title: Are we biologically safe with snow precipitation? A case study in beijing.
abstract: In this study, the bacterial and fungal abundances, diversities, conductance levels as well as total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in the snow samples collected from five different snow occurrences in Beijing between January and March, 2010. The collected snow samples were melted and cultured at three different temperatures (4, 26 and 37°C). The culturable bacterial concentrations were manually counted and the resulting colony forming units (CFUs) at 26°C were further studied using V3 region of 16 S rRNA gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction -denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The clone library was constructed after the liquid culturing of snow samples at 26°C. And microscopic method was employed to investigate the fungal diversity in the samples. In addition, outdoor air samples were also collected using mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters and compared with snow samples with respect to described characteristics. The results revealed that snow samples had bacterial concentrations as much as 16000 CFU/ml for those cultured at 26°C, and the conductance levels ranged from 5.6×10(-6) to 2.4×10(-5) S. PCR-DGGE, sequencing and microscopic analysis revealed remarkable bacterial and fungal diversity differences between the snow samples and the outdoor air samples. In addition, DGGE banding profiles for the snow samples collected were also shown distinctly different from one another. Absent from the outdoor air, certain human, plant, and insect fungal pathogens were found in the snow samples. By calculation, culturable bacteria accounted for an average of 3.38% (±1.96%) of TOC for the snow samples, and 0.01% for that of outdoor air samples. The results here suggest that snow precipitations are important sources of fungal pathogens and ice nucleators, thus could affect local climate, human health and agriculture security.
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fangxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Maosheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012914:Snow / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S