title: Manual faucets induce more biofilms than electronic faucets.
abstract: Electronic faucets (types E1 and E2) and manual (M) faucets were studied for microbial quality, i.e., biomass and pathogenic microbes of biofilms in the faucet aerator, the water, and the outer surface of faucet in a hospital in Finland. Heterotrophic plate count content reflecting culturable microbial biomass and adenosine triphosphate content representing viable microbial biomass were smaller in the biofilms of E1-type electronic faucets than E2-type electronic faucets or M faucets. The likely explanation is the mixing point of cold and hot water (E1 and M: in the faucet; E2: in a separate box 50 cm before the actual faucet part). The highest amounts of Legionella (serogroups 2-15 of Legionella pneumophila) in a water sample (5000 cfu/L) and in biofilm samples (May-June 2008 sampling: 240 cfu/mL; November 2008: 1100 cfu/mL) were found in one E1-type faucet, which was lacking a back pressure valve due to faulty installation. This study reveals that certain types of electronic faucets seem to promote hospital hygiene, as they were associated with less microbial growth in biofilms in the faucet aerator, than some other types of electronic faucets or manual faucets, likely owing to the mixing point of cold and hot water. However, the faucet type had no direct effect on the presence of Legionella spp. Also correct installation is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Prizztech Ltd., WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute, Sinkokatu 11, FI-26100 Rauma, Finland. riika.makinen@wander.fi
authors.forename: Riika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: Ilkka T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusnetsov
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pursiainen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kovanen
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riihinen
authors.forename: Minna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Toivola
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D018533:Biomass; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D004581:Electronics; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005387:Finland; D006785:Hospitals, University; D007875:Legionella / Q000254:growth & development*; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000254:growth & development; D012498:Sanitary Engineering; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water