title: Arm-cranking exercise reduced oxidative damage in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of a 12-week arm-cranking exercise program on reducing oxidative damage in untrained adults with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based supervised intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male adults with complete SCI at or below the fifth thoracic level (T5) (N=17) volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n=9) or control (n=8) group using a concealed method.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-week arm-cranking exercise program, 3 sessions/wk, consisting of warming-up (10-15min) followed by a main part in arm-crank (20-30min [increasing 2min and 30s every 3wk]) at a moderate work intensity of 50% to 65% of the heart rate reserve (starting at 50% and increasing 5% every 3 weeks) and by a cooling-down period (5-10min).
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmatic levels of total antioxidant status as well as erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Lipid and protein oxidation were determined as malondialdehyde and carbonyl group levels, respectively. Furthermore, physical fitness and body composition were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with baseline results, maximum oxygen consumption was significantly increased (P=.031), suggesting an improvement in physical fitness in the intervention group. Regarding the antioxidant defense system, it was found that both total antioxidant status (P=.014) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (P=.027) were significantly increased at the end of the training program. As a consequence, plasmatic levels of malondialdehyde (P=.008) and carbonyl groups (P=.022) were significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 12-week arm-cranking exercise program improved the antioxidant defense system in adults with chronic SCI, which may finally attenuate both lipid and protein oxidation in this population.
authors.affiliation: School of Sports Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ordonez
authors.affiliation: School of Sports Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rosety
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Juan Ramon Jimenez Hospital, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.affiliation: Human Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosety
authors.affiliation: Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornieles
authors.affiliation: School of Speciality in Sports Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," "Sapienza," University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.rosetyrodriguez@uca.es.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosety-Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
keywords: AI; BMI; Exercise; FES; GPX; Oxidative stress; Rehabilitation; SCI; Spinal cord injuries; VO(2)max; anthropometric index; body mass index; functional electrical stimulation; glutathione peroxidase; maximum oxygen consumption; spinal cord injury