title: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: The incidence of reflux-related esophageal disease - Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma - is rising, and the prognosis remains poor. Evidence exists that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may augment the course of colon, breast and prostate cancer but little knowledge exists regarding its impact on disease of the esophagus. Important immune cells involved in reflux-related esophageal disease include CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, and key signaling pathways include Wnt, Hedgehog, NFκ-B and IL-6-JAK-STAT. There is an inter-relationship between these entities and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has been described in animal models and some human tissue. Despite this, there is an incomplete understanding of how the immune cell population and signaling pathways contribute to the course and prognosis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. More investigation with a focus on the clinical outcomes of patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and the immune cell population and cell signaling activity in the diseased esophagus is necessary to determine the immunomodulatory role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kizer
authors.forename: Sumeet K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Devendra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002117:Calcitriol