title: Model of care for the management of complex Type 2 diabetes managed in the community by primary care physicians with specialist support: an open controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate patient outcomes for a novel integrated primary/specialist model of community care for complex Type 2 diabetes mellitus management compared with outcomes for usual care at a tertiary hospital for diabetes outpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective open controlled trial performed in a primary and tertiary care setting in Australia. A total of 330 patients with Type 2 diabetes aged >18 years were allocated to an intervention (n=185) or usual care group (n=145). The intervention arm was a community-based model of care led by a general practitioner with advanced skills and an endocrinologist partnership. Usual care was provided via the hospital diabetes outpatient department. The primary end point was HbA(1c) concentration at 12 months. Secondary end points included serum lipids and blood pressure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean change in HbA1c concentration in the intervention group was -9 mmol/mol (-0.8%) at 12 months and in the usual care group it was -2 mmol/mol (-0.2%) (95% CI -5,1). The percentage of patients in the intervention group achieving the HbA(1c) target of ≤53 mmol/mol (7%) increased from 21 to 42% (P<0.001); for the usual care group there was a 1% increase to 39% of patients attaining this target (P=0.99). Patients in the intervention group experienced significant improvements in blood pressure and total cholesterol compared with those in the usual care group. The percentage of patients achieving clinical targets was greater in the intervention group for the combined target of HbA(1c) concentration, blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A community-based, integrated model of complex diabetes care, delivered by general practitioners with advanced skills, produced clinical and process benefits compared with a tertiary diabetes outpatient clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Anthony_Russell@health.qld.gov.au
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy*; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000193:education; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000193:education; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000193:education; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D011793:Queensland; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D019037:Urban Health Services; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human