title: Real-time monitoring of lycopene content in tomato-derived products during processing: implementation of a novel double-slit Raman spectrometer.
abstract: Lycopene is a very attractive antioxidant associated with cancer prevention in humans. Therefore, it is important to develop new analytical methods that allow for differentiation of food production streams that contain various antioxidant concentrations. The lycopene content in tomato juice, an intermediate between raw tomatoes and the final tomato paste product, was monitored on-line for 46 days at a production plant with a novel, patented double-channel Raman setup. The setup comprises a double-channel mini spectrometer placed in a fixed optical setup, and for each measurement there are two slightly shifted Raman spectra on the x-axis that opens up for additional data processing. The prototype was constructed specifically for 532 nm excitation with no moving parts, and it was designed to optimize each part for the rest of the system. That was the first step toward an integrated optical in-line process analytical solution for industry. As proof of concept, the developed prototype was able to perform a real-time differentiation of the normal and medium to high lycopene content in tomato juice. A correlation factor for double-channel measurements was compared with a correlation factor for background-corrected single-channel measurements by correlating with high performance liquid chromatography reference measurements (1-20 mg of lycopene per 100 g of wet sample). The latter gave a slightly better correlation for the specific application (R(2) = 0.76), acceptable for proof of concept. Real-time information is extremely valuable for the tomato processing plant, mainly because it can be used for improved differentiation of high lycopene content tomato paste to ensure a higher product price. In addition, the developed process analytical technology solution allows for differentiated payment of the tomato farmers based on the lycopene content in their crops.
authors.affiliation: Danish Technological Institute, Life Science, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Køcks
authors.forename: Stefan Ovesen
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Banke
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carvalheira
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandega
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Sune Dowler
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nygaard
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene