title: Approach of using established and new laboratory tests to more comprehensively investigate noninfectious and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions--along with the experience in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Noninfectious and nonhaemolytic transfusion reactions are the most common type of transfusion reactions. Several new tests have been made, helping diagnosis and understanding of their pathogenesis. This manuscript provides a review of the literature on currently available tests in association with the approach in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primarily by using key words, more than 100 pertinent articles in the Medline database were identified and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numbers of laboratory tests are available including those for plasma protein levels, plasma protein antibodies, leucocyte and platelet antibodies, serum N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels, serum tryptase levels and genetic microchimerism. Cross-match tests, such as basophil activation test and neutrophil activation test, are also available to determine a causal relationship between the reaction and transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several tests should help to confirm diagnosis and determine causal relationship between adverse reactions and transfusion and to gain an insight into the mechanism of the reaction in some cases, although some of the recently developed tests have not been completely validated.
authors.affiliation: Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001775:Blood Circulation; D005260:Female; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007564:Japan; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D011696:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D065227:Transfusion Reaction
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies
keywords: haemovigilance; laboratory test; nonhaemolytic transfusion reaction