title: Cell to whole-plant phenotyping: the best is yet to come.
abstract: Imaging and image processing have revolutionized plant phenotyping and are now a major tool for phenotypic trait measurement. Here we review plant phenotyping systems by examining three important characteristics: throughput, dimensionality, and resolution. First, whole-plant phenotyping systems are highlighted together with advances in automation that enable significant throughput increases. Organ and cellular level phenotyping and its tools, often operating at a lower throughput, are then discussed as a means to obtain high-dimensional phenotypic data at elevated spatial and temporal resolution. The significance of recent developments in sensor technologies that give access to plant morphology and physiology-related traits is shown. Overall, attention is focused on spatial and temporal resolution because these are crucial aspects of imaging procedures in plant phenotyping systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wuyts
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzé
mesh_terms: D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D010641:Phenotype; D059828:Plant Cells; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010944:Plants / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification*; D012984:Software
keywords: image processing; non-invasive sensor; physiology; plant growth; plant phenomics