title: Swimming exercise alleviates the symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in spontaneous hypertensive rats.
abstract: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of swimming exercise on the symptoms of ADHD in correlation with the expression levels of dopamine and the dopamine D2 receptor. Adult male spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used as animal models of ADHD and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as controls. The activity, impulsivity and levels of non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors in rats were measured. The short-term memory in the animal models of ADHD was assessed using an open-field test. The social interaction test, elevated plus maze test and step-through avoidance test were additionally performed. The expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which catalyzes the rate‑limiting step of dopamine synthesis, and the dopamine D2 receptor in the prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated. The expression levels of TH and the dopamine D2 receptor were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. In ADHD rats, the activity, impulsivity and levels of non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors were higher than that in control rats. By contrast, short-term memory in ADHD rats deteriorated. Swimming exercise suppressed hyperactivity, impulsivity and non-aggressive and aggressive behaviors, and alleviated the short-term memory impairment observed in ADHD rats. The expression levels of TH and the dopamine D2 receptor were decreased and increased in ADHD rats, respectively, when compared with control rats. Swimming exercise enhanced the expression of TH and suppressed the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor in ADHD rats. In the present study, swimming exercise improved the symptoms of ADHD by upregulating the expression of dopamine and downregulating the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Gyu
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Woon
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Sang
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Mal-Soon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Chang-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min-Ha
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Geon Ho
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Bahn
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009043:Motor Activity; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012919:Social Behavior; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase