title: Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and obesity with metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese midlife women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have simultaneously examined physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the independent roles of both PA and CRF with MS are less firmly established. The combined contributions of PA and CRF with MS are less studied, particularly among Chinese women. There is uncertainty over the extent to which metabolically healthy but overweight/obese individuals have a higher CRF level.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 184 Chinese women aged 55 to 69 years with available metabolic data and lifestyle factors. PA was assessed by self-reported questionnaire; CRF was assessed by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during a symptom-limited maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Metabolically healthy/abnormal was defined on the basis of absence or presence of MS. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 23 kg/m2 and obese was defined as a BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MS was 21.7%. PA was inversely associated with the prevalence of MS after adjustment for age, BMI, and dietary total calories intake, but the association was eliminated after further adjustment for CRF. CRF was inversely associated with the prevalence of MS independent of age, BMI, and dietary total calories intake, and the association remained significant after further adjustment for PA. In the PA and CRF combined analysis, compared with those in the lowest tertile of PA (inactive) and lowest tertile of CRF (unfit), the OR (95%CI) of having MS was 0.31 (0.09-1.06) for subjects in the higher tertiles (2nd-3rd) of PA (active) but were unfit, 0.23 (0.06-0.88) for subjects who were inactive but in the higher tertiles (2nd-3rd) of CRF (fit), and 0.14 (0.04-0.45) for subjects who were active and fit. Metabolically healthy but overweight/obese subjects had a higher CRF level than their metabolically abnormal and overweight/obese peers. However, the difference did not reach statistically significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRF has greater association with the prevalence of MS compared with PA in Chinese midlife women. The interrelationships between CRF, obesity, and MS needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. rubyyu@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Forrest
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010809:Physical Fitness; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health