title: Accuracy of routinely recorded ethnic group information compared with self-reported ethnicity: evidence from the English Cancer Patient Experience survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the accuracy of ethnicity coding in contemporary National Health Service (NHS) hospital records compared with the 'gold standard' of self-reported ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey (2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  All NHS hospitals in England providing cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  58 721 patients with cancer for whom ethnicity information (Office for National Statistics 2001 16-group classification) was available from self-reports (considered to represent the 'gold standard') and their hospital record.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of hospital record ethnicity. Further, we used a logistic regression model to explore independent predictors of discordance between recorded and self-reported ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 4.9% (4.7-5.1%) of people had their self-reported ethnic group incorrectly recorded in their hospital records. Recorded White British ethnicity had high sensitivity (97.8% (97.7-98.0%)) and PPV (98.1% (98.0-98.2%)) for self-reported White British ethnicity. Recorded ethnicity information for the 15 other ethnic groups was substantially less accurate with 41.2% (39.7-42.7%) incorrect. Recorded 'Mixed' ethnicity had low sensitivity (12-31%) and PPVs (12-42%). Recorded 'Indian', 'Chinese', 'Black-Caribbean' and 'Black African' ethnic groups had intermediate levels of sensitivity (65-80%) and PPV (80-89%, respectively). In multivariable analysis, belonging to an ethnic minority group was the only independent predictor of discordant ethnicity information. There was strong evidence that the degree of discordance of ethnicity information varied substantially between different hospitals (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current levels of accuracy of ethnicity information in NHS hospital records support valid profiling of White/non-White ethnic differences. However, profiling of ethnic differences in process or outcome measures for specific minority groups may contain a substantial and variable degree of misclassification error. These considerations should be taken into account when interpreting ethnic variation audits based on routine data and inform initiatives aimed at improving the accuracy of ethnicity information in hospital records.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Turabi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyratzopoulos
keywords: Equality; Ethnicity; Hospital Records