title: Analytical methods for the determination of halogens in bioanalytical sciences: a review.
abstract: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine have been studied in biological samples and other related matrices owing to the need to understand the biochemical effects in living organisms. In this review, the works published in last 20 years are covered, and the main topics related to sample preparation methods and analytical techniques commonly used for fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine determination in biological samples, food, drugs, and plants used as food or with medical applications are discussed. The commonest sample preparation methods, as extraction and decomposition using combustion and pyrohydrolysis, are reviewed, as well as spectrometric and electroanalytical techniques, spectrophotometry, total reflection X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis, and separation systems using chromatography and electrophoresis. On this aspect, the main analytical challenges and drawbacks are highlighted. A discussion related to the availability of certified reference materials for evaluation of accuracy is also included, as well as a discussion of the official methods used as references for the determination of halogens in the samples covered in this review.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paola A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Juliano S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barin
authors.forename: Fabio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Cezar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bizzi
authors.forename: Liange O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.forename: Edson I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Erico M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D056246:Chemistry, Analytic / Q000592:standards*; D006219:Halogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D006219:Halogens