title: Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases.
abstract: Inflammation is a physiological process that repairs tissues in response to endogenous or exogenous aggressions. Nevertheless, a chronic state of inflammation may have detrimental consequences. Aging is associated with increased levels of circulating cytokines and proinflammatory markers. Aged-related changes in the immune system, known as immunosenescence, and increased secretion of cytokines by adipose tissue, represent the major causes of chronic inflammation. This phenomenon is known as "inflamm-aging." High levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein are associated in the older subject with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In particular, cohort studies have indicated TNF-α and IL-6 levels as markers of frailty. The low-grade inflammation characterizing the aging process notably concurs at the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sarcopenia. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines (through a variety of mechanisms, such as platelet activation and endothelial activation) may play a major role in the risk of cardiovascular events. Dysregulation of the inflammatory pathway may also affect the central nervous system and be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders (eg, Alzheimer disease).The aim of the present review was to summarize different targets of the activity of proinflammatory cytokines implicated in the risk of pathological aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France. Electronic address: martin.michaud85@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balardy
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moulis
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaudin
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vellas
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.forename: Fati
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nourhashemi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000276:immunology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000276:immunology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Alzheimer disease; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; TNF-α; aging; cytokines; frailty