title: Health-related utility values of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and its predictors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  EuroQoL-5 dimension (EQ-5D) is a standardised preference-based tool for measurement of health-related quality of life and EQ-5D utility values can be converted to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to aid cost-utility analysis. This study aimed to evaluate the EQ-5D utility values of 639 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data collected using a standardised pro forma were compared with UK normative data. Relationships between utility values and the clinical and laboratory features of PSS were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of patients with PSS reporting any problem in mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were 42.2%, 16.7%, 56.6%, 80.6% and 49.4%, respectively, compared with 5.4%, 1.6%, 7.9%, 30.2% and 15.7% for the UK general population. The median EQ-5D utility value was 0.691 (IQR 0.587-0.796, range -0.239 to 1.000) with a bimodal distribution. Bivariate correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between EQ-5D utility values and many clinical features of PSS, but most strongly with pain, depression and fatigue (R values>0.5). After adjusting for age and sex differences, multiple regression analysis identified pain and depression as the two most important predictors of EQ-5D utility values, accounting for 48% of the variability. Anxiety, fatigue and body mass index were other statistically significant predictors, but they accounted for <5% in variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the EQ-5D utility values of patients with PSS. These patients have significantly impaired utility values compared with the UK general population. EQ-5D utility values are significantly related to pain and depression scores in PSS.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lendrem
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McMeekin
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Colin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Pease
authors.affiliation: Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.affiliation: Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanyon
authors.affiliation: Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Barts and the London NHS Trust & Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bombardieri
authors.affiliation: Barts and the London NHS Trust & Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
authors.forename: Nurhan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
authors.affiliation: Barts and the London NHS Trust & Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitzalis
authors.affiliation: NHS Fife, Whyteman's Brae Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.affiliation: Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, UK.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.affiliation: Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.affiliation: Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coady
authors.affiliation: Southend University Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.affiliation: Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young-Min
authors.affiliation: Aintree University Hospitals, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moots
authors.affiliation: Basildon Hospital, Basildon, UK.
authors.forename: Nagui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gendi
authors.affiliation: Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akil
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Wan-Fai
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Epidemiology; Qualitative research; Sjagren's Syndrome