title: Gene expression changes under cyclic mechanical stretching in rat retinal glial (Müller) cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The retina is subjected to tractional forces in various conditions. As the predominant glial element in the retina, Müller cells are active players in all forms of retinal injury and disease. In this study, we aim to identify patterns of gene expression changes induced by cyclic mechanical stretching in Müller cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat Müller cells were seeded onto flexible bottom culture plates and subjected to a cyclic stretching regimen of 15% equibiaxial stretching for 1 and 24 h. RNA was extracted and amplified, labeled, and hybridized to rat genome microarrays. The expression profiles were analyzed using GeneSpring software, and gene ontology analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to select, annotate, and visualize genes by function and pathway. The selected genes of interest were further validated by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray data analysis showed that at 1 and 24 h, the expression of 532 and 991 genes in the Müller cells significantly (t-test, p<0.05) differed between the mechanically stretched and unstretched groups. Of these genes, 56 genes at 1 h and 62 genes at 24 h showed more than a twofold change in expression. Several genes related to response to stimulus (e.g., Egr2, IL6), cell proliferation (e.g., Areg, Atf3), tissue remodeling (e.g., PVR, Loxl2), and vasculogenesis (e.g., Epha2, Nrn1) were selected and validated by qPCR. KEGG pathway analysis showed significant changes in MAPK signaling at both time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclic mechanical strain induces extensive changes in the gene expression in Müller cells through multiple molecular pathways. These results indicate the complex mechanoresponsive nature of Müller cells, and they provide novel insights into possible molecular mechanisms that would account for many retinal diseases in which the retina is often subjected to mechanical forces, such as pathological myopia and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiawen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhongcui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Gezhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D059467:Transcriptome