title: Image-directed, tissue-preserving focal therapy of prostate cancer: a feasibility study of a novel deformable magnetic resonance-ultrasound (MR-US) registration system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of using computer-assisted, deformable image registration software to enable three-dimensional (3D), multi-parametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived information on tumour location and extent, to inform the planning and conduct of focal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested pilot study of 26 consecutive men with a visible discrete focus on mpMRI, correlating with positive histology on transperineal template mapping biopsy, who underwent focal HIFU (Sonablate 500®) within a prospective, Ethics Committee-approved multicentre trial ('INDEX'). Non-rigid image registration software developed in our institution was used to transfer data on the location and limits of the index lesion as defined by mpMRI. Manual contouring of the prostate capsule and histologically confirmed MR-visible lesion was performed preoperatively by a urologist and uro-radiologist. A deformable patient-specific computer model, which captures the location of the target lesion, was automatically generated for each patient and registered to a 3D transrectal ultrasonography (US) volume using a small number (10-20) of manually defined capsule points. During the focal HIFU, the urologist could add additional sonications after image-registration if it was felt that the original treatment plan did not cover the lesion sufficiently with a margin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate capsule and lesion contouring was achieved in <5 min preoperatively. The mean (range) time taken to register images was 6 (3-16) min. Additional treatment sonications were added in 13 of 26 cases leading to a mean (range) additional treatment time of 45 (9-90) s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-rigid MR-US registration is feasible, efficient and can locate lesions on US. The process has potential for improved accuracy of focal treatments, and improved diagnostic sampling strategies for prostate cancer. Further work on whether deformable MR-US registration impacts on efficacy is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Univeristy College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Yipeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hashim U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Alex P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emberton
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barratt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: MR-US registration; focal therapy; multi-parametric MRI; prostate cancer