title: Amelioration of cognitive, motor and endogenous defense functions with silymarin, piracetam and protocatechuic acid in the cerebral global ischemic rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The neuroprotective activities of silymarin, piracetam and protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCA) on cerebral global ischemic/reperfusion were evaluated in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A midline ventral incision was made in the throat region. The right and left common carotid arteries were located and a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) was performed for 30min using atraumatic clamps followed by a 24h period of reperfusion. Neurological/behavioral functions (cognitive and motor), endogenous defense systems (lipid peroxidation, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase), reduced water content and infarct size and histopathological alterations were then studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silymarin and PCA treatments significantly improved cognitive, motor and endogenous defense functions, histopathological alterations, and, reduced both water content and infarct size compared to the vehicle-treated ischemic control group. Piracetam treatment improved neurological and histopathological alterations, reduced water content and infarct size, but failed to restore/prevent the impaired endogenous defense functions significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silymarin showed better neuroprotection than piracetam and PCA in experimentally induced global ischemic/reperfusion and was able to facilitate mnemonic performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Padm. Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pune 411 018, India.
authors.forename: Milind M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Muley
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Technical Education Society, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, Pune 410 401, India.
authors.forename: Vishnu N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Thakare
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Technical Education Society, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, Pune 410 401, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Padm. Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pune 411 018, India.
authors.forename: Pallavi A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bafna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Technical Education Society, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lonavala, Pune 410 401, India. Electronic address: srnaik5@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Suresh R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Naik
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006652:Histological Techniques; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010889:Piracetam / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012838:Silymarin; C018063:ethyl protocatechuate; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D010889:Piracetam