title: Pulmonary carbon dioxide elimination for cardiac output monitoring in peri-operative and critical care patients: history and current status.
abstract: Minimally invasive measurement of cardiac output as a central component of advanced haemodynamic monitoring has been increasingly recognised as a potential means of improving perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing major surgery. Methods based upon pulmonary carbon dioxide elimination are among the oldest techniques in this field, with comparable accuracy and precision to other techniques. Modern adaptations of these techniques suitable for use in the perioperative and critical are environment are based on the differential Fick approach, and include the partial carbon dioxide rebreathing method. The accuracy and precision of this approach to cardiac output measurement has been shown to be similar to other minimally invasive techniques. This paper reviews the underlying principles and evolution of the method, and future directions including recent adaptations designed to deliver continuous breath-by-breath monitoring of cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Peyton
mesh_terms: D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide