title: Synthesis and characterization of a high-affinity NOTA-conjugated bombesin antagonist for GRPR-targeted tumor imaging.
abstract: The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR/BB2) is a molecular target for the visualization of prostate cancer. This work focused on the development of high-affinity, hydrophilic, antagonistic, bombesin-based imaging agents for PET and SPECT. The bombesin antagonist analog d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 ([d-Phe(6),Sta(13),Leu(14)]bombesin[6-14]) was synthesized and conjugated to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N″-triacetic acid (NOTA) via a diethylene glycol (PEG2) linker. The resulting conjugate, NOTA-PEG2-[d-Phe(6),Sta(13),Leu(14)]bombesin[6-14] (NOTA-P2-RM26), was labeled with (68)Ga (T1/2 = 68 min, positron emitter) and (111)In (T1/2 = 2.8 days, gamma emitter). The labeling stability, specificity, inhibition efficiency (IC50), and dissociation constant (KD) of both labeled compounds as well as their cellular retention and internalization were investigated. The pharmacokinetics of the dual isotope ((111)In/(68)Ga)-labeled peptide in both normal NMRI mice and PC-3 tumor-bearing Balb/c nu/nu mice was also studied. NOTA-P2-RM26 was labeled with (111)In and (68)Ga at a radiochemical yield of >98%. Both conjugates were shown to have high specificity and binding affinity for GRPR. The KD value was determined to be 23 ± 13 pM for the (111)In-labeled compound in a saturation binding experiment. In addition, (nat)In- and (nat)Ga-NOTA-P2-RM26 showed low nanomolar binding inhibition concentrations (IC50 = 1.24 ± 0.29 nM and 0.91 ± 0.19 nM, respectively) in a competitive binding assay. The internalization rate of the radiolabeled conjugates was slow. The radiometal-labeled tracers demonstrated rapid blood clearance via the kidney and GRPR-specific uptake in the pancreas in normal mice. Tumor targeting and biodistribution studies in mice bearing PC-3 xenografts displayed high and specific uptake in tumors (8.1 ± 0.4%ID/g for (68)Ga and 5.7 ± 0.3%ID/g for (111)In) and high tumor-to-background ratios (tumor/blood: 12 ± 1 for (68)Ga and 10 ± 1 for (111)In) after only 1 h p.i. of 45 pmol of peptide. The xenografts were visualized by gamma and microPET cameras shortly after injection. In conclusion, the antagonistic bombesin analog NOTA-PEG2-d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 (NOTA-P2-RM26) is a promisindg candidate for prostate cancer imaging using PET and SPECT/CT.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical PET Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zohreh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Varasteh
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Velikyan
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindeberg
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sörensen
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larhed
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: Ram Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Selvaraju
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malmberg
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tolmachev
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orlova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; C048993:1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid; D001839:Bombesin