title: [Usability of smartphones for dose alerts].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smartphone apps for measuring ionizing radiation use the capability of (CMOS) camera chips to detect not only perceivable light but also electromagnetic wave radiation. The present study evaluates the accuracy of hardware and software and defines possible applications for the detection of X-ray radiation fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  2 apps and 2 different devices were tested in comparison with a calibrated ionization chamber and a personal electronic dosimeter. A calibration curve was determined for dose rates between 12 700 µSv/h and 5.7 µSv/h generated by a C-arm system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured scattered radiation produced by an Alderson-Rando phantom ranged from 117 µSv/h (at a distance of 2 m) to 5910 µSv/h (at a distance of 0.3 m) and was 1.4 times less than the values of the ionization chamber. The exposure rate for the operator's thyroid was within 4200 - 4400 µSv/h. We found a strong dependence of the measurements on the angulation of the Smartphone, especially for short distances from the phantom (at a distance of 0.3 m, a 45° rotation downwards in a vertical direction caused a decrease from 3000 µSv/h to 972 µSv/h, while an upwards rotation resulted in an increase to 5000 µSv/h). For a distance of 1 m, this effect was remarkably smaller.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smartphones can be used to detect ionizing radiation but showed limited accuracy and are heavily dependent on the angulation of the device. Qualitative measurements and utilization for dose alerts are possible.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaireit
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoeschen
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Wacker
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D040421:Cell Phone; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity