title: Effects of biological sex on the pathophysiology of the heart.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in men and women in industrialized countries. While the effects of biological sex on cardiovascular pathophysiology have long been known, the sex-specific mechanisms mediating these processes have been further elucidated over recent years. This review aims at analysing the sex-based differences in cardiac structure and function in adult mammals, and the sex-based differences in the main molecular mechanisms involved in the response of the heart to pathological situations. It emerged from this review that the sex-based difference is a variable that should be dealt with, not only in basic science or clinical research, but also with regards to therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: UMR-S 942, Inserm, Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Loubina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fazal
authors.forename: Feriel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azibani
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vodovar
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen Solal
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delcayre
authors.forename: Jane-Lise
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Samuel
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: cardiac failure; gender; heart; hypertrophy