title: Evaluation of an independent linear model for acoustic noise on a conventional MRI scanner and implications for acoustic noise reduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an independent linear model for gradient acoustic noise on a conventional MRI scanner, and to explore implications for acoustic noise reduction in routine imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acoustic noise generated from each physical gradient axis was modeled as the prescribed gradient waveform passed through a linear time-invariant system. Homogeneity and superposition properties were experimentally determined. We also developed a new method to correct relative time shifts between the measured impulse responses for different physical gradient axes. Model accuracy was determined by comparing predicted and measured sound using normalized energy difference. Transfer functions were also measured in subjects with different body habitus and at multiple microphone locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both superposition and homogeneity held for each physical gradient axis with errors less than 3%. When all gradients were on simultaneous sound prediction, error was reduced from 32% to 4% after time-shift correction. Transfer functions also showed high sensitivity to body habitus and microphone location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The independent linear model predicts MRI acoustic noise with less than 4% error. Acoustic transfer functions are highly sensitive to body habitus and position within the bore, making it challenging to produce a general approach to acoustic noise reduction based on avoiding system resonance peaks.
authors.affiliation: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ziyue
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yoon-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Michael C K
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D009622:Noise / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration
keywords: MRI; acoustic noise; frequency response; noise reduction; transfer function