title: Radiation resistance of sequencing chips for in situ life detection.
abstract: Life beyond Earth may be based on RNA or DNA if such life is related to life on Earth through shared ancestry due to meteoritic exchange, such as may be the case for Mars, or if delivery of similar building blocks to habitable environments has biased the evolution of life toward utilizing nucleic acids. In this case, in situ sequencing is a powerful approach to identify and characterize such life without the limitations or expense of returning samples to Earth, and can monitor forward contamination. A new semiconductor sequencing technology based on sensing hydrogen ions released during nucleotide incorporation can enable massively parallel sequencing in a small, robust, optics-free CMOS chip format. We demonstrate that these sequencing chips survive several analogues of space radiation at doses consistent with a 2-year Mars mission, including protons with solar particle event-distributed energy levels and 1 GeV oxygen and iron ions. We find no measurable impact of irradiation at 1 and 5 Gy doses on sequencing quality nor on low-level hardware characteristics. Further testing is required to study the impacts of soft errors as well as to characterize performance under neutron and gamma irradiation and at higher doses, which would be expected during operation in environments with significant trapped energetic particles such as during a mission to Europa. Our results support future efforts to use in situ sequencing to test theories of panspermia and/or whether life has a common chemical basis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Holli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rowedder
authors.forename: Clarissa S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zlatkovsky
authors.forename: Chris W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Papalias
authors.forename: Jarie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bolander
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustillo
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rothberg
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruvkun
mesh_terms: D019369:Life; D018535:Mars; D011836:Radiation Tolerance