title: Empirical examination of the potential adverse psychological effects associated with pediatric FMRI scanning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past decade, the number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies has increased dramatically. As MRI scans may be anxiety provoking, performing them in a research setting, particularly with children already prone to anxiety, raises questions about ethics as well as methodological feasibility. It is essential to address these questions before expanding the use of this technique to clinical settings, or more widely in the context of pediatric psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry research. The current study investigates the psychological reactions of anxious and non-anxious children and non-anxious adults to an fMRI scan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven anxious children, 140 non-anxious children, and 98 non-anxious adults rated their emotional reactions to an fMRI scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that anxious and non-anxious children reported no greater anxiety after fMRI scanning than did adults. In addition, no age-related differences in distress were observed. These data demonstrate that anxious children, healthy children, and healthy adults have similar emotional reactions to fMRI scanning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed findings suggest that the potential for fMRI to produce anxiety should not impede its widespread use in clinical research, psychopharmacology, and biological psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, The National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. shechnert@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tomer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shechner
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarcho
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult