title: Heightened clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism and disregard of the D-dimer assay: a contemporary trend in an era of increased access to computed tomography pulmonary angiogram?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prospective studies have shown that utilising qualitative D-dimers in those with a low Wells pre-test probability (PTP) of pulmonary embolism (PE) have significantly reduced the number of computed tomography pulmonary angiograms (CTPA) being performed. These studies have been based on a PE prevalence of approximately 6% in the low PTP group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study compares the diagnostic approach to PE in the study institution to well-established guidelines. The study also re-examines the cost-benefit analyses of qualitative d-dimers and CTPA in the low PTP group.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study of 169 consecutive CTPA requested in the emergency department of a major teaching hospital during a 12-month period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of PE was 0% (0/65), 11.7% (9/77) and 0% (0/2) in the low, moderate and high Wells PTP groups respectively, and 6.3% (9/144) overall. PTP was documented in 10 (6.9%) cases, and the qualitative Clearview Simplify D-dimer was only ordered in 33.8% (22/65) of low PTP subjects. The false positive D-dimer rate was 90.2% (37/41). Cost-benefit analysis and assay performance defines a narrow range of low PTP PE prevalence between 1% and 5% for the utilisation of the qualitative D-dimer assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of PE in subjects undergoing CTPA was significantly lower compared with data in the literature. The authors recommend warranted clinical suspicion of PE should be confirmed by a senior physician prior to placing a patient in the PE work-up pathway. In such patients, the qualitative D-dimer assay should be utilised if PTP is low, and the exclusionary efficiency of the D-dimer will be improved in the setting of higher PE prevalence in this subgroup. Hospitals should audit local PE prevalence, as cost-benefit analyses raises questions about the effectiveness of D-dimers when PE prevalence is very low in the low PTP subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Resident Support Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sud
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langfield
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography / Q000639:trends*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000639:trends*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D
keywords: computer tomography pulmonary angiogram; d-dimer; emergency service; guideline adherence; pulmonary embolism/diagnosis; retrospective study