title: Necrolytic migratory erythema associated with a glucagon-producing primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in a cat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) is a syndrome with a characteristic skin rash that is associated most often with a pancreatic glucagonoma and is recognized as part of the glucagonoma syndrome. In veterinary medicine, NME (also called as superficial necrolytic dermatitis, hepatocutaneous syndrome or metabolic epidermal necrosis) has been described in dogs in association with chronic liver diseases or, less frequently, glucagonoma, but NME associated with glucagonoma has not previously been reported in cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 6-year-old male neutered domestic short hair cat was diagnosed with NME associated with a glucagon-producing primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (hepatic carcinoid). The cat presented with a 2 week history of vomiting and anorexia, and a 5-cm-diameter liver mass was detected by abdominal ultrasound. The cat exhibited general weakness, crusted skin lesions and pain in all four limbs. It was euthanized 11 months after the initial presentation. Histopathological review of the paw pads revealed the classic 'red, white and blue' lesion composed of parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, epidermal hydropic change and hyperbasophilia of the deep epidermis. The liver mass was diagnosed as a neuroendocrine carcinoma (hepatic carcinoid). Neoplastic cells were strongly immunoreactive for glucagon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first case report of NME associated with a glucagon-producing primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in a cat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Midori G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Linder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002415:Cats; D005934:Glucagon / Q000378:metabolism*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D058568:Necrolytic Migratory Erythema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D005934:Glucagon