title: Human rhinoviruses in INDIS-study material-evidence for recovery of viable rhinovirus from fecal specimens.
abstract: The significance of human rhinoviruses (HRV) as prevailing respiratory pathogens has sharpened during the recent years followed by implementation of molecular methods in detection. Rhinoviruses are detected exceedingly in hospitalized cases of respiratory infection with varying severity, in addition to being frequent in cases of common cold. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrence of HRV in a prospective study material. The prospective INDIS material comprises nasopharyngeal (N=429) and fecal (N=425) specimens from children under 11 years of age collected during any clinical infection. Validated real-time RT-PCR assays were applied for the detection of HRV. HRV were detected numerously not only in the nasopharyngeal specimens, but a myriad also in fecal specimens, 236 (55.0%) and 149 (35.1%), respectively, fecal findings actually beyond anticipation. A total of 13 of HRV-positive fecal specimens were selected for genetic typing in the VP4/VP2 coding region. HRV-A strains were detected in seven specimens: HRV-A9, -A10, -A24, -A49, -A56 and -A82. HRV-B-strains were detected three times: HRV-B42 and -B79, and HRV-C twice: HRV-C12 and HRV-Cpat4. HRV-B42 also showed cytopathic effect in cell culture, confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and VP4/VP2 sequencing, suggesting presence of viable HRV in fecal specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Virology Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Carita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Savolainen-Kopra
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Simonen-Tikka
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klemola
authors.forename: Soile
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Sointu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suomenrinne
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Näntö-Salonen
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral