title: Characteristics and magnitude of acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries associated with pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures--11 states, 2000-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excluding disinfectants, pyrethrins and pyrethroids are the pesticides used most commonly in and around homes. Respiratory effects and paresthesia are among the concerns about pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute pesticide-related illness/injury cases were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks-Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation from 2000-2008. Characteristics and incidence rates were determined for acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness/injury cases. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds of respiratory and dermal symptoms in persons with illness/injury following pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposure compared to persons with illness/injury following exposure to other pesticides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4,974 cases of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness were identified. Incidence rates increased over time, reaching 8 cases/million population in 2008. The majority of cases were low severity (85%) and 34% were work-related. Respiratory effects were the most common symptoms reported (48%). Risk of acute respiratory effects were significantly elevated among persons exposed only to pyrethrins (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.49-2.16), only to pyrethroids (aOR 1.99 95% CI: 1.77-2.24), to a mixture of pyrethroids (aOR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.99-2.81) or to a mixture containing both pyrethrins and pyrethroids (aOR 2.99; 95% CI: 2.33-3.84) compared to those with illness arising from exposure to other pesticides. The most common factors contributing to pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness included exposure from spills/splashes, improper storage, and failure to evacuate during pesticide application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid-related illness/injury is relatively low but is increasing. As such, additional measures to prevent them are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Naomi L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kasner
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mehler
authors.forename: Abby
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonnar-Prado
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lackovic
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mulay
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larios
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waltz
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moraga-McHaley
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roisman
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calvert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: illness; pesticide; pyrethrin; pyrethroid; surveillance