title: Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation, bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust, and risk assessment of human exposure.
abstract: Indoor and outdoor dusts from two urban centers in the Pearl River Delta, China, were analyzed and phthalate esters varied from 4.95 to 2,220 μg g(-1) in indoor dust, significantly higher than outdoor dust (1.70-869 μg g(-1)). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant phthalate found and the highest distribution factor (DF) (1.56 ± 0.41) was noted in the <63 μm fraction (p<0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity of dust extract on human T cell lymphoblast leukemic cell line (CCRF-CEM) indicated by Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) decreased with particle size. The power model was found as a better fit for explaining the relationship between LC50 and phthalates (R(2)=0.46, p<0.01). Bioaccessibility of phthalates in dust varied with different particle sizes, with the greatest bioaccessible fraction (2.49-38.6%) obtained in <63 μm. Risk assessment indicated that indoor dust ingestion accounted for the major source for DEHP exposure (81.4-96.4% of non-dietary exposure and 36.5% of total exposure), especially for toddlers. The cancer risks associated with DEHP via home dust were high (10(-6)-10(-4)), with 10% of houses estimated with unacceptable risks (>10(-4)). After corrected with the bioaccessibility of phthalates, the cancer risks of dust exposure were moderate (10(-7)-10(-5)).
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fu-Yong
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min-Juan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Kwai Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Ming Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010316:Particle Size; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Bioaccessibility; Cytotoxicity; Dust; Phthalate esters; Risk assessment; Size fraction effect