title: Primary school-based behavioural interventions for preventing caries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental caries is one of the most common global childhood diseases and is, for the most part, entirely preventable. Good oral health is dependent on the establishment of the key behaviours of toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste and controlling sugar snacking. Primary schools provide a potential setting in which these behavioural interventions can support children to develop independent and habitual healthy behaviours.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical effects of school-based interventions aimed at changing behaviour related to toothbrushing habits and the frequency of consumption of cariogenic food and drink in children (4 to 12 year olds) for caries prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 18 October 2012), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 4), MEDLINE via OVID (1948 to 18 October 2012), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 18 October 2012), CINAHL via EBSCO (1981 to 18 October 2012) and PsycINFO via OVID (1950 to 18 October 2012). Ongoing trials were searched for using Current Controlled Trials (to 18 October 2012) and ClinicalTrials.gov (to 18 October 2012). Conference proceedings were searched for using ZETOC (1993 to 18 October 2012) and Web of Science (1990 to 18 October 2012). We searched for thesis abstracts using the Proquest Dissertations and Theses database (1950 to 18 October 2012). There were no restrictions regarding language or date of publication. Non-English language papers were included and translated in full by native speakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of behavioural interventions in primary schools (children aged 4 to 12 years at baseline) were selected. Included studies had to include behavioural interventions addressing both toothbrushing and consumption of cariogenic foods or drinks and have a primary school as a focus for delivery of the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two pairs of review authors independently extracted data related to methods, participants, intervention design including behaviour change techniques (BCTs) utilised, outcome measures and risk of bias. Relevant statistical information was assessed by a statistician subsequently. All included studies contact authors were emailed for copies of intervention materials. Additionally, three attempts were made to contact study authors to clarify missing information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included four studies involving 2302 children. One study was at unclear risk of bias and three were at high risk of bias. Included studies reported heterogeneity in both the intervention design and outcome measures used; this made statistical comparison difficult. Additionally this review is limited by poor reporting of intervention procedure and design. Several BCTs were identified in the trials: these included information around the consequences of twice daily brushing and controlling sugar snacking; information on consequences of adverse behaviour and instruction and demonstration regarding skill development of relevant oral health behaviours.Only one included study reported the primary outcome of development of caries. This small study at unclear risk of bias showed a prevented fraction of 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12 to 1.18) in the intervention group. However, as this is based on a single study, this finding should be interpreted with caution.Although no meta-analysis was performed with respect to plaque outcomes (due to differences in plaque reporting between studies), the three studies which reported plaque outcomes all found a statistically significant reduction in plaque in the intervention groups with respect to plaque outcomes. Two of these trials involved an 'active' home component where parents were given tasks relating to the school oral health programme (games and homework) to complete with their children. Secondary outcome measures from one study reported that the intervention had a positive impact upon children's oral health knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, there is insufficient evidence for the efficacy of primary school-based behavioural interventions for reducing caries. There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of these interventions on plaque outcomes and on children's oral health knowledge acquisition. None of the included interventions were reported as being based on or derived from behavioural theory. There is a need for further high quality research to utilise theory in the design and evaluation of interventions for changing oral health related behaviours in children and their parents.
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK. a.m.cooper@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: Sarah N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Elison
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Girvan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burnside
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dugdill
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D002182:Candy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012574:Schools; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002326:Cariogenic Agents