title: The prevalence and types of glaucoma in an urban Indian population: the Singapore Indian Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and types of glaucoma in an urban Singaporean Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI) was a population-based, cross-sectional survey that examined 3400 (75.6% response) persons aged 40 to 80 years. Participants underwent a standardized examination including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, Goldmann applanation tonometry, and dilated optic disc assessment. Participants suspected to have glaucoma also underwent visual field examination (24-2 SITA standard, Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer II), gonioscopy, and repeat applanation tonometry. Glaucoma was defined according to International Society for Geographical and Epidemiologic Ophthalmology criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3400 participants, 78 (2.29%) had diagnosed glaucoma, giving an age-standardized prevalence of 1.95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5%-2.5%). The age-standardized prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) was 1.25% (95% CI, 0.89%-1.73%), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) 0.12% (95% CI, 0.04%-0.33%), and secondary glaucoma 0.55% (95% CI, 0.35%-0.86%). The mean IOP among the participants in the normal group in the study population was 15.6 ± 2.6 mm Hg and 17.7 ± 6.1 mm Hg in subjects with glaucoma (P = 0.003). The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) in the normal study population was 540.31 ± 33.79; the mean CCT in subjects with POAG (529.8 ± 30.8 μm) was statistically different from the normal study group (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of glaucoma among Singaporean Indians 40 years of age and older in Singapore was 1.95%, approximately half that of the Chinese and the Malay persons in Singapore. As in other Asian studies, POAG was the main form of glaucoma accounting for nearly 60% of cases.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narayanaswamy
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baskaran
authors.forename: Yingfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Raghavan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavanya
authors.forename: Renyi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wan-Ling
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.forename: Ching-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Tien-Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: epidemiology; glaucoma; intraocular pressure; population