title: Cognitive-motor brain-machine interfaces.
abstract: Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) open new horizons for the treatment of paralyzed persons, giving hope for the artificial restoration of lost physiological functions. Whereas BMI development has mainly focused on motor rehabilitation, recent studies have suggested that higher cognitive functions can also be deciphered from brain activity, bypassing low level planning and execution functions, and replacing them by computer-controlled effectors. This review describes the new generation of cognitive-motor BMIs, focusing on three BMI types: By outlining recent progress in developing these BMI types, we aim to provide a unified view of contemporary research towards the replacement of behavioral outputs of cognitive processes by direct interaction with the brain.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel. Electronic address: arielta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tankus
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel; Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: ifried@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Electronic address: sshoham@bm.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: Shy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
keywords: BMI; Brain–machine interface; Decision making; Direct object control; ECoG; EEG; FDA; Human neurophysiology; LDA; LFP; M1; PRR; Percept decoding; STG; SVM; Speech; V1, V2, V3, V3A, V3B, V4; areas of the visual cortex; brain–machine interface; electrocorticography; electroencephalography; fMRI; flexible discriminant analysis; functional magnetic resonance imaging; linear discriminant analysis; local field potential; parietal reach region; primary motor cortex; rAC/MOF; rostral anterior cingulate and adjacent medial orbitofrontal cortex; superior temporal gyrus; support vector machine