title: Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body composition measures during adolescence: Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic evidence on the influence of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the development of obesity is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study examined the associations between dietary GI and GL and changes in body composition measures during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a representative sample of Northern Irish adolescents aged 12 years at baseline and 15 years at follow-up (n=426), dietary intake was assessed by a diet history interview. Body composition measures included body mass index (BMI; kg m(-2)), BMI z-score, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, percentage body fat, fat mass index (FMI; kg m(-2)) and fat-free mass index (kg m(-2)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for potential confounding factors, baseline GI was associated with increased change in FMI. Mean (95% confidence interval) values of changes in FMI according to tertiles of baseline GI were 0.41 (0.25, 0.57), 0.42 (0.26, 0.58) and 0.67 (0.51, 0.83) kg m(-2), respectively (P for trend=0.03). There was no significant association of baseline GI with changes in other body composition measures (P for trend≥0.054). Conversely, baseline GL showed no association with changes in any of the measures (P for trend≥0.41). Furthermore, changes in GI or GL were not associated with changes in any of the measures (P for trend≥0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary GI at age 12 years was independently associated with increased change in FMI between ages 12 and 15 years in a representative sample from Northern Ireland, whereas dietary GL showed no association with changes in any of the body composition measures examined.
authors.affiliation: 1] Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK [2] Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boreham
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
authors.forename: M B E
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Livingstone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009660:Northern Ireland; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011627:Puberty / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates