title: Halo-shaped flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow: a heavenly design for simplified sample introduction and improved ionization in ambient mass spectrometry.
abstract: The flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) is a promising new source for atmospheric-pressure, ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. However, problems exist with reproducible sample introduction into the FAPA source. To overcome this limitation, a new FAPA geometry has been developed in which concentric tubular electrodes are utilized to form a halo-shaped discharge; this geometry has been termed the halo-FAPA or h-FAPA. With this new geometry, it is still possible to achieve direct desorption and ionization from a surface; however, sample introduction through the inner capillary is also possible and improves interaction between the sample material (solution, vapor, or aerosol) and the plasma to promote desorption and ionization. The h-FAPA operates with a helium gas flow of 0.60 L/min outer, 0.30 L/min inner, and applied current of 30 mA at 200 V for 6 W of power. In addition, separation of the discharge proper and sample material prevents perturbations to the plasma. Optical-emission characterization and gas rotational temperatures reveal that the temperature of the discharge is not significantly affected (<3% change at 450 K) by water vapor during solution-aerosol sample introduction. The primary mass-spectral background species are protonated water clusters, and the primary analyte ions are protonated molecular ions (M + H(+)). Flexibility of the new ambient sampling source is demonstrated by coupling it with a laser ablation unit, a concentric nebulizer, and a droplet-on-demand system for sample introduction. A novel arrangement is also presented in which the central channel of the h-FAPA is used as the inlet to a mass spectrometer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Pfeuffer
authors.forename: J Niklas
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Shelley
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: George C-Y
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Nicolas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bings
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hieftje
mesh_terms: D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004867:Equipment Design; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations