title: A novel model of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS) is a life-threatening inflammatory disease that affects immunocompromised patients, but animal models of the disease are scarce. This study aimed to develop an IFRS model in neutropenic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The model was established in three consecutive steps: unilateral nasal obstruction with Merocel sponges, followed by administration of cyclophosphamide (CPA), and, finally, nasal inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus. Fifty healthy Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, with group I as the controls, group II undergoing unilateral nasal obstruction alone, group III undergoing nasal obstruction with fungal inoculation, group IV undergoing nasal obstruction with administration of CPA, and group V undergoing nasal obstruction with administration of CPA and fungal inoculation. Hematology, histology, and mycology investigations were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The changes in the rat absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) were statistically different across the groups. The administration of CPA decreased the ANCs, whereas nasal obstruction with fungal inoculation increased the ANCs, and nasal obstruction did not change them. Histological examination of the rats in group V revealed the hyphal invasion of sinus mucosa and bone, thrombosis, and tissue infarction. No pathology indicative of IFRS was observed in the remaining groups. Positive rates of fungal culture in tissue homogenates from the maxillary sinus (62.5%) and lung (25%) were found in group V, whereas groups I, II, III, and IV showed no fungal culture in the homogenates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rat IFRS model was successfully developed through nasal obstruction, CPA-induced neutropenia, and fungal inoculation. The disease model closely mimics the pathophysiology of anthropic IFRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yunfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Zeqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000276:immunology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000276:immunology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015508:Nasal Obstruction; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology*; D015503:Surgical Sponges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide