title: Histological stain evaluation for machine learning applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A methodology for quantitative comparison of histological stains based on their classification and clustering performance, which may facilitate the choice of histological stains for automatic pattern and image analysis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Machine learning and image analysis are becoming increasingly important in pathology applications for automatic analysis of histological tissue samples. Pathologists rely on multiple, contrasting stains to analyze tissue samples, but histological stains are developed for visual analysis and are not always ideal for automatic analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen different histological stains were used to stain adjacent prostate tissue sections from radical prostatectomies. We evaluate the stains for both supervised and unsupervised classification of stain/tissue combinations. For supervised classification we measure the error rate of nonlinear support vector machines, and for unsupervised classification we use the Rand index and the F-measure to assess the clustering results of a Gaussian mixture model based on expectation-maximization. Finally, we investigate class separability measures based on scatter criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A methodology for quantitative evaluation of histological stains in terms of their classification and clustering efficacy that aims at improving segmentation and color decomposition. We demonstrate that for a specific tissue type, certain stains perform consistently better than others according to objective error criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The choice of histological stain for automatic analysis must be based on its classification and clustering performance, which are indicators of the performance of automatic segmentation of tissue into morphological components, which in turn may be the basis for diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, Centre for Image Analysis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jimmy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Carlbom
keywords: F-measure; Fisher criterion; Gaussian mixture model; Mahalanobis distance; Rand index; Support vector machines; expectation-maximization; high throughput imaging systems