title: Patient behavior and the benefits of artificial intelligence: the perils of "dangerous" literacy and illusory patient empowerment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Artificial intelligence can provide important support of patient health. However, limits to realized benefits can arise as patients assume an active role in their health decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Distinguishing the concepts of health literacy and patient empowerment, we analyze conditions that bias patient use of the Internet and limit access to and impact of artificial intelligence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improving health literacy in the face of the Internet requires significant guidance. Patients must be directed toward the appropriate tools and also provided with key background knowledge enabling them to use the tools and capitalize on the artificial intelligence technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefits of tools employing artificial intelligence to promote health cannot be realized without recognizing and addressing the patients' desires, expectations, and limitations that impact their Internet behavior. In order to benefit from artificial intelligence, patients need a substantial level of background knowledge and skill in information use-i.e., health literacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is critical that health professionals respond to patient search for information on the Internet, first by guiding their search to relevant, authoritative, and responsive sources, and second by educating patients about how to interpret the information they are likely to encounter.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Communication and Health, University of Lugano (Università della Svizzera italiana), Lugano, Switzerland. peter.schulz@usi.ch
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D058015:Health Communication; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation; D011209:Power, Psychological
keywords: Health literacy; Internet; Patient education; Patient empowerment