title: Anthropometric nasal analysis of Han Chinese young adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are varying degrees of racial differences in the size, shape, proportions of the facial structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 900 Han Chinese young adults (501 females and 399 males) were included in the analysis. Measurements taken of the soft tissue of the external nose included 12 items of linear distance and 5 angles. Six proportion indices of the soft tissue of the external nose were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 12 parameters of linear measurement, females were found to have significantly smaller nasal base width, nasal ala length, nasal ala thickness, columella height, columella width, and nasal tip width in comparison to males (all, P < 0.01). In the five angular measurements, females were found to have a smaller nasal tip angle and nasolabial angle (both, P < 0.05) and a larger nostril tilt angle, nasofrontal angle, and nasal tip angle (all, P < 0.001). Nasal depth-nasal width and columella height-nasal depth were both significantly less in males than females (53.25 ± 8.2 vs. 54.56 ± 9.7 and 51.61 ± 11.92 vs. 53.37 ± 12.56, respectively); whereas nasal ala length-nasal height was significantly less in females than in males (29.41 ± 8.95 vs. 30.9 ± 7.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences are present in nasal indices of males and females of Han Chinese ancestry. These data may serve as a reference standard for nasal reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ke-zhu
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: mhqgs418@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shi-feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chen-chao
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.115 of Nanjing North Road, Heping District, The City of Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meng-zhu
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D055171:Nasal Cartilages / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anthropomorphic measurement; Nose; Rhinometry