title: Breast cancer mortality trends in England and the assessment of the effectiveness of mammography screening: population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether mortality statistics show an effect of mammographic screening on population-based breast cancer mortality in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Joinpoint regression analyses, and other analyses, of population-based mortality data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of mortality rates in the Oxford region, UK (1979-2009) because, unlike the rest of England, all causes of death mentioned on each death certificate for its residents (not just the underlying cause) are available prior to commencement of the English National Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP). In addition, analysis of English national breast cancer mortality rates (1971-2009).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women who died from breast cancer in the Oxford region (1979--2009) and England (1971--2009) MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age-specific mortality rates, and age-standardized mortality rates. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to estimate years ('joinpoints') in which trends changed, and annual percentage change between joinpoints, with confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Oxford region, trends for breast cancer mortality based on underlying cause and on mentions were very similar. For all ages combined, mortality rates peaked for both underlying cause and mentions in 1985 and then started to decline, prior to the introduction of the NHSBSP in 1988. Between 1979 and 2009, for mortality measured as underlying cause, rates declined by -2.1% (95% CI -2.7 to -1.4) per year for women aged 40-49 years (unscreened), and by the same percentage per year (-2.1% [-2.4 to -1.7]) for women aged 50-64 years (screened). In England, the first estimated changes in trend occurred prior to the introduction of screening, or before screening was likely to have had an effect (between 1982 and 1989). Thereafter, the downward trend was greatest in women aged under 40 years: -2.0% per year (-2.8 to -1.2) in 1988-2001 and -5.0% per year (-6.7 to -3.3) in 2001-2009. There was no evidence that declines in mortality rates were consistently greater in women in age groups and cohorts that had been screened at all, or screened several times, than in other (unscreened) women, in the same time periods. Conclusions Mortality statistics do not show an effect of mammographic screening on population-based breast cancer mortality in England.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
authors.forename: Toqir K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mukhtar
authors.forename: David Rg
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldacre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care