title: Building a European consensus on minimum quality standards for drug treatment, rehabilitation and harm reduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Study on the Development of an EU Framework for Minimum Quality Standards and Benchmarks in Drug Demand Reduction (EQUS) has set up an inventory of quality standards and initiated a consensus-building process, aiming at establishing a set of European minimum quality standards (MQS) for treatment/rehabilitation and harm reduction in the field of drug abuse and dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing documents were collected by country-specific experts and integrated into a predefined framework of quality standards. Agreement, implementation status and expected implementation problems of the proposed standards were assessed by a survey of European stakeholders and the final lists of European MQS were established at a European conference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 349 documents were identified as relevant. Major gaps were identified for ethical and legal standards, and for documents that provide grades of evidence for specific standards. A high level of acceptance was found for the treatment/rehabilitation MQS, while a somewhat lower level was found for the harm reduction MQS. The final lists of MQS were based on at least 80% of acceptance by European experts and stakeholders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high consensus of European MQS for treatment/rehabilitation and harm reduction has been achieved. Further implementation and developmental steps are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaub
authors.forename: Ambros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchtenhagen
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*