title: A multifunctional bichromophoric nanoaggregate for fluorescence imaging and simultaneous photogeneration of RNOS and ROS.
abstract: We report the design, preparation, and properties of a nanoaggregate formed in phosphate buffer solution by a porphyrin-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) conjugate and a nitric oxide photodonor tailored to fit the β-CD cavity. The small nanoassembly with a diameter of about 13 nm exhibits the typical red fluorescence of the porphyrin chromophore. The empty cavity of the β-CD unit in the nanoaggregate is able to accommodate the NO photodonor, thereby forming a supramolecular bichromophoric aggregate with diameter of about 16 nm. This nanoconstruct preserves the fluorescence of the porphyrin core and is able to generate nitric oxide and singlet oxygen under illumination with visible light. The nanoassembly internalizes in melanoma cells, can be mapped therein by fluorescence microscopy, and induces a significant level of cell mortality, probably due to the combined action of reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania (Italy).
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fraix
authors.forename: A Ricardo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Venera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardile
authors.forename: Adriana C E
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Theodossis A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Theodossiou
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yannakopoulou
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sortino
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000737:chemistry; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011166:Porphyrins; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C031215:betadex
keywords: cyclodextrin; fluorescence; light; nitric oxide; phototherapy; porphyrin