title: Lab tests on the biodegradation of chemically dispersed oil should consider the rapid dilution that occurs at sea.
abstract: Most crude oils spread on open water to an average thickness as low as 0.1 mm. The application of dispersants enhances the transport of oil as small droplets into the water column, and when combined with the turbulence of 1 m waves will quickly entrain oil into the top 1 m of the water column, where it rapidly dilutes to concentrations less than 100 ppm. In less than 24 h, the dispersed oil is expected to mix into the top 10 m of the water column and be diluted to concentrations well below 10 ppm, with dilution continuing as time proceeds. Over the multiple weeks that biodegradation takes place, dispersed oil concentrations are expected to be below 1 ppm. Measurements from spills and wave basin studies support these calculations. Published laboratory studies focused on the quantification of contaminant biodegradation rates have used concentrations orders of magnitude greater than this, as it was necessary to ensure the concentrations of hydrocarbons and other chemicals were higher than the detection limits of chemical analysis. However, current analytical methods can quantify individual alkanes and PAHs (and their alkyl homologues) at ppb and ppm levels. To simulate marine biodegradation of dispersed oil at dilute concentrations commonly encountered in the field, laboratory studies should be conducted at similarly low hydrocarbon concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada. ken.lee@csiro.au
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nedwed
authors.forename: Roger C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palandro
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bacteria; Biodegradation; Deepwater Horizon; Dispersants; Oil spill