title: [Immune-checkpoints: the new anti-cancer immunotherapies].
abstract: The immune system plays a dual role against cancer: it prevents tumor cell outgrowth and also sculpts the immunogenicity of the tumor cells. Cancer cells are able to escape from the immune system by inhibiting T lymphocytes activation. New immunotherapies have been developped to target these T lymphocytes activation modulators: the immune checkpoints. These novel therapies are showing promising results with durable objective responses in some patients. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) was the first of these new therapeutics to be approved by the FDA in March 2011 for advanced melanoma and other immunomodulators trials are ongoing in other cancers with similar encouraging results like with the anti PD-1/PD-L1. These drugs are already challenging our future practice like for evaluation of tumor response or for management of immune related toxicities. Many immune checkpoints have been identified and could potentially be targeted. Future studies will help to identify predictive factors but also to coordinate these new immunotherapies with our classic treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Institut Gustave-Roussy, Département de médecine, Université Paris-Sud, SITEP Service des innovations thérapeutiques précoces, 114, rue Édouard-Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France. elena.ileanaecaterina@igr.fr
authors.forename: Ecaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ileana
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Champiat
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soria
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: CTLA4; PD-1; PD-L1; cancer; immune-checkpoints