title: Maintenance of melanophore morphology and survival is cathepsin and vps11 dependent in zebrafish.
abstract: Here, we characterize a Danio rerio zebrafish pigment cell mutant (melanophore integrity mutant), which displays a defect in maintenance of melanophore and iridophore number. Mapping and candidate gene analysis links the melanophore integrity mutant mutation to the vacuolar protein sorting 11 (vps11(w66)) gene. Quantification of vps11(w66) chromatophores during larval stages suggests a decrease in number as compared to wildtype siblings. TUNEL analysis and treatment with the caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, indicate that vps11(w66) chromatophore death is caspase independent. Western blot analysis of PARP-1 cleavage patterns in mutant lysates suggests that increases in pH dependent cathepsin activity is involved in the premature chromatophore death observed in vps11(w66) mutants. Consistently, treatment with ALLM and Bafilomycin A1 (cathepsin/calpain and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase inhibitors, respectively), restore normal melanophore morphology and number in vps11(w66) mutants. Last, LC3B western blot analysis indicates an increase in autophagosome marker, LC3B II in vps11(w66) mutants as compared to wildtype control, but not in ALLM or Bafilomycin A1 treated mutants. Taken together, these data suggest that vps11 promotes normal melanophore morphology and survival by inhibiting cathepsin release and/or activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lauren F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Clancey
authors.forename: Alisha J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Beirl
authors.forename: Tor H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Linbo
authors.forename: Cynthia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002875:Chromosomes; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008547:Melanophores / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018942:Macrolides; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C559738:vacuolar protein sorting 11, zebrafish; C040929:bafilomycin A1; D002403:Cathepsins; D020169:Caspases