title: CD2/CD21 index: a new marker to evaluate udder health in dairy cows.
abstract: Lymphocytes play a significant role in the immunological processes of the bovine mammary gland and were found to be the dominant cell population in the milk of healthy udder quarters. The objective of this study was to investigate the quantitative relationship between CD2(+) T and CD21(+) B lymphocytes using flow cytometry. In a first study, quarter foremilk samples from apparently healthy udder quarters [somatic cell counts (SCC) ≤100,000 cells/mL; n=65] were analyzed and compared with diseased quarters (SCC >100,000 cells/mL; n=15). Percentages of CD2(+) T cells were significantly higher in milk samples with SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL than in those with SCC >100,000 cells/mL, whereas percentages of CD21(+) B cells developed in the opposite direction. As a result of this opposing trend, a new variable, the CD2/CD21 index-representing the percentages of CD2(+) cells per CD21(+) cells-was defined. Although diseased quarters with SCC >100,000 cells/mL and the detection of major pathogens revealed generally CD2/CD21 indices <10, values >10 were observed in apparently healthy quarters. Hence, a CD2/CD21 index cutoff value of 10 may be suitable to aid differentiation between unsuspicious and microbiologically suspicious or diseased udder quarters. To test whether CD2/CD21 indices <10 were primarily related to pathogens, quarters with SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL and >100,000 cells/mL with different bacteriological status (culture negative, or minor or major pathogens) were selectively examined in a second biphasic study. In the first trial, 63 udder quarters were analyzed and 55 of these quarters were able to be sampled again in the second trial carried out 14 d later. In both trials, results of the first study were confirmed. Indeed, CD2/CD21 indices <10 were also found in quarters showing SCC ≤100,000 cells/mL and containing minor or major pathogens at the time of the current or previous bacteriological analysis. The results of our examinations indicated a clear relationship between the CD2/CD21 index and the bacteriological status of the mammary gland. In combination with SCC, it offers a new marker for quick differentiation of unsuspicious and microbiologically suspicious or diseased udder quarters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Diesterbeck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zschöck
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wolter
authors.forename: C-P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Czerny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018801:CD2 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018655:Lymphocyte Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D008892:Milk / Q000166:cytology; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018801:CD2 Antigens; D017464:Receptors, Complement 3d
keywords: flow cytometry; lymphocyte; mastitis; udder health marker