title: Sport injuries in elite paralympic swimmers with visual impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visually impaired athletes sustain overuse injuries in the lower limbs, but the pattern of injuries may vary according to the sport. The characteristics of sports injuries in visually impaired swimmers are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the characteristics and epidemiologic measures (prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate) of sports injuries in visually impaired elite national swimmers and to assess differences among visual classes and between sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiology study.
  
  
  METHODS
  International Paralympic competitions held between 2004 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight elite, visually impaired swimmers (19 males, 9 females) from the Brazilian Paralympic Team participated in this study. Twelve were visual class S11 (blind swimmers), 12 were S12 (low-vision swimmers), and 4 were S13 (low-vision swimmers).
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized report form was used to collect data during 5 competitions. This was endorsed by 2 Brazilian sports governing bodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The characteristics, prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate of injuries were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen athletes reported 41 sports injuries, with a prevalence of 64%, clinical incidence of 1.5 injuries per athlete, and an incidence rate of 0.3 injuries per athlete per competition. Overuse injuries (80%) were more frequent than traumatic injuries (20%). The clinical incidence and prevalence varied according to sex and visual class, but no statistical differences were observed (P > .05). The highest proportion of injuries was in the trunk (46.34%), followed by the upper limbs (34.15%). The shoulders (29.27%) were most affected, followed by the thoracic (21.95%) and lumbar spine (17.07%). Spasm (36.59%) was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by tendinopathy (26.83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visually impaired swimmers had a relatively high proportion of overuse injuries, predominantly associated with muscle spasm in the spine and tendinopathy in the shoulders. No differences were apparent in injury prevalence and clinical incidence among visual classes or between sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magno e Silva
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bilzon
authors.forename: Edison
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gorla
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vital
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D013550:Swimming; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*