title: Quantifying local heterogeneity via morphologic scale: Distinguishing tumoral from stromal regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The notion of local scale was introduced to characterize varying levels of image detail so that localized image processing tasks could be performed while simultaneously yielding a globally optimal result. In this paper, we have presented the methodological framework for a novel locally adaptive scale definition, morphologic scale (MS), which is different from extant local scale definitions in that it attempts to characterize local heterogeneity as opposed to local homogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  At every point of interest, the MS is determined as a series of radial paths extending outward in the direction of least resistance, navigating around obstructions. Each pixel can then be directly compared to other points of interest via a rotationally invariant quantitative feature descriptor, determined by the application of Fourier descriptors to the collection of these paths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OUR GOAL IS TO DISTINGUISH TUMOR AND STROMAL TISSUE CLASSES IN THE CONTEXT OF FOUR DIFFERENT DIGITIZED PATHOLOGY DATASETS: prostate tissue microarrays (TMAs) stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) (44 images) and TMAs stained with only hematoxylin (H) (44 images), slide mounts of ovarian H (60 images), and HE breast cancer (51 images) histology images. Classification performance over 50 cross-validation runs using a Bayesian classifier produced mean areas under the curve of 0.88 ± 0.01 (prostate HE), 0.87 ± 0.02 (prostate H), 0.88 ± 0.01 (ovarian H), and 0.80 ± 0.01 (breast HE).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For each dataset listed in Table 3, we randomly selected 100 points per image, and using the procedure described in Experiment 1, we attempted to separate them as belonging to stroma or epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, IIT Bombay, India, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janowczyk
authors.forename: Sharat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Anant
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madabhushi
keywords: Heterogeneity; local morphological scale; tumor identification