title: Life in the "plastisphere": microbial communities on plastic marine debris.
abstract: Plastics are the most abundant form of marine debris, with global production rising and documented impacts in some marine environments, but the influence of plastic on open ocean ecosystems is poorly understood, particularly for microbial communities. Plastic marine debris (PMD) collected at multiple locations in the North Atlantic was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and next-generation sequencing to characterize the attached microbial communities. We unveiled a diverse microbial community of heterotrophs, autotrophs, predators, and symbionts, a community we refer to as the "Plastisphere". Pits visualized in the PMD surface conformed to bacterial shapes suggesting active hydrolysis of the hydrocarbon polymer. Small-subunit rRNA gene surveys identified several hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, supporting the possibility that microbes play a role in degrading PMD. Some Plastisphere members may be opportunistic pathogens (the authors, unpublished data) such as specific members of the genus Vibrio that dominated one of our plastic samples. Plastisphere communities are distinct from surrounding surface water, implying that plastic serves as a novel ecological habitat in the open ocean. Plastic has a longer half-life than most natural floating marine substrates, and a hydrophobic surface that promotes microbial colonization and biofilm formation, differing from autochthonous substrates in the upper layers of the ocean.
authors.affiliation: Sea Education Association, P.O. Box 6, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States.
authors.forename: Erik R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Zettler
authors.forename: Tracy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mincer
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Amaral-Zettler
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D020959:Polyethylene; D011126:Polypropylenes; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011126:Polypropylenes; D014866:Waste Products; D020959:Polyethylene