title: Water-soluble nitric-oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) prodrugs.
abstract: A series of water-soluble (benzoyloxy)methyl esters of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), commonly known as aspirin, are described. The new derivatives each have alkyl chains containing a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing nitrooxy group and a solubilizing moiety bonded to the benzoyl ring. The compounds were synthesized and evaluated as ASA prodrugs. After conversion to the appropriate salt, most of the derivatives are solid at room temperature and all possess good water solubility. They are quite stable in acid solution (pH 1) and less stable at physiological pH. In human serum, these compounds are immediately metabolized by esterases, producing a mixture of ASA, salicylic acid (SA), and of the related NO-donor benzoic acids, along with other minor products. Due to ASA release, the prodrugs are capable of inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation of human platelet-rich plasma. Simple NO-donor benzoic acids 3-hydroxy-4-(3-nitrooxypropoxy)benzoic acid (28) and 3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-4-[3-(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoic acid (48) were also studied as representative models of the whole class of benzoic acids formed following metabolism of the prodrugs in serum. These simplified derivatives did not trigger antiaggregatory activity when tested at 300 μM. Only 28 displays quite potent NO-dependent vasodilatatory action. Further in vivo evaluation of two selected prodrugs, {[2-(acetyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}methyl-3-[(3-[aminopropanoyl)oxy]-4-[3-(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoate⋅HCl (38) and {[2-(acetyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}methyl 3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-4-[3-(nitrooxy)propoxy]benzoate oxalate (49), revealed that their anti-inflammatory activities are similar to that of ASA when tested in the carrageenan-induced paw edema assay in rats. The gastrotoxicity of the two prodrugs was also determined to be lower than that of ASA in a lesion model in rats. Taken together, these results indicated that these NO-donor ASA prodrugs warrant further investigation for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolando
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lazzarato
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donnola
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Sony
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morini
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pozzoli
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fruttero
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D014867:Water; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001241:Aspirin