title: Systems intervention to promote colon cancer screening in safety net settings: protocol for a community-based participatory randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Screening can be effective but is underutilized. System- or multi-level interventions could be effective at increasing screening, but most have been implemented and evaluated in higher-resource settings such as health maintenance organizations. Given the disparities evident for colorectal cancer and the potential for screening to improve outcomes, there is a need to expand this work to include diverse settings, including those who treat economically disadvantaged patients. This paper describes the study protocol for a trial designed to increase colorectal cancer screening in those 'safety-net' health centers that serve underinsured and uninsured patients. This trial was designed and is being implemented using a community-based participatory approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a practical clinical cluster-randomized controlled trial. We will recruit 16 community health centers to this trial. This systems-level intervention consists of a menu of evidence-based implementation strategies for increasing colorectal cancer screening. Health centers in the intervention arm then collaborate with the study team to tailor strategies to their own setting in order to maximize fit and acceptability. Data are collected at the organizational level through interviews, and at the provider and patient levels through surveys. Patients complete a survey about their healthcare and screening utilization at baseline, six months, and twelve months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome is colorectal cancer screening by patient self-report, supplemented by a chart-audit in a subsample of patients. Implementation outcomes informed by the Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) conceptual framework will be measured at patient, provider, and practice levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is one of the first to integrate community participatory strategies to a randomized controlled trial in a healthcare setting. The multi-level approach will support the ability of the intervention to affect screening through multiple avenues. The participatory approach will strengthen the chance that implementation strategies will be maintained after study completion and, supports external validity by increasing health center interest and willingness to participate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01299493.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8100, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. jamesai@wudosis.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Aimee S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Jean S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Enola K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection