title: What dementia reveals about proverb interpretation and its neuroanatomical correlates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropsychologists frequently include proverb interpretation as a measure of executive abilities. A concrete interpretation of proverbs, however, may reflect semantic impairments from anterior temporal lobes, rather than executive dysfunction from frontal lobes. The investigation of proverb interpretation among patients with different dementias with varying degrees of temporal and frontal dysfunction may clarify the underlying brain-behavior mechanisms for abstraction from proverbs. We propose that patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), who are characteristically more impaired on proverb interpretation than those with Alzheimer's disease (AD), are disproportionately impaired because of anterior temporal-mediated semantic deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with bvFTD and 10 with AD completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Proverbs Test and a series of neuropsychological measures of executive and semantic functions. The analysis included both raw and age-adjusted normed data for multiple choice responses on the D-KEFS Proverbs Test using independent samples t-tests. Tensor-based morphometry (TBM) applied to 3D T1-weighted MRI scans mapped the association between regional brain volume and proverb performance. Computations of mean Jacobian values within select regions of interest provided a numeric summary of regional volume, and voxel-wise regression yielded 3D statistical maps of the association between tissue volume and proverb scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with bvFTD were significantly worse than those with AD in proverb interpretation. The worse performance of the bvFTD patients involved a greater number of concrete responses to common, familiar proverbs, but not to uncommon, unfamiliar ones. These concrete responses to common proverbs correlated with semantic measures, whereas concrete responses to uncommon proverbs correlated with executive functions. After controlling for dementia diagnosis, TBM analyses indicated significant correlations between impaired proverb interpretation and the anterior temporal lobe region (left>right).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among two dementia groups, those with bvFTD, demonstrated a greater number of concrete responses to common proverbs compared to those with AD, and this performance correlated with semantic deficits and the volume of the left anterior lobe, the hub of semantic knowledge. The findings of this study suggest that common proverb interpretation is greatly influenced by semantic dysfunction and that the use of proverbs for testing executive functions needs to include the interpretation of unfamiliar proverbs.
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. Natalie.Kaiser@va.gov
authors.forename: Natalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Grace J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Po H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Mario F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mendez
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001045:Aphorisms and Proverbs as Topic; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D057180:Frontotemporal Dementia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012660:Semantics
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Executive functioning; Frontotemporal dementia; MRI; Proverbs; Tensor based morphometry