title: Normative dimensions and symmetry of the lacrimal drainage system on dacryocystography: statistical analysis of morphometric characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asymmetric lacrimal flow occurs in females more than males. We hypothesised that the normal lacrimal drainage system (LDS) may show subtle left-right asymmetry in morphometry when imaged on dacryocystography (DCG).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 60 normal bilateral LDSs.Images were analysed for 7 parameters: (1) combined length of either the superior or inferior canaliculus plus common canaliculus, (2) angle of insertion of common canaliculus into lacrimal sac (LS), (3, 4) length and width of the LS, (5) length of the naso lacrimal duct (NLD), and (6, 7) width of proximal and distal NLD. We tested the effect of independent variables (age, gender, and side) on each dependent variable (length, width, or angle) using regression analysis. We used a Studentt-test for independent samples to statistically compare bilateral LDSs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient median age was 62 years, and male:female ratio was 27:73. Mean dimensions and angles for all LDSs were: (1) 14.5 mm, (2) 57°,(3) 11.6 mm, (4) 2.1 mm, (5) 20.7 mm, (6) 1.4 mm, and (7) 1.8 mm. No independent variable affected variation in length, width, or angle. No significant difference emerged between dimensions of right and left LDSs in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A degree of affective lateralisation in the brain is known to result in lacrimal flow asymmetry after mood manipulation. We show that this is not reflected in LDS anatomy. Moreover, our detailed morphometric data can aid in therapeutic planning of LDS luminal procedures, especially when DCG images of one LDS are used as a road map for contralateral interventions.
authors.affiliation: tmassoud@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horsburgh
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Massoud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged