title: Oral fluid testing as an alternative to urine testing for drugs of abuse in inpatient forensic settings: giving patients choice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The abuse of illicit substances is very common amongst forensic psychiatry populations and is known to be one of the most potent risk factors for interpersonal violence. Forensic psychiatry units hence strive to keep themselves as free as possible from illicit substances and in Scotland drugs of abuse have traditionally been screened for by means of urine testing. The aim of this study is to examine patients' preferences for drug testing methods and to compare the acceptability of urine testing versus oral fluid testing (OFT) within a secure hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in three continuing care wards at the State Hospital, Carstairs were offered the choice of either urine or oral fluid testing. We developed protocols and recording forms and trained staff in the administration of the OFT. We recorded the sampling time for OFT and urine, and the views of patients and staff on the testing procedures over a six month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-two samples were taken, with 53 (85%) opting for OFT and nine (15%) opting for urine sampling. The average time taken for OFT was 13 minutes, while the average time taken for urine sampling was 33 minutes. The majority of patients and staff rated oral fluid and urine testing as comfortable and easy. Patients recorded comments on 46 (87%) of OFT samples, only two of which were negative. In general they preferred the OFT because it was quicker and easier and they commented on it being more dignified and private. Patients recorded comments on five (55%) of urine samples, with one of the primary reasons for opting for urine sampling appearing to be a reluctance to try new things, though a few said they did not want to have anything in their mouths. Staff returned comments on 24 (45%) of OFT samples and one (11%) of urine samples. Comments on the OFT were overwhelmingly positive and pointed out the relative speed and ease of this sampling method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that the pilot study was successful. OFT was found to be generally preferred by patients and staff. Although there was an additional financial cost, this was considered to be outweighed by the significant benefits arising from offering patients choice, the preservation of patient dignity and staff time savings. The option of OFT has now been extended to all patients within the State Hospital. Practitioners will wish to consider the value of OFT in forensic psychiatry inpatient settings given the benefits identified within this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Psychiatry, State Hospital, 110 Lampits Road, Carstairs, Lanark,UK. cmaccall@nhs.net
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: MacCall
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D057240:Patient Preference; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Drugs of abuse; forensic inpatient settings; oral fluid testing; urine testing