title: The etiology and molecular genetics of human pigmentation disorders.
abstract: Pigmentation, defined as the placement of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes for coloration, is distinctive because the location, amount, and type of pigmentation provides a visual manifestation of genetic heterogeneity in pathways regulating the pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. The scope of this genetic heterogeneity in humans ranges from normal to pathological pigmentation phenotypes. Clinically, normal human pigmentation encompasses a variety of skin and hair color as well as punctate pigmentation such as melanocytic nevi (moles) or ephelides (freckles), while abnormal human pigmentation exhibits markedly reduced or increased pigment levels, known as hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, respectively. Elucidation of the molecular genetics underlying pigmentation has revealed genes important for melanocyte development and function. Furthermore, many pigmentation disorders show additional defects in cells other than melanocytes, and identification of the genetic insults in these disorders has revealed pleiotropic genes, where a single gene is required for various functions in different cell types. Thus, unravelling the genetics of easily visualized pigmentation disorders has identified molecular similarities between melanocytes and less visible cell types/tissues, arising from a common developmental origin and/or shared genetic regulatory pathways. Herein we discuss notable human pigmentation disorders and their associated genetic alterations, focusing on the fact that the developmental genetics of pigmentation abnormalities are instructive for understanding normal pathways governing development and function of melanocytes.
authors.affiliation: Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pavan
mesh_terms: D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4
chemical_list: D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; D015220:Calcium Channels; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D000072041:PAX3 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4; C489409:PAX3 protein, human