title: Factors related to peri-implantitis - a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrospectively, we assessed the likelihood that peri-implantitis was associated with a history of systemic disease, periodontitis, and smoking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and radiographic bone levels were obtained from individuals with dental implants. Peri-implantitis was defined as described by Sanz & Chapple 2012. Control individuals had healthy conditions or peri-implant mucositis. Information on past history of periodontitis, systemic diseases, and on smoking habits was obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and seventy-two individuals had peri-implantitis (mean age: 68.2 years, SD ± 8.7), and 98 individuals (mean age: 44.7 years, SD ± 15.9) had implant health/peri-implant mucositis. The mean difference in bone level at implants between groups was 3.5 mm (SE mean ± 0.4, 95% CI: 2.8, 4.3, P < 0.001). A history of cardiovascular disease was found in 27.3% of individuals with peri-implantitis and in 3.0% of individuals in the implant health/peri-implant mucositis group. When adjusting for age, smoking, and gender, odds ratio (OR) of having peri-implantitis and a history of cardiovascular disease was 8.7 (95% CI: 1.9, 40.3 P < 0.006), and odds ratio of having a history of periodontitis was 4.5 (95% CI 2.1, 9.7, P < 0.001). Smoking or gender did not significantly contribute to the outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In relation to a diagnosis of peri-implantitis, a high likelihood of comorbidity was expressed by a history of periodontitis and a history of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden; School of Dental Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renvert
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aghazadeh
authors.forename: Hadar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hallström
authors.forename: Gösta Rutger
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Persson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: peri-implantitis; periodontitis; risk assessment; smoking; systemic disease