title: Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review.
abstract: Screening for diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent this complication, but evidence regarding frequency of screening is uncertain. This paper systematically reviews the published literature on the relationship between screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and the incidence of visual loss. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until December 2012. Twenty five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, as these assessed the incidence/prevalence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in relation to screening frequency. The included studies comprised 15 evaluations of real-world screening programmes, three studies modelling the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and seven cost-effectiveness studies. In evaluations of diabetic retinopathy screening programmes, the appropriate screening interval ranged from one to four years, in people with no retinopathy at baseline. Despite study heterogeneity, the overall tendency observed in these programmes was that 2-year screening intervals among people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis were not associated with high incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. The modelling studies (non-economic and economic) assessed a range of screening intervals (1-5 years). The aggregated evidence from both the natural history and cost-effectiveness models favors a screening interval >1 year, but ≤2 years. Such an interval would be appropriate, safe and cost-effective for people with no diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis, while screening intervals ≤1 year would be preferable for people with pre-existing diabetic retinopathy. A 2-year screening interval for people with no sight threatening diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis may be safely adopted. For patients with pre-existing diabetic retinopathy, a shorter interval ≤1 year is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Echouffo-Tcheugui
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roglic
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods