papers had to describe the effects of an alcohol prevention intervention developed according to one or more principles of social marketing. No limits were set on the age of the participants or on the kind of alcohol prevention intervention. The abstracts of the 274 retrieved studies were reviewed and the full texts of potentially relevant studies were screened.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These six studies showed associations for the application of social marketing techniques on alcohol-related attitudes or behaviour; one study relates to participation in a drinking event, four to alcohol drinking behaviour, two to driving a car while under the influence of alcohol, two to recognition of campaign messages or campaign logo, and one to awareness of the campaign. However, no associations were also found. In addition, the studies had several limitations related to a control group, response rate and study methodology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this review, the effect of applying the principles of social marketing in alcohol prevention in changing alcohol-related attitudes or behaviour could not be assessed. More research, with a good quality methodology, like using a randomized control trial and measuring short, medium, and long-term effects, is required on this topic. Policy implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Tranzo Department, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands. m.janssen4@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Meriam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Jolanda J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mathijssen
authors.forename: Marja J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Bon-Martens
authors.forename: Hans A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Oers
authors.forename: Henk F L
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Garretsen
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D015397:Program Evaluation; D040241:Social Marketing