title: How to approach hypercalcaemia.
abstract: The management of patients with hypercalcaemia should be informed by the patient's symptoms and signs, by the degree of elevation of calcium, by the underlying mechanism by which calcium has been elevated and by the disease process underlying the presentation. Regardless of diagnosis, all significantly hypercalcaemic patients should be rendered euvolaemic before any further and more specific treatment is considered. Highly symptomatic patients and those with a calcium level of > 3.5 mmol represent a medical emergency that requires inpatient treatment.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gittoes
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000097:blood*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000150:complications; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004164:Diphosphonates; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Hypercalcaemia; bisphosphonates; hyperparathyroidism; malignancy; vitamin D