title: Early versus late leaf removal strategies for Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.): effect on colour-related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The widely adopted viticultural practice of late (véraison) leaf removal is now losing many of its advantages as a result of today's warmer vineyard conditions. With the aim of seeking a good alternative, the influence of earlier leaf removals (at pre-flowering and berry-set) on colour-related phenolics in young Pinot Noir wines was investigated in the years 2009 and 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total flavonols in 2009 wines were 71 and 52% higher in case of véraison and berry-set treatments respectively as compared with untreated controls, while in 2010 the average content of flavonols was highest with pre-flowering leaf removal (75% higher than controls). The anthocyanin content in 2009 wines was 18 and 11% higher in case of véraison and berry-set treatments respectively and was favoured by early leaf removals in 2010 (50 and 43% higher in case of berry-set and pre-flowering treatments respectively) as compared with controls. Changes in hydroxycinnamic acid profiles were shown to be greatest in 2010 wines resulting from early leaf removal treatments. Promoted formation of vitisin A-like pigments in 2010 leaf removal treatments was observed during fermentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenolic profiles of grapes/wines were affected by leaf removal timing, although differently in two (extremely different) seasons. Earlier leaf removal strategies showed some promising results, with good proportions mainly of flavonols and anthocyanins, retained also in young wines. Vitisins A in wines were positively affected by all leaf removals.
authors.affiliation: University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni Trg 8, SI-5271, Vipava, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Melita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sternad Lemut
authors.forename: Kajetan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trost
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sivilotti
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arapitsas
authors.forename: Urska
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vrhovsek
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis; D003116:Color; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012621:Seasons; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D001572:Benzofurans; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D010636:Phenols; C412469:vitisin A
keywords: Pinot Noir; berry-set leaf removal; global warming; phenolic profiles; pre-flowering leaf removal; pyranoanthocyanins