title: Changes in frailty-related characteristics of the hip fracture population and their implications for healthcare services: evidence from Quebec, Canada.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that a number of frailty-related characteristics (older age, de novo admission to long-term care (LTC), comorbidities [Charlson Index, osteoporosis, osteoporosis risk factors, sarcopenia risk factors, and dementia]) have increased in the hip fracture population from 2001-2008. This will have significant impact on community resources, as the number of people discharged to the community is also increasing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to estimate secular changes in the prevalence of selected frailty-related characteristics among the hip fracture population in the Canadian province of Quebec (2001-2008) and the potential impact of these changes on healthcare services.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Quebec hospitalization database was used to identify nontraumatic hip fractures for the purposes of calculating age- and sex-specific rates. Also estimated were time trends for selected frailty-related characteristics and discharge destinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decline in fracture rates was evident for all age groups except for those <65; sex differences were also observed. Almost all frailty-related characteristics increased over time, ranging from 2 to 14 % per year, which translates to an estimated increase from 16 to 112 %, over the study period. For those whose prior living arrangement was LTC, rates of hip fractures declined significantly (women OR = 0.93, 0.91-0.95; men OR = 0.97, 0.94-0.99). In-hospital mortality and discharge to inpatient rehabilitation decreased, while discharges back to community and to LTC increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although hip fracture rates decreased for older hip fracture patients, the absolute number and prevalence of specific frailty-related characteristics increased. Policy makers should review care models to ensure that adequate resources are provided to the community to offset the expected increase in demand arising from ongoing changes in patients' characteristics.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Health Innovation, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Auais
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mayo
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000639:trends*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution