title: Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction: micro-scale liquid-liquid-liquid extraction in the 96-well format.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper reports development of a new approach towards analytical liquid-liquid-liquid membrane extraction termed parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction. A donor plate and acceptor plate create a sandwich, in which each sample (human plasma) and acceptor solution is separated by an artificial liquid membrane. Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction is a modification of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, where the hollow fibers are replaced by flat membranes in a 96-well plate format.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four basic drugs (pethidine, nortriptyline, methadone and haloperidol) were extracted from human plasma in 30 min, followed by analysis with LC-MS/MS. Extraction recoveries for the model analytes were in the range of 34-74% from human plasma. LOQs were in the range of 0.01-0.35 ng/ml, linearity above 0.9955 for all drugs and with RSD values below 12%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Liquid-liquid-liquid membrane extraction was successfully performed in a slightly modified commercially available 96-well plate format.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. astrid.gjelstad@farmasi.uio.no
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.forename: Knut Einar
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Marthe Petrine
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Parmer
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedersen-Bjergaard
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations