title: Differential effects of retinal degeneration on sleep and wakefulness responses to short light-dark cycles in albino mice.
abstract: This study characterizes the different response patterns of sleep and wakefulness (W) to short light-dark (LD) cycles in albino mice and examines whether retinal degeneration resulting from prolonged bright light treatment and/or rd/rd mutation alters such response patterns. Eight young male Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice with normal eyes, seven young male rd/rd Friend Virus B type (FVB) mice, six young ICR and five young rd/rd FVB mice receiving 48-h bright light treatment, and five older rd/rd FVB mice were implanted with skull and muscle electrodes to record sleep and W. All the mice were maintained in 12-h-12-h LD cycles at baseline and received 2 days of short LD cycle treatment, which included 5-min-5-min LD cycles for a total of 24 cycles presented 4h after lights-on and again 4h after lights-off. All the five mouse groups maintained photo-entrainment of sleep and W rhythms at the baseline and showed a preference for paradoxical sleep (PS) occurrence in the 5-min dark period and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in the 5-min light period and a brief alerting effect of light onset on experimental days. Retinal degeneration rising from bright light treatment and/or genetic mutation failed to eliminate or reduce the response of PS and NREMS to short LD cycles, although it enhanced the LD contrast of W, i.e., bright light treatment prolonged the alerting effect of light and the rd mutation increased the suppressing effect of the dark on W. These results suggest that sleep responses to short LD cycles and the brief alerting effect of light were independent of the photoreceptors in the outer retina. Furthermore, the residual photoreceptors in the outer retina and/or the photosensitive cells in the inner retina may actively modulate the effect of light and dark signals on W.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: foxlittle224@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F-C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: yihanliao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: psyllt@ccu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: L-L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003624:Darkness; D004569:Electroencephalography; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D017440:Photoperiod; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012890:Sleep; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
keywords: circadian rhythm; dark pulse; melanopsin; positive masking; rapid-eye-movement sleep; waking