title: Combat body armor and injuries to the head, face, and neck region: a systematic review.
abstract: There has been a reported increase in combat-related head, face, and neck (HFN) injuries among service personnel wearing combat body armor (CBA) that have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Modern ceramic plate CBA has decreased the incidence of fatal-penetrating injuries to the torso but offers no protection to the limbs and face which remain exposed to gunshot wounds and fragments from explosive devices. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize the literature reporting on HFN injuries sustained by combat personnel wearing CBA and to highlight recommendations for increased protection to the facial region. Three major contributing factors were identified with this proportional increase in HFN injuries, namely the increased survivability of soldiers because of CBA, fragments injuries from explosive devices, and the lack of protection to the face and limbs. There appears to be no evidence to suggest that by virtue of wearing CBA the likelihood of sustaining an HFN injury increases as such, but a higher incidence of fragment injuries to the HFN region may be due to the more common use of improvised explosive devicess and other explosive devices. Further development of lightweight protection for the face is needed.
authors.affiliation: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, P.O. Box 647, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beirne
mesh_terms: D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008889:Military Personnel; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011482:Protective Devices; D014857:Warfare