title: Effect of strain rate on the material properties of human liver parenchyma in unconfined compression.
abstract: The liver is one of the most frequently injured organs in abdominal trauma. Although motor vehicle collisions are the most common cause of liver injuries, current anthropomorphic test devices are not equipped to predict the risk of sustaining abdominal organ injuries. Consequently, researchers rely on finite element models to assess the potential risk of injury to abdominal organs such as the liver. These models must be validated based on appropriate biomechanical data in order to accurately assess injury risk. This study presents a total of 36 uniaxial unconfined compression tests performed on fresh human liver parenchyma within 48 h of death. Each specimen was tested once to failure at one of four loading rates (0.012, 0.106, 1.036, and 10.708 s-1) in order to investigate the effects of loading rate on the compressive failure properties of human liver parenchyma. The results of this study showed that the response of human liver parenchyma is both nonlinear and rate dependent. Specifically, failure stress significantly increased with increased loading rate, while failure strain significantly decreased with increased loading rate. The failure stress and failure strain for all liver parenchyma specimens ranged from -38.9 kPa to -145.9 kPa and from -0.48 strain to -1.15 strain, respectively. Overall, this study provides novel biomechanical data that can be used in the development of rate dependent material models and the identification of tissue-level tolerance values, which are critical to the validation of finite element models used to assess injury risk.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kemper
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santago
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stitzel
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*