title: A cephalometric study of skulls from the Bahriyah oasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the craniofacial characteristics of crania from the Bahariyah oasis dating from the Greco-Roman period and to compare their cephalometric traits with other ancient Egyptian samples from various time periods and to evaluate sexual dimorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 149 skulls (90 males and 59 females), belonging to the Greco-Roman (332 B.C. - 395 A.D.). Lateral and postero-anterior cephalograms were taken. Sixteen linear measurements were analyzed and six indices were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found between males and females almost in all measurements. All male measurements were greater than those of the females. The study shows notable differences in the craniofacial parameters of the present sample as compared to other ancient Egyptians from various periods and from various geographical areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that the studied crania from Bahriyah oasis had a specific craniometric phenotype, which is distinguished from other Egyptian samples from different periods, suggesting some migration could have occurred along the Egyptian Nile Valley over various times.
authors.affiliation: Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt.
authors.forename: Moushira Erfan
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: Muhammad Al-Tohamy
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Hala T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: El-Bassyouni
keywords: Ancient; Greco-Roman period; cephalometry; crania; sexual dimorphism