title: A focused ethnographic assessment of Middle Eastern mothers' infant feeding practices in Canada.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the barriers to following complementary feeding guidelines among Middle Eastern mothers and the cultural considerations of practitioners from an emic perspective. This is a two-phase focused ethnographic assessment of infant feeding among 22 Middle Eastern mothers in Western Canada who had healthy infants aged <1 year. Data were collected through four focus groups conducted in Arabic/Farsi, and were further complemented by comprehensive survey data collected in the second phase of study. Mothers' main criterion for choosing infant foods was whether or not foods were Halal, while food allergens were not causes for concern. Vitamin D supplements were not fed to 18/22 of infants, and mashed dates (Halawi), rice pudding (Muhallabia/Ferni) and sugared water/tea were the first complementary foods commonly consumed. Through constant comparison of qualitative data, three layers of influence emerged, which described mothers' process of infant feeding: socio-cultural, health care system and personal factors. Culture was an umbrella theme influencing all aspects of infant feeding decisions. Mothers cited health care professionals' lack of cultural considerations and lack of relevance and practicality of infant feeding guidelines as the main reasons for ignoring infant feeding recommendations. Early introduction of pre-lacteal feeds and inappropriate types of foods fed to infants among immigrant/refugee Middle Eastern mothers in Canada is cause of concern. Involving trained language interpreters in health teams and educating health care staff on cultural competency may potentially increase maternal trust in the health care system and eventually lead to increased awareness of and adherence to best practices with infant feeding recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jessri
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Division, Alberta Institute of Human Nutrition, and The Center for Health Promotion Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002170:Canada; D054521:Cultural Competency; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008877:Middle East / Q000208:ethnology; D012036:Refugees
keywords: Canada; Middle East; health care practitioners; immigrant; infant feeding; refugee