title: Dose-effect relationship of CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide 1826 in murine Lewis lung cancer treated with irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs), which induce signaling via Toll-like receptor 9, have recently been suggested to enhance sensitivity to traditional therapies, including chemotherapy, in certain cancer cell lines. This study aimed to define the dose-effect relationship for CpG ODN 1826 in increasing radiosensitivity and its impact on immune function in a mouse model of Lewis lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tumor-bearing mouse model was induced by injecting Lewis lung cancer cells into the right anterior leg subcutaneously. Sixty-four C57BL/6 J mice were evenly randomized into eight groups, comprising: a control group; an irradiation group; a CpG ODN 0.15 group; a CpG ODN 0.3 group; a CpG ODN 0.45 group; a CpG 0.15 + irradiation group; a CpG 0.3 + irradiation group; and a CpG 0.45 + irradiation group. Tumor growth, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 concentrations, spleen and thymus exponents, and effect of CpG on the secondary immune response were measured, and apoptosis of tumor cells was investigated using TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor volumes in the treated groups were smaller than in the control group, with those of the CpG 0.45 + irradiation group being the smallest. TUNEL showed that the apoptosis rate in all the active treatment groups was higher than in the control group. CpG ODN apoptosis rate, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 levels, and the spleen and thymus exponent showed greater improvement in the groups receiving combination therapy of CpG ODN and irradiation than the control group or the group receiving irradiation alone. With the increasing concentration of CpG ODN 1826, its effect became more and more significant, meanwhile, inoculation of Lewis lung cancer cells failed in those CpG ODN-cured mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CpG ODNs dramatically increased the radiosensitivity of Lewis lung cancer and enhanced immune function in mice in a dose-related manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xibing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Tiankui
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Sujuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
keywords: CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Lewis lung cancer; apoptosis; secondary immune response