title: A multivariate-based wavenumber selection method for classifying medicines into authentic or counterfeit classes.
abstract: Attenuated total reflectance (ATR), a sampling technique by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, has been adopted as an analytical tool for detecting fraudulent medicines. The spectrum generated by FTIR-ATR typically relies on hundreds of equally spaced wavenumbers which may reduce the performance of techniques tailored to classify samples into classes, i.e., authentic or fraudulent. This paper proposes a novel method for selecting subsets of wavenumbers (variables) that better classify samples into such classes. For that matter, principal components analysis (PCA) is integrated to the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification technique. PCA is applied to FTIR-ATR data, and a variable importance index is built on the PCA outputs. An iterative backward variable elimination is started guided by that index; after each variable removal, samples are categorized into authentic or fraudulent classes using KNN, and the classification accuracy is measured. The wavenumber subset compromising high accuracy and reduced percent of retained variables is chosen. When applied to Cialis FTIR-ATR data, the proposed approach retained only average 1.84% of the original variables and increased the classification accuracy average 2.1%, to 0.9897 from 0.9689; as for Viagra data, the method increased average classification accuracy 1.56%, from 0.9135 to 0.9278, using only 7.72% of the original variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-190 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. michel.anzanello@gmail.com
authors.forename: Michel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Anzanello
authors.forename: Rafael S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Renata P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Limbergerb
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayorga
mesh_terms: D058110:Counterfeit Drugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D058110:Counterfeit Drugs; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations