title: Effect of maternal gestational diabetes on the cardiovascular risk factor profile of infants at 1 year of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring of women with gestational diabetes (GDM) exhibit an adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile by as early as age 5 years. Recently, maternal glycemia has been associated with epigenetic modification of genes on the fetal side of the placenta, including those encoding emerging risk factors (adiponectin, leptin), suggesting that vascular differences may emerge even earlier in life. Thus, we sought to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors and determinants thereof in 1-year-old infants of women with and without GDM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Traditional (glucose, lipids) and emerging (C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, leptin) risk factors were assessed in pregnancy in 104 women with (n = 36) and without GDM (n = 68), and at age 1-year in their offspring. In pregnancy, women with GDM had higher triglycerides (2.49 vs 2.10 mmol/L, p = 0.04) and CRP (5.3 vs 3.6 mg/L, p = 0.03), and lower adiponectin (7.3 vs 8.5 μg/mL, p = 0.04) than did their peers. At age 1-year, however, there were no differences in cardiovascular risk factors (including adiponectin) between the infants of women with and without GDM. Of note, maternal and infant adiponectin levels were associated in the non-GDM group (r = 0.39, p = 0.001) but not in the GDM group (r = 0.07, p = 0.67). Furthermore, on multiple linear regression analyses, maternal adiponectin emerged as an independent predictor of infant adiponectin in the non-GDM group only (beta = 776.1, p = 0.0065).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants of women with and without GDM have a similar cardiovascular risk factor profile at age 1-year. However, there are differences in their early-life determinants of adiponectin that may be relevant to the subsequent vascular risk of GDM offspring.
authors.affiliation: Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Retnakaran
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sermer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: ADIPOQ; AGA; AUC(gluc); Adiponectin; C-reactive protein; CRP; CV; Cholesterol; DOHaD; Developmental Origins of Health and Disease; GDM; Gestational diabetes; Glucose; Infancy; NDDG; National Diabetes Data Group; SGA; adiponectin gene; appropriate-for-gestational-age; area-under-the-glucose-curve; cardiovascular; gestational diabetes; small-for-gestational-age