title: Evidence of a paradoxical relationship between endotoxin and lung cancer after accounting for left truncation in a study of Chinese female textile workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational exposure to endotoxin, found in Gram-negative bacteria in organic material, has been associated predominantly with a reduced risk of lung cancer among workers. An inverse exposure-response gradient among women textile workers in Shanghai, China, has been reported previously. In this case-cohort study, we investigated the influence of left truncation, which can itself induce a downward trend, on the observed association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were enrolled between 1989 and 1991 and followed until 1998. The data were left-truncated as all subjects were hired before baseline. An analysis was performed with 3038 subcohort members and 602 cases of incident lung cancer. To evaluate left truncation, we compared lung cancer rates in those hired longer ago with those hired more recently among unexposed subjects. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to estimate incident rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among those who were never exposed to workplace endotoxin, we compared lung cancer rates in those hired >35 years before enrolment with workers hired ≤35 years before enrolment and observed a reduced risk in the former group, IRR=0.74, 95% CI (0.51 to 1.07). After accounting for this downward bias from left truncation, the reduced risk associated with endotoxin remained among those hired ≤50 years before enrolment. In contrast, there was suggestion of an increased risk of lung cancer among those hired >50 years ago.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After examination of left truncation bias, an inverse dose-response between endotoxin and lung cancer remained for all subjects except those hired longest ago.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Applebaum
authors.forename: Roberta M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Astrakianakis
authors.forename: Dao Li
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Christiani
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: LaValley
authors.forename: Wenjin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Checkoway
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D013783:Textile Industry; D013784:Textiles; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins
keywords: Endotoxin; Lung neoplasm; Truncation bias