title: A non-invasive biomonitoring method for assessing levels of urinary pyrethroid metabolites in diapered children by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a method for quantitative measurement of urinary metabolites of pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides, trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid (CDCA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), extracted from disposable diapers. This study was approved by the university ethics committees, and informed consent was obtained from all the parents for their children and from adult volunteers. After extraction of PYR metabolites in the absorber of diapers with 5 ml acetone, the metabolites in the eluents were extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether, derivatized with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.55 μg/l for CDCA and 0.09 μg/l for 3-PBA in 2 ml urine extracted from diapers. Within-series and between-day precisions were <14% (CV%) over the concentration range of metabolites from 0.4 to 20.4 μg/l urine. When concentrations of each metabolite were measured with the developed method after pouring 2 ml urine, which was obtained from adults both in a general population and pest control operators, on diapers, good correlations were shown between the measured results and the concentrations measured directly for the respective urine with the conventional method (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 0.889 for CDCA and 0.989 for 3-PBA; n=27-28). The developed method would be applicable to epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Aichi Science and Technology Foundation, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wakusawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamijima
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads; D007223:Infant; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine*; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D011722:Pyrethrins