title: Morphological differences in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a histological and ultrastructural investigation.
abstract: METHODS
  Histological and ultrastructural evaluation of cell morphologies at the concave and convex side of apical intervertebral discs (IVD) of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine changes in cell morphology, viability, and cell death after asymmetric disc loading in AIS and to compare the findings with the tilt angles.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The reaction of cells to loading stimuli in the IVD seems to be specific. Although dynamic loads are more beneficial to the disc cells and maintain the matrix biosynthesis, static compressive loads suppress gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apical IVDs (Th8-Th9 to L1-L2) from 10 patients with AIS were studied histologically (including TUNEL [TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling] staining to identify disc cell death by apoptosis) and ultrastructurally for matrix evaluations and to quantify healthy, balloon, chondroptotic, apoptotic, and necrotic cells on the concave and convex sides. Patients' spines were classified according to the Lenke classification. Degeneration was assessed according to the Pfirrmann grading system. Two groups were established; group 1 (G1) with a tilt of 5° to 9° and group 2 (G2) with a tilt of 10° to 19°.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Balloon cells were found in significantly higher numbers at the concave side (G1-annulus fibrosus [AF]: mean 16%), with almost none found at the convex side. Mean numbers of healthy cells did not show differences comparing both sides. Significantly higher numbers of healthy cells were found with increasing tilt angle at the concave side. Necrosis (mean, 47%) increased toward the center of the disc but did not differ between the sides of the IVDs. The fibrils found in the outer AF on the convex side were 30% thinner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was able to show significant differences in cell morphologies in the AF on both sides and in correlation to the different tilt angles. The type and magnitude of load seem to influence disc cells. Further studies are required to provide more information on disc and cell changes in scoliosis.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Traumatology †Division of Histology and Embryology, and ‡Department for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria §Department of Traumatology and Sports Medicine, Sankt Vinzenz Krankenhaus Zams, Austria; and ¶German Scoliosis Center, Werner-Wicker-Clinic, Bad Wildungen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sitte
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kathrein
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfaller
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pedross
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klosterhuber
authors.forename: Richard Andreas
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lindtner
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zenner
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055815:Young Adult