title: The use of mercury against pediculosis in the Renaissance: the case of Ferdinand II of Aragon, King of Naples, 1467-96.
abstract: The hair samples of Ferdinand II of Aragon (1467-1496), King of Naples, whose mummy is preserved in the Basilica of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples, showed a high content of mercury, with a value of 827ppm. Furthermore, examination using a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of head and pubic hairs of Ferdinand II, revealed a lice infestation. The reasons for the massive presence of the mercury in the king's hair are discussed and contemporary literature regarding the use of this metal in medical therapies and in cosmetic practices is analysed. As a result, the high value of mercury in the hair of Ferdinand II can be attributed to antipediculosis therapy, applied as a topic medicament. This case represents an important finding for the history of medicine, because demonstrates that in the Renaissance mercury was applied locally not only to treat syphilis, as well attested by direct and indirect sources, but also to prevent or eliminate lice infestation.
authors.affiliation: Professor Gino Fornaciari and Dr Valentina Giuffra, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Division of Palaeopathology, History of Medicine and Bioethics, University of Pisa , Italy ; Dr Silvia Marinozzi and Professor Valentina Gazzaniga, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of History of Medicine, University of Rome 'La Sapienza' , Italy; Dr Malayka Samantha Picchi and Dr Massimo Masetti, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Entomology, University of Pisa ; Professor Mario Giusiani, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Pisa .
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornaciari
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marinozzi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gazzaniga
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giuffra
authors.forename: Malayka Samantha
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Picchi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giusiani
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masetti
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005197:Famous Persons; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Ferdinand II of Aragon; Lice; Mercurial Therapy; Naples; Renaissance