title: A new quantitative method for gunshot residue analysis by ion beam analysis.
abstract: Imaging and analyzing gunshot residue (GSR) particles using the scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS) is a standard technique that can provide important forensic evidence, but the discrimination power of this technique is limited due to low sensitivity to trace elements and difficulties in obtaining quantitative results from small particles. A new, faster method using a scanning proton microbeam and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (μ-PIXE), together with Elastic Backscattering Spectrometry (EBS) is presented for the non-destructive, quantitative analysis of the elemental composition of single GSR particles. In this study, the GSR particles were all Pb, Ba, Sb. The precision of the method is assessed. The grouping behaviour of different makes of ammunition is determined using multivariate analysis. The protocol correctly groups the cartridges studied here, with a confidence >99%, irrespective of the firearm or population of particles selected.
authors.affiliation: Surrey Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.forename: John-William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Warmenhoeven
authors.forename: Francesco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Romolo
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donghi
authors.forename: Roger P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeynes
authors.forename: Neil I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kirkby
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D005389:Firearms; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot