title: Vitamin D and kidney stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D is important in maintaining calcium homeostasis, but its role in kidney stone disease and its effect on stone formation are still not clear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kidney stone formers tend to experience enhanced intestinal calcium absorption, increased urinary calcium excretion, and excessive bone mineral loss. Although direct actions of active vitamin D have been implicated in all these processes, the effect of nutritional vitamin D (vitamin D2 or vitamin D3) use on calcium balance among stone formers is still not clear. In addition, the safety of nutritional vitamin D use in the stone forming population is also not established, considering the potential effect of its use on raising urinary calcium. However, most of the observational studies do not support a significant association between higher nutritional vitamin D store and increased risk of stone formation. Short-term nutritional vitamin D repletion in stone formers with vitamin D deficiency also does not appear to increase urinary calcium excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of nutritional vitamin D use in stone formers is still not clear. As vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among stone formers, future prospective studies are needed to establish the biological effect, as well as the safety and efficacy of nutritional vitamin D therapy in this unique patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Michel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chonchol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium