title: Maternal overprotection score of the Parental Bonding Instrument predicts the outcome of cognitive behavior therapy by trainees for depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to predict the outcome of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) by trainees for major depressive disorder (MDD) based on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The hypothesis was that the higher level of care and/or lower level of overprotection score would predict a favorable outcome of CBT by trainees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were all outpatients with MDD treated with CBT as a training case. All the subjects were asked to fill out the Japanese version of the PBI before commencing the course of psychotherapy. The difference between the first and the last Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score was used to represent the improvement of the intensity of depression by CBT. In order to predict improvement (the difference of the BDI scores) as the objective variable, multiple regression analysis was performed using maternal overprotection score and baseline BDI score as the explanatory variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multiple regression model was significant (P = 0.0026) and partial regression coefficient for the maternal overprotection score and the baseline BDI was -0.73 (P = 0.0046) and 0.88 (P = 0.0092), respectively. Therefore, when a patient's maternal overprotection score of the PBI was lower, a better outcome of CBT was expected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis was partially supported. This result would be useful in determining indications for CBT by trainees for patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Social Insurance Chukyo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. mtcasano@fujita-hu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Motoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esaki
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wakamatsu
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naitoh
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cognitive therapy; depression; parents; psychotherapy; treatment outcome