title: Fermentation of non-sterilized fish biomass with a mixed culture of film-forming yeasts and lactobacilli and its effect on innate and adaptive immunity in mice.
abstract: Non-sterilized fish waste containing fish bones was fermented using combined starter cultures of film-forming yeast (Candida ethanolica) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) in order to obtain a liquefied fermented broth without spoiling. During the entire fermentation, the number of LAB cells was maintained at a high level (6 × 10(8)-5 × 10(7) cells/ml). Although the number of general bacteria was 10(6)cell/ml after adding non-sterilized fish biomass, its growth was suppressed to be 1-3 × 10(4) cells/ml. The entire biomass had completely liquefied and the fermented broth contained all 20 α-amino acids composed of protein and also various kinds of minerals in abundance. The weight of mice group fed the fermented broth content feed (sample feed) for 31 days significantly increased compared with that fed no broth feed (control feed) (21.37 g vs 20.76 g (p < 0.05). No abnormal behavior and appearance were observed. All internal organs (the heart, the liver, the lung, the intestines, and the spleen) of both groups were confirmed to be normal by visual observation. In peripheral blood, the percentages of NK cells and CD8+ T cells of the mice in the sample feed group increased significantly relative to those in the control feed group (NK cells: 19% vs 11%, CD8+ T cells: 9% vs 5%, p < 0.05). In the spleen, the percentage of NK cells in the sample feed group also increased significantly compared to that in the control feed group (p < 0.05). The fermented fish biomass is expected to be effective for innate and adaptive immunity and thus fit for animal feed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki-Utsunomiya
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komori
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yumura
authors.forename: Koudai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Kunimasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koga
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005399:Fishes; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei; D051379:Mice; D062611:Solid Waste; D015003:Yeasts / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: Film-forming yeast; Fish biomass; Fish waste fermentation; Lactic acid bacteria; Mixed culture; Non-sterilized fish waste fermentation