title: Neuroendocrine consequences of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article attempts to summarize findings of recent publications addressing the prevalence, effects, and treatment of pituitary hormone deficiency following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of recent studies of TBI victims offer larger samples and much longer follow-up times. However, the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiency continues to vary widely, underscoring the influence of patient selection, differences in endocrine testing, and patient's comorbidities and age. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) continues to be the most frequently detected type of pituitary dysfunction. Several reports show the influence of GHD on functional outcomes of TBI victims beyond what is predicted by trauma severity. Emerging data support the notion growth hormone (GH) replacement as a useful intervention to improve symptomatology and functional outcomes among adequately selected GH-deficient patients recovering from TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pituitary dysfunction is prevalent following TBI. Pituitary dysfunction seems to influence functional outcomes in some patients recovering from brain injury. Adequately selected patients could benefit from hormonal replacement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency; D006801:Humans; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone