title: The impact of group counseling on depression, post-traumatic stress and function outcomes: a prospective comparison study in the Peter C. Alderman trauma clinics in northern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of group interventions for adults with mental distress in post-conflict settings is less clear in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of group counseling intervention on depression, post-traumatic stress and function outcomes among adults attending the Peter C. Alderman Foundation (PCAF) trauma clinics in northern Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  631 War affected adults were enrolled into PCAF trauma clinics. Using a quasi-experimental design, assessments were conducted at baseline, at 3 and 6 months following initiation of care. Multivariate longitudinal regression models were used to determine change in depression, post-traumatic stress and function scores over time among group counseling participants and non-participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to non-participants, participants had faster reduction in depression scores during the 6-month follow-up period [β=-1.84, 95%CI (-3.38 to -0.30), p=0.019] and faster reduction in post-traumatic stress scores during the 3-month follow-up period [β=-2.14, 95%CI (-4.21 to -0.10), p=0.042]. At 3-month follow up, participants who attended two or more sessions had faster increase in function scores [β=3.51, 95%CI (0.61-6.40), p=0.018] than participants who attended only one session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection bias due to the use of non-random samples. Substantial attrition rates and small sample sizes may have resulted in insufficient statistical power to determine meaningful differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The group counseling intervention offered in the PCAF clinics may have considerable mental health benefits over time. There is need for more research to structure, standardize and test the efficacy of this intervention using a randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Makerere University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. ethelmpungu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Etheldreda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakimuli-Mpungu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinyanda
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakku
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Alderman
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavia
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adaku
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allden
authors.forename: Seggane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musisi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda
keywords: Depression; Function; Group counseling; Northern Uganda; Post-traumatic stress; War trauma