title: Body fat distribution after menopause and cardiovascular disease risk factors: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in women increases sharply after menopause. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between menopause and body fat distribution and to investigate their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 2035 women 20-79 years of age using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010 database. Body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of total body fat and the body fat distribution (BFD) index (the ratio of the trunk fat mass to leg fat mass) are significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women (all p<0.001). When adjusted for age, menopause was associated with higher total body fat percentage (adjusted β=1.082, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.074-2.090, p=0.035). In women with a body mass index<25 kg/m(2), the higher BFD index was also independently associated with menopause (adjusted β=14.408, 95% CI 1.672-27.145, p=0.027). After adjusting for age and body fat percentage, the BFD index showed significant and independent associations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (adjusted β=0.060 and 0.042, all p<0.001, respectively), fasting glucose (adjusted β=0.007, p<0.001), total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (adjusted β=0.001 and -0.002, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), and triglyceride levels (adjusted β=0.007, p<0.001- except for low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After menopause, women have not only higher total body fat percentage but also its different distribution, which independently correlates with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Therefore, this change in body fat may cause the sharp increase in cardiovascular disease incidence in middle-aged women, especially after menopause.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Young-Hyo
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Kyung-Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soon Gil
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Heon Gil
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jinho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol