title: Risk of vertical transmission of human papillomavirus throughout pregnancy: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Much controversy still exists about maternal-to-infant transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, specifically about the magnitude of the risk and the route and timing of such vertical transmission. This prospective cohort study examines the risk of vertical transmission of maternal HPV in each trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty three healthy pregnant women were followed longitudinally throughout pregnancy and cervical swabs obtained in each trimester and postpartum for HPV detection. Cord blood, neonatal nasopharyngeal aspirates, and placental biopsies were collected at delivery. DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and hybridization were performed using the GG HPV Genotyping Chip Kit (Goodgene Inc., Seoul, Korea). Detection of HPV in neonates was defined as the presence of HPV DNA in either cord blood or neonatal nasopharyngeal aspirate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was detected in 14%(22/153) of healthy women in the first trimester, 18%(22/124) in the second trimester, and 10%(15/153) in the third trimester; 24%(37/153) were positive for HPV DNA on at least one occasion in pregnancy. At birth, 5.2%(8/153) of neonates were HPV DNA positive. Seven of these eight infants were born to HPV-positive mothers. Placental HPV DNA was positive in 3.3%(5/152) of cases, and all five cases were from mothers with at least one HPV-positive test. Detection of HPV DNA in neonates was associated with detection of HPV in mothers during any of the three trimesters of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV DNA was detected at birth in 5.2%(8/153) of neonates born to healthy women, and was associated with the detection of HPV in mothers during any of the three trimesters of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joong Shin
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Errol R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Norwitz
authors.forename: Ja Nam
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Ig Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jeong Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sun Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chan-Wook
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yong Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000821:virology; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral