title: Whitening and antioxidant activities of bornyl acetate and nezukol fractionated from Cryptomeria japonica essential oil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the whitening and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Cryptomeria japonica by determining their tyrosinase inhibition, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Essential oils of C. japonica leaves were extracted with distilled water, and after condensation of volatile constituents, the condensates were extracted with ethyl acetate. Crude essential oils of C. japonica were divided into six fractions by thin layer chromatography and open column chromatography, and their chemical analysis was performed by GC/MS. Major compounds of fractions were composed of kaurene, bornyl acetate, nezukol, (-)-4-terpineol, δ-cadinene, α-terpineol, γ-eudesmol, α-eudesmol and elemol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For tyrosinase inhibitory activity using two substrates, l-tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), kaurene, bornyl acetate and nezukol were highly effective. In antioxidant activity, (-)-4-terpinenol and δ-cadinene showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, and bornyl acetate and nezukol indicated extremely high SOD-like activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, bornyl acetate and nezukol fractionated from C. japonica essential oil, which showed highly active whitening and antioxidant activities, have potential applications in cosmeceutical materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-921, Korea.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gwak
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D001892:Camphanes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D032485:Cryptomeria / Q000737:chemistry*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001892:Camphanes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010851:Picrates; D010938:Plant Oils; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C071528:bornyl acetate; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Cryptomeria japonica; antioxidant activity; bornyl acetate; essential oils; nezukol; whitening activity