title: Paraoxonase (PON)-1 activity in overweight and obese children and adolescents: association with obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a HDL-attached extracellular esterase which is believed to contribute to the anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL. A decrease in PON1 is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has recently been found to be associated with juvenile obesity. The issue of a possible association between enzyme activity and/or its phenotype distribution and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, inflammation, and oxidative stress has not been addressed yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate PON1 activity and phenotype distribution with respect to obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, inflammation and oxidative stress in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  PON1 arylesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically in 156 children and adolescents (47 lean, 27 overweight and 82 obese). Enzyme phenotype was determined using dual substrate (phenyl acetate/paraoxon) method. PON1 activity and phenotype distribution were related to the presence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood pressure, low HDL level, impaired fasting glucose and/or glucose tolerance as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PON1 arylesterase activity decreased in general and central obesity, high blood pressure, and hyperinsulinemia conditions and correlated with BMI, CRP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, free thiols, and HOMA in a gender-dependent manner. PON1 decreases were independently associated with central obesity in girls, explaining 17% in PON1 variability, and with elevated CRP in boys, explaining 12% in its variability. PON1 phenotype was not associated with frequency of metabolic abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PON1 decreases in central obesity, exacerbating obesity-related inflammation and oxidative stress. The enzyme associations are gender-dependent: obesity and oxidative stress affects PON1 in girls whereas inflammation in boys.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. malgorzata.krzystek-korpacka@umed.wroc.pl
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzystek-Korpacka
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patryn
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotowy
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Czapińska
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Majda
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kustrzeba-Wójcicka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noczyńska
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human