title: Thermal effects on surface structures and properties of Bacillus anthracis spores on nanometer scales.
abstract: Bacterial spores, one of the hardiest forms of life known, can survive severe environmental stresses such as high temperature. Using thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that the surface structures and properties of Bacillus anthracis spores when exposed to elevated temperatures undergo substantial changes on nanometer scales. Thermal-blister-like nanostructures, which grow in size with increasing temperature, are formed on the spore surface when it is heated by a thermal tip. Although thermal damage to the spore surface is persistent upon cooling heat-treated spores to room temperature, thermal effects on surface properties of the spores are complex. The thermally induced nanostructures show a lower surface-tip adhesion and a higher modulus than the surrounding spore surface. The overall trend is for the adhesion to decrease with increasing temperature. However, the adhesion of heat-treated spores may be smaller than, equal to, or larger than that of untreated spores, depending upon the degree of surface damage induced by heat. Although the overall spore dimensions show few changes during and after heat treatment, the size of the spore substructures decreases significantly. In addition, we demonstrate a nanoscratch AFM method for imaging the subsurface structures of spores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio 45433-7765, United States. alex.li@afit.edu
authors.forename: Alex G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Burggraf
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013499:Surface Properties