title: Effects of excipients and formulation types on compressional properties of diclofenac.
abstract: Different models used to characterize powders have not been extended to granule behavior in tablet technology. Hence, Kawakaita equation and tapping experiments were used to compare the effect of different excipients on the properties of powders and granules in diclofenac formulations containing corn starch (DCS), lactose (DL) and dicalcium phosphate (DDCP). The binding properties of Albizia gum from Albizia zygia tree were also compared with those of gelatin in the granule formulations. Diclofenac (powder and granule) formulations were characterized for particle size and particle size distribution. Volume reduction was done by subjecting materials to N number of taps. Values of maximum volume reduction (a 'determined') and index of compressibility (b) were obtained from the plots of N/C against powder volume reduction with tapping (C). Another value for a (a' calculated) were obtained from Kawakita equations. The individual and interaction effects of type of diluent (X1) and formulation (X2) on the characteristics of powder and granule were determined, using a 22 factorial experimental design. The mean granule size increased with binder concentration, larger granules were obtained with Albizia gum than gelatin in the formulations. In DCS, a was lower in granules, granules had higher values of a than powders in DDCP (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the values of a' for granule and powder formulations. Diclofenac had higher compressibility index (b) with the excipients. Generally, b was higher in granules than in powder formulations (p < 0.05). The factorial analysis indicates no significant differences in the contribution of formulation type to the compression properties. Granules and powders can be characterized using the same parameters. Albizia gum was shown to confer good flow and compression properties in diclofenac formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. johnayoride849@gmail.com
authors.forename: John Oluwasogo
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Ayorinde
authors.forename: Adelanwa Oludele
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Itiola
authors.forename: Michael Ayodele
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Odeniyi
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients; D010316:Particle Size; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; D004008:Diclofenac