title: Metabolic syndrome, adiponectin, and cardiovascular risk in Spain (the Segovia study): impact of consensus societies criteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in rural and urban areas in the province of Segovia, Spain, and its relationship to lifestyle habits, cardiovascular risk, and serum adiponectin concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had a cross-sectional design and included 888 individual residents in the province of Segovia, Autonomous Community of Castilla-León.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age/sex standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was by: (1) American Heart Association/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute criteria (AHA/NHLBI), 17%; (2) International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 24.3%; and (3) Consensus Societies/Joint Interim Statement (CS), 27.8%. A high correlation was found between the different criteria. No formal education [odds ratio (OR) 6.9 (2.4-20.2)] and primary education [6.7 (2.8-15.9)] were independently associated with metabolic syndrome. An inverse association with metabolic syndrome was found for subjects doing a high level of exercise during work [0.4 (0.2-0.7)] as well as those who were mild drinkers [alcohol intake of less than 15 grams/daily, 0.4 (0.3-0.8)]. Among subjects with low estimated cardiovascular risk, adiponectin levels are higher in those who do not meet criteria of metabolic syndrome. A total of 29.7% of subjects meeting CS criteria had >20% 10-year predicted risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by the Framingham risk score criteria [4.5 (2.4-8.5)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show: (1) A higher estimated prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to IDF and CS criteria. (2) Low educational level was independently associated with metabolic syndrome. A high level of physical activity and a daily alcohol intake of less than 15 grams/day were inversely associated with metabolic syndrome. (3) Metabolic syndrome increases the predicted CVD risk. (4) Adiponectin levels are not inversely related to insulin resistance in subjects with high cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: 1 Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) and Hospital Clínico San Carlos , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corbatón-Anchuelo
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Martínez-Larrad
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-Pérez
authors.forename: Saturio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vega-Quiroga
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Rueda
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serrano-Ríos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004435:Eating; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009043:Motor Activity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D003245:Consensus Statements as Topic
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin