title: Accuracy of pupil assessment for the detection of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of using pupillary light reflex (PLR) in detecting glaucoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glaucoma is a specific disease of the optic nerve and is often more severe in 1 eye. When large enough, this asymmetry in disease severity can cause a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). Better detection of RAPDs may be one way to identify persons with glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline and Embase through June 2012 and searched bibliographies for relevant studies for additional references. Two authors independently reviewed all articles and selected studies that assessed PLRs in patients with glaucoma. We analyzed data using mixed-effect bivariate summary receiver operating characteristic meta-analysis models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 30 studies were included in this review. An RAPD was observed in 9% to 82% of patients with glaucoma. Eleven studies with a total of 7271 participants were included in the analysis, and the pooled estimate corresponded to a sensitivity of 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.80) and a specificity of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.85-0.97). After excluding 2 studies that used the swinging flashlight test, the sensitivity increased to 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59-0.85) with a specificity of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.77-0.90). Study designs and different pupil measurement techniques explained part of the heterogeneity between studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with glaucoma frequently have an abnormal PLR and comparing the responses between the 2 eyes can in part distinguish between those with glaucoma and those without the disease. Newer instruments and analytic approaches to assess pupil function may improve the performance of pupil screening.
authors.affiliation: Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: dchang20@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Dolly S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results