title: Alignment-free analysis of barcode sequences by means of compression-based methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The key idea of DNA barcode initiative is to identify, for each group of species belonging to different kingdoms of life, a short DNA sequence that can act as a true taxon barcode. DNA barcode represents a valuable type of information that can be integrated with ecological, genetic, and morphological data in order to obtain a more consistent taxonomy. Recent studies have shown that, for the animal kingdom, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), about 650 bp long, can be used as a barcode sequence for identification and taxonomic purposes of animals. In the present work we aims at introducing the use of an alignment-free approach in order to make taxonomic analysis of barcode sequences. Our approach is based on the use of two compression-based versions of non-computable Universal Similarity Metric (USM) class of distances. Our purpose is to justify the employ of USM also for the analysis of short DNA barcode sequences, showing how USM is able to correctly extract taxonomic information among those kind of sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We downloaded from Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) database 30 datasets of barcode sequences belonging to different animal species. We built phylogenetic trees of every dataset, according to compression-based and classic evolutionary methods, and compared them in terms of topology preservation. In the experimental tests, we obtained scores with a percentage of similarity between evolutionary and compression-based trees between 80% and 100% for the most of datasets (94%). Moreover we carried out experimental tests using simulated barcode datasets composed of 100, 150, 200 and 500 sequences, each simulation replicated 25-fold. In this case, mean similarity scores between evolutionary and compression-based trees span between 83% and 99% for all simulated datasets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present work we aims at introducing the use of an alignment-free approach in order to make taxonomic analysis of barcode sequences. Our approach is based on the use of two compression-based versions of non-computable Universal Similarity Metric (USM) class of distances. This way we demonstrate the reliability of compression-based methods even for the analysis of short barcode sequences. Compression-based methods, with their strong theoretical assumptions, may then represent a valid alignment-free and parameter-free approach for barcode studies.
authors.affiliation: ICAR-CNR, National Research Council of Italy, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 11, 90128, Palermo, Italy. larosa@pa.icar.cnr.it
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Rosa
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiannaca
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV