title: Radiotherapy demand and activity in England 2006-2020.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper compares the predictions of radiotherapy demand for England from the Malthus model with those from the earlier National Radiotherapy Advisory Group (NRAG) model, from the international literature and also with observed radiotherapy usage in England as a whole as recorded in the English radiotherapy dataset (RTDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the evidence base for radiotherapy for each type and stage of cancer using national and international guidelines, meta-analyses, systematic reviews and key clinical trials. Twenty-two decision trees were constructed and radiotherapy demand was calculated using English cancer incidence data for 2007, 2008 and 2009, accurate to the Primary Care Trust (PCT) level (population 91,500-1,282,384). The stage at presentation was obtained from English cancer registry data. In predictive mode, the model can take account of changes in cancer incidence as the population grows and ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Malthus model indicates reduced indications for radiotherapy, principally for lung cancer and rarer tumours. Our estimate of the proportion of patients who should receive radiotherapy at some stage of their illness is 40.6%. This is lower than previous estimates of about 50%. Nevertheless, the overall estimate of demand in terms of attendances is similar for the NRAG and Malthus models. The latter models that 48,827 attendances should have been delivered per million population in 2011. National data from RTDS show 32,071 attendances per million in 2011. A 50% increase in activity would be required to match estimated demand. This underprovision extends across all cancers and represents reduced access and the use of dose fractionation at odds with international norms of evidence-based practice. By 2016, demand is predicted to grow to about 55,206 attendances per million and by 2020 to 60,057.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Services have increased their activity by 14% between 2006 and 2011, but estimated demand has increased by 11%. Access remains low and English radiotherapy dose fractionation still does not comply with international evidence-based practice.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Round
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mee
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Kirkby
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jena
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013269:Stochastic Processes
keywords: Access; capacity; demand; fractionation; modelling; radiotherapy