title: Evaluation of the inactivation of human Coxsackievirus by thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion using integrated cell culture and reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR.
abstract: The virucidal effects of anaerobic digestion were evaluated using human Coxsackievirus as a model for the Enterovirus family. Coxsackievirus was inactivated completely by thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD). By 4 h no living and infectious virus remained and no detectable viral RNA was present after 2 days in TAD (7.0 log reduction). Compared to TAD, 2.6 log reduction of viral RNA was achieved by 14 days in mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) (p < 0.0001). Although cytopathogenic effect was not observed in the cultured cells, low levels of intracellular viral RNA were detected after one day of MAD treatment indicating that Coxsackievirus had infected the cells but could not replicate. The combination of thermal and biochemical effects in TAD plays a critical role for viral disinfection. The results of this study indicate that selection of the right configuration of anaerobic digestion for treatment of biowaste may reduce the risk of viral contamination to the environment and water source.
authors.affiliation: Himark bioGas Inc., AFDP 6004-118 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. tj@highmark.ca
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yupin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D048348:Reverse Transcription / Q000235:genetics*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Coxsackievirus; Mesophilic; Thermophilic; Virucidal effect