title: Effect of high-heeled shoes on the parameters of body posture.
abstract: METHODS
  The study group consisted of 90 young, healthy females, aged 20 to 25 years. Three types of measurements were conducted for each female: without shoes, with 4-cm heels, and with 10-cm heels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the impact of high-heeled shoes on chosen parameters characterizing body posture.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  For a long time, high-heeled shoes have been an attribute of femininity. Currently, there is an increasing amount of research being published investigating the effect of high-heeled shoes on selected biomechanical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a photogrammetric method, based on the chamber projection and Moiré phenomenon. The study was performed using predesignated points of anthropometric measures. We used 19 photogrammetric parameters characterizing body posture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of the measurements showed no significant differences using the significance level P < 0.05 between the measurements taken with no shoes, with 4-cm high-heeled shoes, and with 10-cm high-heeled shoes. Statistically significant results were obtained only for the angle of trunk bend parameter. The value of the P coefficient in the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test for the angle of trunk bend parameter was P = 0.0140. Analysis based on the multiple comparison test indicated differences between the group wearing no shoes, and those wearing 4-cm heels (P = 0.0226), and between the group wearing no shoes and the group wearing 10-cm heels (P = 0.0459).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-heeled shoes increased the forward inclination of the trunk. This article shows that there are only certain trends for some parameters that require further scientific investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Physiotherapy, University of Rzeszów, Poland; and †Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Regional Hospital No 2, Rzeszow, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drzał-Grabiec
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Snela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D055815:Young Adult