title: Effect of safeners on damage of human erythrocytes treated with chloroacetamide herbicides.
abstract: Chloroacetamides are used as pre-emergent substances for growth control of annual grasses and weeds. Since they can be harmful for crop plants, protective compounds (safeners) are used along with herbicides. So far, their effects on human blood cells have not been evaluated, and this study is the very first one devoted to this subject. We examined the harmful effects of chloroacetamides, their metabolites and safeners, used alone or in combination with herbicides, on human erythrocytes measuring the extent of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Higher impact of herbicides than their metabolites on all of the investigated parameters was found. Safeners alone did not produce any damage to erythrocytes and did not elicit any changes in oxidative stress parameters. Combination of safener with herbicide did not attenuate hemolysis of erythrocytes compared to the herbicide alone. Safeners reduced lipid peroxidation induced by herbicides, which suggest the role of safeners as antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: joannab@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernasinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duchnowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koter-Michalak
authors.affiliation: Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koceva-Chyla
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014052:Toluidines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000975:Antioxidants; D006540:Herbicides; D020011:Protective Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014052:Toluidines; C000188:alachlor; C013874:chloroacetamide; C043377:acetochlor; C006284:dichlormid; D002374:Catalase
keywords: 2,6-diethylaniline; 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide; 2-chloro-N-(2-methyl-6 ethylphenyl)acetamide; 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline; ABC transporter; ATP-binding cassette transporter; Acetochlor; Alachlor; CD; CDEPA; CMEPA; Catalase activity; DEA; Erythrocyte hemolysis; GSH; GST; LPO; Lipid peroxidation; MDA; MDR1; MEA; MEL; MRP1; N-acetyl-l-cysteine; NAC; ROS; Safeners; TBA; TBARS; TCA; TSH; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; UDPGT; USEPA; United States Environmental Protection Agency; conjugated dienes; glutathion; glutathione-S-transferase; lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde; melatonin; multidrug resistance transporter; multidrug-resistance protein; reactive oxygen species; thiobarbituric acid; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; thyroid-stimulating hormone; trichloroacetic acid