title: Biological basis of suicide and suicidal behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Suicide is a major public health concern as each year 30000 people die by suicide in the USA alone. In the teenage population, it is the second leading cause of death. There have been extensive studies of psychosocial factors associated with suicide and suicidal behavior. However, very little is known about the neurobiology of suicide. Recent research has provided some understanding of the neurobiology of suicide, which is the topic of this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurobiology of suicide has been studied using peripheral tissues such as platelets, lymphocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from suicidal patients or from the postmortem brains of suicide victims.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies have provided encouraging information with regard to the neurobiology of suicide. They show an abnormality of the serotonergic mechanism, such as increased serotonin receptor subtypes and decreased serotonin metabolites (e.g. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid). These studies also suggest abnormalities of receptor-linked signaling mechanisms such as phosphoinositide and adenylyl cyclase. Other biological systems that appear to be dysregulated in suicide involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors. More recently, several studies have also indicated abnormalities of neuroimmune functions in suicide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some encouraging information emerged from the present review, primarily related to some of the neurobiological mechanisms mentioned above. It is hoped that neurobiological studies may eventually result in the identification of appropriate biomarkers for suicidal behavior as well as appropriate therapeutic targets for its treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. gpandey@psych.uic.edu
authors.forename: Ghanshyam N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D009446:Neurobiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D012701:Serotonin; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; cAMP response element-binding protein; cytokines; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; norepinephrine; protein kinase A; protein kinase C; serotonin; serotonin receptors; suicide