title: Low maternal education is associated with increased growth velocity in the first year of life and in early childhood: the ABCD study.
abstract: The objective of this study is first to examine the relation of maternal education and growth velocity during the first year of life and early childhood (1-5 years). The second objective is to determine the potential explanatory role of standardized birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and infant feeding practice in this relation. We used longitudinal growth data of 1,684 participants with Dutch ethnicity participating in a population-based cohort study (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study). Growth velocity of weight and of weight-for-length were calculated by subtracting the weight and weight-for-length standard deviation scores (SDS), respectively of two time periods. In the first year of life, children with low-educated mothers had an increase in SDS of 0.26 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.08-0.45) for weight compared to children with high-educated mothers. In early childhood, children with low-educated mothers had a 0.27 SDS (95 % CI 0.11-0.42) increase for weight-for-length, compared to children with high-educated mothers. Using path analysis, these inequalities could partly be explained by maternal smoking, duration of breastfeeding, maternal age, and maternal BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with low-educated mothers had an increased weight gain during the first year of life and an increased weight-for-length gain in early childhood compared to children with high-educated mothers. Although underlying mechanisms were not completely clarified, an optimal duration of breastfeeding, cessation of maternal smoking, and reduction of maternal BMI seem to reduce these educational inequalities in early growth and possible adverse consequences of accelerated growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, g.vandenberg@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Van Den Berg
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Eijsden
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galindo-Garre
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vrijkotte
authors.forename: Reinoud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gemke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*