title: Adaptation in locomotor stability, cognition, and metabolic cost during sensory discordance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Locomotor instability may affect planetary extravehicular activities during the initial adaptation to the new gravitational environment. The goal of this study was to quantify the locomotor, cognitive, and metabolic effects of exposure to a discordant sensory environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A treadmill mounted on a 6-degree-of-freedom motion base was used to present 15 healthy subjects with a destabilizing support surface while they walked. Dependent measures of locomotor stability, cognitive load, and metabolic cost were stride frequency (SF), reaction time (RT), and the volume of oxygen consumed (Vo2), respectively. Subjects completed an 8-min baseline walk followed by 20 min of walking with a continuous, sinusoidal, laterally oscillating support-surface perturbation. Data for minutes 1, 7, 13, and 20 of the support-surface perturbation period were compared with the baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SF, RT, and Vo2 were significantly greater during support-surface motion than during the baseline walking condition and showed a trend toward recovery to baseline levels during the perturbation period. Results demonstrated that adaptation to walking in a discordant sensory environment has quantifiable and significant costs in SF, RT, and Vo2 as shown by mean increases of 9%, 20%, and 4%, respectively, collected during the first minute of exposure. By the fourth minute of exposure, mean Vo2 consumption had increased to 20% over its baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that preflight sensorimotor adaptation training paradigms will impart gains in stability and the ability to multitask, and might increase productive mission time by extending work time in extravehicular activity suits where metabolic expenditure is a limiting factor.
authors.affiliation: NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA. brian.peters-1@nasa.gov
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Crystal D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Batson
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Guined
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ploutz-Snyder
authors.forename: Ajitkumar P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mulavara
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bloomberg
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D018478:Extravehicular Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D018470:Gravity, Altered; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016526:Workload; D055815:Young Adult