title: Hepatitis E virus infections in HIV-infected patients in Ghana and Cameroon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections have recently been described in HIV-infected patients. Only few data are available for sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV and HEV are highly co-endemic, and where liver pathology is common in HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of HEV viremia, anti-HEV antibodies, and serum aminotransferase levels in HIV patients in Ghana and Cameroon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively surveyed a cross-section of patients who were enrolled in cohort studies in Ghana (West Africa), and Cameroon (Central Africa). Plasma samples from 1029 HIV patients from Ghana and 515 patients from Cameroon including 214 children were analyzed for HEV-RNA by two reverse transcription PCR methods. In a subset of 791 patients, anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No HEV-RNA was detected in any of the plasma samples of 1544 patients. HEV seroprevalence was high in adult HIV patients from Ghana (45.3%, n=402) and Cameroon (14.2%, n=289), but low in pediatric HIV patients from Cameroon (2.0%, n=100). Elevations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were common in adult patients from Ghana (20.8% and 25.4%) and Cameroon (38.9% and 69.8%). The prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen was 11.8% and of hepatitis C virus antibodies 2.5% in our adult Cameroonian study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute or chronic HEV infections did not play a role in liver pathology in two HIV cohorts in Ghana and Cameroon. A better understanding of the epidemiology and genotype-specific characteristics of HEV infections in HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa is needed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany. feldt@bni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feldt
authors.forename: Fred Stephen
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Sarfo
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zoufaly
authors.forename: Richard Odame
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burchard
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Lunzen
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jochum
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Awasom
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drosten
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Eis-Hübinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000637:Transaminases
keywords: ALT; ART; AST; Africa south of the Sahara; Chronic hepatitis; HBV; HBsAg; HCV; HEV; HIV; IQR; IgG; IgM; RT-PCR; SD; Seroprevalence; alanine aminotransferase; antiretroviral therapy; aspartate aminotransferase; hepatitis B virus; hepatitis B virus surface antigen; hepatitis C virus; hepatitis E virus; human immunodeficiency virus; immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin M; interquartile range; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; standard deviation