title: Potential Immunoinflammatory Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Atopic Dermatitis: Immunohistopathological Analysis and in vitro Assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The underlying mechanism of atopic dermatitis (AD) exacerbated by Staphylococcus aureus has not been established. However, we demonstrated recently that the majority of S. aureus strains colonized in the skin of Korean AD patients carried genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and/or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the role of staphylococcal superantigen, SEA in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the lesional skin of 9 AD patients and normal looking skin of one healthy adult, we examined first the expression of SEA, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and TSST-1 using immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, we investigated the effects of SEA on the expression of inflammation-related adhesion molecules and cytokines in human HaCaT keratinocytes and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and SEA were detected with increased immunoreactivity in AD patients. However, TSST-1 showed mild-to-moderate immunoreactivity in AD patients, whereas SEB was minimally detected. In the double immunofluorescence investigation, SEA and SPA were well co-localized. SEA induced upregulation of adhesion molecules and elicited inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes and HUVECs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the importance of SEA as an immunoinflammatory triggering factor of AD in Koreans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jung Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung Min
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jun Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Han Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Hyun Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Byung Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Weon Ju
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seok-Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Do Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Staphylococcal enterotoxin A; Staphylococcus aureus