title: Proinflammatory profile of in vitro monocytes in the ageing is affected by lymphocytes presence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with complex and constant remodeling of the immune function, resulting in an increasing susceptibility to infection and others diseases. The infections caused by Gram-negative microorganisms, present in nursing homes and hospitals, constitute one of the most common infections in the elderly, and are mainly combated by innate immune cells. Although the functions of innate immunity seem more preserved during aging than of adaptive immune mechanisms, two systems operate in an integrated way in the body, so that injury in one part of the immune system inevitably affects the other as they are part of a defensive network. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro production of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-8 and MCP-1) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines by monocytes, stimulated or not (basal) with lipopolysaccharide, from healthy young and elderly subjects. By means of PBMCs, we also studied if cytokine profile is altered in these different patient groups, in the presence of lymphocytes, under the same experimental conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The monocytes from elderly presented higher basal production of TNF-α, MCP-1 and lower of TGF-β than young monocytes. PBMC showed similar cytokines production, irrespective age or stimulation presence. In the presence of lymphocytes, the spontaneous production of IL-10 was higher and of TGF-β was lower than monocytes, regardless of age. After LPS-stimulation, the presence of lymphocytes resulted in increased IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-10 and decreased CXCL-8 and TGF-β in comparison to pure culture of monocytes from young patients. With age, the same differences were observed, except for CXCL-8 and TGF-β which production was the same between monocytes and PBMC stimulated with LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reinforce the systemic state of inflamm-aging frequently reported in elderly and considered a factor of susceptibility to numerous diseases. Still, the cytokine production from just monocytes of the elderly showed alterations, while in the lymphocyte presence not, suggesting an immunomodulator role of lymphocytes on monocytes. In addition, the differences between the production patterns by LPS-stimulated PBMC between young and elderly volunteers can be related with an imbalance in response against Gram-negative bacteria in throughout life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al, Dr, Octávio Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, SP, Brazil. vanessa@fob.usp.br.
authors.forename: Karen Henriette
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pinke
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Calzavara
authors.forename: Patricia Freitas
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Magda Paula Pereira
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Venturini
authors.forename: Vanessa Soares
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Lara