title: Altered neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD: an event-related fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the neural basis of sustained attention, executive processing, and cognitive control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare brain activation of 28 medication-naïve children with ADHD aged 7-12 years and 31 healthy controls during a cued continuous performance task (AX-CPT) in three stimulus context conditions (Go, NoGo, Lure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children with ADHD showed increased activation in the left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left precuneus and right cerebellum posterior lobe under the Lure condition compared to the controls. In the Lure condition, in contrast to the NoGo condition, an increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal gyrus was observed in ADHD children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that medication-naïve ADHD children show spatial and temporal abnormalities in neural activities involved in sustained attention and executive control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that there are distinct alternations in neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD, and further improve our understanding of the neural substrates of cognitive impairment in children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Department of Neuroscience, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China.
authors.forename: Suhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yilin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chunhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xuerong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Continuous performance task; Executive control; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Sustained attention