title: Phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to zebrafish (Danio rerio) is dependent on life stage.
abstract: Zebrafish embryos have been used increasingly to evaluate nanomaterial toxicity. The present study compared phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles with zebrafish at 4 life stages (embryos, yolk-sac larvae, free-swimming larvae, and juvenile) under simulated sunlight using the 96-h standard toxicity assay. Yolk-sac larvae were found to be the most sensitive to TiO2 phototoxicity, suggesting that the widely used zebrafish embryo test may not fully or accurately predict hazard and risk of these nanoparticles to small fish.
authors.affiliation: Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Chorion; Life stage; Phototoxicity; TiO2 nanoparticles; Zebrafish embryo