title: The levels of processing effect under nitrogen narcosis.
abstract: Previous research has consistently demonstrated that inert gas (nitrogen) narcosis affects free recall but not recognition memory in the depth range of 30 to 50 meters of sea water (msw), possibly as a result of narcosis preventing processing when learned material is encoded. The aim of the current research was to test this hypothesis by applying a levels of processing approach to the measurement of free recall under narcosis. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of depth (0-2 msw vs. 37-39 msw) and level of processing (shallow vs. deep) on free recall memory performance in 67 divers. When age was included as a covariate, recall was significantly worse in deep water (i.e., under narcosis), compared to shallow water, and was significantly higher in the deep processing compared to shallow processing conditions in both depth conditions. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect was not simply due to the different underwater environments used for the depth conditions in Experiment 1. It was concluded memory performance can be altered by processing under narcosis and supports the contention that narcosis affects the encoding stage of memory as opposed to self-guided search (retrieval).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom. wendy.kneller@winchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kneller
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007222:Inert Gas Narcosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012623:Seawater; D013551:Swimming Pools; D055815:Young Adult