title: Nonprescribed use of tranquilizers or sedatives by adolescents: a Brazilian national survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the nonprescribed use of tranquilizers or sedatives by adolescents is a cause for concern in many countries, there is a shortage of data from low and middle income countries (LAMIC). The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of nonprescribed use of tranquilizers/sedatives by adolescents in Brazil, and to assess how socioeconomic and demographic circumstances, as well as indicators of access to these substances are associated with their use and with risk perception.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multi-stage probability sample of 18131 high school students from public and private schools from all 27 Brazilian state capitals. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to obtain information on social and economic circumstances, nonprescribed use of tranquilizers or sedatives and risk perception of their use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime nonprescribed use of tranquilizers or sedatives was reported by 5% of respondents, more commonly among females (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.75-2.75) and those attending private schools (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.17-1.84). The use of tranquilizers/sedatives by relatives or friends was associated with nonprescribed use by the participant (OR: 4.26, 95% CI: 3.46-5.23) and a majority of lifetime users obtained these substances from a family environment (82%). Previous medical prescription was independently associated with nonprescribed use (OR: 6.61, 95% CI: 4.87-8.98) and with low risk perception (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.12-5.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial proportion of Brazilian adolescents use nonprescribed tranquilizers/sedatives. Easy access to these substances seems to play an important role in this use and should be tackled by preventive and treatment interventions.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862- 1° andar, São Paulo CEP 04023-062, Brasil.
authors.forename: Emerita S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Opaleye
authors.forename: Ana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.forename: Zila M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Tatiana C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Danilo P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gossop
authors.forename: Cleusa P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012651:Self Medication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D014149:Tranquilizing Agents