title: Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific region.
abstract: The Philippines is a strategic point in the Asia-Pacific region for the study of human diversity, history and origins, as it is a cross-road for human migrations and consequently exhibits enormous ethnolinguistic diversity. Following on a previous in-depth study of Y-chromosome variation, here we provide new insights into the maternal genetic history of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups by surveying complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes from a total of 14 groups (11 groups in this study and 3 groups previously published) including previously published mtDNA hypervariable segment (HVS) data from Filipino regional center groups. Comparison of HVS data indicate genetic differences between ethnolinguistic and regional center groups. The complete mtDNA genomes of 14 ethnolinguistic groups reveal genetic aspects consistent with the Y-chromosome, namely: diversity and heterogeneity of groups, no support for a simple dichotomy between Negrito and non-Negrito groups, and different genetic affinities with Asia-Pacific groups that are both ancient and recent. Although some mtDNA haplogroups can be associated with the Austronesian expansion, there are others that associate with South Asia, Near Oceania and Australia that are consistent with a southern migration route for ethnolinguistic group ancestors into the Asia-Pacific, with a timeline that overlaps with the initial colonization of the Asia-Pacific region, the initial colonization of the Philippines and a possible separate post-colonization migration into the Philippine archipelago.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany [2] DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delfin
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Min-Shan Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Mingkun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany [2] deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavic, Iceland.
authors.forename: Ellen D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdóttir
authors.affiliation: 1] DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines [2] The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tabbada
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jazelyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Gayvelline C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Calacal
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Minerva S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sagum
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Faculty Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Datar
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines [2] AnthroWatch.org, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Sabino G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Maria Corazon A
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: De Ungria
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoneking
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D063426:Human Migration / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010679:Philippines; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial