title: Imitation of 'bye-bye' in very low-birthweight infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to clarify the development of imitation skills in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants compared with full-term infants with regard to the onset of 'bye-bye'.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 597 full-term infants (age, 6-21 months) and 95 VLBW infants (corrected age, 6-21 months) participated in this study. The time at which the infants began to imitate bye-bye and how they moved their hands were investigated by direct observations of their behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some full-term infants began to imitate bye-bye at 9 months, and all full-term infants could imitate bye-bye by 16 months old. The imitation of bye-bye was delayed in VLBW infants, but all of them could imitate it at 17 months old. Bye-bye motions were divided into five types. The 'moving wrist up and down' motion was observed most frequently at the initial bye-bye in both groups, but it was more frequent in VLBW infants at the early stage. The motion types changed with age, with the 'palm facing others' motion observed exclusively at 16 months in full-term infants. All infants of both groups could imitate this type at 17 months old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of the ability to imitate bye-bye was delayed in VLBW infants even after correction for gestational age. It was suspected that the fine motor development delay might contribute to the late appearance of bye-bye in VLBW infants. Further follow-up study is required to clarify the clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe.
authors.forename: Gakuyo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohtoshi
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takada
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: bye-bye; development; imitation ability; very low-birthweight infant