title: A flexible analysis tool for the quantitative acoustic assessment of infant cry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article, the authors describe and validate the performance of a modern acoustic analyzer specifically designed for infant cry analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing known algorithms, the authors developed a method to extract acoustic parameters describing infant cries from standard digital audio files. They used a frame rate of 25 ms with a frame advance of 12.5 ms. Cepstral-based acoustic analysis proceeded in 2 phases, computing frame-level data and then organizing and summarizing this information within cry utterances. Using signal detection methods, the authors evaluated the accuracy of the automated system to determine voicing and to detect fundamental frequency (F 0) as compared to voiced segments and pitch periods manually coded from spectrogram displays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system detected F 0 with 88% to 95% accuracy, depending on tolerances set at 10 to 20 Hz. Receiver operating characteristic analyses demonstrated very high accuracy at detecting voicing characteristics in the cry samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article describes an automated infant cry analyzer with high accuracy to detect important acoustic features of cry. A unique and important aspect of this work is the rigorous testing of the system's accuracy as compared to ground-truth manual coding. The resulting system has implications for basic and applied research on infant cry development.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Stephen J. Sheinkopf: Stephen_Sheinkopf@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reggiannini
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sheinkopf
authors.forename: Harvey F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Xiaoxue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003448:Crying / Q000502:physiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008954:Models, Biological; D010897:Pitch Discrimination / Q000502:physiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: acoustics; analysis; cry; developmental disorders; infants