title: The challenge of obtaining correct data for cellular release of inflammatory mediators after in vitro exposure to particulate matter.
abstract: Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse cardiopulmonary effects where inflammation seems to play an important role. Cellular release of inflammatory mediators is therefore commonly measured in in vitro studies of PM-induced effects. However, adsorption of such mediators to PM may interfere with these measurements and thereby possibly also influence the conclusions of such studies. The aim of the present mini review is to provide the reader with an update on what is currently known about adsorption of inflammatory mediators to PM. We also present a step-by-step method for correction of in vitro results, based on mediator adsorption experiments. Moreover, mediator adsorption and its possible consequences are exemplified with a case study demonstrating adsorption of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to a selection of PM samples. The highest degree of adsorption was determined to be 65 and 95% for PTX3 and VEGF respectively, and for the various PM samples the degree of adsorption was highly variable. In conclusion, the data and results discussed in this review underscore the importance of assessing and correcting for mediator adsorption, especially in studies involving comparison of effects induced by several different PM samples.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: Jan-Inge.Herseth@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Jan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Herseth
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Annike I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Totlandsdal
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bytingsvik
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jagdip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noer
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anette Kocbach
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bølling
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D052638:Particulate Matter; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099153:Pentraxins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human
keywords: Cytokines; ELISA; Inflammation; Mediator adsorption; Particulate matter