title: Urogenital complications of obesity.
abstract: We performed a critical review focused on the main non-oncologic disorders that have a strong, direct association with obesity: chronic kidney disease, kidney stones and female and male lower urinary tract symptoms/disorders. We discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects regarding the association between obesity and non-diabetic and non-hypertensive forms of chronic kidney disease directly caused or worsened by weight excess, with particular attention on obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG), which is typical of severe obesity, and the consequences of intentional weight loss on proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate. The associations of obesity with kidney stones and lower urinary tract conditions are also discussed from the epidemiological, physiopathological and therapeutical points of view, with emphasis on the principal concerns raised by the heterogeneity of study designs and outcome definitions typical of research in these fields. We also call attention to important clinical and scientific questions that should be addressed by future research.
authors.affiliation: Complex Operative Unit of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Via Bengasi, 4, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000503:physiopathology