title: Discrimination, harassment, abuse, and bullying in the workplace: contribution of workplace injustice to occupational health disparities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper synthesizes research on the contribution of workplace injustices to occupational health disparities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a broad review of research and other reports on the impact of workplace discrimination, harassment, and bullying on workers' health and on family and job outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Members of demographic minority groups are more likely to be victims of workplace injustice and suffer more adverse outcomes when exposed to workplace injustice compared to demographic majority groups. A growing body of research links workplace injustice to poor psychological and physical health, and a smaller body of evidence links workplace injustice to unhealthy behaviors. Although not as well studied, studies show that workplace injustice can influence workers' health through effects on workers' family life and job-related outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injustice is a key contributor to occupational health injustice and prospective studies with oversample of disadvantaged workers and refinement of methods for characterizing workplace injustices are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Cassandra A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Okechukwu
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: A Butch
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de Castro
mesh_terms: D058445:Bullying; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D011287:Prejudice; D017406:Sexual Harassment; D012919:Social Behavior; D063508:Social Discrimination; D017132:Workplace
keywords: bullying; discrimination; health disparities; sexual harassment; workplace abuse