title: Cytosolic sensing of viruses.
abstract: Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the presence of atypical nucleic acids associated with virus infection. RIG-I-like receptors detect RNA molecules that are absent from the uninfected host. DNA receptors alert the cell to the abnormal presence of that nucleic acid in the cytosol. Signaling by RNA and DNA receptors results in the induction of restriction factors that prevent virus replication and establish cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. In light of these formidable obstacles, viruses have evolved mechanisms of evasion, masking nucleic acid structures recognized by the host, sequestering themselves away from the cytosol or targeting host sensors, and signaling adaptors for deactivation or degradation. Here, we detail recent advances in the molecular understanding of cytosolic nucleic acid detection and its evasion by viruses.
authors.affiliation: Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goubau
authors.forename: Safia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deddouche
authors.forename: Caetano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis e Sousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003600:Cytosol / Q000821:virology; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007372:Interferons / Q000276:immunology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D007372:Interferons; C452820:RIGI protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases