title: Molecular phylogeography of tick-borne encephalitis virus in central Europe.
abstract: In order to obtain a better understanding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strain movements in central Europe the E gene sequences of 102 TBEV strains collected from 1953 to 2011 at 38 sites in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Germany were determined. Bayesian analysis suggests a 350-year history of evolution and spread in central Europe of two main lineages, A and B. In contrast to the east to west spread at the Eurasian continent level, local central European spreading patterns suggest historic west to east spread followed by more recent east to west spread. The phylogenetic and network analyses indicate TBEV ingressions from the Czech Republic and Slovakia into Germany via landscape features (Danube river system), biogenic factors (birds, red deer) and anthropogenic factors. The identification of endemic foci showing local genetic diversity is of paramount importance to the field as these will be a prerequisite for in-depth analysis of focal TBEV maintenance and long-distance TBEV spread.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weidmann
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute - ICB II University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio C M
authors.initials: CCM
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Essbauer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.|Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Růžek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.|Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Science, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klempa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Kosice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zubrikova
authors.affiliation: Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vögerl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Hufert
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute - ICB II University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zanotto
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dobler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004669:Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005060:Europe; D005838:Genotype; D008322:Mammals / Q000821:virology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013987:Ticks / Q000821:virology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C065696:glycoprotein E, Flavivirus