title: Physiotherapy treatment of the diabetic shoulder: a longitudinal study following patients with diabetes and shoulder pain using a pre-post treatment design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate a physiotherapy program targeted to reduce pain intensity and improve the daily functioning of diabetics with shoulder problems. It was hypothesized that patients receiving specific physiotherapy treatment improved more frequently and rapidly than diabetic patients followed up without specific physiotherapeutic intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pre-post treatment design was completed for a group of 10 subjects. The treatment protocol, also applied during the daily activities of the subjects, was aiming at reducing pain intensity and shoulder stiffness and improving impaired functioning in daily activities by muscle relaxation, light-load exercise and enhancing proper shoulder co-ordination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group analysis showed significant decrease of pain intensity level as well as improved shoulder functioning and sustained level of subject self-efficacy beliefs throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that it is possible to relieve shoulder pain intensity and improve daily activities of patients with diabetes-related shoulder problems by employing a physiotherapy program focusing on muscle relaxation, light-load exercise and on the enhancement of proper shoulder co-ordination in daily activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A physiotherapy program can be effective in reducing pain and improving shoulder function in diabetics with shoulder problems. The treatment should focus on muscle relaxation, light-load exercise and on the enhancement of proper shoulder co-ordination in daily activities.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden .
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kyhlbäck
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder Winter
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thierfelder
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Söderlund
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D013548:Sweden; D016896:Treatment Outcome