title: Regulation of adrenomedullin and its family peptide by RAMP system--lessons from genetically engineered mice.
abstract: Adrenomedullin (ADM), originally identified as a vasodilating peptide, is now recognized to be a pleiotropic molecule involved in both the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and circulatory homeostasis. Homozygotes of ADM knockout mice (ADM-/-) were lethal at mid-gestation with abnormalities of vascular development and this finding clarified the angiogenic potency of ADM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which has a structure and function similar to that of ADM, has been identified as a family peptide of ADM. Unlike ADM-/-, CGRP-/- were apparently normal. Therefore, the study of knockout mice first clarified the distinctly different physiological roles between ADM and CGRP. In contrast, heterozygotes of ADM knockout mice (ADM+/-) were alive but showed blood pressure elevation, reduced neovascularization, and enhanced neointimal formation by arterial injury. Based on these observations, there was hope ADM would have a therapeutic use. However, ADM has a short half-life in the blood stream and its application in chronic disease has limitations. Therefore, we focused on the ADM receptor system. The calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR), which is the ADM receptor, associates with one of the accessory proteins, called receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). By interacting with RAMP1, CLR exhibits a high affinity for CGRP, whereas by interacting with either RAMP2 or -3, CLR exhibits a high affinity for ADM. We generated RAMP knockout mice and found that vascular phenotypes similar to ADM-/- were reproduced only in RAMP2-/-. This shows that RAMP2 is the key determinant of the vascular functions of ADM. RAMP2 could be an attractive therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan. tshindo@shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shindo
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamiyoshi
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichikawa-Shindo
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimoyama
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iinuma
authors.forename: Takuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D058261:Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D058261:Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins; D053607:Adrenomedullin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide