title: Longitudinal association of intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms.
abstract: Purpose The association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and depression has been well established in cross-sectional research, but how IPV is associated with depressive symptoms over time has not been well studied. Methods Using the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study, a population-based longitudinal survey of women aged 18-45 (N = 1,420), we performed a two-step logistic regression analysis. In step 1, the association of recent IPV exposure at baseline with depressive symptoms 2 years later was analysed adjusting for relevant covariates; in step 2, we additionally included positive coping strategies (social support, physical activity) and negative coping strategies (binge drinking/drug use, smoking) in the model. Results Baseline IPV was reported by 4.6 percent of the sample and was independently associated with depressive symptoms 2 years later (adjusted or 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.45). The strongest predictor was depressive symptoms at baseline, which was associated with a fivefold increase in the likelihood of depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up. Other predictors of future depressive symptoms were IPV at follow-up, older age, lower educational attainment, and lower household income. When we controlled for potential coping strategies in the model (step 2), the relationship between recent IPV and follow-up depressive symptoms was attenuated (adjusted OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.80-2.80). Conclusions Exposure to IPV increases the likelihood of depressive symptoms occurring two years later. Greater social support and binge drinking/drug use attenuates this association, suggesting that interventions focusing on coping mechanisms may serve to reduce the impact of IPV on future depression.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Division of General Internal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cattoi
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McCall-Hosenfeld
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Carol S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weisman
keywords: depression; depressive symptoms; domestic violence; intimate partner violence