title: Innovative interventions to promote positive dental health behaviors and prevent dental caries in preschool children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental caries (tooth decay) is highly prevalent and is largely attributable to unhealthy self-care behaviors (diet and oral hygiene). The conventional (health) education (CE), focusing on disseminating information and giving normative advice, often fails to achieve sustained behavioral changes. This study incorporates two innovative elements into CE: (i) motivational interviewing (MI), a client-centered counseling for changing behaviors, and (ii) an interactive caries risk assessment (RA) tool, which is devised to facilitate dental counseling and may enhance MI in several ways. Through a randomized, controlled, evaluator-blinded trial, three intervention schemes (CE, CE+MI, and CE+MI+RA) will be compared for their effectiveness in eliciting dentally healthy behaviors and preventing caries in preschool children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study targets 3-year-old children who are at a critical stage for embedding health habits. Children with unfavorable dental behaviors (insufficient toothbrushing and/or frequent snacking) and their parents will be recruited from 12 participating kindergartens. Parent-child dyads (n=690) will be randomly assigned into three groups. In the first group (CE), oral health information and advice will be delivered to parents through pamphlets. In the second group (CE+MI), in addition to the pamphlets, individual MI counseling with each parent will be performed by one of two trained dental hygienists. In the third group (CE+MI+RA), besides pamphlets and MI, interactive RA will be integrated into MI to motivate parents and facilitate their informed decision making and goal planning. At baseline and after 12 and 24 months, parents will complete a questionnaire and children will undergo a dental examination. The effectiveness of the intervention schemes will be compared over 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome will be caries increment in children and proportion of caries-free children. Secondary outcomes will be changes in parental efficacy for protecting children's oral health and changes in children's dental behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motivating and empowering parents to cultivate dentally healthy habits of young children presents both promises and challenges. With careful methodological considerations, this study is expected to provide scientific evidence for public health workers, dentists, and dental auxiliaries (nurses and hygienists) to choose appropriate interventions to advance children's oral health.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  HKCTR-1455.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Edward Chin Man
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Colman
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Samuel Mun Yin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000379:methods*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D010174:Pamphlets; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D062410:Snacks; D014099:Toothbrushing; D016896:Treatment Outcome