title: International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity: the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
abstract: Tobacco companies are increasingly turning to trade and investment agreements to challenge measures aimed at reducing tobacco use. This study examines their efforts to influence the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a major trade and investment agreement which may eventually cover 40% of the world's population; focusing on how these efforts might enhance the industry's power to challenge the introduction of plain packaging. Specifically, the paper discusses the implications for public health regulation of Philip Morris International's interest in using the TPP to: shape the bureaucratic structures and decision-making processes of business regulation at the national level; introduce a higher standard of protection for trademarks than is currently provided under the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; and expand the coverage of Investor-State Dispute Settlement which empowers corporations to litigate directly against governments where they are deemed to be in breach of investment agreements. The large number of countries involved in the TPP underlines its risk to the development of tobacco regulation globally.
authors.affiliation: Department for Health, University of Bath, , Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fooks
authors.forename: Anna B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008119:Lobbying; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019064:Product Packaging / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D062789:Tobacco Products
keywords: Global health; Globalisation; Packaging and Labelling; Public policy; Tobacco industry