title: Synthesis of new antibacterial quaternary ammonium monomer for incorporation into CaP nanocomposite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Composites are the principal material for tooth cavity restorations due to their esthetics and direct-filling capabilities. However, composites accumulate biofilms in vivo, and secondary caries due to biofilm acids is the main cause of restoration failure. The objectives of this study were to: (1) synthesize new antibacterial monomers and (2) develop nanocomposite containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) and antibacterial monomer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two new antibacterial monomers were synthesized: dimethylaminohexane methacrylate (DMAHM) with a carbon chain length of 6, and dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) with a chain length of 12. A spray-drying technique was used to make NACP. DMADDM was incorporated into NACP nanocomposite at mass fractions of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25% and 3%. A flexural test was used to measure composite strength and elastic modulus. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to measure viability, metabolic activity, and lactic acid production of biofilms on composites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new DMAHM was more potent than a previous quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). DMADDM was much more strongly antibacterial than DMAHM. The new DMADDM-NACP nanocomposite had strength similar to that of composite control (p>0.1). At 3% DMADDM in the composite, the metabolic activity of adherent biofilms was reduced to 5% of that on composite control. Lactic acid production by biofilms on composite containing 3% DMADDM was reduced to only 1% of that on composite control. Biofilm colony-forming unit (CFU) counts on composite with 3% DMADDM were reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New antibacterial monomers were synthesized, and the carbon chain length had a strong effect on antibacterial efficacy. The new DMADDM-NACP nanocomposite possessed potent anti-biofilm activity without compromising load-bearing properties, and is promising for antibacterial and remineralizing dental restorations to inhibit secondary caries.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Chenchen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hockin H K
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D018583:Pliability; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; C586974:dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate
keywords: Antibacterial nanocomposite; Calcium phosphate nanoparticles; Caries inhibition; Human saliva microcosm biofilm; Mechanical properties; Quaternary ammonium