title: Technical and operational users' opinions of a handheld device to detect directed energy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lasers, a form of directed energy (DE), are a threat to pilots and Air Force personnel. In light of this threat, a handheld medical device called the "Tricorder" is under development to improve situational awareness of DE. Current operational procedures do not include methods for recording or handling new information regarding DE. The purpose of this study was to understand Air Force personnel opinions and beliefs about desired features and operational use to enhance user acceptance of the Tricorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Q-methodology was implemented to study opinions and beliefs related to DE. Two groups were approached, medical personnel in the Illinois Air National Guard and four active duty members of an Air Force Rescue Squadron. Both groups completed the same Q-sort of both operational and equipment concerns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six opinion sets regarding operational concerns described 61% of the total variation in perceptions among participants. The factors were: concern over health effects, implications to individuals, combat/tactical concerns, force health protection, and theater/tactical concerns. Five opinion sets described 68% of the variation in the equipment functions perceived as most important. The participants indicated that ideally the device should measure exposure, enhance laser detection/response, support night vision and ease of use, detect threats, and enhance combat medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This survey revealed the complexity of equipment and the operational implications of detecting DE. Q-methodology is a unique strategy to both evaluate technology and explore users' concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, Center for Advanced Design, Research and Exploration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. boyda@uic.edu
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naiman
authors.forename: Greer W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Valenta
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001290:Attitude; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D011779:Q-Sort; D036301:Qualitative Research