title: Distribution of and factors contributing to chronic kidney disease in a middle-aged working population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the distribution of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the factors contributing to its development and progression in middle-aged Japanese workers/employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study involving 3,964 men and 2,698 women aged 35-64 years in 2009 who had been followed-up until 2003. Data on proteinuria determined with a dipstick and glomerular filtration rate estimated from serum creatinine concentration (eGFR) were collected in the annual health check-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteinuria was detected in 2.9 and 1.1 % of the men and women, respectively, and total CKD was detected in 16.0 and 16.1 % of the men and women respectively. Moderate or severe CKD associated a high risk of cardiovascular diseases and end-stage kidney disease was found mostly in the male subjects [2.0 (men) vs. 0.6 % (women)]. High-risk CKD was found in 3.3 % of the men aged 55-64 years. A body mass index (BMI) of ≥30, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), current smoking and some job types were independently related to the development of proteinuria, while age, BMI, hypertriglyceridemia, and job types were related to total CKD. The development of high-risk CKD was related to preceding mild CKD signs of reduced eGFR and proteinuria as well as to hypertension, DM, smoking, and job type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic kidney disease was found in 16 % of middle-aged workers with an equal prevalence in both sexes, while high-risk CKD was found mostly in men, of whom 3.3 % were aged 55-64 years. Obesity, hypertension, DM, smoking and some job types were related to the development and progression of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan, hygiene@kanazawa-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noborisaka
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Ryumon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyao
authors.forename: Masaji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine