title: Breast cancer expression of DAP12 is associated with skeletal and liver metastases and poor survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transmembrane adapter protein, DAP12, transduces activation signals for several arrays of receptors, including human signal-regulatory protein, DAP12-associating lectin-1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, -2, and -3, in natural killer cells, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. The macrophage-specific antigen, Cluster of Differentiation 163 (CD163), is expressed in breast and colorectal cancers and is associated with early cancer recurrence and poor prognosis. It was recently shown that fusion between intestinal tumor cells and macrophages results in nuclear reprogramming with hybrid transcripts from both cells of origin. The role of DAP12 in the fusion process is not known. This study investigates the expression of DAP12 in BRC cells, and its relation to other macrophage traits and to the clinical progression of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunostaining of DAP12 and CD163 was performed and evaluated in paraffin-embedded specimens from 132 patients with BRC. The outcomes were analyzed in relation to clinicopathological data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAP12 expression in cancer cells was positive in 66 percent of the cancers and was associated with high tumor grade (P = .015), and with liver (P = .047) and skeletal (P = .067), but not with lung metastases (P = 1.00). Patients with BRC expressing DAP12 had poor prognosis, with higher recurrence rates of skeletal (P = .018) and liver metastases (P = .047), and shorter survival time (P = .0060).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that macrophage traits in BRC cells facilitate the metastatic process and that DAP12 expression might promote metastatic homing to bone and liver tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: Ivan.Shabo@liu.se.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shabo
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stål
authors.forename: Joar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svanvik
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C110546:TYROBP protein, human
keywords: Cell fusion; Tissue-specific metastasis; Tumor immunology; Tumor-associated macrophages; Tumor microenvironment