title: Thrombus-targeted perfluorocarbon-containing liposomal bubbles for enhancement of ultrasonic thrombolysis: in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External low-frequency ultrasound (USD) in combination with microbubbles has been reported to recanalize thrombotically occluded arteries in animal models.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the enhancing effect of thrombus-targeted bubble liposomes (BLs) developed for fresh thrombus imaging during ultrasonic thrombolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro: after the administration of thrombus-targeted BLs or non-targeted BLs, the clot was exposed to low-frequency (27 kHz) USD for 5 min. In vivo: Rabbit iliofemoral arteries were thrombotically occluded, and an intravenous injection of either targeted BLs (n = 22) or non-targeted BLs (n = 22) was delivered. External low-frequency USD (low intensity, 1.4 W cm(-2) , to 12 arteries, and high intensity, 4.0 W cm(-2) , to 10 arteries, for both the targeted BL group and the non-targeted BL group) was applied to the thrombotically occluded arteries for 60 min. In another 10 rabbits, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was intravenously administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro: the weight reduction rate of the clot with targeted BLs was significantly higher than that of the clot with non-targeted BLs. In vivo: TIMI grade 3 flow was present in a significantly higher number of rabbits with USD and targeted BLs than rabbits with USD and non-targeted BLs, or with rt-PA monotherapy. High-intensity USD exposure with targeted BLs achieved arterial recanalization in 90% of arteries, and the time to reperfusion was shorter than with rt-PA treatment (targeted BLs, 16.7 ± 5.0 min; rt-PA, 41.3 ± 14.4 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombus-targeted BLs developed for USD thrombus imaging enhance ultrasonic disruption of thrombus both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagisawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D005740:Gases; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D005740:Gases; D008081:Liposomes; D009842:Oligopeptides; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: RGD peptide; drug targeting; liposomes; thrombolytic therapy; ultrasound