title: Decrease in survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (Diptera: Glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human and Animal Trypanosomes are major problems for the socio-economic growth of developing countries like Burkina Faso. Ivermectin is currently used to treat humans in mass drug administration programs in Africa, and is also commonly used for veterinary purposes. In this study, we tested the effect of ivermectin injected into cattle on the survival and fecundity of Glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of human and animal trypanosomes in West Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cows (local zebu*baoulé crossbreds) were used, and received either no ivermectin (for the control), or ivermectin at therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg) and 10 times the therapeutic dose (2 mg/kg) respectively. G. palpalis gambiensis were fed on the cattle for their first bloodmeal, and then either on cattle or on membrane for subsequent meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that survival of Glossina palpalis gambiensis was significantly decreased when they were fed on cattle treated with ivermectin. This decrease in survival ranged from 21% to 83.7% for the therapeutic dose (0.2 mg/kg), up to 8 days after treatment. The effects of a dose of 2 mg/kg were higher with a 78.3% to 93.9% decrease in survival, until 14 days after injection. The therapeutic dose of ivermectin also decreased fecundity, and delayed the first larviposition, but there was no significant effect on hatching rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ivermectin injected into cattle may constitute an additional potential tool for the control of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and possibly other vector species. Further studies will be needed to assess its effect on trypanosome transmission, and to define more precisely the adequate dose to be used for control purposes.
authors.affiliation: Ministère des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, PATTEC-PCZLD, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Sié H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pooda
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mouline
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Meeûs
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bengaly
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002050:Burkina Faso; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin