title: Sleep deprivation alters effort discounting but not delay discounting of monetary rewards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sleep deprivation would affect the discounting of delayed rewards, of rewards entailing the expense of effort, or both.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured rates of two types of reward discounting under conditions of rested wakefulness (RW) and sleep deprivation (SD). Delay discounting was defined as the willingness to accept smaller monetary rewards sooner rather than larger monetary rewards later. Effort discounting was defined as the willingness to accept smaller rewards that require less effort to obtain (e.g., typing a small number of letter strings backward) over larger but more effortful rewards (e.g., typing more letter strings to receive the reward). The first two experiments used a crossover design in which one session was conducted after a normal night of sleep (RW), and the other after a night without sleep (SD). The first experiment evaluated only temporal discounting whereas the second evaluated temporal and effort discounting. In the second experiment, the discounting tasks were repeatedly administered prior to the state comparisons to minimize the effects of order and/or repeated testing. In a third experiment, participants were studied only once in a between-subject evaluation of discounting across states.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study took place in a research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven healthy young adult participants: 20 in Experiment 1, 27 in Experiment 2, and 30 in Experiment 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep deprivation elicited increased effort discounting but did not affect delay discounting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dissociable effects of sleep deprivation on two forms of discounting behavior suggest that they may have differing underlying neural mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Libedinsky
authors.forename: Stijn A A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Massar
authors.forename: Aiqing
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Weiyan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Huettel
authors.forename: Michael W L
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012201:Reward; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sleep deprivation; decision making; delay discounting; effort discounting; monetary rewards