title: Antihypertensive drug class interactions and risk for incident diabetes: a nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to determine how single and combination antihypertensive therapy alters risk for diabetes mellitus (DM).Thiazide diuretics (TD), β blockers (BB), and renin-angiotensin system blockers (RASB) impact DM risk while calcium channel blockers (CCB) are neutral. DM risk associated with combinations is unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled nondiabetic patients from Kaiser Permanente Northwest with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <126 mg/dL between 1997 and 2010. DM cases were defined by a FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL, random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, or new DM prescription (index date). We used incidence density sampling to match 10 controls per case on the date of follow-up glucose test (to reduce detection bias), in addition to age and date of cohort entry. Exposure to antihypertensive class was assessed during the 30 days prior to index date. Our cohort contained 134 967 patients and had 412 604 glucose tests eligible for matching. A total of 9097 DM cases were matched to 90 495 controls (median age 51 years). Exposure to TD (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.68) or BB (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.28) was associated with an increased DM risk, while CCB and RASB exposure was not. TD+BB combination resulted in the fully combined diabetogenic risk of both agents (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.20; interaction OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.22). In contrast, combination of RASB with either TD or BB showed significant negative interactions, resulting in a smaller DM risk than TD or BB monotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetogenic potential of combination therapy should be considered when prescribing antihypertensive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. dehoff@cop.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Rhonda M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper--DeHoff
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Almut G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Winterstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: RAS blockers; diabetes; diabetogenic; drug interactions; hypertension; thiazide diuretics; β blockers