title: Single and combined effects of cadmium and arsenate in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda): understanding the links between physiological and behavioural responses.
abstract: This study aimed at investigating the individual and interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) and arsenate (AsV) in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) through the use of several biomarkers. Individuals were exposed for 240 h to two concentrations of AsV or Cd alone, and all the possible binary mixtures of these concentrations of AsV and Cd in a complete factorial design. The pattern of the biomarkers' responses to Cd and AsV alone or in mixture was similar in Gammarus pulex, even if the response intensity varied depending on the tested conditions. G. pulex responded to contamination with increased mobilization of the detoxification systems [i.e. γ-glutamyl-cystein ligase activity (GCL), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and metallothionein concentrations (MT)]. This response seems to imply changes in energy reserve utilization (total lipids and proteins are used prior to glycogen reserves), but also a possible energy reallocation from locomotion to detoxification processes. The observed increase in lipid peroxidation could be relied to the increasing gammarid mortality, despite the higher mobilization of detoxification systems. Even if the outcome of the complex interactions between AsV and Cd remains difficult to unravel, such studies are critically important for better assessing the effects of stressors on organisms, populations and communities in a multi-contamination context of ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), CNRS UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine - Metz, France. celine.vellinger@gmail.com
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vellinger
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gismondi
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Felten
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rousselle
authors.forename: Kahina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehennaoui
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parant
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Usseglio-Polatera
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001149:Arsenates / Q000633:toxicity*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000032:analysis; D009026:Mortality; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001149:Arsenates; D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D011506:Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; C025657:arsenic acid
keywords: Behaviour; Detoxification systems; Energy reserves; Gammarids; Interactive effects; Metal mixture