title: Neuroeconomics and adolescent substance abuse: individual differences in neural networks and delay discounting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many adolescents with substance use problems show poor response to evidence-based treatments. Treatment outcome has been associated with individual differences in impulsive decision making as reflected by delay discounting (DD) rates (preference for immediate rewards). Adolescents with higher rates of DD were expected to show greater neural activation in brain regions mediating impulsive/habitual behavioral choices and less activation in regions mediating reflective/executive behavioral choices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adolescents being treated for substance abuse completed a DD task optimized to balance choices of immediate versus delayed rewards, and a control condition accounted for activation during magnitude valuation. A group independent component analysis on functional magnetic resonance imaging time courses identified neural networks engaged during DD. Network activity was correlated with individual differences in discounting rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher discounting rates were associated with diminished engagement of an executive attention control network involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, cingulate cortex, and precuneus. Higher discounting rates also were associated with less deactivation in a "bottom-up" reward valuation network involving the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These 2 networks were significantly negatively correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support relations between competing executive and reward valuation neural networks and temporal decision making, an important, potentially modifiable risk factor relevant for the prevention and treatment of adolescent substance abuse. Clinical trial registration information-The Neuroeconomics of Behavioral Therapies for Adolescent Substance Abuse, http://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT01093898.
authors.affiliation: Department of PsychiatryGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. catherine.stanger@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanger
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elton
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: G Andrew
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Budney
authors.forename: Clinton D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kilts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012201:Reward; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors