title: Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film.
abstract: The concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg(-1) with a median value of 1.70 mg kg(-1), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Wenting
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Zhengao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis*; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010968:Plasticizers; D010969:Plastics; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Phthalate esters; Plastic film; Plasticizers; Soil contamination; Vegetable production