title: Using PM2.5 concentrations to estimate the health burden from solid fuel combustion, with application to Irish and Scottish homes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study estimates the potential population health burden from exposure to combustion-derived particulate air pollution in domestic settings in Ireland and Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study focused on solid fuel combustion used for heating and the use of gas for cooking. PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) was used as the pollutant mixture indicator. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in homes using solid fuels were adjusted for other sources of PM2.5 by subtracting PM2.5 concentrations in homes using gas for cooking but not solid fuel heating. Health burden was estimated for exposure indoors 6 pm - midnight, or all day (24-hour), by combining estimated attributable annual PM2.5 exposures with (i) selected epidemiological functions linking PM2.5 with mortality and morbidity (involving some re-scaling from PM10 to PM2.5, and adjustments 'translating' from concentrations to exposures) and (ii) on the current population exposed and background rates of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PM2.5 concentrations in coal and wood burning homes were similar to homes using gas for cooking, used here as a baseline (mean 24-hr PM2.5 concentrations 8.6 μg/m3) and so health impacts were not calculated. Concentrations of PM2.5 in homes using peat were higher (24-hr mean 15.6 μg/m3); however, health impacts were calculated for the exposed population in Ireland only; the proportion exposed in Scotland was very small. The assessment for winter evening exposure (estimated annual average increase of 2.11 μg/m3 over baseline) estimated 21 additional annual cases of all-cause mortality, 55 of chronic bronchitis, and 30,100 and 38,000 annual lower respiratory symptom days (including cough) and restricted activity days respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New methods for estimating the potential health burden of combustion-generated pollution from solid fuels in Irish and Scottish homes are provided. The methodology involves several approximations and uncertainties but is consistent with a wider movement towards quantifying risks in PM2.5 irrespective of source. Results show an effect of indoor smoke from using peat (but not wood or coal) for heating and cooking; but they do not suggest that this is a major public health issue.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Human Exposure Science, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK. karen.galea@iom-world.org
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: J Fintan
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cowie
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shafrir
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez Jiménez
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semple
authors.forename: Jon G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coggins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D003296:Cooking; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006291:Health Policy; D006361:Heating; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter