title: Tick bites and red meat allergy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel form of anaphylaxis has been described that is due to IgE antibody (Ab) directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Ongoing work regarding the cause and distribution of this IgE response is reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our recent work has identified a novel IgE Ab response that has been associated with two distinct forms of anaphylaxis: immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3-6 h after ingestion of mammalian food products (e.g. beef and pork). Further studies strongly suggested that tick bites were a cause, if not the only significant cause, of IgE Ab responses to alpha-gal in the United States and internationally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large numbers of patients with IgE Ab to alpha-gal continue to be identified in the USA and globally. Clinicians should be aware of this IgE response as the reactions often appear to be idiopathic because of the significant delay between eating mammalian meat and the appearance of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. scottcommins@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Commins
authors.forename: Thomas A E
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Platts-Mills
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D004186:Disaccharidases / Q000276:immunology*; D000939:Epitopes / Q000276:immunology*; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D008460:Meat; D064927:Tick Bites / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D004186:Disaccharidases