title: 3-substituted indole inhibitors against Francisella tularensis FabI identified by structure-based virtual screening.
abstract: In this study, we describe novel inhibitors against Francisella tularensis SchuS4 FabI identified from structure-based in silico screening with integrated molecular dynamics simulations to account for induced fit of a flexible loop crucial for inhibitor binding. Two 3-substituted indoles, 54 and 57, preferentially bound the NAD(+) form of the enzyme and inhibited growth of F. tularensis SchuS4 at concentrations near that of their measured Ki. While 57 was species-specific, 54 showed a broader spectrum of growth inhibition against F. tularensis , Bacillus anthracis , and Staphylococcus aureus . Binding interaction analysis in conjunction with site-directed mutagenesis revealed key residues and elements that contribute to inhibitor binding and species specificity. Mutation of Arg-96, a poorly conserved residue opposite the loop, was unexpectedly found to enhance inhibitor binding in the R96G and R96M variants. This residue may affect the stability and closure of the flexible loop to enhance inhibitor (or substrate) binding.
authors.affiliation: Center of Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratories , Washington, D.C. 20375, United States.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jaimee R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Mohamed Diwan M
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abdulhameed
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marchand
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Dagmar H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Leary
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hershfield
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallqvist
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Legler
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D050753:Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH)