title: Swarming growth and resistance of Proteus penneri and Proteus vulgaris strains to normal human serum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteus sp. strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) are often insensitive to the bactericidal action of normal human serum (NHS) which poses a clinical problem. The swarming phenomenon is an especially important factor in cases of UTIs gained through the ascending route. Both these virulence factors are connected with the cell surface components of bacteria, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The resistance of Proteus bacilli to the bactericidal activity of NHS and the swarming phenomenon were investigated as well as the possible relationships between these virulence factors and the chemical structure of LPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was carried out on P. penneri and P. vulgaris species. Two preparations of sera were tested with respect to the bactericidal action of NHS. The ability of bacteria to swarm was checked on broth agar plates. The length of the O-specific part of LPS was estimated after poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and staining with silver nitrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 62 tested Proteus strains, over 62% of Proteus vulgaris and 50% of Proteus penneri strains were sensitive to the bactericidal action of NHS. However, the number of resistant strains grew dramatically when serum with blocked complement activation via the alternative pathway was used. From 102 of the Proteus sp. Strains, only few were unable to swarm over the solid surface of the media. The remaining showed diverse ability to translocate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no definite correlation between the chemical structure of the O-specific chains of lipopolysaccharides and sensitivity or resistance of the Proteus sp. strains to NHS. Also, no significant relationships were found between the length or the chemical structure of the O-specific chains of the bacterial LPSs and the swarming phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology of Bacteria, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. kwilonka@biol.uni.lodz.pl
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kwil
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaźmierczak
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Różalski
mesh_terms: D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D008124:Locomotion; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D044095:Proteus penneri / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011514:Proteus vulgaris / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015610:Serum Bactericidal Test / Q000379:methods*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D037521:Virulence Factors