title: Gender policies and advertising and marketing practices that affect women's health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The three papers of this doctoral thesis are based on the social construction of reality through the analysis of communication relating to health issues. We have analysed the contents of parliamentary, institutional, and mass media to uncover whether their communications create, transmit, and perpetuate gender biases and/or stereotypes, which may have an impact on peoples' health, with a particular focus on women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse decision making and the creation of gender awareness policies and actions affecting women's health: (1) political debates about abortion, (2) gender awareness communication campaigns and educational actions, and (3) pharmaceutical advertising strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed, and the research included observational studies and systematic reviews. To apply a gender perspective, we used the level of gender observation proposed by S. Harding, which states that: (1) gender is the basis of social norms and (2) gender is one of the organisers of the social structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty percentage of the bills concerning abortion introduced in the Spanish Parliament were initiated and led by pro-choice women's groups. Seventy-nine percent of institutional initiatives aimed at promoting equality awareness and were in the form of educational actions, while unconventional advertising accounted for 6 percent. Both initiatives focused on occupational equality, and very few actions addressed issues such as shared responsibility or public policy. With regard to pharmaceutical advertising, similar traditional male-female gender roles were used between 1975 and 2005.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender sensitivity continues to be essential in changing the established gender system in Spanish institutions, which has a direct and indirect impact on health. Greater participation of women in public policy and decision-making are critical for womens' health, such as the issue of abortion. The predominance of women as the target group of institutional gender awareness campaigns proves that the gender perspective still lacks the promotion of shared responsibilities between men and women. There is a need for institutions that act as 'policy watchdogs' to control the gender biases in mass media and pharmaceutical marketing as well as to ensure the proper implementation and maintenance of Spanish equality laws.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain. belencambronero@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cambronero-Saiz
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000329:Advertising; D004345:Drug Industry; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D011057:Politics; D063507:Sexism; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: abortion; gender awareness communication campaigns; gender bias; pharmaceutical advertising; public policy; work-family reconciliation