title: Acute exposure to air pollution triggers atrial fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate the association of air pollution with the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Air pollution in general and more specifically particulate matter has been associated with cardiovascular events. Although ventricular arrhythmias are traditionally thought to convey the increased cardiovascular risk, AF may also contribute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) were enrolled and followed prospectively. The association of AF onset with air quality including ambient particulate matter <2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), black carbon, sulfate, particle number, NO2, SO2, and O3 in the 24 h prior to the arrhythmia was examined utilizing a case-crossover analysis. In sensitivity analyses, associations with air pollution between 2 and 48 h prior to the AF were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 176 patients followed for an average of 1.9 years, 49 patients had 328 episodes of AF lasting ≥ 30 s. Positive but nonsignificant associations were found for PM2.5 in the prior 24 h, but stronger associations were found with shorter exposure windows. The odds of AF increased by 26% (95% confidence interval: 8% to 47%) for each 6.0 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 in the 2 h prior to the event (p = 0.004). The odds of AF were highest at the upper quartile of mean PM2.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PM was associated with increased odds of AF onset within hours following exposure in patients with known cardiac disease. Air pollution is an acute trigger of AF, likely contributing to the pollution-associated adverse cardiac outcomes observed in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02459, USA. mlink@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luttmann-Gibson
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wessler
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dockery
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: AF; BC; CI; EPA; Environmental Protection Agency; ICD; PM(2.5); PNC; air pollution; atrial fibrillation; black carbon; confidence interval; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; particle number count; particulate matter; particulate matter <2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter; traffic