title: Pristane-induced lupus as a model of human lupus arthritis: evolvement of autoantibodies, internal organ and joint inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arthritis is frequently seen in human lupus, but rarely in lupus models. Pristane-induced lupus (PIL) can be induced in various mouse strains such as BALB/c and C57BL/6. We herein characterize clinical and histological features of arthritis in the context of systemic lupus and provide a prudent comparison with models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 57 BALB/c mice received pristane (PIL group) and were analyzed for serum autoantibodies (anti-chromatin-, -histone, -Sm, -dsDNA), as well as for clinical features and histopathology of joints, lungs and kidneys. Joint pathology was quantified by image analysis and tissue cytometry. Ten C57BL/6 mice (Bl/6-PIL) and historical groups of two different RA models were analyzed accordingly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In BALB/c PIL, clinical arthritis started at three months, occurred finally in 79% of PIL (but not in controls, p<0.001) and correlated with areas of inflammation, erosion, cartilage damage, osteoclast numbers and total severity score (for all: r>0.7, p<0.001). After eight months, 58% of PIL (but no controls, p<0.001) had mild-erosive arthritis. In contrast to RA, the most frequent inflammatory cell type of the pannus was granulocytes (17.7%), PIL had lower numbers of osteoclasts, erosions rarely affected both layers of the cortical bone and there was no progression to complete joint destruction (even after one year of observation). Serum autoantibodies (auto-abs) preceded arthritis and became significantly elevated in all PIL; affected joints showed increased deposits of IgG (and IgM) within the inflammatory tissue, indicative of an ab-mediated process. PIL mice with arthritis also showed signs of pulmonary (100%) and renal (46%) lupus. In contrast to BALB/c, Bl/6-PIL mice did not develop any signs of arthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PIL in BALB/c mice is characterized by severe organ involvement, typical autoabs and by a mild-erosive arthritis with similarities to, but also with distinct differences from, RA. PIL may help to study arthritis along with other key features of systemic lupus erythematosus after therapeutic interventions or in knock-out models based on a BALB/c but not on a C57BL/6 background.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leiss
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niederreiter
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bandur
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwarzecker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blüml
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smolen
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Stummvoll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013045:Species Specificity; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D013729:Terpenes; C009042:pristane
keywords: Lupus arthritis; pristane-induced lupus (PIL); systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)