title: Critical materials and dissipative losses: a screening study.
abstract: This study deals with dissipative losses of critical materials between the life-cycle stages of manufacturing and end-of-life. Following the EU definition for critical materials, a screening of dissipative losses for the respective materials has been performed based on existing data and the most significant data gaps have been identified. Furthermore, a classification scheme for dissipative losses (dissipation into environment, dissipation into other material flows, dissipation to landfills) and for assessing their degree has been developed and a first qualitative assessment applying this classification scheme has been performed. In combination with existing criticality assessments, the results can be used to generate a map of metals indicating future research needs for analyzing metal dissipation in detail. The results include quantitative estimates of dissipative losses (where feasible) along the chosen life-cycle stages, and discuss research needs for analysis and avoidance of dissipative losses for improved resource efficiency.
authors.affiliation: University of Bremen, Faculty of Production Engineering, Department for Technology Design and Development and artec | research center for sustainability studies, DE-28359 Bremen, Germany. tillz@uni-bremen.de
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gößling-Reisemann
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D005062:European Union; D007221:Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D008962:Models, Theoretical
chemical_list: D008670:Metals
keywords: Critical materials; Critical metals; Criticality; Dissipation; Dissipative losses