title: Evaluation of a Propolis Water Extract Using a Reliable RP-HPLC Methodology and In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy and Safety Characterisation.
abstract: Since the beginning of propolis research, several groups have studied its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. However, most of these studies have only employed propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) leading to little knowledge about the biological activities of propolis water extract (PWE). Based on this, in a previous study, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of PWE. In order to better understand the equilibrium between effectiveness and toxicity, which is essential for a new medicine, the characteristics of PWE were analyzed. We developed and validated an RP-HPLC method to chemically characterize PWE and PEE and evaluated the in vitro antioxidant/antimicrobial activity for both extracts and the safety of PWE via determining genotoxic potential using in vitro and in vivo mammalian micronucleus assays. We have concluded that the proposed analytical methodology was reliable, and both extracts showed similar chemical composition. The extracts presented antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while PWE demonstrated higher antioxidant activity and more efficacious for the most of the microorganisms tested than PEE. Finally, PWE was shown to be safe using micronucleus assays.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (P, D & I)-Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial LTDA, Rua Triunfo, 945, 14020-670 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil ; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Alves
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Paula Carolina Pires
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Mirela Mara de Oliveira Lima Leite
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Andresa Piacezzi
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Nathália Ursoli
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Gabriela de Padua
authors.initials: Gde P
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Marina Rezende
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Ana Rita de Mello
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Costa-Machado
authors.forename: Edna Aparecida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Barizon
authors.forename: Jacqueline Costa Lima
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Pollyanna Francielli
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Nathália de Oliveira
authors.initials: Nde O
authors.lastname: Acésio
authors.forename: Sabrina de Paula Lima
authors.initials: Sde P
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Denise Crispim
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Andresa Aparecida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Berretta