title: Study of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in tobacco chewers and smokers: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free radical associated damages play a major role in causation of cancer in tobacco habituates. The free radicals released by tobacco bring about alterations in antioxidant levels in humans and these free radical associated damages are reflected through antioxidant enzyme activities in blood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of tobacco consumption on the erythrocyte Antioxidant enzymes-Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) as they act as first line of defense antioxidants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study comprising of 4 study groups of healthy controls (n = 27), smokers (n = 27), tobacco chewers (n = 30) and combination habit (n = 22) were included. Erythrocyte SOD and GPx enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometry. The results were statistically analyzed using one way-Anova and Mann Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data analysis revealed an alteration in mean SOD levels as it was decreased in cases compared to control group where as mean GPx was seen to be increased in cases compared to controls. When SOD and GPx were compared for the frequency and duration of habit, GPx showed a significant decrease in chewers with increase in frequency and duration of habit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study gave us an insight about the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress and tobacco. The altered antioxidant enzyme levels observed in this study will act as a predictor for pre potentially malignant lesions. Therefore an early intervention of tobacco habit and its related oxidative stress would prevent the development of tobacco induced lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, C.K.S.Theja Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Chundru Venkata
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Naga Sirisha
authors.forename: Ram M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Manohar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult; D062789:Tobacco Products
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase