title: National sentinel surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in France over a decade: 2001-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As recommended by the French ANRS programme for the surveillance of HIV-1 resistance, we estimated the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in antiretroviral-naive, chronically HIV-1-infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAMs were sought in samples from 661 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients in 2010/11 at 36 HIV clinical care centres. Weighted analyses were used to derive representative estimates of the percentage of patients with RAMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At patient inclusion, the prevalence of virus with protease (PR) or reverse transcriptase (RT) RAMs was 9.0% (95% CI 6.8%-11.2%). No integrase RAMs were observed. The prevalences of protease inhibitor, nucleoside RT inhibitor and non-nucleoside RT inhibitor RAMs were 1.8%, 6.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Resistance to one, two and three classes of antiretroviral agent was observed in 7.9%, 0.9% and 0.2% of patients, respectively. The frequency of RAMs was higher in patients infected with B compared with non-B subtype virus (11.9% versus 5.1%, P = 0.003). Baseline characteristics (gender, age, country of transmission, CD4 cell count and viral load) were not associated with the prevalence of transmitted RAMs. However, men having sex with men (MSM) were more frequently infected with resistant virus than were other transmission groups (12.5% versus 5.8%, P = 0.003). Compared with the 2006/07 survey, the overall prevalence of resistance remained stable. However, a significant decrease in the frequency of virus with PR RAMs was observed in 2010/11 compared with the 2006/07 survey (1.8% versus 5.0%, P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In France in 2010/11, the global prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant variants was 9.0%, and the prevalence was stable compared with the 2006/07 survey. MSM and B subtype-infected patients are the groups with a higher prevalence of drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP Groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard and EA 4409 Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.forename: Lambert
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Assoumou
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chaix
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaillon
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pakianather
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Rougemont
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Storto
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krivine
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delaugerre
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izopet
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirden
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morand-Joubert
authors.forename: Coralie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pallier
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Plantier
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guinard
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamalet
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cottalorda
authors.forename: Anne-Geneviève
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marcelin
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Desbois
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henquell
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calvez
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brun-Vézinet
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masquelier
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costagliola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: HIV-1; prevalence; resistance survey