title: [Fever monitoring program in areas with high incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Guizhou province].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the incidence rates of both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in the high prevalent areas of Guizhou province so as to provide evidence for the development of programs on comprehensive intervention and effectiveness evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six townships in Pingba county were selected as intervention areas while six townships in Kaiyang county were taken as control. All hospitals and clinics were classified into A, B and C types according to its level and the capacity of the blood culture. Surveillance on typhoid and paratyphoid fever was conducted based on all population and all hospitals, clinics and county CDCs among the patients with unknown fever.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the surveillance area in those two counties, there were 12 944 blood samples from patients with unknown fever which have been tested and cultured. Among them, 200 strains of Salmonella including 16 typhoid strains, 184 paratyphoid A strains were identified, with the total positive rate as 1.55%. The positive rate before the intervention program was higher than the after. The detection rate was 1.91% in the type A hospitals. 39 strains of Salmonella have been cultured from 2039 samples which accounting for 19.50% (39/200) of the total strains. 4315 blood samples were cultured at the 'Class B' sites which isolated 82 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 41.00% (82/200), with a detection rate as 1.90%. 6590 samples were cultured at the 'Class C' sites, which identified 79 strains of Salmonella, accounting for 39.50% (79/200), with a detection rate as 1.20%. The detection rate was much higher before the use of antibiotics than after using them (P < 0.05). The annual peak time of positive detection was in spring and fall. The outbreaks or epidemics often appeared in the same places, with farmers, students as the high-risk populations. Symptoms of both typhoid and paratyphoid fever were not typical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Typhoid and paratyphoid monitoring programs which covered primary health care institutions in the high incidence area seemed to be effective in reflecting the pictures as well as the burden of both typhoid and paratyphoid.
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550001, China.
authors.forename: Guang-hai
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Guang-peng
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ke-cheng
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun-ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zi-jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: You-qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Qi-liang
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shao-fen
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-qiang
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ding-ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010284:Paratyphoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult