title: Cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) as a new target for increased contractility without altering heart rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Agents having a positive inotropic effect on the heart are widely used for the treatment of heart failure. However, these agents have the side effect of altering heart rate. It has been established that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) is mediated in cardiac contraction, however the effect on heart rate is unknown. Thus, we used an agonist of PPARδ, GW0742, to investigate this issue in the present study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used isolated hearts in Langendorff apparatus and hemodynamic analysis in catheterized rats to measure the actions of GW0742 extra-vivo and in vivo. In diabetic rats with heart failure, GW0742 at a dose sufficient to activate PPARδ reversed cardiac contraction without changes in heart rate. In normal rats, PPARδ enhanced cardiac contractility and hemodynamic dP/dtmax significantly more than dobutamine. Both actions were diminished by GSK0660 at a dose enough to block PPARδ. However, GW0742 at the same dose failed to modify heart rate, although it did produce a mild increase in blood pressure. Detection of intracellular calcium level and Western blotting analysis showed that the intracellular calcium concentration and troponin I phosphorylation were both enhanced by GW0742.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of PPARδ by GW0742 increases cardiac contractility but not heart rate. Thus, PPARδ may be a suitable target for the development of inotropic agents to treat heart failure without changing heart rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zhih-Cherng
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kung Shing
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Li-Jen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lin-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ho-Shan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Juei-Tang
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004280:Dobutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019210:Troponin I / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography; D010636:Phenols; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D004280:Dobutamine; D047494:PPAR delta; D013311:Streptozocin; D013844:Thiazoles; D019210:Troponin I; C479979:(4-(((2-(3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfanyl)-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid; D010636:Phenols; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds