title: Clinical predictors and significance of postvoid residual volume in women with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify women with diabetes at risk of increased postvoid residual volume (PVR) and investigate the relationship of increased PVR to urinary symptoms in women with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  PVR was measured by bladder ultrasonography in a cross-sectional cohort of 427 middle-aged and older women with diabetes. Participants completed questionnaires assessing urgency incontinence, stress incontinence, daytime frequency, nocturia, obstructive voiding, and diabetes-related end-organ complications: heart disease, stroke, neuropathy. Serum HbA1c and creatinine were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  75% of participants had a PVR of 0-49, 13% had a PVR of 50-99, and 12% had a PVR ≥ 100 mL. Approximately 59% of women with a PVR < 50 mL reported at least one lower urinary tract symptom. Women with diabetes and a PVR ≥ 100 mL were more likely to report urgency incontinence (OR 2.18, CI 1.08-4.41) and obstructive voiding symptoms (OR 2.47, CI 1.18-5.17) than women with PVR < 50 mL. In multivariable models, poorer glycemic control was associated with an increased likelihood of PVR ≥ 100 mL (OR 1.30, CI 1.06-1.59 per 1.0-U increase in HbA1c).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PVR volumes ≥ 100 mL may indicate increased risk of urgency incontinence and obstructive voiding. Glycemic control may play a role in preventing increased PVR in women with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, United States. ayesha.appa@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Ayesha A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Appa
authors.forename: Jeanette S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Creasman
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Van Den Eeden
authors.forename: Leslie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Subak
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Diabetes mellitus complication; Female urogenital disease; Urinary incontinence