title: The associations between diurnal cortisol patterns, self-perceived social support, and sleep behavior in Chinese breast cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationships between diurnal cortisol patterns and sleep behavior, social support, psychological factors, and perceived health status in breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-one breast cancer patients completed a self-report questionnaire that combined the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Yale Social Support Scale, and self-perceived measures of physical health, stress, sleep quality, total sleep hours, and time of awakening. Salivary cortisol was collected upon waking, at 1200h, 1700h, and 2100h on two consecutive days. Multiple regression analysis was performed on the diurnal cortisol slope that was derived from slope analysis of the log-transformed cortisol data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for the initial cortisol level, a flatter diurnal cortisol slope was significantly associated with a later time of awakening, higher negative social support, poorer perceived health, poorer sleep quality, and shorter total sleep hours. Anxiety and depression were not significantly correlated with the slope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a subtle dysregulation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning in patients with highly negative social support, poor perceived health, poor sleep quality, a later time of awakening, and insufficient sleep hours.
authors.affiliation: Centre on Behavioral Health, 2/F, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Social Work & Social Administration, 5/F, Building C (Social Sciences), Jockey Club Tower, The Centennial Campus, Pokfulam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Electronic address: tinho@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Rainbow T H
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ted C T
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Caitlin K P
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Cecilia L W
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D044466:Asian People; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012649:Self Concept; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Breast cancer; Chinese cancer patients; Diurnal cortisol pattern; Sleep behavior; Social support