title: Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical hypomagnesemia and experimental restriction of dietary magnesium increase cardiac arrhythmias. However, whether or not circulating or dietary magnesium at usual concentrations or intakes influences the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD), is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate prospective associations of circulating and dietary magnesium with incidence of CVD, IHD, and fatal IHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple literature databases were systematically searched without language restriction through May 2012. Inclusion decisions and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Linear dose-response associations were assessed by using random-effects meta-regression. Potential nonlinear associations were evaluated by using restricted cubic splines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2303 articles, 16 studies met the eligibility criteria; these studies comprised 313,041 individuals and 11,995 CVD, 7534 IHD, and 2686 fatal IHD events. Circulating magnesium (per 0.2 mmol/L increment) was associated with a 30% lower risk of CVD (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.88 per 0.2 mmol/L) and trends toward lower risks of IHD (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.05) and fatal IHD (RR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.37, 1.00). Dietary magnesium (per 200-mg/d increment) was not significantly associated with CVD (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.05) but was associated with a 22% lower risk of IHD (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.92). The association of dietary magnesium with fatal IHD was nonlinear (P < 0.001), with an inverse association observed up to a threshold of ∼250 mg/d (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.86), compared with lower intakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circulating and dietary magnesium are inversely associated with CVD risk, which supports the need for clinical trials to evaluate the potential role of magnesium in the prevention of CVD and IHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA. ldelgobb@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Liana C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Del Gobbo
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Jason H Y
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Marcia C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Otto
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chiuve
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium