title: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) mortality without surgical repair? A plea to clarify surgical ineligibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about liveborn CDH patients who die without surgery. We audited a national CDH cohort to determine whether these patients were different from patients who received CDH repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national CDH database was analyzed (2005-2009). After excluding infants with severe physiologic instability and genetic/congenital malformations, a potential surgical candidate (PSC) subgroup was identified. PSCs were compared to the operative group (OG) and the operative non-survivor (ONS) subgroup. Standard statistical analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 275 liveborns, 35 (13%) died without surgery. The PSC subgroup (n=11) had a median survival of 10 days (range: 3-18). Ten of 11 PSC infants were treated in ECMO centers, with 4 receiving ECMO. No differences in BW, GA, and rates of minor malformation were observed between PSC and OG patients. While neonatal illness severity (SNAP-II) predicted overall mortality, SNAP-II scores were similar between PSC and ONS groups (34 vs. 29; p=0.431). Furthermore, greater than 80% of infants with SNAP-II scores between 30 and 39 survived in the OG cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our analysis demonstrated that PSCs were similar to infants offered surgery based on illness severity and the presence of congenital malformations. We suggest that criteria for surgical ineligibility be developed to standardize the selection of surgical candidates.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Surgery, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Marnie Goodwin
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beres
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Jean-Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Laberge
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Skarsgard
authors.forename: Pramod S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Puligandla
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000628:therapy; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018579:Patient Selection; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D016079:Refusal to Treat; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide