title: Vascular leak ensues a vigorous proinflammatory cytokine response to Tacaribe arenavirus infection in AG129 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tacaribe virus (TCRV) is a less biohazardous relative of the highly pathogenic clade B New World arenaviruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fever syndromes and require handling in maximum containment facilities not readily available to most researchers. AG129 type I and II interferon receptor knockout mice have been shown to be susceptible to TCRV infection, but the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the lethal disease are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain insights into the pathogenesis of TCRV infection in AG129 mice, we assessed hematologic and cytokine responses during the course of infection, as well as changes in the permeability of the vascular endothelium. We also treated TCRV-challenged mice with MY-24, a compound that prevents mortality without affecting viral loads during the acute infection, and measured serum and tissue viral titers out to 40 days post-infection to determine whether the virus is ultimately cleared in recovering mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the development of viremia and splenomegaly precedes an elevation in white blood cells and the detection of high levels of proinflammatory mediators known to destabilize the endothelial barrier, which likely contributes to the increased vascular permeability and weight loss that was observed several days prior to when the mice generally succumb to TCRV challenge. In surviving mice treated with MY-24, viremia and liver virus titers were not cleared until 2-3 weeks post-infection, after which the mice began to recover lost weight. Remarkably, substantial viral loads were still present in the lung, spleen, brain and kidney tissues at the conclusion of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that vascular leak may be a contributing factor in the demise of TCRV-infected mice, as histopathologic findings are generally mild to moderate in nature, and as evidenced with MY-24 treatment, animals can survive in the face of high viral loads.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sefing
authors.forename: Min-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Deanna P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Brett L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: Arnaud J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Van Wettere
authors.forename: Stewart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Schneller
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gowen
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D001117:Arenaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006477:Arenaviruses, New World / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines