title: Vitamin D analogs enhance the anticancer activity of 5-fluorouracil in an in vivo mouse colon cancer model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active vitamin D analogs that are less toxic than calcitriol can be useful in the combined treatment of patients suffering from colon cancer. In the present study we demonstrate, for the first time in an in vivo model system, the biological effect of combined therapy using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) along with vitamin D analog PRI-2191 (tacalcitol, 1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D₃) or PRI-2205 (5,6-trans-isomer of calcipotriol) on colon cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the influence of vitamin D analogs on the anticancer activity of 5-FU or capecitabine in the treatment of mice bearing MC38 mouse colon tumors implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically. The cell cycle distribution, E-cadherin expression and caspase 3/7 activity in vitro were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that both PRI-2191 and PRI-2205 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-FU; but these results depend on the treatment regimen. Applying the optimal schedule of combined therapy we observed a significant decrease in tumor growth, metastasis and also a prolongation of the survival time of mice, in comparison with the administrations of 5-FU given alone. Both combinations indicated a synergistic effect and did not cause toxicity. Moreover, analogs applied after completed course of administration of 5-FU, prolonged the antitumor effect of the drug. Furthermore, when the prodrug of 5-FU, capecitabine, was used, potentiation of its activity was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that vitamin D analogs (especially PRI-2191) might be potentially applied to clinical use in order to enhance the anticancer effect of 5-FU and also prolong its activity against colon cancer. The activity of PRI-2191 is realized through stopping the cells in the G₀/G₁ cell cycle phase and increasing the expression of E-cadherin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla St. 12, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milczarek
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Psurski
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutner
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wietrzyk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D005472:Fluorouracil