title: A multi-site single blind clinical study to compare the effects of prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and waiting list on patients with a current diagnosis of psychosis and co morbid post traumatic stress disorder: study protocol for the randomized controlled trial Treating Trauma in Psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma contributes to psychosis and in psychotic disorders post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a comorbid disorder. A problem is that PTSD is underdiagnosed and undertreated in people with psychotic disorders. This study's primary goal is to examine the efficacy and safety of prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD in patients with both psychotic disorders and PTSD, as compared to a waiting list. Secondly, the effects of both treatments are determined on (a) symptoms of psychosis, in particular verbal hallucinations, (b) depression and social performance, and (c) economic costs. Thirdly, goals concern links between trauma exposure and psychotic symptomatology and the prevalence of exposure to traumatic events, and of PTSD. Fourthly predictors, moderators, and mediators for treatment success will be explored. These include cognitions and experiences concerning treatment harm, credibility and burden in both participants and therapists.
  
  
  METHODS
  A short PTSD-screener assesses the possible presence of PTSD in adult patients (21- to 65- years old) with psychotic disorders, while the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale interview will be used for the diagnosis of current PTSD. The M.I.N.I. Plus interview will be used for diagnosing lifetime psychotic disorders and mood disorders with psychotic features. The purpose is to include consenting participants (N = 240) in a multi-site single blind randomized clinical trial. Patients will be allocated to one of three treatment conditions (N = 80 each): prolonged exposure or EMDR (both consisting of eight weekly sessions of 90 minutes each) or a six-month waiting list. All participants are subjected to blind assessments at pre-treatment, two months post treatment, and six months post treatment. In addition, participants in the experimental conditions will have assessments at mid treatment and at 12 months follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the post treatment measurement can be considered strong empirical indicators of the safety and effectiveness of prolonged exposure and EMDR. The six-month and twelve-month follow-up data have the potential of reliably providing documentation of the long-term effects of both treatments on the various outcome variables. Data from pre-treatment and midtreatment can be used to reveal possible pathways of change.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trial registration: ISRCTN79584912.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Organization (MHO) GGZ Oost Brabant Land van Cuijk en Noord Limburg, Bilderbeekstraat 44, Boxmeer, 5831 CX, The Netherlands. paj.de.bont@ggzoostbrabant.nl
authors.forename: Paul A J M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Bont
authors.forename: David P G
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Berber M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: van der Vleugel
authors.forename: Carlijn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: Cornelis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Eni S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Jongh
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Minnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D057169:Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing; D006212:Hallucinations; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012107:Research Design; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012919:Social Behavior; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014850:Waiting Lists; D055815:Young Adult