title: Spontaneous knot formation in the peritoneal catheter: a rare cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction.
abstract: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction is a relatively common problem encountered in shunted hydrocephalic patients and is attributed most frequently to mechanical obstruction of the ventricular catheter. We present the case of a rare cause of mechanical obstruction of the peritoneal catheter due to the spontaneous formation of a knot just underneath the abdominal wound. This occurred 1 year after shunt implantation and is thought to have been caused by a combination of plastic material memory and bowel peristaltic movements. This case brings for discussion the role of radiographic investigation of the shunt system in children who present with suspected shunt obstruction. Radiographic investigation is warranted in children who have unusual shunt arrangements (e.g., Y-connectors and multiple catheters) in order to exclude disconnections or those who develop shunt problems years after implantation, to exclude material fracture in the neck or migration of any kind. In shunt systems which have been implanted for shorter time periods, the need for radiographs is less apparent. Some surgeons proclaim that when clinical circumstances fall outside the realms of obvious possible proximal obstruction, radiographic evaluation of the shunt system should be considered.
authors.affiliation: MITERA Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charalambides
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sgouros
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation