title: Cytokines in nasal lavages and plasma and their correlation with clinical parameters in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because persistent inflammation plays a dominant role in cystic fibrosis (CF), we assessed systemic and local upper airway responses during and after pulmonary exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed a cohort of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected adult CF patients (n=16) over time in pulmonary exacerbation and in stable disease. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, interferon-γ and TNFα levels were measured in sputum, nasal lavages and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CF patients IL-6 and IL-10 levels in nasal lavages were significantly increased in exacerbation compared with stable disease. Systemic IL-6 significantly correlated with CRP levels and FEV1 (%predicted), independently of disease status. Systemic IL-10 also correlated significantly with CRP and FEV1 (%predicted), but only in exacerbation. Other cytokines tested did not discriminate between exacerbation and stable disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Determination of IL-6 and IL-10 in nasal lavages may provide a minimally invasive tool in the assessment of an exacerbation in CF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marthe S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Paats
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Rogier A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Karin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nietzman-Lammering
authors.forename: Henk C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hoogsteden
authors.forename: Rudi W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Menno M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van der Eerden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; Cytokines; Inflammation; Interleukin; Nasal lavages