title: Cognitive vulnerability differentially predicts symptom dimensions of depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the association of cognitive vulnerability to depression with changes in homogeneous measures of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and 1-year follow-up data were obtained from 2981 participants of the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out on cognitive reactivity, locus of control and implicit and explicit self-depressive associations in combination with negative life events. The purpose of this analysis was to predict changes on the mood/cognition and anxiety/arousal subscales of the inventory of depressive symptomatology - self report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive reactivity, locus of control and explicit self-depressive associations were independently associated with changes in depressive symptoms after adjustment for covariates and baseline severity (all p<0.01). Negative life-events interacted with cognitive vulnerability to depression to predict depressive symptoms. Locus of control (b1=0.16, SE=0.02, η(2)=0.01; b2=0.10, SE=0.02, η(2)=0.004, F=8.69, p<0.01) and explicit self-depressive associations (b1=0.10, SE=0.03, η(2)=0.02; b2=0.02, SE=0.04, F=7.50, p<0.01) were more strongly associated with the cognitive (b1) than the somatic (b2) symptom dimension of depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study sample is over-inclusive of depressed patients. Therefore it might be problematic generalizing the findings to the general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive etiological factors may play a role in a "cognitive" subtype of depression. The findings strengthen the notion that homogeneous measures of depressive symptoms enable a greater degree of discrimination between subtypes than a multidimensional conception of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sascha Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Struijs
authors.forename: Nynke A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Groenewold
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Jonge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive vulnerability; Depression; Etiology; Stress; Symptom dimension