title: Comparative in vitro study of four commercial biomaterials used for bone grafting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to study and compare the behavior of macrophages and human osteoclast-like cells cultured in contact with four commercial bone substitute materials used as graft for ridge augmentation techniques. Two materials are of natural origin and two are synthetic bone substitutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macrophage activation and cytokine release were assessed using SEM analysis and a sandwich ELISA kit while the activity of human osteoclast-like cells was studied quantifying calcium released from the substrata studied together with SEM analysis of cell morphology and pit formation on the bone substitutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroxyapatite proved to be the greatest macrophage activator, while the bovine derived material turned out to be the only bone substitute that does not induce macrophages to release IFNγ. No material had direct induction of osteoclast precursor differentiation even if mature osteoclasts showed the highest activity on the human derived material followed by bone ceramic, while the bovine derived material was the substrate with the least osteoclast activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four materials reacted differently with the cells tested and between them, the bovine derived bone, being the lowest macrophage and osteoclast activator may be considered a good bone substitute for clinical situations requiring greater time of permanence of the material at the site of implantation, while human derived bone will be more suitable for clinical applications that require lower time of permanence.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Human Anatomy, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara - Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaffe
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes