title: Using systematically observed clinical encounters (SOCEs) to assess medical students' skills in clinical settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is widely used to assess the clinical performance of medical students. However, concerns related to cost, availability, and validity, have led educators to investigate alternatives to the OSCE. Some alternatives involve assessing students while they provide care to patients - the mini-CEX (mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise) and the Long Case are examples. We investigated the psychometrics of systematically observed clinical encounters (SOCEs), in which physicians are supplemented by lay trained observers, as a means of assessing the clinical performances of medical students.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the pediatrics clerkship at the University of Iowa, trained lay observers assessed the communication skills of third-year medical students using a communication checklist while the students interviewed and examined pediatric patients. Students then verbally presented their findings to faculty, who assessed students' clinical skills using a standardized form. The reliability of the combined communication and clinical skills scores was calculated using generalizability theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one medical students completed 199 observed patient encounters. The mean combined clinical and communication skills score (out of a maximum 45 points) was 40.8 (standard deviation 3.3). The calculated reliability of the SOCE scores, using generalizability theory, from 10 observed patient encounters was 0.81. Students reported receiving helpful feedback from faculty after 97% of their observed clinical encounters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SOCE can reliably assess the clinical performances of third-year medical students on their pediatrics clerkship. The SOCE is an attractive addition to the other methods utilizing real patient encounters for assessing the skills of learners.
authors.affiliation: Performance Based Assessment Program, Office of Student Affairs and Curriculum, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Family Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bergus
authors.forename: Jerold C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woodhead
authors.forename: Clarence D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kreiter
keywords: clinical skills; medical education; performance assessment