title: Transplant tolerance: new insights and strategies for long-term allograft acceptance.
abstract: One of the greatest advances in medicine during the past century is the introduction of organ transplantation. This therapeutic strategy designed to treat organ failure and organ dysfunction allows to prolong the survival of many patients that are faced with no other treatment option. Today, organ transplantation between genetically dissimilar individuals (allogeneic grafting) is a procedure widely used as a therapeutic alternative in cases of organ failure, hematological disease treatment, and some malignancies. Despite the potential of organ transplantation, the administration of immunosuppressive drugs required for allograft acceptance induces severe immunosuppression in transplanted patients, which leads to serious side effects such as infection with opportunistic pathogens and the occurrence of neoplasias, in addition to the known intrinsic toxicity of these drugs. To solve this setback in allotransplantation, researchers have focused on manipulating the immune response in order to create a state of tolerance rather than unspecific immunosuppression. Here, we describe the different treatments and some of the novel immunotherapeutic strategies undertaken to induce transplantation tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800024 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Yessia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gleisner
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sauma
authors.forename: Cinthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosemblatt
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bono
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents