title: Aberrant expression of SOX9 is associated with gastrokine 1 inactivation in gastric cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SOX9 belongs to the SOX [sry-related high-mobility group (HMG) box] family and acts as a transcription factor that plays a central role in the development and differentiation of multiple cell lineages. The aim of this study was to determine whether the GKN1 gene is involved in the development of gastric cancer by regulating SOX9.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of GKN1 and β-catenin on SOX9 expression was examined in GKN1 and β-catenin-transfected AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cells. SOX9 expression was also determined in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ectopic expression of β-catenin induced increased expression of SOX9 in AGS cells, whereas GKN1 decreased expression of SOX9 in AGS and MKN-1 cells. In addition, we found an inverse correlation between expression of SOX9 and GKN1 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. In immunohistochemistry, nuclear SOX9 expression was detected in 64 (34.6 %) of 185 gastric carcinomas and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 immunonegativity. There was no significant relationship between altered expression of SOX9 protein and clinicopathological parameters including overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that aberrant SOX9 expression by GKN1 inactivation may be involved in the development of sporadic gastric cancers as an early event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoo Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae Hwi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jung Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Won Suk
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Suk Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jung Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Sang
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C477000:GKN1 protein, human; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human