title: Bovine colostrum improves intestinal function following formula-induced gut inflammation in preterm pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Only few hours of formula feeding may induce proinflammatory responses and predispose to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm pigs. We hypothesized that bovine colostrum, rich in bioactive factors, would improve intestinal function in preterm pigs following an initial exposure to formula feeding after some days of total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
  
  
  METHODS
  After receiving TPN for 2 days, preterm pigs were fed formula (FORM, n = 14), bovine colostrum (COLOS, n = 6), or formula (6 h) followed by bovine colostrum (FCOLOS, n = 14). Intestinal lesions, function, and structure, abundance and location of bacteria, and inflammation markers were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NEC severity and interleukins (IL)-1β and -8 protein concentrations were lower, while villus height, galactose absorption, and brush-border enzyme activities were increased in the distal small intestine in COLOS and FCOLOS pigs, relative to FORM pigs. Intestinal gene expression of serum amyloid A, IL-1β, -6 and -8, and bacterial abundance, correlated positively with NEC severity of the distal small intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bovine colostrum restores intestinal function after initial formula-induced inflammation in preterm pigs. Further studies are required to test if bovine colostrum may also benefit preterm infants during the challenging transition from total parenteral nutrition to enteral nutrition, when human milk is unavailable.
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: acfst@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Ann Cathrine F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Støy
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: pmhh@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Peter M H
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: ttn@life.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thymann
authors.affiliation: The Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-Aarhus C, Denmark. Electronic address: mette.bjerre@ki.au.dk.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerre
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: kesk@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skovgaard
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: mboy@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boye
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture - Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: bstoll@bcm.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences/Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: mhs@life.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8030 Tjele C, Denmark. Electronic address: bentborg.jensen@agrsci.dk.
authors.forename: Bent B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: psa@life.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Per T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sangild
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002417:Cattle; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000473:pathology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D041941:Milk Substitutes; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein
keywords: Animal model; Bovine colostrum; Inflammation; Necrotizing enterocolitis