title: Anthelmintic activity of phenolic acids from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: The effect of three phenols (ellagic, gentisic and gallic acids) from the axlewood tree Anogeissus leiocarpus on Onchocerca ochengi and drug-resistant strains of Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for research on nematode parasites, is investigated. Worms were incubated in different concentrations of phenols and their survival was monitored after 48 h. Among the three acids, ellagic acid strongly affected the survival of O. ochengi microfilariae, O. ochengi adults, a wild-type C. elegans and anthelmintic-resistant strains of C. elegans, namely albendazole (CB3474), levamisole (CB211, ZZ16) and ivermectin (VC722, DA1316), with LC50 values ranging from 0.03 mm to 0.96 mm. These results indicate that the binding of ellagic acid in the worm differs from that of resistant strains of C. elegans. The efficacy of both gallic and gentisic acids was not significantly changed in resistant strains of C. elegans treated with levamisole (ZZ16, LC50= 9.98 mm, with gallic acid), albendazole (CB3474, LC50= 7.81 mm, with gentisic acid) and ivermectin (DA1316, LC50= 10.62 mm, with gentisic acid). The efficacy of these three pure compounds is in accordance with the use of A. leiocarpus from its locality of origin. The in vivo toxicity data reveal that the thresholds are up to 200 times higher than the determined LC50 values. Thus, ellagic acid could be a potential option for the treatment of nematode infections, even in cases of drug resistance towards established anthelmintic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere,PO Box 454,Ngaoundere,Cameroon.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndjonka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere,PO Box 454,Ngaoundere,Cameroon.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Abladam
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere,PO Box 454,Ngaoundere,Cameroon.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Djafsia
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoophysiology,Schlossplatz 8,48143Muenster,Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ajonina-Ekoti
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Laboratory,Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Wakwa Regional Centre,P.O. Box 65,Ngaoundere,Cameroon.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Achukwi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Zoophysiology,Schlossplatz 8,48143Muenster,Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liebau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects*; D029764:Combretaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005841:Gentisates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009854:Onchocerca / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D005841:Gentisates; D010636:Phenols; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D007978:Levamisole; D005707:Gallic Acid; C010925:2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid