title: Behavioral effects of long-term antimuscarinic use in patients with spinal dysraphism: a case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored possible associations between long-term antimuscarinic use and behavioral problems in children with spinal dysraphism and neurogenic bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with open and closed spinal dysraphism were recruited from 2 pediatric hospitals, 1 in Amsterdam and 1 in Utrecht, The Netherlands. At the Amsterdam facility antimuscarinics were prescribed in selected patients with detrusor overactivity. At the Utrecht facility antimuscarinics were prescribed from birth onward in patients with spinal dysraphism beginning in the early 1990s. Parents of study participants were asked to fill out a Child Behavior Checklist. Demographics, data on level and type(s) of lesion, and presence of hydrocephalus with a drain (and, if applicable, number of drain revisions) were retrieved for each patient. Cases and controls (8 boys and 8 girls per group) were matched on a 1-to-1 basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data on 32 children were analyzed. Median age was 10.6 years in cases and 10.5 years in controls (p=0.877). In each group 9 of 16 patients had hydrocephalus with a drain. No significant difference in Child Behavior Checklist scores for total problems was found between cases and controls (median 52.0 vs 59.5, p=0.39). No differences were found between the groups on any subdomain of the Child Behavior Checklist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant differences in behavior were found between children with spinal dysraphism with and without long-term use of antimuscarinics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Veenboer
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.forename: Rafal J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Chrzan
authors.forename: Caroline F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kuijper
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dik
authors.forename: Laetitia M O
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Kort
authors.forename: Tom P V M
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D008333:Mandelic Acids; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; C005419:oxybutynin
keywords: CBCL; CNS; Child Behavior Checklist; SD; antimuscarinic antagonists; behavior; central nervous system; meningomyelocele; neurogenic; spinal dysraphism; urinary bladder