title: Prevalence of antibodies to Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii in horses from the north of Portugal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmania infantum and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoa with zoonotic and economic importance. Prevalences of antibodies to these agents were assessed in 173 horses from the north of Portugal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies to L. infantum were detected by the direct agglutination test (DAT); seven (4.0%) horses were seropositive with DAT titres of 200 (n = 5), 800 (n = 1) and ≥ 1600 (n = 1). Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT); 23 (13.3%) horses were seropositive with MAT titres of 20 (n = 13), 40 (n = 5), 80 (n = 3) and ≥ 160 (n = 2). No statistical differences were found among equine categories of gender (female, male and gelding), age (1.5-6, 7-12 and 13-30 years), type of housing (indoors and mixed/outdoors), ability (recreation, farming and sports) and clinical status (apparently healthy and sick) for both agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Horses are exposed to and may be infected with L. infantum and T. gondii in the north of Portugal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Patrícia
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: Ana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silvestre
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotovio
authors.forename: Henk D F H
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Schallig
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cordeiro-da-Silva
mesh_terms: D000372:Agglutination Tests; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006736:Horses; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000276:immunology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan