title: Lung cancer screening CT-based prediction of cardiovascular events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to derivate and validate a prediction model for cardiovascular events based on quantification of coronary and aortic calcium volume in lung cancer screening chest computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CT-based lung cancer screening in heavy smokers is a very timely topic. Given that the heavily smoking screening population is also at risk for cardiovascular disease, CT-based screening may provide the opportunity to additionally identify participants at high cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inspiratory screening CT of the chest was obtained in 3,648 screening participants. Next, smoking characteristics, patient demographics, and physician-diagnosed cardiovascular events were collected from 10 years before the screening CT (i.e., cardiovascular history) until 3 years after the screening CT (i.e., follow-up time). Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to derivate and validate a prediction model for cardiovascular risk. Age, smoking status, smoking history, and cardiovascular history, together with automatically quantified coronary and aortic calcium volume from the screening CT, were included as independent predictors. The primary outcome measure was the discriminatory value of the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident cardiovascular events occurred in 145 of 1,834 males (derivation cohort) and 118 of 1,725 males and 2 of 89 females (validation cohort). The model showed good discrimination in the validation cohort with a C-statistic of 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.67 to 0.76). When high risk was defined as a 3-year risk of 6% and higher, 589 of 1,725 males were regarded as high risk and 72 of 118 of all events were correctly predicted by the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantification of coronary and aortic calcium volumes in lung cancer screening CT images-information that is readily available-can be used to predict cardiovascular risk. Such an approach might prove useful in the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and may enhance the cost-effectiveness of CT-based screening in heavy smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Onno M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Mets
authors.forename: Rozemarijn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vliegenthart
authors.forename: Martijn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gondrie
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
authors.forename: Harry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.forename: Willem P Th M
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Mali
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prokop
authors.forename: Rob J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Klaveren
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Graaf
authors.forename: Constantinus F M
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Buckens
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanen
authors.forename: Jan-Willem J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Harry J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Isgum
authors.forename: Pim A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D033162:Incidental Findings; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality
keywords: CI; CT; cardiovascular disease; computed tomography; confidence interval; lung cancer screening; tobacco smoking; vascular calcification