title: Prognostic importance of serum alkaline phosphatase in CKD stages 3-4 in a clinical population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels have been associated with mortality in the general population and in dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  28,678 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3 and 4 (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 15-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were identified using the Cleveland Clinic CKD Registry. CKD was defined as 2 estimated glomerular filtration rate values <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) drawn more than 90 days apart using the CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) creatinine equation.
  
  
  METHODS
  ALP levels measured using the calorimetric assay were examined as quartiles (quartile [Q]1, <66 U/L; Q2, 66-81 U/L; Q3, 82-101 U/L; and Q4, ≥102 U/L) and as a continuous measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were ascertained using the Social Security Death Index and US Renal Data System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a median follow-up of 2.2 years, 588 patients progressed to ESRD and 4,755 died. There was a graded increase in risk of mortality with higher ALP quartiles (Q2, Q3, and Q4) compared to the reference quartile (Q1) after adjusting for demographics, comorbid conditions, use of relevant medications, and liver function test results. The highest ALP quartile was associated with an HR for ESRD of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.09-1.76). Each 1-SD (42.7 U/L) higher ALP level was associated with 15% (95% CI, 1.09-1.22) and 16% (95% CI, 1.14-1.18) increased risk of ESRD and mortality, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-center observational study; lack of complete data, including parathyroid hormone level, for all study participants, and attrition bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher serum ALP levels in patients with CKD stages 3-4 were associated independently with all-cause mortality and ESRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Taliercio
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schold
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrigain
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saab
authors.forename: Joseph V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nally
authors.forename: Sankar D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Navaneethan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Alkaline phosphatase; chronic kidney disease; end-stage renal disease; mortality