title: Snake venomics of Lachesis muta rhombeata and genus-wide antivenomics assessment of the paraspecific immunoreactivity of two antivenoms evidence the high compositional and immunological conservation across Lachesis.
abstract: We report the proteomic analysis of the Atlantic bushmaster, Lachesis muta rhombeata, from Brazil. Along with previous characterization of the venom proteomes of L. stenophrys (Costa Rica), L. melanocephala (Costa Rica), L. acrochorda (Colombia), and L. muta muta (Bolivia), the present study provides the first overview of the composition and distribution of venom proteins across this wide-ranging genus, and highlights the remarkable similar compositional and pharmacological profiles across Lachesis venoms. The paraspecificity of two antivenoms, produced at Instituto Vital Brazil (Brazil) and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (Costa Rica) using different conspecific taxa in the immunization mixtures, was assessed using genus-wide comparative antivenomics. This study confirms that the proteomic similarity among Lachesis sp. venoms is mirrored in their high immunological conservation across the genus. The clinical and therapeutic consequences of genus-wide venomics and antivenomics investigations of Lachesis venoms are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proteomics characterization of L. m. rhombeata venom completes the overview of Lachesis venom proteomes and confirms the remarkable toxin profile conservation across the five clades of this wide-ranging genus. Genus-wide antivenomics showed that two antivenoms, produced against L. stenophrys or L. m. rhombeata, exhibit paraspecificity towards all other congeneric venoms. Our venomics study shows that, despite the broad geographic distribution of the genus, monospecific antivenoms may achieve clinical coverage for any Lachesis sp. envenoming.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica y Proteinómica Estructural, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Davinia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pla
authors.forename: Libia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molina-Sánchez
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zorita
authors.forename: Marvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madrigal
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flores-Díaz
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alape-Girón
authors.forename: Vitelbina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andrés
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Calvete
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006736:Horses; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013045:Species Specificity; D017819:Viperidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Antivenomics; Genus Lachesis; Lachesis muta rhombeata; Mass spectrometry; Snake venomics