title: Responsiveness of upper extremity kinematic measures and clinical improvement during the first three months after stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kinematic movement analysis is increasingly used as an outcome measure in evaluation of upper extremity function after stroke. Little is known, however, about what observed longitudinal changes in kinematics mean in the context of an individual's functioning. In this study, the responsiveness and expected change in kinematic measures associated with clinically meaningful improvement in the upper extremity were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  . Kinematic movement analysis of a drinking task and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) were performed early (9 days poststroke) and at 3 months after stroke in 51 subjects. The receiver-operating characteristic curve and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate responsiveness of kinematic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movement time, smoothness, and trunk displacement discriminated those subjects demonstrating clinically meaningful improvements. Significant associations of 31% to 36% were found between the change in ARAT and kinematic measures. A real clinical improvement in kinematics lies in the range of 2.5 to 5 seconds, 3 to 7 units, and 2 to 5 cm in movement time, smoothness, and trunk displacement, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All kinematic measures reported in this study are responsive measures for capturing improvements in the upper extremity during the first 3 months after stroke. Approximate estimates for the expected change in kinematics associated with clinically meaningful improvement in upper extremity activity capacity illustrate the usefulness of the linear regression analysis for assessing responsiveness. This knowledge facilitates the selection of kinematic measures for clinical and movement analysis research as well as for technology-based devices.
authors.affiliation: 1University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alt Murphy
authors.forename: Carin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willén
authors.forename: Katharina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sunnerhagen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: instrumentation; kinematic; outcome assessment; recovery of function; stroke rehabilitation; task performance and analysis; upper extremity movement