title: A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds.
abstract: The recent discovery of small paravian theropod dinosaurs with well-preserved feathers in the Middle-Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning Province (northeastern China) has challenged the pivotal position of Archaeopteryx, regarded from its discovery to be the most basal bird. Removing Archaeopteryx from the base of Avialae to nest within Deinonychosauria implies that typical bird flight, powered by the forelimbs only, either evolved at least twice, or was subsequently lost or modified in some deinonychosaurians. Here we describe the complete skeleton of a new paravian from the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning Province, China. Including this new taxon in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for basal Paraves does the following: (1) it recovers it as the basal-most avialan; (2) it confirms the avialan status of Archaeopteryx; (3) it places Troodontidae as the sister-group to Avialae; (4) it supports a single origin of powered flight within Paraves; and (5) it implies that the early diversification of Paraves and Avialae took place in the Middle-Late Jurassic period.
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction 'Earth and History of Life', Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. Pascal.Godefroit@naturalsciences.be
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Godefroit
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cau
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong-Yu
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Escuillié
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wenhao
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dyke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D002681:China; D025061:Dinosaurs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D005241:Feathers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005580:Fossils; D010802:Phylogeny; D012863:Skeleton