title: PKM2 and ACVR 1C are prognostic markers for poor prognosis of gallbladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify biological markers related to the progression and prognosis of GBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expressions of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) and activin A receptor type IC (ACVR 1C) in 46 squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas (SC/ASC) and 80 adenocarcinomas (AC) were examined using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive PKM2 and negative ACVR 1C expressions were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, invasion and TNM stage of SC/ASCs and ACs. Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that either elevated PKM2 or loss of ACVR 1C expression significantly correlated with shorter average survival times in both SC/ASC and AC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that positive PKM2 expression and loss of ACVR 1C expression were poor prognosis biomarkers in both SC/ASC and AC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggested that PKM2 overexpression is a marker of metastasis, invasion and poor prognosis of GBC. ACVR 1C is a tumor suppressor, and lowered ACVR 1C expression is an important marker for the metastasis, invasion, and prognosis of GBC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000097810:Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
chemical_list: D030201:Activin Receptors, Type I; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D000097810:Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins; C424205:ACVR1C protein, human