title: Groundwater protection and unconventional gas extraction: the critical need for field-based hydrogeological research.
abstract: Unconventional natural gas extraction from tight sandstones, shales, and some coal-beds is typically accomplished by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that is necessary for economic development of these new hydrocarbon resources. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for contamination of shallow groundwater by stray gases, formation waters, and fracturing chemicals associated with unconventional gas exploration. A lack of sound scientific hydrogeological field observations and a scarcity of published peer-reviewed articles on the effects of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities on shallow groundwater make it difficult to address these issues. Here, we discuss several case studies related to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas activities illustrating how under some circumstances stray or fugitive gas from deep gas-rich formations has migrated from the subsurface into shallow aquifers and how it has affected groundwater quality. Examples include impacts of uncemented well annuli in areas of historic drilling operations, effects related to poor cement bonding in both new and old hydrocarbon wells, and ineffective cementing practices. We also summarize studies describing how structural features influence the role of natural and induced fractures as contaminant fluid migration pathways. On the basis of these studies, we identify two areas where field-focused research is urgently needed to fill current science gaps related to unconventional gas extraction: (1) baseline geochemical mapping (with time series sampling from a sufficient network of groundwater monitoring wells) and (2) field testing of potential mechanisms and pathways by which hydrocarbon gases, reservoir fluids, and fracturing chemicals might potentially invade and contaminate useable groundwater.
authors.affiliation: Geofirma Engineering Ltd., 11 Venus Crescent, Heidelberg, Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada. rjackson@geofirma.ca
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gorody
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Van Stempvoort
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D059206:Natural Gas; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical