title: Examination of the association between lifestyle behavior changes and weight outcomes in preschoolers receiving treatment for obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preschoolers (ages 2-5 years) have been significantly underrepresented in the obesity treatment outcome literature, despite estimates that 12.1% are already obese. As such, little is known about the most important intervention targets for weight management within this age group. The aims of this study were (a) to examine lifestyle behavior changes for 30 obese preschoolers participating in a weight-control intervention and (b) to explore which lifestyle behavior changes predicted changes in body mass index (BMI) z score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preschooler height, weight, diet (three 24-hr recalls), physical activity (accelerometry), and television use (parent report) were measured at baseline and posttreatment (6 months). A linear regression was conducted to examine pre- to posttreatment changes in diet (i.e., intake of calories, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruits and vegetables, and sweet and salty snacks) and activity (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous activity and television use) behaviors on changes in BMI z score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite significant reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage intake and television use, and increases in fruit and vegetable intake, only reductions in absolute caloric intake significantly predicted reductions in BMI z score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that attaining healthy caloric goals may be the most important component of weight-control interventions for preschoolers. Future research using innovative methodologies, such as the Multiphase Optimization Strategy, may be helpful to prospectively identifying the lifestyle behavior changes that are most effective in helping families to achieve healthy weight outcomes for preschoolers and thereby improve intervention efficiency and decrease treatment burden for families.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kuhl
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Bandstra
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Filigno
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yeomans-Maldonado
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rausch
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology.
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000628:therapy*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D062410:Snacks; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014675:Vegetables; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents