title: Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy for the treatment of adults with ADHD-a systematic review of available meta-analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE/INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult life is a prevalent condition. We systematically reviewed the literature available by searching for meta-analyses assessing pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for adults with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using wide-ranging search terms, we retrieved 191 titles from the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Two independent evaluators judged all abstracts. Only meta-analyses about the treatment of adults with ADHD were included. Information from meta-analyses found was systematically extracted by 3 independent evaluators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight meta-analyses were identified. Results from those meta-analyses suggest that stimulants are effective in decreasing ADHD symptoms on a short-term basis with a medium to large effect size (ES). Short-acting stimulants might be superior to long-acting stimulants, but no data on difference in adherence are available for the comparison of these two types of formulation. Bupropion is superior to placebo but less effective than stimulants. No conclusions about the impact of psychosocial interventions can be drawn based on meta-analyses so far. Discussion The efficacy of stimulants in reducing ADHD symptoms for adults is well documented in meta-analyses, but there is a concerning lack of meta-analysis about other treatment interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available meta-analytic literature does not cover questions of essential clinical relevance for adults with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tais S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Guilherme V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.forename: Fernanda S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Terzi
authors.forename: Kauy M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D016642:Bupropion