title: The DSM-5 debate over the bereavement exclusion: psychiatric diagnosis and the future of empirically supported treatment.
abstract: Valid diagnostic criteria support generalizations about treatment effectiveness, allowing progress in developing empirically supported treatments. The DSM-5 revision provides an opportunity to consider whether diagnostic changes are increasing validity. In this paper, I first offer broad suggestions for conceptually advancing diagnostic validity while awaiting greater etiological understanding. These include, for example, improving "conceptual validity" (disorder/nondisorder differentiation); extending diagnosis beyond disorders to include mismatches between normal variation and social demands ("psychological justice"); placing disorder etiology in evolutionary context as harmful failure of biologically designed functioning ("harmful dysfunction"); and taking an integrative theoretical approach to human meaning systems. The paper then examines the DSM-5's controversial decision to eliminate the major depression bereavement exclusion (BE), detailing the evidence and attendant debate. Elimination was defended by citing several hypotheses (e.g., excluded cases are similar to other MDD; exclusions risk missing suicidal cases; medication works with excluded cases), all of which were either empirically falsified or based on faulty arguments. Most dramatically, excluded cases were empirically demonstrated to have no more depression on follow-up than those who never had MDD. I conclude that BE elimination undermined rather than increased conceptual validity and usefulness for treatment research. Finally, I draw some general lessons from the DSM-5 BE debacle.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry, New York University, 1 Washington Square N., New York, NY 10003 United States. jerome.wakefield@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Jerome C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D001601:Bereavement; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Bereavement exclusion; DSM-5; Depression; Empirical supported treatment; Harmful dysfunction; Validity of diagnosis