title: Controlled trial of psychotherapy for Congolese survivors of sexual violence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Survivors of sexual violence have high rates of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although treatment for symptoms related to sexual violence has been shown to be effective in high-income countries, evidence is lacking in low-income, conflict-affected countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this trial in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we randomly assigned 16 villages to provide cognitive processing therapy (1 individual session and 11 group sessions) or individual support to female sexual-violence survivors with high levels of PTSD symptoms and combined depression and anxiety symptoms. One village was excluded owing to concern about the competency of the psychosocial assistant, resulting in 7 villages that provided therapy (157 women) and 8 villages that provided individual support (248 women). Assessments of combined depression and anxiety symptoms (average score on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist [range, 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse symptoms]), PTSD symptoms (average score on the PTSD Checklist [range, 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse symptoms]), and functional impairment (average score across 20 tasks [range, 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater impairment]) were performed at baseline, at the end of treatment, and 6 months after treatment ended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65% of participants in the therapy group and 52% of participants in the individual-support group completed all three assessments. Mean scores for combined depression and anxiety improved in the individual-support group (2.2 at baseline, 1.7 at the end of treatment, and 1.5 at 6 months after treatment), but improvements were significantly greater in the therapy group (2.0 at baseline, 0.8 at the end of treatment, and 0.7 at 6 months after treatment) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Similar patterns were observed for PTSD and functional impairment. At 6 months after treatment, 9% of participants in the therapy group and 42% of participants in the individual-support group met criteria for probable depression or anxiety (P<0.001), with similar results for PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of sexual-violence survivors in a low-income, conflict-affected country, group psychotherapy reduced PTSD symptoms and combined depression and anxiety symptoms and improved functioning. (Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development Victims of Torture Fund and the World Bank; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01385163.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. jbass@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Annan
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McIvor Murray
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaysen
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cetinoglu
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wachter
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014858:War Crimes / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare