title: Calreticulin negatively regulates the surface expression of Cav1.3 L-type calcium channel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neuroendocrine Cav1.3 L-type Ca channels have been recently found in the Human fetal heart and shown to play a vital role in Ca entry from the sarcolemma into the cell and in Ca homeostasis. Calreticulin, a Ca binding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein, has been recently shown to translocate to the cell surface where its role and function are just emerging. Here, we demonstrated a novel mechanism of Cav1.3 and calreticulin interaction resulting in downregulation of Cav1.3 channel densities in native Human fetal cardiac cells and Human Embryonic Kidney cell lines (tsA201).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell surface and cytoplasmic staining of calreticulin was demonstrated first in cultured human fetal cardiomyocytes (HFC), gestational age 18-24 weeks, using confocal microscopy thereby establishing that calreticulin is present at the cell surface in HFC. Co-immunoprecipitation from HFC using anti-Cav1.3 Ca channel antibody, and probing with anti-calreticulin antibody revealed a 46 kDa band corresponding to calreticulin suggesting that Cav1.3 Ca channel and calreticulin co-assemble in a macromolecular complex. Co-expression of Cav1.3 and calreticulin in tsA201 cells resulted in a decrease in surface expression of Cav1.3 Ca channels. These findings were consistent with the electrophysiological studies showing that co-transfection of Cav1.3 Ca channel and calreticulin resulted in 55% reduction of Cav1.3 Ca current densities recorded from tsA201 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the first evidence that calreticulin: (1) is localized outside the ER on the cell surface of HFC; (2) coimmunoprecipitates with Cav1.3 L-type Ca channel; (3) negatively regulates Cav1.3 surface expression thus resulting in decreased Cav1.3 Ca current densities. The data demonstrate a novel mechanism of modulation of Cav1.3 Ca channel by calreticulin, which may be involved in pathological settings such as autoimmune associated congenital heart block where Cav1.3 Ca channels are downregulated.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Program, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karnabi
authors.forename: Yongxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Yunkun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boutjdir
mesh_terms: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: C472073:CACNA1D protein, human; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D037282:Calreticulin; D046911:Macromolecular Substances
keywords: Calreticulin; Cav1.3; Fetal myocytes; L-type calcium channel