title: Subepicardial endothelial cells invade the embryonic ventricle wall to form coronary arteries.
abstract: Coronary arteries bring blood flow to the heart muscle. Understanding the developmental program of the coronary arteries provides insights into the treatment of coronary artery diseases. Multiple sources have been described as contributing to coronary arteries including the proepicardium, sinus venosus (SV), and endocardium. However, the developmental origins of coronary vessels are still under intense study. We have produced a new genetic tool for studying coronary development, an AplnCreER mouse line, which expresses an inducible Cre recombinase specifically in developing coronary vessels. Quantitative analysis of coronary development and timed induction of AplnCreER fate tracing showed that the progenies of subepicardial endothelial cells (ECs) both invade the compact myocardium to form coronary arteries and remain on the surface to produce veins. We found that these subepicardial ECs are the major sources of intramyocardial coronary vessels in the developing heart. In vitro explant assays indicate that the majority of these subepicardial ECs arise from endocardium of the SV and atrium, but not from ventricular endocardium. Clonal analysis of Apln-positive cells indicates that a single subepicardial EC contributes equally to both coronary arteries and veins. Collectively, these data suggested that subepicardial ECs are the major source of intramyocardial coronary arteries in the ventricle wall, and that coronary arteries and veins have a common origin in the developing heart.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Tianyuan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lingjuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xiuzhen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qiaozhen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zhongzhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tao P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baldini
authors.forename: Yunfu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Sylvia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gittenberger-de Groot
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Red-Horse
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*