title: In the shadow of the Cosmetic Directive--inconsistencies in EU environmental hazard classification requirements for UV-filters.
abstract: UV-filters are chemicals with potentially environmental hazardous properties. In the European Union (EU), UV-filters contained in sunscreen products are currently regulated by the Cosmetic Directive (from July 2013 by the Cosmetic Products Regulation). Environmental hazard classifications according to the regulation on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) must be determined for UV-filters contained in industrial chemical products, whereas UV-filters contained in sunscreens are exempted from CLP. In this study we determined the potential environmental hazard classifications of UV-filters and sunscreen products if the CLP regulation was to be required for cosmetic products. Two sunscreen products were evaluated in accordance with the aquatic environmental hazard criteria for mixtures. The results highlight that the inconsistencies in the current EU regulation of UV filters hamper the risk management of environmental hazards of UV filters used in cosmetic products. Almost 50% of the investigated UV-filters approved for use in cosmetic products on the European market according to the current Cosmetic Directive were identified to meet the CLP classification as being hazardous to the aquatic environment. Assuming a worst-case scenario, the two examined sunscreens could both be classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment with long-lasting effects according to CLP classification criteria. Hence, if the CLP regulation was applicable to sunscreen products, both brands could potentially be labelled with the environmental hazard pictogram and associated hazard and precautionary statements. Including cosmetic products, and thereby sunscreens, in the CLP regulation would contribute to a more harmonized and transparent regulation of potentially hazardous substances on the EU market.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. anna.sobek@itm.su.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bejgarn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rudén
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breitholtz
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000592:standards*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards; D005062:European Union; D033161:Government Regulation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013473:Sunscreening Agents
keywords: CLP; Cosmetic Directive; Cosmetic Products Regulation; Risk assessment; Risk characterization; UV filter