title: Inflammatory phenotypes underlying uncontrolled childhood asthma despite inhaled corticosteroid treatment: rationale and design of the PACMAN2 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of childhood asthma covers a broad spectrum of pathological mechanisms that can lead to similarly presenting clinical symptoms, but may nonetheless require different treatment approaches. Distinct underlying inflammatory patterns are thought to influence responsiveness to standard asthma medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of the PACMAN2 study is to identify inflammatory phenotypes that can discriminate uncontrolled childhood asthma from controlled childhood asthma by measures in peripheral blood and exhaled air. PACMAN2 is a nested, case-control follow-up study to the ongoing pharmacy-based "Pharmacogenetics of Asthma medication in Children: Medication with Anti-inflammatory effects" (PACMAN) study. The original PACMAN cohort consists of children aged 4-12 years with reported use of asthma medication. The PACMAN2 study will be conducted within the larger PACMAN cohort, and will focus on detailed phenotyping of a subset of the PACMAN children. The selected participants will be invited to a follow-up visit in a clinical setting at least six months after their baseline visit based on their adherence to usage of inhaled corticosteroids, their asthma symptoms in the past year, and their age (≥ 8 years). During the follow-up visit, current and long-term asthma symptoms, medication use, environmental factors, medication adherence and levels of exhaled nitric oxide will be reassessed. The following measures will also be examined: pulmonary function, exhaled volatile organic compounds, as well as inflammatory markers in peripheral blood and blood plasma. Comparative analysis and cluster-analyses will be used to identify markers that differentiate children with uncontrolled asthma despite their use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) (cases) from children whose asthma is controlled by the use of ICS (controls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthmatic children with distinct inflammatory phenotypes may respond differently to anti-inflammatory therapy. Therefore, by identifying inflammatory phenotypes in children with the PACMAN2 study, we may greatly impact future personalised treatment strategies, uncover new leads for therapeutic targets and improve the design of future clinical studies in the assessment of the efficacy of novel therapeutics.
authors.forename: Susanne J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vijverberg
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koenderman
authors.forename: Francine C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: van Erp
authors.forename: Cornelis K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: van der Ent
authors.forename: Dirkje S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sterk
authors.forename: Jan A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
authors.forename: Anke-Hilse
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maitland-van der Zee
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010641:Phenotype; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids