title: Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric determination of the complex vapor composition of samarium, europium, and ytterbium bromides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vaporization of Sm, Eu, and Yb tri- and dibromides is accompanied by decomposition and disproportionation reactions. These result in complex vapor compositions whose analysis is an intricate problem for experimentalists. Approaches have been developed to interpret mass spectra and accurately determine the vapor composition of thermally unstable compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sector type magnet instrument was used. A combined ion source allowed the study of both the molecular and ionic vapor compositions in the electron ionization (EI) and the thermionic emission (TE) modes. The methodological approaches were based on a joint analysis of the ionization efficiency functions, the temperature and time dependences of the ion currents, and special mathematical data evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vaporization of SmBr3 , YbBr3 , SmBr2 , EuBr2 , and YbBr2 was studied in the temperature range of 850-1300 K. An initial stage of incongruent vaporization was observed in the case of the tribromides, SmBr2 , and YbBr2 . This eventually changed to a congruent vaporization stage. Various neutral (Ln, Br, Br2 , LnBr, LnBr2 , LnBr3 , Ln2 Br4 , Ln2 Br5 , and Ln2 Br6 ) and charged (Br(-), LnBr3 (-), LnBr4 (-)) species were detected at different vaporization stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The quantitative vapor composition of Sm, Eu, and Yb tri- and dibromides was determined. It was found that only EuBr2 was stable in the studied temperature range. The developed approaches can be useful in the case of other thermally unstable compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology of Ceramics and Nanomaterials, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Sergeev
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Butman
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Motalov
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kudin
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Krämer