title: Drug use and treatment success among gang and non-gang members in El Salvador: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article focuses on examining drug abuse treatment (DAT) in El Salvador highlighting gang vs. non-gang membership differences in drug use and treatment outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs were employed to examine the study aims. The 19 centers that met the study's inclusion criteria of one year or less in planned treatment offered varying treatment services: individual, group, family, and vocational therapy, dual diagnosis treatment, psychological testing, 12-step program, and outreach and re-entry aftercare. Most directors describe their treatment approach as "spiritual." Data were collected from 625 patients, directors, and staff from the 19 centers at baseline, of which 34 patients were former gang members. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the former patients (448) were re-interviewed six-months after leaving treatment and 48% were randomly tested for drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine percent (89%) of the DAT patients at baseline were classified as heavy alcohol users and 40% were using illegal drugs, i.e., crack, marijuana, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, and amphetamines. There were large decreases after treatment in heavy alcohol and illegal drug use, crime, and gang related risk activities. Gang members reported illegal drug use, crime, and gang related risk activity more than non-gang members, yet only 5% of the study participants were gang members; further, positive change in treatment outcomes among gang members were the same or larger as compared to non-gang members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol use is the drug of choice among DAT patients in El Salvador with gang member patients having used illegal drugs more than non-gang members. The study shows that DAT centers successfully reduced the use of illegal drugs and alcohol among gang and non-gang members. Although our study could not include a control group, we believe that the DAT treatment centers in El Salvador contributed to producing this treatment success among former patients. These efforts should be continued and complemented by funding support from the Salvadoran government for DAT centers that obtain certification. In addition, tailored/alternative treatment modalities are needed for gang members in treatment for heavy drinking.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Inc,, 300 S. Fourth Street, Louisville, KY 40208, USA. kwjohnson@pire.org
authors.forename: Knowlton W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shamblen
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Courser
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Melissa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abadi
authors.forename: Thom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Browne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004544:El Salvador / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs