title: Eating breakfast more frequently is cross-sectionally associated with greater physical activity and lower levels of adiposity in overweight Latina and African American girls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eating breakfast is believed to promote a healthy body weight. Yet, few studies have examined the contribution of energy balance-related behavioral factors to this relation in minority youth.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the associations between breakfast consumption and dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and adiposity before and after accounting for energy intake and PA in minority girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were obtained on body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (measured by BodPod), dietary intake (measured with 3-d dietary records), and PA (measured with 7-d accelerometry) from 87 Latina and African American girls 8-17 y of age (75% Latina, 80% overweight). Dietary records were used to categorize girls as more frequent breakfast eaters (MF; 2 or 3 of 3 d; n = 57) or less frequent breakfast eaters (LF; 0 or 1 of 3 d; n = 30). Chi-square tests, ANCOVA, and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Mediation was assessed with a Sobel test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the MF group, the LF group spent 30% less time (12.6 min/d) in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA; P = 0.004) and had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0.029). MVPA accounted for 25% (95% CI: -8.8%, 58.1%; P = 0.139) of the relation between breakfast consumption and percentage body fat. We were unable to show that energy intake or MVPA was a significant mediator of the relation between breakfast consumption and adiposity in this sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that among predominantly overweight minority girls, MVPA, but not energy intake, was associated with both breakfast consumption and adiposity; however, a lack of power reduced our ability to detect a significant mediation effect. Other unobserved variables likely contribute to this relation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schembre
authors.forename: Cheng Kun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Jaimie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Selena T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Britni R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Belcher
authors.forename: Ya-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Weigensberg
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Goran
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spruijt-Metz
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D009043:Motor Activity; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins