title: Mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel.
abstract: Silage is an important feed source for intensive dairy herds worldwide. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during silage storage is a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. With this in mind, a survey was conducted to determine for the first time the occurrence of mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel. A total of 30 corn and wheat silage samples were collected from many sources and analysed using a multi-mycotoxin method based on LC-MS/MS. Most mycotoxins recorded in the present study have not been reported before in Israel. Overall, 23 mycotoxins were found in corn silage; while wheat silage showed a similar pattern of mycotoxin occurrence comprising 20 mycotoxins. The most common post-harvest mycotoxins produced by the Penicillium roqueforti complex were not found in any tested samples, indicative of high-quality preparation and use of silage. Moreover, none of the European Union-regulated mycotoxins--aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol--were found above their limits of detection (LODs). The Alternaria mycotoxins--macrosporin, tentoxin and alternariol methyl ether--were highly prevalent in both corn and wheat silage (>80%), but at low concentrations. The most prominent (>80%) Fusarium mycotoxins in corn silage were fusaric acid, fumonisins, beauvericin, monilifomin, equisetin, zearalenone and enniatins, whereas in wheat silage only beauvericin, zearalenone and enniatins occurred in more than 80% of the samples. The high prevalence and concentration of fusaric acid (mean = 765 µg kg⁻¹) in Israeli corn silage indicates that this may be the toxin of highest potential concern to dairy cow performance. However, more data from different harvest years and seasons are needed in order to establish a more precise evaluation of the mycotoxin burden in Israeli silage.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan 50250 , Israel.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shimshoni
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cuneah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galon
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharir
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shlosberg
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D005062:European Union; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005513:Food Inspection; D063427:Food Quality; D005669:Fusaric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007557:Israel; D007881:Legislation, Food; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012418:Ruminants; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D009183:Mycotoxins; D005669:Fusaric Acid