title: A practical approach for calculating reliable cost estimates from observational data: application to cost analyses in maternal and child health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comparative effectiveness research (CER) and cost-effectiveness analysis are valuable tools for informing health policy and clinical care decisions. Despite the increased availability of rich observational databases with economic measures, few researchers have the skills needed to conduct valid and reliable cost analyses for CER.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this paper are to (i) describe a practical approach for calculating cost estimates from hospital charges in discharge data using publicly available hospital cost reports, and (ii) assess the impact of using different methods for cost estimation in maternal and child health (MCH) studies by conducting economic analyses on gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Florida, we have constructed a clinically enhanced, longitudinal, encounter-level MCH database covering over 2.3 million infants (and their mothers) born alive from 1998 to 2009. Using this as a template, we describe a detailed methodology to use publicly available data to calculate hospital-wide and department-specific cost-to-charge ratios (CCRs), link them to the master database, and convert reported hospital charges to refined cost estimates. We then conduct an economic analysis as a case study on women by GDM and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) status to compare the impact of using different methods on cost estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 60 % of inpatient charges for birth hospitalizations came from the nursery/labor/delivery units, which have very different cost-to-charge markups (CCR = 0.70) than the commonly substituted hospital average (CCR = 0.29). Using estimated mean, per-person maternal hospitalization costs for women with GDM as an example, unadjusted charges ($US14,696) grossly overestimated actual cost, compared with hospital-wide ($US3,498) and department-level ($US4,986) CCR adjustments. However, the refined cost estimation method, although more accurate, did not alter our conclusions that infant/maternal hospitalization costs were significantly higher for women with GDM than without, and for overweight/obese women than for those in a normal BMI range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost estimates, particularly among MCH-related services, vary considerably depending on the adjustment method. Our refined approach will be valuable to researchers interested in incorporating more valid estimates of cost into databases with linked hospital discharge files.
authors.affiliation: The MCH Comparative Effectiveness Research Group, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B Downs, MDC56, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. jsalemi@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Meg M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Comins
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: Mulubrhan F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mogos
authors.forename: Hamisu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Salihu
mesh_terms: D059019:Clinical Coding; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000379:methods; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016389:Maternal-Child Nursing / Q000191:economics*; D036301:Qualitative Research