title: Local cytoskeletal and organelle interactions impact molecular-motor- driven early endosomal trafficking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the intracellular environment, motor-driven cargo must navigate a dense cytoskeletal network among abundant organelles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated the effects of the crowded intracellular environment on early endosomal trafficking. Live-cell imaging of an endosomal cargo (endocytosed epidermal growth factor-conjugated quantum dots) combined with high-resolution tracking was used to analyze the heterogeneous motion of individual endosomes. The motile population of endosomes moved toward the perinuclear region in directed bursts of microtubule-based, dynein-dependent transport interrupted by longer periods of diffusive motion. Actin network density did not affect motile endosomes during directed runs or diffusive interruptions. Simultaneous two-color imaging was used to correlate changes in endosomal movement with potential obstacles to directed runs. Termination of directed runs spatially correlated with microtubule-dense regions, encounters with other endosomes, and interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. During a subset of run terminations, we also observed merging and splitting of endosomes, deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum, and directional reversals at speeds up to 10-fold greater than characteristic in vitro motor velocities. These observations suggest that endosomal membrane tension is high during directed run termination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the crowded cellular environment significantly impacts the motor-driven motility of organelles. Rather than simply acting as impediments to movement, interactions of trafficking cargos with intracellular obstacles may facilitate communication between membrane-bound compartments or contribute to the generation of membrane tension necessary for fusion and fission of endosomal membranes or remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum.
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Zajac
authors.forename: Yale E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Erika L F
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Holzbaur
authors.forename: E Michael
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ostap
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004398:Dyneins / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000378:metabolism; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D004398:Dyneins