title: In vivo electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of differential tumor targeting using cis-3,4-di(acetoxymethoxycarbonyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy promises quantitative images of important physiologic markers of animal tumors and normal tissues, such as pO(2), pH, and thiol redox status. These parameters of tissue function are conveniently reported by tailored nitroxides. For defining tumor physiology, it is vital that nitroxides are selectively localized in tumors relative to normal tissue. Furthermore, these paramagnetic species should be specifically taken up by cells of the tumor, thereby reporting on both the site of tumor formation and the physiological status of the tissue. This study investigates the tumor localization of the novel nitroxide, cis-3,4-di(acetoxymethoxycarbonyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidin-yloxyl 3 relative to the corresponding di-acid 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained images of nitroxide 3 infused intravenously into C3H mice bearing 0.5-cm(3) FSa fibrosarcoma on the leg, and compared these with images of similar tumors infused with nitroxide 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of spectral intensity from within the tumor-bearing region to that of normal tissue was higher in the mice injected with 3 relative to 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This establishes the possibility of tumor imaging with a nitroxide with intracellular distribution and provides the basis for EPR images of animal models to investigate the relationship between crucial aspects of tumor microenvironment and malignancy and its response to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Center for EPR Imaging In Vivo Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Gage
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Redler
authors.forename: Eugene D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Joseph P Y
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Halpern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C553086:3-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides
keywords: electron paramagnetic resonance imaging; nitroxides