title: Household characteristics for older adults and study background from SAGE Ghana Wave 1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globally, the population aged 60 years and older is projected to reach 22% by 2050. In sub-Saharan Africa, this figure is projected to exceed 8%, while in Ghana, the older adult population will reach 12% by 2050. The living arrangements and household characteristics are fundamental determinants of the health and well-being of this population, data sources about which are increasingly available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 1 was conducted in China, Ghana, India, Russian Federation, Mexico, and South Africa between 2007 and 2010. SAGE Ghana Wave 1 was implemented in 2007/08 using face-to-face interviews in a nationally representative sample of persons aged 50-plus, along with a smaller cohort aged 18-49 years for comparison purposes. Household information included a household roster including questions about health insurance coverage for all household members, household and sociodemographic characteristics, status of the dwelling, and economic situation. Re-interviews were done in a random 10% of the sample and proxy interviews done where necessary. Verbal autopsies were conducted for deaths occurring in older adult household members in the 24 months prior to interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total household population was 27,270 from 5,178 households. The overall household response rate was 86% and household cooperation rate was 98%. Thirty-four percent of household members were under 15 years of age while 8.3% were aged 65-plus years. Households with more than 11 members were more common in rural areas (57.2%) and in the highest income quintile (30.6%). Household members with no formal education formed 24.7% of the sample, with Northern and Upper East regions reaching more than 50%. Only 26.8% of the household members had insurance coverage. Households with hard floors ranged from 25.7% in Upper West to 97.7% in Ashanti region. Overall, 84.9% of the households had access to improved sources of drinking water, with the lowest at 29.6% in the Volta region. The overall rate of access to improved sanitation was just 14.9%. The findings show significant regional differences, with the three Northern Regions having worse education, income, and sanitation levels, compared to Southern and Central Regions of the country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Household characteristics and intra-household dynamics have been shown to influence health and health-seeking behaviors across a number of contexts and countries, and play a fundamental role in the well-being of older Ghanaians. SAGE Ghana is part of a multi-country study using standardized questionnaires and tested methodologies to provide household level data required to inform policy on the growing population of older adults in Ghana. With the good response rates and measures instituted to assure quality of data, this article demonstrates the high quality data and research methods of SAGE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. biritwum@africaonline.com.gh
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Biritwum
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mensah
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minicuci
authors.forename: Alfred E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Yawson
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterji
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kowal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003625:Data Collection; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011157:Population Dynamics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ghana; SAGE; ageing; household characteristics