title: Activation of the LH receptor up regulates the type 2 adiponectin receptor in human granulosa cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is a predominantly adipocyte-derived hormone which influences insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis through at least two receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. In animal models, adiponectin may regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis, and ovulation. The receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are present in the human ovary, but their regulation is unknown. In these studies, we determined the effects of LH receptor activation on the expression and function of the two adiponectin receptors in human granulosa cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Granulosa cells were obtained at the time of oocyte retrieval in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Cells were isolated and cultured for 48 h in DMEM/F12 medium with 5 % FBS and 50 ug/ml gentamicin. Medium was changed to low serum for 12 h and cells were treated with hCG (100 ng/ml), forskolin (30 μMol/L), or FSH (1 IU/ml) for 24 h for mRNA experiments. mRNA was isolated and RT PCR was performed using Taqman assays and quantification with the delta delta CT method. For immunocytochemistry, cells were grown on chamber slides and treated with hCG for 1 to 24 h and fixed with acetone. ICC was performed with polyclonal rabbit primary antibodies followed by alexa fluor goat anti-rabbit antibody and imaging with a fluorescence microscope and Zeiss software analysis. 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) enzyme activity was determined by measuring the progesterone produced when cells were provided with an excess of 22-hydroxy-cholesterol as substrate following an incubation with hCG (1 IU/ml) and/or adiponectin (10 ng/ml). Progesterone content in the media was determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Messenger RNA for the two Adiponectin receptors is differentially regulated by activation of LHR with hCG treatment. AdipoR2 was increased nearly 4-fold (p < 0.05), whereas AdipoR1 expression was not changed by hCG treatment. Treatment with either FSH or forskolin (an activator of cAMP) had similar effects. Basal AdipoR2 protein was fairly low in granulosa cells in culture however treatment of cells with hCG resulted in a discernible increase in immunodetectable cytoplasmic protein as early as 6 h after treatment and was maintained for at least 24 h. The number of cells positive for AdipoR2 at 6 h increased from a basal of 20 % to almost 60 % (p < 0.05). Adiponectin treatment of hCG-primed cells resulted in increased 3βHSD activity by approximately 60 % over hCG alone and more than 3-fold over basal levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AdipoR2 is regulated by the LH receptor function via a cAMP dependant mechanism. Increased expression of adipoR2 prior to and following ovulation may contribute to enhanced 3βHSD activity and increased progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum of the ovary. Dysregulation of adiponectin that may occur with PCOS may impair normal progesterone production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Edmond P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nestler
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McGee
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000378:metabolism; D005576:Colforsin / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D054315:Oocyte Retrieval; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011974:Receptors, LH / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C475418:ADIPOR1 protein, human; C475420:ADIPOR2 protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin; D011974:Receptors, LH; D005576:Colforsin; D011374:Progesterone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases