title: Albumin administration protects against bilirubin-induced auditory brainstem dysfunction in Gunn rat pups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free bilirubin (Bf), the unbound fraction of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), can induce neurotoxicity, including impairment of the auditory system, which can be assessed by brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). We hypothesized that albumin might reduce the risk of neurotoxicity by decreasing Bf and its translocation into the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of albumin on BAEPs and brain bilirubin content in two Gunn rat pup models of acute hyperbilirubinemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Gunn rat pups, which have a deficiency of the bilirubin-conjugating enzyme UGT1A1. We induced haemolysis by injection of phenylhydrazine (phz) into 14-days old pups. Subsequently, pups were treated with either i.p. human serum albumin (HSA; 2.5 g/kg; n = 8) or saline (control, n = 8). We induced acute neurotoxicity by injecting 16-days old pups with sulphadimethoxine (sulpha) and treated them with either HSA (n = 9) or saline (control, n = 10). To assess bilirubin neurotoxicity, we used the validated BAEP method and compared relevant parameters; i.e. peak latency values and interwave interval (IWI) between peak I and peak II, a marker of acute neurotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phz and sulpha significantly increased IWI I-II by 26% and 29% (P < 0.05) in the haemolysis and the displacement model, respectively. Albumin completely prevented the increase of IWI I-II in either model. The beneficial effect of albumin in the displacement-model by means of normal BAEPs was in line with less bilirubin in the brain (NS). Interestingly, in the haemolysis model the accumulation of total bilirubin in the brain was unaltered, and BAEPs still appeared normal. This might advocate for a role of brain Bf which was calculated and showed that albumin treatment non-significantly reduces Bf concentrations in brain, compared with saline treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albumin treatment is neuroprotective in acute hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rat pups. Our present results underline the importance of functional diagnostic test of neurotoxicity above biochemical concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital - University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanikova
authors.forename: Libor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitek
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Henkjan J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verkade
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects*; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010659:Phenylhydrazines / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011911:Rats, Gunn; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013412:Sulfadimethoxine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010659:Phenylhydrazines; D012709:Serum Albumin; C030299:phenylhydrazine; D013412:Sulfadimethoxine; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: Gunn rat pups; albumin; brain; brainstem auditory evoked potentials; hyperbilirubinemia