title: Direction of catheter insertion and the incidence of paresthesia during continuous epidural anesthesia in the elderly patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous epidural anesthesia is useful for endoscopic urologic surgery, as mostly performed in the elderly patients. In such a case, it is necessary to obtain successful sacral anesthesia, and the insertion of epidural catheter in the caudad direction may be needed. However, continuous epidural catherization has been related to paresthesias. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the direction of the catheter insertion on the incidence of paresthesias in the elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred elderly patients scheduled for endoscopic urologic surgery were enrolled. The epidural catheter was inserted at L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5 using the Tuohy needle. In Group I (n = 100), the Tuohy needle with the bevel directed the cephalad during the catheter insertion. In Group II (n = 100), it directed the caudad. During the catheter insertion, an anesthesiologist evaluated the presence of paresthesias and the ease or difficulty during the catheter insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group I (n = 97), 15.5% of the patients had paresthesias versus 18.4% in Group II (n = 98), and there was no significant difference between the two groups. In paresthesia depending on the insertion site and the ease or difficulty during the catheter insertion, there were no significant differences between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results concluded that the direction of epidural catheter insertion did not significantly influence the incidence of paresthesias in the elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hak
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun Seop
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dong Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Catheters; Epidural anesthesia; Geriatric; Paresthesia