title: System-wide hypersensitive response-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato.
abstract: The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. To study HR-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. In these plants, massive reprogramming occurred, and we found that the HR and associated processes are highly energy demanding. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, hydrolysis of sugars, and lipid catabolism are used as alternative sources of amino acids, energy, and carbon skeletons, respectively. We observed strong accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Coregulated expression of WRKY transcription factors and genes known to be involved in the HR, in addition to a strong enrichment of the W-box WRKY-binding motif in the promoter sequences of the coregulated genes, point to WRKYs as the most prominent orchestrators of the HR. Our study has revealed several novel HR-related genes, and reverse genetics tools will allow us to understand the role of each individual component in the HR.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Desalegn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Etalo
authors.forename: Iris J E
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Stulemeijer
authors.forename: H Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van Esse
authors.forename: Ric C H
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Harro J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
authors.forename: Matthieu H A J
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Joosten
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055442:Metabolome; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002244:Carbon; C036216:ethylene