title: Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between children's and adolescents' experiences with cyberbullying and traditional bullying and psychological health, physical health, and academic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hundred thirty-one students in grades 6 through 12 completed an anonymous survey examining their experiences with cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Also included were measures of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, physical well-being, school attendance, and academic performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were categorized as belonging to one of four groups: cyber victims, cyberbullies, cyber bully/victims, and those not involved in cyberbullying. A similar categorization was done with traditional bullying. Those in the bully/victim groups (and particularly the cyber bully/victim group) had the most negative scores on most measures of psychological health, physical, health, and academic performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a substantial, although not perfect, overlap between involvement in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Additionally, the physical, psychological, and academic correlates of the two types of bullying resembled one another.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. rkowals@clemson.edu
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Limber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003625:Data Collection; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult