title: Effects of age and subtype on emotional recognition in children with anxiety disorders: implications for cognitive-behavioural therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It remains unclear whether an anxiety diagnosis is associated with children's emotional recognition. We considered children's age and types of primary anxiety diagnosis, which have been neglected, to elucidate this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three referred children with anxiety disorder(s) and 59 volunteer children without anxiety disorder(s), aged between 6 and 11 years, were presented with animated characters, displaying a range of simple and complex emotions, for identification. Statistical analyses examined identification accuracy based on presence or absence of anxiety disorder, age, and types of primary diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with anxiety disorder(s) as a group performed comparably to children without anxiety disorder(s) in identifying emotions (z = -0.72, P = 0.47). In both groups, accuracy for disgust increased significantly each year of age ([anxiety group] OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.6 to 4.3, P < 0.001, [control group] OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.3, P = 0.002). When primary anxiety types were considered, while controlling for age, children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD) showed deficits in overall emotional recognition, compared with children with other subtypes or without anxiety (P = 0.004). Further regression analyses showed that children with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) presented significantly lower accuracy than children without anxiety disorder(s) at a young age, but the deficit disappeared with increased age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with anxiety disorder(s) as a group may not appear to be impaired in emotional recognition. However, when age and subtypes are considered, children with SAD and young children with GAD appear to have difficulty, compared with children without anxiety disorder(s).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. trevor.lee@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Trevor Changgun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guberman
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manassis
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004644:Emotions / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000145:classification*
keywords: anxiety; anxious children; cognitive-behavioural therapy; computer animation; emotion recognition