title: Exercise and the platelet activator calcium chloride both influence the growth factor content of platelet-rich plasma (PRP): overlooked biochemical factors that could influence PRP treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is strong evidence that exercise affects platelet haemostasis factors, but this potential effect on growth factor concentrations in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has never been studied. In addition, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the effects of activating agents used in conjunction with PRP. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on platelet and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF)-AB, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in PRP. The second aim was to study the effect of the activating agent calcium chloride (CaCl2) on growth factor concentration in relation to different exercise states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study. Ten healthy participants performed 1 h of submaximal exercise with blood being withdrawn immediately pre, post and 18 h following. PRP was prepared in each condition in both an activated CaCl2 and non-activated form. Concentrations of PDGF-AB, HGF, IGF-1 and VEGF were evaluated using standard ELISA systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise had no significant effect on platelet concentration, but significantly suppressed both VEGF and PDGF-AB concentrations. Exercise state had no significant effect on IGF-1 or HGF concentration. Activation with CaCl2 resulted in a significant increase in PDGF-AB and IGF-1 concentrations, unchanged VEGF and significantly reduced HGF concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise significantly impacts on PDGFs in PRP with significantly reduced concentrations of VEGF and PDFG-AB. Furthermore, the activation of PRP with CaCl2 results in a differentiated GF release from platelets. These relevant factors can potentially influence outcome in daily clinical practice and are recommended to be accounted for in future study design.
authors.affiliation: High Performance Sport New Zealand, Millenium Institute of Sport and Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Aspetar; Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Johannes L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tol
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Education, Aspetar; Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Knez
authors.affiliation: CMO Office, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar.
authors.forename: Hakim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chalabi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006401:Hematologic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006401:Hematologic Agents; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C095477:platelet-derived growth factor AB; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D002122:Calcium Chloride
keywords: Exercise physiology; Molecular biochemistry; Sporting injuries