title: Otitis externa following aural irrigation linked to instruments contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of acute otitis externa, an infection of the external auditory canal, in general practitioners' (GP) practices in The Netherlands is about 14 per 1000 patients per year. In early 2010, one of the authors noted that some of the otitis externa patients in his GP practice had undergone cerumen removal by ear syringing a few weeks earlier. Bacterial cultures of samples taken from the instruments used showed contamination of an ear syringe by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From then on, P. aeruginosa isolates from patients' ears were stored in the laboratory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was assessed whether cross-contamination with P. aeruginosa between patients in the same GP practice could occur through the use of contaminated ear lavage instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 17 GP practices, the otolaryngology Outpatient Department and the Out-of-Hours GP Service, instruments used for examining and cleaning the outer ear were swabbed. Strains of P. aeruginosa cultured from the instruments were genotyped together with isolates of patients registered in the same practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In four practices where contaminated instruments were found, genotyping showed similarity between P. aeruginosa strains isolated from a patient and the ear syringe, and/or between strains of different patients in the same practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmission of P. aeruginosa from ear lavage instruments to patients appears to occur with otitis externa as a result. Together with the Infection Control Unit of our hospital we have formulated recommendations for the appropriate cleaning, disinfection and storage of re-usable ear lavage instruments for the GP practices to implement.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands. m.j.bruins@isala.nl
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bruins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wijshake
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: de Vries-van Rossum
authors.forename: R G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Klein Overmeen
authors.forename: G J H M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Ruijs
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004389:Durable Medical Equipment / Q000382:microbiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010032:Otitis Externa / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects*