title: Origin of the torus mandibularis: an embryological hypothesis.
abstract: Torus mandibularis, a well-known protuberance in the dental field, has been defined as a hyperostosis in the lingual aspect of the body of the mandible above the mylohyoid line. However, the origin of the torus mandibularis has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding on the origin of the torus in view of the specific development of Meckel's cartilage at the site corresponding to the adult torus. A total of 40 mid-term human fetuses at 7-16 weeks of gestation were examined. The 10-13 weeks stage corresponded to the critical period in which Meckel's cartilage with endochondral ossification underwent a bending at the beginning of the intramandibular course. At the level of mental foramen, which was located between the deciduous canine and the first deciduous molar germs, the medial lamina of the mandible protruded medially to reach Meckel's cartilage. Thus, the medial lamina covered the posterior and superior aspect of the bending Meckel's cartilage just above the attachment of the developing mylohyoid muscle (i.e., in the oral cavity). We considered a bony prominence, which composed the protruding medial lamina and the bending Meckel's cartilage as the fetal origin of the torus mandibularis. A new theory is proposed for the origin of the torus mandibularis based on the existence of an anlage formed during the development of the mandible, variable in morphology and size, but always constant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Embriology II, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Vázquez
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakiyama
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verdugo-López
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
mesh_terms: D002356:Cartilage / Q000196:embryology*; D005096:Exostoses / Q000196:embryology*; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000196:embryology*
keywords: Meckel's cartilage; endochondral ossification; human fetus; mandible; torus mandibularis