title: Normal standards for computer-ECG programs for prognostically and diagnostically important ECG variables derived from a large ethnically diverse female cohort: the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substantial new information has emerged recently about the prognostic value for a variety of new ECG variables. The objective of the present study was to establish reference standards for these novel risk predictors in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of healthy women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population consisted of 36,299 healthy women. Racial differences in rate-adjusted QT end (QT(ea)) and QT peak (QT(pa)) intervals as linear functions of RR were small, leading to the conclusion that 450 and 390 ms are applicable as thresholds for prolonged and shortened QT(ea) and similarly, 365 and 295 ms for prolonged and shortened QT(pa), respectively. As a threshold for increased dispersion of global repolarization (T(peak)T(end) interval), 110 ms was established for white and Hispanic women and 120 ms for African-American and Asian women. ST elevation and depression values for the monitoring leads of each person with limb electrodes at Mason-Likar positions and chest leads at level of V1 and V2 were first computed from standard leads using lead transformation coefficients derived from 892 body surface maps, and subsequently normal standards were determined for the monitoring leads, including vessel-specific bipolar left anterior descending, left circumflex artery and right coronary artery leads. The results support the choice 150 μV as a tentative threshold for abnormal ST-onset elevation for all monitoring leads. Body mass index (BMI) had a profound effect on Cornell voltage and Sokolow-Lyon voltage in all racial groups and their utility for left ventricular hypertrophy classification remains open.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Common thresholds for all racial groups are applicable for QT(ea), and QT(pa) intervals and ST elevation. Race-specific normal standards are required for many other ECG parameters.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Electronic address: pentti.rautaharju@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pentti M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rautaharju
authors.forename: Zhu-ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: Wesley K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Haisty
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Z Vitolins
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Milan B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Horaĉek
authors.forename: Sophia H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Elsayed Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012984:Software / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Electrocardiogram; Monitoring; Normal standards; QT; ST; TpTe