title: Immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment by Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) ligands.
abstract: In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, the intratumoral expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) correlates with prolonged survival. We demonstrated that TLR3 ligands can operate through three independent mechanisms: by directly killing TLR3-expressing cancer cells, by inducing T- and natural killer (NK)-cell infiltration and by activating TLR3-expressing NK cells.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN); Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR); 8A Biomedical Grove; Immunos; Biopolis, Singapore.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Abastado
keywords: Toll-like receptor; cancer vaccine; chemokine; hepatocellular carcinoma; immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment