title: Site-specific inhibitory mechanism for amyloid β42 aggregation by catechol-type flavonoids targeting the Lys residues.
abstract: The aggregation of the 42-residue amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Numerous flavonoids exhibit inhibitory activity against Aβ42 aggregation, but their mechanism remains unclear in the molecular level. Here we propose the site-specific inhibitory mechanism of (+)-taxifolin, a catechol-type flavonoid, whose 3',4'-dihydroxyl groups of the B-ring plays a critical role. Addition of sodium periodate, an oxidant, strengthened suppression of Aβ42 aggregation by (+)-taxifolin, whereas no inhibition was observed under anaerobic conditions, suggesting the inhibition to be associated with the oxidation to form o-quinone. Because formation of the Aβ42-taxifolin adduct was suggested by mass spectrometry, Aβ42 mutants substituted at Arg(5), Lys(16), and/or Lys(28) with norleucine (Nle) were prepared to identify the residues involved in the conjugate formation. (+)-Taxifolin did not suppress the aggregation of Aβ42 mutants at Lys(16) and/or Lys(28) except for the mutant at Arg(5). In addition, the aggregation of Aβ42 was inhibited by other catechol-type flavonoids, whereas that of K16Nle-Aβ42 was not. In contrast, some non-catechol-type flavonoids suppressed the aggregation of K16Nle-Aβ42 as well as Aβ42. Furthermore, interaction of (+)-taxifolin with the β-sheet region in Aβ42 was not observed using solid-state NMR unlike curcumin of the non-catechol-type. These results demonstrate that catechol-type flavonoids could specifically suppress Aβ42 aggregation by targeting Lys residues. Although the anti-AD activity of flavonoids has been ascribed to their antioxidative activity, the mechanism that the o-quinone reacts with Lys residues of Aβ42 might be more intrinsic. The Lys residues could be targets for Alzheimer disease therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kazuma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Sumie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Kiyonori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takegoshi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irie
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000682:Amyloid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009646:Norleucine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D002396:Catechols; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D009646:Norleucine; D011794:Quercetin; C003377:taxifolin; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Aggregation; Alzheimers Disease; Amyloid; Catechol; Flavonoid; Neurochemistry; Oxidative Stress; Protein Structure