title: Individual Differences in Discriminatory Fear Learning under Conditions of Ambiguity: A Vulnerability Factor for Anxiety Disorders?
abstract: Complex fear learning procedures might be better suited than the common differential fear-conditioning paradigm for detecting individual differences related to vulnerability for anxiety disorders. Two such procedures are the blocking procedure and the protection-from-overshadowing procedure. Their comparison allows for the examination of discriminatory fear learning under conditions of ambiguity. The present study examined the role of individual differences in such discriminatory fear learning. We hypothesized that heightened trait anxiety would be related to a deficit in discriminatory fear learning. Participants gave US-expectancy ratings as an index for the threat value of individual CSs following blocking and protection-from-overshadowing training. The difference in threat value at test between the protected-from-overshadowing conditioned stimulus (CS) and the blocked CS was negatively correlated with scores on a self-report tension-stress scale that approximates facets of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-Stress (DASS-S), but not with other individual difference variables. In addition, a behavioral test showed that only participants scoring high on the DASS-S avoided the protected-from-overshadowing CS. This observed deficit in discriminatory fear learning for participants with high levels of tension-stress might be an underlying mechanism for fear overgeneralization in diffuse anxiety disorders such as GAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arnaudova
authors.forename: Angelos-Miltiadis
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Krypotos
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Effting
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boddez
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kindt
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beckers
keywords: anxiety; cue competition; discriminatory fear learning; individual differences; selective fear-conditioning