title: Short-term effects of nose-only cigarette smoke exposure on glutathione redox homeostasis, cytochrome P450 1A1/2 and respiratory enzyme activities in mice tissues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The components of cigarette smoke (CS) have been implicated in the development of cancer as well as in cardiopulmonary diseases. We have previously reported increased oxidative stress in rat tissues induced by tobacco-specific toxins nicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Recently, we have also shown increased oxidative stress and associated inflammatory responses in various tissues after exposure to cigarette smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we have further investigated the effects of nose-only cigarette smoke exposure on mitochondrial functions and glutathione-dependent redox metabolism in tissues of BALB/C mice. Liver, kidney, heart and lung tissues were analyzed for oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH) and cytochrome P450 dependent enzyme activities and mitochondrial functions after exposure to smoke generated by 9 cigarettes/day for 4 days. Control mice were exposed to air only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in oxidative stress as observed by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered GSH metabolism was apparent in all the tissues, but lung and heart appeared to be the main targets. Increased expression and activity of CYP450 1A1 and 1A2 were also observed in the tissues after exposure to cigarette smoke. Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in the tissues, as observed by alterations in the activities of Complex I and IV enzymes, was also observed after exposure to cigarette smoke. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results also indicate that alterations in the expression of enzyme proteins were in accordance with the changes in their catalytic functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that even short term exposure of cigarette smoke have adverse effects on mitochondrial functions and redox homeostasis in tissues which may progress to further complications associated with chronic smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. h.raza@uaeu.ac.ae
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Abderrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D005978:Glutathione