title: Glans penis width in patients with hypospadias compared to healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no reports of systematically-measured penile dimensions in boys with varying extents of hypospadias. To determine reference values, we prospectively measured maximum glans width in patients undergoing distal and proximal hypospadias repair as well as newborns undergoing elective circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  The maximum glans diameter was measured in consecutive boys aged 0-24 months presenting for newborn circumcision (controls), or repair of distal (distal shaft or glanular) and proximal (proximal shaft to perineal) hypospadias. Patients with proximal hypospadias and glans diameter <14 mm received intramuscular testosterone 2 mg/kg injection once monthly for 2-3 treatments, with measurements recorded prior to the first injection, and again intra-operatively 3-4 weeks after the final injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained in 240 controls, 188 boys with distal hypospadias, and 39 boys with proximal hypospadias. Median ages were 1, 9 and 9 months, respectively. Males undergoing newborn circumcision were younger than both cohorts of hypospadias patients (p < 0.0001), but no difference in age was noted in those with distal and proximal hypospadias (p = 0.194). Average maximum glans diameters were significantly different: 14.3, 14.8, and 12.9 mm, respectively, for controls, distal and proximal hypospadias (p < 0.0001). Despite mean older age, 46 (24.5%) boys with distal hypospadias and 24 (61.5%) with proximal hypospadias had small glans diameter <14 mm. Increasing age was not correlated with increasing glans size in patients with distal or proximal hypospadias (r = -0.136, p = 0.062 and r = -0.089, p = 0.580) at 3-24 months of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some boys with distal and the majority of those with proximal hypospadias have a glans width less than that of the average normal newborn. Glans size does not correlate with age in patients with hypospadias between 3 and 24 months old, supporting the decision to operate as early as 3 months in some centers.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern, Department of Pediatric Urology, United States. Electronic address: nicol.bush@childrens.com.
authors.forename: Nicol Corbin
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DaJusta
authors.forename: Warren T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012016:Reference Values; D014521:Urethra / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Glans penis; Hypospadias