title: Simulating the decentralized processes of the human immune system in a virtual anatomy model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many physiological processes within the human body can be perceived and modeled as large systems of interacting particles or swarming agents. The complex processes of the human immune system prove to be challenging to capture and illustrate without proper reference to the spatial distribution of immune-related organs and systems. Our work focuses on physical aspects of immune system processes, which we implement through swarms of agents. This is our first prototype for integrating different immune processes into one comprehensive virtual physiology simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using agent-based methodology and a 3-dimensional modeling and visualization environment (LINDSAY Composer), we present an agent-based simulation of the decentralized processes in the human immune system. The agents in our model - such as immune cells, viruses and cytokines - interact through simulated physics in two different, compartmentalized and decentralized 3-dimensional environments namely, (1) within the tissue and (2) inside a lymph node. While the two environments are separated and perform their computations asynchronously, an abstract form of communication is allowed in order to replicate the exchange, transportation and interaction of immune system agents between these sites. The distribution of simulated processes, that can communicate across multiple, local CPUs or through a network of machines, provides a starting point to build decentralized systems that replicate larger-scale processes within the human body, thus creating integrated simulations with other physiological systems, such as the circulatory, endocrine, or nervous system. Ultimately, this system integration across scales is our goal for the LINDSAY Virtual Human project.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our current immune system simulations extend our previous work on agent-based simulations by introducing advanced visualizations within the context of a virtual human anatomy model. We also demonstrate how to distribute a collection of connected simulations over a network of computers. As a future endeavour, we plan to use parameter tuning techniques on our model to further enhance its biological credibility. We consider these in silico experiments and their associated modeling and optimization techniques as essential components in further enhancing our capabilities of simulating a whole-body, decentralized immune system, to be used both for medical education and research as well as for virtual studies in immunoinformatics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sarpe
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacob
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007107:Immune System; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012984:Software