title: Determinants of the Changes in Glycemic Control with Exercise Training in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial.
abstract: To assess the determinants of exercise training-induced improvements in glucose control (HbA1C) including changes in serum total adiponectin and FFA concentrations, and skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein content.
  
  
  
  A sub-cohort (n = 35; 48% men; 74% Caucasian) from the HART-D study undertaking muscle biopsies before and after 9 months of aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), or combination training (ATRT).
  
  
  
  Changes in HbA1C were associated with changes in adiponectin (r = -0.45, P = 0.007). Participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a longer duration had the largest increase in PGC-1α (r = 0.44, P = 0.008). Statistical modeling examining changes in HbA1C suggested that male sex (P = 0.05), non-Caucasian ethnicity (P = 0.02), duration of type 2 diabetes (r = 0.40; P<0.002) and changes in FFA (r = 0.36; P<0.004), adiponectin (r = -0.26; P<0.03), and PGC-1α (r = -0.28; P = 0.02) explain ∼65% of the variability in the changes in HbA1C.
  
  
  
  Decreases in HbA1C after 9 months of exercise were associated with shorter duration of diabetes, lowering of serum FFA concentrations, increasing serum adiponectin concentrations and increasing skeletal muscle PGC-1α protein expression.
  
  
  
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00458133.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America ; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Johannsen
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.forename: Zhengyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Conrad P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Earnest
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human