title: Peripheral optical quality and myopia progression in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the peripheral optical quality and its relationship with axial elongation, myopic progression in Japanese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine Japanese children, ages 10 to 12 years old, with baseline refraction from +0.75 D to -5.5 D, were included and followed for 9 months. The central and peripheral point spread functions (PSFs; 0°, 10°, 20°, 30° nasally) were obtained at 0.25 D steps around ±2.5 D of best-focus PSF (BF-PSF) using double-pass PSF system. Modulation transfer function (MTF) area of the BF-PSF was calculated from BF-PSF to represent the peripheral optical quality. Relative peripheral defocus (RPD), the refraction of anterior/posterior focal lines, MTF area, and their correlations with myopia progression were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average refractive change in 9 months was -0.5 ± 0.8 D. The change in axial length was significantly positively correlated with the amount of myopic progression (P = 0.0058) and RPD (P = 0.0007, 0.0036 and 0.0040, at 10°, 20°, 30° respectively) at the initial visit, but did not correlate with the peripheral MTF area. Myopic progression of more than 0.5 D with axial elongation was observed in seven children (MP group). The RPDs at 20° and 30° in the MP group were significantly more hyperopic than in the non-MP group (P = 0.002 and 0.007), whereas there was no significant difference in axial length, and central and peripheral MTF area between the MP and non-MP groups. MP group had more hyperopic focal lines compared with non-MP group at 20° and 30°.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the progression of axial myopia in children is associated with hyperopic RPD and refraction of focal lines, not with peripheral optical quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan, 272-8513, yama19770614@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Takefumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohnuma
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konomi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: Kazuno
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Negishi
mesh_terms: D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*