title: [The infectious diseases experiments conducted on human guinea pigs by Nazis in concentration camps].
abstract: The author systematically examined all available publications and web documents, with regard to scientifically documented experiments carried out by Nazi physicians in their concentration camps during World War II. This research focused on human experiments dealing with: malaria, tuberculosis, petechial typhus, viral hepatitis, and those regarding sulphonamides as antimicrobial agents. The concentration camps involved by experimental programmes on human guinea pigs were: Natzweiler Struthof, Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz. Overall, around 7,200 deported prisoners went to their deaths during or because of these experiments (also considering human trials other than previously quoted ones). At the end of the war several physicians were charged with war crimes in two trials (Nuremberg and Dachau), and those found guilty were sentenced to death, or years of imprisonment. Some of them, including the notorious Josef Mengele, succeeded in escaping capture and being brought to justice. Thanks to these trials, partial light has been shed on these crimes, which not infrequently had children as designated victims, selected with excruciating cruelty in special segregation sections. The SS was the key structure which ensured maximum efficiency for these experimental programmes, from both logistic planning through to an operative control system carried out in concentration camps, and thanks to an autonomous, dedicated medical structure, which included a rigid hierarchy of physicians directly dependent on the head of SS forces (Reichsführer), i.e. Dr. Heinrich Himmler. Moreover, it is worth noting that also physicians who were not part of the SS corps collaborated in the above experiments on human guinea pigs: these included military personnel belonging to the Wehrmacht, academic physicians from German universities, and researchers who worked in some German pharmaceutical industries, such as IG Farben, Bayer and Boehring.
authors.affiliation: U.O.di Malattie Infettive, Policlino S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy. sergio.sabbatani@aosp.bo.it
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbatani
mesh_terms: D003209:Concentration Camps / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006805:Human Experimentation / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000266:history*; D008288:Malaria / Q000266:history; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000266:history; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000266:history; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000266:history
chemical_list: D013449:Sulfonamides