title: Drug resistance & virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enterococci are the leading cause of nosocomial infections, and are thus a persisting clinical problem globally. We undertook this study to determine the virulence factors and the antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus clinical isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty Enterococcus isolates obtained from various clinical specimens were speciated biochemically and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance to vancomycin was determined by using agar screen method. Haemolysin and gelatinase productions were detected using 5 per cent sheep blood agar and 12 per cent gelatin agar, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 150 Enterococcus isolates, 84 (56%) were E. faecalis. 51(34%) E. faecium, and 15 (10%) were other Enterococcus spp. Haemolysin production was seen among 123 (82%) isolates while 61 (40.6%) isolates produced gelatinase. Nearly 50 per cent of the isolates showed high level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR). A total of 13 (8.6%) isolates showed vancomycin resistance, of which 11(7.3%) had an MIC >8 μg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of VRE was found to be low among the isolates studied. However, occurrence of VRE along with HLAR calls for regular detection of vancomycin resistance promptly and accurately to recognize VRE colonization and infection. Early detection of VRE and HLAR along with their virulence trait will help in preventing the establishment and spread of multidrug resistant Enterococcus species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: Sanal C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dhanashree
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D014774:Virulence / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin