title: Exercise training reduces peripheral arterial stiffness and myocardial oxygen demand in young prehypertensive subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large artery stiffness is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Persistent prehypertension accelerates the progression of arterial stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three unmedicated prehypertensive (systolic blood pressure (SBP) = 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = 80-89 mm Hg) men and women and 15 normotensive time-matched control subjects (NMTCs; n = 15) aged 18-35 years of age met screening requirements and participated in the study. Prehypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to a resistance exercise training (PHRT; n = 15), endurance exercise training (PHET; n = 13) or time-control group (PHTC; n = 15). Treatment groups performed exercise training 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Pulse wave analysis, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and central and peripheral blood pressures were evaluated before and after exercise intervention or time-matched control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PHRT and PHET reduced resting SBP by 9.6±3.6mm Hg and 11.9±3.4mm Hg, respectively, and DBP by 8.0±5.1mm Hg and 7.2±3.4mm Hg, respectively (P < 0.05). PHRT and PHET decreased augmentation index (AIx) by 7.5% ± 2.8% and 8.1% ± 3.2% (P < 0.05), AIx@75 by 8.0% ± 3.2% and 9.2% ± 3.8% (P < 0.05), and left ventricular wasted pressure energy, an index of extra left ventricular myocardial oxygen requirement due to early systolic wave reflection, by 573±161 dynes s/cm(2) and 612±167 dynes s/cm(2) (P < 0.05), respectively. PHRT and PHET reduced carotid-radial PWV by 1.02±0.32 m/sec and 0.92±0.36 m/sec (P < 0.05) and femoral-distal PWV by 1.04±0.31 m/sec and 1.34±0.33 m/sec (P < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were observed in the time-control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that both resistance and endurance exercise alone effectively reduce peripheral arterial stiffness, central blood pressures, augmentation index, and myocardial oxygen demand in young prehypertensive subjects.
authors.affiliation: Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Darren T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Randy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Braith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D058246:Prehypertension; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D055070:Resistance Training; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: arterial stiffness; augmentation index; blood pressure; exercise; hypertension; left ventricular wasted pressure energy; prehypertension.