title: Prediction of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Introduction. The objective of this study was to create a tool that accurately predicts the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes according to an oral hypoglycemic agent. Materials and Methods. The model was based on a cohort of 33,067 patients with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed a single oral hypoglycemic agent at the Cleveland Clinic between 1998 and 2006. Competing risk regression models were created for coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, and stroke, while a Cox regression model was created for mortality. Propensity scores were used to account for possible treatment bias. A prediction tool was created and internally validated using tenfold cross-validation. The results were compared to a Framingham model and a model based on the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) for CHD and stroke, respectively. Results and Discussion. Median follow-up for the mortality outcome was 769 days. The numbers of patients experiencing events were as follows: CHD (3062), heart failure (1408), stroke (1451), and mortality (3661). The prediction tools demonstrated the following concordance indices (c-statistics) for the specific outcomes: CHD (0.730), heart failure (0.753), stroke (0.688), and mortality (0.719). The prediction tool was superior to the Framingham model at predicting CHD and was at least as accurate as the UKPDS model at predicting stroke. Conclusions. We created an accurate tool for predicting the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and death in patients with type 2 diabetes. The calculator is available online at http://rcalc.ccf.org under the heading "Type 2 Diabetes" and entitled, "Predicting 5-Year Morbidity and Mortality." This may be a valuable tool to aid the clinician's choice of an oral hypoglycemic, to better inform patients, and to motivate dialogue between physician and patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH , United States.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nowacki
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arrigain
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rosenkrans
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
keywords: Coronary heart disease; Electronic health record; Heart failure; Hypoglycemic agents; Mortality; Prediction; Propensity; Stroke; Type 2 diabetes mellitus