title: Urinary bladder control during the first 3 years of life in healthy children in Vietnam--a comparison study with Swedish children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study outcomes of early potty training in a population of healthy children with a tradition of early potty training and to compare these findings with a group of children to whom potty training was applied later.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers and their 47 healthy children in Vietnam participated in this longitudinal study. The voiding pattern and emptying ability were followed by the 4-h voiding observation method from 3 months to 3 years of age. A comparison is made with a group of 57 Swedish children investigated in a similar manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group of Vietnamese children, 89% were on daily potty training at the age of 6 months. At the age of 24 months, potty training was complete for 98%. In the Swedish group, just a few (5%) had started daily potty training by the age of 24 months (p < 0.001). The Vietnamese group had fewer voidings and lower voided volumes than the Swedish group. In the Vietnamese children, bladder emptying could be regarded as having been completed, with no residual urine at 9 months, compared with the Swedish group, which first showed complete emptying at the age of 36 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potty training performed daily affects the emptying ability positively. In the Vietnamese group, no residual urine was found at the age of 9 months. These results differ significantly from those of the group of Swedish children.
authors.affiliation: National Hospital of Pediatrics, 18/879 La Thanh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 457, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 457, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: hoadt_nhp@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: U-B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmdahl
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillén
authors.forename: A-L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013548:Sweden; D014039:Toilet Training; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014744:Vietnam
keywords: Bladder; Children; Signs; Urination