title: Independent and combined effects of physical activity and weight loss on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the independent effect of long-term physical activity (PA) and the combined effects of long-term PA and weight loss (WL) on inflammation in overweight and obese older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen-month randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The community infrastructure of cooperative extension centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overweight and obese (body mass index >28.0 kg/m(2) ) community-dwelling men and women aged 60 to 79 at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity + weight loss (PA + WL) (n = 98), PA only (n = 97), or successful aging (SA) health education (n = 93) intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, high-sensitivity interleukin (hsIL)-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) were measured at baseline and 6 and 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for baseline biomarker, wave, sex, and visit, leptin and hsIL-6 showed a significant intervention effect. Specifically, leptin was significantly lower in the PA + WL group (21.3 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 19.7-22.9 ng/mL) than in the PA (29.3 ng/mL, 95% CI = 26.9-31.8 ng/mL) or SA (30.3 ng/mL, 95% CI = 27.9-32.8 ng/mL) group (both P < .001), and hsIL-6 was significantly lower in the PA + WL group (2.1 pg/mL, 95% CI = 1.9-2.3 pg/mL) than in the PA (2.5 pg/mL, 95% CI = 2.3-2.7 pg/mL) or SA (2.4 pg/mL, 95% CI = 2.2-2.6 pg/mL) group (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of dietary-induced WL to PA reduced leptin and hsIL-6 more than PA alone and more than a SA intervention in older adults at risk for CVD. Results suggest that WL, rather than increased PA, is the lifestyle factor primarily responsible for improvement in the inflammatory profile.
authors.affiliation: Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA. kbeavers@wakehealth.edu
authors.forename: Kristen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beavers
authors.forename: Walter T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Ambrosius
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: W Jack
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rejeski
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000458:organization & administration; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D020738:Leptin; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
keywords: aging; inflammation; physical activity; weight loss