title: Release of propolis phenolic acids from semisolid formulations and their penetration into the human skin in vitro.
abstract: Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects are attributed to phenolic compounds present in propolis, and when delivered to the skin surface and following penetration into epidermis and dermis, they can contribute to skin protection from damaging action of free radicals that are formed under UV and premature skin aging. This study was designed to determine the penetration of phenolic acids and vanillin into the human skin in vitro from experimentally designed vehicles. Results of the study demonstrated the ability of propolis phenolic acids (vanillic, coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids) and vanillin to penetrate into skin epidermis and dermis. The rate of penetration and distribution is affected both by physicochemical characteristics of active substances and physical structure and chemical composition of semisolid vehicle. Vanillin and vanillic acid demonstrated relatively high penetration through epidermis into dermis where these compounds were concentrated, coumaric and ferulic acids were uniformly distributed between epidermis and dermis, and caffeic acid slowly penetrated into epidermis and was not determined in dermis. Further studies are deemed relevant for the development of semisolid topically applied systems designed for efficient delivery of propolis antioxidants into the skin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičius Street 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Modestas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zilius
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramanauskienė
authors.forename: Vitalis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Briedis