title: Psychopathology and affect dysregulation across the continuum of psychosis: a multiple comparison group study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is evidence that psychotic-like phenomena can be detected within the general population and that psychotic experiences lie on a continuum that also spans affective states. We aimed to investigate comparisons of a first-episode psychosis group, an 'at-risk mental state group' and a help-seeking control group with non-patients to explore whether affective states lie on a continuum of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measures of psychotic-like experiences, social anxiety and depression were administered to 20 patients experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP), 113 patients experiencing an 'at-risk' mental state (ARMS), 28 patients who were help-seeking but not experiencing a FEP or ARMS (HSC) and 30 non-clinical participants (NC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For distress in relation to psychotic-like experiences, the FEP, ARMS and HSC groups scored significantly higher than the NC group for the perceptual abnormalities and non-bizarre ideas. In terms of severity of psychotic experiences, the FEP scored the highest, followed by the ARMS group, followed by the HSC and NC groups. The clinical groups scored significantly higher for depression than the non-clinical group. Interestingly, only the FEP and the ARMS groups scored significantly higher than non-patients for social anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a psychosis continuum exists; however, this does not suggest that both psychosis and affective symptoms lie on the same continuum, rather it would appear the presence of such affective states that may affect help-seeking behaviour and clinical status. The implications of these findings for clinical practice are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences.
authors.forename: Hannah E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Suzanne L K
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Birchwood
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: at-risk mental state; continuum; prodrome; psychopathology; psychosis