title: Administration of lopinavir/ritonavir association during rat pregnancy: maternal and fetal effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of the association of lopinavir and ritonavir administered during the whole period of rat pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  62 Wistar rats of the EPM-1 variant weighing about 200 g were randomly divided into five groups: two controls (Ctrl = stress control, n = 10; and Ctr2 = drug vehicle control, n = 10) and three experimental ones which were treated with an oral solution of lopinavir/ritonavir (Exp1 = 12.8/3.2 mg/kg b.w., n = 14; Exp2 = 38.4/9.6 mg/kg b.w., n = 14; Exp3 = 115.2/28.8 mg/kg b.w., n = 14) from 'day 0' up to the 20th day of pregnancy. Maternal body weight was recorded at the start of the experiment and on the 7th, 14th and 20th day thereafter. At term (20th day), upon laparotomy and hysterotomy, the rats were anesthetized and the amount of implantations, reabsorptions, living fetuses, placentae and intrauterine deaths were recorded. The collected fetuses and placentae were weighed and the concepts were examined under a stereoscope microscope for external malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An apparent dose-unrelated lethal effect of the antiviral association on the pregnant rats was observed; notwithstanding, the body weight gain of the surviving rats had no changes, independent of the considered group. It was noted that the quantitative and qualitative intrauterine content of living term rats was indistinguishable from that of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was some degree of deleterious effects of the administration of the lopinavir/ritonavir association on pregnant rats; such effects eventually led to maternal death. However, neither the surviving rats showed toxicity nor did their concepts present any detectable change which could be related to the drug association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sao Paulo Federal University, School of Medicine (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. kulay.toco@epm.br
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kulay
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hagemann
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.forename: A Moreira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Filho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espiridião
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000633:toxicity*; D063130:Maternal Death; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir