title: In-vivo occlusal caries prevention by pulsed CO2 -laser and fluoride varnish treatment--a clinical pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High caries prevalence in occlusal pits and fissures warrants novel prevention methods. An 86% reduction in dental enamel smooth surface demineralization in-vivo following short-pulsed 9.6 µm-CO(2) -laser irradiation was recently reported. The objective of this study was to conduct a blinded 12-month-pilot clinical trial of occlusal pit and fissure caries inhibition using the same CO(2) -laser irradiation conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects, average age 14 years, were recruited. At baseline, second molars were randomized into test and control groups, assessed by International Caries Detection & Assessment System (ICDAS-II), SOPROLIFE light-induced fluorescence evaluator in daylight and blue-fluorescence mode and DIAGNOdent. An independent investigator irradiated test molars with a CO(2) -laser, wavelength 9.6 µm, pulse-duration 20 µs, pulse-repetition-rate 20 Hz, beam diameter 800 µm, average fluence 4.5 ± 0.5 J/cm(2), 20 laser pulses per spot. At 3-, 6- and 12-month recall teeth were assessed by ICDAS, SOPROLIFE and DIAGNOdent. All subjects received fluoride varnish applications at baseline and 6-month recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects completed the 3-month, 19 the 6-month and 16 the 12-month recall. At all recalls average ICDAS scores had decreased for the test and increased for the control fissures (laser vs. control, 3-month: -0.10 ± 0.14, 0.30 ± 0.18, P > 0.05; 6-month: -0.26 ± 0.13, 0.47 ± 0.16, P = 0.001; 12-month: -0.31 ± 0.15, 0.75 ± 0.17, P < 0.0001; mean ± SE, unpaired t-test) being statistically significantly different at 6- and 12-month recalls. SOPROLIFE daylight evaluation revealed at 6- and 12-months statistically significant differences in changes between baseline and recall for test and control molars, respectively (laser vs. control, 6-month: 0.22 ± 0.13, 0.17 ± 0.09, P = 0.02; 12-month: 0.28 ± 0.19, 0.25 ± 0.17, P = 0.03). For SOPROLIFE blue-fluorescence evaluation mean changes in comparison to baseline for the control and the laser treated teeth were also statistically significant for the 6- and 12-month recall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific microsecond short-pulsed 9.6 µm CO(2) -laser irradiation markedly inhibits caries progression in pits and fissures in comparison to fluoride varnish alone over 12 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. rechmannp@dentistry.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rechmann
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Charland
authors.forename: Beate M T
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rechmann
authors.forename: Charles Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: John D B
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Featherstone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005260:Female; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D054020:Lasers, Gas / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical