title: Current thoughts and developments in facial nerve reanimation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the most current literature regarding the management of acute and chronic facial paralysis. This review will focus primarily on smile reanimation in the setting of acute and chronic facial paralysis. The management of the flaccid and the hypertonic face will be discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent developments include advances in neural repair with fibrin glue and the use of cadaveric nerve grafts as interposition grafts. Advances in nerve substitutes have been shown to limit donor-site morbidity and provide similar outcomes to autografts. Techniques for muscle transfer continue to evolve to improve smile outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of facial reanimation surgery is to restore meaningful facial movement. The goal should be to have quality-driven clinical practice guidelines to better facilitate patient care. This process must be initiated by facial reanimation surgeons deciding to use consistent outcome measures to report their results. Currently, it is impossible to make a direct comparison between different surgical techniques because of inconsistent methods of evaluation. Despite the lack of consistent quantitative evaluation, there have been many exciting advances in the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Callum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faris
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindsay
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012904:Smiling
chemical_list: D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive