title: Aqueous ethanol extract of the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) exhibits anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory actions in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xylopia aethiopica has been traditionally used in the form of the dried fruit decoction to treat bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. Aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of a 70% aqueous ethanol extract of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of either compound 48/80 or lipopolysaccharide, LPS and survival rates of mice monitored for 1 h or 7 days respectively while IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in a local allergic reaction was studied in the pinnal inflammation model in mice. Clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice was used to evaluate the indirect antihistamine effect of Xylopia aethiopica, XAE. The effects of XAE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administered at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg kg(-1) p.o., XAE dose dependently suppressed compound 48/80-induced mouse systemic anaphylactic shock and offered 63% protection to mice against LPS-induced endotoxic shock at a dose of 300 mg kg(-1). In addition, the extract (30-300 mg kg(-1)) in a dose dependent manner significantly inhibited by 23-62% the mouse pinnal inflammation. Clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice was significantly suppressed in a dose and time dependent manner when administered both prophylactically and therapeutically. In the same doses, when administered before the induction of the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema, the mean maximal swelling attained during 6 h was reduced to 41.02±6.94%, 35.61±4.30%, and 29.09±4.90% of the inflamed control response respectively and total paw swellings induced over the 6 h were also dose-dependently and significantly suppressed to 74.84±14.84%, 63.95±9.37%, and 48.13±10.90% of the inflamed control response respectively. Administered after the induction of the carrageenan paw oedema the mean maximal swelling attained during 6 h was suppressed to 49.84±3.95%, 43.62±1.01%, and 35.97±1.34% of the inflamed control response respectively while the total paw swellings induced over the 6 h were also dose-dependently and significantly suppressed at 100 and 300 mg kg(-1) to 72.39±4.38% and 60.81±3.25% of the inflamed control response respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that XAE inhibits mast cell-dependent immediate allergic reactions and exhibit anti-inflammatory actions through the inhibition of histamine release from mast cells via stabilizing the cell membrane. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Xylopia aethiopica in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. ddobiri.pharm@knust.edu.gh
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Obiri
authors.forename: Newman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osafo
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002375:Catalepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D003000:Clonidine; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054336:Xylopia; D003189:p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D003189:p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine; D002351:Carrageenan; D003000:Clonidine
keywords: Allergy; Anaphylaxis; Anti-inflammatory; Mast cells; Xylopia aethiopica