title: Noninvasive analysis of volatile biomarkers in human emanations for health and early disease diagnosis.
abstract: Early disease diagnosis is crucial for human healthcare and successful therapy. Since any changes in homeostatic balance can alter human emanations, the components of breath exhalations and skin emissions may be diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases and metabolic disorders. Since hundreds of endogenous and exogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from the human body, analysis of these VOCs may be a noninvasive, painless, and easy diagnostic tool. Sampling and preconcentration by sorbent tubes/traps and solid-phase microextraction, in combination with GC or GC-MS, are usually used to analyze VOCs. In addition, GC-MS-olfactometry is useful for simultaneous analysis of odorants and odor quality. Direct MS techniques are also useful for the online real-time detection of VOCs. This review focuses on recent developments in sampling and analysis of volatile biomarkers in human odors and/or emanations, and discusses future use of VOC analysis.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1, Nishigawara, Naka, Okayama 703-8516, Japan. hkataoka@shujitsu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D064367:Olfactometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds