title: Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies.
abstract: In recent years, an explosion of neuroimaging studies has examined cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the way one thinks about a stimulus in order to change its affective impact. Existing models broadly agree that reappraisal recruits frontal and parietal control regions to modulate emotional responding in the amygdala, but they offer competing visions of how this is accomplished. One view holds that control regions engage ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area associated with fear extinction, that in turn modulates amygdala responses. An alternative view is that control regions modulate semantic representations in lateral temporal cortex that indirectly influence emotion-related responses in the amygdala. Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown. To resolve these questions, we performed a meta-analysis of 48 neuroimaging studies of reappraisal, most involving downregulation of negative affect. Reappraisal consistently 1) activated cognitive control regions and lateral temporal cortex, but not vmPFC, and 2) modulated the bilateral amygdala, but no other brain regions. This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Buhle
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silvers
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Tor D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Wager
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA and.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Chukwudi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Onyemekwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Hedy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ochsner
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D039781:PubMed
keywords: affect; fMRI; meta-analysis; reappraisal