title: Investigation of monoclonal antibody fragmentation artifacts in non-reducing SDS-PAGE.
abstract: Fragmentation of monoclonal antibodies has been routinely observed in non-reducing SDS-PAGE, mainly due to disulfide-bond scrambling catalyzed by free sulfhydryl groups, resulting in a method induced artifact. To minimize this artifact, alkylating agents like iodoacetamide (IAM) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were commonly included in SDS sample buffer to block free sulfhydryls. However, the selection of agents and the applied concentrations differ from study to study. In addition, there is no direct comparison of these agents thus far, resulting in difficulties in selecting the suitable agent. To address these questions, we have tested the activities of IAM and NEM in inhibiting the fragment-band artifact of IgG4 monoclonal antibodies. Our data suggest that the inhibition activity of both agents is concentration dependent. Interestingly, 5mM NEM can achieve the same inhibition effect as 40 mM IAM. In addition, NEM still retained strong activity after prolonged sample heating, whereas IAM lost most of its activity. Overall, NEM appears to have a better inhibition effect than IAM on all tested IgG4 proteins, either with SDS-PAGE or CE-SDS methods. These observations demonstrate that NEM has stronger fragmentation inhibition activity than IAM, and thus is a more suitable alkylating agent for both SDS-PAGE and CE-SDS method to reduce this fragmentation artifact.
authors.affiliation: Drug Product Science and Technology (DPS&T), Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA. Zhiqing.Zhu@bms.com
authors.forename: Zhiqing C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yingchen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Obenauer-Kutner
authors.forename: Rulin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ihnat
authors.forename: Jinping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rajesh B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry*; D016477:Artifacts; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D005033:Ethylmaleimide / Q000737:chemistry; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry; D007460:Iodoacetamide / Q000737:chemistry; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D005033:Ethylmaleimide; D007460:Iodoacetamide