title: Involvement of nitrogen and cytokinins in photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO₂ of spring wheat.
abstract: Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to elevated CO₂ involves a decrease of the leaf Rubisco content. In the present study, it was hypothesized that nitrogen uptake and partitioning within the leaf and among different aboveground organs affects the down-regulation of Rubisco. Given the interdependence of nitrogen and cytokinin signals at the whole plant level, it is also proposed that cytokinins affect the nitrogen economy of plants under elevated CO₂, and therefore the acclimatory responses. Spring wheat received varying levels of nitrogen and cytokinin in field chambers with ambient (370 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated (700 μmol mol⁻¹) atmospheric CO₂. Gas exchange, Rubisco, soluble protein and nitrogen contents were determined in the top three leaves in the canopy, together with total nitrogen contents per shoot. Growth in elevated CO₂ induced decreases in photosynthetic capacity only when nitrogen supply was low. However, the leaf contents of Rubisco, soluble protein and total nitrogen on an area basis declined in elevated CO₂ regardless of nitrogen supply. Total nitrogen in the shoot was no lower in elevated than ambient CO₂, but the fraction of this nitrogen located in flag and penultimate leaves was lower in elevated CO₂. Decreased Rubisco: chlorophyll ratios accompanied losses of leaf Rubisco with CO₂ enrichment. Cytokinin applications increased nitrogen content in all leaves and nitrogen allocation to senescing leaves, but decreased Rubisco contents in flag leaves at anthesis and in all leaves 20 days later, together with the amount of Rubisco relative to soluble protein in all leaves at both growth stages. The results suggest that down regulation of Rubisco in leaves at elevated CO₂ is linked with decreased allocation of nitrogen to the younger leaves and that cytokinins cause a fractional decrease of Rubisco and therefore do not alleviate acclimation to elevated CO₂.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, Apartado 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morcuende
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Pozo
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez-Carrasco
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Cytokinin; Elevated CO(2); Nitrogen; Photosynthetic acclimation; Wheat