title: Testosterone promotes glucose intolerance, lipid disorder and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A bidirectional relationship has been established between testosterone deficiency (TD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Low testosterone level has been reported to be a predisposing factor to T2DM, whereas recent clinical studies have shown a high prevalence of low testosterone in diabetic individuals. However, it is not known if any relationship exists between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and testosterone level. This study was designed to investigate the effects of TD on T1DM. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups designated as control, diabetic, orchiectomized and orchiectomized-diabetic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced with an intravenous injection of alloxan, and orchiectomy was done under sterile conditions. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin level, lipid and oxidative parameters were determined in all experimental rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test showed that the orchiectomized-diabetic group expressed an enhanced ability to metabolize glucose than the diabetic group. The malondialdehyde level in the diabetic group was significantly higher compared with that in the control and orchiectomized groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) activity and an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in the diabetic group compared with control. Meanwhile, the activities of GSH and catalase were significantly reduced in the orchiectomized as well as the orchiectomized-diabetic group when compared with both control and diabetic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that TD attenuates glucose intolerance under diabetic conditions and is equally associated with a considerable reduction in oxidative stress, which implies that testosterone may be a pro-oxidant.
authors.forename: Ayodele Olufemi
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Morakinyo
authors.forename: Daniel Abiodun
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Adekunbi
authors.forename: Kayode Akanni
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dada
authors.forename: Olufeyi Adefunke
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adegoke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009919:Orchiectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D013739:Testosterone; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione