title: HIV-related travel restrictions: trends and country characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasingly, HIV-seropositive individuals cross international borders. HIV-related restrictions on entry, stay, and residence imposed by countries have important consequences for this mobile population. Our aim was to describe the geographical distribution of countries with travel restrictions and to examine the trends and characteristics of countries with such restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2011, data presented to UNAIDS were used to establish a list of countries with and without HIV restrictions on entry, stay, and residence and to describe their geographical distribution. The following indicators were investigated to describe the country characteristics: population at mid-year, international migrants as a percentage of the population, Human Development Index, estimated HIV prevalence (age: 15-49), presence of a policy prohibiting HIV screening for general employment purposes, government and civil society responses to having non-discrimination laws/regulations which specify migrants/mobile populations, government and civil society responses to having laws/regulations/policies that present obstacles to effective HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support for migrants/mobile populations, Corruption Perception Index, and gross national income per capita.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-related restrictions exist in 45 out of 193 WHO countries (23%) in all regions of the world. We found that the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific Regions have the highest proportions of countries with these restrictions. Our analyses showed that countries that have opted for restrictions have the following characteristics: smaller populations, higher proportions of migrants in the population, lower HIV prevalence rates, and lack of legislation protecting people living with HIV from screening for employment purposes, compared with countries without restrictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Countries with a high proportion of international migrants tend to have travel restrictions - a finding that is relevant to migrant populations and travel medicine providers alike. Despite international pressure to remove travel restrictions, many countries continue to implement these restrictions for HIV-positive individuals on entry and stay. Since 2010, the United States and China have engaged in high profile removals. This may be indicative of an increasing trend, facilitated by various factors, including international advocacy and the setting of a UNAIDS goal to halve the number of countries with restrictions by 2015.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prytherch
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Nesbitt
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014195:Travel / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV/AIDS; migrants; mobility; restrictions on entry; stay and residence; travel restrictions