title: Hair arsenic levels and prevalence of arsenicosis in three Cambodian provinces.
abstract: Natural, inorganic arsenic contamination of groundwater threatens the health of more than 100 million people worldwide, including residents of the densely populated river deltas of South and Southeast Asia. Contaminated groundwater from tube wells in Cambodia was discovered in 2001 leading to the detection of the first cases of arsenicosis in 2006. The most affected area was the Kandal Province. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of arsenicosis in Cambodia based on acceptable criteria, and to investigate the use of hair arsenic as a biomarker not only for arsenicosis-related signs but also for associated symptoms. A cross-sectional epidemiological study of 616 respondents from 3 purposely selected provinces within the Mekong River basin of Cambodia was conducted. The Kandal Province was chosen as a high arsenic-contaminated area, while the Kratie Province and Kampong Cham Province were chosen as moderate and low arsenic-contaminated areas, respectively. The most prevalent sign of arsenicosis was hypomelanosis with a prevalence of 14.5% among all respondents and 32.4% among respondents with a hair arsenic level of ≥1 μg/g. This was followed by hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation and mee's lines. Results also suggest a 1.0 μg/g hair arsenic level to be a practical cut off point for an indication of an arsenic contaminated individual. This hair arsenic level, together with the presence of one or more of the classical signs of arsenicosis, seems to be a practical criteria for a confirmed diagnosis. Based on these criteria, the overall prevalence of arsenicosis for all provinces was found to be 16.1%, with Kandal Province recording the highest prevalence of 35.5%. This prevalence is comparatively high when compared to that of other affected countries. The association between arsenicosis and the use of Chinese traditional medicine also needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: jamalhas@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jamal Hisham
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Rozhan Syariff Mohamed
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Radzi
authors.forename: Syed Mohamed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aljunid
authors.forename: Amrizal Muhammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nur
authors.forename: Aniza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baguma
authors.forename: Suthipong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sthiannopkao
authors.forename: Kongkea
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Ming Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Vibol
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sao
authors.forename: Mohamed Salleh Mohamed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yasin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Arsenicosis; Cambodia; Hair