title: Extra- and intracerebral course of the recurrent artery of Heubner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the current study was to analyse the extra- and intracerebral course of the recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH) to provide detailed information for neurosurgeons operating in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material for this study was obtained from cadavers (ages 31-75 years) during routine autopsies. A total of 70 human brains (39 male and 31 female) were examined. The material was collected not later than 48 h post-mortem. People who died due to neurological disorders were not included into the study. Right after dissection the arteries were perfused with either acrylicpaint emulsion, polyvinyl chloride or Mercox CL-2R resin, through the Circle of Willis or electively through the RAH. The obtained material was analysed using a stereoscopic light microscope, magnification 2-40´.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RAH was present in 138 hemispheres with a mean of 1.99 RAH per hemisphere (275 RAH in total). The mean RAH length was 25.2 mm and the mean RAH diameter, in its place of origin, was 1 mm. In 168 (61%) cases the RAH ran superiorly, in 88 (32%) cases anteriorly, in 11 (4%) cases inferiorly and in 8 (3%) cases posteriorly to the A1 segment. In 70.2% of the cases the course of the RAH was parallel to the anterior communicating artery A1 segment, and in 29.8% of the cases the RAH arched towards the olfactory tract. As the extracerebral course of the RAH was always tortuous,its length was 1 to 5 times the distance between its place of origin and the most lateral point of anterior perforated substance (APS) penetration. The intracerebral course of the RAH was almost always univectorial - towards the head of the caudate nucleus.The course of RAH branches depended on their number. When the number of RAH sand their branches was low, they separated immediately after penetrating the APS and formed multiple small branches. When the number of RAHs and branches was high,post-APS branching was less frequent and occurred in distal segments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The origin and course of the RAH is highly variable. The RAH, in its extra- and intracerebral course, may join with the middle group of the lenticulostriate arteries or directly with the middle cerebral artery. This artery should be routinely identified during anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping to prevent postoperative neurological deficits.
authors.affiliation: krtomaszewski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zawiliński
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tomaszewska
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gregorczyk-Maga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skrzat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020771:Anterior Cerebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged