title: In-training assessments used in the United States surgical residency programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quality and safety concerns have always been the impetus for evaluating surgical competence. This paper provides a focused overview of key historical events that lead to the development and implementation of surgical training standards and competency assessments in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focused review of surgical literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following events were found to correlate with the development and implementation of training standards and competency assessments: (i) The Flexner Report issued in 1910; (ii) The American Medical Association's 1928 endorsement of the 'Essentials of Approved Residencies and Fellowships'; and (iii) The formation of several major surgical organizations - American College of Surgeons (1913), American Board of Surgery (1937), Residency Review Committee for Surgery (1950) and Association of Program Directors in Surgery (1966).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process by which competence is assessed in the US surgical training programmes is multifactorial and heavily linked to the structure and function of several national organizations in surgery and medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pugh@surgery.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Britt
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000193:education*