title: Incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rampant and injudicious use of broad spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients has increased the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD). Though antibiotic use is the best known risk factor for CDAD, the occurrence of community acquired C. difficile suggests the presence of other risk factors too. However CDAD is still under-recognized in India and Asia. Therefore we undertook a prospective study to determine the incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 patients of antibiotic associated diarrhoea (AAD) and 50 age and sex matched controls were studied prospectively over a period of 1 year. Controls were patients on antibiotics who did not have diarrhoea. All other causes of diarrhoea were ruled out. Fresh stool samples were examined for the presence of C. difficile toxin A and B by the enzyme-linked immunofluorescence assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5 patients in the AAD group (10%) and 3 patients in the control group (6%) were positive for C. difficile toxin A and B. 5 (10%) patients in the control group showed equivocal results. Out of the 5 CDAD patients, 4 (80%) were males and 1 was a female (p = 2, not significant). 3 patients were from the MICU and 2 were from the medical wards. The median age of the patients was 39 years. Only 1 male patient was > 60 years old (p = 0.781, not significant). All 5 CDAD patients were on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and 2 had Ryle's tube inserted (p = 0.22, not significant). Only 2 patients had leucocytosis (p = 1.67, not significant) and none showed faecal leucocytosis. So out of 100 patients on antibiotics, 8 (8%) tested positive for C. difficile toxins in their stools. However, only 5 (5%) had diarrhoea (CDAD) whereas 3 (3%) were asymptomatic carriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of CDAD in our hospital was 10% of the 50 patients with AAD. The asymptomatic carriage rate was 6%. All the cases had mild to moderate diarrhoea and were responsive to metronidazole unlike the west where the incidence is higher and the disease more severe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, T.N. Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai.
authors.forename: Mala V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Kaneria
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors