title: Chronology of Pu isotopes and 236U in an Arctic ice core.
abstract: In the present work, state of the art isotopic fingerprinting techniques are applied to an Arctic ice core in order to quantify deposition of U and Pu, and to identify possible tropospheric transport of debris from former Soviet Union test sites Semipalatinsk (Central Asia) and Novaya Zemlya (Arctic Ocean). An ice core chronology of (236)U, (239)Pu, and (240)Pu concentrations, and atom ratios, measured by accelerator mass spectrometry in a 28.6m deep ice core from the Austfonna glacier at Nordaustlandet, Svalbard is presented. The ice core chronology corresponds to the period 1949 to 1999. The main sources of Pu and (236)U contamination in the Arctic were the atmospheric nuclear detonations in the period 1945 to 1980, as global fallout, and tropospheric fallout from the former Soviet Union test sites Novaya Zemlya and Semipalatinsk. Activity concentrations of (239+240)Pu ranged from 0.008 to 0.254 mBq cm(-2) and (236)U from 0.0039 to 0.053 μBq cm(-2). Concentrations varied in concordance with (137)Cs concentrations in the same ice core. In contrast to previous published results, the concentrations of Pu and (236)U were found to be higher at depths corresponding to the pre-moratorium period (1949 to 1959) than to the post-moratorium period (1961 and 1962). The (240)Pu/(239)Pu ratio ranged from 0.15 to 0.19, and (236)U/(239)Pu ranged from 0.18 to 1.4. The Pu atom ratios ranged within the limits of global fallout in the most intensive period of nuclear atmospheric testing (1952 to 1962). To the best knowledge of the authors the present work is the first publication on biogeochemical cycles with respect to (236)U concentrations and (236)U/(239)Pu atom ratios in the Arctic and in ice cores.
authors.affiliation: Isotope Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Aas, Norway. cato.wendel@umb.no
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Oughton
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skipperud
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Fifield
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Tims
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salbu
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D001345:Autoradiography; D049673:History, 20th Century; D046448:Ice Cover / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011005:Plutonium / Q000032:analysis*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*; D011847:Radioactive Fallout / Q000032:analysis*; D014586:USSR; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011847:Radioactive Fallout; D014501:Uranium; D011005:Plutonium
keywords: (236)U/(239)Pu; (240)Pu/(239)Pu; AMS; Arctic; Atom ratio; Ice core