title: Extracellular RNA liberates tumor necrosis factor-α to promote tumor cell trafficking and progression.
abstract: Extracellular RNA (eRNA) released from injured cells promotes tissue permeability, thrombosis, and inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and RNase1 pretreatment can reduce all these effects. In this study, we investigated the role of the eRNA/RNase1 system in tumor progression and metastasis. Under quiescent and stimulatory conditions, tumor cells released much higher levels of endogenous extracellular RNA (eRNA) than nontumor cells. In glioblastomas, eRNA was detected at higher levels in tumors than nontumor tissue. eRNA induced tumor cells to adhere to and migrate through human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMEC/D3), in a manner requiring activation of VEGF signaling. In addition, eRNA liberated TNF-α from macrophages in a manner requiring activation of the TNF-α-converting enzyme TACE. Accordingly, supernatants derived from eRNA-treated macrophages enhanced tumor cell adhesion to HCMEC/D3. TNF-α release evoked by eRNA relied upon signaling activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the NF-κB pathway. In subcutaneous xenograft models of human cancer, administration of RNase1 but not DNase decreased tumor volume and weight. Taken together, these results suggest that eRNA released from tumor cells has the capacity to promote tumor cell invasion through endothelial barriers by both direct and indirect mechanisms, including through a mechanism involving TNF-α release from tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. Our findings establish a crucial role for eRNA in driving tumor progression, and they suggest applications for extracellular RNase1 as an antiinvasive regimen for cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. silvia.fischer@biochemie.med.uni-giessen.de
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gesierich
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Griemert
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schänzer
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Acker
authors.forename: Hellmut G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Klaus T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Preissner
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018450:Disease Progression; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D012313:RNA; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D012260:Ribonucleases; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein; C000606462:ADAM17 protein, human; C000606463:Adam17 protein, mouse