title: Effects of health guidance on outpatient and pharmacy expenditures: a disease- and drug-specific 3-year observational study using propensity-score matching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence is lacking on whether health guidance for metabolic syndrome reduces health care expenditures. The author used propensity-score matching to evaluate the effects of health guidance on health care expenditure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men who did and did not receive health guidance from a health insurance society (approximately 60 000 covered lives) were matched (n = 397 respectively) using propensity scores. Health insurance claims were compared using cumulative health care expenditures for metabolic syndrome-related outpatient medical care and drug costs for the period from the initial consultation to 3 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was observed between intervention and control groups in cumulative outpatient charges or drug costs related to metabolic syndrome. However, regression analysis using the Tobit model showed that health guidance resulted in a small, nonsignificant reduction in health care expenditure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health guidance for metabolic syndrome did not reduce outpatient charges or drug costs related to metabolic syndrome during the 3-year period after the intervention. Findings from Tobit regression suggest that health guidance might eventually result in savings, but this hypothesis remains untested.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Department of Health and Welfare Service Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan. atoz@niph.go.jp
authors.forename: Etsuji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score