title: Effects of age, stage of disease, and educational level on cognitive dysfunction in non-demented idiopathic Parkinsonism: A preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinsonism is known to be associated with clinically significant impairments on an array of cognitive deficits. The degree of impairment is dependent not only on the course of the disease, but also on other bio-social factors. The objective of the present study was to examine the cognitive dysfunction in non-demented idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) in relation to age, stage of disease, and educational level in a sample in Kolkata, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 51 (42 males, 9 females) right-handed patients suffering from non-demented IPD, of age between 40 and 82 years. Data were collected during on-phase medication by using the Kolkata Cognitive Screening Battery. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with IPD were impaired in comparison to the available normative data in almost all aspects of cognitive functioning and higher order mental processes. With increasing age, the patients showed greater impairment in delayed memory and recognition task. Patients of more severe stage showed greater impairment in MMSE, delayed recall, and information. Those with lower education had more impaired visuoconstructional ability, information, comprehension, similarities, and arithmetic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Deaddiction, Clinical Psychologist, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, India.
authors.forename: Saptarshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Jayanti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Shyamal Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Amar Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Misra
keywords: Cognitive functions; Idiopathic Parkinson's disease; Kolkata cognitive screening battery