title: Sequencing and validation of housekeeping genes for quantitative real-time PCR during the gonadotrophic cycle of Diploptera punctata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantitative RT-PCR (q-RT-PCR) is a powerful tool that allows for the large scale analysis of small changes in gene expression. Accurate and reliable results depend on the use of stable reference genes for normalization. However, the expression of some widely used housekeeping genes can vary under different experimental setups. To our knowledge, no validation studies have been reported for reference genes in cockroaches. The aim of the current study is the identification and validation of a set of eight housekeeping genes during the first gonadotrophic cycle of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. This study made use of two different algorithms (geNorm and Normfinder) to evaluate the stability of gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Candidate housekeeping genes were sequenced: β-actin (Actin), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1a), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), armadillo (Arm), ribosomal protein L32 (RpL32), succinate dehydrogenase (SDHa), annexin IX (AnnIX) and α-tubulin (Tub). The expression of these eight genes was analyzed in corpora allata (CA) and ovaries of adult female D. punctata. Both geNorm, as well as Normfinder characterized SDHa, EF1a and Arm as being the most stably expressed in the corpora allata. In the ovary, the geNorm calculation showed Tub, EF1a and RpL32 to be most stable, whereas Normfinder identified Tub, EF1a and Arm as the best. In ovary, the least stable gene was Actin, challenging its usefulness in normalization. As a proof of principle, the expression of follicle cell protein 3c and CYP15A1 was monitored during the first gonadotrophic cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arm and EF1a form the most stably expressed combination of two reference genes out of the eight candidates that were tested in the corpora allata. Our results show that the combined use of Tub, EF1a and RpL32 ensures an accurate normalization of gene expression levels in ovary of D. punctata. Our study has indicated that neither Actin nor AnnIX should be used for normalization of transcript levels when studying the first gonadotrophic cycle in CA or ovary of D. punctata. The results stress the necessity for validation of reference genes in q-RT-PCR studies in cockroaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.forename: Ekaterina F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hult
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tobe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D015870:Gene Expression; D020043:Genes, Essential; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000502:physiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D006062:Gonadotropins