title: Neutrophils LL-37 migrate to the nucleus during overwhelming infection.
abstract: LL-37 is the only cathelicidin produced by human cells. It is secreted by a variety of cell types, including monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, keratinocytes and epithelial cells, acting on the extracellular milieu by directly killing bacteria or boosting innate immunity. Here, we show that LL-37 translocates to the nucleus following overwhelming infection, putting in evidence that its role may be even broader, with new potential important implications to cell biology. Future studies are necessary to address if LL-37 is able to induce or affect transcription, since it can lead to a novel cell signaling pathway that probably will contribute to the understanding of complex diseases.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, Brazil. pinheirofabiano@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinheiro da Silva
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Rodrigues
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: Ângela Batista Gomes
authors.initials: ÂB
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Marcelo Alves
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Garippo
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chammas
authors.forename: Elia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caldini
authors.forename: Irineu Tadeu
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Heraldo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Possolo de Souza
authors.forename: Marcel Cerqueira César
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D054804:Cathelicidins
keywords: Antimicrobial peptides; Inflammation; Sepsis