title: Air pollution from bushfires and their association with hospital admissions in Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, Australia 1994-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between validated bushfire smoke pollution events and hospital admissions in three eastern Australian cities from 1994 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoke events were defined as days on which bushfire smoke caused the 24-hour citywide average concentration of airborne particles to exceed the 99(th) percentile of the daily distribution for the study period. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to assess the association between smoke events and hospital admissions. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions on event days compared with non-event days. Models were adjusted for daily meteorology, influenza epidemics and holidays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoke events occurred on 58 days in Sydney (population: 3,862,000), 33 days in Wollongong (population: 406,000) and 50 days in Newcastle (population: 278,000). In Sydney, events were associated with a 6% (OR=1.06, 95%CI=1.02-1.09) same day increase in respiratory hospital admissions. Same day chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions increased 13% (OR=1.13, 95%CI=1.05-1.22) and asthma admissions by 12% (OR=1.12, 95%CI=1.05-1.19). Events were also associated with increased admissions for respiratory conditions in Newcastle and Wollongong.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoke events were associated with increased hospital admissions for respiratory but not cardiovascular conditions. Large populations are needed to assess the impacts of brief exposures. Implications : Public health impacts from bushfire pollution events are likely to increase in association with a warming climate and more frequent severe fire weather.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania.
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Ivan C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hanigan
authors.forename: Geoffrey G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Fay H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015208:Smoke Inhalation Injury / Q000453:epidemiology; D014197:Trees; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D012906:Smoke