title: Human comparative experimental study of surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation by epicardial techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To set up an experimental model of cadaveric heart in order to evaluate and compare histologic transmurality of lesions immediately caused by different energy sources of anti-arrhythmic epicardial devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Procedures were performed on a cadaveric human heart in orthotopic position with an ischemic time of 48 h at 37° and supported through the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Three anti-arrhythmic epicardial devices were studied: the bipolar forceps Cardioblate BP (Medtronic) for the radiofrequency, the Epicor Ultracinch LP Ablation device (St. Jude) for ultrasound and the Cardioblate CryoFlex (Medtronic) device for cryoablation. Histological features of lesions made at the pulmonary venous confluence assessed the effectiveness of different energy sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 45 experimentations performed, only 28 were considered correct and retained for histological analysis. Three distinct groups were studied according to the type of procedure performed: group 1 (Radiofrequency, n = 12), group 2 (ultrasound, n = 4), group 3 (cryoablation, n = 10) and controls (n = 2). All analysed samples showed histological changes with a success rates of transmurality of 33% for radiofrequency, 25% for ultrasound and 90% for cryotherapy (p <0.001). The average length of transmurality, when it was reached and the proportion of transmurality over the total length of the lesion were respectively 12 ± 6 mm and 37 ± 18% for group 1, 10 mm and 33% for group 2 and 11.1 ± 1.1 mm and 35 ± 5% for group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate detectable histological transmural lesions after epicardial procedure are discontinuous whatever the kind of energy source tested in this work and it strongly encourages the repetition of radiofrequency procedures. Nevertheless, our experimental model seems inadequate to assess ultrasound energy efficacy.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: El Arid
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sénage
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Toquet
authors.forename: Ousama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al Habash
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mugniot
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Jean-Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Roussel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010496:Pericardium / Q000601:surgery*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery