title: Consensus definitions and application guidelines for control groups in cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: The choice of appropriate control group(s) is critical in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker research in multiple sclerosis (MS). There is a lack of definitions and nomenclature of different control groups and a rationalized application of different control groups. We here propose consensus definitions and nomenclature for the following groups: healthy controls (HCs), spinal anesthesia subjects (SASs), inflammatory neurological disease controls (INDCs), peripheral inflammatory neurological disease controls (PINDCs), non-inflammatory neurological controls (NINDCs), symptomatic controls (SCs). Furthermore, we discuss the application of these control groups in specific study designs, such as for diagnostic biomarker studies, prognostic biomarker studies and therapeutic response studies. Application of these uniform definitions will lead to better comparability of biomarker studies and optimal use of available resources. This will lead to improved quality of CSF biomarker research in MS and related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Laboratory, Innogentecis and Roche, VU University Medical Center, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teunissen
authors.forename: Til
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Menge
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altintas
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Cermeño
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertolotto
authors.forename: Frode S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Berven
authors.forename: Lou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brundin
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comabella
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Degn
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deisenhammer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franciotta
authors.forename: Jette L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galimberti
authors.forename: Sharmilee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gnanapavan
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hegen
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hemmer
authors.forename: Rogier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hintzen
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iacobaeus
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kroksveen
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhle
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richert
authors.forename: Hayrettin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tumani
authors.forename: Luisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drulovic
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dujmovic
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartos
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D032921:Consensus; D035061:Control Groups; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biomarkers; cerebrospinal fluid; control groups; study design