title: HIV and co-infections.
abstract: Despite significant reductions in morbidity and mortality secondary to availability of effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection still accounts for 1.5 million deaths annually. The majority of deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa where rates of opportunistic co-infections are disproportionately high. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of five common infections that cause significant morbidity in HIV-infected patients globally. These include co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and Plasmodium falciparum. Specifically, we review the natural history of each co-infection in the setting of HIV, the specific immune defects induced by HIV, the effects of cART on the immune response to the co-infection, the pathogenesis of immune restoration disease (IRD) associated with each infection, and advances in the areas of prevention of each co-infection via vaccination. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and gaps in knowledge for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Christina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Jingling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mina
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaworowski
authors.forename: Martyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Sharon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lewin
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000818:Animals; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control