title: Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
abstract: Extensive population-based studies are much needed to accurately establish epidemiology and disease course in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We aimed to obtain population-based prevalence and incidence figures, insight in disease course with regard to survival, liver transplantation (LT), and occurrence of malignancies, as well as risk factors thereof. Four independent hospital databases were searched in 44 hospitals in a large geographically defined area of the Netherlands, comprising 50% of the population. In addition, all PSC patients in the three Dutch liver transplant centers and all inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in the adherence area of a large district hospital were identified. All medical records were reviewed on-site, verifying diagnosis. Five hundred and ninety PSC patients were identified, resulting in an incidence of 0.5 and a point prevalence of 6.0 per 100,000. Median follow up was 92 months. Estimated median survival from diagnosis until LT or PSC-related death in the entire cohort was 21.3 years, as opposed to 13.2 years in the combined transplant centers cohort (n = 422; P < 0.0001). Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) risk was 10-fold increased, as compared to ulcerative colitis controls, and developed at a much younger age (39 years; range, 26-64), compared to IBD controls (59 years; range, 34-73; P = 0.019). Colonoscopic surveillance was associated with significantly better outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study exemplifies that, for relatively rare diseases, it is paramount to collect observational data from large, population-based cohorts, because incidence and prevalence rates of PSC are markedly lower and survival much longer than previously reported. The selection of a bias-free, population-based cohort showed a significantly longer survival, compared to the tertiary referral cohort. CRC can develop at an early age, warranting surveillance from time of PSC diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.forename: Rinse K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Weersma
authors.forename: Karel J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: van Erpecum
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rauws
authors.forename: B W Marcel
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Spanier
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Poen
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: van Nieuwkerk
authors.forename: Joost P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Drenth
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Tuynman
authors.forename: Anton H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Naber
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kingma
authors.forename: Henk R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: van Buuren
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Hoek
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Vleggaar
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Geloven
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beuers
authors.forename: Cyriel Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ponsioen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015209:Cholangitis, Sclerosing / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence