title: Antimutagenic activity and in vitro anticancer effects of bamboo salt on HepG2 human hepatoma cells.
abstract: Bamboo salt is a traditional Korean baked solar salt processed by packing the solar salt in bamboo joint cases and heating it several times to high temperatures. The antimutagenic activity and in vitro anticancer effects of bamboo salt on HepG2 human hepatoma cells were investigated and compared to those of other salt samples. Although solar salt and purified salt exhibited comutagenicity with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain, bamboo salt was associated with a lower degree of comutagenicity or antimutagenic activity. Bamboo salt baked nine times (9×) showed a greater increase in antimutagenic activity than salts baked once (1×) or three times (3×). At a concentration of 1%, the growth rate of HepG2 cells treated with 9× bamboo salt determined by a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MIT) assay was reduced by 65%; this rate of inhibition was higher than that achieved with 1× baked bamboo salt (40%). Purified and solar salts had relatively lower inhibitory effects on growth rate (25% and 29%, respectively). Compared to the other salt samples, 9× bamboo salt significantly (p<0.05) induced apoptosis as determined by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and flow cytometry analysis. It also upregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3; and downregulated Bcl-2 expression. The bamboo salts, especially 9× bamboo salt, also significantly (p<0.05) downregulated the expression of inflammation-related NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2, and upregulated the gene expression of IκB-α compared to the other salt sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jaehyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.forename: Hyung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kun-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012492:Salts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031787:Sasa; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012492:Salts; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020169:Caspases