title: Molecular epidemiology of HIV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1/2 in drug abuser inmates in central Javan prisons, Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to determine the current molecular prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and human T lymphotropic virus-1/2 (HTLV-1/2) circulating among drug abuser inmates incarcerated in prisons located in Central Java, Indonesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socio-epidemiological data and blood specimens were collected from 375 drug abuser inmates in four prisons. The blood samples were analyzed with serological and molecular testing for HIV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HTLV-1/2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, HDV, and HTLV-1/2 in drug abuser inmates was 4.8% (18/375), 3.2% (12/375), 34.1% (128/375), 0% (0/375), and 3.7% (14/375), respectively. No co-infections of HIV and HBV were found. Co-infections of HIV/HCV, HIV/HTLV-1/2, HBV/HCV, HBV/HTLV-1/2, and HCV/HTLV-1/2 were prevalent at rates of 4% (15/375), 1.3% (5/375), 1.1% (4/375), 0.3% (1/375), and 2.1% (8/375), respectively. The HIV/HCV co-infection rate was significantly higher in injection drug users (IDUs) compared to non-IDUs. Triple co-infection of HIV/HCV/HTLV-1/2 was found only in three IDUs (0.8%). HIV CRF01_AE was found to be circulating in the inmates. HBV genotype B3 predominated, followed by C1. Subtypes adw and adr were found. HCV genotype 1a predominated among HCV-infected inmates, followed by 1c, 3k, 3a, 4a, and 1b. All HTLV-1 isolates shared 100% homology with HTLV-1 isolated in Japan, while all of the HTLV-2 isolates were subtype 2a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug abuser inmates in prisons may offer a unique community to bridge prevention and control of human blood-borne virus infection to the general community.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Indonesia. afie.agp.la@gmail.com
authors.forename: Afiono Agung
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Prasetyo
authors.forename: Paramasari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dirgahayu
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.forename: Hudiyono
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hudiyono
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015491:HTLV-II Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015367:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D012698:Serologic Tests; D055815:Young Adult