title: Pharmacological interference with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine: a limitation to developing cardiac innervation imaging in clinical practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  (123)I-metaiodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy is considered a valid imaging test to evaluate the cardiac sympathetic nervous system. However, scientific literature showed that some drugs are able to or are expected to interfere with MIBG uptake. Thirty years after introduction of the method and over 15 years since the appearance of the first document on pharmacological interference with MIBG, an update on this issue has become necessary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this review paper are: (1) to identify the pharmacological basis of interference of a variety of substances with MIBG uptake; and (2) to update the list of drugs that definitely interfere with MIBG on the grounds of evidence in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search was conducted. Scientific studies, case report and review articles were collected. Papers published demonstrating drugs interfering with MIBG uptake were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drugs may interact with MIBG uptake by 5 mechanism: (1) type-1 uptake inhibition; (2) inhibition of active transport to vesicles; (3) competition in transport to vesicles; (4) depletion of neurosecretory vesicle content; (5) calcium-mediated mechanism. We find that drugs like cocaine, antidepressants, some antipsychotic, tramadol, labetalol, sympatho-mimetics, reserpine and some calcium antagonists (as diltiazem, verapamil and nifedipine) do interfere with MIBG uptake. On the other hand, we find that controversial data are available on scientific literature regarding digoxin and amiodarone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A compiled statement of MIBG interfering medicines is now recommended to help nuclear medicine physicians in clinical practice to avoid potential pitfalls and improve the efficacy of (123)I-MIBG scintigraphy as a diagnostic tool.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stefanelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Treglia
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rufini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012110:Reserpine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014147:Tramadol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D014147:Tramadol; D012110:Reserpine; D000638:Amiodarone