title: Hyperactivation of the cognitive control network in cocaine use disorders during a multisensory Stroop task.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that individuals with cocaine use disorders (chronic cocaine abusers, CCA) have impairments in cognitive control, which likely contribute to impairments in decision making around drug use and relapse. However, deficits in cognitive control have currently only been studied under conditions of unisensory stimulation, which may not be reflective of more realistic multisensory drug cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neuronal activity during a multisensory numeric Stroop task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite few differences in reaction time, recently abstinent CCA (N=14) exhibited increased activation in prefrontal cortex, striatum and thalamus during cognitive control relative to a group of carefully matched controls (N=16). Importantly, these neuronal differences were relatively robust in classifying patients from controls (approximately 90% accuracy) and evident during conditions of both low (slow stimulus presentation rate) and relatively high (faster stimulus presentation rate) cognitive demand. In addition, CCA also failed to deactivate the default-mode network during high frequency visual trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, current results indicate compensatory activation within the cognitive control network in recently abstinent CCA to achieve similar levels of behavioral performance.
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale Boulevard, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Neurology Department, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. Electronic address: amayer@mrn.org.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Terri M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Teshiba
authors.forename: Josef M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D057190:Stroop Test; D013788:Thalamus / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Cocaine; Cognitive control; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Stroop