title: Sleep habits, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness in a large and healthy community-based sample of New Zealanders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between sleep complaints, primary insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and lifestyle factors in a large community-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood donor sites in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  22,389 individuals aged 16-84 years volunteering to donate blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive self-administered questionnaire including personal demographics and validated questions assessing sleep disorders (snoring, apnea), sleep complaints (sleep quantity, sleep dissatisfaction), insomnia symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, mood, and lifestyle factors such as work patterns, smoking, alcohol, and illicit substance use. Additionally, direct measurements of height and weight were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One in three participants report < 7-8 h sleep, 5 or more nights per week, and 60% would like more sleep. Almost half the participants (45%) report suffering the symptoms of insomnia at least once per week, with one in 5 meeting more stringent criteria for primary insomnia. Excessive daytime sleepiness (evident in 9% of this large, predominantly healthy sample) was associated with insomnia (odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50 to 2.05), depression (OR 2.01, CI 1.74 to 2.32), and sleep disordered breathing (OR 1.92, CI 1.59 to 2.32). Long work hours, alcohol dependence, and rotating work shifts also increase the risk of daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in this relatively young, healthy, non-clinical sample, sleep complaints and primary insomnia with subsequent excess daytime sleepiness were common. There were clear associations between many personal and lifestyle factors-such as depression, long work hours, alcohol dependence, and rotating shift work-and sleep problems or excessive daytime sleepiness.
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Circadian Research Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Bradley R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Wilsmore
authors.forename: Ronald R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Grunstein
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Shanthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ameratunga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Epidemiology; insomnia; sleep; sleepiness