title: Controlled rapid sequence induction and intubation - an analysis of 1001 children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Classic rapid sequence induction puts pediatric patients at risk of cardiorespiratory deterioration and traumatic intubation due to their reduced apnea tolerance and related shortened intubation time. A 'controlled' rapid sequence induction and intubation technique (cRSII) with gentle facemask ventilation prior to intubation may be a safer and more appropriate approach in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the benefits and complications of cRSII in a large cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis of all patients undergoing cRSII according to a standardized institutional protocol between 2007 and 2011 in a tertiary pediatric hospital. By means of an electronic patient data management system, vital sign data were reviewed for cardiorespiratory parameters, intubation conditions, general adverse respiratory events, and general anesthesia parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1001 patients with cRSII were analyzed. Moderate hypoxemia (SpO2 80-89%) during cRSII occurred in 0.5% (n = 5) and severe hypoxemia (SpO2 <80%) in 0.3% of patients (n = 3). None of these patients developed bradycardia or hypotension. Overall, one single gastric regurgitation was observed (0.1%), but no pulmonary aspiration could be detected. Intubation was documented as 'difficult' in two patients with expected (0.2%) and in three patients with unexpected difficult intubation (0.3%). The further course of anesthesia as well as respiratory conditions after extubation did not reveal evidence of 'silent aspiration' during cRSII.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Controlled RSII with gentle facemask ventilation prior to intubation supports stable cardiorespiratory conditions for securing the airway in children with an expected or suspected full stomach. Pulmonary aspiration does not seem to be significantly increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. diego.neuhaus@kispi.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D057045:Laryngopharyngeal Reflux / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D063466:Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: emergency; intubation; pediatric anesthesia; pulmonary aspiration; rapid sequence induction