title: Molecular epidemiology of influenza A (H5N1) viruses, Bangladesh, 2007-2011.
abstract: To investigate the origins, evolution and patterns of spread of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Bangladesh, we performed a phylogenetic reconstruction analysis using Bayesian methods. The analysis was conducted using 81 hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences from the H5N1 viruses isolated in Bangladesh from 2007 to 2011, together with 264 publicly available HA sequences of clade 2.2, 2.3.2 and 2.3.4 retrieved from GenBank. Our study provides evidence that clade 2.2.2 viruses that caused outbreaks in Bangladesh were lineages independent from the viruses introduced earlier into India. Furthermore, the Bangladesh clade 2.2.2 descendents subsequently spread to India and Bhutan. This has implications for avian influenza control in southern Asia suggesting multiple routes of entry of the virus including one pathway that spread to neighboring countries via Bangladesh.
authors.affiliation: Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh. md.hoque@my.jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Md Ahasanul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hoque
authors.forename: Hein Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tun
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahmudul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Shahneaz Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Skm Azizul
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Md Nurul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giasuddin
authors.forename: Tabm Muzaffar Goni
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Osmani
authors.forename: Ariful
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Ronald Norman
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Graham William
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Lee Francis
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Skerratt
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selleck
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Nitish Chandra
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.forename: Frederick Chi-Ching
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001631:Bhutan / Q000453:epidemiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds; D002645:Chickens; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
keywords: Influenza A (H5N1); Phylogenetic reconstruction