title: Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A variety of estimates of the benefits and harms of mammographic screening for breast cancer have been published and national policies vary.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of screening for breast cancer with mammography on mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed (22 November 2012) and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (22 November 2012).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing mammographic screening with no mammographic screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight eligible trials were identified. We excluded a trial because the randomisation had failed to produce comparable groups.The eligible trials included 600,000 women in the analyses in the age range 39 to 74 years. Three trials with adequate randomisation did not show a statistically significant reduction in breast cancer mortality at 13 years (relative risk (RR) 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 to 1.02); four trials with suboptimal randomisation showed a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality with an RR of 0.75 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.83). The RR for all seven trials combined was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.87). We found that breast cancer mortality was an unreliable outcome that was biased in favour of screening, mainly because of differential misclassification of cause of death. The trials with adequate randomisation did not find an effect of screening on total cancer mortality, including breast cancer, after 10 years (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.10) or on all-cause mortality after 13 years (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.03).Total numbers of lumpectomies and mastectomies were significantly larger in the screened groups (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.42), as were number of mastectomies (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.32). The use of radiotherapy was similarly increased whereas there was no difference in the use of chemotherapy (data available in only two trials).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If we assume that screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% and that overdiagnosis and overtreatment is at 30%, it means that for every 2000 women invited for screening throughout 10 years, one will avoid dying of breast cancer and 10 healthy women, who would not have been diagnosed if there had not been screening, will be treated unnecessarily. Furthermore, more than 200 women will experience important psychological distress including anxiety and uncertainty for years because of false positive findings. To help ensure that the women are fully informed before they decide whether or not to attend screening, we have written an evidence-based leaflet for lay people that is available in several languages on www.cochrane.dk. Because of substantial advances in treatment and greater breast cancer awareness since the trials were carried out, it is likely that the absolute effect of screening today is smaller than in the trials. Recent observational studies show more overdiagnosis than in the trials and very little or no reduction in the incidence of advanced cancers with screening.
authors.affiliation: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. pcg@cochrane.dk.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gøtzsche
authors.forename: Karsten Juhl
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D002423:Cause of Death; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D008403:Mass Screening; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010174:Pamphlets; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic