title: High bioavailability of bisphenol A from sublingual exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) risk assessment is currently hindered by the rejection of reported higher-than-expected plasma BPA concentrations in humans after oral ingestion. These are deemed incompatible with the almost complete hepatic first-pass metabolism of BPA into its inactive glucurono-conjugated form, BPA glucuronide (BPAG).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using dogs as a valid model, we compared plasma concentrations of BPA over a 24-hr period after intravenous, orogastric, and sublingual administration in order to establish the absolute bioavailability of BPA administered sublingually and to compare it with oral bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six dogs were sublingually administered BPA at 0.05 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. We compared the time course of plasma BPA concentrations with that obtained in the same dogs after intravenous administration of the same BPA doses and after a 20-mg/kg BPA dose administrated by orogastric gavage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data indicated that the systemic bioavailability of BPA deposited sublingually was high (70-90%) and that BPA transmucosal absorption from the oral cavity led to much higher BPA internal exposure than obtained for BPA absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. The concentration ratio of BPAG to BPA in plasma was approximately 100-fold lower following sublingual administration than after orogastric dosing, distinguishing the two pathways of absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that BPA can be efficiently and very rapidly absorbed through the oral mucosa after sublingual exposure. This efficient systemic entry route of BPA may lead to far higher BPA internal exposures than known for BPA absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR1331 (Unité Mixe de Recherche 1331), Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gayrard
authors.forename: Marlène Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.forename: Séverine H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viguié
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bousquet-Melou
authors.forename: Pierre-Louis
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Toutain
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Picard-Hagen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004285:Dogs; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D020719:Glucuronides; D010636:Phenols; C512161:bisphenol A glucuronide; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C006780:bisphenol A