title: Transcription Factor Activating Protein-2β (TFAP-2β) genotype and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in relation to symptoms of depression in two independent samples.
abstract: The Transcription Factor Activating Protein-2β (TFAP-2β) gene has been shown to influence monoaminergic neurotransmission, and several genes important for monoaminergic function have binding sites for TFAP-2β. Familial studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest a hereditary-determined subtype of ADHD with comorbid depression. We examined a functional variation of the TFAP-2β gene in the context of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression in two independent population-based samples of adolescents (Group A, n = 175 and Group B, n = 1,506) from Sweden. Results indicated 6.1 to 7.8% of adolescents screened positively for ADHD and depression symptoms. Symptoms of depression were more common among girls who screened positively for ADHD and did not carry the nine-repeat allele of the TFAP-2β intron 1 Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. The presence of the nine-repeat variant of the TFAP-2β intron 1 VNTR appears to protect girls with ADHD symptoms from the co-expression of symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Uppsala University, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden. kent.nilsson@ltv.se.
authors.forename: Kent W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Uppsala University, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonnby
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, POB 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nordquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, POB 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Comasco
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Uppsala University, 721 89, Västerås, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppert
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, POB 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oreland
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Umeå, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rickard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sjöberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C493677:TFAP2B protein, human; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2
keywords: ADHD; Adolescents; Comorbidity; Depression; Gene–environment interaction; Transcription factor AP-2β