title: Proteomic changes in HEK-293 cells induced by hepatitis delta virus replication.
abstract: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection greatly increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus chronically infected patients. HDV is highly dependent on host factors for accomplishment of the replication cycle. However, these factors are largely unknown and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of the virus still remain elusive. Here, we made use of the HEK-293 cell line, which was engineered in order to mimic HDV replication. Five different proteomes were analyzed and compared using a MS-based quantitative proteomics approach by (18)O/(16)O stable isotope labeling. About 3000 proteins were quantified and 89 found to be differentially expressed as a consequence HDV RNA replication. The down-regulation of p53 , HSPE, and ELAV as well as the up-regulation of Transportin 1 , EIF3D, and Cofilin 1 were validated by Western blot. A systems biology approach was additionally used to analyze altered pathways and networks. The G2/M DNA damage checkpoint and pyruvate metabolism were among the most affected pathways, and Cancer was the most likely disease associated to HDV replication. Western blot analysis allowed identifying 14-3-3 σ interactor as down-regulated protein acting in the G2/M cell cycle control checkpoint. This evidence supports deregulation of G2/M checkpoint as a possible mechanism involved in the promotion of HDV associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This manuscript provides a description of changes observed in the cellular proteome that arise as result of expression of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) antigen as well as virus genome replication. Using a systems biology approach cancer was found to be the most probable disease associated with HDV replication. Additionally, results show that HDV alters the regulation of G2/M cell cycle control checkpoint. Taken together, our data provide new insights into probable mechanisms associated with the increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma observed in HDV infected patients.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Hernandez
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunha
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002472:Cell Transformation, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000235:genetics; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000235:genetics; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D003699:Hepatitis D / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003698:Hepatitis Delta Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome
keywords: Cancer; Delta antigen; Hepatitis delta virus; Proteome analysis