title: Rhamnetin attenuates melanogenesis by suppressing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators.
abstract: Rhamnetin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound. In this report, experimental evidence is presented on the suppression of melanogenesis by rhamnetin using B16 murine melanoma cells (B16 cells). To document the underlying anti-melanogenic action of rhamnetin, several key biochemical mediators were quantified: superoxide (O2(•-)), nitric oxide (·NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in vitro, and total reactive species (RS) generation, O2(•-), ·NO and ONOO(-), reduced glutathione (GSH)/GSH-to-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in B16 cells. Results revealed that rhamnetin inhibited murine tyrosinase activity, suppressed melanin content and oxidative stress, reducing O2(•-),·NO and ONOO(-) in vitro and total RS generation, O2(•-), ·NO and ONOO(-) in B16 cells, while maintaining a well-balanced GSH/GSSG ratio in B16 cells. Results further revealed that rhamnetin suppressed key pro-inflammatory mediators such as PGE2 and TXB2. Thus, these results strongly indicate that rhamnetin has powerful anti-melanogenic properties through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Hygiene, Busan Women’s College, Busanjin-gu, Busan 617–734, Korea. yjknutr@yahoo.co.kr
authors.forename: You Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D008543:Melanins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013929:Thromboxane B2; C063423:rhamnetin; D011794:Quercetin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D005978:Glutathione; D015232:Dinoprostone; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide