title: Relation of perceived breathiness to laryngeal kinematics and acoustic measures based on computational modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the authors sought to determine (a) how specific vocal fold structural and vibratory features relate to breathy voice quality and (b) the relation of perceived breathiness to 4 acoustic correlates of breathiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computational, kinematic model of the vocal fold medial surfaces was used to specify features of vocal fold structure and vibration in a manner consistent with breathy voice. Four model parameters were altered: vocal process separation, surface bulging, vibratory nodal point, and epilaryngeal constriction. Twelve naïve listeners rated breathiness of 364 samples relative to a reference. The degree of breathiness was then compared to (a) the underlying kinematic profile and (b) 4 acoustic measures: cepstral peak prominence (CPP), harmonics-to-noise ratio, and two measures of spectral slope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vocal process separation alone accounted for 61.4% of the variance in perceptual rating. Adding nodal point ratio and bulging to the equation increased the explained variance to 88.7%. The acoustic measure CPP accounted for 86.7% of the variance in perceived breathiness, and explained variance increased to 92.6% with the addition of one spectral slope measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breathiness ratings were best explained kinematically by the degree of vocal process separation and acoustically by CPP.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. rsamlan@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samlan
authors.forename: Brad H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bunton
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: acoustics; voice; voice disorders