title: Ginsenoside Rd inhibits the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse liver.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rd is a primary constituent of the ginseng rhizome and has been shown to participate in the regulation of diabetes and in tumor formation. Reports also show that ginsenoside Rd exerts anti-oxidative effects by activating anti-oxidant enzymes. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd decreased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-challenged RAW264.7 cells and in ICR mouse livers (5 mg/kg LPS; LPS + ginsenoside Rd [2, 10, and 50 mg/kg]). Furthermore, these decreases were associated with the down-regulations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that ginsenoside Rd treatment decreases; 1) nitric oxide production (40% inhibition); 2) PGE2 synthesis (69% to 93% inhibition); 3) NF-κB activity; and 4) the NF-κB-regulated expressions of iNOS and COX-2. Taken together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rd are due to the down-regulation of NF-κB and the consequent expressional suppressions of iNOS and COX-2.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Heun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ji Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Sungjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Eun Kyeong
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Min Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: You Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hae Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: Cyclooxygenase-2; Ginsenoside Rd; Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Panax ginseng; Prostaglandin E2