title: Wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in children with tuberous sclerosis complex--follow-up of 20 children.
abstract: TSC is a multisystem genetic disorder predisposing to multiple organ manifestations and developmental problems. Clinical follow-up of patients remains a challenge for the caring paediatrician.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical manifestations, diagnostic and therapeutic data in 20 children with the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) to answer the following questions: are the clinical guidelines and imaging strategies appropriate to discover complications, are there significant early predictors of long-term prognosis, what is the age range for signs and symptoms to occur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac rhabdomyoma were present in 18 children and occurred as earliest manifestation. 8 of these exhibited associated arrhythmia or congenital cardiac anomalies. Seizures combined with cortical tubers and subependymal nodules occurred in 18 patients and were most likely to start in infancy, which was associated with later cognitive impairment. Cutaneous manifestations (15 children) occurred in late childhood and school age, whilst renal angiomyolipomas (11) developed in puberty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical course and imaging strategies are compared with data from previous studies. A review of TSC in regard to the multiple manifestations is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mettin
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merkenschlager
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Germany.
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elix
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Radiotherapy, Section Paediatric Radiology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kiess
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: steffen.syrbe@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syrbe
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004453:Echoencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Epilepsy; Rhabdomyoma; Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma; Tuberous sclerosis complex