title: Socio-economic determinants of micronutrient intake and status in Europe: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide the evidence base for targeted nutrition policies to reduce the risk of micronutrient/diet-related diseases among disadvantaged populations in Europe, by focusing on: folate, vitamin B12, Fe, Zn and iodine for intake and status; and vitamin C, vitamin D, Ca, Se and Cu for intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to collect original studies that: (i) were published from 1990 to 2011; (ii) involved >100 subjects; (iii) had assessed dietary intake at the individual level; and/or (iv) included best practice biomarkers reflecting micronutrient status. We estimated relative differences in mean micronutrient intake and/or status between the lowest and highest socio-economic groups to: (i) evaluate variation in intake and status between socio-economic groups; and (ii) report on data availability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children, adults and elderly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from eighteen publications originating primarily from Western Europe showed that there is a positive association between indicators of socio-economic status and micronutrient intake and/or status. The largest differences were observed for intake of vitamin C in eleven out of twelve studies (5-47 %) and for vitamin D in total of four studies (4-31 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The positive association observed between micronutrient intake and socio-economic status should complement existing evidence on socio-economic inequalities in diet-related diseases among disadvantaged populations in Europe. These findings could provide clues for further research and have implications for public health policy aimed at improving the intake of micronutrients and diet-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuska Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novaković
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriënne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavelaars
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geelen
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuska Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolić
authors.affiliation: 3 Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, School of Health Science (EUCS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Iris Iglesia
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Altaba
authors.affiliation: 4 Community Nutrition Research Centre of the Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Blanca Roman
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Viñas
authors.affiliation: 4 Community Nutrition Research Centre of the Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golsorkhi
authors.affiliation: 6 Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
authors.forename: Marisol Warthon
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: 7 Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brzozowska
authors.affiliation: 7 Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczecinska
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Nutrition-Public Health Medicine, LFoRCe (Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre), Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Diederik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Cock
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Nutrition-Public Health Medicine, LFoRCe (Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre), Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vansant
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renkema
authors.affiliation: 4 Community Nutrition Research Centre of the Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluís Serra
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Majem
authors.affiliation: 3 Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, School of Health Science (EUCS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Aznar
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuska Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glibetić
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuska Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gurinović
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van't Veer
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisette C P G M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients