title: Prenatal solid tumor volume index: novel prenatal predictor of adverse outcome in sacrococcygeal teratoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common neonatal tumor. Fetuses with large tumors may develop hydrops from a high cardiac output state (HCOS) and progress rapidly to fetal demise. We postulate that the prenatal solid tumor volume index (STVI), or the ratio of solid tumor volume to the estimated fetal weight (EFW), has greater impact than the total tumor volume in outcome prediction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of all sacrococcygeal teratoma patients (n = 38) between 2005 and 2012 was conducted. Total tumor volume and percent of solid component were calculated by magnetic resonance imaging and then normalized by dividing them by either head circumference or EFW. Outcomes measured were survival, hydrops or high cardiac output state, defined as a combined ventricular output of >625 mL/min/kg with abnormal Doppler or echocardiogram findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients were included in the study. All deaths (n = 7) had either high cardiac output state or hydrops. At a total tumor volume/EFW >0.16, the patient was 17 times more likely to develop HCOS/hydrops (P = 0.001) with 81.25% sensitivity and 86.67% specificity. At a STVI >0.09, the patient was 120 times more likely to develop HCOS/hydrops (P < 0.0001) with 81.25% sensitivity and 100% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While total tumor volume aids in stratifying patients into high risk categories, STVI (solid tumor volume/EFW) is a better predictor of adverse outcomes. This data will allow us to identify patients who are high risk for cardiac compromise and guide appropriate therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kline-Fath
authors.forename: Sundeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keswani
authors.forename: Foong-Yen
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016534:Cardiac Output, High / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013724:Teratoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D047368:Tumor Burden; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: High cardiac output state; STVI; Sacrococcygeal teratoma; Solid tumor volume; Tumor volume