title: Stem cells in retinal regeneration: past, present and future.
abstract: Stem cell therapy for retinal disease is under way, and several clinical trials are currently recruiting. These trials use human embryonic, foetal and umbilical cord tissue-derived stem cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells to treat visual disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt's disease and retinitis pigmentosa. Over a decade of analysing the developmental cues involved in retinal generation and stem cell biology, coupled with extensive surgical research, have yielded differing cellular approaches to tackle these retinopathies. Here, we review these various stem cell-based approaches for treating retinal diseases and discuss future directions and challenges for the field.
authors.affiliation: The London Project to Cure Blindness, Division of ORBIT, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Conor M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Powner
authors.forename: Amanda-Jayne F
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Matthew J K
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Coffey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000151:congenital / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods
keywords: A ge-related macular degeneration; Clinical trials; Retinitis pigmentosa; Stargardt's disease; Stem cells