title: Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia as an associated risk factor for microalbuminuria in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the prevalence of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia, a surrogate marker of obstructive sleep apnoea, among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and examined the association between nocturnal intermittent hypoxia and microvascular diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 513 Japanese patients (292 men and 221 women) with T2DM. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia was diagnosed using the 3% oxygen desaturation index, with less than five events per hour corresponding to normal and five events or more per hour corresponding to nocturnal intermittent hypoxia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nocturnal intermittent hypoxia was 45.4% among T2DM patients. The nocturnal intermittent hypoxia group was older and had a higher BMI, greater weight change since the age of 20 years, higher smoking rate and increased prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria (model 1: odds ratio (OR), 3.41; 95% CI, 1.85-6.40; model 2: OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.85-7.59 and model 3: OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.45-6.95) and nephropathy (model 1: OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.58-15.1; model 2: OR, 7.31; 95% CI, 2.11-31.6 and model 3: OR, 5.23; 95% CI, 1.45-23.8) were derived as factors from all the three statistical models and constantly associated with nocturnal intermittent hypoxia only in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia was highly prevalent among T2DM patients and may be an independent associated risk factor for microalbuminuria in Japanese women with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. shinfuru@m.ehime-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Teruki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Teruhisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.forename: Masamoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torisu
authors.forename: Teru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumagi
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Hisaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Bunzo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Morikazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onji
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult