title: Effectiveness of monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous US evaluations have not assessed monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1, a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) effectiveness, because of its later introduction (2008). Using case-control methodology, we measured the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the 2-dose RV1 and 3-dose pentavalent vaccine (RV5) series against rotavirus disease resulting in hospital emergency department or inpatient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were eligible for enrollment if they presented to 1 of 5 hospitals (3 in Georgia, 2 in Connecticut) with diarrhea of ≤10 days' duration during January through June 2010 or 2011, and were born after RV1 introduction. Stools were collected; immunization records were obtained from providers and state electronic immunization information system (IIS). Case-subjects (children testing rotavirus antigen-positive) were compared with 2 control groups: children testing rotavirus negative and children selected from IIS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 165 rotavirus-case subjects and 428 rotavirus-negative controls were enrolled. Using the rotavirus-negative controls, RV1 VE was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] 80 to 95) and RV5 VE was 92% (CI 75 to 97) among children aged ≥8 months. The RV1 VE against G2P[4] disease was high (94%, CI 78 to 98), as was that against G1P[8] disease (89%, CI 70 to 96). RV1 effectiveness was sustained among children aged 12 through 23 months (VE 91%; CI 75 to 96). VE point estimates using IIS controls were similar to those using rotavirus-negative controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RV1 and RV5 were both highly effective against severe rotavirus disease. RV1 conferred sustained protection during the first 2 years of life and demonstrated high effectiveness against G2P[4] (heterotypic) disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. mcortese@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Lilly Cheng
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Immergluck
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Trisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Alexandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Grizas
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khizer
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Osbourne
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Quaye
authors.forename: Slavica
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mijatovic-Rustempasic
authors.forename: Rashi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.forename: Umesh D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vázquez
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003968:Diarrhea, Infantile / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C492457:RIX4414 vaccine; C492535:RotaTeq; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
keywords: diarrhea; gastroenteritis; immunization; rotavirus; rotavirus vaccine; vaccine effectiveness