title: [Psychological distress and personality characteristics among individuals with primary exercise dependence].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess both psychological distress and personality characteristics associat with primary exercise dependence. A cross-sectional study was carried out with adult habitual physical exercisers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 79 participants voluntarily completed a package of self-report questionnaires including the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ), the Eating Disorder Inventory II (EDI-2), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Attitude Toward Self scale (ATS), Muscle Dysmorphia Questionnaire (MDQ), and the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found in the EDQ exercise for weight control subscale with regard to gender, as well as in the EDI-2 total score and 5 of its subscales, with higher scores for females compared to males. Participants reporting primary exercise dependence (n=32) were more likely to present with disordered eating patterns than controls (n=47). They also showed higher levels of harm avoidance and persistence on the TCI, as well as lower self-directness. Furthermore, primary exercise dependents scored higher on the ATS dysmorphophobia subscale, as well as on the MDQ total score and the anxiety and hostility subscales of the SQ compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the importance of performing a clinical assessment of psychological symptoms and personality characteristics that might be associated with primary exercise dependence.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Bologna.
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clementi
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grandi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires