title: Diphosphonate immobilization on hydroxyapatite-coated titanium--method description.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to promote the immobilization of a bone activity biomodulator (diphosphonate) on titanium, commonly used in implant dentistry, to provide a local method of delivering this drug during the osseointegration process.
  
  
  METHODS
  The implant material used in this study was commercially wrought titanium (Ticp), 99.9 mass%, grade II. From this material, discs of 15 mm diameter and 1 mm thick were fabricated. These discs underwent 3 sequential surface modification processes: (a) acid-etching, (b) hydroxyapatite coating, and (c) immersion in disodium pamidronate solution. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to characterize the surface created.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of these analyses demonstrate that the acid-etching process, followed by the sintering of hydroxyapatite particles and immersion in a solution of disodium pamidronate were effective for diphosphonate immobilization on the titanium surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodology used in this study allows us to conclude that immersion of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium in a solution of diphosphonate was efficient to promote the immobilization of this drug on the titanium surface.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. magaliguimaraes@gmail.com
authors.forename: Magáli Beck
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Rodrigo Salbego
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Micéli Beck Guimarães
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Blaya
authors.forename: Luciana Mayumi
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hirakata
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hübler
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003461:Crystallography; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017942:Nitric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D000077268:Pamidronate; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003764:Dental Materials; D004164:Diphosphonates; D017942:Nitric Acid; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium; D000077268:Pamidronate; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid