title: Enhancing biomass energy yield from pilot-scale high rate algal ponds with recycling.
abstract: This paper investigates the effect of recycling on biomass energy yield in High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs). Two 8 m(3) pilot-scale HRAPs treating primary settled sewage were operated in parallel and monitored over a 2-year period. Volatile suspended solids were measured from both HRAPs and their gravity settlers to determine biomass productivity and harvest efficiency. The energy content of the biomass was also measured. Multiplying biomass productivity and harvest efficiency gives the 'harvestable biomass productivity' and multiplying this by the energy content defines the actual 'biomass energy yield'. In Year 1, algal recycling was implemented in one of the ponds (HRAPr) and improved harvestable biomass productivity by 58% compared with the control (HRAPc) without recycling (HRAPr: 9.2 g/m(2)/d; HRAPc: 5.8 g/m(2)/d). The energy content of the biomass grown in HRAPr, which was dominated by Pediastrun boryanum, was 25% higher than the control HRAPc which contained a mixed culture of 4-5 different algae (HRAPr: 21.5 kJ/g; HRAPc: 18.6 kJ/g). In Year 2, HRAPc was then seeded with the biomass harvested from the P. boryanum dominated HRAPr. This had the effect of shifting algal dominance from 89% Dictyosphaerium sp. (which is poorly-settleable) to over 90% P. boryanum in 5 months. Operation of this pond was then switched to recycling its own harvested biomass, which maintained P. boryanum dominance for the rest of Year 2. This result confirms, for the first time in the literature, that species control is possible for similarly sized co-occurring algal colonies in outdoor HRAP by algal recycling. With regard to the overall improvement in biomass energy yield, which is a critical parameter in the context of algal cultivation for biofuels, the combined improvements that recycling triggered in biomass productivity, harvest efficiency and energy content enhanced the harvested biomass energy yield by 66% (HRAPr: 195 kJ/m(2)/day; HRAPc: 118 kJ/m(2)/day).
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA), P. O. Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand. j.park@niwa.co.nz
authors.forename: J B K
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Craggs
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shilton
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D006112:Gravitation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D061005:Ponds; D059027:Recycling; D013816:Thermodynamics; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Algae; Algal recycling; Algal species control; Biofuels; Biomass production; Energy yield; High rate algal ponds; Wastewater treatment