title: Design of a synthetic simulator for pediatric lumbar spine pathologies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simulation has become an important tool in neurosurgical education as part of the complex process of improving residents' technical expertise while preserving patient safety. Although different simulators have already been designed for a variety of neurosurgical procedures, spine simulators are still in their infancy and, at present, there is no available simulator for lumbar spine pathologies in pediatric neurosurgery. In this paper the authors describe the peculiarities and challenges involved in developing a synthetic simulator for pediatric lumbar spine pathologies, including tethered spinal cord syndrome and open neural tube defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Neurosurgery of the University of Illinois at Peoria, in a joint program with the Mechanical Engineering Department of Bradley University, designed and developed a general synthetic model for simulating pediatric neurosurgical interventions on the lumbar spine. The model was designed to be composed of several sequential layers, so that each layer might closely mimic the tensile properties of the natural tissues under simulation. Additionally, a system for pressure monitoring was developed to enable precise measurements of the degree of manipulation of the spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The designed prototype successfully simulated several scenarios commonly found in pediatric neurosurgery, such as tethered spinal cord, retethered spinal cord, and fatty terminal filum, as well as meningocele, myelomeningocele, and lipomyelomeningocele. Additionally, the formulated grading system was able to account for several variables involved in the qualitative evaluation of the technical performance during the training sessions and, in association with an expert qualitative analysis of the recorded sessions, proved to be a useful feedback tool for the trainees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Designing and building a synthetic simulator for pediatric lumbar spine pathologies poses a wide variety of unique challenges. According to the authors' experience, a modular system composed of separable layers that can be independently replaced significantly enhances the applicability of such a model, enabling its individualization to distinctive but interrelated pathologies. Moreover, the design of a system for pressure monitoring (as well as a general score that may be able to account for the overall technical quality of the trainee's performance) may further enhance the educational applications of a simulator of this kind so that it can be further incorporated into the neurosurgical residency curriculum for training and evaluation purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, Illinois 61637, USA. tobias.a.mattei@osfhealthcare.org
authors.forename: Tobias A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lesle
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macuk
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesniak
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Kalyani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000601:surgery; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery; D013718:Tensile Strength