title: Effect of clonidine added to lidocaine for sub-Tenon's (episcleral) anesthesia in cataract surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the duration of anesthesia, analgesia and ocular akinesia of clonidine added to lidocaine in sub-Tenon's anesthesia in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients were prospectively enrolled. They were randomized to two sub-Tenon's anesthesia groups: group L (6 ml of lidocaine 2 %, 1 ml of 0.9 % saline and 25 UI/ml of hyaluronidase), and group C (6 ml lidocaine 2 %, clonidine 1 μg/kg, 1 ml of 0.9 % saline and 25 UI/ml of hyaluronidase). Duration of sensory anesthesia, ocular akinesia in all directions, akinesia of the levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles, the duration of analgesia (time to the first postoperative use of analgesics), the overall use of analgesics and the presence of adverse effects were recorded .
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of sensory anesthesia and akinesia of the four rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, and orbicularis oculi muscles was significantly longer in group C (p < 0.05). The number of patients who required analgesics was similar between the groups but the duration of analgesia was longer in group C (p < 0.05). No significant adverse effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of clonidine 1 μg/kg to 2 % lidocaine in sub-Tenon's anesthesia for cataract surgery increased the duration of sensory anesthesia, ocular akinesia, and the duration of analgesia.
authors.forename: Sigmar Aurea
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Antonio Roberto
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carraretto
authors.forename: Marcos Celio
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Brocco
authors.forename: João Florêncio
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Abreu Baptista
authors.forename: Renato Santiago
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; D003000:Clonidine