title: Racial and ethnic differences in hospice enrollment among children with cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospice is an important provider of end of life care. Adult minorities are less likely to enroll on hospice; little is known regarding the prevalence of pediatric hospice use or the characteristics of its users. Our primary objective was to determine whether race/ethnicity was associated with hospice enrollment in children with cancer. We hypothesized that minority (Latino) race/ethnicity is negatively associated with hospice enrollment in children with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-center retrospective cohort study, inclusion criteria were patients who died of cancer or stem cell transplant between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2010. The primary outcome variable was hospice enrollment and primary predictor was race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 202 patients initially identified, 114 met inclusion criteria, of whom 95 were enrolled on hospice. Patient race/ethnicity was significantly associated with hospice enrollment (P = 0.02), the association remained significant (P = 0.024) after controlling for payor status (P = 0.995), patient diagnosis (P = 0.007), or religion (P = 0.921). Latinos enrolled on hospice significantly more often than patients of other races. Despite initial enrollment on hospice however, 34% of Latinos and 50% of non-Latinos had withdrawn from hospice at the time of death (P = 0.10). Race/ethnicity was not significantly associated with dying on hospice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that race/ethnicity and diagnosis are likely to play a role in hospice enrollment during childhood. A striking number of patients of all race/ethnicities left hospice prior to death. More studies describing the impact of culture on end of life decision-making and the hospice experience in childhood are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dallas, TX, USA. rachel.thienprayoon@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thienprayoon
authors.forename: Simon Craddock
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D017051:Hospice Care; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D013781:Texas
keywords: ethnic disparities; hospice; oncology; palliative care; pediatrics