title: Surviving intensive care: a systematic review of healthcare resource use after hospital discharge*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensive care survivors continue to experience significant morbidity following acute hospital discharge, but healthcare costs associated with this ongoing morbidity are poorly described. As the demand for intensive care increases, understanding the magnitude of postacute hospital healthcare costs is of increasing relevance to clinicians and healthcare planners. We undertook a systematic review of the literature reporting major healthcare resource use by intensive care survivors following discharge from the hospital and identified factors associated with increased resource use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven electronic databases (1990 to August 2012), conference proceedings, and reference lists were searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies published in English were included that reported postacute hospital discharge healthcare resource use at the individual level for survivors of intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers screened abstracts and one abstracted data using standardized templates. Study quality was assessed using recognized appraisal methods specific to economic evaluation, epidemiological studies, and randomized trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 4,909 articles, 18 articles representing 14 cohorts fulfilled inclusion criteria. There was substantial variation in methodology, especially the resource categories included in the studies. Following standardization to a common currency and year, variation in cost of resource use was evident (range 2011 US $18,847-$148,454 for year 1 postdischarge). Studies undertaken within the United States reported the highest costs; those in the United Kingdom reported substantially lower costs. Factors associated with increased resource use included increasing age, comorbidities, organ dysfunction score, and previous resource use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wide variation in methodological approaches limited study comparability and external validity of findings. We found substantial variation in the cost of resource use, especially among countries. Careful description of patient cohorts and healthcare systems is required to maximize generalizability. We give recommendations for a more standardized approach to improve design and reporting of future studies.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. nazir.lone@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nazir I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Lone
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seretny
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D063305:Organ Dysfunction Scores; D010351:Patient Discharge; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017741:Survivors