title: Telephone delivered interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is one of three Cochrane reviews examining the role of the telephone in HIV/AIDS services. Telephone interventions, delivered either by landline or mobile phone, may be useful in the management of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in many situations. Telephone delivered interventions have the potential to reduce costs, save time and facilitate more support for PLHIV.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of voice landline and mobile telephone delivered interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health, World Health Organisation's The Global Health Library and Current Controlled Trials from 1980 to June 2011. We searched the following grey literature sources: Dissertation Abstracts International, Centre for Agriculture Bioscience International Direct Global Health database, The System for Information on Grey Literature Europe, The Healthcare Management Information Consortium database, Google Scholar, Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, International AIDS Society, AIDS Educational Global Information System and reference lists of articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomised controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series studies comparing the effectiveness of telephone delivered interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV infection versus in-person interventions or usual care, regardless of demographic characteristics and in all settings. Both mobile and landline telephone interventions were included, but mobile phone messaging interventions were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently searched, screened, assessed study quality and extracted data. Primary outcomes were change in behaviour, healthcare uptake or clinical outcomes. Secondary outcomes were appropriateness of the mode of communication, and whether underlying factors for change were altered. Meta-analyses, each of three studies, were performed for medication adherence and depressive symptoms. A narrative synthesis is presented for all other outcomes due to study heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 14 717 citations, 11 RCTs met the inclusion criteria (1381 participants).Six studies addressed outcomes relating to medication adherence, and there was some evidence from two studies that telephone interventions can improve adherence. A meta-analysis of three studies for which there was sufficient data showed no significant benefit (SMD 0.49, 95% CI -1.12 to 2.11). There was some evidence from a study of young substance abusing HIV positive persons of the efficacy of telephone interventions for reducing risky sexual behaviour, while a trial of older persons found no benefit. Three RCTs addressed virologic outcomes, and there is very little evidence that telephone interventions improved virologic outcomes. Five RCTs addressed outcomes relating to depressive and psychiatric symptoms, and showed some evidence that telephone interventions can be of benefit. Three of these studies which focussed on depressive symptoms were combined in a meta-analysis, which showed no significant benefit (SMD 0.02, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.21 95% CI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telephone voice interventions may have a role in improving medication adherence, reducing risky sexual behaviour, and reducing depressive and psychiatric symptoms, but current evidence is sparse, and further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gentry
authors.forename: Michelle H M M T
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van-Velthoven
authors.forename: Lorainne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tudor Car
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Car
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D040421:Cell Phone; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D009017:Morbidity; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013689:Telephone; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000517:prevention & control