title: Technical difficulties and its remedies in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: A rare case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered to be the gold standard surgical procedure for cholelithiasis and is one of the commonest surgical procedures in the world today. However, in rare cases of previously undiagnosed situs inversus totalis (with dextrocardia), the presentation of the cholecystitis, its diagnosis and the operative procedure can pose problems. We present here one such case and discuss how the diagnosis was made and difficulties encountered during surgery and how they were coped with.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 35 year old female presented with left hypochondrium pain and dyspepsia, for 2 years. A diagnosis of cholelithiasis with situs inversus was confirmed after thorough clinical examination, abdominal and chest X-rays and ultrasonography of the abdomen. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which is the standard treatment, was performed with numerous modifications in the positioning of the monitor, insufflator, ports and the position of the members of the surgical team and the laparoscopic instruments. The patient had an uneventful recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Situs inversus totalis is itself a rare condition and when associated with cholelithiasis poses a challenge in the management of the condition. We must appreciate the necessity of setting up the operating theatre, the positioning of the ports, the surgical team and the instruments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, it becomes important for the right handed surgeons to modify their techniques and establish a proper hand eye coordination to adapt to the mirror image anatomy of the Calot's triangle in a patient of situs inversus totalis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: svarya@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Anupam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Dheer Singh
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kalwaniya
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Thukral
keywords: Calot's triangle; Dextrocardia; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Situs inversus