title: Evaluation of three-dimensional porous chitosan-alginate scaffolds in rat calvarial defects for bone regeneration applications.
abstract: This study investigated the use of three-dimensional porous chitosan-alginate (CA) scaffolds for critical size calvarial defect (diameter, 5.0 mm) repair in Sprague-Dawley rats. CA scaffolds have been used for in vitro culture of many cell types and demonstrated osteogenesis in ectopic locations in vivo, but have yet to be evaluated for functional bone tissue engineering applications. CA scaffolds demonstrated the ability to support undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in culture for 14 days in vitro and promoted spherical morphology. In vivo tests were performed using CA scaffolds and CA scaffolds with treatments including undifferentiated MSCs, bone marrow aspirate, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) growth factor in comparison to unfilled bone defect used as a control. The samples were analyzed with MicroCT, histology, and immunohistochemical staining at 4 and 16 weeks. Partial defect closure was observed in all experimental groups at 16 weeks, with the greatest defect closure (71.56 ± 19.74%) in the animal group treated with CA scaffolds with BMP-2 (CA + BMP-2). The experimental samples demonstrated osteogenesis in histology and immunohistochemical staining, with the CA + BMP-2 group, showing the greatest level of osteogenesis. Tissue engineered CA scaffolds show promise in reconstruction of critical size bone defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Florczyk
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Zhensheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jerry I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: Miqin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: alginate; bone tissue engineering; calvarial defect; chitosan; cranial defect