title: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: victim or perpetrator? Does it make a difference?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To differentiate between forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) (victim only, perpetrator only, or participating in reciprocal violence) and examine risk profiles and pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Washington, DC, July 2001 to October 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1044 high-risk African-American pregnant women who participated in a randomised controlled trial to address IPV, depression, smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariable linear and logistic regression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low and very low birthweight, preterm and very preterm birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five percent of women were victims only, 12% were perpetrators only, 27% participated in reciprocal violence and 55% reported no IPV. Women reporting reciprocal violence in the past year were more likely to drink, use illicit drugs and experience environmental tobacco smoke exposure and were less likely to be very happy about their pregnancies. Women reporting any type of IPV were more likely to be depressed than those reporting no IPV. Women experiencing reciprocal violence reported the highest levels of depression. Women who were victims of IPV were more likely to give birth prematurely and deliver low-birthweight and very-low-birthweight infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that women were at highest risk for pregnancy risk factors when they participated in reciprocal violence and so might be at higher risk for long-term consequences, but women who were victims of IPV were more likely to show proximal negative outcomes like preterm birth and low birthweight infants. Different types of interventions may be needed for these two forms of IPV.
authors.affiliation: Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shneyderman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiely
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057237:Criminals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011275:Pregnancy, Unwanted; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Intimate partner violence; pregnancy outcomes; risk factors