title: Visualization of the leakage of pancreatic juice using a chymotrypsin-activated fluorescent probe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic fistula (PF) remains the most serious complication after digestive surgery. It is difficult to prevent because of the inability to visualize the leakage of pancreatic juice during surgery or to evaluate the protease activity of leaked fluid, which is responsible for PF formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fluorescence intensities of a chymotrypsin probe (glutaryl-phenylalanine [corrected] hydroxymethyl rhodamine green with added trypsin) in pancreatic juice and in intestinal or abdominal fluids drained after pancreatic resection were evaluated. The chymotrypsin probe was sprayed on to filter papers that had been placed on the resected pancreatic stump in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy or central pancreatectomy. The ability of this technique to visualize the leakage of pancreatic juice and predict postoperative PF formation was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence intensity of the chymotrypsin probe in 76 fluid samples correlated positively with amylase levels (r(s) = 0.678, P < 0.001). The fluorescence patterns of the pancreatic stump were classified grossly into the three types: duct (fluorescence signal visualized only on the stump of the main pancreatic duct, 16 patients), diffuse (ductal stump and surrounding pancreatic parenchyma, 7) and negative (no fluorescence signal, 7). Symptomatic PFs developed in 13 of 23 patients with duct- or diffuse-type fluorescence, but in none of the seven patients with negative-type fluorescence (P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chymotrypsin probe enabled determination of the protease activity in drained pancreatic fluid samples and allowed real-time visualization of pancreatic juice leakage during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kokudo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002918:Chymotrypsin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004151:Dipeptides; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010185:Pancreatic Fistula / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010189:Pancreatic Juice / Q000737:chemistry*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D012235:Rhodamines
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012235:Rhodamines; C583513:glutamyl-phenylalanine hydroxymethyl rhodamine green; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D002918:Chymotrypsin