title: Lung volumes, pulmonary ventilation, and hypoxia following rapid decompression to 60,000 ft (18,288 m).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid decompressions (RD) to 60,000 ft (18,288 m) were undertaken by six subjects to provide evidence of satisfactory performance of a contemporary, partial pressure assembly life support system for the purposes of flight clearance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 3-s RDs were conducted with subjects breathing 56% oxygen (balance nitrogen) at the base (simulated cabin) altitude of 22,500 ft (6858 m), switching to 100% oxygen under 72 mmHg (9.6 kPa) of positive pressure at the final (simulated aircraft) altitude. Respiratory pressures, flows, and gas compositions were monitored continuously throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All RDs were completed safely, but one subject experienced significant hypoxia during the minute at final altitude, associated with severe hemoglobin desaturation to a low of 53%. Accurate data on subjects' lung volumes were obtained and individual responses post-RD were reviewed in relation to patterns of pulmonary ventilation. The occurrence of severe hypoxia is explained by hypoventilation in conjunction with unusually large lung volumes (total lung capacity 10.18 L).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects' lung volumes and patterns of pulmonary ventilation are critical, but idiosyncratic, determinants of alveolar oxygenation and severity of hypoxia following RD to 60,000 ft (18,288 m). At such extreme altitudes even vaporization of water condensate in the oxygen mask may compromise oxygen delivery. An altitude ceiling of 60,000 ft (18,288 m) is the likely threshold for reliable protection using partial pressure assemblies and aircrew should be instructed to take two deep 'clearing' breaths immediately following RD at such extreme pressure breathing altitudes.
authors.affiliation: Aircrew Systems Group, Human Sciences, QinetiQ, Cody Technology Park, Ively Road, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 0LX, UK. dmconnolly@qinetiq.com
authors.forename: Desmond M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: D'Oyly
authors.forename: Amanda S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McGown
authors.forename: Vivienne M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000531:Altitude; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D003664:Decompression / Q000009:adverse effects; D005676:Gravity Suits; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D008021:Life Support Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen