title: Soil CO₂ dynamics in a tree island soil of the Pantanal: the role of soil water potential.
abstract: The Pantanal is a biodiversity hotspot comprised of a mosaic of landforms that differ in vegetative assemblages and flooding dynamics. Tree islands provide refuge for terrestrial fauna during the flooding period and are particularly important to the regional ecosystem structure. Little soil CO₂ research has been conducted in this region. We evaluated soil CO₂ dynamics in relation to primary controlling environmental parameters (soil temperature and soil water). Soil respiration was computed using the gradient method using in situ infrared gas analyzers to directly measure CO₂ concentration within the soil profile. Due to the cost of the sensors and associated equipment, this study was unreplicated. Rather, we focus on the temporal relationships between soil CO₂ efflux and related environmental parameters. Soil CO₂ efflux during the study averaged 3.53 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, and was equivalent to an annual soil respiration of 1220 g C m⁻² y⁻¹. This efflux value, integrated over a year, is comparable to soil C stocks for 0-20 cm. Soil water potential was the measured parameter most strongly associated with soil CO₂ concentrations, with high CO₂ values observed only once soil water potential at the 10 cm depth approached zero. This relationship was exhibited across a spectrum of timescales and was found to be significant at a daily timescale across all seasons using conditional nonparametric spectral Granger causality analysis. Hydrology plays a significant role in controlling CO₂ efflux from the tree island soil, with soil CO₂ dynamics differing by wetting mechanism. During the wet-up period, direct precipitation infiltrates soil from above and results in pulses of CO₂ efflux from soil. The annual flood arrives later, and saturates soil from below. While CO₂ concentrations in soil grew very high under both wetting mechanisms, the change in soil CO₂ efflux was only significant when soils were wet from above.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. mark.johnson@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Eduardo Guimarães
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.forename: Osvaldo B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milesi
authors.forename: Ricardo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Santos Amorim
authors.forename: Indira A M
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Messias
authors.forename: Marcelo Sacardi
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Biudes
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D057231:Climate Change; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004777:Environment; D062312:Islands; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014197:Trees; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide