title: Acemannan sponges stimulate alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration in a canine class II furcation defect model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontal disease is a common infectious disease, found worldwide, causing the destruction of the periodontium. The periodontium is a complex structure composed of both soft and hard tissues, thus an agent applied to regenerate the periodontium must be able to stimulate periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone regeneration. Recent studies demonstrated that acemannan, a polysaccharide extracted from Aloe vera gel, stimulated both soft and hard tissue healing. This study investigated effect of acemannan as a bioactive molecule and scaffold for periodontal tissue regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human periodontal ligament cells were treated with acemannan in vitro. New DNA synthesis, expression of growth/differentiation factor 5 and runt-related transcription factor 2, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized nodule formation were determined using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, biochemical assay and alizarin red staining, respectively. In our in vivo study, premolar class II furcation defects were made in four mongrel dogs. Acemannan sponges were applied into the defects. Untreated defects were used as a negative control group. The amount of new bone, cementum and periodontal ligament formation were evaluated 30 and 60 d after the operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acemannan significantly increased periodontal ligament cell proliferation, upregulation of growth/differentiation factor 5, runt-related transcription factor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 2, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineral deposition as compared with the untreated control group in vitro. Moreover, acemannan significantly accelerated new alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament formation in class II furcation defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that acemannan could be a candidate biomolecule for periodontal tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chantarawaratit
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangvanich
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banlunara
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soontornvipart
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thunyakitpisal
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000032:analysis; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D025021:Cementogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000187:drug effects; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D017823:Furcation Defects / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005782:Gels; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5 / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008351:Mannans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D024042:Collagen Type I; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D005782:Gels; D055428:Growth Differentiation Factor 5; D008351:Mannans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004247:DNA; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C058414:acemannan
keywords: acemannan; animal study; class II furcation defect model; periodontal ligament cells; periodontal regeneration