title: Occupational exposures of airborne trichloramine at indoor swimming pools in Taipei.
abstract: Ten indoor swimming pools in Taipei, Taiwan were included in the study to assess the exposure of people to airborne trichloramine (NCl3) and also to discover the factors that might affect the associated concentrations. An active air sampling method was performed to determine the levels of NCl3, while questionnaires were administered to swimming pool workers, including lifeguards, swimming instructors, and management employees. The results show that the concentrations of trichloramine ranged from 0.017 to 0.15 mg m(-3), which were generally lower than what have been reported from other studies. Symptoms of sore throat and phlegm were more frequent among lifeguards and swimming instructors (exposure group) than management employees (reference group) (odds ratios were 11.28 and 4.22 for sore throat and phlegm, respectively). It seems that the current exposure limit for airborne NCl3, which was recommended by WHO, was not lower enough to protect the health of pool attendants. Regulated level of free available chlorine in Taipei (i.e., 0.3-0.7 ppm) is lower than what is required in other countries (e.g., 1-3 ppm in the UK). This might be the main reason why the concentrations of NCl3 reported elsewhere were higher than what were found in this research. Further international comparisons will help to elucidate if low free chlorine concentration should be adopted as an operating standard. For the indoor swimming pools in Taipei, the air quality is suggested to be improved, since even with the low concentrations of NCl3, higher respiratory ailments among pool workers were observed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsai-Shu
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Shu-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Gen-Shuh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013551:Swimming Pools; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; C037454:nitrogen chloride
keywords: Air sampling; Chlorination; Indoor swimming pools; Respiratory symptoms; Trichloramine