title: Individualized medication assessment and planning: optimizing medication use in older adults in the primary care setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the feasibility and effectiveness of an individualized Medication Assessment and Planning (iMAP) program integrated within a primary care practice on the number and prevalence of medication-related problems (MRPs) and acute health services utilization, defined as combined hospitalizations and emergency department visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six-month, prospective, observational pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based primary care medical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 64 patients aged 65 years and older who were taking at least five medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient was enrolled in the iMAP program-a collaborative, multifaceted intervention facilitated by a clinical pharmacist whereby patients receive comprehensive medication therapy management at baseline and 3 and 6 months as part of routine clinical care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRPs were assessed and recommendations proposed using the previously published MRP classification tool; physician acceptance of recommendations served to validate the assessments. There was a significant reduction in mean number of MRPs/patient (4.2 at baseline vs 1.0 at 6 mo, p<0.0001) when adjusted for number of medications, race, and pharmacist. The prevalence of MRPs at 6 months compared with baseline was also significant (p<0.0008). Acute health services utilization was assessed by medical record abstraction. The 64 patients experienced a rate of 8.3 events/100 person-months (64 total events) during the 12-month prestudy period. During the 6-month study period, the same patients experienced 5.4 events/100 person-months (20 total events). Thus, we noted a reduction in acute health services utilization of 35%. Physicians were enthusiastically supportive of iMAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iMAP has the potential to address a significant and timely issue affecting older adults and primary care practices: the burden of managing and continuously monitoring multiple medications in medically complex older adults. A more rigorous evaluation of iMAP is warranted and planned to demonstrate sustained effectiveness and cost-benefit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. mroth@unc.edu
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Jena L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: Ginny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crisp
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010595:Pharmacists; D019338:Polypharmacy; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: iMAP; individualized Medication Assessment and Planning Program; medication assessment; medication management; medication monitoring; older adults; primary care