title: Is maternal use of medicines during pregnancy associated with deciduous molar hypomineralisation in the offspring? A prospective, population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of maternal use of medicines during pregnancy on tooth development has scarcely been studied; only negative effects of tetracycline on tooth germs are known (irreversible tooth discoloration and enamel hypoplasia).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether antibacterials and anti-allergic and anti-asthma medicines, being the most frequently used medicines during pregnancy, are associated with deciduous molar hypomineralisation (DMH) and, if so, which specific medicines.
  
  
  METHODS
  To clarify this possible association, the participants of the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood, were studied. Data on medicine use during pregnancy were retrieved from pharmacies. Clinical photographs of the second primary molars, which were scored for DMH, were taken with an intra-oral camera in 6,690 children (mean age 6.2 years, standard deviation [SD] ± 0.53; 49.9 % girls).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During pregnancy, 20.3 % of the mothers used antibacterials, 12.3 % anti-asthma medicines and 5.4 % anti-allergic medicines. The prevalence of DMH was 9.0 % in the study group. There was no association between the use of anti-asthma medicines, anti-allergic medicines (odds ratio [OR]: 0.97 [95 % CI 0.61-1.54]; OR: 1.04 [0.54-2.03]) or antibacterials (OR: 0.73 [0.49-1.09]) during pregnancy and DMH (all p-values >0.05). The study had sufficient power (80 %) to detect significant associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal use of antibacterials, anti-allergic medicines or anti-asthma medicines during pregnancy is not associated with the development of DMH in the offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.elfrink@acta.nl
authors.forename: Marlies E C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elfrink
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Marroun
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Bruno H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: ten Cate
authors.forename: Jaap S J
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Veerkamp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents