title: HREM analysis of graphite-encapsulated metallic nanoparticles for possible medical applications.
abstract: High resolution electron microscopy has been applied to study the structure of metallic nanoparticles. These have sparked considerable interest as contrast agents in the field of biological imaging, including in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Here, we describe a method of synthesizing sub-10nm superparamagnetic metal and alloy nanoparticles by reduction of metallic salts. Annealing at 900°C in a methane/hydrogen environment forms a thin graphitic-carbon shell which is expected to improve stability, biocompatibility, and functionalization. Subsequent high resolution electron microscopy verifies graphitization and allows for crystallographic analysis. Most particles consist of single crystals in the phase predicted for the bulk material at the annealing temperature. Electron energy loss spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and lattice constant measurements show large variation in composition for alloy nanoparticles from a single synthesis. The magnetization relaxation time (T2) measurements demonstrate that Fe and AuFe nanoparticles compete with commercially available iron oxide MRI contrast agents. X-ray attenuation measurements of an AuFe alloy nanoparticle solution gave a relative radiodensity of 280 Hounsfield Units, demonstrating promise as a dual-purpose contrast agent in CT and MRI. Long term stability in an atmospheric environment was also tested, with no signs of corrosion or oxidation after several years of storage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4034, USA. Electronic address: bobsinc@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods; D046590:Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Computed tomography; HREM; Magnetic resonance imaging; Metallic nanoparticles