title: Advanced patellofemoral cartilage lesions in patients younger than 50 years of age: is there an ideal operative option?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review was to determine if there is an ideal operation for large symptomatic articular cartilage lesions on the undersurface of the patella in young patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to determine the outcome of operations performed for large patellar lesions in young patients. Inclusionary criteria were English language, original clinical trials published from 1992 to 2012, patellar lesions 4 cm(2) or larger, mean patient age 50 years or younger, and all evidence levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 991 articles identified, 18 met the inclusionary criteria, encompassing 840 knees in 828 patients. These included 613 knees that underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) (11 studies), 193 knees that had patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) (5 studies), and 34 knees that underwent osteochondral allografting (OA) (2 studies). The mean patient age was 37.2 years and the mean follow-up was 6.2 years. Long-term follow-up (>10 years) was available in only 4 studies (2 PFA, 1 ACI, 1 OA). All studies except one were Level IV and none were randomized or had a control group. Twenty-one outcome instruments were used to determine knee function. When taking into account knees that either failed or had fair/poor function, the percentage of patients who failed to achieve a benefit averaged 22% after PFA and 53% after OA and ranged from 8% to 60% after ACI. In addition, all 3 procedures had unacceptable complication and reoperation rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of failure rates and fair/poor results indicated that all 3 procedures had unpredictable results. We concluded that a long-term beneficial effect might not occur in one of 3 ACI and PFA procedures and in 2 of 3 OA procedures. We were unable to determine an ideal surgical procedure to treat large symptomatic patellar lesions in patients 50 years or younger.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, systematic review of Level I to IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242, USA.
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Noyes
authors.forename: Sue D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Barber-Westin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001178:Arthroplasty; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000601:surgery*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods; D010329:Patella / Q000601:surgery / Q000637:transplantation; D057071:Patellofemoral Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous