title: The case for a generic phytosanitary irradiation dose of 400 Gy for Lepidoptera that infest shipped commodities as pupae.
abstract: The pros and cons of a generic phytosanitary irradiation dose against all Lepidoptera pupae on all commodities are discussed. The measure of efficacy is to prevent the F1 generation from hatching (F1 egg hatch) when late pupae are irradiated. More data exist for this measure than for others studied, and it is also commercially tenable (i.e., prevention of adult emergence would require a high dose not tolerated by fresh commodities). The dose required to prevent F1 egg hatch provides a liberal margin of security for various reasons. A point at issue is that correctly irradiated adults could be capable of flight and thus be found in survey traps in importing countries resulting in costly and unnecessary regulatory action. However, this possibility would be rare and should not be a barrier to the adoption of this generic treatment. The literature was thoroughly examined and only studies that could reasonably satisfy criteria of acceptable irradiation and evaluation methodology, proper age of pupae, and adequate presentation of raw data were accepted. Based on studies with 34 species in nine families, we suggest an efficacious dose of 400 Gy. However, large-scale confirmatory testing (> or = 30,000 individuals) has only been reported for one species. A dose as low as 350 Gy might suffice if results of more large-scale studies were available or the measure of efficacy were extended beyond prevention of F1 egg hatch, but data to defend measures of efficacy beyond F1 egg hatch are scarce and more would need to be generated.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insect Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA. guy.hallman@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Guy J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Blackburn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005514:Food Irradiation / Q000379:methods*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011679:Pupa / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing