title: One-year follow-up of a coach-delivered dating violence prevention program: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perpetration of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse is prevalent in adolescent relationships. One strategy for reducing such violence is to increase the likelihood that youth will intervene when they see peers engaging in disrespectful and abusive behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This 12-month follow-up of a cluster RCT examined the longer-term effectiveness of Coaching Boys Into Men, a dating violence prevention program targeting high school male athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cluster RCT was conducted from 2009 to 2011. The unit of randomization was the school, and the unit of analysis was the athlete. Data were analyzed in 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were male athletes in Grades 9-11 (N=1513) participating in athletics in 16 high schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention consisted of training athletic coaches to integrate violence prevention messages into coaching activities through brief, weekly, scripted discussions with athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes included bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Intervention effects were expressed as adjusted mean between-arm differences in changes in outcomes over time, estimated via regression models for clustered, longitudinal data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perpetration of dating violence in the past 3 months was less prevalent among intervention athletes relative to control athletes, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of -0.15 (95% CI=-0.27, -0.03). Intervention athletes also reported lower levels of negative bystander behaviors (i.e., laughing and going along with peers' abusive behaviors) compared to controls (-0.41, 95% CI=-0.72, -0.10). No differences were observed in intentions to intervene (0.04, 95% CI=-0.07, 0.16); gender-equitable attitudes (-0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.04); recognition of abusive behaviors (-0.03, 95% CI=-0.15, 0.09); or positive bystander behaviors (0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This school athletics-based dating violence prevention program is a promising approach to reduce perpetration and negative bystander behaviors that condone dating violence among male athletes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCTO1367704.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: elizabeth.miller@chp.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine and Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, Sacramento.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tancredi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McCauley
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Maria Catrina D
authors.initials: MCD
authors.lastname: Virata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Futures Without Violence, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003380:Courtship; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013177:Sports; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control*