title: Characterization of multifocal T2*-weighted MRI hypointensities in the basal ganglia of elderly, community-dwelling subjects.
abstract: Multifocal T2*-weighted (T2*w) hypointensities in the basal ganglia, which are believed to arise predominantly from mineralized small vessels and perivascular spaces, have been proposed as a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease. This study provides baseline data on their appearance on conventional structural MRI for improving and automating current manual segmentation methods. Using a published thresholding method, multifocal T2*w hypointensities were manually segmented from whole brain T2*w volumes acquired from 98 community-dwelling subjects in their early 70s. Connected component analysis was used to derive the average T2*w hypointensity count and load per basal ganglia nucleus, as well as the morphology of their connected components, while nonlinear spatial probability mapping yielded their spatial distribution. T1-weighted (T1w), T2-weighted (T2w) and T2*w intensity distributions of basal ganglia T2*w hypointensities and their appearance on T1w and T2w MRI were investigated to gain further insights into the underlying tissue composition. In 75/98 subjects, on average, 3 T2*w hypointensities with a median total volume per intracranial volume of 50.3ppm were located in and around the globus pallidus. Individual hypointensities appeared smooth and spherical with a median volume of 12mm(3) and median in-plane area of 4mm(2). Spatial probability maps suggested an association between T2*w hypointensities and the point of entry of lenticulostriate arterioles into the brain parenchyma. T1w and T2w and especially the T2*w intensity distributions of these hypointensities, which were negatively skewed, were generally not normally distributed indicating an underlying inhomogeneous tissue structure. Globus pallidus T2*w hypointensities tended to appear hypo- and isointense on T1w and T2w MRI, whereas those from other structures appeared iso- and hypointense. This pattern could be explained by an increased mineralization of the globus pallidus. In conclusion, the characteristic spatial distribution and appearance of multifocal basal ganglia T2*w hypointensities in our elderly cohort on structural MRI appear to support the suggested association with mineralized proximal lenticulostriate arterioles and perivascular spaces.
authors.affiliation: Brain Research Imaging Centre (BRIC), Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. a.glatz@sms.ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glatz
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valdés Hernández
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kiker
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bastin
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wardlaw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male
keywords: Aging; Basal ganglia; Lenticulostriate arterioles; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Mineralization