title: Clostridium difficile infections in South East Scotland: mortality and recurrence in a region without PCR ribotype 027.
abstract: Three hundred and thirty-five patients with laboratory-confirmed Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) were studied for epidemiological features, clinical presentation and laboratory markers. They were followed up for 1 year to determine recurrence and mortality. Four hundred and thirty-two episodes were recorded. One year mortality was 41.8 % of which CDI was listed on 20 % of the death certificates. One year recurrence rate was 22.9 %. PCR ribotype 001 was the commonest epidemiological type and ribotype 027 was not detected. High total leucocyte count and low albumin were significantly associated with mortality, as was the absence of a GI-invasive procedure in the 12 weeks preceding CDI diagnosis, probably due to patients being unfit for the procedure. No association with acid suppressants, deletion in the tdcC anti-sigma factor or vancomycin-resistant enterococcus/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-infection was detected. One year mortality was higher in patients who developed recurrent infections (P<0.001). Differences in ribotype were observed in 2.3 %, 11.11 %, 20 % and 32.4 % isolates with time intervals between sampling of 0-20, 21-40, 41-60 and >60 days, respectively, suggesting that the arbitrary cut-off of 28 days to call a repeat infection a reinfection may not be correct in some cases.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Pathogenicity Research Laboratory Medical Microbiology, The Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
authors.forename: Surabhi K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Taori
authors.affiliation: Microbial Pathogenicity Research Laboratory Medical Microbiology, The Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wroe
authors.affiliation: Microbial Pathogenicity Research Laboratory Medical Microbiology, The Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh 49, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Poxton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D021521:Ribotyping; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin