title: Action strategies used by children to avoid two vertical obstacles in non-confined space.
abstract: Information used to determine the action strategies necessary to successfully pass through apertures is based on the dimensions of the individual and the mover's action capabilities (Warren in J Exp Psychol 10:683-703, 1984; Warren and Whang in J Exp Psychol 13:371-383, 1987). Previous research has demonstrated that when children must pass through small spaces, they will produce a shoulder rotation at apertures 1.6 times their shoulder width and smaller (i.e., critical point) and their avoidance strategies are based more on dynamic than geometric measures (Snapp-Childs and Bingham in Exp Brain Res 198:527-533, 2009; Wilmut and Barnett in Exp Brain Res 210:185-194, 2011). The question remains as to whether similar strategies exist when children are given a choice in their obstacle avoidance strategy. The current study aimed to determine the action strategies employed by children when confronted with a non-confined obstacle avoidance task. Specifically, the study intended to identify the aperture width that elicited a change in action (e.g., a shoulder rotation or a change in travel path). Children (N = 12, mean age = 7.1 years, ±0.2) were instructed to walk along a 10-m path toward a visible goal located at the end of the pathway and avoid colliding with the two vertical obstacles placed halfway (5 m) down the path on either side of the midline. The space between the obstacles ranged between 0.6 and 1.8 times the participant's shoulder width (presented in increments of 0.2). Results revealed that when the aperture was too small for straight passage, children choose to circumvent the obstacles rather than rotate their shoulders the majority of the time. However, unlike young and older adults (Hackney and Cinelli in Gait Posture 37:93-97, 2013a, Exp Brain Res 225:419-429, 2013b), this strategy was not used consistently. Instead, changes in travel path were highly variable both across participants and within trials. This variability suggests that a true critical point cannot be established for children in this non-confined task. Variable actions at the time of crossing were significantly correlated with the medial-lateral center of mass variability during the approach to the obstacles. These results further support the idea that children's actions may be more affected by dynamic factors than geometric measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave, W., Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hackney
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cinelli
mesh_terms: D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D020378:Confined Spaces; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology