title: A new ABC half-transporter in Leishmania major is involved in resistance to antimony.
abstract: The characterization of ABCI4, a new intracellular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) half-transporter in Leishmania major, is described. We show that ABCI4 is involved in heavy metal export, thereby conferring resistance to Pentostam, to Sb(III), and to As(III) and Cd(II). Parasites overexpressing ABCI4 showed a lower mitochondrial toxic effect of antimony by decreasing reactive oxygen species production and maintained higher values of both the mitochondrial electrochemical potential and total ATP levels with respect to controls. The ABCI4 half-transporter forms homodimers as determined by a coimmunoprecipitation assay. A combination of subcellular localization studies under a confocal microscope and a surface biotinylation assay using parasites expressing green fluorescent protein- and FLAG-tagged ABCI4 suggests that the transporter presents a dual localization in both mitochondria and the plasma membrane. Parasites overexpressing ABCI4 present an increased replication in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We have determined that porphyrins are substrates for ABCI4. Consequently, the overexpression of ABCI4 confers resistance to some toxic porphyrins, such as zinc-protoporphyrin, due to the lower accumulation resulting from a significant efflux, as determined using the fluorescent zinc-mesoporphyrin, a validated heme analog. In addition, ABCI4 has a significant ability to efflux thiol after Sb(III) incubation, thus meaning that ABCI4 could be considered to be a potential thiol-X-pump that is able to recognize metal-conjugated thiols. In summary, we have shown that this new ABC transporter is involved in drug sensitivity to antimony and other compounds by efflux as conjugated thiol complexes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Manzano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Hernández
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castanys
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gamarro
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000965:Antimony / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D002104:Cadmium; D002734:Chlorophyll; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D000965:Antimony; C032623:pheophorbide a; D000967:Antimony Sodium Gluconate