title: Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern and soda intake are related to the development of adiposity: a prospective study in school-age children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Snacking has been related to increased prevalence of overweight among school-age children in cross-sectional studies. It is uncertain, however, whether snacking influences the development of adiposity over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether adherence to a snacking dietary pattern was associated with greater increases in children's BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference over a median 2·5-year follow-up. Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis of an FFQ administered at recruitment in 2006. Anthropometric follow-up was conducted annually. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate rates of change in each indicator according to quartiles of adherence to the snacking pattern. We also examined change in BMI, subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio and waist circumference in relation to intake of the food items in the snacking pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (n 961) 5-12 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public schools in Bogotá, Colombia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, sex, total energy intake and socio-economic status, children in the highest quartile of adherence to the snacking pattern had a 0·09 kg/m2 per year higher BMI gain than children in the lowest quartile (P trend = 0·05). A similar association was observed for mean change in subscapular:triceps skinfold thickness ratio (highest v. lowest quartile difference = 0·012/year; P = 0·03). Of the food items in the snacking pattern, soda intake was positively and significantly associated with change in BMI (P trend = 0·01) and waist circumference (P trend = 0·04) in multivariable analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that snacking and soda intake are associated with development of adiposity in school-age children.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Healthy Communities,Michigan Public Health Institute,Okemos,MI,USA.
authors.forename: Monal R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shroff
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology,University of Michigan,1415 Washington Heights,Ann Arbor,MI 48109-2029,USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Perng
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology,University of Michigan,1415 Washington Heights,Ann Arbor,MI 48109-2029,USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baylin
authors.affiliation: 3Fundación para Investigación en Nutrición y Salud (FINUSAD),Bogotá,Colombia.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mora-Plazas
authors.affiliation: 3Fundación para Investigación en Nutrición y Salud (FINUSAD),Bogotá,Colombia.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology,University of Michigan,1415 Washington Heights,Ann Arbor,MI 48109-2029,USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villamor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D050154:Adiposity; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003105:Colombia; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D062410:Snacks; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose