title: Microsite affects willow sapling recovery from bank vole (Myodes glareolus) herbivory, but does not affect grazing risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large herbivores are often removed or reduced as part of vegetation restoration programmes, but the resultant increase in vegetation biomass and changes in vegetation structure may favour small mammals. Small mammals may have large impacts on plant community composition via granivory and sapling herbivory, and increased small mammal populations may reduce any benefits of large herbivore removal for highly preferred species. This study tested the impacts of small mammal herbivory, microsite characteristics and their interaction on growth and survival of three montane willow species with differing chemical compositions, Salix lapponum, S. myrsinifolia and S. arbuscula.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two separate years, 1-year-old saplings were planted within a 180 ha, large-mammal scrub regeneration exclosure, and either experimentally protected from or exposed to small mammals (bank voles). Saplings were planted in one of two microsite treatments, vegetation mown (to mimic a grazed sward) or disturbed (all above- and below-ground competition removed), and monitored throughout the first year of growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 40 % of saplings planted out in each year were damaged by bank voles, but direct mortality due to damage was very low (<2 %). There were no strong species differences in susceptibility to vole damage. Microsite treatment had no impact on the proportion of saplings attacked, but in 2004 saplings in mown microsites were more severely damaged and had smaller increases in size than those in disturbed microsites. In 2003, saplings in mown microsites had smaller increases in stem diameter following attack than those in disturbed microsites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Planting 1-year-old willow saplings into disturbed microsites may aid growth, reduce the severity of small mammal damage and improve recovery following sub-lethal small mammal damage. Restoration management of montane willow scrub should therefore consider manipulating the planting site to provide disturbed areas of soil.
authors.affiliation: James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK. r.shaw@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rosalind F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pakeman
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Iason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory; D032108:Salix / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Salicaceae; Salix arbuscula; Salix lapponum; Salix myrsinifolia; Seedling herbivory; phenolics; sapling growth rates; scrub restoration; small mammals; tree-line communities