title: Maternal C677T MTHFR polymorphism and environmental factors are associated with cleft lip and palate in a Mexican population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonsyndromic cleft lip and cleft palate (CL/P) is associated with environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors. Maternal polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene have been associated with CL/P.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between the risk of having a child with CL/P and maternal C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms, the intake of folate supplements, and exposure to environmental factors during the first trimester of pregnancy, a case-control study of Mexican mothers (88 case mothers and 116 control mothers) was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire was used to assess exposure to environmental factors. The C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers with the 677CT or 677TT genotype had a higher risk of having a child with CL/P than mothers with the 677CC genotype (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-5.7). An increased risk of having a child with CL/P was associated with the lack of folate supplementation during the first trimester of pregnancy (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.9-7.6), and this risk was greater in the mothers with the 677TT or 677CT genotype than mothers who reported taking folate supplements and had the 677CC genotype (OR, 11.2; 95% CI, 3.3-37.5). Pesticide exposure was associated with CL/P. There was no significant association between either the A1298C variant or tobacco exposure and the risk of CL/P.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that gene-environment interactions play an important role in the development of CL/P.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Academic Unit of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Gro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jose Jesus
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Lopez
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Antonio-Vejar
authors.forename: Emma S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Calderon-Aranda
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huerta-Beristain
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flores-Alfaro
authors.forename: Ma Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moreno-Godinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C573423:MTHFR protein, human; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)