title: Distribution of Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor genes in end stage renal disease among North Indian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  NK cell function is regulated by cell surface inhibitory and activating receptors including the C-type lectin receptors and Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). The effect of immune modulating cytokines produced by NK cells in the pathogenesis of end stage renal disease (ESRD) remained intriguing. In this regard the present study assesses the combinatorial association of KIR gene content and KIR receptor-HLA ligand in the North Indian ESRD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  KIR gene polymorphism as a susceptible marker in ESRD among 512 patients and 512 ethnically matched controls was analyzed. PCR-SSP based genotyping for KIR gene content and HLA-A, B, C typing was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant difference in frequencies of KIR2DS1-HLA-C2 (p≤0.0001, OR=1.98, CI=1.50-2.61), KIR2DS2-HLAC1 (p≤0.0001, OR=1.87, CI=1.42-2.46), KIR3DS1-HLA-Bw4 (p=0.0038, OR=1.46, CI=1.13-1.88) combinations for ESRD was found. In the combinatorial analysis Bw4(+)/3DL1(-)/3DS1(+) (p≤0.0001, OR=4.90, CI=2.75-8.71) and C1(+)/2DL2(-)/2DL3(-)/2DS2(+)/2DS3(+) (p=0.0037, OR=2.50, CI=1.35-4.63) showed risk association. KIR3DS1 was observed to be susceptible for all four primary kidney disease groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NK cell de-regulation due to HLA ligand binding KIR receptors may be involved in the patho-physiology of ESRD. Upon analyzing the data in this context it was found that C2/C2 donor might improve the clinical outcome of patients having C2 ligands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: Swayam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Avinash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonawane
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.forename: Suraksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D058889:Molecular Typing; D011485:Protein Binding; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D008024:Ligands; D054340:Receptors, KIR