title: Reliability of isokinetic evaluation in passive mode for knee flexors and extensors in healthy children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The isokinetic dynamometer has been considered the gold-standard measurement of muscle performance. However, the reliability for the passive mode in children has not been reported to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to evaluate the reliability of the isokinetic dynamometer in passive mode in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one healthy children (ten girls, eleven boys), aged 5 to 12 years (age: 8.5±2.2 years), were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. Each participant was tested twice with a one-week interval and performed five consecutive cycles of knee extension and flexion. The test was performed at 60º/s in the concentric passive mode and the children performed maximal contractions. The measured variables were peak torque, average peak torque, total work, and average power, time to peak torque and angle of peak torque for dominant and non-dominant lower limbs. Reliabilities were determined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1), standard error of measurement (SEM and SEM%), and coefficient of variation (CV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found good reliability in both lower limbs for peak torque, average peak torque, total work and average power of knee flexors and extensors, with ICC3,1 values greater than 0.80; SEM ranging from 6.7 to 79.2; SEM% ranging from 10.4% to 16.8%; CV lower than 15%. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the bias was low than 10% and limits of agreement (LOAs) ranging from 33.9% to 59.2%, and -28.8% and -52.8%, showing that measures tended to disagree. However, time to peak torque (ICC3,1<0.68; SEM > 0.34; SEM%>37.4%; CV>41.7%; bias >24.0%; LOA>101.0%) and angle of peak torque (ICC3,1<0.76; SEM>9.3; SEM%>27.6%; CV>15.3%; bias>11.0%; LOA>61.0%) were not reliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that isokinetic evaluation in passive mode for knee extensors and flexors of dominant and non-dominant lower limbs of children without disabilities was reliable for peak torque, average peak torque, work, and power. However, average time to peak torque and angle of peak torque were not reliable.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Neuropediatrics Section, Physical Therapy Department, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. drinsantos@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Adriana N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Silvia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pavão
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.forename: Tania F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Salvini
authors.forename: Nelci A C F
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results