title: Differences in healthcare utilization and associated costs between patients prescribed vs. nonprescribed opioids during an inpatient or emergency department visit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs between patients prescribed opioids (RxOP) and those who were not (NoRxOP) during an emergency department (ED) or inpatient visit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis was performed (January 2006 to September 2010). Continuously eligible RxOP patients in ED/inpatient settings (January 2007 to September 2009) were included if age was ≥ 12 years by initial prescription date (or random date between first ED/inpatient admission and September 30, 2009 [NoRxOP patients]). Healthcare resource utilization and costs for 12 months after initial prescription were compared. Univariate descriptive analyses were performed for baseline and outcome variables and compared using appropriate tests. Risk adjustment compared HCRU between RxOP and NoRxOP cohorts for the postindex period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 27,599 eligible patients, RxOP patients (n = 18,819) were younger, less likely to be male, more likely to reside in southern United States and to have Preferred Provider Organization health plans, and had lower comorbidity index scores, compared with NoRxOP patients (n = 8,780). RxOP patients were less likely to have nonpain-related comorbidities and more frequently diagnosed with pain-related comorbidities. Unmatched and propensity-matched RxOP patients experienced higher HCRU and costs in all subcategories (total, inpatient, outpatient ED, physician, pharmacy, other outpatient settings). Opioid abuse frequency was low in patients with common diagnoses/procedures within 3 months before initial prescription (0.48%). Average time to abuse was < 1 year (201 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients were prescribed opioids initially during ED/inpatient visits and incurred higher HCRU than those not prescribed opioids. Among those with diagnosed opioid abuse after initiating opioids, time to diagnosis was rapid (range: 14 to 260 days) for patients with common diseases and procedures.
authors.affiliation: STATinMED Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ashish V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mardekian
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: Nilay D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: healthcare costs; healthcare utilization; opioid abuse; opioid-related disorders; opioids