title: Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of arbidol hydrochloride in influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of arbidol hydrochloride (ARB), a widely used antiviral agent, on the inflammation induced by influenza virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDCK cells were infected with seasonal influenza A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) or pandemic influenza A/Hubei/71/2009 (H1N1). In vitro cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ARB was determined using MTT assay. BALB/c mice were infected with A/FM/1/47 (H1N1). Four hours later the mice were administered ARB (45, 90, and 180 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (22.5 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) via oral gavage once a day for 5 d. Body-weight, median survival time, viral titer, and lung index of the mice were measured. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were examined using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both H1N1 stains were equally sensitive to ARB as tested in vitro. In the infected mice, ARB (90 and 180 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) significantly decreased the mortality, alleviated virus-induced lung lesions and viral titers. Furthermore, ARB suppressed the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, and elevated the level of IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and lung tissues. However, ARB did not significantly affect the levels of IFN-α and IFN-γ, but reduced the level of IFN-β1 in lung tissues at 5 dpi. In peritoneal macrophages challenged with A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) or poly I:C, ARB (20 μmol/L) suppressed the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, and elevated the level of IL-10. Oseltamivir produced comparable alleviation of virus-induced lung lesions with more reduction in the viral titers, but less effective modulation of the inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ARB efficiently inhibits both H1N1 stains and diminishes both viral replication and acute inflammation through modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hai-rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yuan-yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Zhan-qiu
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007211:Indoles; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C086979:umifenovir; D013440:Sulfides