title: The complete mitochondrial genomes of two rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Laodelphax striatellus: conserved genome rearrangement in Delphacidae and discovery of new characteristics of atp8 and tRNA genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nilaparvata lugens (the brown planthopper, BPH) and Laodelphax striatellus (the small brown planthopper, SBPH) are two of the most important pests of rice. Up to now, there was only one mitochondrial genome of rice planthopper has been sequenced and very few dependable information of mitochondria could be used for research on population genetics, phylogeographics and phylogenetic evolution of these pests. To get more valuable information from the mitochondria, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of BPH and SBPH. These two planthoppers were infected with two different functional Wolbachia (intracellular endosymbiont) strains (wLug and wStri). Since both mitochondria and Wolbachia are transmitted by cytoplasmic inheritance and it was difficult to separate them when purified the Wolbachia particles, concomitantly sequencing the genome of Wolbachia using next generation sequencing method, we also got nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequences of these two rice planthoppers. After gap closing, we present high quality and reliable complete mitochondrial genomes of these two planthoppers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mitogenomes of N. lugens (BPH) and L. striatellus (SBPH) are 17, 619 bp and 16, 431 bp long with A + T contents of 76.95% and 77.17%, respectively. Both species have typical circular mitochondrial genomes that encode the complete set of 37 genes which are usually found in metazoans. However, the BPH mitogenome also possesses two additional copies of the trnC gene. In both mitochondrial genomes, the lengths of the atp8 gene were conspicuously shorter than that of all other known insect mitochondrial genomes (99 bp for BPH, 102 bp for SBPH). That two rearrangement regions (trnC-trnW and nad6-trnP-trnT) of mitochondrial genomes differing from other known insect were found in these two distantly related planthoppers revealed that the gene order of mitochondria might be conservative in Delphacidae. The large non-coding fragment (the A+T-rich region) putatively corresponding responsible for the control of replication and transcription of mitochondria contained a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) block in different natural individuals of these two planthoppers. Comparison with a previously sequenced individual of SBPH revealed that the mitochondrial genetic variation within a species exists not only in the sequence and secondary structure of genes, but also in the gene order (the different location of trnH gene).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mitochondrial genome arrangement pattern found in planthoppers was involved in rearrangements of both tRNA genes and protein-coding genes (PCGs). Different species from different genera of Delphacidae possessing the same mitochondrial gene rearrangement suggests that gene rearrangements of mitochondrial genome probably occurred before the differentiation of this family. After comparatively analyzing the gene order of different species of Hemiptera, we propose that except for some specific taxonomical group (e.g. the whiteflies) the gene order might have diversified in family level of this order. The VNTRs detected in the control region might provide additional genetic markers for studying population genetics, individual difference and phylogeographics of planthoppers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Chao
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: Yan-Kai
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiu-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Da-Song
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Xiao-Yue
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D023061:Gene Order / Q000235:genetics; D015321:Gene Rearrangement / Q000235:genetics*; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012343:RNA, Transfer; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases