title: Protective effect of zinc-N-acetylcysteine on the rat kidney during cold storage.
abstract: Cold storage of kidneys before transplantation is problematic because of the limited survival time of the allografts. In this study, zinc-N-acetylcysteine (ZnNAC) was shown to be a potent endonuclease inhibitor and antioxidant, and it was tested as a potential additive to a cold storage solution for kidney preservation. Exposure of normal rat kidney NRK-52E cells to ZnNAC resulted in zinc delivery to the cells as determined by TFL-Zn fluorophore and partial protection of the cells against injury by cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution (UWS) as measured by propidium iodide assay. Ex vivo, rat kidneys demonstrated time- and temperature-dependent DNA fragmentation as assessed by TUNEL assay, indicating irreversible cell death. DNA fragmentation was faster in the medulla than in the cortex, and tubules were affected more than glomeruli. Perfusion of rat kidneys with cold ZnNAC solution in UWS significantly inhibited cell death both in the cortex and medulla at concentrations of 0.3-30 mM compared with UWS alone, with a maximum effect at 1-10 mM ZnNAC. Cold storage of the kidney significantly increased quantities of cleaved caspase-3 and endonuclease G (EndoG) in the tissue, which were abolished by 10 mM ZnNAC, indicating its ability to suppress both caspase-dependent and -independent cell death. Therefore, supplementation of UWS with ZnNAC can decrease DNA fragmentation and protect kidney allografts from cell death due to cold storage.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, no. 638, Little Rock, AR 72205. basnakianalexeig@uams.edu.
authors.forename: Mandeep
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Dolapo T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Odeniyi
authors.forename: Eugene O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Apostolov
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savenka
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fite
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Wangila
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Alexei G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Basnakian
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004720:Endonucleases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D009926:Organ Preservation; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012034:Refrigeration; D019345:Zinc Acetate / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D004720:Endonucleases; D020169:Caspases; D019345:Zinc Acetate; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: apoptosis; caspase-3; cold storage; endonuclease G; kidney; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling; zinc-N-acetylcysteine