title: Orbital haemorrhage associated with orbital fractures in geriatric patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy.
abstract: Retrobulbar haemorrhage is a sight-threatening condition that can occur after orbital trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and outcome of orbital haemorrhages following orbital fractures in geriatric patients receiving anticoagulants. All patients aged 65 years or more suffering from orbital fractures between 2008 and 2009 were included in this study. The mechanism of trauma, underlying diseases, and medication were recorded. In case of a retrobulbar haemorrhage, surgical exploration, the elapsed time between the onset of haemorrhage symptoms and surgical treatment, and the outcome regarding visual acuity were documented. Sixty-eight orbital fractures occurred (31 males, 37 females, age 65-95 years) resulting in six (3%) orbital haemorrhages. Four cases were associated with initial orbital bleeding, two other patients developed orbital haemorrhage as a complication after surgical reconstruction. Anticoagulant therapy, but not aspirin, was associated with a significantly increased risk of retrobulbar haematoma (p=0.02). Two patients permanently lost vision, two partial recoveries and two total recoveries were observed. Patients receiving anticoagulants have a higher risk of orbital haemorrhage after orbital fracture and should be monitored closely. Any evidence of visual impairment should lead to further investigation and prompt treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: peter.drmaurer@web.de.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Conrad-Hengerer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollstein
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizziani
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hengerer
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019315:Retrobulbar Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
keywords: anticoagulant medication; orbital fracture; retrobulbar haemorrhage; visual impairment