title: Oral flucloxacillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin versus flucloxacillin alone for the emergency department outpatient treatment of cellulitis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral flucloxacillin, either alone or in combination with phenoxymethylpenicillin, is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for the treatment of cellulitis, particularly in Ireland and the United Kingdom. This study aims to establish the non-inferiority of oral monotherapy (flucloxacillin alone) to dual therapy (flucloxacillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin) for the outpatient treatment of cellulitis in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adults who present to the emergency department (ED) with cellulitis that is deemed treatable on an outpatient basis with oral antibiotics. After fulfilling specified inclusion and exclusion criteria, informed consent will be taken. Patients will be given a treatment pack containing 7 days of treatment with flucloxacillin 500 mg four times daily and placebo or flucloxacillin 500 mg four times daily and phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 mg four times daily. The primary outcome measure under study is the proportion of patients in each group in which there is greater than or equal to a 50% reduction in the area of diameter of infection from the area measured at enrolment at the end-of-treatment visit (7 to 10 days). Secondary endpoints include a health-related quality of life measurement as rated by the SF-36 score and the Extremity Soft Tissue Infection Score (not validated), compliance and adverse events. Patients will be followed up by telephone call at 3 days, end-of-treatment visit (EOT) at 7 to 10 days and test-of-cure (TOC) visit at 30 days. To achieve 90% power, a sample size of 172 patients per treatment arm is needed. This assumes a treatment success rate of 85% with oral flucloxacillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin, an equivalence threshold Δ = 12.5% and an α = 0.025. Non-inferiority will be assessed using a one-sided confidence interval on the difference of proportions between the two groups. Standard analysis including per-protocol and intention-to-treat will be performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial aims to establish the non-inferiority of flucloxacillin monotherapy to dual therapy in the treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis among ED patients. In doing so, this trial will bridge a knowledge gap in this understudied and common condition and will be relevant to clinicians across several different disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Health Sciences (PHS), Emergency Care Research Unit (ECRU), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St, Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quirke
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Peadar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002481:Cellulitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005436:Floxacillin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011788:Quality of Life; D012107:Research Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005436:Floxacillin; D010404:Penicillin V