title: Polo-like kinase 2 is a mediator of hedgehog survival signaling in cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells paradoxically express the death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and thus rely on potent survival signals to circumvent cell death by TRAIL. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an important survival pathway in CCA. Herein, we further examine the mechanisms whereby Hh signaling mediates apoptosis resistance in CCA, revealing a pivotal role for the cell division regulating serine/threonine kinase polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2). We employed 50 human CCA samples (25 intrahepatic and 25 extrahepatic CCA) as well as human KMCH-1, Mz-CHA-1, and HUCCT-1 CCA cells for these studies. In vivo experiments were conducted using a syngeneic rat orthotopic CCA model. In human samples, polo-like kinase (PLK)1/2/3-immunoreactive cancer cells were present in the preponderance of intra- and extrahepatic CCA specimens. Inhibition of Hh signaling by cyclopamine reduced PLK2, but not PLK1 or PLK3, messenger RNA and protein expression in vehicle-treated and sonic Hh-treated CCA cells, confirming our previous microarray study. PLK2 regulation by Hh signaling appears to be direct, because the Hh transcription factors, glioma-associated oncogene 1 and 2, bind to the PLK2 promotor. Moreover, inhibition of PLK2 by the PLK inhibitor, BI 6727 (volasertib), or PLK2 knockdown was proapoptotic in CCA cells. BI 6727 administration or PLK2 knockdown decreased cellular protein levels of antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), an effect reversed by the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132. Finally, BI 6727 administration reduced Mcl-1 protein expression in CCA cells, resulting in CCA cell apoptosis and tumor suppression in vivo.
  
  
  
  PLK2 appears to be an important mediator of Hh survival signaling. These results suggest PLK inhibitors to be of therapeutic value for treatment of human CCA.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fingas
authors.forename: Joachim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Nataliya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Razumilava
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sydor
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bronk
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Sumera I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ilyas
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canbay
authors.forename: Jürgen W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Treckmann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Alphonse E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sirica
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Gores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011621:Pteridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C541363:BI 6727; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D011621:Pteridines; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C496126:PLK2 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases