title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 266 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage in Hangzhou, China.
abstract: Ethnicity and socioeconomic factors can influence disease susceptibility, clinical presentation, and outcome. We investigated the clinical characteristics (age, sex, seasonal variation, lesion site, symptoms, complications, prognosis, and sequelae) and risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 266 cases treated at our hospital in Hangzhou City, China, from January 2011 to December 2011. Risk of ICH increased dramatically with age; only 4.3% of cases were <30 years old, while 44.4% were >60 years of age. Men outnumbered women by 2:1 (67.3% vs. 32.7%). Single hemorrhage was most often located in the cerebral lobes (37.2% of cases), basal ganglia (34.2%), thalamus (8.3%), cerebellum (6.8%), ventricle (1.5%), and brainstem (1.1%), while 10.9% of cases exhibited hemorrhages at multiple sites. Hypertension was also a major risk factor for ICH, as 47% of all patients were hypertensive and the percentage increased with age. In hypertensive patients, the most common hemorrhage site was the basal ganglia and ICH was often associated with thrombopenia. In patients with leukemia (all forms), most hemorrhages were lobar. Warfarin- and encephalic operation-associated ICHs were all lobar. Headache was the major symptom of occipital, temporal, and frontal lobe hemorrhage. Dizziness, nausea, and vomiting were the major symptoms of cerebellum hemorrhage. Limb dysfunction was the major symptom of thalamic and basal ganglia hemorrhage. Disturbed level of consciousness was the major symptom in multisite, ventricular, parietal lobe, and brainstem hemorrhage. Hyperspasmia occurred most often in lobar hemorrhage and blurred vision in occipital lobe hemorrhage. Hospital mortality was 24.4% (n=65) with a mean delay from presentation to death of (10.5±18.5) d. The majority of fatalities were cerebral hernia cases (58.5%) and these patients also had the shortest time to death [(2.9±3.5) d]. Mortality was 100% in brainstem ICH and hemorrhagic conversion of cerebral infarct. Thrombopenia-associated ICH also had a high mortality rate (81.0%), while patients with cerebrovascular malformations and cerebral aneurysms demonstrated a much better prognosis (46.2% recovery).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Yun-zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jian-wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ben-yan
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult