title: Measurement of foot placement and its variability with inertial sensors.
abstract: Gait parameters such as stride length, width, and period, as well as their respective variabilities, are widely used as indicators of mobility and walking function. Foot placement and its variability have thus been applied in areas such as aging, fall risk, spinal cord injury, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological conditions. But a drawback is that these measures are presently best obtained with specialized laboratory equipment such as motion capture systems and instrumented walkways, which may not be available in many clinics and certainly not during daily activities. One alternative is to fix inertial measurement units (IMUs) to the feet or body to gather motion data. However, few existing methods measure foot placement directly, due to drift associated with inertial data. We developed a method to measure stride-to-stride foot placement in unconstrained environments, and tested whether it can accurately quantify gait parameters over long walking distances. The method uses ground contact conditions to correct for drift, and state estimation algorithms to improve estimation of angular orientation. We tested the method with healthy adults walking over-ground, averaging 93 steps per trial, using a mobile motion capture system to provide reference data. We found IMU estimates of mean stride length and duration within 1% of motion capture, and standard deviations of length and width within 4% of motion capture. Step width cannot be directly estimated by IMUs, although lateral stride variability can. Inertial sensors measure walks over arbitrary distances, yielding estimates with good statistical confidence. Gait can thus be measured in a variety of environments, and even applied to long-term monitoring of everyday walking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3411 G.G. Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Intelligent Prosthetic Systems LLC, 2811 Lillian Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA. Electronic address: jrebula@umich.edu.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rebula
authors.forename: Lauro V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Foot placement; Gait measurement; Inertial sensors; Variability