title: Coping profiles in bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As coping responses have the capacity to distinctly influence the illness course in affective disorders, they form targets for psychological intervention. Beneficial effects have been reported for interventions incorporating adaptive coping in bipolar disorder. Identification of differential coping preferences in bipolar disorder sub-types has etiological and clinical implications. As most studies to date have focused exclusively on bipolar I disorder, the current study examines coping profiles in those with a bipolar I or II disorder, contrasted with unipolar depressive and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Groups were derived on the basis of agreement between clinician and DSM-IV diagnoses. Participants (94 bipolar I, 114 bipolar II, 109 unipolar recurrent depression, 100 healthy controls) completed coping style measures including the Brief Cope, Responses to Positive Affect questionnaire, Response Styles Questionnaire, the Coping Inventory for Prodromes of Mania, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar (I and II) participants were more likely than unipolar participants to ruminate about positive affect, and engage in risk taking when faced with negative affect. Medication status and current mood symptoms influenced risk-taking scores in the bipolar sub-sets, however rumination about positive affect appeared to represent a trait-like response in those with a bipolar II disorder. Behavioral coping strategies differentiated bipolar sub-types, with bipolar II participants being less likely to seek support when faced with stress, and less likely to engage in strategies to down-regulate hypomania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coping style differences were observed between bipolar sub-types. Further consideration of such differentiating characteristics should serve to direct the focus towards specific targets for clinical intervention, reflecting nuances integral to the differing conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: k.fletcher@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Vijaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manicavasagar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged