title: Clinicopathological features and CCT2 and PDIA2 expression in gallbladder squamous/adenosquamous carcinoma and gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a relatively uncommon carcinoma among gastrointestinal cancers and usually has a rather poor prognosis. The most common subtype of GBC is adenocarcinoma (AC), which accounts for about 90% of GBC. Squamous carcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma (SC/ASC) are comparatively rare histopathological subtypes of GBC. The clinicopathological features and biological behaviors of SC/ASC have not been well-characterized. No molecular biomarkers are currently available for predicting the progression, metastasis, and prognosis of the SC/ASC subtype of GBC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the expression levels of CCT2 and PDIA3 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in human GBC tissue samples collected from 46 patients with SC/ASC and evaluated the clinicopathological significance of both CCT2 and PDIA3 expression in the SC/ASC subtypes of GBC by Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. For comparison, we included specimens from 80 AC patients in our study to investigate the specificity of CCT2 and PDIA3 expression in GBC subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the positive expression of CCT2 and PDIA3 was significantly associated with clinicopathological features of both SC/ASC and AC specimens, including high TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis revealed that the two-year survival rate was significantly lower for patients with positive expression of CCT2 and PDIA3 than for those with negative expression. Multivariate analysis also indicated that the positive expression of CCT2 and PDIA3 was negatively correlated with poor postoperative patient survival and positively correlated with high mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that positive expression of CCT2 or PDIA3 is associated with tumor progression and the clinical behavior of gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, CCT2 and PDIA3 could be potentially important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for both SC/ASC and AC subtypes of GBC.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Zhu-lin
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jing-he
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lu-feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Gui-xiang
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Sen-lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018196:Carcinoma, Adenosquamous / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D056404:Chaperonin Containing TCP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C533298:CCT2 protein, human; D056404:Chaperonin Containing TCP-1; C526504:PDIA2 protein, human; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases