title: Long term consumption of flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer incidence and prostaglandin E₂in hens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Prevention may be the best approach to reduce ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids which may be effective in the prevention of ovarian cancer. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to determine if long-term consumption of a flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence in the laying hen and to investigate its potential correlation with the expression of COX enzymes and PGE₂ concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for 4years. The severity and incidence of ovarian cancer were determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and PGE₂ concentrations in ovaries were measured by Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that there was a reduction in ovarian cancer severity and incidence in hens fed flaxseed diet. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence, concentration of PGE₂ and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of hens fed flaxseed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the lower levels of COX-2 and PGE₂ are the main contributing factors in the chemo-suppressive role of long-term flaxseed consumption in ovarian cancer in laying hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Erfan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eilati
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.forename: Dale Buchanan
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hales
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax; D015994:Incidence; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010053:Ovary / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Cyclooxygenase; Flaxseed; Inflammation; Laying hen; Ovarian cancer; Prostaglandin E(2)