title: Effects of music therapy and music-assisted relaxation and imagery on health-related outcomes in diabetes education: a feasibility study.
abstract: The purpose of the feasibility study was to compare the effects of music-assisted relaxation and imagery, administered via compact disc recording (MARI CD) without therapeutic intervention, to the effects of music therapy (MT), facilitated by a board-certified music therapist, on selected health outcomes of patients enrolled in diabetes self-management education/training (DSME/T).
  
  
  
  A 3-group, parallel, randomized controlled trial with 199 patients, aged 30 to 85 years with type 1, type 2, or prediabetes was employed. Patients were enrolled in a study from 2 hospital sites and randomly assigned to: DSME/T alone, DSME/T plus MARI CD, or DSME/T plus MT. The MARI CD included researcher-selected music and spoken suggestions, while MT included therapeutic experiences with personally preferred relaxing and energizing music. Outcome measures included blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C), body mass index (BMI), trait anxiety, state anxiety, and stress.
  
  
  
  There were no statistically significant differences among the 3 conditions in blood pressure, A1C, BMI, trait anxiety, or stress. Significant changes over time were evident in the MT condition from pre- to post-each session in systolic blood pressure, state anxiety, and stress. Blood pressure changes were compared pre- to postprogram for those patients with a comorbidity of hypertension between DSME/T alone and a combined music intervention group (MT and MARI CD). It was found that the music intervention group had a significantly larger decrease in systolic blood pressure. Themes derived from patient narratives further informed the data.
  
  
  
  The study results support the relationship between DSME/T and improvement on all measured outcomes except blood pressure. Results suggest the feasibility of integrating MARI and MT with DSME/T to potentially lower systolic blood pressure of patients with diabetes and a comorbidity of hypertension. Collaboration between diabetes educators and board-certified music therapists is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Lake Health, Willoughby and Concord, Ohio (Dr Mandel, Mrs Davis)|School of Advanced Studies, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona (Dr Mandel)
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.affiliation: Lake Health, Willoughby and Concord, Ohio (Dr Mandel, Mrs Davis)
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Secic Statistical Consulting, Inc, Chardon, Ohio (Mrs Secic)
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Secic
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome