title: Odor identification and cognitive function in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study.
abstract: Olfactory impairment is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults but less is known about the association of olfactory impairment and cognitive function in middle-aged adults. The association between olfactory impairment and cognitive function tests of attention, processing speed, and executive and psychomotor function was explored in 2837 participants (21-84 years; mean age 49 years) in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Among middle-aged participants (aged 35-64 years), those with impairment on an odor identification test took significantly longer to complete the Trail Making Test (TMT-A and TMT-B) and the Grooved Peg Board (GPB) test, than those without olfactory impairment in regression models adjusted for multiple factors. Similar results were found for the TMT-A and TMT-B, but not the GPB, in the whole cohort. Olfactory impairment was associated with poorer performance on cognitive function tests in a primarily middle-aged cohort.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Carla R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cruickshanks
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Guan-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nondahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014145:Trail Making Test; D055815:Young Adult