title: Pseudo-basal levels of and distribution of anti-oxidant enzyme biomarkers in Eisenia fetida and effect of exposure to phenanthrene.
abstract: In the paper, the pseudo-basal levels of anti-oxidant system in different earthworm life stages (juvenile and adult) and the pseudo-basal distribution in different regions of adult earthworms (pre-clitellum, clitellum and post-clitellum) were studied using filter contact tests. The effects of phenanthrene (PHE) at different exposure levels on anti-oxidant enzymes along the earthworm body were also investigated after 24 and 48h of exposure. The pseudo-basal levels of the anti-oxidant enzymes varied during the different growth phase, and results indicated that earthworm has a low oxidative risk and SOD plays important roles during the development whereas CAT and POD are more important in maintain the low ROS level in adult earthworm. The pseudo-basal distribution of the anti-oxidant enzymes along the earthworms was heterogeneous and MDA mainly located in clitellum. POD in pre-clitellum, SOD in clitellum and CAT in post-clitellum were important to eliminate excess total ROS. Time of exposure impacted the anti-oxidant enzyme activities and their distribution patterns along earthworms, from the viewpoint of which supported that exposure time was an environment stress factors. In a short exposure time (24 h), CAT and SOD in the three regions, POD in pre-clitellum and clitellum might be good indicator to a low PHE stress level (0.0629 μg cm(-2) treatments). In a long exposure time (48 h), only SOD in clitellum is a good indicator to both low and high PHE stress (0.629 μg cm(-2) treatments). Earthworm biomembrane system inflicted no oxidative damage until the stress magnitude reached or exceeds the level of exposure in low PHE concentration condition for 48 h.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China. zm.shi@163.com
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huixin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010616:Phenanthrenes; C031181:phenanthrene; C121048:guaiacol peroxidase; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Anti-oxidant system; Earthworms; Enzyme distribution; MDA content; Phenanthrene; Pseudo-basal levels