title: Risk factors and stuttering: evaluating the evidence for clinicians.
abstract: This paper summarizes and discusses some of the key issues raised in the other four manuscripts in this special edition of Journal of Fluency Disorders. All the four pieces examine risk factors in developmental stuttering from different perspectives and all provide stand-alone contributions to knowledge on the subject. Thus, rather than review, the focus of the present paper is to highlight those matters, which, from a clinical perspective might be seen as either (a) of the greatest contention, (b) of particular relevance to clinicians, or (c) requiring greater emphasis in future research, on the basis of the conclusions from the authors involved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper provides an overview of points of particular clinical interest arising from the four contributions to this special edition. Readers will be able to (a) understand arguments for and against whole word repetitions being included as moments of stuttering in the SSI-3 assessment, (b) understand arguments relating to psychological components in early onset stuttering, (c) understand some of the complexities in interpreting data pertaining to recovery from stuttering, (d) understand where future efforts in research into risk of stuttering should be placed.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AA, United Kingdom. d.ward@reading.ac.uk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy