title: Green synthesis and nanotopography of heparin-reduced gold nanoparticles with enhanced anticoagulant activity.
abstract: This paper reports on the green synthesis of heparin-reduced gold nanoparticles and their nanotopography as studied with atomic force microscopy. The study also evaluated the anticoagulant activity of the newly prepared gold nanoparticles. The heparin-reduced gold nanoparticles were homogeneous, showing characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands of approximately 523-527 nm, and their shapes were mostly spherical and amorphous. The average diameter of the nanoparticles measured from atomic force microscopic images was either 20.26 +/- 3.35 nm or 40.85 +/- 8.95 nm depending on the different precursor salts and heparin concentrations. Atomic force microscopic images revealed that the topography of the heparin polymer aggregated when deposited onto mica, resembling a chain of mountains. This characteristic nanotopography of the heparin disappeared after the synthesis of the gold nanoparticles was performed. Interestingly, prolonged prothrombin time, thrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were observed in the heparin-reduced gold nanoparticles when compared to a control heparin, suggesting the enhancement of anticoagulant activity in heparin-reduced gold nanoparticles. Hence, the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with heparin using a simple reaction step could be a viable procedure for enhancing heparin's anticoagulant activity.
authors.affiliation: National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.forename: Yean Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Seonho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Youmie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006046:Gold; D006493:Heparin