title: Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease is defined as a reduced glomerular filtration rate, increased urinary albumin excretion, or both, and is an increasing public health issue. Prevalence is estimated to be 8-16% worldwide. Complications include increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, kidney-disease progression, acute kidney injury, cognitive decline, anaemia, mineral and bone disorders, and fractures. Worldwide, diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease, but in some regions other causes, such as herbal and environmental toxins, are more common. The poorest populations are at the highest risk. Screening and intervention can prevent chronic kidney disease, and where management strategies have been implemented the incidence of end-stage kidney disease has been reduced. Awareness of the disorder, however, remains low in many communities and among many physicians. Strategies to reduce burden and costs related to chronic kidney disease need to be included in national programmes for non-communicable diseases.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. vjha@pginephro.org
authors.forename: Vivekanand
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Garcia
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Zuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Saraladevi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naicker
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plattner
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saran
authors.forename: Angela Yee-Moon
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chih-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D001364:Awareness; D001449:Balkan Nephropathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D014943:Global Health; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D028321:Plant Preparations; C018834:aristolic acid