title: Response inhibition is impaired by developmental methylmercury exposure: acquisition of low-rate lever-pressing.
abstract: Developmental methylmercury (MeHg) exposure produces response perseveration on discrimination reversal procedures, disrupts sensitivity to reinforcement, and enhances sensitivity to dopamine agonists - a profile suggesting a deficit in behavioral inhibition. To examine inhibition, we examined MeHg's effects on the acquisition and persistence of low-rate lever-pressing following a history of high-rate responding. Additionally, we examined whether chronic exposure to selenium protects against MeHg's developmental neurotoxicity. Female rats were exposed in utero via maternal exposure to drinking water containing 0ppm, 0.5ppm or 5ppm of Hg as MeHg, producing approximately 0μg/kg/day, 40μg/kg/day, or 400μg/kg/day of Hg. The mothers (during gestation) and the offspring (throughout life) consumed a purified diet containing 0.06ppm or 0.6ppm of Se (as sodium selenite), forming a 2 (lifespan diet)×3 (developmental MeHg) factorial design. Adult offspring lever-pressed under two schedules of reinforcement. A differential reinforcement of high-rate (DRH) schedule imposed rigid response requirements that remained constant through the study. A high-rate percentile schedule (PCNT-H) incorporated a flexible criterion that reinforced short interresponse times using an adjusting criterion that was sensitive to recent performance. After high-rate responding stabilized, the PCNT-H schedule was abruptly inverted by reinforcing long interresponse times. Acquisition of low-rate responding was impaired in the MeHg-exposed rats because of intrusions of high-rate response bursts. DRH response rates did not change. Dietary selenium did not influence MeHg's effects. High-rate operant behavior perseverated, suggesting that gestational MeHg exposure impairs response inhibition - an effect that extends results previously reported using choice procedures or spatial and visual discrimination reversals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States. chris.newland@auburn.edu
authors.forename: M Christopher
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Newland
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Wendy D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Donlin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D016015:Logistic Models; D020262:Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System / Q000523:psychology*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Developmental neurotoxicology; Methylmercury; Percentile Schedule; Response inhibition; Reversal learning; Selenium