title: Influence of drying method on the surface energy of cellulose nanofibrils determined by inverse gas chromatography.
abstract: Research and development of the renewable nanomaterial cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) has received considerable attention. The effect of drying on the surface energy of CNFs was investigated. Samples of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were each subjected to four separate drying methods: air-drying, freeze-drying, spray-drying, and supercritical-drying. The surface morphology of the dried CNFs was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The surface energy of the dried CNFs was determined using inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution and column temperatures: 30, 40, 50, 55, and 60 °C. Surface energy measurements of supercritical-dried NFCs were performed also at column temperatures: 70, 75, and 80 °C. Different drying methods produced CNFs with different morphologies which in turn significantly influenced their surface energy. Supercritical-drying resulted in NFCs having a dispersion component of surface energy of 98.3±5.8 mJ/m(2) at 30 °C. The dispersion component of surface energy of freeze-dried NFCs (44.3±0.4 mJ/m(2) at 30 °C) and CNCs (46.5±0.9 mJ/m(2) at 30 °C) were the lowest among all the CNFs. The pre-freezing treatment during the freeze-drying process is hypothesized to have a major impact on the dispersion component of surface energy of the CNFs. The acid and base parameters of all the dried CNFs were amphoteric (acidic and basic) although predominantly basic in nature.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Yucheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Yousoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Mandla A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tshabalala
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose