title: Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction for bioanalysis.
abstract: Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) applies the salting-out effect to separate water-miscible organic solvent such as acetonitrile from plasma or other aqueous biofluids, and can extract a wide range of drug and metabolites, including many hydrophilic compounds. In most cases, the separated organic phase can be directly injected for bioanalysis, or with a simple dilution. SALLE provides similar simplicity to protein precipitation, but cleaner extracts due to a true phase separation. SALLE is also faster, more environmentally friendly and more cost-efficient than conventional liquid-liquid extraction and SPE. Through 96-well automation, SALLE can be easily integrated into the overall high-throughput LC-MS/MS bioanalysis strategy to increase productivity. This article provides a critical overview of the literatures on SALLE and perspectives of the future bioanalytical application of this often overlooked extraction technique. Important parameters impacting SALLE-LC-MS/MS assays are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. ytang@arenapharm.com
authors.forename: Yong Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Naidong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D012492:Salts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D061466:Lopinavir; C032159:acetonitrile