title: Occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in N.E. Spanish surface waters and their removal in a drinking water treatment plant that combines conventional and advanced treatments in parallel lines.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are two emerging contaminants that have been detected in all environmental compartments. However, while most of the studies in the literature deal with their presence or removal in wastewater treatment, few of them are devoted to their detection in treated drinking water and fate during drinking water treatment. In this study, analyses of PFOS and PFOA have been carried out in river water samples and in the different stages of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) which has recently improved its conventional treatment process by adding ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis in a parallel treatment line. Conventional and advanced treatments have been studied in several pilot plants and in the DWTP, which offers the opportunity to compare both treatments operating simultaneously. From the results obtained, neither preoxidation, sand filtration, nor ozonation, removed both perfluorinated compounds. As advanced treatments, reverse osmosis has proved more effective than reverse electrodialysis to remove PFOA and PFOS in the different configurations of pilot plants assayed. Granular activated carbon with an average elimination efficiency of 64±11% and 45±19% for PFOS and PFOA, respectively and especially reverse osmosis, which was able to remove ≥99% of both compounds, were the sole effective treatment steps. Trace levels of PFOS (3.0-21 ng/L) and PFOA (<4.2-5.5 ng/L) detected in treated drinking water were significantly lowered in comparison to those measured in precedent years. These concentrations represent overall removal efficiencies of 89±22% for PFOA and 86±7% for PFOS.
authors.affiliation: Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cintia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin-Alonso
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caixach
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002606:Charcoal; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005374:Filtration; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D002606:Charcoal; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Advanced treatment; Drinking water treatment plant; LC–MS/MS; Perfluorooctane sulfonate; Perfluorooctanoate; Reverse osmosis