title: Potential for cost recovery: women's willingness to pay for injectable contraceptives in Tigray, Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate factors associated with a woman's willingness to pay (WTP) for injectable contraceptives in Tigray, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a multistage random sampling design to generate a representative sample of reproductive age women from the Central Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia to participate in a survey (N = 1490). Respondents who had ever used injectable contraceptives or who were interested in using them were asked whether they would be willing to pay, and if so, how much. Logistic regression odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values were used to assess which factors were associated with WTP in our final model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, respondents were willing to pay 11 birr ($0.65 USD) per injection. Being married, completing any amount of education, having given birth, and having visited a health facility in the last 12 months (whether received family planning information or not) were associated with statistically significantly increased odds of WTP. Having initiated sexual activity and having 1-2 children (compared to 0 children) were associated with statistically significantly decreased odds of WTP. We also detected two significant interactions. Among women who prefer injectable contraceptives, their odds of WTP for injectable contraceptives vary across length of time they have used them. And among women who work for pay, their odds of WTP for injectable contraceptives vary by whether they agree with their husband/partner about the ideal number of children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a sector that continually struggles with funding, cost recovery for contraceptive services may offer a means of improved financial sustainability while increasing rural access to injectable contraceptives. Results indicate there are opportunities for cost recovery in rural Tigray, Ethiopia and highlight factors that could be leveraged to increase WTP for injectable contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Bixby Center for Population, Health and Sustainability, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. ndola@berkeley.edu
authors.forename: Ndola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weidert
authors.forename: Amanuel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gessessew
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D003625:Data Collection; D005002:Ethiopia; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female