title: Nausea, vomiting and pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Presently, in Siriraj Hospital, intrathecal morphine is routinely used in spinal anesthesia for postoperative pain control in more than 600 cases per month with doses lower than 0.3 mg. However, the incidence of side effects is high. This retrospective data review was performed to identify incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand three hundred six anesthetic records were analyzed for incidence of nausea, vomiting, and pruritus after spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine in Siriraj Hospital between October 2010 and April 2011. Data extracted were age, gender, type of operations, dosage of spinal morphine, and frequency, and severity of adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, and pruritus). Odd ratios and multiple logistic regression analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of nausea, vomiting, and pruritus were 21.5, 14.8, and 59.5% respectively. No respiratory depression and urinary retention was reported There was statistically significant correlation in the incidence of nausea, vomiting, and pruritus with female gender, cesarean section, and intrathecal morphine dose (p < 0.001). Intrathecal morphine more than 0.2 mg resulted in an increase in severity of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intrathecal morphine is effective in postoperative pain control. However it induces high incidence of nausea, vomiting, and pruritus. Prevention of side effects and alternatives to intrathecal morphine need further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. thitima.chn@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: Thitima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chinachoti
authors.forename: Pawarit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nilrat
authors.forename: Piyapat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samarnpiboonphol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine