title: Ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in Belgium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although Ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in North-Western Europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Western Europe. Recently, the establishment of a D. reticulatus population in Belgium was described. D. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and equine babesiosis and can transmit several Rickettsia species, Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), whilst Ixodes spp. are vectors of pathogens causing babesiosis, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis and TBEV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted in 2008-2009 to investigate the presence of different tick species and associated pathogens on dogs and cats in Belgium. Ticks were collected from dogs and cats in 75 veterinary practices, selected by stratified randomization. All collected ticks were morphologically determined and analysed for the presence of Babesia spp., Borrelia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 2373 ticks were collected from 647 dogs and 506 cats. Ixodes ricinus (76.4%) and I. hexagonus (22.6%) were the predominant species. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.3%) and D. reticulatus (0.8%) were found in low numbers on dogs only. All dogs infested with R. sanguineus had a recent travel history, but D. reticulatus were collected from a dog without a history of travelling abroad. Of the collected Ixodes ticks, 19.5% were positive for A. phagocytophilum and 10.1% for Borrelia spp. (B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi s.s., B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana and B. spielmanii). Rickettsia helvetica was found in 14.1% of Ixodes ticks. All Dermacentor ticks were negative for all the investigated pathogens, but one R. sanguineus tick was positive for Rickettsia massiliae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  D. reticulatus was confirmed to be present as an indigenous parasite in Belgium. B. lusitaniae and R. helvetica were detected in ticks in Belgium for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. edwin.claerebout@ugent.be
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Claerebout
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Losson
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cochez
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Casaert
authors.forename: Anne-Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dalemans
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Cat
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madder
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saegerman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heyman
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lempereur
mesh_terms: D041081:Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D001403:Babesia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D001898:Borrelia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D013987:Ticks / Q000145:classification* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology