title: The shortened EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care 30 questionnaire adequately measured parent satisfaction in pediatric intensive care units.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To shorten and validate the EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC) questionnaire of optimal length to measure satisfaction of parents whose child has been admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3,354 (55.4%) parents in eight PICUs completed the 65-item EMPATHIC questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was applied to evaluate the statistical performances. The reduced domains were intercorrelated by the Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. The robustness of the findings was evaluated by adjusted R(2) for internal cross-validations. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple regression analysis based on statistical redundancy established the optimal length at 30 items over five different domains: information (5 items), care and cure (8 items), organization (5 items), parental participation (6 items), and professional attitude (6 items). The explained variances of the domains ranged from 85% to 93%. The domains of the full and optimal version showed strong correlations (r = 0.92-0.97). Cross-validation among eight centers and across time provided adjusted R(2) values on domain level between 85% and 95%. The reliability estimates of the domains, assessed by Cronbach's α, varied between 0.73 and 0.93.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By statistically eliminating the redundant items, the EMPATHIC questionnaire could be reduced from 65 to 30 items.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.latour@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Jos M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Latour
authors.forename: Hugo J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tibboel
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hazelzet
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011209:Power, Psychological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Assessment; Family; Intensive care; Patient satisfaction; Psychometrics; Reliability; Validity