title: A comparison of patient position displacements from body surface laser scanning and cone beam CT bone registrations for radiotherapy of pelvic targets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical surface detection has attractive features as a mean in radiotherapy for patient positioning tasks such as set-up, monitoring and gating. To aid in hitting radiotherapy targets the correlation between detected surface displacements and internal structure displacements is crucial. In this study, we compare set-up displacements derived from a body surface laser scanning (BSLS) system to displacements derived from bone registrations with a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system in order to quantify the accuracy and applicability of BSLS for fractionated treatments in the pelvic region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Displacements from concurrent BSLS and CBCT registrations were compared for 40 patients treated in the pelvic region for a total of 170 set-ups. Surface data captured by BSLS at the first treatment fraction (BSLSref) was used as main reference for the BSLS system, while bony structures from the planning CT were used as a reference for the CBCT method. As comparison, the patient outline extracted from the planning CT was used as BSLS reference (CTref). The displacements detected by the CBCT system (skin-marks-only) was also used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean differences (± 1 SD) between the BSLS and CBCT displacements were -0.01 (± 0.17) cm, 0.00 (± 0.21) cm and 0.01 (± 0.17) cm in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions, respectively. The median length of the difference was 0.26 cm (0.24-0.29 cm, 95% CI). The median of the difference between CBCT and BSLS displacements based on CTref was 0.37 cm (0.30-0.39 cm) and the median for skin-marks-only was 0.38 cm (0.34-0.42 cm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BSLS system is a good supplement to the CBCT system for accurate set-up for fractions when no CBCT is deemed necessary for pelvic targets. Inter-fractional skin movement in relation to bone was estimated to be 0.2 cm in the lateral (X), longitudinal (Y) and vertical direction (Z), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Isacsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahnesjö
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*