title: Relationship between olfactory function and social cognition in euthymic bipolar patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a close functional and neuroanatomical relationship between olfactory ability and emotional processing. The present study seeks to explore the association between olfactory ability and social cognition, especially facial emotion perception, in euthymic bipolar patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine euthymic outpatients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder and 40 healthy volunteers matched on socio-demographic criteria were recruited. Both groups were assessed at one time point with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Emotion Recognition Test, and The Faux Pas Recognition Test, as well as measures of general cognition and functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bipolar patients showed a significant impairment in olfactory identification (UPSIT) and social cognition measures compared to healthy controls. Analyses revealed significant relationships between olfactory identification and facial emotion recognition, theory of mind, general cognition, and a trend-level relationship with functioning. Controlling for age and cigarettes smoked, relationships remained significant between olfactory function and facial emotion recognition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a deficit of olfactory identification in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder that is correlated with a deficit in both verbal and non-verbal measures of social cognition.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (Psychiatry),University of Alcala,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lahera
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Psychiatry,Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital,Alcala,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Murugarren
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (Psychiatry),University of Alcala,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Liria
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties (Psychiatry),University of Alcala,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Jerónimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saiz-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Psychology,University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill,NC,USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Psychology,University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill,NC,USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Penn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012938:Social Perception; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; emotion perception; smell identification; social cognition; theory of mind