title: Local toxicity of benzalkonium chloride in ophthalmic solutions following repeated applications.
abstract: We performed repeated toxicity studies of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-containing vehicles of ophthalmic solutions in monkeys and rabbits to assess the local toxicity of BAK after repeated applications on the ocular surface. Local toxicity of BAK was evaluated by toxicity studies in which a 0.01% BAK-containing vehicle was applied twice/day for 52 weeks, 4 times/day for 39 weeks, or 6 times/day for 13 weeks, or in which a 0.005% BAK-containing vehicle was applied 6 times/day for 52 weeks or twice/day for 4 weeks in monkeys. Local toxicity of BAK was also evaluated where a 0.01% BAK-containing vehicle was applied 6 times/day for 6 weeks, or a 0.005% BAK-containing vehicle was applied twice/day for 39 weeks or 8 times/day for 4 weeks in rabbits. These doses were chosen because BAK is generally used at concentrations up to 0.01% in ophthalmic solutions. The BAK-containing vehicle did not cause ophthalmological changes suggestive of irritation, allergy, or corneal damage. We also did not observe any histopathological changes in the eyeball, eyelid, lacrimal gland, and nasal cavity, with repeated applications of BAK for up to 52 weeks, up to 8 times/day, or at concentrations up to 0.01%, in monkeys and rabbits. Our results suggest that BAK in concentrations up to 0.01% in ophthalmic solution is non-toxic to the eyeball, its accessory organs, and the nasal cavity after long repeated applications.
authors.affiliation: Nara Research & Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan. akihiko.okahara@santen.co.jp
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okahara
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawazu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions