title: Magnesium intake decreases Type 2 diabetes risk through the improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation: the Hisayama Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early studies have shown that magnesium intake decreases the risk of Type 2 diabetes, but the results are still inconsistent. We prospectively examined the association between magnesium intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1999 subjects without diabetes aged 40-79 years who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were followed up prospectively for a mean of 15.6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up, 417 subjects developed Type 2 diabetes. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of Type 2 diabetes significantly decreased with increasing magnesium intake quartile levels (≤ 148.5, 148.6-171.5, 171.6-195.5 and ≥ 195.6 mg/day, P for trend = 0.01). In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for comprehensive risk factors and other dietary factors, the hazard ratio of Type 2 diabetes was 0.67 (95% CI 0.49-0.92; P = 0.01) in the third quartile and 0.63 (95% CI 0.44-0.90; P = 0.01) in the highest quartile compared with the first quartile. In addition, the risk of Type 2 diabetes was 14% lower (P = 0.04) for a 1-sd increment of log-transformed magnesium intake in the multivariate-adjusted model. In stratified analysis, there were statistically significant interactions between magnesium intake and levels of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or alcohol intake on the risk of Type 2 diabetes (all P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that increased magnesium intake was a significant protective factor for the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in the general Japanese population, especially among subjects with insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and a drinking habit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; The Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirota
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007564:Japan; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium