title: Displacement of screw-retained single crowns into implants with conical internal connections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Internal conical implant-abutment connections without platforms may lead to axial displacement of crowns during screw tightening. This displacement may affect proximal contacts, incisal edge position, or occlusion. This study aimed to measure the displacement of screw-retained single crowns into an implant in three dimensions during screw tightening by hand or via torque driver.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stereolithic acrylic resin cast was created using computed tomography data from a patient missing the maxillary right central incisor. A 4.0- × 11-mm implant was placed in the edentulous site. Five porcelain-fused-to-metal single crowns were made using "cast-to" abutments. Crowns were tried on the stereolithic model, representing the patient, and hand tightened. The spatial relationship of crowns to the model after hand tightening was determined using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC), an optical measurement technique. The crowns were then tightened using a torque driver to 20 Ncm and the relative crown positions were again recorded. Testing was repeated three times for each crown, and displacement of the crowns was compared between the hand-tightened and torqued states. Commercial image correlation software was used to analyze the data. Mean vertical and horizontal crown displacement values were calculated after torqueing. The interproximal contacts were evaluated before and after torquing using an 8-μm aluminum foil shim.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were vertical and horizontal differences in crown positions between hand tightening and torqueing. Although these were small in magnitude, detectable displacements occurred in both apical and facial directions. After hand tightening, the 8-μm shim could be dragged without tearing. However, after torque tightening, the interproximal contacts were too tight and the 8-μm shim could not be dragged without tearing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between hand tightening and torque tightening should be taken into consideration during laboratory and clinical adjustments to prevent esthetic and functional complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. yilmaz.16@osu.edu
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Seidt
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McGlumphy
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Clelland
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D003442:Crowns; D003735:Dental Casting Technique; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008437:Maxilla; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain