title: Robotic thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases: a stepwise strategy to the adoption of robotic thyroidectomy (gasless, transaxillary approach).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thyroid surgery for benign diseases mainly involves young women, and thus, cosmetic considerations have motivated the development of "no scar to the neck" procedures. Endoscopic techniques are often strenuous, and therefore, discouraging to adopt. However, the recent incorporation of robotic technology proposes a feasible, safe, extracervical approach that alleviates most of the technical difficulties associated with endoscopy. Here, the authors present a series of robotic thyroidectomies performed to treat benign thyroid diseases and detail the key issues of initial patient selection.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2007 to December 2010, 44 patients with benign thyroid disease were operated upon using a robotic procedure. Indications were follicular/Hürthle cell lesions smaller than 5 cm, nodules with an indefinite/suspicious cytology, or Graves disease. All patients underwent robotic gasless, transaxillary thyroidectomy using the da Vinci S system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine of the 44 patients were women, and the overall mean age was 38.2 years (range, 16 to 60 y). The most common pathology was adenomatous hyperplasia (20 lesions) followed by follicular adenoma (10 lesions). Seven patients had Graves disease. The mean tumor size was 1.68 cm (range, 0.3 to 5 cm). Thirty-nine patients underwent less than total thyroidectomy and 5 underwent total or near total thyroidectomy. The mean total operative time was 129.8 minutes (range, 75 to 242 min) and the mean duration of postoperative hospital stay was 3.1 days (range, 2 to 5 d). Postoperative complications were 1 transient hoarseness, 1 transient hypocalcemia, and 1 permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic thyroidectomy, although novel and sophisticated, has already been used to treat over 4000 thyroid cancer patients in Korea. Female patients with a small to average build, with a follicular lesion and concerned about neck scarring, seem to be the best candidates. Patients with small suspicious nodules without severe thyroiditis are also a rational choice. In contrast, patients with Graves disease should be reserved, unless significant experience has been gained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seongsanno, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannopoulos
authors.forename: Sang-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jong J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Kee-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Woong Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult