title: Efficacy of "seeking safety" in a Dutch population of traumatized substance-use disorder outpatients: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic experiences and, more specifically, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly prevalent among substance use disorder (SUD) patients. This comorbidity is associated with worse treatment outcomes in substance use treatment programs and more crisis interventions. International guidelines advise an integrated approach to the treatment of trauma related problems and SUD. Seeking Safety is an integrated treatment program that was developed in the United States. The aim of the current study is to test the efficacy of this program in the Netherlands in an outpatient SUD population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be used to test the efficacy of Seeking Safety compared to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in a population of SUD outpatients. Each treatment will consist of 12 group sessions. The primary outcome measure will be substance use severity. Secondary outcome measures are PTSD and trauma symptoms, coping skills, functioning, and cognitions. Questionnaires will be administered at the start of treatment, at the end of treatment (three months after the start of treatment) and at follow-up (six months after the start of treatment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study protocol presents a RCT in which the efficacy of an integrated treatment for comorbid PTSD and SUD, Seeking Safety, is evaluated in a SUD outpatient population compared to CBT. It is expected that the intervention group will show significantly more improvement in substance use severity compared to the control group at end-of-treatment and at follow-up. Furthermore, a lower drop-out rate is expected for the intervention group. If the intervention proves to be effective, it can be implemented. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted to evaluate the two treatments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The protocol for this study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register with number NTR3084 and approved by the local medical ethical committee (METC\11270.haa).
authors.affiliation: Tactus Addiction Treatment, P.O. box 154, 7400 AD, Deventer, The Netherlands. t.kok@tactus.nl
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Hein A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Najavits
authors.forename: Cor A J
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: DeJong
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010045:Outpatients; D018579:Patient Selection; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome