title: A Comparative Study on Shoulder Rotational Strength, Range of Motion and Proprioception between the Throwing Athletes and Non-athletic Persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The repetitive micro traumatic stresses placed on the athletes shoulder joint complex during the throwing motion challenge the surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study was to compare shoulder rotational strength, range of motion and proprioception between the throwing athletes and non-athletic persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen throwing athletes and 15 non-athletes participated in a nonrandom case - control study. Strength of shoulder rotational movements was tested with a hand held dynamometer. The ranges of internal and external rotation of shoulder were measured by a standard goniometer. The ability of subjects to replicate the target position and kinesthetic sense was examined on the subjects' right shoulder by using a continuous passive motion device. Independent and paired t tests were used to statistically analyze between and within group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was detected on the range of internal rotation between throwing athletes and non-athletic candidates (P=0.3). The range of external rotation was significantly more in athletic subjects (P=0.03). The results also showed that throwing athletes demonstrated a significantly higher isometric strength of shoulder external and internal rotation than the non-athletic group (P<0.05). However, the comparison of the internal and external rotation strength of dominant side in each group showed that throwing athletes showed a significant lower isometric strength of shoulder external rotation than internal rotation (P<0.001). It was also demonstrated higher joint position acuity in the throwing athletes than non athlete subjects (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repetitive nature of overhead throwing and the high forces that it causes result in adaptive changes of the dominant extremity. Throwing can lead to mobility, strength and neural adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Afsun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nodehi-Moghadam
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nasrin
authors.forename: Aleeyehsadat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kharazmi
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eskandari
keywords: Mobility Impairment; Muscle Weakness; Proprioception; Throwing Athletes