title: Deep brain stimulation, brain maps and personalized medicine: lessons from the human genome project.
abstract: Although the appellation of personalized medicine is generally attributed to advanced therapeutics in molecular medicine, deep brain stimulation (DBS) can also be so categorized. Like its medical counterpart, DBS is a highly personalized intervention that needs to be tailored to a patient's individual anatomy. And because of this, DBS like more conventional personalized medicine, can be highly specific where the object of care is an N = 1. But that is where the similarities end. Besides their differing medical and surgical provenances, these two varieties of personalized medicine have had strikingly different impacts. The molecular variant, though of a more recent vintage has thrived and is experiencing explosive growth, while DBS still struggles to find a sustainable therapeutic niche. Despite its promise, and success as a vetted treatment for drug resistant Parkinson's Disease, DBS has lagged in broadening its development, often encountering regulatory hurdles and financial barriers necessary to mount an adequate number of quality trials. In this paper we will consider why DBS-or better yet neuromodulation-has encountered these challenges and contrast this experience with the more successful advance of personalized medicine. We will suggest that personalized medicine and DBS's differential performance can be explained as a matter of timing and complexity. We believe that DBS has struggled because it has been a journey of scientific exploration conducted without a map. In contrast to molecular personalized medicine which followed the mapping of the human genome and the Human Genome Project, DBS preceded plans for the mapping of the human brain. We believe that this sequence has given personalized medicine a distinct advantage and that the fullest potential of DBS will be realized both as a cartographical or electrophysiological probe and as a modality of personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Ethics, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 435 East 70th Street, Suite 4-J, New York, NY, 10021, USA, jjfins@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fins
authors.forename: Zachary E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D016045:Human Genome Project; D006801:Humans; D057285:Precision Medicine