title: Influence of micronutrient status and socioeconomic gradient on growth indices of 2-18-year-old Indian girls.
abstract: Micronutrient deficiencies are common consequences of the plant-based diet in children from developing countries which may affect their linear and ponderal growth. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between micronutrient status and growth indices in Indian girls. In cross-sectional studies (2006-2010), data on weight, height and diet were collected on 1302 girls (2-18 years) from Pune city, India. Fasting hemoglobin was measured on 1118 girls and serum zinc was measured on 695 girls. Height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-score (BMIZ) were computed using contemporary Indian references. HAZ >-1 was observed in 54% girls, and 18.1% were short (HAZ <-2). BMIZ was within the reference range (-2<BMIZ<2) in majority (82.4%) of the girls. Average HAZ and BMIZ were significantly higher in higher socioeconomic (HSE) than in middle (MSE) and lower (LSE) socioeconomic groups (p<0.05). Girls in all age groups had calcium, zinc, iron and vitamin intakes of <50% of Indian recommended dietary intakes. Mean nutrient intakes were significantly higher in HSE than in MSE and LSE girls (p<0.05). Girls with short stature (HAZ <-2) had significantly lower intakes of calcium, zinc, iron, β-carotene, riboflavin, niacin, folate and ascorbic acid (p<0.05). Higher levels of serum zinc and hemoglobin were observed in girls with HAZ >-1 than in short girls even after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES). The mean serum zinc level of thin girls (BMIZ <-2) was significantly lower than those of both normal and overweight girls after adjusting for SES. Micronutrient sufficiency is of paramount importance for adequate growth in Indian girls.
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pandit-Agrawal
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawade
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kadam
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ekbote
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanwalka
authors.forename: Vaman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D018977:Micronutrients; D015032:Zinc