title: Muscle reaction function of individuals with intellectual disabilities may be improved through therapeutic use of a horse.
abstract: Reaction time and muscle activation deficits might limit the individual's autonomy in activities of daily living and in participating in recreational activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a 14-week hippotherapy exercise program on movement reaction time and muscle activation in adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). Nineteen adolescents with moderate ID were assigned either to an experimental group (n=10) or a control group (n=9). The experimental group attended a hippotherapy exercise program, consisting of two 30-min sessions per week for 14 weeks. Reaction time, time of maximum muscle activity and electromyographic activity (EMG) of rectus femoris and biceps femoris when standing up from a chair under three conditions: in response to audio, visual and audio with closed eyes stimuli were measured. Analysis of variance designs showed that hippotherapy intervention program resulted in significant improvements in reaction time and a reduction in time to maximum muscle activity of the intervention group comparing to the control group in all 3 three conditions that were examined (p<0.05). The present findings suggest that the muscle reaction function of individuals with ID can be improved through hippotherapy training. Hippotherapy probably creates a changing environment with a variety of stimuli that enhance deep proprioception as well as other sensory inputs. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that hippotherapy can improve functional task performance by enhancing reaction time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. pgiagaz@phed-sr.auth.gr
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giagazoglou
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arabatzi
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kellis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liga
authors.forename: Chrisanthi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karra
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amiridis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D056147:Equine-Assisted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adapted physical training; EMG; Hippotherapy; Mental retardation; Muscle activation; Reaction time