title: Spray nozzles, pressures, additives and stirring time on viability and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes (nematoda: rhabditida) for greenhouses.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate different strategies for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). Three different models of spray nozzles with air induction (AI 11003, TTI 11003 and AD-IA 11004), three spray pressures (207, 413 and 720 kPa), four different additives for tank mixtures (cane molasses, mineral oil, vegetable oil and glycerin) and the influence of tank mixture stirring time were all evaluated for their effect on EPN (Steinernema feltiae) viability and pathogenicity. The different nozzles, at pressures of up to 620 kPa, were found to be compatible with S. feltiae. Vegetable oil, mineral oil and molasses were found to be compatible adjuvants for S. feltiae, and stirring in a motorized backpack sprayer for 30 minutes did not impact the viability or pathogenicity of this nematode. Appropriate techniques for the application of nematodes with backpack sprayers are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. grabiologia@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Grazielle Furtado
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Elder Simões de Paula
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.forename: Henrique Borges Neves
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Raphael Emilio
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.forename: Marcelo da Costa
authors.initials: Mda C
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*