title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: determinants of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentration and risk of colorectal cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and colorectal cancer have been reported previously but few studies have characterized PAH exposure using biological measurements. We evaluated colorectal cancer risk in relation to urinary concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite, and assessed determinants of PAH exposure among controls in the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of 1-OHPG were measured in spot urine samples collected from 343 colorectal cancer cases and 343 individually matched controls. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographic characteristics and reported exposures. Odds ratios were calculated for risk of colorectal cancer in relation to quartiles of urinary 1-OHPG concentration. Potential determinants of natural log-transformed urinary 1-OHPG concentration were evaluated among a combined sample of controls from this study and another nested case-control study in the SWHS (N(total)=652).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences in risk of colorectal cancer by urinary 1-OHPG levels were observed. Among controls, the median (interquartile range) urinary 1-OHPG concentration was 2.01 pmol/mL (0.95-4.09). Active and passive smoking, using coal as a cooking fuel, eating foods that were cooked well done, and recent consumption of fried dough (e.g., yóutiáo) were associated with elevated levels of 1-OHPG, though only active smoking and fried dough consumption achieved statistical significance in multivariate analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not provide evidence of an association between urinary levels of 1-OHPG and risk of colorectal cancer among women. Several environmental and dietary sources of PAH exposure were identified. Overall, the levels of 1-OHPG in this population of predominantly non-smoking women were considerably higher than levels typically observed among non-smokers in Europe, North America, and other developed regions.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. hofmannjn@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Xiao-Ou
authors.initials: XO
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Bu-Tian
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Hong-Lan
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: Farin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamangar
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wong-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chow
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C093851:1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide; D005965:Glucuronates; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes