title: Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia.
abstract: The family Picornaviridae is a large and diverse group of viruses that infect humans and animals. Picornaviruses are among the most common infections of humans and cause a wide spectrum of acute human disease. This study began as an investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in a small area of eastern Bolivia, where surveillance had identified a persistently high AFP rate in children. Stools were collected and diagnostic studies ruled out poliovirus. We tested stool specimens from 51 AFP cases and 34 healthy household or community contacts collected during 2002-2003 using real-time and semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for enterovirus, parechovirus, cardiovirus, kobuvirus, salivirus and cosavirus. Anecdotal reports suggested a temporal association with neurological disease in domestic pigs, so six porcine stools were also collected and tested with the same set of assays, with the addition of an assay for porcine teschovirus. A total of 126 picornaviruses were detected in 73 of 85 human individuals, consisting of 53 different picornavirus types encompassing five genera (all except Kobuvirus). All six porcine stools contained porcine and/or human picornaviruses. No single virus, or combination of viruses, specifically correlated with AFP; however, the study revealed a surprising complexity of enteric picornaviruses in a single community.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: W Allan
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nix
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khetsuriani
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peñaranda
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Venczel
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Zsuzsa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cselkó
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maria Cecilia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cisterna
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfemedades Infecciosos C. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cristina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lema
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Sports, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Hospital San Antonio de Los Sauces, Monteagudo, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Sports, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Pan-American Health Organization, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Percy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halkyer
authors.affiliation: Pan-American Health Organization, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ronveaux
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pallansch
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: M Steven
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oberste
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001838:Bolivia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012424:Rural Population; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult