title: Enhanced herbicide metabolism induced by 2,4-D in herbicide susceptible Lolium rigidum provides protection against diclofop-methyl.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The auxinic herbicide 2,4-D amine is known, in vitro, as a cytochrome P450 inducer. The current study uses 2,4-D pre-treatment, at the whole plant level, to study mechanism(s) of non-target site based herbicide resistance to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop-methyl in Lolium rigidum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2,4-D pre-treatment caused up to 10-fold shift in LD50 and GR50 in dose-response to subsequently applied diclofop-methyl in a herbicide susceptible L. rigidum population. Foliar uptake and translocation of (14) C-diclofop-methyl did not differ in 2,4-D pre-treated versus untreated plants. HPLC analysis revealed that de-esterification of diclofop-methyl to toxic diclofop acid was similar, but further metabolism of diclofop acid to non-toxic metabolites was significantly (1.8-fold) faster in 2,4-D pre-treated than untreated plants. HPLC profile of major polar metabolites was similar when L. rigidum and diclofop-methyl tolerant wheat were compared, but wheat metabolised diclofop acid three-fold faster than L. rigidum. In addition, 2,4-D pre-treatment also induced cross-protection against the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron, and the known P450 inhibitor malathion can reverse this effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protection against diclofop-methyl provided by 2,4-D pre-treatment in susceptible L. rigidum is associated with higher rates of herbicide metabolism, mirroring that identified in field-evolved, non-target site-based diclofop-methyl resistant populations. 2,4-D may induce higher level expression of herbicide-metabolising genes hence providing protection, and therefore, this 2,4-D induction system can be used, in combination with other genomic approaches, to assist isolating cytochrome P450 and other genes that are involved in herbicide metabolism and endow herbicide resistance in L. rigidum.
authors.affiliation: Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cawthray
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Powles
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053209:Herbicide Resistance; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C012891:dichlorfop-methyl
keywords: 2,4-D amine; Lolium rigidum; antagonism; chlorsulfuron; cytochrome P450; diclofop-methyl; herbicide metabolism