title: Dynamic MRI findings and clinical features of benign hypervascular hepatic nodules in childhood-cancer survivors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic MRI findings and clinical features of benign hypervascular hepatic nodules in childhood-cancer survivors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed dynamic MRI findings and clinical features in 15 patients who had been treated for childhood malignant solid tumors and in whom hypervascular hepatic nodules were later found on surveillance imaging by either CT or ultrasound (or both). The benign nature of the lesion was based on histologic examination or clinical and radiologic follow-up (or both).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time between initial diagnosis of malignancy and detection of the hepatic nodule ranged from 4.5 to 13.5 years with the majority of the malignancies being neuroblastoma treated by high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A total of 43 nodules were detected, often multiple and small. Most of the lesions were isointense or slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging and isointense or slightly hypointense on T1-weighted imaging. All nodules had intense enhancement on the arterial phase and were isointense or slightly hyperintense on the delayed phase. A central scar was seen in four. Additionally, hepatic hemosiderosis was noted in four patients, in whom all the lesions were hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benign hypervascular hepatic nodules in survivors of childhood malignancy occur years after high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Dynamic MRI findings including intense arterial enhancement and absence of washout in the delayed phase are of great value in the differential diagnosis of these hepatic nodules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea. somatom25@hanmail.net
authors.forename: So-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eo
authors.forename: Tae Yeon
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Ki Woong
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Hyung Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D033162:Incidental Findings; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C064925:gadodiamide; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA