title: Synthesis and electrochemical properties of stannous oxide clinopinacoid as anode material for lithium ion batteries.
abstract: Tin monoxide is a significant functional semiconductor material which employed to a wide area of applications especially optical and energy storage devices. Presently, template free hydrothermal technique has been employing to synthesize stannous oxide (SnO) clinopinacoid type controlled morphology using SnCl2 x 2H2O, NH3, and H2O as raw materials. The crystalline phase, morphology, particle size and component were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). FESEM results exhibited the large scale homogeneous growth of clinopinacoid architecture with the obvious size of 5 - 7 micrometers. The XRD results showed that the average crystallite size of the tetragonal phase romarchite SnO was about 29 nm calculated from the FWHM of X-ray diffraction pattern. The dominant Raman active modes A(1g) = 205 cm(-1), B(1g) = 105-107 cm(-1) and about 6 cm(-1) redshift were observed by the Raman spectroscopy, which further confirmed the existence of the nano tetragonal phase SnO. The electrochemical performance of as-synthesized SnO clinopinacoid structure as the anode material for lithium ion batteries was investigated. It was observed that the first discharge capacity of the two samples could reach a very high value of 1502 mA h g(-1) and 1422 mA h g(-1) respectively. The effect of nitrogen concentration on morphology as well as cyclic performance of Li-Ion-batteries was also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, School of Applied Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
authors.forename: M Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Fengping
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M Yasir
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Rafique
authors.forename: Shujaat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Rafi Ud
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Din
authors.forename: M Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.forename: Matiullah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Murad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali