title: Vitamin D3 inhibits expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in human uterine fibroid cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Can biologically active vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)₂D3] regulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human uterine fibroid cells?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1,25(OH)₂D3 effectively reduced the expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cultured human uterine fibroid cells.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma) express higher levels of MMP activity than adjacent normal myometrium, and this is associated with uterine fibroid pathogenesis. However, it is unknown whether 1,25(OH)₂D3 can regulate the expression and activities of MMPs in human uterine fibroid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically removed fresh fibroid tissue was used to generate primary uterine fibroid cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  An immortalized human uterine fibroid cell line (HuLM) and/or primary human uterine fibroid cells isolated from fresh fibroid tissue were used to examine the expression of several MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) 1 and 2 and the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after 1,25(OH)₂D3 treatment. Real-time PCR and western blots analyses were used to measure mRNA and protein expression of MMPs, respectively. Supernatant cell culture media were analyzed for MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities using a gelatin zymography assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1-1000 nM 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HuLM cells in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.5 to P < 0.001). The mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and MMP-14 in HuLM cells were also reduced by 1,25(OH)₂D3. 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner in both HuLM and primary uterine fibroid cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Moreover, 1,25(OH)₂D3 increased the mRNA levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and TIMP-2 in a concentration-dependent manner in HuLM cells (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). 1,25(OH)₂D3 also significantly increased protein levels of VDR and TIMP-2 in all cell types tested (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Gelatin zymography revealed that pro-MMP-2, active MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 were down-regulated by 1,25(OH)₂D3 in a concentration-dependent manner; however, the active MMP-9 was undetectable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was performed using in vitro uterine fibroid cell cultures and the results were extrapolated to in vivo situation of uterine fibroids. Moreover, in this study the interaction of vitamin D3 with other regulators such as steroid hormone receptors was not explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals an important biological function of 1,25(OH)₂D3 in the regulation of expression and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Thus, 1,25(OH)₂D3 might be a potential effective, safe non-surgical treatment option for human uterine fibroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA. shalder@mmc.edu
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Osteen
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hendy
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009215:Myometrium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C579457:VDR protein, human; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D002117:Calcitriol
keywords: MMPs; TIMP-2; VDR; fibroids; vitamin D3