title: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on glutamine action in a bacterial translocation model.
abstract: Glutamine may be a precursor for NO synthesis, which may play a crucial role in bacterial translocation (BT). The goal of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of glutamine on BT and the immunological response in an experimental model of NO synthase inhibition by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: sham; intestinal obstruction (IO); IO+500 mg/kg per d glutamine (GLN); IO+GLN plus 10 mg/kg per d l-NAME (GLN/LN). The groups were pretreated for 7 d. BT was induced by ileal ligation and was assessed 18 h later by measuring the radioactivity of 99mTc-Escherichia coli in the blood and organs. Mucosal damage was determined using a histological analysis. Intestinal permeability (IP) was assessed by measuring the levels of 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in the blood at 4, 8 and 18 h after surgery. IgA and cytokine concentrations were determined by ELISA in the intestinal fluid and plasma, respectively. BT was increased in the GLN/LN and IO groups than in the GLN and sham groups. IP and intestinal mucosa structure of the sham, GLN and GLN/LN groups were similar. The GLN group had the highest levels of interferon-γ, while IL-10 and secretory IgA levels were higher than those of the IO group but similar to those of the GLN/LN group. The present results suggest that effects of the glutamine pathway on BT were mediated by NO. The latter also interferes with the pro-inflammatory systemic immunological response. On the other hand, IP integrity preserved by the use of glutamine is independent of NO.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Pharmacy, 4th Floor/4144, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosana G C
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Pharmacy, 4th Floor/4144, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iara E P
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Quirino
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Pharmacy, 4th Floor/4144, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Nursing, Nutrition Department, 2nd Floor/200, Alfredo Balena Avenue, 190 Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Generoso
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Science, PO Box 486, 4th Floor/J 171, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacques R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nicoli
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Science, PO Box 486, 4th Floor/J 171, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flaviano S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa BH, Francisco Sales Avenue, 1.111, 9th Floor/"D", Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30150-221, Brazil.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nogueira-Machado
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Science, PO Box 486, 3rd Floor/C 251, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosa M E
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arantes
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Medicine, Alfredo Balena Avenue, 190 Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria I T D
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Pharmacy, 4th Floor/4144, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valbert N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000097:blood; D010539:Permeability; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D005973:Glutamine; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester