title: Factors related to decision making and substance use in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: a presenting clinical profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolescent survivors of childhood cancer are more vulnerable to the consequences of health risk behaviors because of the late effects of their disease and its treatment. Decision making related to risk behaviors is important as they have reached an age during which initiation of substance use risk behavior is common.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Factors associated with decision making and substance use behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use) were identified among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer, the role of cognitive function was examined, and their rates of substance use behaviors were compared to a sample from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 243 adolescent survivors, ages 14-19 years, participated who were recruited from three cancer centers (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Hackensack University, and Long Beach Medical Center). A cross-sectional survey was used to assess cognitive and psychosocial factors for a presenting clinical profile to predict quality decision making and substance use behaviors. Validated measures using online data entry were obtained at the time of their annual visit for evaluation of late effects of treatment. Cancer and treatment factors were abstracted from the medical record. Eight factors (nine for substance use risk behavior) were examined in two regression models, quality decision making and substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the model to predict poor-quality decision making for this cohort, gender and risk motivation (a surrogate for resiliency to social influence) were each significant predictors, with male gender and less resiliency each associated with poor decision making. Significant predictors of lifetime substance use were older presenting age, lower resiliency to social influence, poorer abstract ability (representing executive function impairment), history of current school problems, and negative substance use risk behavior modeling by household members and closest friend; CNS-associated late effects were only marginally associated. For current substance use, three factors remained significant in this cohort: older presenting age, lower resiliency, and negative risk behavior modeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results characterize a presenting clinical profile for adolescent survivors with poor-quality decision making regarding substance use risk behaviors that will be helpful to health professionals counseling teen survivors about the impact of risk behaviors on disease-and treatment-related late effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. p.hollen@virginia.edu
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hollen
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tyc
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Donnangelo
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hobbie
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Laughlen
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smolkin
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Petroni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data