title: Detection of second-line drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using oligonucleotide microarrays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The steady rise in the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) requires rapid and reliable methods to identify resistant strains. The current molecular methods to detect MTB resistance to second-line drugs either do not cover an extended spectrum of mutations to be identified or are not easily implemented in clinical laboratories. A rapid molecular technique for the detection of resistance to second-line drugs in M. tuberculosis has been developed using hybridisation analysis on microarrays.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method allows the identification of mutations within the gyrA and gyrB genes responsible for fluoroquinolones resistance and mutations within the rrs gene and the eis promoter region associated with the resistance to injectable aminoglycosides and a cyclic peptide, capreomycin. The method was tested on 65 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates with different resistance spectra that were characterised by their resistance to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, kanamycin and capreomycin. Also, a total of 61 clinical specimens of various origin (e.g., sputum, bronchioalveolar lavage) were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity and specificity of the method in the detection of resistance to fluoroquinolones were 98% and 100%, respectively, 97% and 94% for kanamycin, and 100% and 94% for capreomycin. The analytical sensitivity of the method was approximately 300 genome copies per assay. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay ranging from 67% to 100%, depending on the smear grade, and the method is preferable for analysis of smear-positive specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of the developed microarray test and the previously described microarray-based test for the detection of rifampin and isoniazid resistance allows the simultaneous identification of the causative agents of MDR and XDR and the detection of their resistance profiles in a single day.
authors.affiliation: Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. z@biochip.ru
authors.forename: Danila V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Zimenkov
authors.forename: Olga V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Antonova
authors.forename: Alexey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kuz'min
authors.forename: Yulia D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Isaeva
authors.forename: Ludmila Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Krylova
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Popov
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zasedatelev
authors.forename: Vladimir M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mikhailovich
authors.forename: Dmitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gryadunov
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D010641:Phenotype; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D027081:DNA Gyrase