title: Disordered reward processing and functional connectivity in trichotillomania: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neurobiology of Trichotillomania is poorly understood, although there is increasing evidence to suggest that TTM may involve alterations of reward processing. The current study represents the first exploration of reward processing in TTM and the first resting state fMRI study in TTM. We incorporate both event-related fMRI using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task, and resting state fMRI, using two complementary resting state analysis methodologies (functional connectivity to the nucleus accumbens and dual regression within a reward network) in a pilot study to investigate differences in reward processing between TTM and healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  21 unmedicated subjects with TTM and 14 HC subjects underwent resting state fMRI scans. A subset (13 TTM and 12 HC) also performed the MID task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the MID task, TTM subjects showed relatively decreased nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation to reward anticipation, but relative over-activity of the NAcc to both gain and loss outcomes. Resting state functional connectivity analysis showed decreased connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) to the NAcc in TTM. Dual regression analysis of a reward network identified through independent component analysis (ICA) also showed decreased dACC connectivity and more prominently decreased basolateral amygdala connectivity within the reward network in TTM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disordered reward processing at the level of NAcc, also involving decreased modulatory input from the dACC and the basolateral amygdala may play a role in the pathophysiology of TTM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. mpwhite@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Shirer
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Molfino
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tenison
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Damoiseaux
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Greicius
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000098:blood supply; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D014256:Trichotillomania / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Addiction; Impulse control disorder; OCD; Reward; Trichotillomania; fMRI