title: Estimated retinal ganglion cell counts in glaucomatous eyes with localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) losses associated with visible glaucomatous localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter study of 198 normal eyes (138 subjects) and 66 glaucomatous eyes (55 subjects) recruited from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study. All eyes underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fundus stereophotography within 6 months. Glaucomatous eyes were included if localized RNFL defects were detected by masked grading of stereophotographs. The number of RGCs in each sector of a structure-function map was estimated using a previously published model combining RGC estimates from SAP and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The estimated percentage loss of RGCs (combined structure-function index) was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In glaucomatous eyes, there were 136 sectors with visible RNFL defects and 524 sectors without visible RNFL defects. The most common sectors with visible RNFL defects were inferior and inferotemporal sectors, followed by superior and supertemporal sectors. Eyes with visible RNFL defects had a mean estimated RGC count of 657,172 cells versus 968 883 cells in healthy eyes (P < .001). The average combined structure-function index in sectors with a visible RNFL defect (59 ± 21%) was significantly higher than in sectors without a visible RNFL defect in glaucomatous eyes (15 ± 29%; P < .001) and higher than in healthy eyes (1 ± 13%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although visible localized RNFL defects often are considered an early sign of glaucoma, this study indicates that they are likely to be associated with large neuronal losses.
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tatham
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zangwill
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liebmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Girkin
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Electronic address: fmedeiros@glaucoma.ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Felipe A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology*; D002452:Cell Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006068:Gonioscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology*; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014792:Visual Acuity; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields