title: Genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-derived in respirable airborne particulate matter collected from urban areas of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
abstract: Air pollution toxic effects are mainly attributed to small inhalable particulates with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µ m (PM 2.5). Our objective was to investigate mutagenic and clastogenic activity in PM samples collected in Rio de Janeiro. Samples were collected using a high-volume sampler at three sites: with low traffic and (2) and (3) with a heavy traffic. Six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and the derivative strains YG1021 and YG1024 were used in mutagenicity assays in the presence of organic extracts (10-50 µ g/ plate) with and without exogenous metabolization. Allium cepa test was performed to evaluate possible cytotoxic and clastogenic activities. The highest PM 2.5 µ m (132.73 µ m/m(3)) and PAH values (1.22 ng/m(3) for benzo(a)pyrene) were detected at site 3. High mutagenic frameshift responses in absence and presence of metabolic activation were detected at site 3. The participation of nitroarenes and dinitroarenes was detected in the total mutagenicity of the extracts studied. The cytotoxic effect and the abnormalities detected by Allium cepa test can be attributed to the PAH nitroderivatives in the organic extracts. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of urban airborne particulate matter is important as a basis for decision making by regulatory authorities.
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramos de Rainho
authors.forename: Sérgio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Machado Corrêa
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luiz Mazzei
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alessandra Fortes Aiub
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Felzenszwalb
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D008940:Mitotic Index; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D019697:Onions / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons