title: Critical assessment of intramodality 3D ultrasound imaging for prostate IGRT compared to fiducial markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A quantitative 3D intramodality ultrasound (US) imaging system was verified for daily in-room prostate localization, and compared to prostate localization based on implanted fiducial markers (FMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen prostate patients underwent multiple US scans during treatment. A total of 376 US-scans and 817 matches were used to determine the intra- and interoperator variability. Additionally, eight other patients underwent daily prostate localization using both US and electronic portal imaging (EPI) with FMs resulting in 244 combined US-EPI scans. Scanning was performed with minimal probe pressure and a correction for the speed of sound aberration was performed. Uncertainties of both US and FM methods were assessed. User variability of the US method was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall US user variability is 2.6 mm. The mean differences between US and FM are: 2.5 ± 4.0 mm (LR), 0.6 ± 4.9 mm (SI), and -2.3 ± 3.6 mm (AP). The intramodality character of this US system mitigates potential errors due to transducer pressure and speed of sound aberrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall accuracy of US (3.0 mm) is comparable to our FM workflow (2.2 mm). Since neither US nor FM can be considered a gold standard no conclusions can be drawn on the superiority of either method. Because US imaging captures the prostate itself instead of surrogates no invasive procedure is required. It requires more effort to standardize US imaging than FM detection. Since US imaging does not involve a radiation burden, US prostate imaging offers an alternative for FM EPI positioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6201 BN, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Skadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bloemen-van Gurp
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voncken
authors.forename: Denys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heuvelmans
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gubbels
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontanarosa
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Ludy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lutgens
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verhaegen
mesh_terms: D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000592:standards*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder