title: Cortical oxygen consumption in mental arithmetic as a function of task difficulty: a near-infrared spectroscopy approach.
abstract: The present study investigated changes in cortical oxygenation during mental arithmetic using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Twenty-nine male volunteers were examined using a 52-channel continuous wave system for analyzing activity in prefrontal areas. With the help of a probabilistic mapping method, three regions of interest (ROIs) on each hemisphere were defined: The inferior frontal gyri (IFG), the middle frontal gyri (MFG), and the superior frontal gyri (SFG). Oxygenation as an indicator of functional brain activation was compared over the three ROI and two levels of arithmetic task difficulty (simple and complex additions). In contrast to most previous studies using fMRI or NIRS, in the present study arithmetic tasks were presented verbally in analogue to many daily life situations. With respect to task difficulty, more complex addition tasks led to higher oxygenation in all defined ROI except in the left IFG compared to simple addition tasks. When compared to the channel positions covering different gyri of the temporal lobe, the observed sensitivity to task complexity was found to be restricted to the specified ROIs. As to the comparison of ROIs, the highest oxygenation was found in the IFG, while MFG and SFG showed significantly less activation compared to IFG. The present cognitive-neuroscience approach demonstrated that NIRS is a suitable and highly feasible research tool for investigating and quantifying neural effects of increasing arithmetic task difficulty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Cognition, Learning, and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verner
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Troche
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roebers
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rammsayer
keywords: cortical activation; mental arithmetic; near-infrared spectroscopy; oxygen consumption; task difficulty