title: What is the typical response to sexual assault? Reply to Bonanno (2013).
abstract: We respond to Bonanno's (2013) comment on our longitudinal evaluation of sexual assault survivors. Bonanno posits that minor disruption in functioning is the modal response to any stressor or trauma, yet most women we studied had marked initial symptoms in the immediate months following assault, which gradually improved over time. We argue that sexual violence is one example of intentional and malicious victimization, which differs from other experiences studied by Bonanno, such as spinal cord injury. Our study also differed from most previous studies in that it specifically examined the acute reactions period, which is the only period that can distinguish between resilience and recovery: Both trajectories ultimately involve good adaptation, but are distinguished by the degree of initial postevent disruption. We address Bonanno's contention that our results should be dismissed on methodological and statistical grounds. Our findings suggest that prior research about the frequency of resilience may in part be confounded by the degree and type of stress exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02130, USA. maria.steenkamp2@va.gov
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Steenkamp
authors.forename: Brett T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Litz
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Dickstein
authors.forename: Kristalyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salters-Pedneault
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*