title: Vitrectomy combined with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection and macular laser photocoagulation for nontractional diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and macular laser photocoagulation for the treatment of nontractional diabetic macular edema (DME) refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight eyes from 28 subjects who were diagnosed with nontractional DME refractory to three or more sequential anti-VEGF injections underwent sequential vitrectomy, IVTA, and macular laser photocoagulation. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CST) during the six months following vitrectomy were evaluated. Additionally, the CST and BCVA outcomes were compared with those of 26 eyes treated with the same triple therapy for nontractional DME refractory to conventional treatment, such as IVTA or macular laser photocoagulation, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVAs before and one, three, and six months after vitrectomy were 0.44 ± 0.15, 0.36 ± 0.18, 0.31 ± 0.14, and 0.34 ± 0.22, respectively. The mean CSTs were 433.3 ± 77.9, 329.9 ± 59.4, 307.2 ± 60.2, and 310.1 ± 80.1 microns, respectively. The values of both BCVA and CST at one, three, and six months were significantly improved from baseline (p < 0.05). The extent of CST reduction during the first month after triple therapy was greater in eyes refractory to conventional treatment than in eyes refractory to anti-VEGF (p = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitrectomy combined with IVTA and macular laser photocoagulation had a beneficial effect on both anatomical and functional outcomes in eyes with nontractional DME refractory to anti-VEGF therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Se Woong
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hyo Shin
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Jae Ryung
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008028:Light Coagulation / Q000379:methods*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014821:Vitrectomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide
keywords: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; Diabetic macular edema; Triple therapy; Vitrectomy