title: Non-linear feeding functional responses in the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) predict immediate negative impact of wetland degradation on this flagship species.
abstract: Accurate knowledge of the functional response of predators to prey density is essential for understanding food web dynamics, to parameterize mechanistic models of animal responses to environmental change, and for designing appropriate conservation measures. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), a flagship species of Mediterranean wetlands, primarily feed on Artemias (Artemia spp.) in commercial salt pans, an industry which may collapse for economic reasons. Flamingos also feed on alternative prey such as Chironomid larvae (e.g., Chironomid spp.) and rice seeds (Oryza sativa). However, the profitability of these food items for flamingos remains unknown. We determined the functional responses of flamingos feeding on Artemias, Chironomids, or rice. Experiments were conducted on 11 captive flamingos. For each food item, we offered different ranges of food densities, up to 13 times natural abundance. Video footage allowed estimating intake rates. Contrary to theoretical predictions for filter feeders, intake rates did not increase linearly with increasing food density (type I). Intake rates rather increased asymptotically with increasing food density (type II) or followed a sigmoid shape (type III). Hence, flamingos were not able to ingest food in direct proportion to their abundance, possibly because of unique bill structure resulting in limited filtering capabilities. Overall, flamingos foraged more efficiently on Artemias. When feeding on Chironomids, birds had lower instantaneous rates of food discovery and required more time to extract food from the sediment and ingest it, than when filtering Artemias from the water column. However, feeding on rice was energetically more profitable for flamingos than feeding on Artemias or Chironomids, explaining their attraction for rice fields. Crucially, we found that food densities required for flamingos to reach asymptotic intake rates are rarely met under natural conditions. This allows us to predict an immediate negative effect of any decrease in prey density upon flamingo foraging performance.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat Le Sambuc, 13200, Arles, France ; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Deville
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grémillet
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gauthier-Clerc
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillemain
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Von Houwald
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gardelli
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Béchet
keywords: Artemia spp; attack rate; conservation; filter feeder; food intake rate; handling time; salt pans