title: Tibial tunnel placement in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) yields less satisfying results than anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with respect to laxity control. Accurate tibial tunnel placement is crucial for successful PCL reconstruction using arthroscopic tibial tunnel techniques. A discrepancy between anatomical studies of the tibial PCL insertion site and surgical recommendations for tibial tunnel placement remains. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal placement of the tibial tunnel in PCL reconstruction based on clinical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a systematic review of the literature, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Review, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were screened for articles about PCL reconstruction from January 1990 to September 2011. Clinical trials comparing at least two PCL reconstruction techniques were extracted and independently analysed by each author. Only studies comparing different tibial tunnel placements in the retrospinal area were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This systematic review found no comparative clinical trial for tibial tunnel placement in PCL reconstruction. Several anatomical, radiological, and biomechanical studies have described the tibial insertion sites of the native PCL and have led to recommendations for placement of the tibial tunnel outlet in the retrospinal area. However, surgical recommendations and the results of morphological studies are often contradictory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reliable anatomical landmarks for tunnel placement are lacking. Future randomized controlled trials could compare precisely defined tibial tunnel placements in PCL reconstruction, which would require an established mapping of the retrospinal area of the tibial plateau with defined anatomical and radiological landmarks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Site Hôpital Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 4, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland, nicodemejd@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: J-D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nicodeme
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Löcherbach
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jolles
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*