title: Media campaigns for the prevention of illicit drug use in young people.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance-specific mass media campaigns which address young people are widely used to prevent illicit drug use. They aim to reduce use and raise awareness of the problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in preventing or reducing the use of or intention to use illicit drugs amongst young people.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 1), including the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group's Specialised Register; MEDLINE through PubMed (from 1966 to 29 January 2013); EMBASE (from 1974 to 30 January 2013) and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I (from 1861 to 3 February 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster-randomised controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, interrupted time series and controlled before and after studies evaluating the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in influencing drug use, intention to use or the attitude of young people under the age of 26 towards illicit drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the standard methodological procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 23 studies involving 188,934 young people, conducted in the USA, Canada and Australia between 1991 and 2012. Twelve studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT), two were prospective cohort studies (PCS), one study was both a RCT and a PCS, six were interrupted time series and two were controlled before and after (CBA) studies. The RCTs had an overall low risk of bias, along with the ITS (apart from the dimension 'formal test of trend'), and the PCS had overall good quality, apart from the description of loss to follow-up by exposure.Self reported or biomarker-assessed illicit drug use was measured with an array of published and unpublished scales making comparisons difficult. Pooled results of five RCTs (N = 5470) show no effect of media campaign intervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.15 to 0.12).We also pooled five ITS studies (N = 26,405) focusing specifically on methamphetamine use. Out of four pooled estimates (two endpoints measured in two age groups), there was evidence of a reduction only in past-year prevalence of methamphetamine use among 12 to 17 years old.A further five studies (designs = one RCT with PCS, two PCS, two ITS, one CBA, N = 151,508), which could not be included in meta-analyses, reported a drug use outcome with varied results including a clear iatrogenic effect in one case and reduction of use in another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall the available evidence does not allow conclusions about the effect of media campaigns on illicit drug use among young people. We conclude that further studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Interventions, Best Practice and Scientific Partners, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal. marica.ferri@emcdda.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allara
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparrini
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faggiano
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002170:Canada; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008402:Mass Media; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs