title: Ventilator associated pneumonia: evolving definitions and preventive strategies.
abstract: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most frequent hospital-acquired infections occurring in intubated patients. Because VAP is associated with higher mortality, morbidity, and costs, there is a need to solicit further research for effective preventive measures. VAP has been proposed as an indicator of quality of care. Clinical diagnosis has been criticized to have poor accuracy and reliability. Thus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has introduced a new definition based upon objective and recordable data. Institutions are nowadays reporting a VAP zero rate in surveillance programs, which is in discrepancy with clinical data. This reduction has been highlighted in epidemiological studies, but it can only be attributed to a difference in patient selection, since no additional intervention has been taken to modify pathogenic mechanisms in these studies. The principal determinant of VAP development is the presence of the endotracheal tube (ETT). Contaminated oropharyngeal secretions pool over the ETT cuff and subsequently leak down to the lungs through a hydrostatic gradient. Impairment of mucociliary motility and cough reflex cannot counterbalance with a proper clearance of secretions. Lastly, biofilm develops on the inner ETT surface and acts as a reservoir for microorganism inoculum to the lungs. New preventive strategies are focused on the improvement of secretions drainage and prevention of bacterial colonization. The influence of gravity on mucus flow and body positioning can facilitate the clearance of distal airways, with decreased colonization of the respiratory tract. A different approach proposes ETT modifications to limit the leakage of oropharyngeal secretions: subglottic secretion drainage and cuffs innovations have been addressed to reduce VAP incidence. Moreover, coated-ETTs have been shown to prevent biofilm formation, although there is evidence that ETT clearance devices (Mucus Shaver) are required to preserve the antimicrobial properties over time. Here, after reviewing the most noteworthy issues in VAP definition and pathophysiology, we will present the more interesting proposals for VAP prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mietto
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinciroli
authors.forename: Niti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berra
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D004322:Drainage; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D056888:Patient Positioning; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: VAP; body positioning; endotracheal tube; lung bacterial colonization; mechanical ventilation; medical devices; modification; nosocomial infections; ventilator-associated pneumonia