title: Update on the evaluation of repeated stone formers.
abstract: Office management of stone disease is an important component of a urologist's practice. Evaluation should include analysis of stone composition, 24-hour urine studies, identification of modifiable risk factors, and targeted dietary, lifestyle, and/or medical therapy. A sizeable portion of investigated etiologies and risk factors for stone disease have centered on the complex interplay between obesity, diabetes, and other disease states that comprise the metabolic syndrome. Alternatives to traditional preventive therapy, such as probiotics and various fruit juices, are still being studied but may prove useful adjuncts to traditional preventive therapy, where the mainstays remain increased fluid intake, dietary modification, and pharmacologic therapy. Future studies on preventive therapy of urolithiasis are likely to focus on strategies to increase compliance, cost-effectiveness, and systems-based implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. First Ave, Bldg 54, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA, akadlec@lumc.edu.
authors.forename: Adam O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Kadlec
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Turk
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care; D004035:Diet Therapy; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D019357:Potassium Citrate