title: The historical character of human nature in Freud's theories.
abstract: In Freud' theories of human development, human nature is described and analyzed as essentially historical. At the core of human history is the restructuring of the sexual instinct and the death instinct (or its unique form as destructive impulses). The conscious, asked-for shaping of these two instincts, under the rule of the "reality principle", forms the basis of human society at all stages. This conscious restructuring has also unintended, unasked-for results, which are part of the historically developing human nature. The historical choice has been the building of human society as a social complex based on the de-eroticization of both the individual and society. Freud suggested that the historical process of changing human nature and maintaining the achieved new structure has mainly been an enterprise of enlightened political elite, which has imposed (in all societies) the various elements of the new nature upon the ordinary people. Human history is essentially a deed of the political sphere. In viewing human nature as consisting of both asked-for and unasked-for results of human conscious purposeful activity Freud belongs to the same historical school as Marx.
authors.affiliation: Program for National Security Studies, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel. z-uri@013.net.il
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zilbersheid
mesh_terms: D005619:Freudian Theory / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D040821:Human Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D007323:Instinct