title: Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is caused by the yeastlike fungus Pneumocystis. Despite the widespread availability of specific anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis and of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), PCP remains a common AIDS-defining presentation. PCP is increasingly recognized among persons living in Africa. Pneumocystis cannot be cultured and bronchoalveolar lavage is the gold standard diagnostic test to diagnose PCP. Use of adjunctive biomarkers for diagnosis requires further evaluation. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the preferred first-line treatment regimen. In the era of ART, mortality from PCP is approximately 10% to 12%. The optimal time to start ART in a patient with PCP remains uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK. robert.miller@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Walzer
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000349:Africa; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D011010:Pneumocystis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011020:Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015415:Biomarkers