title: Characterisation of the polyphenol content in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) exocarp for the calibration of a fruit-sorting optical sensor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kiwifruit contains high amounts of anti-oxidants beneficial to health. Its quality is influenced by ripening time, genotype, cultivation techniques, climate and storage conditions after harvest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to characterise the phenolic content by HPLC methods and to evaluate the performance of a portable optical sensor (Multiplex 3), for in vivo non-destructive phenolic compound assessment in kiwifruits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kiwifruits peel extracts were characterised by reverse-phase (RP) HPLC with diode-array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) with MS using the Zorbax SB-Aq. column from Agilent. The fluorimetric sensor method is based on the screening of fruit chlorophyll fluorescence excitation and allows the UV absorbance of intact fruit skin to be measured. The flavonol index, FLAV, was calculated as log(FRF(R)/FRF(UV)), where FRF(R) and FRF(UV) are the chlorophyll fluorescence excited with red and UV light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroxycinnamic acids, procyanidins, and quercetin glycosides were the main polyphenol classes detected by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in the kiwifruit skin. A good linear regression (R²  = 0.88) was found between the fluorimetric sensor FLAV index and flavonol chromatographic analysis of the fruits. The FLAV index was able to detect the higher content of flavonols in sun-exposed fruits with respect to mid-shaded and shaded ones in accordance with the destructive analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fluorimetric sensor represents a rapid and non-invasive tool to: (i) monitor the flavonol accumulation in kiwifruit and to assess its quality concerning the healthy anti-oxidant properties; (ii) evaluate the effect of environmental and agronomical factors related to the fruit quality; and (iii) select fruits with the largest flavonol content, and consequently less susceptible to pathogen attack, in order to improve their storage durability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fierini
authors.forename: Damiano
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Remorini
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agati
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: Actinidia deliciosa; HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS; flavonols; fluorescence; fruit quality