title: Assessment of the biological effects of welding fumes emitted from metal inert gas welding processes of aluminium and zinc-plated materials in humans.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate biological effects and potential health risks due to two different metal-inert-gas (MIG) welding fumes (MIG welding of aluminium and MIG soldering of zinc coated steel) in healthy humans. In a threefold cross-over design study 12 male subjects were exposed to three different exposure scenarios. Exposures were performed under controlled conditions in the Aachener Workplace Simulation Laboratory (AWSL). On three different days the subjects were either exposed to filtered ambient air, to welding fumes from MIG welding of aluminium, or to fumes from MIG soldering of zinc coated materials. Exposure was performed for 6 h and the average fume concentration was 2.5 mg m(-3). Before, directly after, 1 day after, and 7 days after exposure spirometric and impulse oscillometric measurements were performed, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was collected and blood samples were taken and analyzed for inflammatory markers. During MIG welding of aluminium high ozone concentrations (up to 250 μg m(-3)) were observed, whereas ozone was negligible for MIG soldering. For MIG soldering, concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and factor VIII were significantly increased but remained mostly within the normal range. The concentration of neutrophils increased in tendency. For MIG welding of aluminium, the lung function showed significant decreases in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) and Mean Expiratory Flow at 75% vital capacity (MEF 75) 7 days after exposure. The concentration of ristocetin cofactor was increased. The observed increase of hsCRP during MIG-soldering can be understood as an indicator for asymptomatic systemic inflammation probably due to zinc (zinc concentration 1.5 mg m(-3)). The change in lung function observed after MIG welding of aluminium may be attributed to ozone inhalation, although the late response (7 days after exposure) is surprising.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: laura.hartmann@rwth-aachen.de.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gube
authors.affiliation: ISF - Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pontstraße 49, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: ISF - Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pontstraße 49, D-52062 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Reisgen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schettgen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects; D000535:Aluminum; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005540:Forced Expiratory Flow Rates; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects; D014797:Vital Capacity; D014896:Welding / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000535:Aluminum; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Aluminium; Inflammation; Ozone; Welding; Zinc; hsCRP