title: Temporal trends in in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from foals with sepsis: 1979-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance is important for the rational selection of appropriate antimicrobial drugs to initiate treatment of foals with sepsis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify temporal trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from foals with sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of medical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Foals aged <30 days with a diagnosis of sepsis, confirmed by culture of bacteria, were included. Susceptibility data, expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (MIC50 , MIC90 , MIC range) and percent of isolates that were susceptible to a particular antimicrobial drug, were compared for bacteria isolated from foals during 3 different time periods: 1979-1990, 1991-1997 and 1998-2010. The Cochran-Armitage trend test and the Jonckheere-Terpstra test were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1091 bacterial isolates were cultured from 588 foals. Enterobacteriaceae, Actinobacillus spp. and β-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. showed a decrease in percent of isolates susceptible to gentamicin over time. Enterobacteriaceae, Actinobacillus spp. and β-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. showed an increase in MIC values for amikacin. Enterobacteriaceae showed a decrease in percent of isolates susceptible to ceftiofur. Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. showed increased MIC values to ceftiofur. Enterobacteriaceae showed increased MIC values to ceftizoxime. Enterococcus spp. became more resistant to imipenem and showed increased MIC values to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. In contrast, several trends in increased susceptibility were also seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these in vitro results, the combination of amikacin and ampicillin remains an appropriate choice for initiating treatment of sepsis in foals while awaiting culture and susceptibility test results, although increasing development of resistance to amikacin was demonstrated. The decrease in in vitro activity of ceftiofur against Enterobacteriaceae is of concern. Similarly, the development of resistance of Enterococcus spp. to imipenem is an important finding that warrants monitoring in the future. Judicious use of antimicrobials is therefore crucial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Theelen
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Edman
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Magdesian
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006736:Horses; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Enterococcus spp; horse; neonate; septicaemia; temporal trends