title: Insulin suppresses atrophy- and autophagy-related genes in heart tissue and cardiomyocytes through AKT/FOXO signaling.
abstract: Insulin is an important regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and of lysosomal proteolysis in cardiac muscle. However, the role of insulin in the regulation of the muscle atrophy-related Ub-ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF1 as well as in autophagy, a major adaptive response to nutritional stress, in the heart has not been characterized. We report here that acute insulin deficiency in the cardiac muscle of rats induced by streptozotocin increased the expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 as well as LC3 and Gabarapl1, 2 autophagy-related genes. These effects were associated with decreased phosphorylation levels of Akt and its downstream target Foxo3a; this phenomenon is a well-known effect that permits the maintenance of Foxo in the nucleus to activate protein degradation by proteasomal and autophagic processes. The administration of insulin increased Akt and Foxo3a phosphorylation and suppressed the diabetes-induced expression of Ub-ligases and autophagy-related genes. In cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, nutritional stress induced by serum/glucose deprivation strongly increased the expression of Ub-ligases and autophagy-related genes; this effect was inhibited by insulin. Furthermore, the addition of insulin in vitro prevented the decrease in Akt/Foxo signaling induced by nutritional stress. These findings demonstrate that insulin suppresses atrophy- and autophagy-related genes in heart tissue and cardiomyocytes, most likely through the phosphorylation of Akt and the inactivation of Foxo3a.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paula-Gomes
authors.forename: D A P
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Baviera
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Zanon
authors.forename: L C C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Navegantes
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Kettelhut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000235:genetics; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt