title: Levels of prostaglandin E(2) and Cysteinyl-leukotrienes in sputum supernatant of patients with asthma: the effect of smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is associated with worse asthma outcomes and may modify airway inflammation. Such modification may be mediated through an effect on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cyst-LTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the levels of both PGE(2) and Cyst-LTs in sputum supernatants of patients with asthma and to investigate the effect of smoking habit as well as their associations with inflammatory cells, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and lung function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-eight patients to asthma (47 smokers) and 40 healthy subjects (20 smokers) were studied. All subjects underwent sputum induction for cell count identification, PGE(2) and Cyst-LTs levels measurement in supernatants, pulmonary function tests and BHR to methacholine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with asthma had significantly higher levels of both Cyst-LTs and PGE(2) in sputum supernatants compared to healthy subjects [median (interquartile ranges) 432 (287, 575) vs. 91.5 (73.5, 111) pg/mL and 654 (456,789) vs. 117.5 (92,157) pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001 for both comparisons]. Smoking asthmatics had significantly higher Cyst-LTs and PGE(2) levels compared to non-smoking asthmatics. Cyst-LTs levels in sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics presented a significant positive association with sputum eosinophils, while PGE(2) levels were positively associated with sputum neutrophils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased concentrations of PGE(2) and Cyst-LTs in sputum supernatants of smoking asthma are consistent with an up-regulation of these two mediators in this specific phenotype of asthma. Furthermore, Cyst-LTs are associated with eosinophilic inflammation, while PGE(2) is associated with the presence of neutrophilic inflammation in smoking asthma.
authors.affiliation: 1st Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontogianni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bakakos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostikas
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hillas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaporfyriou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papiris
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Koulouris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loukides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015289:Leukotrienes; C112381:cysteinyl-leukotriene; D015232:Dinoprostone; D003545:Cysteine