title: Burst fractures of the lumbar spine in frontal crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, major compression and burst type fractures (>20% height loss) of the lumbar spine occur as a result of motor vehicle crashes, despite the improvements in restraint technologies. Lumbar burst fractures typically require an axial compressive load and have been known to occur during a non-horizontal crash event that involve high vertical components of loading. Recently these fracture patterns have also been observed in pure horizontal frontal crashes. This study sought to examine the contributing factors that would induce an axial compressive force to the lumbar spine in frontal motor vehicle crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS, 1993-2011) and Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN, 1996-2012) databases to identify all patients with major compression lumbar spine (MCLS) fractures and then specifically examined those involved in frontal crashes. National trends were assessed based on weighted NASS estimates. Using a case-control study design, NASS and CIREN cases were utilized and a conditional logistic regression was performed to assess driver and vehicle characteristics. CIREN case studies and biomechanical data were used to illustrate the kinematics and define the mechanism of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period 132 NASS cases involved major compression lumbar spine fractures for all crash directions. Nationally weighted, this accounted for 800 cases annually with 44% of these in horizontal frontal crashes. The proportion of frontal crashes resulting in MCLS fractures was 2.5 times greater in late model vehicles (since 2000) as compared to 1990s models. Belted occupants in frontal crashes had a 5 times greater odds of a MCLS fracture than those not belted, and an increase in age also greatly increased the odds. In CIREN, 19 cases were isolated as horizontal frontal crashes and 12 of these involved a major compression lumbar burst fracture primarily at L1. All were belted and almost all occurred in late model vehicles with belt pretensioners and buckets seats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major compression burst fractures of the lumbar spine in frontal crashes were induced via a dynamic axial force transmitted to the pelvis/buttocks into the seat cushion/pan involving belted occupants in late model vehicles with increasing age as a significant factor.
authors.affiliation: Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, P.O. Box 359960, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States. Electronic address: rkaufman@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Randal P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Eileen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bulger
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001336:Automobiles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012622:Seat Belts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Axial compression; Bucket seats; Burst fracture; Frontal crash; Lumbar spine