title: Association between work-family conflict and smoking quantity among daily smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent work demonstrated a direct relation between work-family conflict and likelihood of smoking. This study furthered this area of research by (a) testing the association between work-family conflict and smoking quantity and (b) testing demographic, workplace, and home factors as moderators of this relation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 423) were daily smokers from a Midwestern community-based sample. Ordinal regression analysis tested work-to-home and home-to-work conflict as predictors (after controlling for demographic characteristics, home factors, and workplace factors) of smoking quantity. Additionally, we tested whether the demographic, home, and workplace factors moderated the effects of work-to-home conflict and home-to-work conflict on smoking quantity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males (OR = 8.81, p = .005), older participants (OR = 1.09, p = .012), those with less educational attainment (OR = 1.87, p = .001), those who reported lower levels of workplace smoking restrictions (OR = 0.87, p = .019), and those who reported higher levels of work-to-home conflict (OR = 1.39, p = .026) smoked more cigarettes per day. There was no significant main effect of home-to-work conflict on smoking quantity (OR = 1.46, p = .099). A significant interaction (OR = 0.55, p = .043) revealed that home-to-work conflict was associated with smoking quantity for females but not for males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After controlling for demographic characteristics and potential confounders, work-to-home conflict had a negative impact on smoking quantity for all participants, and home-to-work conflict was associated with smoking quantity for women. Workplace wellness programs to reduce smoking among employees should take into account the direction of conflict and how the effect of the conflict on smoking behavior may vary based on other factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN;
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Macy
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chassin
authors.forename: Clark C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Presson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003710:Demography; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology