title: A pictorial overview of pubovisceral muscle avulsions on pelvic floor magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite extensive research aimed at clarifying (failing) pelvic organ support, the complete aetiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is still not fully understood. During vaginal delivery, the pelvic floor can be irreversibly traumatised, resulting in pubovisceral muscle avulsions. The aetiology of these avulsions is discussed in this pictorial overview. Normal female pelvic floor anatomy is described and variations are exemplified using magnetic resonance (MR) images. The clinical relevance of detecting pubovisceral muscle avulsions is specified.
  
  
  METHODS
  T2-weighted MR imaging has multiplanar capabilities with high diagnostic accuracy allowing for detailed visualisation of the pelvic floor. Together with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) post-processing program, the presence and severity of pubovisceral muscle avulsions can be quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pelvic floor MR imaging is a non-invasive method that enables adequate identification of pubovisceral muscle avulsions which are known risk factors for the development of POP. They can be scored with good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiologists and urogynaecology subspecialists should be familiar with MR imaging findings of pubovisceral muscle avulsions as this birth-related trauma is observed in over 36 % of vaginally parous women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a growing problem for both patients and for our healthcare system • Pubovisceral muscle avulsions are known risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) • T2-weighted MR imaging visualises pubovisceral muscle avulsions adequately • Pubovisceral muscle avulsions are scored with good to excellent inter- and intra-observer reliability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (791), Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, K.Lammers@obgyn.umcn.nl.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vierhout
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kluivers
authors.forename: Jurgen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fütterer