title: Risk of oral antifungal agent-induced liver injury in Taiwanese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral antifungal agent-induced liver injury is a common safety concern that may lead to patients' hesitation in treating fungal infections such as onychomycosis. This study evaluated risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by oral antifungal agents in Taiwanese populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based study was conducted by analyzing who used oral antifungal agents from 2002 to 2008 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. A comparison control group was randomly extracted from the remainder of the original cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 90,847 oral antifungal agents users, 52 patients had DILI. Twenty-eight DILI cases used ketoconazole, 12 fluconazole, eight griseofulvin, three itraconazole and two terbinafine. The incidence rates (IR) of DILI per 10,000 persons were 31.6, 4.9, 4.3, 3.6 and 1.6 for fluconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole and terbinafine, respectively. Longer exposure duration increased the risk of DILI, with IR for exposure duration ≥ 60 defined daily dose (DDD) of 170.9, 62.5, and 36.1 per 10,000 persons for ketoconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine, respectively. Patients taking antifungal agents had higher incidences of developing DILI compared with those in the control group after adjusting for age, gender and co-morbidities (relative risk 2.38, P < 0.001). All of the six patients with fatal DILI used fluconazole. Old age and fluconazole increased the risk of oral antifungal-induced fatal DILI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral antifungal agents are associated with low incidence of acute liver injury, but which may be fatal, especially for the elderly. Longer treatment duration may increase the risk of antifungal agent-induced liver injury, especially ketoconazole.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Chien-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Yi-Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yueh-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Yi-Chih
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Ming-Chih
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Han-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fa-Yauh
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jaw-Ching
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044466:Asian People; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016208:Databases, Factual; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Taiwanese; drug-induced liver injury; hepatitis; oral antifungal agents