title: Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the temporal and reciprocal relationships between being a victim of cyberbullying (CB) and three frequent problems during adolescence: depressive symptoms, substance use, and problematic Internet use; also, to analyze whether the relationship between CB and these psychological and behavioral health problems differs as a function of being only a victim or being both bully and victim.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 845 adolescents (mean age = 15.2, SD = 1.2) completed measures at T1 and at T2, 6 months apart. The relationship among variables was analyzed using structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CB victimization at T1 predicted depressive symptoms and problematic Internet use at T2, and higher depressive symptoms and more substance use at T1 predicted more CB victimization at T2. However, the relationships of CB predicting substance use and problematic Internet use predicting CB were not significant. Bully-victims presented higher levels than victims of all three problem variables, both at T1 and T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CB is predictive of some significant psychological and behavioral health problems among adolescents. Intervention efforts should pay attention to these in the prevention and treatment of consequences of CB.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department of Personality, Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Vizcaya, Spain. Electronic address: mgamezguadix@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gámez-Guadix
authors.forename: Izaskun
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orue
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calvete
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D013030:Spain; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescents; Cyberbullying; Depressive symptoms; Problematic Internet use; Psychological and behavioral health problems; Substance use; Victimization