title: Depressive symptoms are associated with lower bone mineral density in young adults with high job strain. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Job strain has been associated with depressive symptoms, and depression has been associated with low bone mineral density (BMD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The associations between BMD and job strain have not been studied. We examined the relations between BMD, job strain, and depressive symptoms in a population-based group of young adults in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonic measurement of BMD at the calcaneus was performed on 777 participants (men 45 %, aged 30-45) drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Job strain was assessed by self-administered questionnaires by the combination of job demands and job control. Depressive symptoms were assessed with a modified Beck Depression Inventory. The effects of job strain on BMD were studied with multivariable analyses with age, sex, BMI, vitamin D, and calcium intake, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive symptoms were independently associated with lower BMD T score in participants with high job strain (β = -0.241, p = 0.02), but depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with BMD in the low (β = -0.160, p = 0.26) and intermediate (β = -0.042, p = 0.66) job strain categories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that job strain modifies the association between depressive symptoms and BMD. Depressed individuals with high work-related stress might be in increased risk of lower bone mineral density.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland, mervi.oikonen@utu.fi.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oikonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hintsanen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkki-Råback
authors.forename: J S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D055686:Metabolic Equivalent; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult