title: Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Domestic violence in the perinatal period is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, but evidence is limited on its association with perinatal mental disorders. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with antenatal and postnatal mental disorders (depression and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], eating disorders, and psychoses).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO reference CRD42012002048). Data sources included searches of electronic databases (to 15 February 2013), hand searches, citation tracking, update of a review on victimisation and mental disorder, and expert recommendations. Included studies were peer-reviewed experimental or observational studies that reported on women aged 16 y or older, that assessed the prevalence and/or odds of having experienced domestic violence, and that assessed symptoms of perinatal mental disorder using a validated instrument. Two reviewers screened 1,125 full-text papers, extracted data, and independently appraised study quality. Odds ratios were pooled using meta-analysis. Sixty-seven papers were included. Pooled estimates from longitudinal studies suggest a 3-fold increase in the odds of high levels of depressive symptoms in the postnatal period after having experienced partner violence during pregnancy (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.7-3.6). Increased odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with high levels of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in the antenatal and postnatal periods were consistently reported in cross-sectional studies. No studies were identified on eating disorders or puerperal psychosis. Analyses were limited because of study heterogeneity and lack of data on baseline symptoms, preventing clear findings on causal directionality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of symptoms of perinatal depression, anxiety, and PTSD are significantly associated with having experienced domestic violence. High-quality evidence is now needed on how maternity and mental health services should address domestic violence and improve health outcomes for women and their infants in the perinatal period.
authors.affiliation: Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. louise.howard@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oram
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galley
authors.forename: Kylee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trevillion
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feder
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008603:Mental Health; D008605:Mental Health Services; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology