title: The bHLH proteins BEE and BIM positively modulate the shade avoidance syndrome in Arabidopsis seedlings.
abstract: The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) refers to a set of plant responses initiated after perception by the phytochromes of light with a reduced red to far-red ratio, indicative of vegetation proximity or shade. These responses, including elongation growth, anticipate eventual shading from potential competitor vegetation by overgrowing neighboring plants or flowering to ensure production of viable seeds for the next generation. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, the SAS includes dramatic changes in gene expression, such as induction of PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED 1 (PAR1), encoding an atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that acts as a transcriptional co-factor to repress hypocotyl elongation. Indeed, PAR1 has been proposed to act fundamentally as a dominant negative antagonist of conventional bHLH transcription factors by forming heterodimers with them to prevent their binding to DNA or other transcription factors. Here we report the identification of PAR1-interacting factors, including the brassinosteroid signaling components BR-ENHANCED EXPRESSION (BEE) and BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE (BIM), and characterize their role as networked positive regulators of SAS hypocotyl responses. We provide genetic evidence that these bHLH transcriptional regulators not only control plant growth and development under shade and non-shade conditions, but are also redundant in the control of plant viability. Our results suggest that SAS responses are initiated as a consequence of a new balance of transcriptional regulators within the pre-existing bHLH network triggered by plant proximity, eventually causing hypocotyls to elongate.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) - Universitat Autòmona de Barcelona (UAB) - Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cifuentes-Esquivel
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bou-Torrent
authors.forename: Anahit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galstyan
authors.forename: Marçal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallemí
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.forename: Mercè
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salla Martret
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roig-Villanova
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruberti
authors.forename: Jaime F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martínez-García
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D060406:Brassinosteroids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C587671:BEE protein, Arabidopsis; C456160:BES1 protein, Arabidopsis; C524961:PAR1 protein, Arabidopsis
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; BEEs and BIMs; PAR1; basic helix-loop-helix; hypocotyl elongation; shade avoidance syndrome; transcriptional co-factors