title: Bioaugmentation of chromium-polluted soil microcosms with Candida tropicalis diminishes phytoavailable chromium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Localization of Cr(VI) removal activity in Candida tropicalis strain and the study of its Cr(VI) removal capacity in soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Candida tropicalis strain HE650140 showed a remarkable capacity to completely reduce 50 mg l(-1) of Cr(VI) in 48 h under aerobic conditions; however, a small change in total content of chromium in the culture liquid was detected, which can be explained by the formation of Cr(III). Fractionation of the cells showed that chromium removal activity was present in both the cytoplasm and membrane. The bioaugmentation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil microcosms by live and dead biomass showed that yeast inoculation diminishes phytoavailable chromium from soils, improving different growth parameters of clover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Cr(VI) removal activity was found in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions. Both live and dead biomass of C. tropicalis were capable to reduce Cr(VI) in the soil and limit the toxicity of this metal to clover seedlings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is one of the few documents that present the ability of dead yeast to limit phytoavailability of Cr(VI) from soil. This is of great significance in bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bahafid
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tahri Joutey
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boularab
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Ghachtouli
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D041022:Candida tropicalis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D029902:Medicago / Q000254:growth & development; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: Candida tropicalis; Cr(VI) removal; bioaugmentation; bioremediation; cell fractionation; soil