title: IDEAL framework for surgical innovation 2: observational studies in the exploration and assessment stages.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery Division, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1. patrick.ergina@muhc.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ergina
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions; D019370:Observation / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards*