title: Reciprocity and depressive symptoms in Belgian workers: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the multidimensional association between reciprocity at work and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Belgian BELSTRESS survey (32 companies; N = 24,402) were analyzed. Multilevel statistical procedures were used to account for company-level associations while controlling for individual-level associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different dimensions of individual reciprocity were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. On the company level, only vertical emotional reciprocity was negatively associated (β = -4.660; SE = 1.117) independently from individual reciprocity (β = -0.557; SE = 0.042). Complex interactions were found such that workplace reciprocity (1) may not uniformly benefit individuals and (2) related differently to depressive symptoms, depending on occupational group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study extends the existing literature with evidence on the multidimensional, contextual, and cross-level interaction associations of reciprocity as a key aspect of social capital on depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. b.declercq@ugent.be
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Clercq
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clays
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Bacquer
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casini
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kittel
authors.forename: Lutgart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Braeckman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012932:Social Facilitation