title: Hypospadias and maternal intake of phytoestrogens.
abstract: Experimental data indicate that gestational exposures to estrogenic compounds impact risk of hypospadias. We examined whether risk of hypospadias (i.e., a congenital malformation in which the opening of the penile urethra occurs on the ventral side of the penis) was associated with maternal intake of phytoestrogens, given their potential impact on estrogen metabolism. The analysis included data on mothers of 1,250 hypospadias cases and 3,118 controls who delivered their infants from 1997 to 2005 and participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multistate, population-based, case-control study. After adjustment for several covariates, high intakes of daidzein, genistein, glycetin, secoisolariciresinol, total isoflavones, total lignans, and total phytoestrogens were associated with reduced risks; odds ratios comparing intakes ≥90th percentile with intakes between the 11th and 89th percentiles ranged from 0.6 to 0.8. For example, the odds ratio for total phytoestrogen intake was 0.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.5, 1.0). This study represents the first large-scale analysis of phytoestrogen intake and hypospadias. The observed associations merit investigation in additional populations before firm conclusions can be reached.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. scarmichael@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Suzan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Feliciano
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017705:Lignans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002072:Butylene Glycols; D007529:Isoflavones; D017705:Lignans; D048789:Phytoestrogens; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein; C060283:secoisolariciresinol
keywords: birth defects; diet; hypospadias; nutrition; phytoestrogen