title: Temporal sequencing of brain activations during naturally occurring thermoregulatory events.
abstract: Thermoregulatory events are associated with activity in the constituents of the spinothalamic tract. Whereas studies have assessed activity within constituents of this pathway, in vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have not determined if neuronal activity in the constituents of the tract is temporally ordered. Ordered activity would be expected in naturally occurring thermal events, such as menopausal hot flashes (HFs), which occur in physiological sequence. The origins of HFs may lie in brainstem structures where neuronal activity may occur earlier than in interoceptive centers, such as the insula and the prefrontal cortex. To study such time ordering, we conducted blood oxygen level-dependent-based fMRI in a group of postmenopausal women to measure neuronal activity in the brainstem, insula, and prefrontal cortex around the onset of an HF (detected using synchronously acquired skin conductance responses). Rise in brainstem activity occurred before the detectable onset of an HF. Activity in the insular and prefrontal trailed that in the brainstem, appearing following the onset of the HF. Additional activations associated with HF's were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex and the basal ganglia. Pre-HF brainstem responses may reflect the functional origins of internal thermoregulatory events. By comparison insular, prefrontal and striatal activity may be associated with the phenomenological correlates of HFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA and.
authors.forename: Vaibhav A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Diwadkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA and.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, C.S. Mott Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000368:Aged; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: brainstem; fMRI; hot flash; insula; thermal regulation