title: Cranial sutures work collectively to distribute strain throughout the reptile skull.
abstract: The skull is composed of many bones that come together at sutures. These sutures are important sites of growth, and as growth ceases some become fused while others remain patent. Their mechanical behaviour and how they interact with changing form and loadings to ensure balanced craniofacial development is still poorly understood. Early suture fusion often leads to disfiguring syndromes, thus is it imperative that we understand the function of sutures more clearly. By applying advanced engineering modelling techniques, we reveal for the first time that patent sutures generate a more widely distributed, high level of strain throughout the reptile skull. Without patent sutures, large regions of the skull are only subjected to infrequent low-level strains that could weaken the bone and result in abnormal development. Sutures are therefore not only sites of bone growth, but could also be essential for the modulation of strains necessary for normal growth and development in reptiles.
authors.affiliation: Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK. n.curtis@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: M E H
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Higgins
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fagan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Sphenodon; cranial suture; finite-element analysis; multibody dynamics analysis