title: Induced sputum compared to bronchoalveolar lavage in young, non-expectorating cystic fibrosis children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Induced sputum (IS) is feasible and safe in young CF children and is a readily accessible, non-invasive technique. However, it has not been compared to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), the gold standard for diagnosing lower airway infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared bacterial yield from IS and BAL in 11 non-expectorating CF children, aged 3 to 7.4 years. IS samples were obtained in 10/11 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight out of ten had the same predominant bacteria cultured from IS and BAL: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[1], Staphylococcus aureus[3], and upper respiratory tract flora [4]. In one, Serratia marcescens and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were cultured from IS alone, whereas in one, non-group B Haemophilus influenzae was cultured from BAL alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As proof of principle, IS samples showed good bacteriologic correlation with BAL. Larger studies are recommended to confirm IS as a clinically valuable tool and measure for early intervention studies in young CF children.
authors.affiliation: Graub CF Center and Pulmonary Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: hblau@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Paediatric Department, Mid-Western Regional Hospital, Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linnane
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carzino
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Esta-Lee
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tannenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Billy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Skoric
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarath C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: BAL; Bronchoalveolar lavage; CF; Cystic fibrosis; H. influenzae; Haemophilus influenzae; IS; Induced sputum; Infants; P. aeruginosa; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. aureus; S. marcescens; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus aureus; URTF; bronchoalveolar lavage; cystic fibrosis; induced sputum; upper respiratory tract flora