title: Effectiveness of micron-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles as markers for detection of migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in a stroke model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of using micron-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (MPIOs) as an effective labeling agent for monitoring bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (BMSC) migration in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a rat model of stroke and whether the accumulation of MPIO-labeled BMSCs can be differentiated from the accumulation of free MPIO particles or hemoglobin breakdown at a site of neuronal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study BMSCs were labeled with iron oxide and their pattern of migration following intravenous injection in a rat stroke model was monitored using a clinical MRI system followed by standard histopathology. The migration pattern was compared between intravenous injection of BMSCs alone, BMSCs labeled with MPIOs, and MPIO particles alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that while MRI was highly sensitive in the detection of iron oxide particle-containing cells in areas of neuronal ischemia, the true origin of cells containing iron oxide particles remains ambiguous. Therefore, detection of iron particles may not be a suitable strategy for the detection of BMSCs in the brain in a stroke model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the use of MPIOs as labeling agents are insufficient to conclusively determine the localization of iron within cells in regions of neuronal ischemia and hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Emidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tarulli
authors.forename: Joydeep D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.forename: Voytek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gretka
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoyles
authors.forename: Cindi M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Morshead
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stanisz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C097921:ferumoxtran-10