title: Optimizing anti-TNF treatments in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Failure of anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients can take on several forms, each posing distinct etio-pathogenic considerations and management dilemmas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to review the mechanisms responsible for the various forms of anti-TNF failures in IBD and to elucidate strategies for optimizing clinical efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary failures of anti-TNF induction therapy occur in up to 40% of patients in clinical trials and in 10-20% in clinical series. Longer disease duration, smoking and several genetic mutations are predisposing factors for primary failures. Curiously, primary non-response is probably not a class-effect phenomenon since switching to another anti-TNF is effective in over 50% of such patients. Secondary loss of response is also a common clinical problem with incidence ranging between 23 and 46% at 12months after anti-TNF initiation. Underlying mechanisms are often related to increased anti-TNF clearance by anti-drug antibodies, but may also include other causes for recalcitrant IBD activity as well as disorders that are unrelated to IBD itself. Astute management begins with verifying the presence of uncontrolled inflammatory IBD activity as a cause for patient's symptoms. Next, it is prudent to consider a trial of wait-and-see approach, since in some patients with mild-moderate symptoms, loss of response may resolve without alteration of therapy. If it does not, measuring anti-TNF trough levels and anti-drug antibodies may clarify the underlying mechanism in individual patients although there are still limited and conflicting data regarding the role of these measurements in guiding the choice between dose-intensification, switch to another anti-TNF or to another immuno-modulator, and the addition of an immuno-modulator as a combination therapy with the failing anti-TNF. Anti-TNF re-induction after prior drug-holiday is a distinct clinical scenario and scarce evidence suggests re-induction outcome to be dependent on the circumstances when drug-holiday was commenced. Finally, discontinuation of anti-TNF in patients with stable deep clinico-biologic and mucosal remission may be a viable option, as in these carefully selected patients the majority may enjoy long-term remission without the need for continued anti-TNF treatment.
authors.affiliation: IBD service, Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: sben-horin@013.net.il.
authors.forename: Shomron
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Horin
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kopylov
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chowers
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D015994:Incidence; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: ATA; ATI; Anti-TNF antibodies; CD; Crohn's disease; IBD; Inflammatory bowel disease; LOR; Therapy; UC; antibodies to adalimumab; antibodies to infliximab; inflammatory bowel disease; loss of response; ulcerative colitis