title: Sialorrhea: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatment with emphasis on the role of botulinum toxins.
abstract: Sialorrhea or excessive drooling is a major issue in children with cerebral palsy and adults with neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the clinical features, anatomy and physiology of sialorrhea, as well as a review of the world literature on medical treatment using Yale University's search engine; including but not limited to Medline and Erasmus. Level of drug efficacy is defined according to the guidelines of American Academy of Neurology. Current medical management is unsatisfactory. Topical agents (scopolamine and tropicamide) and oral agents (glyccopyrolate) combined render a level B evidence (probably effective); however, this treatment is associated with troublesome side effects. Double-blind and placebo-controlled studies of botulinum toxin (BoNT) provide a level A evidence for type B (two class I studies; effective and established) and both overall and individual B level of evidence for OnabotulinumtoxinA (A/Ona) and AbobotulinumtoxinA (A/Abo); these are probably effective. For IncobotulinumtoxinA (A/Inco), the level of evidence is U (insufficient) due to lack of blinded studies. Side effects are uncommon; transient and comparable between the two types of toxin. A clinical note at the end of this review comments on fine clinical points. Administration of BoNTs into salivary glands is currently the most effective way of treating sialorrhea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. amanda.lakraj@yale.edu
authors.forename: Amanda Amrita
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lakraj
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moghimi
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jabbari
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012798:Sialorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D001905:Botulinum Toxins