title: Impact of extended maceration and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in Cabernet Sauvignon wines: characterization of proanthocyanidin distribution, anthocyanin extraction, and chromatic properties.
abstract: The impact of extended maceration (EM) was studied in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes sourced from a vineyard subjected to four regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) treatments: (I) 100% replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (100% ETc), (II) 70% ETc, (III) 25% ETc until véraison, followed by 100% ETc until harvest, and IV) 25% ETc. Each vineyard replicate was made into wine with two replicates designated as controls (10-day skin contact) and two as extended maceration (EM, 30-day skin contact). The mean degree of polymerization (mDP), size distribution, concentration, and composition of wine proanthocyanidins (PAs) and monomeric flavan-3-ols of 90 fractions were characterized by preparative and analytical HPLC techniques. The maceration length imparted a larger effect on most chemical parameters. The RDI treatment had no effect on the extraction patterns of anthocyanins, PAs, and/or on the origin of the PAs extracted into the wines. Conversely, EM led to anthocyanin losses and increased PA extraction during maceration, with ~73% of seed-derived PAs. Accordingly, the concentration of monomeric flavan-3-ols, oligomeric (2 ≤ mDP < 5) and polymeric PAs (mDP ≥ 5) was higher in EM wines. The size distribution of the wines' PAs revealed two major peaks as a function of concentration at mDP 2 (22-27% of total PAs mass) and at mDP 6-7 (12-17% of total PAs mass) and was found to follow a non-normal Rayleigh-type distribution.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science, Washington State University (WSU), Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350-8694, USA.
authors.forename: L Federico
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Casassa
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Beaver
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mireles
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smithyman
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Harbertson
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005511:Food Handling; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D014861:Washington; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D014867:Water