title: Direct translocation of staphylococci from the skin surface to deep organs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus can invade the bloodstream and cause bacteremic infections, but this organism frequently produces serious deep infections without bacteremia or an identifiable portal of entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used experimental cutaneous S. aureus infections in mice to determine if the bacteria could reach deep organs without travel through the bloodstream.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After skin surface application the bacteria rapidly distributed to lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys and other organs. In these animals, blood cultures were negative, dissemination was more efficient after surface application than injection near dermal blood vessels, and kidney bacterial localization sites were unlike those of bacteremic infections. Whereas normal mice eventually cleared bacteria from the deep sites, those with prolonged immunosuppression became moribund from these infections; they also had negative blood cultures and kidney localization not consistent with hematogenous dissemination. Bacteria were also found in the intervening abdominal wall outside the spleen and kidney sites, suggesting direct movement of the organisms from the skin surface through connecting tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although capable of hematogenous dissemination, S. aureus can also spread from skin to deep organs by a non-bacteremic process. In this case the bacteria appear to migrate directly from the skin surface to the deep organs below.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Sohnle
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Bacteremia; Cutaneous infection; Staphylococcus aureus; Translocation