title: A quantitative technique to create a femoral tunnel at the averaged center of the anteromedial bundle attachment in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction, 2 femoral tunnel positions are particularly critical to obtain better clinical results. Recently, a few studies have reported quantitative identification methods for posterolateral (PL) bundle reconstruction. Concerning anteromedial (AM) bundle reconstruction, however, no quantitative clinically available methods to insert a guide wire at the center of the direct attachment of the AM mid-substance fibers have been reported to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we determined the center of the femoral attachment of the AM mid-substance fibers using 38 fresh frozen cadaveric knees. Based on this anatomical sub-study, we developed a quantitative clinical technique to insert a guide wire at the averaged center for anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction. In the second clinical sub-study with 63 patients who underwent anatomic ACL reconstruction with this quantitative technique, we determined the center of an actually created AM tunnel. Then, we compared the results of the second sub-study with those of the first sub-study to validate the accuracy of the quantitative technique. In both the sub-studies, we determined the center of the anatomical attachment and the tunnel outlet using the "3-dimensional clock" system. The tunnel outlet was evaluated using the "transparent" 3-dimensional computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The averaged center of the direct attachment of the AM bundle midsubstance fibers was located on the cylindrical surface of the femoral intercondylar notch at "10:37" (or "1:23") o'clock orientation in the distal view and at 5.0-mm from the proximal outlet of the intercondylar notch (POIN) in the lateral view. The AM tunnel actually created in ACL reconstruction was located at "10:41" (or "1:19") o'clock orientation in the average and at 5.0-mm from the POIN. There was no significant difference between the 2 center locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantitative technique enabled us to easily create the femoral AM tunnel at the averaged center of the direct attachment of the AM bundle midsubstance fibers with high accuracy. This study reported information on the geometric location of the femoral attachment of the AM bundle and a clinically useful technique for its anatomical reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuken
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Nobuto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult