title: Effect of preculture and loading on expression of matrix molecules, matrix metalloproteinases, and cytokines by expanded osteoarthritic chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the pathologic changes that occurs during osteoarthritis (OA) is the degeneration of the pericellular matrix (PCM). Since the PCM is likely to be involved in mechanotransduction, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of PCM-like matrix accumulation in zonal OA chondrocytes and their influence on chondrocyte response to compression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Superficial and middle/deep zone chondrocytes from macroscopically normal cartilage of OA knees were expanded and encapsulated in alginate gels. The effects of compression (short-term or long-term) and preculture on chondrocyte expression of various matrix molecules, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were assessed. Additionally, nonexpanded chondrocytes were encapsulated in alginate and cultured in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and dexamethasone and analyzed following short-term compression experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expanded OA chondrocytes (superficial and middle/deep zone) that were precultured for 2 weeks under free-swelling conditions prior to dynamic compression responded more sensitively to loading and had increased matrix accumulation, increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-4 levels, and decreased levels of MMP-2 (in the middle/deep zone) compared to the nonloaded controls. Compression also decreased MMP-3 and MMP-13 levels even without preculture. Nonexpanded chondrocytes did not respond to compression, but differences in gene expression were found depending on the zone of harvest, time in culture, and medium composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that with predeposited PCM-like matrix, compressive stimulation can enhance matrix protein accumulation in expanded OA chondrocytes. Investigations into how PCM or other matrix components differentially affect this balance under mechanical loading may provide invaluable insight into OA pathogenesis and the use of expanded cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine-based applications.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: June E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schrobback
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meinert
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sramek
authors.forename: Dietmar W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hutmacher
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003907:Dexamethasone; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases