title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine introduction against radiologically-confirmed hospitalized pneumonia in young children in Ukraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine was included into the national vaccination schedule of Ukraine in 2006. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of Hib conjugate vaccine against radiologically-confirmed hospitalized pneumonia in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children <2 years old with radiologically confirmed pneumonia admitted to 11 participating hospitals in Kiev and Dnepropetrovsk between April 2007 and June 2009 were included in a case-control evaluation. Four controls were matched to each case by date of birth (within 14 days) and outpatient clinic. We estimated ORs for vaccination and vaccine effectiveness ((1 - OR)*100%) using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for comorbid conditions and contraindications for vaccination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 188 case-children and 735 controls. Median age was 16 months (range 4-24 months). Fifty-one percent of cases and 67% of controls received ≥1 doses of Hib conjugate vaccine; 26% of cases and 37% of controls received ≥3 doses. The effectiveness of ≥1 dose Hib conjugate vaccine was estimated at 45% (95% CI 18%-63%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that Hib infections are important causes of hospitalized radiologically confirmed pneumonia in young children in Ukraine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. tpilishvili@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilishvili
authors.forename: Liudmyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chernyshova
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bondarenko
authors.forename: Fedir
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lapiy
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sychova
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hajjeh
mesh_terms: D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011859:Radiography; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate