title: Transformational teaching and adolescent physical activity: multilevel and mediational effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regular physical activity is associated with a range of physical and psychological health benefits. In North America the majority of adolescents are insufficiently active.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the prospective relationship between adolescents' perceptions of transformational leadership displayed by their school physical education teachers and their own physical activity behaviors, both with respect to within-class physical activity (WCPA) and also leisure time physical activity (LTPA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a prospective observational design. Using multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM), we examined the extent to which adolescents' affective attitudes mediated the effects of teachers' behaviors on adolescents' physical activity responses. Two thousand nine hundred and forty-eight adolescents (M age = 14.33, SD = 1.00, N female = 1,641, 55.7 %) from 133 Grade 8-10 classes in British Columbia (Canada) provided ratings of their physical education teachers' behaviors midway through the school year. Two months later, students completed measures of affective attitudes, WCPA, and LTPA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that adolescents' perceptions of transformational teaching explained significant variance in both WCPA and LTPA, and these effects were fully mediated by adolescents' affective attitudes (total indirect effect: b = 0.581, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that transformational leadership behaviors displayed by physical education teachers may be an important source of adolescent enjoyment of physical education as well as health-enhancing physical activity involvement within school and outside of school.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 122-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada, mark.beauchamp@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Zumbo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001955:British Columbia; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009043:Motor Activity; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data