title: Pesticide residues in berries harvested from South-Eastern Poland (2009-2011).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poland is a leading grower/producer of berries in Europe that are either eaten raw or processed. As well as berries this includes fruit such as grapes, strawberries and other small fruits. Testing for the presence of active substances in Plant Protection Products, (PPP), in such fruit is however important, as part of measures taken to minimise human intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of pesticide residues in berries harvested from South-Eastern Poland in 2009-2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  . Chromatographic separation followed by analytical detection was performed on 250 samples of various test fruits using an accredited methodology: GC/ECD/NPD, together with spectrophotometric detection wherever necessary, according to PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025. As part of previous monitoring, 126 active substances were identified in 2009, 132 in 2010 and 153 in 2011; levels were compared to Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). RESULTS;. Analyses showed that 46.4% of samples contained PPPs of which 4% exceeded the MRL. The most were found in raspberries, (58.8% of all tested), followed by 58.3% redcurrants, and gooseberries as well as 50% grapes. The most frequently found active substances of PPPs were pyrimethanil (15.6%), dithiocarbamates (12.4%), procymidone (8%), cyprodinil (5.6%) and difenoconazole (5.2%). The highest MRL exceedances were found in blackcurrants. Testing also revealed many examples of pesticides not recommended for the protection of specific crops: propiconazole in gooseberries, cyprodinil, flusilazole, iprodione, pyrimethanil in blackcurrants and folpet and captan in raspberries. Furthermore, active substances whose use in PPPs have been forbidden since 2008 were also detected, ie. endosulfan in blackcurrants and strawberries, fenitrothion in black and red currants as well as procymidone in raspberries, blackcurrants and strawberries. These data are consistent to those obtained from the whole of Poland and the European Union (EU).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most pesticides were present in raspberries, redcurrants, gooseberries and grapes of which fungicides were the most frequently detected. These results are in keeping with other similar studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów, Poland. a.matyaszek@iorpib.poznan.pl
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matyaszek
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szpyrka
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podbielska
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Słowik-Borowiec
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurdziel
mesh_terms: D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000032:analysis; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis; D005062:European Union; D005278:Fenitrothion / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D031985:Fragaria; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis; D031965:Ribes; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000032:analysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D004148:Dioxolanes; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D014230:Triazoles; C108338:cyprodinil; C108337:pyrimethanil; C115058:difenoconazole; C035988:procymidone; D004726:Endosulfan; D005278:Fenitrothion