title: Formulation and evaluation of lidocaine base ethosomes for transdermal delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although transdermal preparations of local anesthetics have been used to reduce pain caused by skin surgery, these preparations cannot effectively penetrate through the epidermis because of the barrier formed by the stratum corneum and the thick epidermis. Ethosomes can effectively transport drugs across the skin because of their thermodynamic stability, small size, high encapsulation efficiency, and percutaneous penetration. We evaluated lidocaine base ethosomes by measuring their loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, thermodynamic stability, and percutaneous penetration capability in vitro, and their effectiveness and cutaneous irritation in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lidocaine base ethosomes were prepared using the injection-sonication-filter method. Size, loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, and stability were evaluated using a Zetasizer and high performance liquid chromatography. Formulation was determined by measuring the maximum encapsulation efficiency in the orthogonal test. Percutaneous penetration efficiency in vitro was analyzed using a Franz-type diffusion cell experiment. In vivo effectiveness was analyzed using the pinprick test. Cutaneous irritancy tests were performed on white guinea pigs, followed by histopathologic analysis. The results were compared with lidocaine liposomes as well as lidocaine delivered in a hydroethanolic solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lidocaine base ethosomes composed of 5% (w/w) egg phosphatidyl choline, 35% (w/w) ethanol, 0.2% (w/w) cholesterol, 5% (w/w) lidocaine base, and ultrapure water had a mean maximum encapsulation of 51% ± 4%, a mean particle size of 31 ± 3 nm, and a mean loading efficiency of 95.0% ± 0.1%. The encapsulation efficiency of lidocaine base ethosomes remained stable for 60 days at 25°C ± 1°C (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.12% to 1.34%; P = 0.833). The transdermal flux of lidocaine base differed significantly for the 3 preparations (F = 120, P < 0.001), being significantly greater from ethosomes than from liposomes (95% corrected CI, 1129-1818 µg/(cm(2)·h); P < 0.001), and from hydroethanolic solution (95% corrected CI, 1468-2157 µg/(cm(2)·h); P < 0.001). Lidocaine base ethosomes had a shorter onset time and longer duration in vivo than did lidocaine base liposomes or lidocaine delivered in a hydroethanolic solution. Lidocaine base ethosomes showed no evidence of dermal irritation in guinea pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethosomes are potential carriers of local anesthetics across the skin and may have applicability for other percutaneous drugs that require rapid onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China. nfnpfk@163.com
authors.forename: Xiaoliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Fuli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xuebiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004355:Drug Stability; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004890:Erythema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D008081:Liposomes; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008081:Liposomes; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D000431:Ethanol; D002784:Cholesterol; D008012:Lidocaine