title: Chemical warfare: Leaf-cutting ants defend themselves and their gardens against parasite attack by deploying antibiotic secreting bacteria.
abstract: Leaf-cutting ants are well known for their highly complex social organization, which provides them with a strong defense against parasites invading their colonies. Besides this attribute, these insects have morphological, physiological and structural characteristics further reinforcing the defense of their colonies. With the discovery of symbiotic bacteria present on the integument of leaf-cutting ants, a new line of defense was proposed and considered to be specific for the control of a specialized fungal parasite of the ants' fungus gardens (Escovopsis). However, recent studies have questioned the specificity of the integumental bacteria, as they were also found to inhibit a range of fungi, including entomopathogens. The microbiota associated with the leaf-cutting ant gardens has also been proposed as another level of chemical defense, protecting the garden from parasite invasion. Here we review the chemical defense weaponry deployed by leaf-cutting ants against parasites of their fungus gardens and of the ants themselves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Campos dos Goytacazes; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Richard Ian
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Thalles Cardoso
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mattoso
authors.forename: Denise D O
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Moreira
keywords: ant; antibiotics; attine; bacteria; fungus; insect; parasite; pathogen; symbiosis