title: The effect of vitrification and in vitro culture on the adenosine triphosphate content and mitochondrial distribution of mouse pre-implantation embryos.
abstract: The mitochondria are an important source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in pre-implantation embryo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of vitrification and in vitro culture of mouse embryos on their mitochondrial distribution and ATP content.
  
  
  
  The embryos at 2-PN, 4-cell and blastocyst stages were collected from the oviduct of stimulated pregnant mice and uterine horns. Then, the embryos were vitrified with the cryotop method using ethylene glycol and dimethylsulphoxide. After evaluating the survival rates of vitrified embryos, their development to hatching stages were assessed. The ATP content of collected in vivo and in vitro embryos at different stages was measured by luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The distribution of mitochondria was studied using Mito-tracker green staining under a fluorescent microscope.
  
  
  
  The survival rates of vitrified embryos at 2-PN, 4-cell and early blastocyst stages were 84.3, 87.87 and 89.89%, respectively. The hatching rates in previous developmental stages in vitrified group were 57.44, 66.73 and 70.89% and in non-vitrified group were 66.32, 73.25 and 75.89%, respectively (P>0.05). The ATP content of in vivo or in vitro collected embryos was not significantly different in both vitrified and non-vitrified groups (P>0.05). Mitochondrial distribution of vitrified and non-vitrified 2-PN embryos was similar, but some clampings or large aggregation of mitochondria within the vitrified 4-cell embryos was prominent.
  
  
  
  Vitrification method did not affect the mouse embryo ATP content. Also, the cellular stress was not induced by this procedure and the safety of vitrification was shown.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amoushahi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojdeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salehnia
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: HosseinKhani
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: Mitochondria; Vitrification; Adenosine triphosphate