title: Regulation of Toll-like receptors in the choroid plexus in the immature brain after systemic inflammatory stimuli.
abstract: The choroid plexus is the site of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) and has also been considered as a possible route for peripheral immune signals and cells to transfer to the central nervous system. Infection/inflammation stimulates innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we have investigated the mRNA expression of TLRs, cytokines, and tight junction proteins in the choroid plexus in the immature brain after systemic inflammation, as well as accumulation of immune cells into the CSF. Specific ligands for TLR-1/2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 were administered to postnatal day 8 mice and mRNA expression for the targeted genes was examined in the choroid plexus. We found that mRNA for all four TLRs was detected in the choroid plexus under control conditions. Following immune stimulation, expression of all the TLRs was upregulated by their respective ligands, except for TLR-4 mRNA, which was downregulated by Pam3CSK4 (PAM; a TLR-1/2 ligand). In addition, we investigated BCSFB regulation after TLR stimulation and found that TLR-1/2 and TLR-4 activation was associated with changes in mRNA expression of the tight junction protein occludin in the choroid plexus. PAM induced choroid plexus transcription of TNF-α and resulted in the most dramatic increase in numbers of white blood cells in the CSF. The data suggest a possible mechanism whereby systemic inflammation stimulates TLRs in the choroid plexus, which may lead to disturbances in choroid plexus barrier function, as well as infiltration of immune cells through the plexus.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linnea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stridh
authors.forename: C Joakim
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Brain inflammation; Cerebrospinal fluid; LPS; Neonatal; Pam3CSK4; Poly I:C; White blood cells