title: Lymphovascular space involvement is the sole independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in clinical early stage endometrial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinicopathological risk factors associated with lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer (EC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicopathological data of patients who underwent comprehensive surgical staging for clinical early stage EC between 2001 and 2010 at Hacettepe University Hospital was retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and sixty-one patients were included. There were 26 patients (10.0%) with lymph node metastasis. Of these, 14 (5.4%) had pelvic lymph node metastasis, 8 (3.1%) had both pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis, and 4 (1.5%) had isolated paraaortic metastasis. Univariate analysis revealed tumor size >2 cm, type II cancer, grade III histology, cervical stromal invasion, deep myometrial invasion, positive peritoneal cytology, adnexal involvement, serosal involvement, and presence of lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) as significant clinicopathological factors associated with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis. For paraaortic metastasis either isolated or with pelvic lymph node metastasis, significant factors were grade III disease, cervical stromal invasion, deep myometrial invasion, positive peritoneal cytology, adnexal involvement, serosal involvement, pelvic lymph node metastasis, and presence of LVSI. The only factor associated with isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis was LVSI. Multivariate analysis revealed LVSI as the only independent factor for both retroperitoneal and paraaortic lymph node metastasis (odds ratio 14.9; 95% confidence interval 3.8-59.0; p < 0.001, and odds ratio 20.9; 95% confidence interval 1.9-69.9; p = 0.013, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphovascular space involvement is the sole predictor of lymph node metastasis in EC. Therefore, LVSI status should be requested from the pathologist during frozen examination whenever possible to consider when a decision to perform or omit lymphadenectomy is made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferdi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vaizoglu
authors.forename: Kunter
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuce
authors.forename: Mehmet Coskun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.forename: Derman
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Basaran
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calis
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozgul
authors.forename: Alp
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Usubutun
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010388:Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies