title: A maternal diet of fatty fish reduces body fat of offspring compared with a maternal diet of beef and a post-weaning diet of fish improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in adult C57BL/6 male mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the long-term health of the offspring. Our aim was to study how a fish or meat diet perinatal and after weaning affects body composition, insulin sensitivity and the profile of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk, fat depots, skeletal muscle and liver in male adult mice offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  During gestation and lactation, C57BL/6 dams were fed a herring- or beef-based diet. Half of the pups in each group changed diets after weaning. In offspring, body composition measured by DEXA, plasma lipid profile and insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp or QUICKI were monitored to adulthood. Analysis of total FAs by GC-MS were performed in the diet, breast milk and in different tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 9 week of age, offspring of herring-fed dams had less body fat than offspring of beef-fed dams. Mice fed herring after weaning had increased insulin sensitivity at 15 week of age, reduced total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and compared with beef-fed mice, larger interscapular brown adipose tissue depots. The FA composition of the maternal diet was mirrored in breast milk, and the herring diet significantly affected the FA profile of different tissues, leading to an increased content of n-3 PUFAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A herring-based maternal diet reduces body fat in the offspring, but the insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and amount of brown adipose tissue are affected by the offspring's own diet; the herring diet is more beneficial than the beef diet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nookaew
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khoomrung
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hulthén
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakubowicz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: A-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmäng
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000502:physiology; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D048429:Cell Size; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6
keywords: body composition; fatty fish; insulin sensitivity; maternal diet; n-6/n-3 ratio; red meat