title: Cosmetic botulinum toxin: has it replaced more invasive facial procedures?
abstract: Botulinum toxin (BoNTA) has become the modern generation's treatment of choice for facial aging. Advanced uses of neurotoxin have treated specific areas of the face, in addition to the glabella, which is the only site for injection approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This article suggests that BoNTA has replaced surgical procedures that treat oral commissures, mild brow ptosis and brow asymmetries, and hypertrophic orbicularis oculi muscles. It is becoming increasingly used for lip asymmetry, platysmal banding, and necklift, although it has not replaced traditional procedures for the correction of these areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loyo
authors.forename: Theda C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Kontis
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D005138:Eyebrows; D005145:Face; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D009055:Mouth; D009333:Neck; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019990:Perioperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A