title: Regulatory elements in the viral genome.
abstract: The small DNA genomes of papillomaviruses contain a surprisingly large number of regulatory or cis-responsive elements, which regulate replication and transcription of the virus, and control details like specificity for certain epithelial cells, specificity for layers in squamous epithelia, feedback mechanisms and coupling between host cell physiology and virus biology. Most of these elements occur in the long control region, while others are located elsewhere in the genome. Many papillomaviruses show a similar composition of cis-responsive elements, although these are scattered and do not occur as long segments of sequence similarity. This review summarizes our knowledge of the regulatory elements in several well-studied Alphapapillomavirus types, and indicates some similarities to other papillomavirus genera, whose properties are yet poorly understood.
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and Program in Public Health, Irvine, CA 92617, United States. Electronic address: hbernard@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D001665:Binding Sites; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D018741:Replication Origin; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral; C469553:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 11; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; C480565:L1 protein, Human papillomavirus type 18
keywords: Cis-responsive elements; Regulation of gene expression of papillomaviruses; Transcription factors; Transcription of papillomaviruses