title: Interleukin-6 via sputum induction as biomarker of inflammation for indoor particulate matter among primary school children in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
abstract: In the last few years, air within homes have been indicates by various and emerging body as more serious polluted than those outdoor. Prevalence of respiratory inflammation among school children aged 8 and 10 years old attending national primary schools in urban and rural area were conducted in Klang Valley. Two population studies drawn from the questionnaires were used to investigate the association between indoor particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) in a home environment and respiratory implication through the understanding of biological responses. Approximately 430 healthy school children of Standard 2 and Standard 5 were selected. Indication of respiratory symptoms using adaptation questionnaire from American Thoracic Society (1978). Sputum sample collection taken for biological analysis. IL-6 then was analyse by using ELISA techniques. Indoor PM2.5 and PM10 were measured using Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor. The mean concentration of PM2.5 (45.38 µg/m3) and PM10 (80.07 µg/m3) in urban home environment is significantly higher compared to those in rural residential area (p=0.001). Similar trend also shows by the prevalence of respiratory symptom. Association were found with PM2.5 and PM10 with the level of IL-6 among school children. A greater exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 are associated with higher expression of IL-6 level suggesting that the concentration of indoor particulate in urban density area significantly influence the health of children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S S N
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nazariah
authors.forename: Jalaludin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juliana
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdah
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter