title: Abdominal muscle activity during a standing long jump.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental laboratory study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the activation patterns (onset and magnitude) of the abdominal muscles during a standing long jump using wire and surface electromyography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Activation patterns of the abdominal muscles, especially the deep muscles such as the transversus abdominis (TrA), have yet to be examined during full-body movements such as jumping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen healthy men participated. Wire electrodes were inserted into the TrA with the guidance of ultrasonography, and surface electrodes were attached to the skin overlying the rectus abdominis (RA) and external oblique (EO). Electromyographic signals and video images were recorded while each subject performed a standing long jump. The jump task was divided into 3 phases: preparation, push-off, and float. For each muscle, activation onset relative to the onset of the RA and normalized muscle activation levels (percent maximum voluntary contraction) were analyzed during each phase. Comparisons between muscles and phases were assessed using 2-way analyses of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset times of the TrA and EO relative to the onset of the RA were -0.13 ? 0.17 seconds and -0.02 ? 0.07 seconds, respectively. Onset of TrA activation was earlier than that of the EO. The activation levels of all 3 muscles were significantly greater during the push-off phase than during the preparation and float phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previously published trunk-perturbation studies in healthy persons, the TrA was activated prior to the RA and EO. Additionally, the highest muscle activation levels were observed during the push-off phase.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan. yokubo@saitama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneoka
authors.forename: Itsuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shiina
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatsumura
authors.forename: Shumpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult