title: Colonization of Alcaligenes faecalis strain JBW4 in natural soils and its detoxification of endosulfan.
abstract: Alcaligenes faecalis strain JBW4, a strain of bacteria that is capable of degrading endosulfan, was inoculated into sterilized and natural soils spiked with endosulfan. JBW4 degraded 75.8 and 87.0 % of α-endosulfan and 58.5 and 69.5 % of β-endosulfan in sterilized and natural soils, respectively, after 77 days. Endosulfan ether and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites that were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This result suggested that A. faecalis strain JBW4 degrades endosulfan using a non-oxidative pathway in soils. The ability of strain JBW4 to colonize endosulfan-contaminated soils was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. This result suggested that strain JBW4 competed with the original inhabitants in the soil to establish a balance and successfully colonize the soils. In addition, the detoxification of endosulfan by strain JBW4 was evaluated using single-cell gel electrophoresis and by determining the soil microbial biomass carbon and enzymatic activities. The results showed that the genotoxicity and ecotoxicity of endosulfan in soil were reduced after degradation. The natural degradation of endosulfan in soil is inadequate; therefore, JBW4 shows potential for the bioremediation of industrial soils that are contaminated with endosulfan residues.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in the University of Shandong, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agriculture University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China, konglingfen513@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lingfen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Shaoyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Tongxiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D042481:Alcaligenes faecalis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004726:Endosulfan