title: Rates of prescription opiate use before and after injury in patients with orthopaedic trauma and the risk factors for prolonged opiate use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prudent use of prescription opiate medications is a central aspect of postoperative pain management. The mortality associated with prescription opiate overdose is reaching epidemic proportions nationally, and is the leading cause of accidental death in greater than half the states in the United States. This study sought to determine the rates of preinjury opiate use in patients with orthopaedic trauma and the risk factors for prolonged use postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Utah Controlled Substance Database was queried to determine the use of prescription opiates by all patients admitted to the orthopaedic trauma service for a two-year period with isolated musculoskeletal injuries. Usage three months prior to injury and six months postinjury was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred and thirteen patients met inclusion criteria. Among patients with orthopaedic trauma, 15.5% had filled a prescription for opiates in the three months prior to injury, compared with 9.2% of the general population (p < 0.001). More than one prescription was filled by 12.2% of the patients with trauma preinjury compared with 6.4% of the general population (p < 0.001). Postoperatively, 68.4% of all patients filled opiate prescriptions for less than six weeks, 11.9% filled opiate prescriptions between six and twelve weeks, and 19.7% filled opiate prescriptions past twelve weeks. Patients with preinjury use of more than one opiate prescription in the three months preinjury were six times as likely to continue use past twelve weeks, and 3.5 times as likely to obtain opiates from a provider other than their surgeon (p < 0.001). Opiate use was briefest with upper-extremity injuries, followed by lower-extremity injuries and pelvic or acetabular injuries. Regression models demonstrate that risk factors for prolonged use of opiates include advancing age and extent of preinjury use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with orthopaedic trauma are significantly more likely than the general population to use prescription opiates prior to injury. Preinjury opiate use is predictive of prolonged use postinjury and predictive of patients who will seek opiates from other providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014589:Utah; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055553:Prescription Drugs