title: Retinal image quality during accommodation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We asked if retinal image quality is maximum during accommodation, or sub-optimal due to accommodative error, when subjects perform an acuity task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects viewed a monochromatic (552 nm), high-contrast letter target placed at various viewing distances. Wavefront aberrations of the accommodating eye were measured near the endpoint of an acuity staircase paradigm. Refractive state, defined as the optimum target vergence for maximising retinal image quality, was computed by through-focus wavefront analysis to find the power of the virtual correcting lens that maximizes visual Strehl ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite changes in ocular aberrations and pupil size during binocular viewing, retinal image quality and visual acuity typically remain high for all target vergences. When accommodative errors lead to sub-optimal retinal image quality, acuity and measured image quality both decline. However, the effect of accommodation errors of on visual acuity are mitigated by pupillary constriction associated with accommodation and binocular convergence and also to binocular summation of dissimilar retinal image blur. Under monocular viewing conditions some subjects displayed significant accommodative lag that reduced visual performance, an effect that was exacerbated by pharmacological dilation of the pupil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spurious measurement of accommodative error can be avoided when the image quality metric used to determine refractive state is compatible with the focusing criteria used by the visual system to control accommodation. Real focusing errors of the accommodating eye do not necessarily produce a reliably measurable loss of image quality or clinically significant loss of visual performance, probably because of increased depth-of-focus due to pupil constriction. When retinal image quality is close to maximum achievable (given the eye's higher-order aberrations), acuity is also near maximum. A combination of accommodative lag, reduced image quality, and reduced visual function may be a useful sign for diagnosing functionally-significant accommodative errors indicating the need for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Ciencias de la Visión, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: López-Gil
authors.forename: Jesson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Díaz-Muñoz
authors.forename: Larry N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Thibos
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult