title: The effect of ketorolac tromethamine, methylprednisolone, and platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocyte and tenocyte viability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect on cell viability of the isolated and combined use of allogeneic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and ketorolac tromethamine on human chondrocytes and tenocytes in a highly controlled in vitro environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  PRP was produced from 8 subjects. Human chondrocytes (Lonza, Hopkinton, MA) and tenocytes isolated from samples of the long head of the biceps tendons were treated in culture with PRP, ketorolac tromethamine, and methylprednisolone, both alone and in combination. Control samples were treated in media containing 2% or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were exposed for 1 hour. Luminescence assays were obtained to examine cell viability after 24 hours and long-term effects on cell viability after 120 hours. Radioactive thymidine assay was used to measure proliferation after 120 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For chondrocytes, cell viability (120 hours) increased significantly with the treatment of PRP alone (43,949 ± 28,104 cells; P < .001) and with the combination of ketorolac tromethamine and PRP (43,276 ± 31,208; P < .001), compared with the 2% FBS group (7,397 ± 470). Cell viability decreased significantly after exposure to methylprednisolone (1,323 ± 776; P < .001) and its combination with PRP (4,381 ± 5,116; p < .001). For tenocytes, cell viability (120 hours) was significantly higher with the treatment of PRP (61,287 ± 23,273; P < .001) and the combined treatment of ketorolac tromethamine and PRP (52,025 ± 17,307; P < .001), compared with the 2% FBS group (23,042 ± 2,973). Cell viability decreased significantly after exposure to methylprednisolone (3,934 ± 1,791; P = .001) and its combination with PRP (5,201 ± 2,834; P = .003), compared with 2% FBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tendon and cartilage cells showed increased cell viability after an exposure to allogeneic PRP and ketorolac tromethamine. Exposure to methylprednisolone alone decreased cell viability, and addition of PRP could partially reverse this negative effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-articular injections of pain-modifying or anti-inflammatory drugs are routinely given in orthopaedic practice. Among the many agents available for intra-articular injection, corticosteroids and local anesthetics are the most common in clinical practice. Potential detrimental side effects of intra-articular injections of corticosteroids and local anesthetics have prompted investigation into alternative treatment options such as combinations of PRP and ketorolac tromethamine. In vitro evaluation of their effect on cell viability might build a basis for further translational research and clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06034, USA.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beitzel
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apostolakos
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Neal S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: ElAttrache
authors.forename: Antony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Arciero
authors.forename: Augustus D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mazzocca
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D008775:Methylprednisolone