title: In situ high-frequency observations of mycorrhizas.
abstract: Understanding the temporal variation of soil and root dynamics is a major step towards determining net carbon in ecosystems. We describe the installation and structure of an in situ soil observatory and sensing network consisting of an automated minirhizotron with associated soil and atmospheric sensors. Ectomycorrhizal hyphae were digitized daily during 2011 in a Mediterranean climate, high-elevation coniferous forest. Hyphal length was high, but stable during winter in moist and cold soil. As soil began to warm and dry, simultaneous mortality and production indicating turnover followed precipitation events. Mortality continued through the dry season, although some hyphae persisted through the extremes. With autumn monsoons, rapid hyphal re-growth occurred following each event. Relative hyphal length is dependent upon soil temperature and moisture. Soil respiration is related to the daily change in hyphal production, but not hyphal mortality. Continuous sensor and observation systems can provide more accurate assessments of soil carbon dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0334, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0334, USA.
authors.forename: Kuni
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitajima
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development*; D025301:Hyphae / Q000254:growth & development*; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000254:growth & development*; D018517:Plant Roots; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil; D013696:Temperature; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000382:microbiology; D014197:Trees; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
keywords: automated minirhizotron; carbon scaling; conifer forest; ectomycorrhiza; hyphae; production; soil sensor network; turnover