title: Photooxidation of Amplex Red to resorufin: implications of exposing the Amplex Red assay to light.
abstract: The Amplex Red assay, a fluorescent assay for the detection of H2O2, relies on the reaction of H2O2, which, in the presence of horseradish peroxidase, oxidizes the colorless, nonfluorescent, Amplex Red with a 1:1 stoichiometry to form the colored, fluorescent resorufin. We have found that resorufin is artifactually formed when Amplex Red is exposed to light. This photochemistry is initiated by trace amounts of resorufin present in Amplex Red stock solutions. ESR spin-trapping studies have demonstrated that superoxide radical is an intermediate in this process. Oxygen consumption measurements further confirmed that superoxide and H2O2 were artifactually produced by the photooxidation of Amplex Red. The artifactual formation of resorufin was also significantly increased by the presence of superoxide dismutase or HRP. This photooxidation process leads to a less sensitive assay for H2O2 under ambient light exposure and potentially invalid measurements under high energy exposure such as UVA irradiation. In general, precautions should be taken to minimize exposure to light, including that from instrumental light, during measurement of oxidative stress with Amplex Red.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Baozhong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ganini
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010078:Oxazines; C470430:Amplex Red; C014180:resorufin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase