title: Rhodamine-marked bombesin: a novel means for prostate cancer fluorescence imaging.
abstract: The gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been found to be strongly expressed in various types of cancers such as prostate and breast carcinomas. The GRPR ligands gastrin releasing peptide and bombesin can play a very significant role in cancer therapy and diagnostics. In this study we synthesized unlabeled bombesin BBN along with two conjugates in which the correct bombesin (BBN-Rhd) and a mutant bombesin (mBBN-Rhd) sequence was coupled to rhodamine, a fluorescent dye. These novel rhodamine fluorescent conjugates were used to study the targeting and uptake of bombesin on a cellular level. Nine different human cell lines including both tumor and healthy cells were examined using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. GRPR mRNA expression analysis was performed and it was found that the receptor is highly expressed in LNCaP and PC3 cells compared to the rest of other cell lines. Competition experiments were performed to verify the receptor dependence of the labeled conjugates using unmarked bombesin. The present study is a first attempt at direct fluorescence imaging of living cells using bombesin and its target, the GRPR. A rhodamine bombesin conjugate can be used as marker to differentiate between healthy cells and malignant cells such as prostate hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma in the early detection of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany, alexsturzu@yahoo.de.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sturzu
authors.forename: Sumbla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Echner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nägele
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwentner
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horger
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ernemann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heckl
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001839:Bombesin / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; D012235:Rhodamines; D001839:Bombesin