title: The posterior intercostal vein: a thermoregulatory gateway to the internal vertebral venous plexus.
abstract: The internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP) plays a putative role in thermoregulation of the spinal cord. Cold cutaneous venous blood may cool, while warm venous blood from muscles and brown fat areas may warm the spinal cord. The regulating mechanisms for both cooling and warming are still unknown. Warm venous blood mainly enters the IVVP via the intervertebral veins. In the thoracic area these veins are connected to the posterior intercostal veins. In this study, anatomical structures were investigated that might support the mechanisms by which warmed venous blood from the intercostal muscles and the recently described paravertebral patches of brown adipose tissue are able to drain into the vertebral venous plexus. Therefore, tissue samples from human cadavers (n = 21) containing the posterior intercostal vein and its connections to the IVVP and the azygos veins were removed and processed for histology. Serial sections revealed that the proximal parts of the posterior intercostal veins contained abundant smooth muscle fibers at their opening into the azygos vein. Furthermore, the walls of the proximal parts of the posterior intercostal veins contain plicae that allow the vessel to dilate, thereby allowing it to serve as a pressure chamber. It is suggested that a cold induced closure of the intercostal/azygos opening can result in retrograde blood flow from the proximal posterior intercostal vein towards the IVVP. This blood flow would be composed of warm blood from the paravertebral brown adipose tissue and blood containing metabolic heat from the muscles draining into the intercostal veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Namibia.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Hoogland
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wessels
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vorster
authors.forename: R J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Groen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wettstein
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Greyling
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kotzé
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: brown adipose tissue; internal vertebral venous plexus; posterior intercostal vein; thermoregulation