title: Prevention of influenza at Hajj: applications for mass gatherings.
abstract: Outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread via respiratory route, e.g. influenza, are common amongst Hajj congregation in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian authority successfully organized the Hajj 2009 amidst fear of pandemic influenza. While severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was rare, the true burden of pandemic influenza at Hajj that year remains speculative. In this article we review the latest evidence on influenza control and discuss our experience of influenza and its prevention at Hajj and possible application to other mass gatherings. Depending on study design the attack rate of seasonal influenza at Hajj has ranged from 6% in polymerase chain reaction or culture confirmed studies to 38% in serological surveillance. No significant effect of influenza vaccine or the use of personal protective measures against influenza has been established from observational studies, although the uptake of the vaccine and adherence to face masks and hand hygiene has been low. In all, there is a relatively poor evidence base for control of influenza. Until better evidence is obtained, vaccination coupled with rapid antiviral treatment of symptomatic individuals remains the mainstay of prevention at Hajj and other mass gatherings. Hajj pilgrimage provides a unique opportunity to test the effectiveness of various preventive measures that require a large sample size, such as testing the efficacy of plain surgical masks against laboratory-confirmed influenza. After successful completion of a pilot trial conducted among Australian pilgrims at the 2011 Hajj, a large multinational cluster randomized controlled trial is being planned. This will require effective international collaboration.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Public Health, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Osamah
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barasheed
authors.forename: Ziad A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Memish
authors.forename: Harunor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Booy
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D007514:Islam; D058873:Pandemics; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel