title: Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychostimulant medication is an efficacious treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, yet controversy remains regarding potential iatrogenic effects of stimulant medication, particularly with respect to increasing susceptibility to later substance use disorders. However, stimulant treatment was previously reported to reduce the risk of substance problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To meta-analyze the longitudinal association between treatment with stimulant medication during childhood and later substance outcomes (ie, lifetime substance use and substance abuse or dependence).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published between January 1980 and February 2012 were identified using review articles, PubMed, and pertinent listservs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies with longitudinal designs in which medication treatment preceded the measurement of substance outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Odds ratios were extracted or provided by the study authors. Odds ratios were obtained for lifetime use (ever used) and abuse or dependence status for alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine, and nonspecific drugs for 2565 participants from 15 different studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random-effects models estimated the overall association, and potential study moderators were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Separate random-effects analyses were conducted for each substance outcome, with the number of studies ranging from 3 to 11 for each outcome. Results suggested comparable outcomes between children with and without medication treatment history for any substance use and abuse or dependence outcome across all substance types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide an important update and suggest that treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. k.humphreys@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants