title: Screening school-aged children for risk of stuttering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Howell and Davis's (2011) model that predicts whether stuttering in eight-year old children will persist or recover by teenage was adapted for screening school-aged children for risk of stuttering. Stuttering-severity scores were used to predict whether children belonged to fluent or stuttering groups. Predicted group assignments were compared for models in which severity measures were made with whole-word repetitions excluded or included. The best model for distinguishing children who stutter (CWS) from fluent children was validated across a wide range of ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stuttering-severity scores from CWS (222 for development, and 272 for validation, of the models) and fluent children (103 for development, and 25 for validation, of the models) were employed. Models were developed that predicted prognosis and screened CWS and fluent children. All these analyses were conducted both with whole-word repetitions excluded and included in the stuttering-severity scores. The model that screened fluent children from all CWS which excluded whole-word repetitions was validated for children across a range of ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All models achieved around 80% specificity and sensitivity. Models in which whole-word repetitions were excluded were always better than those which included them. Validation of the screening for fluency with whole-word repetitions excluded classified 84.4% of fluent children, and 88.0% of CWS, correctly. Some of these children differed in age from those used to develop the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Howell and Davis's risk factor model for predicting persistence/recovery can be extended to screen school-aged children for fluency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After reading this article, participants will be able to: (1) describe the difference between finding group differences and risk factor modeling in stuttering research; (2) summarize the strengths and weaknesses of stuttering severity instrument version three; (3) discuss how validation of diagnostic and screening models for fluency can be performed; (4) see how risk models have potential applications for screening for communication disorders in general.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, England, United Kingdom. p.howell@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011379:Prognosis; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis*