title: A simple epidural simulator: a blinded study assessing the 'feel' of loss of resistance in four fruits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex epidural simulators are now available, but these are expensive and not widely available. Simple simulators using fruit have been described before.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain which easily available fruit would best simulate the 'feel' of loss of resistance experienced in epidural insertion and be used as a teaching tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single blinded study using four different fruits housed in a purpose-built box to conceal the identities of the fruits. The fruits were labelled A, B, C and D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two teaching hospitals in Glasgow, Scotland between 2006 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty participants consisting of consultant anaesthetists, specialist registrars and senior house officers all with previous epidural experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insertion of a Tuohy needle into the four concealed fruits (orange, banana, kiwi and honeydew melon). Each participant then completed a questionnaire that included recording of the realism of the 'feel' of loss of resistance of each fruit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 'feel' of loss of resistance for each fruit was scored on a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale. A '0  mm' represented 'completely unrealistic feel' and '100  mm' represented 'indistinguishable feel from a real patient'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 62.6% of participants recorded the banana as their first choice. This result was statistically significant after taking into account the grades of the participants, their years of experience, the needle gauge used and the participants' chosen technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The banana is a cheap and easily available training tool to introduce novice anaesthetists to the feel of loss of resistance, which is best experienced before the first insertion of an epidural in a patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK. diana.raj@ukgateway.net
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D004824:Epidural Space; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D007858:Learning; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009339:Needles; D012606:Scotland; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires