title: The button graft technique for perforations affecting less than 25% of the tympanic membrane: a non-randomised comparison of a new modification to cartilage tympanoplasty with underlay and overlay grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a new composite cartilage-perichondrium graft (button graft) for repair of small-sized tympanic membrane perforations and to compare its success rate with that of the underlay and overlay techniques with temporal fascia or tragal perichondrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, sequential allocation of surgical technique study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred 95 patients aged 14-42 years with central, uncomplicated tympanic membrane perforations with completely visualised margins affecting less than 25% of the tympanic membrane, distributed in three groups: 1 (underlay), 2 (overlay) and 3 (button graft).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were allocated in sequence to: 1 underlay graft, 2 overlay graft and 3 cartilage tympanoplasty with button graft technique. Patients were operated on under local anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative status of the tympanic membrane, hearing improvement, duration of surgery and incidence of complications at 12 months postoperative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1 (underlay) had 66 patients; group 2 (overlay), 65; and group 3 (cartilage), 66. Success was defined as the complete closure of the tympanic membrane one year after the operation. The success rates were 98.5% (65 of 66), 97% (63 of 65) and 98.5% (65 of 66) cases, and the mean air-bone gap gains were 10.18 (±5.4) dB, 8.5 (+6.5) dB and 9.1 (+5.1) dB for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No bone conduction threshold or speech discrimination score worsening was noted. The mean durations of the operative procedure were 35 ± 8.4 (range 22,63), 42 ± 6.8 (range 33,75) and 23 ± 6.3 (range 15,41) min for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P = 0.02). Tympanic membrane retraction occurred in three cases in underlay group 1, and tympanic membrane cholesteatoma pearls occurred in two cases in overlay group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The button graft technique is an effective and fast alternative for the repair of small tympanic membrane perforations if complete visualisation of the margin is possible. The shorter time taken with the button grafts is mainly due to the non-requirement for a skin incision. The results are comparable to those of the underlay and overlay techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Benha university, Benha, Egypt. ahmedent@gmail.com
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abdelghany
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001844:Bone Conduction; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D005205:Fascia / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014433:Tympanoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult