title: A conceptual model of the psychological health system for U.S. active duty service members: an approach to inform leadership and policy decision making.
abstract: The influence of individual-level factors such as pretraumatic risk and protective factors and the availability of unit-level and enterprise-level factors on psychological health outcomes have been previously considered individually, but have not been considered in tandem across the U.S. Military psychological health system. We use the existing literature on military psychological health to build a conceptual system dynamics model of the U.S. Military psychological health system "service-cycle" from accession and deployment to future psychological health screening and treatment. The model highlights a few key observations, challenges, and opportunities for improvement for the system that relate to several topics including the importance of modeling operational demand combined with the population's psychological health as opposed to only physical health; the role of resilience and post-traumatic growth on the mitigation of stress; the positive and negative effects of pretraumatic risk factors, unit support, and unit leadership on the service-cycle; and the opportunity to improve the system more rapidly by including more feedback mechanisms regarding the usefulness of pre- and post-traumatic innovations to medical leaders, funding authorities, and policy makers.
authors.affiliation: Sociotechnical Systems Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Judy Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wiljeana J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nightingale
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003657:Decision Making; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008603:Mental Health; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States