title: [Pseudarthrosis following surgically treated forearm fractures in children and adolescents].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to the changing attitude of treating paediatric forearm fractures increasingly towards the surgical stabilisation rather than conservatively by the method of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN), we are confronted with complications which have not been described in childhood previously. Pseudarthrosis following surgically treated forearm fractures in children is only found in single reports with none in the German-speaking area. The goal of this study is to define predisposing factors which may lead to pseudarthrosis after surgery for forearm fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 2011 all children having sustained a pseudarthrosis following forearm fractures treated in our institution were included. All children who did not demonstrate a complete consolidation of the forearm fractures after 6 months from injury were considered for the study. Those pseudarthroses which were caused through systemic diseases were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the time period of 21 years, fourteen children were treated who fulfilled the criteria of having a pseudarthrosis. Nine of the fourteen children had primarily been treated in an outside hospital, five in our institution. The average age was 10.8 years (7-15 years). There were thirteen ulnar shaft and one radius shaft pseudarthroses. In 11 children the pseudarthrosis was located in the middle third and there was one child each with a pseudarthrosis in the proximal and distal third of the ulna. There were 13 ulnar shaft fractures and one monteggia lesion. Twelve of the fractures were primarily closed and there were two open cases. In nine cases an open reduction of the ulna was necessary, the radius was openly reduced in four patients. In five children technical mistakes of the osteosynthesis were identified to contribute to the formation of the pseudarthrosis. Five of the 14 children had experienced a re-fracture. Nine children had revision surgery. These children were treated by plate osteosynthesis or ESIN. In five patients the pseudarthrosis healed spontaneously without interference. There were 13 hypertrophic and one hypotrophic pseudarthroses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudarthrosis of the forearm following surgical treatment of forearm fractures in children and adolescents mainly occurred in the middle third of the ulna. In primarily open fractures or in cases which needed to be openly reduced the risk of pseudarthrosis formation was higher. Inadequate osteosynthetic stabilisation is another factor to contribute to difficulties in fracture healing. Despite of the possibility of pseudarthrosis, the indication to ESIN treatment in paediatric forearm fractures is not doubted. It is important to keep the surgical trauma as small as possible if open reduction is required in order to not disturb the perfusion of the bone.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie, Olgahospital, Stuttgart. f.fernandez@freenet.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernandez Fernandez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langendörfer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eberhardt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*