title: Biotransformation of Trichoderma spp. and their tolerance to aromatic amines, a major class of pollutants.
abstract: Trichoderma spp. are cosmopolitan soil fungi that are highly resistant to many toxic compounds. Here, we show that Trichoderma virens and T. reesei are tolerant to aromatic amines (AA), a major class of pollutants including the highly toxic pesticide residue 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA). In a previous study, we provided proof-of-concept remediation experiments in which another soil fungus, Podospora anserina, detoxifies 3,4-DCA through its arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that enables acetyl coenzyme A-dependent detoxification of AA. To assess whether the N-acetylation pathway enables AA tolerance in Trichoderma spp., we cloned and characterized NATs from T. virens and T. reesei. We characterized recombinant enzymes by determining their catalytic efficiencies toward several toxic AA. Through a complementary approach, we also demonstrate that both Trichoderma species efficiently metabolize 3,4-DCA. Finally, we provide evidence that NAT-independent transformation is solely (in T. virens) or mainly (in T. reesei) responsible for the observed removal of 3,4-DCA. We conclude that T. virens and, to a lesser extent, T. reesei likely utilize another, unidentified, metabolic pathway for the detoxification of AA aside from acetylation. This is the first molecular and functional characterization of AA biotransformation in Trichoderma spp. Given the potential of Trichoderma for cleanup of contaminated soils, these results reveal new possibilities in the fungal remediation of AA-contaminated soil.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, EAC 4413 CNRS, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Angélique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cocaign
authors.forename: Linh-Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Silar
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan Ho Tong
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Busi
authors.forename: Aazdine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamouri
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mougin
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Lima
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dupret
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dairou
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase