title: Label-free Raman monitoring of extracellular matrix formation in three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds.
abstract: Monitoring extracellular matrix (ECM) components is one of the key methods used to determine tissue quality in three-dimensional scaffolds for regenerative medicine and clinical purposes. Raman spectroscopy can be used for non-invasive sensing of cellular and ECM biochemistry. We have investigated the use of conventional (confocal and semiconfocal) Raman microspectroscopy and fibre-optic Raman spectroscopy for in vitro monitoring of ECM formation in three-dimensional poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) scaffolds. Chondrocyte-seeded PEOT/PBT scaffolds were analysed for ECM formation by Raman microspectroscopy, biochemical analysis, histology and scanning electron microscopy. ECM deposition in these scaffolds was successfully detected by biochemical and histological analysis and by label-free non-destructive Raman microspectroscopy. In the spectra collected by the conventional Raman set-ups, the Raman bands at 937 and at 1062 cm(-1) which, respectively, correspond to collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans could be used as Raman markers for ECM formation in scaffolds. Collagen synthesis was found to be different in single chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds when compared with microaggregate-seeded samples. Normalized band-area ratios for collagen content of single cell-seeded samples gradually decreased during a 21-day culture period, whereas collagen content of the microaggregate-seeded samples significantly increased during this period. Moreover, a fibre-optic Raman set-up allowed for the collection of Raman spectra from multiple pores inside scaffolds in parallel. These fibre-optic measurements could give a representative average of the ECM Raman signal present in tissue-engineered constructs. Results in this study provide proof-of-principle that Raman microspectroscopy is a promising non-invasive tool to monitor ECM production and remodelling in three-dimensional porous cartilage tissue-engineered constructs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aliz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunstar
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leferink
authors.forename: Paul I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Okagbare
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Blake J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Roessler
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karperien
authors.forename: Clemens A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: van Blitterswijk
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: Aart A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: van Apeldoorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013997:Time Factors; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011091:Polyesters; C072932:polyethylene oxide-polybutylene terephthalate copolymer; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; chondrocytes; extracellular matrix; imaging; scaffold