title: A systematic review of etiological and risk factors associated with bruxism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present work was to systematically review the literature and identify all peer-reviewed papers dealing with etiological and risk factors associated with bruxism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction was carried out according to the standard Cochrane systematic review methodology. The following databases were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT) or cohort studies: Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase from 1980 to 2011. Unpublished literature was searched electronically using ClinicalTrials.gov.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was bruxism etiology. Studies should have a standardized method to assess bruxism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality and data extraction were conducted independently and in duplicate. Two reviewers inspected the references using the same search strategy and then applied the same inclusion criteria to the selected studies. They used criteria for methodological quality that was previously described in the Cochrane Handbook. Among the 1247 related articles that were critically assessed, one randomized clinical trial, one controlled clinical trial and seven longitudinal studies were included in the critical appraisal. Of these studies, five were selected, but reported different outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is convincing evidence that (sleep-related) bruxism can be induced by esophageal acidification and also that it has an important relationship with smoking in a dose-dependent manner. Disturbances in the central dopaminergic system are also implicated in the etiology of bruxism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Vila Velha University, Espírito Santo, Brazil. danifeutz@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feu
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catharino
authors.forename: Catia Cardoso Abdo
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quintão
authors.forename: Marco Antonio de Oliveira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D002012:Bruxism / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Bruxism; biopsychosocial; etiology; rhythmic masticatory muscle activity