title: Detection of potential chronic kidney disease markers in breath using gas chromatography with mass-spectral detection coupled with thermal desorption method.
abstract: The analytical potential of chromatographic breath analysis towards detection of compounds suggested as markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was tested. Until now, trimethylamine (TMA) considered as a potential marker of renal disorder was detected mainly in plasma. Detection of TMA in breath was rarely undertaken due to analytical difficulties associated with amines' properties. The results of our investigations confirmed that an application of thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography with mass-spectral detection (GC/MS) allows direct detection of TMA in breath. The preliminary studies allowed to determine the breath composition in case of patients suffering from CKD and to compare the obtained results to a control group. Breath samples were collected from 14 patients and 9 healthy volunteers. TMA was detected in all patients suffering from CKD in the range 1.76-38.02ppb, but not in the control group. Acetone and isoprene were present in the exhaled air of all examined persons. The concentration of acetone was in the range of 26.52-329.46ppb in the patient group and 73.11-437.14ppb in the control group. Isoprene was detected in the range 57.17-329.8ppb among CKD patients and 27.99-143.77ppb in healthy volunteers. Additionally aliphatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds were determined in breath as compounds which could be essential in case of diseases coexisting with CKD. Apart from TMA and pentane no statistically significant differences were found using our analytical technique. TMA was detected in the breath of all patients with CKD and in none of breath samples in control group. TMA seems to be a promising marker of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Physics of Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland. beata.grabowska@ifj.edu.pl
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grabowska-Polanowska
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skowron
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miarka
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrzycka
authors.forename: Ireneusz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sliwka
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D045782:Hemiterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008744:Methylamines / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010420:Pentanes / Q000032:analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002070:Butadienes; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D008744:Methylamines; D010420:Pentanes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C005059:isoprene; C023336:trimethylamine
keywords: Biomarkers; Breath tests; Chronic kidney disease (CKD); Trimethylamine (TMA)