title: The management of lower urogenital changes in the menopause.
abstract: Currently, 25% of women seek the advice of a medical professional for symptoms related to the menopause. However, with an increasingly ageing and medically aware population, it is likely this proportion will grow. The main symptoms related to the menopause are systemic vasomotor and localized urogenital symptoms. Numerous forms of estrogen have been used to alleviate these symptoms. Further problems that increase during the menopause include incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and recurrent urinary tract infections. This article reviews the process by which estrogen affects the tissues of the urogenital tract, what symptoms occur during this period and what modalities of treatments are available.
authors.affiliation: Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke, Hants, UK.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ineke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Herwijnen
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019468:Disease Management; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Urogenital atrophy; estrogen; hormone therapy; incontinence; menopause; prolapse