title: Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticide thermal fogging (ITF) is a tool to control vector borne diseases. Insecticide application success for vector control has been associated with housing materials and architecture. Vector abundance is correlated with weather changes. Nevertheless, housing quality and weather impacts on vector abundance have been unaccounted for in most New World insecticide control trials for leishmaniasis vectors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 15 month insecticide control trial that included two deltamethrin [6 mg a.i.m-2] based ITF interventions in 12 of 24 monitored houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, a hyperendemic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission village in western Panamá. During the study we followed sand fly (SF) abundance, keeping track of rainfall and quantified housing quality using an index based on architecture and construction materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a 50 to 80% reduction in SF density in the fogged houses when compared with control houses, while controlling for seasonal changes in SF abundance associated with rainfall. We found heterogeneities in the reductions, as abundance changed according to SF species: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. dysponeta and Lu. triramula reduced in density between 40% and 90% after ITF. In contrast, Lu. trapidoi density increased 5% after ITF. Differences in the impact of ITF were associated with housing quality, the most destitute houses, i.e., those with features that ease insect entrance, had a disproportionally larger SF abundance, in some cases with increased domiciliary SF density following the ITF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the potential of insecticide application to control SF density and leishmaniasis transmission could depend on housing quality beyond insecticide efficiency.
authors.forename: Luis Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Calzada
authors.forename: Chystrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rigg
authors.forename: Anayansi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Gottdenker
authors.forename: Azael
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saldaña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D007300:Insect Control; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D011156:Population Density; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin