title: Assessment of cellular reactions to magnesium as implant  material in comparison to titanium and to glyconate using  the mouse tail model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nowadays, research in magnesium alloys as a biodegradable implant material has increased. The aim of this study was to examine osteoinductive properties and tissue responses to pure magnesium in comparison to conventional permanent (titanium) and to degradable (glyconate) implant materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnesium wires (0.4 mm in diameter, 10 mm length) were implanted into tail veins of mice and examined after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 weeks. Titanium and glyconate as controls were assessed after 2, 4, 8 and 24 weeks. µ-computed tompgraphy, histology and SEM examinations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Magnesium implants showed increasing structural losses over time with fragmentation after an observation period of 32 weeks. Glyconate was fully degraded and titanium remained almost unaffected after 24 weeks. In contrast to some titanium and glyconate implants, first calcium and phosphate precipitations could be observed around magnesium implants after two weeks. However, ossification could not be observed even after 32 weeks, whereas enchondral ossification was found partially in the sourrounding of glyconate and titanium implants after eight weeks. Nevertheless, magnesium implants showed less inflammatory responses and fibrosing properties than the conventional implant materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the assumed osteoinductive properties could not be detected, magnesium appears to be a promising degradable implant material because of the low sensitizing and inflammatory potential.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover - Germany.
authors.forename: Janin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reifenrath
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badar
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dziuba
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heidenblut
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bondarenko
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meyer-Lindenberg
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001864:Bone Wires; D002477:Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005942:Gluconates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008954:Models, Biological; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013623:Tail; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005942:Gluconates; D014025:Titanium; D008274:Magnesium; C030691:gluconic acid