title: The process of granule exocytosis in non-stimulated atrial granular cells of the snail, Achatina achatina: an ultrastructural, histochemical and immunocytochemical study.
abstract: Abundant secretory granular cells (GCs) in the Giant African land snail atrium harbor a range of bioactive substances and undergo rapid total degranulation in response to stimulation of the cardiac nerve or stressful influences. Here we have analyzed exocytotic events in the non-stimulated GCs. It was shown that the GCs contain three major distinct types of granules that differ histochemically, immunocytochemically and ultrastructurally, each performing specific functions. The type I granules characteristically filled with electron-lucent homogeneous materials exhibit intense immunoreactivity for bioactive proteins and therefore are considered to be storage granules. Histochemistry using vital staining with Acridine Orange and Gomori acid phosphatase technique has revealed lysosomal-related nature of the electron-dense type II granules. Digestion remnants appearing as fine filamentous materials fill the type III granules. Only the type III granules fuse together and with the plasma membrane form degranulation channels and surface pores, through which the debris is removed from the cell. The finding of granules exhibiting intermediate ultrastructural, histochemical and immunocytochemical features suggests that the major granule types represent most stable states along a granule empting continuum. Thus, under physiological conditions, the GCs continuously produce secretory proteins and so maintain readiness for stress-response, but use protein degradation machinery to prevent massive release of these bioactive substances into hemolymph.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue, 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia. Electronic address: heartdev@mail.cytspb.rssi.ru.
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Bystrova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue, 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergej V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shabelnikov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue, 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia.
authors.forename: Marina G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Martynova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012908:Snails / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015306:Biogenic Monoamines
keywords: Acid phosphatase; Immunocytochemistry; Monoamines; Secretory granules; Snail; Ultrastructure