title: TMEFF2 and SARDH cooperate to modulate one-carbon metabolism and invasion of prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs, TMEFF2, has been implicated in prostate cancer but its role in this disease is unclear. We recently demonstrated that the tumor suppressor role of TMEFF2 correlates, in part, with its ability to interact with sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH) and modulate sarcosine level. TMEFF2 overexpression inhibits sarcosine-induced invasion. Here, we further characterize the functional interaction between TMEFF2 and SARDH and their link with one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and invasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA interference was used to study the effect of SARDH and/or TMEFF2 knockdown (KD) in invasion, evaluated using Boyden chambers. The dependence of invasion on 1-C metabolism was determined by examining sensitivity to methotrexate. Real-time PCR and Western blot of subcellular fractions were used to study the effect of SARDH KD or TMEFF2 KD on expression of enzymes involved in one-carbon (1-C) metabolism and on TMEFF2 expression and localization. Protein interactions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by cell counting and MTT analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While knocking down SARDH affects TMEFF2 subcellular localization, this effect is not responsible for the increased invasion observed in SARDH KD cells. Importantly, SARDH and/or TMEFF2 KD promote increased cellular invasion, sensitize the cell to methotrexate, render the cell resistant to invasion induced by sarcosine, a metabolite from the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway, and affect the expression level of enzymes involved in that pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings define a role for TMEFF2 and the folate-mediated 1-C metabolism pathway in modulating cellular invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Echevarría
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012521:Sarcosine / Q000378:metabolism; D050892:Sarcosine Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C423567:TMEFF2 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D002244:Carbon; C494395:SARDH protein, human; D050892:Sarcosine Dehydrogenase; D008727:Methotrexate; D012521:Sarcosine
keywords: cellular invasion; metabolism; prostate cancer; tissue culture