title: Nephrographic and pyelographic analysis of CT urography: principles, patterns, and pathophysiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Careful analysis of the nephrogram is an integral component of the evaluation of the kidneys during CT urography. This is a review of the anatomy and physiology required to produce a normal nephrogram, as well as the basic principles affecting the interpretation of the nephrogram.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The eight abnormal nephrographic patterns will be illustrated and discussed. This review will enable the reader to recognize and understand the abnormal nephrographic patterns encountered in practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. ewolin@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Ely A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wolin
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: J Ryan
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014567:Urography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media