title: Mapping of egg yolk and animal skin glue paint binders in Early Renaissance paintings using near infrared reflectance imaging spectroscopy.
abstract: In situ chemical imaging techniques are being developed to provide information on the spatial distribution of artists' pigments used in polychrome works of art such as paintings. The new methods include reflectance imaging spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence mapping. Results from these new methods have extended the knowledge obtained from site-specific chemical analyses widely in use. While these mapping methods have aided in determining the distribution of pigments, there is a growing interest to develop methods capable of identifying and mapping organic paint binders as well. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been extensively used in the remote sensing field as well as in the chemical industry to detect organic compounds. NIR spectroscopy provides a rapid method to assay organics by utilizing vibrational overtones and combination bands of fundamental absorptions that occur in the mid-IR. Here we explore the utility of NIR reflectance imaging spectroscopy to map organic binders in situ by examining a series of panel paintings known to have been painted using distemper (animal skin glue) and tempera (egg yolk) binders as determined by amino acid analysis of samples taken from multiple sites on the panels. In this report we demonstrate the success in identifying and mapping these binders by NIR reflectance imaging spectroscopy in situ. Three of the four panel paintings from Cosimo Tura's The Annunciation with Saint Francis and Saint Louis of Toulouse (ca. 1475) are imaged using a highly sensitive, line-scanning hyperspectral imaging camera. The results show an animal skin glue binder was used for the blue skies and blue robe of the Virgin Mary, and egg yolk tempera was used for the red robes and brown landscape. The mapping results show evidence for the use of both egg yolk and animal skin glue in the faces of the figures. The strongest absorption associated with lipidic egg yolk features visually correlates with areas that appear to have white highlights. The results are in agreement with prior site-specific amino acid analysis, underscoring the synergy of both methods. The work here demonstrates that NIR reflectance imaging spectroscopy is a useful technique that can identify and map paint binding media based on differences in chemical composition.
authors.affiliation: Division of Conservation, National Gallery of Art, 4th and Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20565, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lomax
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zeibel
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miliani
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoenigswald
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loew
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Delaney
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics; D004530:Egg Yolk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D010150:Paint; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D008055:Lipids; D002133:Calcium Sulfate