title: Physicians' tacit and stated policies for determining patient benefit and referral to cardiac rehabilitation.
abstract: The benefits of prescribing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) for patients following heart surgery is well documented; however, physicians continue to underuse CR programs, and disparities in the referral of women are common. Previous research into the causes of these problems has relied on self-report methods, which presume that physicians have insight into their referral behavior and can describe it accurately. In contrast, the research presented here used clinical judgment analysis (CJA) to discover the tacit judgment and referral policies of individual physicians. The specific aims were to determine 1) what these policies were, 2) the degree of self-insight that individual physicians had into their own policies, 3) the amount of agreement among physicians, and 4) the extent to which judgments were related to attitudes toward CR.
  
  
  
  Thirty-six Canadian physicians made judgments and decisions regarding 32 hypothetical cardiac patients, each described on 5 characteristics (gender, age, type of cardiovascular procedure, presence/absence of musculoskeletal pain, and degree of motivation) and then completed the 19 items of the Attitude towards Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral scale.
  
  
  
  Consistent with previous studies, there was wide variation among physicians in their tacit and stated judgment policies, and self-insight was modest. On the whole, physicians showed evidence of systematic gender bias as they judged women as less likely than men to benefit from CR. Insight data suggest that 1 in 3 physicians were unaware of their own bias. There was greater agreement among physicians in how they described their judgments (stated policies) than in how they actually made them (tacit policies). Correlations between attitude statements and CJA measures were modest.
  
  
  
  These findings offer some explanation for the slow progress of efforts to improve CR referrals and for gender disparities in referral rates.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (JWB, TMB).
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beckstead
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL (MVP)
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Pezzo
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa, FL (JWB, TMB).
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Beckie
authors.affiliation: University of York, Toronto, ON, Canada (FS, SLG)
authors.forename: Farnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shahraki
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA (ACK)
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kentner
authors.affiliation: University of York, Toronto, ON, Canada (FS, SLG)
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grace
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016134:Organizational Policy; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: cardiac rehabilitation; clinical judgment analysis; gender disparity