title: Inactivation of coxsackievirus B4, feline calicivirus and herpes simplex virus type 1: unexpected virucidal effect of a disinfectant on a non-enveloped virus applied onto a surface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a disinfectant onto viruses in suspension on the one hand and applied onto a surface on the other.
  
  
  METHODS
  A system combining flocked swabs to recover viruses dried onto stainless steel carriers and gel filtration to eliminate cytotoxic products has been developed to study the virucidal effect of a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant towards herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) and feline calicivirus F9 (FCV). The recovery of FCV has been estimated by RT real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSV-1, CVB4 and FCV had a titer over 10(4) TCID50 · ml(-1) after 2 h drying and were recovered from the carriers using flocked swabs. HSV-1 was inactivated in suspension and on stainless steel carriers by the disinfectant (a reduction factor of 4 and 2.83 log, respectively) whereas CVB4 was resistant. The reduction of infectious titer was moderate, 1.5 log in 30 min, when FCV was in suspension, whereas it was up to 4 log in 10 min when the virus was dried on a carrier. Dried FCV was efficiently recovered from carriers as demonstrated by RT real-time PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A non-enveloped virus, FCV, applied on a surface, but not in suspension, was inactivated by a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant. The resistance of viruses applied onto a surface to the effect of disinfectants should be investigated further.
authors.affiliation: University Lille 2, Faculty of Medicine, CHRU Lille Laboratory of Virology EA3610, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thevenin
authors.forename: Pierre Emmanuel
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lobert
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hober
mesh_terms: D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013193:Stainless Steel; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013193:Stainless Steel