title: Determinants of high rates of smoking among people with psychosis living in a socially disadvantaged region in South Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify factors associated with the high rates of smoking amongst people with psychosis living in a disadvantaged region in Adelaide, South Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 402 people with psychosis, aged 18-64 years, who lived in the northern suburbs of Adelaide. This area is disadvantaged on many measures of socioeconomic well-being and people living in this region have higher rates of smoking compared to the general Australian population. We hypothesised that whilst tobacco use by people with psychosis living in this region was primarily associated with mental illness, factors related to social disadvantage also contributed to the high rates of smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 74% of men and 71% of women with psychotic disorders living in the northern suburbs of Adelaide were current smokers. Factors such as unemployment, lower levels of education and receiving government welfare, factors known to be associated with smoking in the general population, were more prevalent in the northern region. Smokers with psychosis were less likely to participate in recreational programs and physical activity, and more likely to use illicit substances and be a victim of crime. They had poorer health and financial outcomes than non-smokers. There were some gender differences: for men with psychosis, employment and having a post-school qualification decreased the risk of smoking while cannabis use increased the risk; for women with psychosis, a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence, using cannabis and being sedentary were risk factors for smoking, while attending recreational programs reduced this risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking rates were strikingly high in both men and women, and particularly high in women when compared with previous research. Our study shows that the risk of smoking is increased by factors related to the social disadvantage of living in the northern Adelaide region. Smoking cessation interventions for people with mental illness should take into account the social context, and also address relevant comorbidities such as drug and alcohol disorders.
authors.affiliation: 1Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Ashlee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rigby
authors.forename: Cherrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galletly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012931:Social Environment; D013021:South Australia; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014478:Unemployment; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Disadvantage; gender; mental illness; psychosis; smoking; socioeconomic status