title: Long-term, up to 18 months, protective effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan on Epirubin-induced inflammation and oxidative stress assessed by serial strain rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of the present study was to show the long lasting cardioprotective activity, at different time-points, up to 18 month-follow-up, of telmisartan in preserving the systolic function (assessed as Strain Rate-SR) in cancer patients treated with EPI both in the adjuvant and metastatic setting; the secondary objective was to confirm the correlation of the cardioprotective activity of telmisartan with a reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress induced by EPI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase II single blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Sample size 50 patients per arm: based on a pre-planned interim analysis for early stopping rules, the study was discontinued for ethical reasons at 49 patients. Cardiovascular disease-free patients with cancer at different sites eligible for EPI-based treatment randomized to: telmisartan n = 25 or placebo n = 24. Echocardiography Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) strain and strain rate was performed, serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS) were assessed at baseline, every 100 mg/m(2) EPI dose and at 6-, 12- and 18-month follow-up (FU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant SR peak reduction in both arms was observed at t2 (cumulative dose EPI 200 mg/m(2)) vs t0. Conversely, at t3, t4, 6-, 12- and 18-month FU SR increased towards normal range in the telmisartan arm, while in the placebo arm SR remained significantly lower. Differences between SR changes in the placebo and telmisartan arm were significant from t3 up to 18 month-FU. IL-6 and ROS increased significantly in the placebo arm at t2 but did not change in the telmisartan arm. A significant (p < 0.05) correlation between changes of SR vs IL-6 and ROS was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the protective effect of telmisartan is long lasting, probably by ensuring a permanent (at least up to 18-month FU) defense against chronic or late-onset types of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences: Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madeddu
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piras
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antoni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mercuro
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
keywords: Cytokines; Epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity; Oxidative stress; RAS; Telmisartan