title: Psychiatric morbidity among patients with oral submucous fibrosis: a controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to evaluate the association between oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and psychiatric morbidity in a controlled manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched patients were divided into three groups: Those with areca nut chewing habits with OSF (Group 1; n=50); those with areca nut chewing habits without OSF (Group 2; n=50); those without areca habits and with dental problems other than OSF (Group 3; n=50). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess psychiatric morbidity. Dependence to areca products was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen (32%) Group 1 patients had psychiatric morbidity compared to one (2%) in Group 2 and two (4%) in Group 3 (P<0.001). Further, psychiatric morbidity was significantly higher among patients with advanced stages of OSF. In Groups 1 and 2, 49 (98%) and 47 (94%) patients, respectively, had dependence on areca products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has suggested the association of substantial psychiatric morbidity among patients with OSF. In addition to mandatory psychiatric management of these patients, future research should be targeted at a prospective evaluation of a cause and effect relationship as well as at psychiatric interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dr Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. jigna.vr@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jigna V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: Puja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Naveen C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Mubeen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D001114:Areca; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000145:classification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014313:Trismus / Q000145:classification; D055815:Young Adult