title: Platelet factor 4-positive thrombi adhering to the ventricles of a ventricular assist device in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thromboembolism is a major complication in patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs). Drug anticoagulation and the use of biocompatible surfaces, such as coating with heparin, aim to reduce thromboembolism in these patients. Administration of heparin can lead to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) type II, mainly through heparin/platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies. We assessed the presence of PF4 antibodies in VAD thrombi of patients with heparin-coated VADs and HIT II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thrombi (n = 6) were obtained from the replaced Excor ventricles of patients with HIT II after biventricular VAD implantation (Excor Adult; Berlin Heart, Germany). Excor ventricles were changed after clinical examination and suspicion of thrombi in the polyurethane valves. Expression of PF4- antibodies was assessed with the use of a polyclonal rabbit antibody (anti-PF4 antibody; Abcam, USA). Expression was assessed by 2 independent observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biopsies of all thrombi showed an extreme positive immunoreaction for PF4. No differences between the different thrombi and localization (left/right Excor ventricle) were observed. The thrombi were organized, without lamination of fibrin and cellular layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Platelet surface expression of PF4 in the thrombi reflects HIT antigen presentation. The physical relationship between the PF4-positive thrombi and the heparin-coated surface suggests that onset of HIT II could be influenced by the immobilized heparin coating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, JW Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany. andres.beiras@kgu.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiras-Fernandez
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanzler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadoni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kilger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiras
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kur
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000925:Anticoagulants; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D006493:Heparin