title: Moraxella catarrhalis uses a twin-arginine translocation system to secrete the β-lactamase BRO-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moraxella catarrhalis is a human-specific gram-negative bacterium readily isolated from the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. The organism also causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. Virtually all Moraxella catarrhalis isolates are resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, which are generally the first antibiotics prescribed to treat otitis media in children. The enzymes responsible for this resistance, BRO-1 and BRO-2, are lipoproteins and the mechanism by which they are secreted to the periplasm of M. catarrhalis cells has not been described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparative genomic analyses identified M. catarrhalis gene products resembling the TatA, TatB, and TatC proteins of the well-characterized Twin Arginine Translocation (TAT) secretory apparatus. Mutations in the M. catarrhalis tatA, tatB and tatC genes revealed that the proteins are necessary for optimal growth and resistance to β-lactams. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace highly-conserved twin arginine residues in the predicted signal sequence of M. catarrhalis strain O35E BRO-2, which abolished resistance to the β-lactam antibiotic carbanecillin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moraxella catarrhalis possesses a TAT secretory apparatus, which plays a key role in growth of the organism and is necessary for secretion of BRO-2 into the periplasm where the enzyme can protect the peptidoglycan cell wall from the antimicrobial activity of β-lactam antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balder
authors.forename: Teresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lafontaine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019295:Computational Biology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D045828:Moraxellaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases