title: Reliability of ultrasound for measurement of selected foot structures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the relationship between the lower leg muscles, foot structures and function is essential to explain how disease or injury may relate to changes in foot function and clinical pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-operator reliability of an ultrasound protocol to quantify features of: rear, mid and forefoot sections of the plantar fascia (PF); flexor hallucis brevis (FHB); flexor digitorum brevis (FDB); abductor hallucis (AbH); flexor digitorum longus (FDL); flexor hallucis longus (FHL); tibialis anterior (TA); and peroneus longus and brevis (PER).
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 6 females and 4 males (mean age 29.1 ± 7.2 years, mean BMI 25.5 ± 4.8) was recruited from a university student and staff population. Scans were obtained using a portable Venue 40 musculoskeletal ultrasound system (GE Healthcare UK) with a 5-13 MHz wideband linear array probe with a 12.7 mm × 47.1mm footprint by two operators in the same scanning session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) values for muscle thickness (ICC range 0.90-0.97), plantar fascia thickness (ICC range 0.94-0.98) and cross sectional muscle measurements (ICC range 0.91-0.98) revealed excellent inter-operator reliability. The limits of agreement, relative to structure size, ranged from 9.0% to 17.5% for muscle thickness, 11.0-18.0% for plantar fascia, and 11.0-26.0% for cross sectional area measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ultrasound protocol implemented in this work has been shown to be reliable. It therefore offers the opportunity to quantify the structures concerned and better understand their contributions to foot function.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Manchester M6 6PU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: g.crofts@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crofts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angin
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mickle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Foot structures; Reliability; Ultrasound