title: 'Ecstasy' enhances noise-induced hearing loss.
abstract: 'Ecstasy' or 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine abused for its euphoric, empathogenic, hallucinatory, and stimulant effects. It is also used to treat certain psychiatric disorders. Common settings for Ecstasy use are nightclubs and "rave" parties where participants consume MDMA and dance to loud music. One concern with the club setting is that exposure to loud sounds can cause permanent sensorineural hearing loss. Another concern is that consumption of MDMA may enhance such hearing loss. Whereas this latter possibility has not been investigated, this study tested the hypothesis that MDMA enhances noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) by exposing rats to either MDMA, noise trauma, both MDMA and noise, or neither treatment. MDMA was given in a binge pattern of 5 mg/kg per intraperitoneal injections every 2 h for a total of four injections to animals in the two MDMA-treated groups (MDMA-only and Noise + MDMA). Saline injections were given to the animals in the two non-MDMA groups (Control and Noise-only). Following the final injection, noise trauma was induced by a 10 kHz tone at 120 dB SPL for 1 h to animals in the two noise trauma-treated groups (Noise-only and Noise + MDMA). Hearing loss was assessed by the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and cochlear histology. Results showed that MDMA enhanced NIHL compared to Noise-only and that MDMA alone caused no hearing loss. This implies that "clubbers" and "rave-goers" are exacerbating the amount of NIHL when they consume MDMA and listen to loud sounds. In contrast to earlier reports, the present study found that MDMA by itself caused no changes in the click-evoked ABR's wave latencies or amplitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. mchurch@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Jinsheng S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Perrine
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature; D003051:Cochlea / Q000503:physiopathology; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects*; D006199:Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner / Q000187:drug effects; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000187:drug effects; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009622:Noise; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D004492:Edetic Acid; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine