title: Gender and ethnic differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Asian subgroups in California.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate gender and ethnic type 2 diabetes (DM) prevalences among California Asian subgroups versus other ethnic groups and if risk factors explain these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified the prevalence of DM and associated risk factors, stratified by gender, among Chinese, Filipino, South Asian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mexican, Other Hispanic, African-American, Caucasian, and Native American adults in a large survey conducted in 2009 (n=46,091, projected n=26.6 million).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest age-adjusted DM prevalence was seen in Native Americans (32.4%), Filipinos (15.8%), and Japanese (11.8%) among men and in Native Americans (16.0%) and African-Americans (13.3%) among women. Caucasian and Mexican men had higher DM prevalences than women. Age and risk factor-adjusted logistic regression showed DM more likely (relative to Caucasians) among women in Koreans (OR=4.6, p<0.01), Native Americans (OR=3.0, p<0.01), and Other Hispanics (OR 2.9, p<0.01) and among men in Filipinos (OR=7.0, p<0.01), South Asians (OR=4.7, p<0.01), and Native Americans (OR=4.7, p<0.01). No specific risk factors accounted for the gender differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic and gender differences in DM prevalence persist, even after adjusting for lifestyle and other risk factors; prevalence is high among certain Asian American subgroups. Different diabetes prevention approaches may be needed across ethnic/gender groups.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nursing Science, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: sechoi@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Latha P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Palaniappan
authors.forename: Elsie J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ethnicity; Gender difference; Risk factors; Type 2 diabetes prevalence