title: Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society.
abstract: Infectious diseases are common in marine environments, but the effects of a changing climate on marine pathogens are not well understood. Here we review current knowledge about how the climate drives host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease outbreaks. Climate-related impacts on marine diseases are being documented in corals, shellfish, finfish, and humans; these impacts are less clearly linked for other organisms. Oceans and people are inextricably linked, and marine diseases can both directly and indirectly affect human health, livelihoods, and well-being. We recommend an adaptive management approach to better increase the resilience of ocean systems vulnerable to marine diseases in a changing climate. Land-based management methods of quarantining, culling, and vaccinating are not successful in the ocean; therefore, forecasting conditions that lead to outbreaks and designing tools/approaches to influence these conditions may be the best way to manage marine disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; email: cab433@cornell.edu , cdh5@cornell.edu *
authors.forename: Colleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mark Eakin
authors.forename: Carolyn S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Froelich
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hershberger
authors.forename: Eileen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Petes
authors.forename: Katherine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Bette L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: C Drew
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Harvell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000662:veterinary*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans