title: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is now widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, tremor, and dystonia. This review examines recent developments in the application of DBS to the management of movement disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Parkinson's disease, recent work has demonstrated that early DBS may have a significant benefit on quality of life and motor symptoms while permitting a decrease in levodopa equivalent dosage. Thalamic DBS continues to be a well established target for the treatment of tremor, although recent work suggests that alternative targets such as the posterior subthalamic area may be similarly efficacious. The treatment of primary dystonia with DBS has been established in multiple recent trials, demonstrating prolonged symptomatic benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS is now an established symptomatic treatment modality for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Future work will undoubtedly involve establishing new indications and targets in the treatment of movement disorders with further refinements to existing technology. Ultimately, these methods combined with biologically based therapies may catalyze a shift from symptomatic treatment to actually modifying the natural history of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Suneil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kalia
authors.forename: Tejas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology