title: Bioenergy co-products derived from microalgae biomass via thermochemical conversion--life cycle energy balances and CO2 emissions.
abstract: An investigation of the potential to efficiently convert lipid-depleted residual microalgae biomass using thermochemical (gasification at 850 °C, pyrolysis at 550 °C, and torrefaction at 300 °C) processes to produce bioenergy derivatives was made. Energy indicators are established to account for the amount of energy inputs that have to be supplied to the system in order to gain 1 MJ of bio-energy output. The paper seeks to address the difference between net energy input-output balances based on a life cycle approach, from "cradle-to-bioenergy co-products", vs. thermochemical processes alone. The experimental results showed the lowest results of Net Energy Balances (NEB) to be 0.57 MJ/MJ bio-oil via pyrolysis, and highest, 6.48 MJ/MJ for gas derived via torrefaction. With the complete life cycle process chain factored in, the energy balances of NEBLCA increased to 1.67 MJ/MJ (bio-oil) and 7.01 MJ/MJ (gas). Energy efficiencies and the life cycle CO2 emissions were also calculated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833 Singapore. khoo_hsien_hui@ices.a-star.edu.sg
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Sharratt
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: EBR; EE(LCA); ER%; Energy efficiency; FER; Life cycle energy input–output; Microalgae-to-bioenergy; Thermochemical process; energy balance ratio (EBR); energy recovery percentage; fossil energy ratio; life cycle energy efficiency