title: A technical description of a novel pharmacological anesthesia robot.
abstract: To control the three components of general anesthesia (hypnosis, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade), an automated closed-loop, anesthesia-drug delivery system (McSleepy) was developed. Bispectral index was used as the control variable for hypnosis, the analgoscore for analgesia, and phonomyography for neuromuscular blockade. McSleepy can be used to control the induction, maintenance and emergence from general anesthesia. To do so, a large touch screen is used to provide a user friendly interface, permitting bidirectional communication: the user giving information about the different stages of anesthesia, and the system prompting the anesthesiologist to perform certain actions such as mask ventilation, intubation or waking-up the patient using audio clips with voice commands. Several safety features were implemented to provide a secure and reliable anesthesia. Preliminary results of 15 patients are presented in this paper. Evaluation of McSleepy was done through an assessment of its clinical performance and using Varvel's performance indices. The system was found to be clinically useful by providing good precision in drug administration and reliable results for the duration of a general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, mohamad.wehbe@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehbe
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arbeid
authors.forename: Shantale
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.forename: Pierre A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hemmerling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000732:Androstanols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000764:Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001331:Automation; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007440:Intubation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics; D000077123:Rocuronium; D012984:Software; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D000077123:Rocuronium; D015742:Propofol