title: Recent observations on site reactions in cattle to vaccination against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) using T1/44 vaccine in Zambia.
abstract: Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a highly infectious and fatal disease of cattle present in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is usually controlled by mass vaccinations. However, vaccination against CBPP is known to cause site reactions in a percentage of cattle especially in primary vaccinations. In Zambia, a record of site reactions was kept for seven consecutive years from 2005 to 2011 to establish the level of the problem. In some areas, after 3 years of consecutive vaccination campaigns, immunization could not be implemented for a period of 2 years because of logistical difficulties or owner resistance. Whereas in the three preceding years when animals were vaccinated annually, site reactions were in the range of 6.2%; on resumption of vaccination in the herds that had not been immunized for 2 years, site reactions averaged 21.3%. This data shows that the T1/44 vaccine may cause severe local reactions in cattle if there is any break in annual vaccinations. It is therefore important for authorities to ensure that the cattle at risk of contracting CBPP are regularly vaccinated to avoid discouraging farmers from presenting their animals.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia, geoffreymuuka@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Geoffrey Munkombwe
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Muuka
authors.forename: Webster
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chikampa
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mundia
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buonavoglia
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bounavoglia
authors.forename: Atilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scacchia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011002:Pleuropneumonia, Contagious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D015024:Zambia
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines