title: Xenon consumption during general surgery: a retrospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High costs still limits the widespread use of xenon in the clinical practice. Therefore, we evaluated xenon consumption of different delivery modes during general surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 48 patients that underwent general surgery with balanced xenon anaesthesia were retrospectively analysed according to the mode of xenon delivery during maintenance phase (ECO mode, AUTO mode or MANUAL mode).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Xenon consumption was highest during the wash-in phase (9.4 ± 2.1l) and further decreased throughout maintenance of anaesthesia. Comparison of different xenon delivery modes revealed significant reduced xenon consumption during ECO mode (18.5 ± 3.7L (ECO) vs. 24.7 ± 11.5L (AUTO) vs. 29.6 ± 14.3L (MANUAL); p = 0.033). No differences could be detected with regard to anaesthetic depth, oxygenation or performance of anaesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The closed-circuit respirator Felix Dual offers effective reduction of xenon consumption during general surgery when ECO mode is used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stoppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimek
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.|Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossaint
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rex
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stevanovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gereon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schälte
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahlenkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czaplik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bruells
authors.affiliation: Air Liquide Santé International, 1 chemin de la Porte des Loges, Les Loges en Josas 78354, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daviet
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coburn