title: Increased hospital length of stay attributable to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with four co-morbidities: an analysis of hospital episode statistics in four European countries.
abstract: Hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) places a significant burden on health care systems throughout Europe, estimated at around €3 billion per annum. This burden is shared between national payers and hospitals that support additional bed days for patients diagnosed with CDI while in hospital or patients re-admitted from a previous hospitalisation. This study was performed to quantify additional hospital stay attributable to CDI in four countries, England, Germany, Spain, and The Netherlands, by analysing nationwide hospital-episode data. We focused upon patients at increased risk of CDI: with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, and aged 50 years or over. Multivariate regression and propensity score matching models were developed to investigate the impact of CDI on additional length of hospital stay, controlling for confounding factors such as underlying disease severity. Patients in England had the longest additional hospital stay attributable to CDI at 16.09 days, followed by Germany at 15.47 days, Spain at 13.56 days, and The Netherlands at 12.58 days, derived using regression analysis. Propensity score matching indicated a higher attributable length of stay of 32.42 days in England, 15.31 days in Spain, and 18.64 days in The Netherlands. Outputs from this study consistently demonstrate that in European countries, for patients whose hospitalisation is complicated by CDI, the infection causes a statistically significant increase in hospital length of stay. This has implications for optimising resource allocation and budget setting at both the national and hospital level to ensure that levels of CDI-complicated hospitalisations are minimised.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany. Christian.Eckmann@klinikum-peine.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasserman
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Axelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beriot-Mathiot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology