title: Down-regulation of the cancer/testis antigen 45 (CT45) is associated with altered tumor cell morphology, adhesion and migration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to their restricted expression in male germ cells and certain tumors, cancer/testis (CT) antigens are regarded as promising targets for tumor therapy. CT45 is a recently identified nuclear CT antigen that was associated with a severe disease score in Hodgkin's lymphoma and poor prognosis in multiple myeloma. As for many CT antigens, the biological function of CT45 in developing germ cells and in tumor cells is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT45 expression was down-regulated in CT45-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma (L428), fibrosarcoma (HT1080) and myeloma (U266B1) cells using RNA interference. An efficient CT45 knock-down was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and/or Western blotting. These cellular systems allowed us to analyze the impact of CT45 down-regulation on proliferation, cell cycle progression, morphology, adhesion, migration and invasive capacity of tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced levels of CT45 did not coincide with changes in cell cycle progression or proliferation. However, we observed alterations in cell adherence, morphology and migration/invasion after CT45 down-regulation. Significant changes in the distribution of cytoskeleton-associated proteins were detected by confocal imaging. Changes in cell adherence were recorded in real-time using the xCelligence system with control and siRNA-treated cells. Altered migratory and invasive capacity of CT45 siRNA-treated cells were visualized in 3D migration and invasion assays. Moreover, we found that CT45 down-regulation altered the level of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein syncrip (hnRNP-Q1) which is known to be involved in the control of focal adhesion formation and cell motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing first evidence of a cell biological function of CT45, we suggest that this cancer/testis antigen is involved in the modulation of cell morphology, cell adherence and cell motility. Enhanced motility and/or invasiveness of CT45-positive cells could contribute to the more severe disease progression that is correlated to CT45-positivity in several malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str, 3, Bldg 17, Kiel, 24105, Germany. ojanssen@email.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sellami
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adam-Klages
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lettau
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kabelitz
authors.forename: Ottmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heidebrecht