title: Spatializing health research: what we know and where we are heading.
abstract: Beyond individual-level factors, researchers have adopted a spatial perspective to explore potentially modifiable environmental determinants of health. A spatial perspective can be integrated into health research by incorporating spatial data into studies or analysing georeferenced data. Given the rapid changes in data collection methods and the complex dynamics between individuals and environment, we argue that geographical information system (GIS) functions have shortcomings with respect to analytical capability and are limited when it comes to visualizing the temporal component in spatio-temporal data. In addition, we maintain that relatively little effort has been made to handle spatial heterogeneity. To that end, health researchers should be persuaded to better justify the theoretical meaning underlying the spatial matrix in analysis, while spatial data collectors, GIS specialists, spatial analysis methodologists and the different breeds of users should be encouraged to work together making health research move forward through addressing these issues.
authors.affiliation: Social Science Research Institute and Population Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. tuy111@psu.edu
authors.forename: Tse-Chuan
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shoff
authors.forename: Aggie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Noah
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D064890:Social Determinants of Health