title: The present and future of prostate cancer urine biomarkers.
abstract: In order to successfully cure patients with prostate cancer (PCa), it is important to detect the disease at an early stage. The existing clinical biomarkers for PCa are not ideal, since they cannot specifically differentiate between those patients who should be treated immediately and those who should avoid over-treatment. Current screening techniques lack specificity, and a decisive diagnosis of PCa is based on prostate biopsy. Although PCa screening is widely utilized nowadays, two thirds of the biopsies performed are still unnecessary. Thus the discovery of non-invasive PCa biomarkers remains urgent. In recent years, the utilization of urine has emerged as an attractive option for the non-invasive detection of PCa. Moreover, a great improvement in high-throughput "omic" techniques has presented considerable opportunities for the identification of new biomarkers. Herein, we will review the most significant urine biomarkers described in recent years, as well as some future prospects in that field.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Hospital and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain. andreas.doll@vhir.org.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rigau
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivan
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sequeiros
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colás
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llauradó
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Planas
authors.forename: Inés de
authors.initials: Id
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morote
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reventós
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D035683:MicroRNAs