title: Inner strength in relation to age, gender and culture among old people--a cross-sectional population study in two Nordic countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The theoretical framework for the study was the Model of Inner Strength, and the Inner Strength Scale (ISS)developed based on the Model was used. The aim was to examine inner strength in relation to age, gender and culture among old people in Sweden and Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study forms part of the GErontological Regional DAtabase (GERDA)-Botnia project that investigates healthy ageing with focus on the dignity, social participation and health of old people. The participants (N = 6119) were 65-, 70-, 75- and 80-year old and living in two counties in Sweden or Finland. The ISS consists of 20 items relating to four interrelated dimensions of inner strength, according to the Model of Inner Strength. The range of possible ISS scores is 20-120, a higher score denoting higher inner strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result showed that the 65-year-old participants had the highest mean ISS score, with a decrease in score for every subsequent age. The lowest score was achieved by the 80-year-old participants. Women had slightly but significantly higher mean ISS scores than men. Only small differences were found between the counties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study population came from Sweden and Finland; still, despite the different backgrounds, patterns in the distribution of inner strength were largely similar. The present study provides basic and essential information about inner strength in a population of old people.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nursing, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viglund
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jonsén
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundman
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nygren
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000208:ethnology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000208:ethnology