title: Mycoflora and mycotoxin contamination of Roundup Ready soybean harvested in the Pampean Region, Argentina.
abstract: A total of 89 freshly harvested soybean seed samples (Roundup Ready [transgenic] soybean cultivars) from the 2010/2011 crop season were collected from five locations in the Northern Pampean Region II, Argentina. These samples were analyzed for internal mycoflora, toxin production of isolated fungi, and for a range of mycotoxins. Mycotoxin analysis of aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FBs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was done by HPLC-FLD (high performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization), alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether with HPLC-UV (HPLC with UV detection), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, fusarenon X, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol were analyzed by GC-ECD (gas chromatography with electron capture detector). Fungal colonization was more frequently found for samples from América, Saladillo and Trenque Lauquen than for samples from General Villegas and Trenel; a total of 1,401 fungal isolates were obtained from the soybean seeds. The most commonly identified fungal genera were Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phomopsis and Fusarium. Alternaria alternata, A.tenuissima, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium verticillioides and F.semitectum were the predominant toxigenic fungal species. Mycotoxin production was confirmed for several isolates of toxigenic species, including Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, Alternaria alternata, A.tenuissima, Fusarium graminearum, F semitectum and F. verticillioides. In particular, the percentage of mycotoxigenic Alternaria alternata (100%), A.tenuissima (95%) and aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus (57%) were remarkably high. Although none of the mycotoxins, AFs, ZEA, FBs, trichothecenes and OTA, were directly detected in samples of soybean seeds, the frequent presence of toxigenic fungal species indicates the risk of multiple mycotoxin contamination.
authors.affiliation: Fundación de Investigaciones Científicas Teresa Benedicta de la Cruz, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carolina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Héctor H L
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: María Paula
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.forename: Silvia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Resnik
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pacin
mesh_terms: D001118:Argentina; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins