title: Evaluation of specific absorption rate as a dosimetric quantity for electromagnetic fields bioeffects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate SAR as a dosimetric quantity for EMF bioeffects, and identify ways for increasing the precision in EMF dosimetry and bioactivity assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We discuss the interaction of man-made electromagnetic waves with biological matter and calculate the energy transferred to a single free ion within a cell. We analyze the physics and biology of SAR and evaluate the methods of its estimation. We discuss the experimentally observed non-linearity between electromagnetic exposure and biological effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WE FIND THAT: a) The energy absorbed by living matter during exposure to environmentally accounted EMFs is normally well below the thermal level. b) All existing methods for SAR estimation, especially those based upon tissue conductivity and internal electric field, have serious deficiencies. c) The only method to estimate SAR without large error is by measuring temperature increases within biological tissue, which normally are negligible for environmental EMF intensities, and thus cannot be measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAR actually refers to thermal effects, while the vast majority of the recorded biological effects from man-made non-ionizing environmental radiation are non-thermal. Even if SAR could be accurately estimated for a whole tissue, organ, or body, the biological/health effect is determined by tiny amounts of energy/power absorbed by specific biomolecules, which cannot be calculated. Moreover, it depends upon field parameters not taken into account in SAR calculation. Thus, SAR should not be used as the primary dosimetric quantity, but used only as a complementary measure, always reporting the estimating method and the corresponding error. Radiation/field intensity along with additional physical parameters (such as frequency, modulation etc) which can be directly and in any case more accurately measured on the surface of biological tissues, should constitute the primary measure for EMF exposures, in spite of similar uncertainty to predict the biological effect due to non-linearity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. dpanagop@biol.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Dimitris J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Panagopoulos
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Carlo
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors