title: Cognitive outcome in childhood after unilateral perinatal brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to assess cognitive outcome in children with periventricular haemorrhagic infarction (PVHI) or perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke (PAIS) and relate these findings to early developmental outcome and neonatal magnetic resonance imaging findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A neuropsychological assessment was performed in 50 children (26 males, 24 females) with unilateral PVHI (n=21) or PAIS (n=29) at a median age of 11 years 9 months (range 6-20y). This included tests for intelligence, verbal memory, visual-motor integration, word comprehension, attention, reaction times, and executive function. The Griffiths Mental Development Scale was used for early developmental assessment at 24 months (range 18-32mo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children with PVHI, both the early Griffiths scores (mean 87; 95% CI 83-92) and the Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) scores at school age (mean 86; 95% CI 78-94) were below the test mean of 100. In the PAIS group, early Griffiths scores were within the normal range (mean 98; 95% CI 93-104), but at school age FSIQ scores were below average (mean 87; 95% CI 80-94). In children with PVHI, FSIQ scores correlated with the level of maternal education and were lower after ventricular dilatation, whereas both involvement of the basal ganglia and thalami and development of postneonatal epilepsy were associated with lower cognitive outcome in children who had experienced PAIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive outcome after PVHI or PAIS is below average, but still within 1SD for most children. Prediction of cognitive outcome remains challenging, but some early predictors can be recognized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neuropsychology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lenny M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: van Buuren
authors.forename: Niek E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: van der Aa
authors.forename: Harmke C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: R Jeroen
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Onno
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: Monique M J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Schooneveld
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult