title: Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic assessment in infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants are at risk of vitamin D insufficiency, owing to their limited exposure to direct sunlight and the low levels of vitamin D in breast milk. Although vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children, these associations have not been studied in infants, despite their unique risks. Therefore, we sought to determine whether vitamin D status was associated with cardiometabolic measures in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine full-term infants were evaluated at the age of 1 y with measurement of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) and an array of traditional (fasting glucose, insulin, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and emerging (C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin) cardiometabolic risk factors. On the basis of 25-OH-D levels, infants were classified as vitamin D sufficient (n = 59), vitamin D insufficient (n = 29), or vitamin D deficient (n = 11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and prevalence of nonwhite ethnicity were highest in the vitamin D-deficient group (P = 0.05 and 0.03, respectively). Current use of vitamin D supplementation was highest in the sufficient group (P = 0.02). Of note, however, there were no significant differences among the three groups in any of the cardiometabolic risk factors, on both unadjusted and covariate-adjusted analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is not associated with an adverse cardiometabolic risk factor profile in 1-y-old infants.
authors.affiliation: Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.forename: Jill K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Retnakaran
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol