title: The impact of smoking on clinical efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous findings regarding the relationship between smoking and clopidogrel effects were considerably discrepant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of smoking on clinical and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library through January 2013 were searched. Reference lists of pertinent literatures and abstracts of major cardiovascular conferences were screened.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and laboratory studies, which reported major adverse cardiovascular events and on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity categorised by smoking status respectively, were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive and quantitative data were extracted. The main analyses were performed under a random-effects model. For clinical studies, HR estimates were synthesised according to smoking status; for laboratory studies, standardised mean difference (SMD) of on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity and OR for high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity were pooled. Heterogeneity was quantified by computing I(2) statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1869 citations retrieved, seven clinical studies and 12 laboratory studies involving 111 132 patients with established cardiovascular disease and 6658 patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or stent deployment, respectively, were included for meta-analysis. Pooled clinical results showed that an intensified antiplatelet regimen involving clopidogrel was associated with 10% reduced risk for major adverse cardiovascular events among non-current smokers (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96), while this clinical benefit was enhanced by 2.9-fold among current smokers (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.80). Pooled analysis of laboratory studies revealed that current smokers had significantly lower on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity (SMD -0.30; 95% CI -0.46 to -0.15) but, notably, there was considerable inter-study heterogeneity (I(2) 76.2%; p=0.000). The analysis based on four studies (n=1423) suggested a significantly lower odds of high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity among current smokers than those among never smokers (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking appears to positively modify the relative clinical efficacy and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, , Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Xue-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: De-Jia
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012907:Smoking; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine