title: Alcohol consumption and sleep problems in Hong Kong adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and sleep problems among Hong Kong adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the 2006 and 2007 Hong Kong Student Obesity Surveillance project, 33,692 secondary students completed an anonymous questionnaire on lifestyles and health. Alcohol consumption was categorized as nondrinkers (reference group), those who drank less than 1day per week (less than weekly drinkers), and those who drank 1 to 7 days per week (weekly drinkers, including some daily drinkers). Students reported if they had any sleep problems in the past 30 days, including difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakening (EMA), snoring, and difficulty breathing during sleep (DBS). Insomnia was defined as any reports of DIS, DMS, or EMA. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between alcohol and each sleep problem. Multiple imputations were used to impute missing data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with nondrinkers, less than weekly and weekly drinkers were more likely to report snoring with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-1.92) and 1.82 (95% CI, 1.55-2.14), respectively (P<.001). The corresponding figures were 1.24 (95% CI, 1.02-1.50) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.24-1.82) for DBS (P<.001) and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.02-1.22) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.04-1.27) for insomnia (P=.002). Weekly drinking was positively associated with DMS but negatively associated with DIS and EMA. Less than weekly drinking was positively associated with DIS, DMS, and EMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both less than weekly drinking and weekly drinking were associated with snoring, DBS, and insomnia. The association of individual symptoms of insomnia with drinking varied with the frequency of consumption.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sai Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Wing Sze
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Hak Kan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Adolescents; Alcohol consumption; Insomnia; Sleep problems; Sleep-disordered breathing; Snoring