title: Focusing on appraisals: how and why anger and fear influence driving risk perception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present research explores how and why anger and fear influence driving risk perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on appraisal tendency framework, researchers hypothesized that anger and fear would influence driving risk perception in opposite directions due to their differences in appraisals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1 showed that anger reduced risk perception, whereas fear increased it. In Studies 2, 3, and 4, the researchers adopted the paradigm of reappraisal to investigate the causes of the opposite effects found in Study 1. Consistent with our hypothesis, appraisals accounted for these effects: After reappraisals along the dimensions of certainty (Study 2), control (Study 3), and responsibility (Study 4), the different effects between anger and fear on driving risk perception diminished or disappeared. In addition, fearful or angry experience mediated the effects of reappraisals on driving risk perception.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight the necessity to differentiate anger and fear in road safety management. Additionally, the current research also provides feasible methods (e.g., certainty, control, or responsibility reappraisal) to intervene in driving risk perception, which is important for driving safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jingyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ruogu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult