title: Behavioral health care for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes via Skype: does working alliance remain intact?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasingly various technologies are being tested to deliver behavioral health care. Delivering services via videoconferencing shows promise. Given that the patient-provider relationship is a strong predictor of patient adherence to medical regimens, addressing relationship quality when services are not delivered face-to-face is critical. To that end, we compared the therapeutic alliance when behavioral health care was delivered to youth with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and their caregivers in-clinic with the same services delivered via Internet-based videoconferencing (i.e., Skype™).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one adolescents with poorly controlled T1DM (hemoglobin A1c ≥9%) and one of their caregivers received up to 10 sessions of a family-based behavioral health intervention previously shown to improve adherence to diabetes regimens and family functioning; 32 were randomized to the Skype condition. Youth and caregivers completed the working alliance inventory (WAI), a 36-item measure of therapeutic alliance, at the end of treatment. Additionally, the number of behavioral health sessions completed was tracked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in WAI scores were found for those receiving behavioral health care via Skype versus in-clinic. Youth WAI goal and total scores were significantly associated with the number of sessions completed for those in the clinic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral health can be delivered to youth with T1DM via Internet-based videoconferencing without significantly impacting the therapeutic relationship. Thus, for those adolescents with T1DM who require specialized behavioral health care that targets T1DM management, Internet-based teleconferencing represents a viable alternative to clinic-based care.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health & Science University, 707 SW Gaines, Portland, OR 97239, USA. freemaku@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Danny C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000628:therapy*; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000379:methods*; D049269:Videoconferencing; D055815:Young Adult