title: Outcomes and complications of sclerotherapy for venous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of sclerotherapy for venous malformations (VMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was used to search the medical literatures for publication on the combined topics of "VMs and sclerotherapy." The final evaluation of the venous lesions was based on both objective parameters and subjective parameters. Complications were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 studies published between 1986 and 2011 matched the selection criteria and were included. Ethanol, polidocanol, ethanolamine oleate, and sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) are the 4 mainstream sclerosants. The total efficiency of these 4 sclerosants all exceeded 90% except STS. Skin damage (10.0%) was the most common minor complication. Other complications included renal damage (3.9%), nerve damage (1.85%), muscle damage (0.66%), pulmonary embolism (0.25%), cardiovascular collapse (0.08%), and others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sclerotherapy is effective for VMs. However, there is limited evidence from randomized clinical trials to support the use of any kinds of sclerosants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaoxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yunbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions
keywords: embolization; endovascular; sclerotherapy; venous malformations