title: Evaluating the Effectiveness of France's Indoor Smoke-Free Law 1 Year and 5 Years after Implementation: Findings from the ITC France Survey.
abstract: France implemented a comprehensive smoke-free law in two phases: Phase 1 (February 2007) banned smoking in workplaces, shopping centres, airports, train stations, hospitals, and schools; Phase 2 (January 2008) banned smoking in hospitality venues (bars, restaurants, hotels, casinos, nightclubs). This paper evaluates France's smoke-free law based on the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in France (the ITC France Project), which conducted a cohort survey of approximately 1,500 smokers and 500 non-smokers before the implementation of the laws (Wave 1) and two waves after the implementation (Waves 2 and 3). Results show that the smoke-free law led to a very significant and near-total elimination of observed smoking in key venues such as bars (from 94-97% to 4%) and restaurants (from 60-71% to 2-3%) at Wave 2, which was sustained four years later (6-8% in bars; 1-2% in restaurants). The reduction in self-reported smoking by smoking respondents was nearly identical to the effects shown in observed smoking. Observed smoking in workplaces declined significantly after the law (from 41-48% to 18-20%), which continued to decline at Wave 3 (to 14-15%). Support for the smoke-free laws increased significantly after their implementation and continued to increase at Wave 3 (p<.001 among smokers for bars and restaurants; p<.001 among smokers and p = .003 for non-smokers for workplaces). The findings demonstrate that smoke-free policies that are implemented in ways consistent with the Guidelines for Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) lead to substantial and sustained reductions in indoor smoking while also leading to high levels of support by the public. Moreover, contrary to arguments by opponents of smoke-free laws, smoking in the home did not increase after the law was implemented and prevalence of smoke-free homes among smokers increased from 23.2% before the law to 37.2% 5 years after the law.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ; School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Lorraine V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guignard
authors.forename: Gera E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Nagelhout
authors.forename: Megan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Driezen
authors.forename: Ryan David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boudreau
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilquin
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D015397:Program Evaluation; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone; D055815:Young Adult