title: Surface characterization and clinical review of two commercially available implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize topographically and chemically the surfaces of 2 commercially available implants. Furthermore, to gather an overview of the clinical results of these implant systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two commercially available oral implants were analyzed using optical interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, a literature search for all the clinical articles on the same implants was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences of topographical parameters were found between the 2 implants, except for the hybrid parameter Sdr presenting significant higher values for the Ankylos implants. Both surfaces had a homogenous microporosity. At higher magnifications of scanning electron microscope images, evenly distributed nanostructures (approximately 10 nm) were visible. Chemically, mainly titanium, oxygen and carbon were detected. Fifty-six clinical articles were included for the review. The implant survival rates (minimum follow-up: 5 years) ranged between 87.7% and 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The examined commercially available implants showed a moderately rough surface, with a homogenous microporosity. Nanofeatures were detected on the surface of both implants. The clinical performances of these implants were comparable to that of other commercialized implant systems.
authors.affiliation: *PhD Student, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. †Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. ‡Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. §Assistant Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH. Current: Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV. ‖Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden. ¶Professor, Department of Biomaterials, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bryington
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albrektsson
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium