title: Gender differences in low and high pain palpation thresholds in the TMJ and neck areas.
abstract: The null hypothesis was that pain pressure thresholds are the same for young healthy males and females and do not differ between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscle sites. The aim of the current study was to compare pain pressure threshold levels using an algometer with a convex-formed contact piece and pressure increase rates similar to those in conventional finger palpation, making the conditions more like clinical examination of painful spots with commonly used physiotherapeutic methods. Healthy subjects, 12 male, mean age 22.5 +/- 1.62 (SD), and 12 female, 22.4 +/- 2.19 (SD), were enrolled. A transducer with a calibrated load range, 0 to 25 pounds, was used to measure pressure threshold levels for low (T1), VAS to approximately 2, and high (T2), VAS to approximately 8, pain levels bilaterally in the occipital (OC), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper trapezius (TU), transverse process of first vertebra (C1), and lateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) areas. The null hypothesis was rejected. Levels T1 and T2 were significantly lower in the females in all tested areas. The range of the mean for T1 levels was 4.9-8.0 pounds for males and 3.2-5.1 pounds for females. For T2 levels, the range was 8.9-15.6 pounds for males and 6.2-10.3 pounds for females. Significant differences were found between muscle sites. These results support the use of different threshold levels: a) for males and females; and b) for different muscle areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. sew@umich.edu
authors.forename: Sven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Widmalm
authors.forename: Duane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Radke
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaorui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meiqing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010173:Palpation / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D012737:Sex Factors; D013499:Surface Properties; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D055815:Young Adult