title: Proton-density fat fraction and simultaneous R2* estimation as an MRI tool for assessment of osteoporosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate multi-echo chemical shift-encoded MRI-based mapping of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and fat-corrected R2* in bone marrow as biomarkers for osteoporosis assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one patients (28 female; mean age 69.7 ± 9.0 years) underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). On the basis of the t score, 173 valid vertebrae bodies were divided into three groups (healthy, osteopenic and osteoporotic). Three echo chemical shift-encoded MRI sequences were acquired at 3 T. PDFF and R2* with correction for multiple-peak fat (R2*MP) were measured for each vertebral body. Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analysis were performed to evaluate differences between groups. Further, the area under the curve (AUC) for each technique was calculated using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of DXA, 92 samples were normal (53 %), 47 osteopenic (27 %) and 34 osteoporotic (20 %). PDFF was increased in osteoporosis compared with healthy (P = 0.007). R2*MP showed significant differences between normal and osteopenia (P = 0.004), and between normal and osteoporosis (P < 0.001). AUC to differentiate between normal and osteoporosis was 0.698 for R2*MP, 0.656 for PDFF and 0.74 for both combined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PDFF and R2*MP are moderate biomarkers for osteoporosis. PDFF and R2*MP combination might improve the prediction in differentiating healthy subjects from those with osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University Greifswald, Sauerbruch-Strasse 1, 17489, Greifswald, Germany, kuehn@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Jens-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernando
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meffert
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosten
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laqua
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steveling
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ender
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Dirk-Thomas
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Pillich
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000175:diagnosis; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011522:Protons; D013131:Spine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D011522:Protons