title: Ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using n-butyl cyanoacrylate for extracranial arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess the safety and effectiveness of ethanolamine oleate (EO) sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using a liquid adhesive agent (n-butyl cyanoacrylate, NBCA) for treatment of extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients with symptomatic AVMs in the head and neck (n = 15), extremity (n = 5), and trunk (n = 4) with a mean age of 44 years (range, 18-78) treated with EO sclerotherapy were retrospectively assessed. AVMs were classified according to the angiographic morphology of the nidus. There were 7 type II (arteriolovenous fistulae), 6 type IIIa (arteriolovenulous fistulae with nondilated fistula), and 11 type IIIb (arteriolovenulous fistulae with dilated fistula). Transarterial embolization using NBCA was performed to reduce arterial flow before sclerotherapy. EO mixed with contrast material was delivered by percutaneous direct puncture or by catheterization into the draining vein under balloon occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three (13%) of 24 patients were cured, 17 (71%) had partial remission, and 4 (16%) no remission. Treatment was considered effective (cure and partial remission) in 20 patients (83%). Four patients (16%) experienced transient minor complications, including self-healing skin ulcer (n = 3) and localized deep venous thrombosis (n = 1). There were no major complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EO sclerotherapy combined with transarterial embolization using NBCA is safe and effective for treating extracranial AVMs with an acceptable risk of minor complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan, akira@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Makiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagihara
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Katsuda
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Toyohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishiguchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000379:methods; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009829:Oleic Acids; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D004659:Enbucrilate; C033343:ethanolamine oleate