title: Long-term treatment effects of the FR-2 appliance: a prospective evalution 7 years post-treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the long-term effects induced by treatment with the function regulator (FR-2) appliance 7 years post-treatment compared with untreated class II subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FR-2 sample was collected prospectively and comprised 17 subjects (10 boys and 7 girls, mean age 10.8 years) who were treated with the FR-2 appliance for 1.7 years and re-evaluated 7.1 years after treatment. The step-by-step mandibular advancement was performed gradually (increments up to 3-4 mm), until a 'super class I' molar relationship was obtained. The control group consisted of 17 class II subjects (9 boys and 8 girls, mean age 11.3 years) with class II malocclusion, excessive overjet, and class II molar relationship, matched to the treated group as to ages at all times, gender distribution, and stages of skeletal maturity (evaluated by the cervical vertebral maturation method). The lateral cephalograms were analysed at T1 (initial), T2 (final), and T3 (7.1 years post-treatment). The compatibility between the groups and the comparisons of their changes at T1-T2, T2-T3, and T1-T3 intervals were examined by independent sample t-tests (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FR-2 treatment provided a significant improvement in the maxillomandibular relationship due to an increase in mandibular length compared with controls, which remained stable over time. Also overjet, overbite, and molar relationship corrections demonstrated stability. Among dentoalveolar changes, only the increased mesial movement of the mandibular molars in the FR-2 group demonstrated stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correction of class II malocclusion remained stable 7 years after FR-2 treatment mainly due to the stability of the skeletal changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, São Paulo Methodist University, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angelieri
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Lucia H S
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cevidanes
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Scanavini
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies