title: A pilot study demonstrating a non-invasive method for the measurement of protein turnover in skin disorders: application to psoriasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of epidermal kinetics in psoriasis have relied on invasive biopsy procedures or the use of radioactive labels. We previously developed a non-invasive method for measuring keratin synthesis in human skin using deuterated water labeling, serial collection of tape strips and measurement of deuterium enrichment in protein by mass spectrometry. This powerful method can be applied to measure other skin proteins and lipids collected by tape stripping. Here, for the first time, we apply this technique to investigate the epidermal kinetics of psoriasis, the first step in defining a kinetic profile for normal skin versus activated or quiescent psoriatic skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psoriatic subjects were given (2)H2O orally as twice-daily doses for 16-38 days. Affected and unaffected skin was sampled by tape stripping and washing (modified Pachtman method). Proteins were isolated from the tape strips by a method that enriches for keratin. Turnover times were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Kinetic data were compared to transepidermal water loss (TEWL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deuterium-labeled protein from lesional psoriatic skin appeared at the skin surface within 3-8 days of label administration, whereas labeled protein from non-lesional skin requires 10-20 days to appear. Psoriatic skin had similar rate of growth despite varying anatomic location. Proteins recovered from tape strips were identified by nanoscale liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Isolated peptides were >98% from keratin in uninvolved skin and >72% keratin in psoriatic skin. Revealing that one-quarter of all newly synthesized proteins in psoriatic skin are antimicrobial defense and other immune-related proteins. TEWL values were greater in lesional than non-lesional skin, suggesting barrier compromise in psoriatic skin despite increased clinical thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simple, elegant, and non-invasive method for measuring epidermal protein synthesis, which can also be adapted to measure epidermal lipids, provides a metric that may reveal new insights into the mechanisms and dynamic processes underlying psoriasis and may also provide an objective scale for determining response to therapeutic agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials. This opens a pathway to the non-invasive study of kinetics of protein formation in psoriasis or other skin diseases.
authors.affiliation: KineMed, Inc. 5980 Horton Street, Suite 470, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Emson
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.affiliation: KineMed, Inc. 5980 Horton Street, Suite 470, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindwall
authors.affiliation: KineMed, Inc. 5980 Horton Street, Suite 470, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, 309 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Marc K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hellerstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: KineMed, Inc. 5980 Horton Street, Suite 470, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Turner
keywords: Keratin; Kinetics; Psoriasis; Skin; Stable isotopes