title: What are validated self-report adherence scales really measuring?: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medication non-adherence is a significant health problem. There are numerous methods for measuring adherence, but no single method performs well on all criteria. The purpose of this systematic review is to (i) identify self-report medication adherence scales that have been correlated with comparison measures of medication-taking behaviour, (ii) assess how these scales measure adherence and (iii) explore how these adherence scales have been validated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cinahl and PubMed databases were used to search articles written in English on the development or validation of medication adherence scales dating to August 2012. The search terms used were medication adherence, medication non-adherence, medication compliance and names of each scale. Data such as barriers identified and validation comparison measures were extracted and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty articles were included in the review, which consisted of 43 adherence scales. Adherence scales include items that either elicit information regarding the patient's medication-taking behaviour and/or attempts to identify barriers to good medication-taking behaviour or beliefs associated with adherence. The validation strategies employed depended on whether the focus of the scale was to measure medication-taking behaviour or identify barriers or beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supporting patients to be adherent requires information on their medication-taking behaviour, barriers to adherence and beliefs about medicines. Adherence scales have the potential to explore these aspects of adherence, but currently there has been a greater focus on measuring medication-taking behaviour. Selecting the 'right' adherence scale(s) requires consideration of what needs to be measured and how (and in whom) the scale has been validated.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence - School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Thi-My-Uyen
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Caze
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cottrell
mesh_terms: D003469:Culture; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report
keywords: adherence scales; adherence tools; medication adherence; questionnaires; surveys