title: Effective dose assessment for participants in the National Lung Screening Trial undergoing posteroanterior chest radiographic examinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) is a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing low-dose helical CT with chest radiography in the screening of older current and former heavy smokers for early detection of lung cancer. Recruitment was launched in September 2002 and ended in April 2004, when 53,454 participants had been randomized at 33 screening sites. The objective of this study was to determine the effective radiation dose associated with individual chest radiographic screening examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 73,733 chest radiographic examinations were performed with 92 chest imaging systems. The entrance skin air kerma (ESAK) of participants' chest radiographic examinations was estimated and used in this analysis. The effective dose per ESAK for each examination was determined with a Monte Carlo-based program. The examination effective dose was calculated as the product of the examination ESAK and the Monte Carlo estimate of the ratio of effective dose per ESAK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study showed that the mean effective dose assessed from 66,157 postero-anterior chest examinations was 0.052 mSv. Additional findings were a median effective dose of 0.038 mSv, a 95th percentile value of 0.136 mSv, and a fifth percentile value of 0.013 mSv.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective dose for participant NLST chest radiographic examinations was determined and is of specific interest in relation to that associated with the previously published NLST low-dose CT examinations conducted during the trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical Physics Section, Marshfield Clinic, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449-5777, USA. kruger.randell@marshfieldclinic.org
authors.forename: Randell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Phillip F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Judy
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cagnon
authors.forename: J Anthony
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Seibert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology