title: Transverse musculocutaneous gracilis flap for treatment of capsular contracture in tertiary breast reconstruction.
abstract: Capsular contracture is a common complication associated with implant-based breast reconstruction and augmentation leading to pain, displacement, and rupture. After capsulectomy and implant exchange, the problem often reappears. We performed 52 deepithelialized free transverse musculocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flaps in 33 patients for tertiary breast reconstruction or augmentation of small- and medium-sized breasts. The indications for implant removal were unnatural feel and emotion of their breasts with foreign body feel, asymmetry, pain, and sensation of cold. Anyway, most of the patients did not have a severe capsular contracture deformity. The TMG flap is formed into a cone shape by bringing the tips of the ellipse together. Depending on the contralateral breast, the muscle can also be shaped in an S-form to get more projection if needed. The operating time for unilateral TMG flap breast reconstruction or augmentation was on average 3 hours and for bilateral procedure 5 hours. One patient had a secondary revision of the donor site due to disruption of the normal gluteal fold. Eighty percent of the unilateral TMG flap reconstructions had a lipofilling procedure afterward to correct small irregularities or asymmetry. The advantages of the TMG flap such as short harvesting time, inconspicuous donor site, and the possibility of having a natural breast shape make it our first choice to treat capsular contracture after breast reconstruction and augmentation.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck; †Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Linz General Hospital, Linz, Austria; and ‡Department of Hand-, Micro- and Reconstructive Surgery, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pülzl
authors.forename: Georg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Huemer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schoeller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation; D018427:Breast Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D057910:Implant Capsular Contracture / Q000601:surgery*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D013848:Thigh; D016896:Treatment Outcome