title: Effects of a late supper on digestion and the absorption of dietary carbohydrates in the following morning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous experiment showed that the light intensity exposed on the subjects during evening time had no effect in the following morning on the efficiency of the digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates ingested at a usual suppertime. People who keep late hours usually have a late suppertime; thus, we examined the effects of a late suppertime on gastrointestinal activity in the following morning in comparison to that of a usual suppertime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female university students volunteered as paid participants. The breath hydrogen test was carried out to estimate the amount of unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates and the percentage of the total amount of dietary carbohydrates in the breakfast that were unabsorbed, as well as to estimate oro-cecal transit time. The respiratory quotient was also measured to find the ratio of carbohydrates/lipid metabolism in the post-breakfast state. Subjects' peripheral blood glucose concentration was measured by a blood glucose meter. The subjects participated under two different experimental conditions: with a usual suppertime (having supper at 18:00) and a late suppertime (having supper at 23:00).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficiency of the digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates in the breakfast under late suppertime conditions was higher than that under usual suppertime conditions. Usual or late suppertime had no effect on the ratio of carbohydrates to lipids oxidized after the subjects had breakfast. There were significant differences in the blood glucose level between the two conditions at 30, 60, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after having breakfast, whereas the mean blood glucose level under late suppertime conditions was significantly higher than under usual suppertime conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having a late supper showed a worse effect on postprandial serum glucose profiles the following morning. This study confirmed that keeping our usual meal timing is important for our health.
authors.affiliation: Early Childhood Education Department, Tokiwakai College, 4-6-7 Hirano-minami, Hirano-ku, Osaka 547-0031, Japan. yukie_t_ram528@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuchida
authors.forename: Sawa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sone
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004063:Digestion; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates