title: Comparison of hamstring lengthening with hamstring lengthening plus transfer for the treatment of flexed knee gait in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with spastic diplegic and hemiplegic cerebral palsy frequently ambulate with flexed knee gait. There has been concern that hamstring lengthening used to treat this problem may weaken hip extension. This study evaluates the primary outcome of hamstring transfer plus lengthening in comparison with traditional hamstring lengthening in treating flexed knee gait in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 47 children (67 lower limbs) ranging in age from 5 to 17 years old were included in this study. All subjects underwent a variety of additional surgeries at the time of the hamstring surgery as part of a multilevel treatment plan. All patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups, the hamstring lengthening alone group (HSL) and the hamstring transfer plus lengthening group (HST). Full gait analysis studies were done for all subjects pre-operatively and 1 year post-operatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 25 patients (35 limbs) in the HSL group and 22 patients (32 limbs) in the HST group. There was no significant difference in age, gender, or the time from surgery to post-operative gait analysis between groups. On physical examination, both HSL and HST groups showed improvement in passive knee extension, popliteal angle, and straight leg raise. Maximum knee extension in stance phase was improved in both groups. The maximum hip extension in late stance phase was significantly improved only in the HST group. The peak hip extension power in stance phase showed significant improvement only in the HST group and a significant decrease for the HSL group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study demonstrated that both the HSL and HST procedures resulted in similar amounts of improvement in passive range of motion of the knee, as well in knee extension in stance during gait at 1 year post-operatively. However, with the HST procedure, there was better preservation of hip extension power and improved hip extension in stance. The HST procedure should be considered when hamstring surgery is performed.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Rm 2108, Building 11, Wanghai Road, Xiamen, 361008 Fujian People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patrick Do
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aiona
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sussman
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Hamstring lengthening; Hamstring transfer; Outcome; Pediatrics