title: Low frequency of male circumcision and unwillingness to be circumcised among MSM in Buenos Aires, Argentina: association with sexually transmitted infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of male circumcision among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Buenos Aires, Argentina; the association between circumcision and sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and, among those uncircumcised, the willingness to be circumcised.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 MSM recruited through the respondent-driven sampling (RDS) technique. Participants underwent a consent process, responded to a Web-based survey that included questions on demographic information, sexual behaviour, and circumcision and provided biological samples. HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (CV), Treponema pallidum, and human papiloma virus (HPV) diagnoses were performed using standard methodologies. For all analyses, data were weighted based on participants' network size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 64 (13%) of the 500 MSM in our study reported being circumcised. Among uncircumcised men (n=418), 302 (70.4%) said that they would not be willing to get circumcised even if the procedure could reduce the risk of HIV infection. When considering all participants, circumcision status was not significantly associated with HIV, HBV, HCV, T. pallidum or HPV infections. However, when we restricted the sample to men who do not practice receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and compared circumcised to uncircumcised men, the former (N=33) had no cases of HIV infection, while 34 of 231 (14.8%) uncircumcised men were HIV positive (p=0.020). Regarding HPV, uncircumcised men had a significantly larger number of different HPV types compared with circumcised men (mean 1.83 vs. 1.09, p<0.001) and a higher frequency of high-risk-HPV genotypes (47.6% vs. 12.5%, p=0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with international evidence, male circumcision appears to have a partial protective effect among MSM. The efficacy of circumcision in reducing risk of HIV infection among MSM appears to be correlated with sexual practices. Given the lack of motivation among MSM with regard to circumcision, proper awareness on the risks and benefits of circumcision needs to be created, if circumcision has to be introduced as a prevention strategy.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. mpando@fmed.uba.ar
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pando
authors.forename: Ivan C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dolezal
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marone
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barreda
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carballo-Dieguez
authors.forename: María M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Avila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Buenos Aires; HIV; HPV; circumcision; men who have sex with men; respondent-driven sampling