title: Evaluation of calabash chalk effect on femur bone morphometry and mineralization in young wistar rats: A pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calabash chalk, a popularly consumed geophagic material in Nigeria has been reported to contain lead, arsenic, alpha lindane, endrin, and endosulfan 11 among other pollutants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The continuous exposure of young children to this chalk necessitated this study on the bone morphometry and mineralization in young Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen young (weanling) Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 54-72 g were assigned into two groups of seven animals each. Group I served as control, while group II was the test group (TG). 40 mg/ml of C. chalk was administered as suspension to the test animals in group II. Animals in the control group were orally treated with 1ml of distilled water. Administration of the C. chalk in the animals lasted for 28 days, and the animals were sacrificed on day 29, using chloroform anaesthesia. The femur bones were dissected out, cleaned of flesh and sun-dried. The lengths and weights of the femur bones were measured using graphite furnace atomic mass spectrophotometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed 1.6% decrease in body weight change in the TG, insignificant decreases in the weights and lengths of both the right and left femur bones, and significant decreased (P < 0.0126) organ-somatic index, and femur bones concentrations (mg/l) of zinc, phosphate, carbonate, calcium, sodium, and potassium (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this study showed that C. chalk may alter growth rate, and cause de-mineralization in the femur bone, hence, it may be detrimental to bone growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Moses B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ekong
authors.forename: Theresa B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ekanem
authors.forename: Abraham O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Sunday
authors.forename: Aquaisua N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Aquaisua
authors.forename: Monday I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Akpanabiatu
keywords: Bone morphometry; bone mineralization wistar rats; calabash chalk; femur