title: Percentage of gutta-percha-filled areas in canals instrumented with nickel-titanium systems and obturated with matching single cones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to compare different single-cone obturation techniques in terms of the percentage of gutta-percha-filled areas (PGFA), sealer-filled areas (PSFA), and voids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty extracted mandibular incisors with straight canals were allocated into 6 groups: (A) FlexMaster, (B) Mtwo, (C) ProTaper, (D) Reciproc, (E) WaveOne, and (F) control. In groups A-E, obturation was performed by using matching single-cone gutta-percha. In group F (control), manual instrumentation and obturation were performed by using cold lateral compaction with standardized gutta-percha cones. The teeth were sectioned at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm from the apex. The total area of each canal segment was measured, and the areas were converted to PGFA, PSFA, and percentage of voids. Data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 2-mm level, group B produced significantly higher PGFA than all other groups, whereas group B produced significantly higher PGFA than groups C, D, and E (P < .05). At the 4-mm level, groups A and B produced significantly higher PGFA than all other groups, whereas group F produced significantly higher PGFA and lower PSFA than groups C, D, and E (P < .05). At the 6-mm level, group F produced significantly higher PGFA and lower PSFA (P < .05) than all other groups, whereas groups A and B produced significantly higher PGFA and lower PSFA than groups C, D, and E (P < .05). At the 8-mm level, group F produced significantly higher PGFA and lower PSFA (P < .05) than all other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the conditions of this study, lateral compaction and single-cone techniques that used constant tapered gutta-percha (FlexMaster, Mtwo) produced higher PGFA at the apical levels than variable tapered single-cone gutta-percha (ProTaper, Reciproc, WaveOne).
authors.affiliation: Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. eschaef@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köster
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bürklein
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D006171:Gutta-Percha / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012389:Root Canal Obturation / Q000379:methods*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D006171:Gutta-Percha; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite