title: Transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression profiles of Detroit-562 pharyngeal cells, which were either mock-infected or infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3), were analyzed using human microarrays. Transcription response of S. pneumoniae strain TIGR4 (serotype 4) in the presence of either mock- or viral-infected cells was analyzed by pneumococcal microarray. Significantly regulated genes were identified by both significance analysis of microarray (SAM) and a ≥ 2-fold change ratio cut-off. The adherence of S. pneumoniae to human pharyngeal cells was significantly augmented in the presence of RSV or HPIV3 infection. Global gene expression profiling of the host cells during infection with RSV or HPIV3 revealed increased transcription of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAM1), CD47, fibronectin, interferon-stimulated genes and many other host cell adhesion molecules. Pneumococci increased transcription of several genes involved in adhesive functions (psaA, pilus islet), choline uptake and incorporation (lic operon), as well as transport and binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified a core transcriptome that represents the basic machinery required for adherence of pneumococci to D562 cells infected or not infected with a virus. These bacterial genes and cell adhesion molecules can potentially be used to control pneumococcal adherence occurring secondary to a viral infection.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Sheila Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Kimaro Mlacha
authors.forename: Teresa C T
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Peret
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero-Steiner
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunning Hotopp
authors.forename: Nadeeza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishmael
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grinblat-Huse
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Dean D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Carlone
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: J Anthony G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tettelin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules