title: Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding in alpacas presented to veterinary hospitals in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of Johne's disease in alpacas in the United States is unknown. The limits of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in alpaca feces have not been determined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of PCR for MAP detection in alpaca feces; and to estimate the prevalence of MAP fecal shedding in alpacas presented to veterinary teaching hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alpacas presenting to 4 US veterinary teaching hospitals from November 2009 to February 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study. Ten dilutions of a wild MAP strain were added to negative alpaca feces and processed for MAP detection by means of a commercial real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay, and cultured on Herrold's Egg Yolk Medium (HEYM) and liquid broth. The limits of detection for each method were determined. Fecal samples from alpacas admitted to the veterinary teaching hospitals during the study period were evaluated for MAP via PCR and HEYM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lowest MAP dilution detectable via PCR was 243 MAP colony-forming units (CFU)/g of feces, at which concentration MAP growth was detectable on HEYM. Ten (6%; 95% confidence interval: 3-9%) of the 180 fecal samples collected were positive on PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymerase chain reaction can provide an accurate and rapid detection of MAP fecal shedding in alpacas; and the prevalence of MAP fecal shedding in hospitalized alpacas in 4 US veterinary teaching hospitals was 6%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA.
authors.forename: M-E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedenice
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Cebra
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Pinn
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: McAdams
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fyock
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Camelid; Detection; Infectious diseases