title: Effect of four different size reduction methods on the particle size, solubility enhancement and physical stability of nicergoline nanocrystals.
abstract: Nicergoline, a poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient, possesses vaso-active properties which causes peripheral and central vasodilatation. In this study, nanocrystals of nicergoline were prepared in an aqueous solution of polysorbate 80 (nanosuspension) by using four different laboratory scale size reduction techniques: high pressure homogenization (HPH), bead milling (BM) and combination techniques (high pressure homogenization followed by bead milling HPH + BM, and bead milling followed by high pressure homogenization BM + HPH). Nanocrystals were investigated regarding to their mean particles size, zeta potential and particle dissolution. A short term physical stability study on nanocrystals stored at three different temperatures (4, 20 and 40 °C) was performed to evaluate the tendency to change in particle size, aggregation and zeta potential. The size reduction technique and the process parameters like milling time, number of homogenization cycles and pressure greatly affected the size of nanocrystals. Among the techniques used, the combination techniques showed superior and consistent particle size reduction compared to the other two methods, HPH + BM and BM + HPH giving nanocrystals of a mean particle size of 260 and 353 nm, respectively. The particle dissolution was increased for any nanocrystals samples, but it was particularly increased by HPH and combination techniques. Independently to the production method, nicergoline nanocrystals showed slight increase in particle size over the time, but remained below 500 nm at 20 °C and refrigeration conditions.
authors.affiliation: University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy , Via S. Agostino, 62032 Camerino , Italy .
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martena
authors.forename: Ranjita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shegokar
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: Rainer H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D004355:Drug Stability; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009530:Nicergoline / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D009530:Nicergoline
keywords: Dissolution; mean particle size; nanocrystals; nicergoline; short term stability