title: Standard examination and adjunctive techniques for detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.
abstract: This article outlines how to perform a standard comprehensive extraoral and intraoral examination and the existing commercially available adjunctive techniques for the early detection of oral cancer and premalignant lesions. Visualization-based techniques (e.g., autofluorescence and chemiluminescence), toluidine blue vital staining, cytopathologic tests and high-risk human papillomavirus testing are discussed in detail, including the indications and protocols for use, their advantages and disadvantages and clinical cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, USA. ark3@nyu.edu
authors.forename: A Ross
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Sonal S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000175:diagnosis; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis; D014048:Tolonium Chloride
chemical_list: D014048:Tolonium Chloride