title: Proteomic perspective of Quercus suber somatic embryogenesis.
abstract: Quercus suber L. is a forest tree with remarkable ecological, social and economic value in the southern Europe ecosystems. To circumvent the difficulties of breeding such long-lived species like Q. suber in a conventional fashion, clonal propagation of Q. suber elite trees can be carried out, although this process is sometimes unsuccessful. To help decipher the complex program underlying the development of Q. suber somatic embryos from the first early stage until maturity, a proteomic approach based on DIGE and MALDI-MS has been envisaged. Results highlighted several key processes involved in the three developmental stages (proliferative, cotyledonary and mature) of Q. suber somatic embryogenesis studied. Results show that the proliferation stage is characterized by fermentation as an alternative energy source at the first steps of somatic embryo development, as well as by up-regulation of proteins involved in cell division. In this stage reactive oxygen species play a role in proliferation, while other proteins like CAD and PR5 seem to be implied in embryonic competence. In the transition to the cotyledonary stage diverse ROS detoxification enzymes are activated and reserve products (mainly carbohydrates and proteins) are accumulated, whereas energy production is increased probably to participate in the synthesis of primary metabolites such as amino acids and fatty acids. Finally, in the mature stage ethylene accumulation regulates embryo development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quercus suber L. is a forest tree with remarkable ecological, social and economic value in the southern Europe ecosystems. To circumvent the difficulties of breeding such long-lived species like Q. suber in a conventional fashion, clonal propagation of Q. suber elite trees can be carried out, although this process is sometimes unsuccessful. To help decipher the complex program underlying the development of Q. suber somatic embryos from the first early stage until maturity, in deep studies become necessary. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal I. Facultad de CC Biologicas, UCM, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: magom02@bio.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Aranzazu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez-Garay
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Camafeita
authors.forename: Maria Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pintos
mesh_terms: D019976:Cloning, Organism; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis; D040901:Proteomics; D029963:Quercus / Q000196:embryology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000201:enzymology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome
keywords: 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate–homocysteine methyltransferase; AA; AFR; AKR; Aldo keto reductase; Ascorbate free radical; Ascorbic acid; CAD; CSE; Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; Cotyledonar somatic embryos; DHA; DIGE; Dehydroascorbate (synonym: dehydroascorbic acid); GAPDH; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Heat shock protein; Hsp; LEA; Late embryogenesis abundant; MALDI; MSE; MTHP; Mass spectrometry; Mature somatic embryos; PCA; PR protein; PSE; PTM; Pathogenesis-related protein; Post-translational modification; Principal components analysis; Proliferating somatic embryos; Proteomics; Quercus; ROS; Reactive oxygen species; SOD; Somatic embryogenesis; Superoxide dismutase