title: The art and science of photography in hand surgery.
abstract: High-quality medical photography plays an important role in teaching and demonstrating the functional capacity of the hands as well as in medicolegal documentation. Obtaining standardized, high-quality photographs is now an essential component of many surgery practices. The importance of standardized photography in facial and cosmetic surgery has been well documented in previous studies, but no studies have thoroughly addressed the details of photography for hand surgery. In this paper, we provide a set of guidelines and basic camera concepts for different scenarios to help hand surgeons obtain appropriate and informative high-quality photographs. A camera used for medical photography should come equipped with a large sensor size and an optical zoom lens with a focal length ranging anywhere from 14 to 75 mm. In a clinic or office setting, we recommend 6 standardized views of the hand and 4 views for the wrist; additional views should be taken for tendon ruptures, nerve injuries, or other deformities of the hand. For intraoperative pictures, the camera operator should understand the procedure and pertinent anatomy in order to properly obtain high-quality photographs. When digital radiographs are not available and radiographic film must be photographed, it is recommended to reduce the exposure and change the color mode to black and white to obtain the best possible pictures. The goal of medical photography is to present the subject in an accurate and precise fashion.
authors.affiliation: Seventeenth Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; and the Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Keming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Seventeenth Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; and the Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Evan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Seventeenth Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; and the Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: kecchung@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008488:Medical Illustration; D010781:Photography
keywords: Hand surgery; medical photography; pictures