title: Anatomy of the superficial lymphatics of the abdominal wall and the upper thigh and its implications in lymphatic microsurgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent advent in the surgical treatment of lymphedema necessitates a more detailed understanding of the anatomy of the lymphatic system. Lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) requires a precise knowledge of the anatomy of the superficial lymphatic collectors in relation to the superficial veins. In vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), donor site lymphatic function must be preserved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the previously described technique, the superficial lymphatic drainage of 8 anterior hemi-abdomen/upper thigh specimens from 4 fresh human cadavers was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper and lower abdominal collectors were found above Scarpa's fascia immediately below the subdermal venules. They were thin-walled and translucent and their diameter ranged between 0.2 and 0.8 mm. In the upper thigh two distinct groups of superficial collectors were found. The collectors of the ventromedial bundle constituted the majority of the superficial collectors, were deep in the subcutaneous fat, measured 0.6-1 mm in diameter, had thick walls, and consistently drained into two large nodes inferolateral to the saphenous bulb. The local collectors of the thigh were immediately deep to the subdermal venules, measured 0.3-0.5 mm, had thin walls, and drained into the superolateral group of the superficial inguinal nodes which also drained the lower abdomen, the lower back and the upper gluteal region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When raising the groin lymphatic flap for VLNT, the medial extent of the dissection should be limited to the lateral border of femoral artery. When following up patients after VLNT with a groin donor site, circumference measurements must include the upper thigh.
authors.affiliation: Taylor Lab, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. saam.tourani@gmail.com
authors.forename: Saam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tourani
authors.forename: G Ian
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ashton
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000637:transplantation; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D013848:Thigh / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: (Supra) Microsurgery; Lymphatic anatomy; Lymphedema; Lymphovenous anastomosis; Vascularised lymph node transfer