title: Comparison of bioavailability between the most available generic tablet formulation containing artemether and lumefantrine on the Tanzanian market and the innovator's product.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existence of anti-malarial generic drugs with low bioavailability marketed on sub-Saharan Africa raises a concern on patients achieving therapeutic concentrations after intake of such products. This work compared bioavailability of one generic tablet formulation with innovator's product. Both were fixed dose combination tablet formulations containing artemether and lumefantrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, in which a survey of the most abundant generic containing artemether-lumefantrine tablet formulation was carried out in retail pharmacies. The most widely available generic (Artefan®, Ajanta Pharma Ltd, Maharashtra, India) was sampled for bioavailability comparison with Coartem® (Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland)--the innovator's product. A randomized, two-treatment cross-over study was conducted in 18 healthy Tanzanian black male volunteers. Each volunteer received Artefan® (test) and Coartem® (as reference) formulation separated by 42 days of drug-free washout period. Serial blood samples were collected up to 168 hours after oral administration of a single dose of each treatment. Quantitation of lumefantrine plasma levels was done using HPLC with UV detection. Bioequivalence of the two products was assessed in accordance with the US Food and Drug Authority (FDA) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most widely available generic in pharmacies was Artefan® from India. All eighteen enrolled volunteers completed the study and both test and reference tablet formulations were well tolerated. It was possible to quantify lumefantrine alone, therefore, the pharmacokinetic parameters reported herein are for lumefantrine. The geometric mean ratios for Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were 84% in all cases and within FDA recommended bioequivalence limits of 80%-125%, but the 90% confidence intervals were outside FDA recommended limits (CI 49-143%, 53-137%, 52-135% respectively). There were no statistical significant differences between the two formulations with regard to PK parameters (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the ratios of AUCs and Cmax were within the acceptable FDA range, bioequivalence between Artefan® and Coartem® tablet formulations was not demonstrated due to failure to comply with the FDA 90% confidence interval criteria. Based on the observed total drug exposure (AUCs), Artefan® is likely to produce a similar therapeutic response as Coartem®.
authors.forename: Omary M S
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Minzi
authors.forename: Ignace A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Marealle
authors.forename: Seif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shekalaghe
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Juma
authors.forename: Eliford
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ngaimisi
authors.forename: Mwajuma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chemba
authors.forename: Mastidia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rutaihwa
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sasi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D000078102:Lumefantrine; D008297:Male; D013607:Tablets; D013636:Tanzania; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; D013607:Tablets; D000077549:Artemether; D000078102:Lumefantrine