title: Moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure enhances acoustic startle magnitude and disrupts prepulse inhibition in adult rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal alcohol exposure can contribute to a wide range of neurodevelopmental impairments in children and adults including behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. In rhesus monkeys, we examined whether moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure would alter acoustic startle responses and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle. PPI is a highly quantifiable measure of inhibitory neural processes or sensorimotor gating associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acoustic startle and PPI of the acoustic startle were tested in 37 adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from 4 experimental conditions: (i) moderate-level prenatal alcohol-exposed, (ii) prenatally stressed, (iii) moderate-level prenatal alcohol-exposed + prenatally stressed, and (iv) sucrose controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal alcohol-exposed monkeys showed a higher magnitude of acoustic startle response and disrupted PPI compared with monkeys not exposed to alcohol prenatally. Monkeys in all conditions showed higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses after undergoing the startle procedure, but HPA responses were unrelated to startle response magnitude, latency, or PPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding altered PPI in monkeys prenatally exposed to a moderate dose of alcohol suggests that reduced sensorimotor gating is 1 effect of prenatal alcohol exposure. Because reduced sensorimotor gating is observed in many neuropsychiatric disorders, sensorimotor gating deficits could be an aspect of the comorbidity between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and mental health conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Rypstat
authors.forename: Leslie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Resch
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Colleen F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D055139:Sensory Gating / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Acoustic Startle Response; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder; Inhibitory Control; Mental Health; Prepulse Inhibition