title: Operating room radiation exposure in cone beam computed tomography-based, image-guided spinal surgery: clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgeon and operating room (OR) staff radiation exposure during spinal surgery is a concern, especially with the increasing use of multiplanar fluoroscopy in minimally invasive spinal surgery procedures. Cone beam computed tomography (cbCT)-based, 3D image guidance does not involve the use of active fluoroscopy during instrumentation placement and therefore decreases radiation exposure for the surgeon and OR staff during spinal fusion procedures. However, the radiation scatter of a cbCT device can be similar to that of a standard 64-slice CT scanner and thus could expose the surgeon and OR staff to radiation during image acquisition. The purpose of the present study was to measure radiation exposure at several unshielded locations in the OR when using cbCT in conjunction with 3D image-guided spinal surgery in 25 spinal surgery cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five unshielded badge dosimeters were placed at set locations in the OR during 25 spinal surgery cases in which cbCT-based, 3D image guidance was used. The cbCT device (O-ARM) was used in conjunction with the Stealth S7 image-guided platform. The radiology department analyzed the badge dosimeters after completion of the last case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty high-definition O-ARM spins were performed in 25 patients for spinal registration and to check instrumentation placement. Image-guided placement of 124 screws from C-2 to the ileum was accomplished without complication. Badge dosimetry analysis revealed minimal radiation exposure for the badges 6 feet from the gantry in the area of the anesthesiology equipment, as well as for the badges located 10-13 feet from the gantry on each side of the room (mean 0.7-3.6 mrem/spin). The greatest radiation exposure occurred on the badge attached to the OR table within the gantry (mean 176.9 mrem/spin), as well as on the control panel adjacent to the gantry (mean 128.0 mrem/spin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation scatter from the O-ARM was minimal at various distances outside of and not adjacent to the gantry. Although the average radiation exposure at these locations was low, an earlier study, undertaken in a similar fashion, revealed no radiation exposure when the surgeon stood behind a lead shield. This simple precaution can eliminate the small amount of radiation exposure to OR staff in cases in which the O-ARM is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. nottmeier.eric@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Nottmeier
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pirris
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Sherri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimes
authors.forename: Cammi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000592:standards*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000592:standards*; D011827:Radiation; D011874:Radiometry; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*