title: Rat models of acute lung injury: exhaled nitric oxide as a sensitive, noninvasive real-time biomarker of prognosis and efficacy of intervention.
abstract: Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) has received increased attention in clinical settings because this technique is easy to use with instant readout. However, despite the simplicity of eNO in humans, this endpoint has not frequently been used in experimental rat models of septic (endotoxemia) or irritant acute lung injury (ALI). The focus of this study is to adapt this method to rats for studying ALI-related lung disease and whether it can serve as instant, non-invasive biomarker of ALI to study lung toxicity and pharmacological efficacy. Measurements were made in a dynamic flow of sheath air containing the exhaled breath from spontaneously breathing, conscious rats placed into a head-out volume plethysmograph. The quantity of eNO in exhaled breath was adjusted (normalized) to the physiological variables (breathing frequency, concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide) mirroring pulmonary perfusion and ventilation. eNO was examined on the instillation/inhalation exposure day and first post-exposure day in Wistar rats intratracheally instilled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or single inhalation exposure to chlorine or phosgene gas. eNO was also examined in a Brown Norway rat asthma model using the asthmagen toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The diagnostic sensitivity of adjusted eNO was superior to the measurements not accounting for the normalization of physiological variables. In all bioassays - whether septic, airway or alveolar irritant or allergic, the adjusted eNO was significantly increased when compared to the concurrent control. The maximum increase of the adjusted eNO occurred following exposure to the airway irritant chlorine. The specificity of adjustment was experimentally verified by decreased eNO following inhalation dosing of the non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor amoniguanidine. In summary, the diagnostic sensitivity of eNO can readily be applied to spontaneously breathing, conscious rats without any intervention or anesthesia. Measurements are definitely improved by accounting for the disease-related changes in exhaled CO2 and breathing frequency. Accordingly, adjusted eNO appears to be a promising methodological improvement for utilizing eNO in inhalation toxicology and pharmacological disease models with fewer animals.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pauluhn
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trübel
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D045853:Exhalation; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010705:Phosgene / Q000633:toxicity; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C482199:lipopolysaccharide, E coli O55-B5; D010705:Phosgene; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D014051:Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Acute lung injury; Endotoxin; Exhalation biomarker; Exhaled nitric oxide; Lung irritants