title: Central and ulnar cleft hands: a review of concurrent deformities in a series of 47 patients and their pathogenesis.
abstract: Two main types of cleft hands have been described. The ulnar cleft hand deformity is very rare and is characterized by two constant features: a deep cleft radial to the little finger and hypoplasia of the ulnar digits. The pathogenesis of ulnar clefts is unknown. The second type is the central cleft hand deformity, which is characterized by a soft tissue/bone defect in the hand centrally. Patients with central clefts also have several concurrent deformities in the remaining digits. This paper reviews the clinical features of three cases with ulnar cleft hands and 44 cases of central cleft hands, with special emphasis on concurrent deformities. The author's hypothesis of pathogenesis for both types of clefts and their concurrent deformities is then offered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia moqattan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Qattan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004476:Ectodermal Dysplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography; D013576:Syndactyly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C496445:FGF4 protein, human; C496456:FGF8 protein, human; D051519:Fibroblast Growth Factor 4; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
keywords: Cleft hand; congenital; split hand