title: Efficacy of intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for cancer in the middle third of the stomach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which generally is not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important priority during totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG). This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative gastroscopy for direct marking of tumors during TLG for gastric cancer in the middle third of the stomach.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 2011 through July 2012, 20 patients with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the middle third of the stomach were enrolled in this case series. Preoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization was not performed for these patients. After the first portion of the duodenum was mobilized from the pancreas and clamped with a laparoscopic intestinal clamp, 2-3 ml of indigo carmine was administered through an endoscopic injector into the gastric muscle layer at the proximal margin of the tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on intraoperative gastroscopic findings, distal subtotal gastrectomy was performed for 18 patients, with the authors deciding to perform total gastrectomy for two patients. A specimen was extracted after distal gastrectomy to confirm sufficient distance from the resection margin to the tumor before reconstruction. All the patients had tumor-free margins and required no additional resection. No morbidity related to gastroscopic procedure occurred, and the time required has been gradually decreased to about 5 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization is an accurate and comfortable method for gastric cancer patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, San-5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 422-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Cheul Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Sang-Uk
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yong Kwan
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013525:Surgical Instruments