title: Examining the relationships between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder symptoms, and writing performance in Japanese second grade students.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder symptoms and writing performance in Japanese second grade students from regular classrooms. The second grade students (N=873) in Japanese public elementary schools participated in this study. We examined a variety of writing tasks, such as tracing, copying, handwriting (Hiragana and Katakana), and spelling (Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji). We employed the Japanese version of the home form ADHD-rating scale (ADHD-RS) and the Japanese version of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-J) to assess the developmental characteristics of the participating children. Seven writing performance scores were submitted to a principal component analysis with a promax rotation, which yielded three composite scores (Spelling Accuracy, Tracing and Copying Accuracy, and Handwriting Fluency). A multiple regression analysis found that inattention predicted Spelling Accuracy and Handwriting Fluency and that hyperactive-impulsive predicted Handwriting Fluency. In addition, fine motor ability predicted Tracing and Copying Accuracy. The current study offered empirical evidence suggesting that developmental characteristics such as inattention and fine motor skill are related to writing difficulties in Japanese typical developing children.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan. watarunoda@gmail.com
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Nobuya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takayanagi
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Someki
authors.forename: Syunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtake
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Masatsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsujii
mesh_terms: D000381:Agraphia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013334:Students
keywords: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD); Elementary school students; Japan; Writing