title: Early progression of diabetic nephropathy correlates with methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidation products (OPs) are proposed to lead to progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We investigated the relationship between AGEs, OPs, and progression of DN in 103 subjects with type 1 diabetes participating in the Natural History of Diabetic Nephropathy Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mean age of subjects was 17.6±7.4 years, and mean duration of diabetes was 8.3±4.9 years. All patients were normoalbuminuric. Change in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width from baseline to 5 years, measured using electron micrographs of renal biopsies, was our primary end point, and mesangial fractional volume was a secondary end point. Fast progressors (FPs) were defined as those in the upper quartile of GBM change, and the remaining patients were classified as slow progressors (SPs). AGEs (3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal hydroimidazolones [MGHI]), carboxymethyl lysine (CML), carboxyethyl lysine (CEL), and OPs (methionine sulfoxide and 2-aminoadipic acid) were measured at year 5 by liquid chromatography/triple-quadruple mass spectroscopy on 10-K plasma filtrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that MGHI, CEL, and CML levels were significantly higher in FPs relative to SPs. No product predicted mesangial expansion. A model containing only HbA1c accounted for 4.7% of GBM width variation, with the total variability explained by the model increasing to 11.6% when MGHI, CEL, and CML were added to the regression model (7.9% increase). MGHI was a significant independent predictor of FP. Using a logistic regression model to relate each biomarker to the probability of a subject's classification as an FP, CML, CEL, and MGHI, but not HbA1c, showed a significant relationship to the probability of FP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that these three major AGEs may be early indicators of progression of important DN lesions.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Paul J. Beisswenger, paul.j.beisswenger@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beisswenger
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007093:Imidazoles; C117197:imidazolone; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde