title: Assessment of cerebellar pulsation in dogs with and without Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia using cardiac-gated cine magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Canine Chiari-like malformation (CM) is characterised by herniation of part of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum. In humans with Chiari type I malformation (CM-I), abnormal pulsation of the cerebellum during the cardiac cycle has been documented and is pivotal to theories for the pathogenesis of syringomyelia (SM). In this retrospective study, cardiac-gated cine balanced fast field echo (bFEE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess pulsation of the brain in dogs and to objectively measure the degree of cerebellar pulsation with the neck in a flexed position. Overall, 17 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with CM, including eight with SM and nine without SM, were compared with six small breed control dogs. Linear regions of interest were generated for the length of cerebellar herniation from each phase of the cardiac cycle and the degree of cerebellar pulsation was subsequently calculated. Age, bodyweight and angle of neck flexion were also compared. CKCS with CM and SM had significantly greater pulsation of the cerebellum than control dogs (P=0.003) and CKCS with CM only (P=0.031). There was no significant difference in age, bodyweight and angle of neck flexion between the three groups. Cardiac-gated cine bFEE MRI permitted the dynamic visualisation of cerebellar pulsation in dogs. These findings support the current theories regarding the pathogenesis of SM secondary to CM and further highlight the similarities between canine CM and human CM-I.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL97TA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: cdriver@rvc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bunck
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Van Ham
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Volk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013595:Syringomyelia / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; Chiari-like malformation; Cine MRI; Syringomyelia