title: Clinical practice: vocal nodules in dysphonic children.
abstract: Common among children, vocal symptoms are a cause of concern for parents who seek elucidation of their diagnosis and treatment. Vocal nodules are the major cause of dysphonias in children and are related to vocal abuse. We conducted a literature review considering clinical, physiopathological, epidemiological, and histological aspects of vocal nodules, as well as diagnostic methods, highlighting the main studies addressing this issue. The controversial points of treatments were also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. rmartins@fmb.unesp.br
authors.forename: Regina Helena Garcia
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Anete
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.forename: Elaine Lara Mendes
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Andrea Cristina Jóia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gramuglia
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007827:Laryngitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000473:pathology*