title: Host innate immune responses to sepsis.
abstract: The immune response to sepsis can be seen as a pattern recognition receptor-mediated dysregulation of the immune system following pathogen invasion in which a careful balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is vital. Invasive infection triggers both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host responses, the magnitude of which depends on multiple factors, including pathogen virulence, site of infection, host genetics, and comorbidities. Toll-like receptors, the inflammasomes, and other pattern recognition receptors initiate the immune response after recognition of danger signals derived from microorganisms, so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or derived from the host, so-called danger-associated molecular patterns. Further dissection of the role of host-pathogen interactions, the cytokine response, the coagulation cascade, and their multidirectional interactions in sepsis should lead toward the development of new therapeutic strategies in sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA); Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM); Division of Infectious Diseases; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem Joost
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wiersinga
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA); Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM); Division of Infectious Diseases; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stije J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Leopold
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA); Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM); Division of Infectious Diseases; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Duncan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cranendonk
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA); Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM); Division of Infectious Diseases; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: activated protein C; coagulation; danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP); innate immunity; myeloid related protein (Mrp)-8/14; neutrophil extracellular traps (NET); pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP); pattern recognition receptors; protease activated receptors; sepsis