title: Factors influencing safety in a sample of marked pedestrian crossings selected for safety inspections in the city of Oslo.
abstract: This paper reports an analysis of factors influencing safety in a sample of marked pedestrian crossings in the city of Oslo, Norway. The sample consists of 159 marked pedestrian crossings where a total of 316 accidents were recorded during a period of five years. The crossings were selected for inspection because of they were, for various reasons, regarded as sub-standard. The sample of crossings is therefore not representative of all pedestrian crossings in Oslo. Factors influencing the number of accidents were studied by means of negative binomial regression. Factors that were studied included the volume of pedestrians and vehicles, the number of traffic lanes at the crossing, the location of the crossing (midblock or junction), the type of traffic control, the share of pedestrians using the crossing and the speed of approaching vehicles. The analysis confirmed the presence of a "safety-in-numbers" effect, meaning that an increase in the number of pedestrians is associated with a lower risk of accident for each pedestrian. Crossings located in four-leg junctions or roundabouts had more accidents than crossings located in three-leg junctions or on sections between junctions. A high share of pedestrians crossing the road outside the marked crossing was associated with a high number of accidents. Increased speed was associated with an increased number of accidents.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transport Economics, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: re@toi.no.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elvik
authors.forename: Michael W J
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Tor-Olav
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Nævestad
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D012449:Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Marked pedestrian crossing; Negative binomial regression; Safety-in-numbers