title: Inappropriate use of combined hormonal contraceptives for birth control among women of reproductive age in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the extent of inappropriate use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) according to the United States Medical Eligibility Criteria (U.S. MEC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed Kantar Health's 2010 U.S. National Health and Wellness Survey data, which is an annual population-based survey of 75,000 U.S. adults via internet. A stratified random sampling framework was used to construct a sample that reflects the U.S. census by age, gender, and ethnicity. The analysis included nonpregnant females aged 18-44 years who used CHC, including oral, patch, or vaginal rings in the past 6 months. Women classified into category 3 (theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of using the method) or 4 (unacceptable health risk) according to the U.S. MEC were defined as having high-risk conditions, or inappropriate CHC use. The proportions of women who had inappropriate CHC use were then projected to the U.S. population by diseases/conditions and demographic characteristics incorporating sampling weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 2963 adult females of reproductive age (mean 29.3±6.0) (i.e., 20.4% of all adult females of reproductive age in the database) as being CHC users. Among them, 23.7% (95% CI: 22.8%-24.5%) had at least one high-risk condition and 9.3% (95% CI: 9.2%-9.4%) had at least one condition of unacceptable risk. The three most common high-risk conditions were migraine (12.7%), multiple risk factors for arterial cardiovascular disease (9.3%), and hypertension (6.1%). Women with relatively higher proportions of inappropriate CHC use were age ≥35, not finished college, and Medicaid recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large portion of women used CHC inappropriately. Hormone-free and progestin-only contraceptives are available options with potentially less risk for them.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Outcomes, Merck & Co, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA. jingbo.yu@merck.com
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: X Henry
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female / Q000009:adverse effects; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000208:ethnology; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D060728:Reproductive Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal