title: DNA barcode analysis of butterfly species from Pakistan points towards regional endemism.
abstract: DNA barcodes were obtained for 81 butterfly species belonging to 52 genera from sites in north-central Pakistan to test the utility of barcoding for their identification and to gain a better understanding of regional barcode variation. These species represent 25% of the butterfly fauna of Pakistan and belong to five families, although the Nymphalidae were dominant, comprising 38% of the total specimens. Barcode analysis showed that maximum conspecific divergence was 1.6%, while there was 1.7-14.3% divergence from the nearest neighbour species. Barcode records for 55 species showed <2% sequence divergence to records in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), but only 26 of these cases involved specimens from neighbouring India and Central Asia. Analysis revealed that most species showed little incremental sequence variation when specimens from other regions were considered, but a threefold increase was noted in a few cases. There was a clear gap between maximum intraspecific and minimum nearest neighbour distance for all 81 species. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis showed that members of each species formed a monophyletic cluster with strong bootstrap support. The barcode results revealed two provisional species that could not be clearly linked to known taxa, while 24 other species gained their first coverage. Future work should extend the barcode reference library to include all butterfly species from Pakistan as well as neighbouring countries to gain a better understanding of regional variation in barcode sequences in this topographically and climatically complex region.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1. mashfaq@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashfaq
authors.forename: Saleem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: Arif M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Adamowicz
authors.forename: Paul D N
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hebert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D004772:Entomology / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010154:Pakistan; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: COI; Lepidoptera; Pakistan; endemism; mtDNA