title: An overview of heavy metal challenge in plants: from roots to shoots.
abstract: Heavy metals are often present naturally in soils, but many human activities (e.g. mining, agriculture, sewage processing, the metal industry and automobiles) increase their prevalence in the environment resulting in concentrations that are toxic to animals and plants. Excess heavy metals affect plant physiology by inducing stress symptoms, but many plants have adapted to avoid the damaging effects of metal toxicity, using strategies such as metal chelation, transport and compartmentalization. Understanding the molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance in plants will facilitate the development of new strategies to create metal-tolerant crops, biofortified foods and plants suitable for the phytoremediation of contaminated sites.
authors.affiliation: University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy. giovanni.dalcorso@univr.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: DalCorso
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manara
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Furini
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil