title: Risk factors and outcomes of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age is increasing. We aimed to determine risk factors and maternal, fetal and childhood consequences of maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 6959 mothers and their children. The study was based in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (2001-2005).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal lower educational level, lower household income, multiparity, and FTO risk allel were associated with an increased risk of maternal obesity, whereas maternal European ethnicity, nulliparity, higher total energy intake, and smoking during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of excessive gestational weight gain (all p-values <0.05). As compared to normal weight, maternal obesity was associated with increased risks of gestational hypertension (OR 6.31 (95% CI 4.30, 9.26)), preeclampsia (OR (3.61, (95% CI 2.04, 6.39)), gestational diabetes (OR 6.28 (95%CI 3.01, 13.06)), caesarean delivery (OR 1.91 (95% CI 1.46, 2.50)), delivering large size for gestational age infants (OR 2.97 (95% CI 2.16, 4.08)), and childhood obesity (OR 5.02 (95% CI:2.97, 8.45)). Weaker associations of excessive gestational weight gain with maternal, fetal and childhood outcomes were observed, with the strongest effects for first trimester weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy are associated with socio-demographic, lifestyle, and genetic factors and with increased risks of adverse maternal, fetal and childhood outcomes. As compared to prepregnancy overweight and obesity, excessive gestational weight gain has a limited influence on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.forename: Büşra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Durmuş
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Johan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D001724:Birth Weight; D002585:Cesarean Section; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000209:etiology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human