title: [Dysautonomic syndrome of the face with Harlequin sign and syndrome: Three new cases and a review of the literature].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Harlequin phenomenon is characterized by a strictly unilateral erythrosis of the face with flushing and hyperhydrosis, and controlaterally a pale anhydrotic aspect. This syndrome can occur alone or associated to other dysautonomic phenomena such as Horner syndrome, Adie syndrome or Ross syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report three cases: two patients presented a Harlequin sign, associated with Horner syndrome for one and Ross syndrome for the second. The etiologic investigation was normal, allowing recognizing the idiopathic nature of the disorder. For the third patient, Harlequin syndrome was observed in a neoplastic context due to breast cancer, metastatic dissemination, and bone metastases involving the right side of the T2 body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reviewed the literature: 108 cases have been described. This syndrome occurred alone in 48 patients and was associated with other dysautonomic syndromes such as Horner syndrome in 38 patients, Holmes Adie syndrome in six, and Ross syndrome in six; both Ross and Holmes Adie syndrome were associated five cases and associations were not reported in five patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms of this autonomic cranial neuropathy, the possible etiologies, and therapeutic management were discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Harlequin phenomenon with flushing and unilateral hyperhydrosis is rare, occurring alone or in combination with other autonomic syndromes of the face. Idiopathic in two-thirds of cases, Harlequin phenomenon does not require specific treatment; sympathectomy may be discussed in the severe cases with a significant social impact.
authors.affiliation: Service de neurologie, HIA Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69275 Lyon cedex 03, France. Electronic address: lss.guilloton@wanadoo.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guilloton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demarquay
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quesnel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Charry
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drouet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zagnoli
mesh_terms: D000270:Adie Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005145:Face / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D005483:Flushing / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006732:Horner Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007007:Hypohidrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054969:Primary Dysautonomias / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Adie syndrome; Autonomic cranial neuropathy; Flush; Harlequin sign; Horner syndrome; Hyperhydrose; Hyperhydrosis; Neuropathie autonome crânienne; Ross syndrome; Signe d’Harlequin; Syndrome de Ross; Syndrome d’Holmes Adie; Syndrome d’Horner; Érythrose faciale avec flush