title: Aspergillus luchuensis, an industrially important black Aspergillus in East Asia.
abstract: Aspergilli known as black- and white-koji molds which are used for awamori, shochu, makgeolli and other food and beverage fermentations, are reported in the literature as A. luchuensis, A. awamori, A. kawachii, or A. acidus. In order to elucidate the taxonomic position of these species, available ex-type cultures were compared based on morphology and molecular characters. A. luchuensis, A. kawachii and A. acidus showed the same banding patterns in RAPD, and the three species had the same rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin sequences and these differed from those of the closely related A. niger and A. tubingensis. Morphologically, the three species are not significantly different from each other or from A. niger and A. tubingensis. It is concluded that A. luchuensis, A. kawachii and A. acidus are the same species, and A. luchuensis is selected as the correct name based on priority. Strains of A. awamori which are stored in National Research Institute of Brewing in Japan, represent A. niger (n = 14) and A. luchuensis (n = 6). The neotype of A. awamori (CBS 557.65 =  NRRL 4948) does not originate from awamori fermentation and it is shown to be identical with the unknown taxon Aspergillus welwitschiae. Extrolite analysis of strains of A. luchuensis showed that they do not produce mycotoxins and therefore can be considered safe for food and beverage fermentations. A. luchuensis is also frequently isolated from meju and nuruk in Korea and Puerh tea in China and the species is probably common in the fermentation environment of East Asia. A re-description of A. luchuensis is provided because the incomplete data in the original literature.
authors.affiliation: Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Beom
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gomi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houbraken
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D005285:Fermentation; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D013045:Species Specificity; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000166:cytology