title: A closed-loop anesthetic delivery system for real-time control of burst suppression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing interest in using closed-loop anesthetic delivery (CLAD) systems to automate control of brain states (sedation, unconsciousness and antinociception) in patients receiving anesthesia care. The accuracy and reliability of these systems can be improved by using as control signals electroencephalogram (EEG) markers for which the neurophysiological links to the anesthetic-induced brain states are well established. Burst suppression, in which bursts of electrical activity alternate with periods of quiescence or suppression, is a well-known, readily discernible EEG marker of profound brain inactivation and unconsciousness. This pattern is commonly maintained when anesthetics are administered to produce a medically-induced coma for cerebral protection in patients suffering from brain injuries or to arrest brain activity in patients having uncontrollable seizures. Although the coma may be required for several hours or days, drug infusion rates are managed inefficiently by manual adjustment. Our objective is to design a CLAD system for burst suppression control to automate management of medically-induced coma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We establish a CLAD system to control burst suppression consisting of: a two-dimensional linear system model relating the anesthetic brain level to the EEG dynamics; a new control signal, the burst suppression probability (BSP) defining the instantaneous probability of suppression; the BSP filter, a state-space algorithm to estimate the BSP from EEG recordings; a proportional-integral controller; and a system identification procedure to estimate the model and controller parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate reliable performance of our system in simulation studies of burst suppression control using both propofol and etomidate in rodent experiments based on Vijn and Sneyd, and in human experiments based on the Schnider pharmacokinetic model for propofol. Using propofol, we further demonstrate that our control system reliably tracks changing target levels of burst suppression in simulated human subjects across different epidemiological profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results give new insights into CLAD system design and suggest a control-theory framework to automate second-to-second control of burst suppression for management of medically-induced coma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Max Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Shinung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chemali
authors.forename: Emery N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D008959:Models, Neurological; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics