title: Palliative care and essential drug availability: Thailand national survey 2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palliative care in Thailand was not well established in the past, but it is better supported by many organizations at present. Despite the change in the situation, the availability of essential drugs for palliative care has not been well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to update the medical community on the current situation of essential drug availability for palliative care in Thai hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC) list of 34 essential drugs for palliative care was used in this survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and fifty-five hospitals replied to the questionnaire (response rate 57%). Eleven of the 24 nonopioid drugs were available above 90% in all hospitals. However, nonopioid drugs generally were less available in community hospitals (CH) and general hospitals (GH) than in large hospitals (LH). Tramadol was the most available weak opioid. Injectable morphine was the most available form of strong opioid in Thailand (96.9%). For the overall picture of oral morphine, immediate-release morphine was a less available form than the controlled-release form (32.2% versus 51.0%). Controlled-release oral morphine had a nearly two-fold better availability than immediate-release oral morphine in CH, GH, and LH, that is, cancer centers (CC), medical school hospitals (MH), regional hospitals (RH), and other government hospitals. In contrast, in private hospitals (PH), there was no difference between the availability of the controlled-release form and the immediate-release form. Transdermal fentanyl and methadone were also less available in Thailand (14.6% versus 16.5%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LH and PH have better overall nonopioid and opioid medication availability than CH and GH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Maesot General Hospital, Sripanich Road, Maesot, Tak, Thailand. Rthongcu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Rojanasak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thongkhamcharoen
authors.forename: Temsak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phungrassami
authors.forename: Narumol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Atthakul
mesh_terms: D018954:Drugs, Essential / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D018954:Drugs, Essential