title: Fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with lower risk of bladder cancer among women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.
abstract: Fruits and vegetables have been examined for their possible effects on the risk of bladder cancer, as they contain numerous nutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidants with potentially anticarcinogenic properties. In a prospective analysis of 185,885 older adults participating in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we examined whether the consumption of fruits and vegetables, or of nutrients concentrated in fruits and vegetables, was associated with bladder cancer risk. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate HRs and 95% CIs for bladder cancer in relation to dietary intakes. A total of 581 invasive bladder cancer cases (429 men and 152 women) were diagnosed over a mean follow-up period of 12.5 y. In women, total fruits and vegetables [HR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.56); highest vs. lowest quartile], total vegetables [HR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.29, 0.83)], yellow-orange vegetables [HR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.77)], total fruits [HR = 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.85)], and citrus fruits [HR = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.90)] were inversely associated with the risk of invasive bladder cancer in risk factor-adjusted models. In addition, women with the highest intakes of vitamins A, C, and E; the carotenoids α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin; and folate had a lower risk of bladder cancer. For men, no associations for fruits, vegetables, or nutrients were found overall, although inverse associations were observed for vegetable intake among current smokers, and in ethnic-specific analyses, for fruit and vegetable intake among Latinos specifically. Our findings suggest that greater consumption of fruits and vegetables may lower the risk of invasive bladder cancer among women and highlight the need for specific subgroup analyses in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA. spark@cc.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Song-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ollberding
authors.forename: Christy G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Woolcott
authors.forename: Lynne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014675:Vegetables; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D005492:Folic Acid