title: Evaluation of vascular wall elasticity of human digital arteries using alternating current-signal photoplethysmography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A simple method of estimating arterial elasticity in the human finger using a volume-oscillometric technique with photoplethysmography was principally studied under the various effects of age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation for testing the capability of using this technique in arterial elasticity analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amplitude variations in the alternating current signal of the photoplethysmograph during a continuous change in transmural pressure were analyzed to obtain the blood pressure and the transmural pressure-relative volume difference relationship of the arteries. We first tested the effect of the occluding cuff size on the arterial elasticity analysis in eight subjects (ages 20-45 years) to obtain a suitable cuff size, resulting in the selection of a middle cuff with a 22 mm diameter. Blood pressure and arterial elasticity were measured in six groups of subjects separated into three age-groups of women and men (ages 20-25, 32-45, and over 50 years) for testing the effect of age and sex. Twelve subjects (ages 20-25 years) also had their blood pressure and arterial elasticity measured in three conditions under the influence of the cold-stress stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation had an impact on mean blood pressure (P < 0.0005, 0.025), whereas pulse pressure and heart rate were statistically unchanged by those factors. Furthermore, an advanced age (over 50 years) was found to induce an increase in relative volume difference values (P < 0.025) and upward shifting of the transmural pressure-relative volume difference relationships, whereas sex, level of mean blood pressure, and cold-stress stimulation had no influence on these forms of the index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the usefulness of the relative volume difference as being a mean blood pressure-independent indicator for changes in arterial elasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Pichitra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uangpairoj
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001158:Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009991:Oscillometry; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aging process; arterial elasticity; cold-stress stimulation; noninvasive technique; volume oscillometry