title: Association of symptoms and cytokines in prostate cancer patients receiving radiation treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men with prostate cancer undergoing radiation treatment frequently report fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety and urinary, bowel, sexual, and hormonal symptoms. Plasma concentrations of cytokines may be related to these symptoms, but few studies have examined these relationships. The study purpose was to explore the association between prostate cancer symptoms and cytokine levels at pretreatment and posttreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this longitudinal, correlational study, 29 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer completed symptom questionnaires at preradiation and postradiation treatment. Blood drawn at these same time points was used to determine levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins-1β, 6, 10, and 4 (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men reported symptom severity at pretreatment and posttreatment as low to moderate. There were significant differences from pretreatment to posttreatment in fatigue, insomnia, urinary irritative and incontinence, bowel, sexual, and hormonal problems. There were no significant differences in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, or IL-4. At pretreatment, TNF-α was associated with depression, anxiety, urinary irritative, and bowel problems, and IL-4 was related to urinary irritative symptoms. At posttreatment, IL-4 was associated with urinary irritative symptoms. Findings suggest that, in men with prostate cancer, there is no strong association between symptom reporting and cytokine levels. Ongoing research focused on neuroendocrine and genetic markers and their associations with symptoms is promising and may result in the provision of better markers for quantifying the symptom experience in patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA shannon.dirksen@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Shannon Ruff
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dirksen
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth Ferris
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kirschner
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Belyea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4
keywords: cancer; cytokines; prostate; symptoms