title: [Donor site morbidity after free gracilis muscle flap. Report of 32 cases].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coverage of tissue defects of the lower limbs is a complex problem. Free gracilis muscle flap is a reliable surgical technique and the morbidity of its donor site is considered as minimal. Our retrospective study involved all patients who underwent a free gracilis muscle flap in a reconstructive surgery of the lower limb. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess comprehensively the aesthetic and functional morbidity of the free gracilis flap donor site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients underwent a gracilis muscle free flap in our plastic surgery department, between January 2009 and April 2012, as part of a reconstructive surgery of the lower limb. All medical datas were carried out using computerized records. Aesthetic and functional assessments of the donor site were done by the patient using questionnaires and by a plastic surgeon and a physiotherapist using a clinical evaluation, 6 months after surgery. A comparative study between both limbs including the thigh perimeter analysis, an isokinetic study of the knee, a study of the range of motion of hip and knee, and an assessment of the strength of adduction of the hip were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning the aesthetic outcomes, the clinical and subjective scores were satisfactory with a Vancouver score under 1. Five patients had a decrease in the volume of the thigh after surgery. Concerning the functional outcomes, no motor or sensory defects were reported. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated for the range of motion of the hip and knee between both limbs. The strength of hip adduction was not altered by the removal of the gracilis muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the low aesthetic and functional donor site morbidity of the free gracilis muscle flap. The aftermath of the donor area of the flap are very well accepted by patients, which is a sign of good acceptance of the whole reconstruction. Because of these findings and the suitability of the flap at the recipient site, the gracilis muscle free flap should be part of the armamentarium of any reconstructive surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Besset
authors.affiliation: Clinique de chirurgie plastique, esthétique et reconstructrice, pôle santé Léonard-de-Vinci, avenue du Prof.-Minkowski, 37170 Chambray-lès-Tours, France. Electronic address: a.penaud@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penaud
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quignon
authors.affiliation: Unité de chirurgie esthétique et reconstructrice, clinique Claude-Bernard, 57072 Metz, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahe
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brilhault
authors.affiliation: Service de rééducation fonctionnelle, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fouquet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013848:Thigh; D060053:Transplant Donor Site; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chirurgie reconstructrice; Donor site morbidity; Free flap; Gracilis muscle; Isocinétisme; Isokinetic; Lambeau libre; Morbidité du site donneur; Muscle gracilis; Reconstructive surgery