title: A hierarchical factor analysis of a safety culture survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reviews of safety culture measures have revealed a host of potential factors that could make up a safety culture (Flin, Mearns, O'Connor, & Bryden, 2000; Guldenmund, 2000). However, there is still little consensus regarding what the core factors of safety culture are. The purpose of the current research was to determine the core factors, as well as the structure of those factors that make up a safety culture, and establish which factors add meaningful value by factor analyzing a widely used safety culture survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 92-item survey was constructed by subject matter experts and was administered to 25,574 workers across five multi-national organizations in five different industries. Exploratory and hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses were conducted revealing four second-order factors of a Safety Culture consisting of Management Concern, Personal Responsibility for Safety, Peer Support for Safety, and Safety Management Systems. Additionally, a total of 12 first-order factors were found: three on Management Concern, three on Personal Responsibility, two on Peer Support, and four on Safety Management Systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting safety culture model addresses gaps in the literature by indentifying the core constructs which make up a safety culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clarification of the major factors emerging in the measurement of safety cultures should impact the industry through a more accurate description, measurement, and tracking of safety cultures to reduce loss due to injury.
authors.affiliation: Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: D Steve
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003625:Data Collection; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D015279:Organizational Culture; D012449:Safety; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*