title: Predictive factors of outcome in primary cervical dystonia following pallidal deep brain stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvement after bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (DBS) in primary generalized dystonia has been negatively associated with disease duration and age, but no predictive factors have been identified in primary cervical dystonia (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients treated with bilateral globus pallidus internus DBS for primary CD from 2 DBS centers with preoperative and postoperative Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scales (TWSTRS) were studied retrospectively to explore possible predictors of response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients showed significantly improved TWSTRS total and severity scores (n = 28, mean 55.6% and 50.8%, respectively, both P < .001). Patients with lateral shift at baseline had less improvement in TWSTRS severity subscores (P = .02). No correlations between outcomes and disease duration, age at dystonia onset or surgery, baseline scores, or other included variables were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this is the largest study supporting efficacy of bilateral pallidal DBS in primary CD, no major clinical predictive outcomes of surgical benefit were identified.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Rima S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamani
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodaie
authors.forename: Yu-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Markun
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ostrem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000151:congenital; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D014103:Torticollis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DBS; cervical dystonia; deep brain stimulation; globus pallidus