title: Range image of the velopharynx produced using a 3-D endoscope with pattern projection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure movements of the velopharynx in detail, a novel method of producing range images of the velopharynx was developed using a 3-D endoscope. The purpose of this paper is to introduce this system and to clarify its accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard errors of repeated measurements, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), ICC(1,1) for intrarater reliability, and ICC(2,1) for interrater reliability were measured using a phantom of the nasopharynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  An endoscopic measuring system was developed in which a pattern projection system was incorporated into a commercially available 3-D endoscope. Right and left images of the endoscope were integrated into one video file and digitized at a horizontal and vertical resolution of 640 × 480 pixels, as odd and even scanning lines, respectively. After separation of the video file into right and left images by interlace interpolation, correcting the distortion of the camera images, rectifying, and stereo-matching range images of the velopharynx were produced. The distances between two points, which were marked at an interval of 5 mm on the uvula and the pharynx of the phantom, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standard errors of repeated measurements were 0.02 horizontally and 0.01 vertically. The ICC(1,1) and ICC(2,1) were 0.83 and 0.94, and both correlation coefficients were considered to be "almost perfect."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present endoscopic measuring system provided relatively accurate and reliable range images of the velopharynx, and enabled quantitative analysis of movements of the velopharynx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Ruriko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Yoshiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueyama
mesh_terms: D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D055158:Velopharyngeal Sphincter / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: 3-D endoscope; pattern projection; velopharynx