title: Laryngeal anomalies: Pitfalls in adult forensic autopsies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the first paper to group together most of adult laryngeal anomalies or malformations which may be misinterpreted by the forensic pathologist and taken for a proof of violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature, to list the main pitfalls, to explain their nature and their origins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two main categories, the congenital defects and the acquired anomalies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The laryngeal region is complex. The pathologist must keep in mind anatomical variations or malformations, but also sequelae of old injuries and iatrogenic lesions. The survey, the patient's clinical history, the findings of the whole autopsy and, if necessary, histology may help to interpret a laryngeal anomaly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Paris-Ouest University, AP-HP/UVSQ, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, France.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Advenier
authors.forename: G Lorin
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: De La Grandmaison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavard
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pyatigorskaya
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malicier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charlier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D050724:Fractures, Cartilage / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D007817:Laryngeal Cartilages / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D007830:Larynx / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D008022:Ligaments / Q000473:pathology; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000473:pathology
keywords: acquired anomalies; adult; congenital defects; forensic autopsy; laryngeal anomalies; pitfalls