title: Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between type of living environment (urban versus rural) and anxiety, depression and psychosis in the Scottish population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics database on Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and urban-rural classifications for 6505 data zones across Scotland. Multiple regression was used to test the association between prescriptions for psychotropic medication for anxiety, depression and psychosis, and type of living environment according to urban-rural classification, controlling for a range of socio-economic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urban-rural classification significantly predicted poorer mental health both before (β=-.29) and after (β=-.20) controlling for a large number of socio-economic variables, with more urban areas having higher rates of prescription for psychotropic medication for anxiety, depression and psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study focussed on macro-level variables and did not include individual level data. As such, the study did not include data on individual diagnoses, but instead used drug prescriptions for anxiety, depression and psychosis as a proxy for level of affective disorders within data zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More urban living environments in Scotland are associated with higher rates of prescription for psychotropic medication for anxiety, depression and psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK. kmckenzi@staffmail.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Aja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Epidemiology; Psychosis; Rural; Urban