title: Nitrate contamination of shallow aquifer groundwater in the central districts of Punjab, India.
abstract: The increasing trend in nitrogenous fertilizer use and extensive irrigation in the agricultural production system in Punjab, India are the reasons of contamination of groundwater, which is the main source of drinking water. A study was conducted to determine the extent of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) contamination of groundwater in the shallow aquifers of Ludhiana district. Pre and post-monsoon groundwater samples from hand pumps of 36 villages, located at or near the nodes of 6-12 km grid, were collected during the years 1998 and 1999 and were analyzed for NO3-N concentration. During the period of study, the NO3-N concentration in 34.7%, 37.5%, 15.3%, 11.1% and 1.4% of the groundwater samples was between 0-5 mg/L, 6-10 mg/L, 11-15 mg/L, 16-20 mg/L and 21-25 mg/L, respectively. Around 72% of the groundwater samples were safe and did not exceed the critical limit of NO3-N concentration (10 mg/L) prescribed for drinking water. Although, statistically no change in the mean NO3-N concentration level has been observed during the study period and is within the safe limit in most of the samples (72%), yet there is every possibility of further contamination of groundwater due to continuous high N-fertilizer use and over irrigation which necessitates judicious and efficient N-fertilizer and irrigation water use in Punjab (India).
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India. abhardwaj_2000@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sondhi
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Taneja
mesh_terms: D005308:Fertilizers; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D007194:India; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical