title: In-person and telephone treatment of tobacco dependence: a comparison of treatment outcomes and participant characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared participant characteristics and abstinence outcomes of smokers who chose in-person or telephone tobacco dependence treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provided the same treatment content to 7267 smokers in Arkansas between 2005 and 2008 who self-selected treatment modality; examined demographic, clinical, environmental, and treatment utilization differences between modalities; and modeled outcomes and participants' choice of modality with logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At end of treatment, in-person participants were more likely to be abstinent than telephone participants, and smokers of higher socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to be abstinent with telephone treatment than lower-SES smokers. Long term, modality had no effect on treatment outcomes. Higher-SES smokers and smokers exposed to more treatment content were more likely to achieve long-term abstinence, regardless of modality. Men and more recalcitrant smokers were more likely to choose in-person treatment; lower-SES, ethnic minority, and more dependent smokers were more likely to choose telephone treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment modality attracts different groups of smokers, but has no effect on long-term abstinence. Multiple treatment modalities are needed to provide treatment to a heterogeneous population of smokers. More research is needed to understand the influences on treatment choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA. csheffer@med.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sheffer
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stitzer
authors.forename: Reid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.forename: S Laney
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Brackman
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001131:Arkansas; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013689:Telephone; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome