title: Selecting housekeeping genes as references for the normalization of quantitative PCR data in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The common reference genes of choice in relative gene expression studies based on quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, ACTB and B2M, were shown to be regulated differently in respect to tissue type. In this study, the stability of the selected housekeeping genes for normalizing the qPCR data were identified in the tumor and its adjacent tissues in invasive breast cancer, and the variability of their levels according to the stages and the histopathologic subtypes was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four housekeeping genes: PUM1, RPL13A, B2M, and ACTB were analyzed in 99 surgically excised tissue specimens (50 tumor, 45 tumor adjacent and 4 normal breast tissues). Three of the most common softwares (GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were used for calculation purposes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all of the tissue samples were included in analyses, PUM1 was the most stable gene according to calculations made with both NormFinder and BestKeeper; while PUM1/RPL13A combination was the most stable by GeNorm software. The PUM1 gene was also identified as the most stable gene among the four in all sample groups (in both Estrogen Receptor positive and Estrogen Receptor negative subgroups of invasive breast carcinoma and in normal breast tissue) according to calculations made using the NormFinder software.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While suggesting PUM1 is one of the most stable single gene and the PUM1/RPL13A pair as one of the best housekeeping genes for the normalization of expression studies in invasive breast tumor studies, it will be more practical to evaluate stability once more and decide upon the reference gene accordingly within the sample group itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Konak, İzmir, Turkey, yk@genodigm.com.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kılıç
authors.forename: A Ç
authors.initials: AÇ
authors.lastname: Çelebiler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakızlı
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020043:Genes, Essential; D006801:Humans; D020871:RNA Stability; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012015:Reference Standards; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C471242:PUM1 protein, human; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C402487:RPL13A protein, human; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin