title: Distribution of airborne microbes and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria during Gwalior trade fair, Central India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research into the distribution of bioaerosols during events associated with huge groups of people is lacking, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to understand the distribution pattern of bioaerosols during an annual trade fair in the historical city of Gwalior, central India, a very important historical fair that was started by the King of Gwalior Maharaja Madho Rao in 1905.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air samples were collected from six different sites at the fair ground and three different sites in a residential area before/during/after the fair using an impactor sampler on microbial content test agar and rose bengal agar for total bacteria and fungi, respectively. The representative strains of bacteria and fungi were further identified and selected bacterial strains were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing according to US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bacterial bioaerosol count [colony-forming units (CFU)/m(3)] at fair sites was found to be 9.0 × 10(3), 4.0 × 10(4), and 1.0 × 10(4) before the start of the fair, during the fair, and after the fair, respectively. The fungal bioaerosol count at fair sites was 2.6 × 10(3) CFU/m(3), 6.3 × 10(3) CFU/m(3), and 1.7 × 10(3) CFU/m(3) before the fair, during the fair, and after the fair, respectively. Bacterial/fungal bioaerosols during-fair were increased significantly from the bacterial/fungal bioaerosols of the before-fair period (p < 0.05); they were also significantly higher than the bacterial/fungal bioaerosols at non-fair sites during the event (p < 0.0001). The proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria over the fair ground was significantly increased during-fair and was still higher in the after-fair period. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) were also reported at the fair ground.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicates significantly higher bacterial and fungal bioaerosols during the fair event. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the health aspects and guidelines to control microbial load during such types of events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior 474005, India.
authors.forename: Jayprakash
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
authors.forename: Awanish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior 474005, India.
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahor
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Division, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
authors.forename: Ajay Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior 474005, India.
authors.forename: Hotam Singh
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
authors.forename: Pramod Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Yadava
authors.affiliation: National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 160071, India.
authors.forename: Hariom
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Biotechnology Division, Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India. Electronic address: pramodjnu1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007194:India; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests
keywords: antibiotic-resistant bacteria; bacterial bioaerosol; fair; fungal bioaerosol