title: The effect of TENS on random pattern flap survival in nicotinized rats.
abstract: The adverse effects of cigarettes, due to their nicotine content, may cause important ischemic complications in flaps. Electrical stimulation increases blood flow in ischemic tissues, the level of vascular endothelial growth factor, capillary density, and angiogenesis while decreasing oxygen tension in tissues. Electrical stimulation is also known to increase survival rate in flaps. In this study, which tests the hypothesis that TENS (a type of electrical stimulation) contributes to enhancement of flap viability by eliminating the adverse effects of nicotine, 40 rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats. Nicotinization was achieved by subcutaneous administration of 2 mg/kg per day to the rats, other than those in the Control group, for 4 weeks. The rats in one of the nicotinized groups received 20 mA, 80 Hz TENS (TENS1 group) for 1 hour daily throughout the last week before McFarlane flaps of random pattern were made in the backs of all the rats. Another nicotinized group was subjected to TENS in a similar dose after flap elevation (TENS2 group). Flap blood flow was measured before and 48 hours after their construction, and their fluorescein perfusion was measured immediately after the flap elevation. The comparison of the survival rates of the flaps revealed that, although the blood flow in the Nicotine group was significantly lower than in the Control group, it was significantly higher in the TENS1 group than in both the Control and Nicotine groups. The proportion of the area stained with fluorescein, immediately after the elevation of flaps, was significantly reduced in the Nicotine group compared to the Control group. In the TENS1 group, however, it was greater than in the nicotine and TENS2 groups. Flap viability rates decreased significantly in the Nicotine group compared with the Control group. In the TENS2 group, however, an increase was observed compared with the Nicotine group.These findings suggest that although TENS performed before flap elevation does not contribute to flap survival, despite causing a rise in blood flow, it enhances flap survival when applied postoperatively. Given the practicality and low cost of TENS, it can be concluded that it may be possible to use it in the management of ischemic complications in flap operations in smokers.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri; and †Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
authors.forename: İrfan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Özyazgan
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baykan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine