title: Environmental exposure to the plasticizer 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) in U.S. adults (2000-2012).
abstract: 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, diisononyl ester (DINCH) is a complex mixture of nine carbon branched-chain isomers. It has been used in Europe since 2002 as a plasticizer to replace phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Urinary concentrations of the oxidative metabolites of DINCH, namely cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-monocarboxy isooctyl ester (MCOCH); cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(oxo-isononyl) ester (MONCH); and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester (MHNCH), can potentially be used as DINCH exposure biomarkers. The concentrations of MCOCH, MONCH and MHNCH were measured by online solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in urine collected in 2000 (n=114), 2001 (n=57), 2007 (n=23), 2009 (n=118), 2011 (n=94) and 2012 (n=121) from convenience groups of anonymous U.S. adult volunteers with no known DINCH exposure. None of the DINCH metabolites were detected in samples collected in 2000 and 2001. Only one sample collected in 2007 had measureable concentrations of DINCH metabolites. The detection rate for all three metabolites increased from 2007 to 2012. The presence of oxidative metabolites of DINCH in urine suggests that these oxidative metabolites can be used as DINCH biomarkers for exposure assessment even at environmental exposure levels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. Electronic address: zca2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Manori J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samandar
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Preau
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D003998:Dicarboxylic Acids; C558012:diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid
keywords: DINCH; Exposure; Oxidative metabolites; Phthalates; Plasticizers