title: New antifungal scaffold derived from a natural pharmacophore: synthesis of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone derivatives and their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum lagenarium.
abstract: Thirty new and thirty-four known analogues were designed and synthesized to improve the potential use of the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone ring, a natural pharmacophore. All structures were confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR, MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The results of antifungal and cytotoxic activity indicated that the synthesized analogues showed significant inhibitory activity and limited selectivity. Compound 45 exhibited the highest antifungal activity with IC₅₀=22.8 μM but moderate cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀=28.5 μM (against BGC823 cell line) and 7.7 μM (against HeLa cell line). Analysis of structure-activity relationships revealed that the incorporation of an aromatic ring into the β, γ positions of the lactone ring improved antifungal activity, and that the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups into the aromatic rings increased the activity compared with electron-donating groups. The above results identified 4-phenyl-3-phenyl-2-methylenebutyrolactone (33) as a lead scaffold for discovering and developing novel and improved crop-protection agents.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. fengjt67@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jun-Tao
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: De-Long
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yong-Ling
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020231:Colletotrichum / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D015195:Drug Design; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; C014096:alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone; D015107:4-Butyrolactone