title: Parkinson's disease rigidity: relation to brain connectivity and motor performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the brain connectivity pattern associated with clinical rigidity scores in Parkinson's disease (PD) and (2) to determine the relation between clinically assessed rigidity and quantitative metrics of motor performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Rigidity, the resistance to passive movement, is exacerbated in PD by asking the subject to move the contralateral limb, implying that rigidity involves a distributed brain network. Rigidity mainly affects subjects when they attempt to move; yet the relation between clinical rigidity scores and quantitative aspects of motor performance are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten clinically diagnosed PD patients (off-medication) and 10 controls were recruited to perform an fMRI squeeze-bulb tracking task that included both visually guided and internally guided features. The direct functional connectivity between anatomically defined regions of interest was assessed with Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs). Tracking performance was assessed by fitting Linear Dynamical System (LDS) models to the motor performance, and was compared to the clinical rigidity scores. A cross-validated Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression method was used to determine the brain connectivity network that best predicted clinical rigidity scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The damping ratio of the LDS models significantly correlated with clinical rigidity scores (p = 0.014). An fMRI connectivity network in subcortical and primary and premotor cortical regions accurately predicted clinical rigidity scores (p < 10(-5)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A widely distributed cortical/subcortical network is associated with rigidity observed in PD patients, which reinforces the importance of altered functional connectivity in the pathophysiology of PD. PD subjects with higher rigidity scores tend to have less overshoot in their tracking performance, and damping ratio may represent a robust, quantitative marker of the motoric effects of increasing rigidity.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada.
authors.forename: Nazanin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.forename: Sun Nee
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashoori
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Z Jane
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meeko M K
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McKeown
keywords: LASSO regression; Parkinson’s disease; damping ratio; fMRI; linear dynamical system; rigidity