title: Detection of carbapenemase encoding genes in Enterobacteriace, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanii isolated from patients at Intensive Care Unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase encoding genes (blaIMP-1, blaVIM-2, blaKPC-2, blaOXA-48, and blaNDM-1) of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii isolated from the intensive care unit patients as pathogens, in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital (ICU-RSCM) in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  we examined the carbapenemase encoding genes in the clinical microbiology laboratory (LMK FKUI/RSCM). Duplex- and simplex PCR methods were conducted to detect the resistant genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  we found 4 (5%) P. aeruginosa strains carry blaIMP-1 gene and all were isolated from sputum specimens. The prevalence of carbapenem resistant among Gram-negative bacilli isolated from ICU-RSCM, are Enterobacteriaceae 27.6%, P. aeruginosa 21.9%, and A. baumannii 50.5%. The New Delhi Metallo--lactamase encoding gene (blaNDM-1) was detected in 1 K. pneumonia isolated from sputum as well. The other genes, i.e. blaKPC-2, blaVIM-2, and blaOXA-48 were not found in any isolates. The absence of other genes indicated that other mechanisms may play a role in the occurrence of carbapenem resistance in pathogens isolated in ICU-RSCM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  this study confirmed that the prevalence of carbapenems resistant Gram-negative bacilli in ICU-RSCM in 2011 was high. The carbapenemase encoding genes, which were detected among the carbapenems resistant Gram-negative bacilli, were blaIMP-1 and blaNDM-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Fauclty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. akaruniawati@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karuniawati
authors.forename: Yulia R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Saharman
authors.forename: Delly C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lestari
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; C409201:beta-lactamase IMP-1; C491478:beta-lactamase KPC-2; C425108:beta-lactamase bla(vim-2); D001618:beta-Lactamases; C552864:beta-lactamase NDM-1; C063912:carbapenemase; C108449:oxacillinase