title: Associations between muscle structure and contractile performance in seniors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in muscle structure due to aging occur in a process known as sarcopenia. These changes can alter muscle mechanics during contraction that may limit mobility in seniors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sarcopenia on muscle fascicle length, pennation and belly thickness in a contracting muscle during isokinetic movements. Fascicles within a pennate muscle shorten at a slower velocity than that of the muscle belly, in a process called belly gearing. Belly gearing may be affected by atrophy and so was also tested in these seniors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The gastrocnemii were tested using ultrasound from 10 young adults (20-40 years) and 9 seniors (70-85 years). The muscle structure was imaged during standing and maximal plantarflexion at four constant velocities on a dynamometer and torque, position and time were recorded during contractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The muscle belly thickness and pennation in seniors were significantly lower than young adults during standing. Belly thickness, changes in pennation, the belly gearing, ankle torque and power output were all significantly lower in seniors during plantarflexion contractions of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher pennation observed in young adults is commonly associated with increased fascicle rotations during contraction causing an increased belly gearing. The decreased fascicle rotations in seniors resulted in reduced belly gearing but the size of this effect did not match the loss in strength or power from the muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. ara46@sfu.ca
authors.forename: Avleen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wakeling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged / Q000502:physiology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000502:physiology*; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Atrophy; Elderly; Gastrocnemii; Muscle-gearing; Sarcopenia; Ultrasound