title: Predicting drug-target interactions using restricted Boltzmann machines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In silico prediction of drug-target interactions plays an important role toward identifying and developing new uses of existing or abandoned drugs. Network-based approaches have recently become a popular tool for discovering new drug-target interactions (DTIs). Unfortunately, most of these network-based approaches can only predict binary interactions between drugs and targets, and information about different types of interactions has not been well exploited for DTI prediction in previous studies. On the other hand, incorporating additional information about drug-target relationships or drug modes of action can improve prediction of DTIs. Furthermore, the predicted types of DTIs can broaden our understanding about the molecular basis of drug action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We propose a first machine learning approach to integrate multiple types of DTIs and predict unknown drug-target relationships or drug modes of action. We cast the new DTI prediction problem into a two-layer graphical model, called restricted Boltzmann machine, and apply a practical learning algorithm to train our model and make predictions. Tests on two public databases show that our restricted Boltzmann machine model can effectively capture the latent features of a DTI network and achieve excellent performance on predicting different types of DTIs, with the area under precision-recall curve up to 89.6. In addition, we demonstrate that integrating multiple types of DTIs can significantly outperform other predictions either by simply mixing multiple types of interactions without distinction or using only a single interaction type. Further tests show that our approach can infer a high fraction of novel DTIs that has been validated by known experiments in the literature or other databases. These results indicate that our approach can have highly practical relevance to DTI prediction and drug repositioning, and hence advance the drug discovery process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Software and datasets are available on request.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Department of Automation and Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yuhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011506:Proteins