title: High speed multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging.
abstract: We report a spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging system based on time gated single photon detection with a fixed gate width of 200 ps and 7 spectral channels. Time gated systems can operate at high count rates but usually have large gate widths and sample only part of the fluorescence decay curve. In the system presented in this work, the fluorescence signal is sampled using a high speed transceiver. An error analysis is carried out to characterize the performance of both lifetime and spectral detection. The effect of gate width and spectral channel width on the accuracy of estimated lifetimes and spectral widths is described. The performance of the whole instrument is evaluated at count rates of up to 12 MHz. Accurate fluorescence lifetimes (error < 2%) are recorded at count rates as high as 5 MHz. This is limited by the PMT performance, not by the electronics. Analysis of the large spectral lifetime image sets is challenging and time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate the use of lifetime and spectral phasors for analyzing images of fibroblast cells with 2 different labeled components. The phasor approach provides a fast and intuitive way of analyzing the results of spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging experiments.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fereidouni
authors.forename: Keimpe
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Hans C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation*