title: Missed medication doses in hospitalised patients: a descriptive account of quality improvement measures and time series analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes in overdue doses rates over a 4-year period in an National Health Service (NHS) teaching hospital, following the implementation of interventions associated with an electronic prescribing system used within the hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective time-series analysis of weekly dose administration data.
  
  
  METHODS
  University teaching hospital using a locally developed electronic prescribing and administration system (Prescribing, Information and Communication System or PICS) with an audit database containing details on every drug prescription and dose administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescription data extracted from the PICS database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four interventions were implemented in the Trust: (i) the ability for doctors to pause medication doses; (ii) clinical dashboards; (iii) visual indicators for overdue doses and (iv) overdue doses Root Cause
  
  
  METHODS
  (RCA) meetings and a National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) Rapid Response Alert. Main outcome measure(s) The percentage of missed medication doses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of both missed antibiotic and non-antibiotic doses decreased significantly upon the introduction of clinical dashboards (reductions of 0.60 and 0.41 percentage points, respectively), as well as following the instigation of executive-led overdue doses RCA meetings (reductions of 0.83 and 0.97 percentage points, respectively) and the publication of an associated NPSA Rapid Response Alert. Implementing a visual indicator for overdue doses was not associated with significant decreases in the rates of missed antibiotic or non-antibiotic doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electronic prescribing systems can facilitate data collection relating to missed medication doses.
  
  
  METHODS
  providing hospital staff with information about overdue doses at a ward level can help promote reductions in overdue doses rates.
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK. j.j.coleman@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jamie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosser
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000458:organization & administration; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: clinical; decision Support Systems; electronic prescribing; medical order entry systems; medication errors; medication therapy management