title: Diffusion restriction in the human spinal cord characterized in vivo with high b-value STEAM diffusion imaging.
abstract: Restricted or hindered motion of water across axonal membranes as characterized with diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging may be a potential marker of axonal damage in white matter (WM) injury due to trauma, neurodegeneration, or other causes. This study sought to determine whether high b-value DW imaging with a stimulated echo (STEAM) sequence could improve the spatially resolved assessment of tissue architecture in the human spinal cord in vivo. Diffusion times from 76 ms to 1000 ms and b-values of up to 14,750 s/mm(2) were used to acquire axial DW images in six healthy volunteers, and four additional healthy volunteers were studied with a protocol focused on high b-value, higher-resolution imaging. Mono-exponential, diffusional kurtosis, and mono-exponential with an additive constant (MEC) models were fit individually to diffusion decay curves obtained at different diffusion times. Diffusion restriction, characterized with the diffusional kurtosis and MEC models, was measured more precisely using higher b-value ranges. DW images at high b-value and fitting parameters using the large range of b-values available at the diffusion time of 1000 ms demonstrated signal and restriction differences between gray and white matter and even across white matter regions. These white matter differences may reflect variations in axonal density, diameter, or alignment. We conclude that high b-value DW imaging with a STEAM sequence on a conventional clinical scanner can provide accurate measures of diffusion hindrance and restriction in human spinal cord in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA. nrangwal@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Novena A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rangwala
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hackney
authors.forename: Weiying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Alsop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADC; Axon; CTL; DK; DTI; DWI; EPI; FOV; GM; Kurtosis; ME; MEC; MRI; Magnetic resonance imaging; RF; ROI; Restricted diffusion; SNR; STEAM; Spinal cord; T(1); T(2); TE; TM; TR; WM; White matter; apparent diffusion coefficient; cervical–thoracic–lumbar; diffusion tensor imaging; diffusion time; diffusion-weighted imaging; diffusional kurtosis; echo planar imaging; echo time; field of view; gray matter; longitudinal relaxation time; magnetic resonance imaging; mixing time; mono-exponential; mono-exponential with additive constant; radio-frequency; region of interest; repetition time; signal-to-noise ratio; stimulated echo acquisition mode; transverse relaxation time; white matter; Δ