title: Frontotemporal hypoactivity during a reality monitoring paradigm is associated with delusions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired monitoring of internally generated information has been proposed to be one component in the development and maintenance of delusions. The present study investigated the neural correlates underlying the monitoring processes and whether they were associated with delusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy controls and 19 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were administrated a reality monitoring paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging. During encoding participants were instructed to associate a statement with either a presented (viewed condition) or an imagined picture (imagined condition). During the monitoring session in the scanner, participants were presented with old and new statements and their task was to identify whether a given statement was associated with the viewed condition, imagined condition, or if it was new.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed significantly reduced accuracy in the imagined condition with performance negatively associated with degree of delusions. This was accompanied with reduced activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus in the patient group. The severity of delusions was negatively correlated with the blood-oxygenation-level dependent response in the left hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that weakened monitoring is associated with delusions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and that this may be mediated by a frontotemporal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thoresen
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endestad
authors.forename: Niels Petter B
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Sigvartsen
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Server
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bolstad
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult