title: Detection of DSS-induced gastrointestinal mucositis in mice by non-invasive optical near-infrared (NIR) imaging of cathepsin activity.
abstract: Approximately 1.4 million people of the US population suffer from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) of which the most common conditions are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). Colonoscopy and small bowel follow through are considered the current gold standard in diagnosing IBD. However, improved imaging and increased diagnostic sensitivity could be beneficial. Optical molecular imaging has the potential to become a powerful and practical tool for early detection, image-guided biopsy, and surgery in diagnosing and treating patients with IBD. Here we used a well characterized chemical model to initiate experimental IBD in mice by feeding with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) containing drinking water in an attempt to investigate the utility of non-invasive infrared (NIR) optical imaging in the detection gastrointestinal (GI) injury. We employed a "smart probe" (ProSense680) cleaved and fluorescently activated in the NIR-spectrum by various forms of secreted cathepsins. This probe has previously been shown to serve as a biomarker for the homing of inflammatory cells to injury. Our investigation suggests that NIR optical imaging can detect cathepsin-dependent probe cleavage non-invasively in animals with DSS-induced IBD. Increased tissue probe-retention and fluorescence was associated with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, epithelial atrophy and sterilization of the mucosa. Furthermore, using NIR-imaging ex vivo we were able to document regional "hot spots" of inflammatory damage to the large intestine suggesting this method potentially could be coupled with colonoscopy investigation to aid in the sampling and the diagnostics of IBD.
authors.affiliation: Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA. nfinnberg@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Niklas K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Finnberg
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wafik S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: El-Deiry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002403:Cathepsins; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052016:Mucositis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D002403:Cathepsins
keywords: Crohn disease; cathepsin; inflammatory bowel disease; near-infrared; optical imaging; ulcerative colitis