title: Health-related quality of life among Norwegian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin treatment: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on intensive insulin treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes above 8 years of age scheduled for follow-up at 21 paediatric departments in Norway, and one of their parents was invited to describe HRQOL by completing DISABKIDS questionnaires. HRQOL was related to sociodemographic factors (i.e. parental economy, education, marital status and to level of physical activity and disease characteristics, obtained from the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred and thirty seven (48%) and one of their parents responded. Mean duration of diabetes was 4.9 years (SD 3.3), 51% were girls, 56% used insulin pumps, and 44% used multiple insulin injections, predominantly of long-acting and rapid insulin analogues. Mean HbA1c was 8.5% (SD 1.3). Lower HRQOL scores were significantly associated with higher HbA1c, being a girl and experience of diabetes ketoacidosis. Mothers scored lower than fathers on total score and most subscales. No significant differences in scores were found between users of an insulin pump and multi-injection treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health-related quality of life was related to metabolic control and gender, but not to mode of intensified insulin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child and Youth Competence Development, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway. dag.froisland@hil.no
authors.forename: Dag Helge
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Frøisland
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graue
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Markestad
authors.forename: Torild
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skrivarhaug
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wentzel-Larsen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Adolescent; Diabetes mellitus type 1; Health-related quality of life; Insulin/administration & dosage; Metabolic control