title: Is video review of patient encounters an effective tool for medical student learning? A review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if video review of student performance during patient encounters is an effective tool for medical student learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  MULTIPLE BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES THAT INCLUDE MEDICAL, GENERAL HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE LITERATURE WERE SEARCHED FOR THE FOLLOWING TERMS: medical students, medical education, undergraduate medical education, education, self-assessment, self-evaluation, self-appraisal, feedback, videotape, video recording, televised, and DVD. The authors examined all abstracts resulting from this search and reviewed the full text of the relevant articles as well as additional articles identified in the reference lists of the relevant articles. Studies were classified by year of student (preclinical or clinical) and study design (controlled or non-controlled).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 67 articles met the final search criteria and were fully reviewed. Most studies were non-controlled and performed in the clinical years. Although the studies were quite variable in quality, design, and outcomes, in general video recording of performance and subsequent review by students with expert feedback had positive outcomes in improving feedback and ultimate performance. Video review with self-assessment alone was not found to be generally effective, but when linked with expert feedback it was superior to traditional feedback alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are many methods for integrating effective use of video-captured performance into a program of learning. We recommend combining student self-assessment with feedback from faculty or other trained individuals for maximum effectiveness. We also recommend additional research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Maya M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hammoud
authors.forename: Helen K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lyon
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
keywords: feedback and self-assessment; feedback tools; self-assessment of performance; self-directed learning with feedback; video review of performance with feedback