title: Influence of repeated daily diving on decompression stress.
abstract: Acclimatization (an adaptive change in response to repeated environmental exposure) to diving could reduce decompression stress. A decrease in post-dive circulating venous gas emboli (VGE or bubbles) would represent positive acclimatization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether four days of daily diving alter post-dive bubble grades. 16 male divers performed identical no-decompression air dives on 4 consecutive days to 18 meters of sea water for 47 min bottom times. VGE monitoring was performed with transthoracic echocardiography every 20 min for 120 min post-dive. Completion of identical daily dives resulted in progressively decreasing odds (or logit risk) of having relatively higher grade bubbles on consecutive days. The odds on Day 4 were half that of Day 1 (OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.73). The odds ratio for a >III bubble grade on Day 4 was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.70) when compared to Day 1. The current study indicates that repetitive daily diving may reduce bubble formation, representing a positive (protective) acclimatization to diving. Further work is required to evaluate the impact of additional days of diving and multiple dive days and to determine if the effect is sufficient to alter the absolute risk of decompression sickness.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zanchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ljubkovic
authors.affiliation: Medical Research, Divers Alert Network, Durham, United States.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Denoble
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
authors.affiliation: Medical Research, Divers Alert Network, Durham, United States.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranapurwala
authors.affiliation: Medical Research, Divers Alert Network, Durham, United States.
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D003664:Decompression; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000517:prevention & control; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014680:Veins