title: Effect of peripheral arterial disease and race on survival after coronary artery bypass grafting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is more prevalent among blacks, the effect of race on long-term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has not been examined in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted of CABG patients between 1992 and 2011. Long-term survival was compared in patients with and without PAD and stratified by race. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were computed using a Cox regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 13,053 patients who underwent CABG, 1,501 (11%) had PAD, comprising 311 blacks and 1,190 whites. Median follow-up was 8.3 years. Long-term survival differed by race (no PAD: HR, 1.0; white PAD: adjusted HR, 1.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 1.6; black PAD: adjusted HR, 2.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 2.5; p < 0.0001 for trend).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of death after CABG was comparatively higher among black PAD patients. This finding provides useful outcome information for surgeons and their patients.
authors.affiliation: East Carolina Heart Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA. jimmy.efird@stanfordalumni.org
authors.forename: Jimmy T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Efird
authors.forename: Wesley T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: O'Neal
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: O'Neal
authors.forename: T Bruce
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: W Randolph
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kypson
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000401:mortality*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome