title: Predictors of microinvasion and its prognostic role in ductal carcinoma in situ.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine factors predicting microinvasion and the prognostic role it plays in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of 205 consecutive patients presenting to the Yale Breast Center, New Haven, CT, was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-one (24.9%) patients had microinvasion on pathology. Patients with microinvasion had larger areas of DCIS and were more likely to have high-grade DCIS of the comedo and solid type associated with necrosis and microcalcifications. On multivariate analysis, none of these factors were independent predictors of microinvasion. With a median follow-up of 8.5 years, there was no difference in the recurrence rate or 5-year actuarial survival between those with microinvasion vs those with pure DCIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microinvasion was associated with more extensive DCIS, higher grade, comedo or solid histology, necrosis, and microcalcifications although none of these were found to be an independent predictor of microinvasion. Furthermore, the presence of microinvasion does not seem to significantly increase the risk of recurrence or decrease survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 20 York Street, Breast Cancer, 1st Floor Suite A, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sue
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lannin
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Killelea
authors.forename: Anees B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Chagpar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Ductal carcinoma in situ; Microinvasion; Prognosis