title: Load distribution to minimise pressure-related pain on foot: a model.
abstract: The optimal force distribution to minimise pain or discomfort at the foot-shoe interface is still not known. Most shoe-related products attempt to distribute the load uniformly without much consideration to the bony and soft tissue regions. An experiment was conducted to first determine the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and tissue deformation on the plantar surface of the foot. Circular probes of areas 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 cm(2) at indentation speeds of 0.5, 1 and 2 mm/s showed that PPT depends on the location stimulated, area of stimulation and the indentation speed. The results also showed that tissue stiffness is quite low for small deformations ( < 4 mm), but significantly higher at large deformations (>4 mm). The stiffness at the larger deformation region was positively correlated with PPT (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). The data were further used to develop a model with PPT, deformation and stimulated area.
  Pressure at which there is an onset of pain is higher when a larger area of soft tissue is stimulated. Bony areas may be better suited to bear load on smaller areas to minimise pressure-related pain. Thus, manipulating supporting surface stiffness and surface contours can help minimise pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Asanka S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Ravindra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goonetilleke
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult