title: Wendler glottoplasty: an effective pitch raising surgery in male-to-female transsexuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the voice results after Wendler glottoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals (MFTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 31 MFT patients treated with a Wendler glottoplasty technique. The procedure consists of the CO2-laser de-epithelialization of the anterior commissure along with the anterior third of the two vocal folds, the suturing of the two vocal folds with two 3.0 resorbable threads, and next, the application of fibrin sealant to strengthen the stitches. Voice assessment was based mainly on fundamental frequency, frequency range, maximum phonation time, phonation quotient, estimated subglottic pressure (ESGP), grade of dysphonia (G), and voice handicap index. The measurements were performed preoperatively and on the last follow-up visit and compared using IBM SPSS 20 statistical package (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The patients have been divided in two groups (group A younger than 40 years and group B of or older than 40 years) for assessing the influence of the age of treatment on the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group A included 19 individuals with mean age of 28.6 years (range: 16-39 years) and group B included 12 individuals with mean age of 51.9 years (range: 45-59 years). The mean follow-up period was 9.2 months. Three cases had previously undergone a cricothyroid approximation elsewhere. We found a significant improvement of mean F0 from 135.8 to 206.3Hz in total (P = 0.001) and also in both groups, especially in group A (mean F0-postop = 213.8Hz). The mean frequency range had a tendency to decrease postoperatively, whereas the ESGP was significantly higher in both total sample and group A (P = 0.001, respectively). G was increased postoperatively and presented a statistical significance in group B (P = 0.035). A revision Wendler procedure was necessary for three individuals (9.7%); two of them presented a suture's line breakdown because they did not follow the postoperative recommendations for voice rest and the third one had an insufficient web due to an insufficient estimation of the necessary correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wendler glottoplasty seems to be an effective technique to feminize the voice in MFTs with better results when performed in younger individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece. nmastr@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Mastronikolis
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remacle
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiagiadaki
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lawson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005262:Feminization; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005931:Glottis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D058753:Laryngoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D054020:Lasers, Gas / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation; D011312:Pressure; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D063106:Transgender Persons; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive