title: Gender difference and economic gradients in the secular trend of population systolic blood pressure.
abstract: To a large extent population blood pressure (PBP) affects morbidity and mortality in the society. Reports indicated that PBP decreased in many western countries. The associations between the main cardiovascular risk factors and the changing PBP have been described. The aim of this study was to investigate association between income factors and trends in population BP and hypertension. Copenhagen City Heart Study is a prospective longitudinal epidemiological study on almost 20000 individuals through four surveys from 1976 to 2003. The BP measurement was fully standardised. Questionnaires on household income and CV risk factors were completed by the participants. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors there were no significant differences in systolic BP (SBP) trend associated to income among men. Among women, however, there was a reverse relationship between SBP and income. In addition, there was a trend towards a lowering of risk-factor adjusted SBP in the high income women with time. The mechanism that lies behind the associations between trend in SBP and income is not known but data suggest that poor lifestyle may explain some of the differences. The treated hypertensives are treated without income associated treatment differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women in higher income groups have lower SBP than women in low-income groups and the gap between SBP in high-income women and low-income women increased with time. There were no significant differences in SBP-trend associated to income among men. Results in treating hypertension did not differ between the income groups.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark. Ullaoa@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Ulla O
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Gorm B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013599:Systole
keywords: Blood pressure; Gender identity; Income; Trends