title: Development and Standardization of Extended ChaeLee Korean Facial Expressions of Emotions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years there has been an enormous increase of neuroscience research using the facial expressions of emotion. This has led to a need for ethnically specific facial expressions data, due to differences of facial emotion processing among different ethnicities.
  
  
  METHODS
  FIFTY PROFESSIONAL ACTORS WERE ASKED TO POSE WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN TURN: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, and neutral. A total of 283 facial pictures of 40 actors were selected to be included in the validation study. Facial expression emotion identification was performed in a validation study by 104 healthy raters who provided emotion labeling, valence ratings, and arousal ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 259 images of 37 actors were selected for inclusion in the Extended ChaeLee Korean Facial Expressions of Emotions tool, based on the analysis of results. In these images, the actors' mean age was 38±11.1 years (range 26-60 years), with 16 (43.2%) males and 21 (56.8%) females. The consistency varied by emotion type, showing the highest for happiness (95.5%) and the lowest for fear (49.0%). The mean scores for the valence ratings ranged from 4.0 (happiness) to 1.9 (sadness, anger, and disgust). The mean scores for the arousal ratings ranged from 3.7 (anger and fear) to 2.5 (neutral).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We obtained facial expressions from individuals of Korean ethnicity and performed a study to validate them. Our results provide a tool for the affective neurosciences which could be used for the investigation of mechanisms of emotion processing in healthy individuals as well as in patients with various psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Uk
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.forename: Seung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chae
keywords: Affective neurosciences; Facial expressions of emotions; Korean; Validation