title: 3D Parylene sheath neural probe for chronic recordings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reliable chronic recordings from implanted neural probes remain a significant challenge; current silicon-based and microwire technologies experience a wide range of biotic and abiotic failure modes contributing to loss of signal quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-prong alternative strategy with potential to overcome these hurdles is introduced that combines a novel three dimensional (3D), polymer-based probe structure with coatings. Specifically, the Parylene C sheath-based neural probe is coated with neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors loaded onto a Matrigel carrier to encourage the ingrowth of neuronal processes for improved recording quality, reduce the immune response, and promote improved probe integration into brain tissue for reliable, long-term implementation compared to its rigid counterparts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3D sheath structure of the probe was formed by thermal molding of a surface micromachined Parylene C microchannel, with electrode sites lining the interior and exterior regions of the lumen. Electrochemical characterization of the probes via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed and indicated suitable electrode properties for neural recordings (1 kHz electrical impedance of ∼200 kΩ in vitro). A novel introducer tool for the insertion of the compliant polymer probe into neural tissue was developed and validated both in vitro using agarose gel and in vivo in the rat cerebral cortex. In vivo electrical functionality of the Parylene C-based 3D probes and their suitability for recording the neuronal activity over a 28-day period was demonstrated by maintaining the 1 kHz electrical impedance within a functional range (<400 kΩ) and achieving a reasonably high signal-to-noise ratio for detection of resolvable multi-unit neuronal activity on most recording sites in the probe. Immunohistochemical analysis of the implant site indicated strong correlations between the quality of recorded activity and the neuronal/astrocytic density around the probe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The provided electrophysiological and immunohistochemical data provide strong support to the viability of the developed probe technology. Furthermore, the obtained data provide insights into further optimization of the probe design, including tip geometry, use of neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory drugs in the Matrigel coating, and placement of the recording sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB-140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J T W
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: T Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pikov
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014992:Xylenes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; D014992:Xylenes; C011055:parylene