title: The impact of chlorhexidine-based endodontic treatment on periapical cytokine expression in teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Root canal treatment typically involves cleaning and shaping procedures followed by treatment with antibacterial endodontic dressing between appointments and, ultimately, 3-dimensional,hermetic filling. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is effective as an irrigation solution and is used as an endodontic dressing. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of CHX on periapical cytokine expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression levels of the cytokines interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17A, IL-10, and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction immediately after root canal cleaning and 15 days later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Messenger RNA expression of IL-1β, interferon γ, IL-10, and CCL2/MCP-1 was increased on day 15 in teeth without endodontic dressing. No statistical change was observed in the messenger RNA expression of cytokines when comparing sampling times for teeth that received endodontic dressing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that CHX application between appointments prevented the increase of both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines 15 days after the dental procedure.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Warley Luciano Fonseca
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Luciana Carla Neves
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Brito
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos Feitosa
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Ricardo Reis
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Kamilla Faria
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.forename: Leda Quércia
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Antônio Paulino Ribeiro
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
mesh_terms: D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000032:analysis; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000187:drug effects; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508717:IL17A protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D020381:Interleukin-17; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002710:Chlorhexidine