title: Cochlear implantation in children with syndromic deafness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the outcome of cochlear implantation in children with syndromic deafness, who are increasingly being considered for cochlear implants and who represent a unique challenge to the cochlear implant team.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective case series in a tertiary referral cochlear implant centre, we describe a series of 38 children with a clinical syndrome causing deafness who have undergone cochlear implantation. The outcome measures are Bench-Kowal-Bamford (BKB) speech reception score (range 0-100%) and speech perception ability using the Geers and Moog Speech Reception Score (SRS) (range from 0; no speech perception, to 6; open set recognition of words).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The syndromes identified were Waardenburg syndrome (n = 10), Usher syndrome (n = 9), Pendred syndrome (n = 7), Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (n = 5), CHARGE syndrome (n = 2), and 1 each of Stickler, CINCA (Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous and Articular), Bartter, Down, and Donnai-Barrow syndromes. After a minimum of 19 months following implantation, BKB was measurable in 20 of 38 patients, and ranged from 46 to 100% in quiet (median 87%, mean 81%). Eighteen children (55%) achieved a SRS at level six, and a further 8 (24%) achieved level five. There was significant variation of outcome between and within syndrome groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional disabilities are frequently encountered when considering children for cochlear implantation, and may be part of a recognised syndrome. Outcome is often excellent but can be variable even within the same syndrome group, and such children are therefore assessed on an individual basis to ensure a realistic expectation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom. steve_broomfield@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Broomfield
authors.forename: Iain A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.forename: Kevin M J
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013067:Speech Perception; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aetiology; Cochlear implants; Hearing loss; Syndrome