title: The root of reduced fertility in aged women and possible therapentic options: current status and future perspects.
abstract: It is well known that maternal ageing not only causes increased spontaneous abortion and reduced fertility, but it is also a high genetic disease risk. Although assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have been widely used to treat infertility, the overall success is still low. The main reasons for age-related changes include reduced follicle number, compromised oocyte quality especially aneuploidy, altered reproductive endocrinology, and increased reproductive tract defect. Various approaches for improving or treating infertility in aged women including controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI), IVF/ICSI-ET, ovarian reserve testing, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening (PGD/PGS), oocyte selection and donation, oocyte and ovary tissue cryopreservation before ageing, miscarriage prevention, and caloric restriction are summarized in this review. Future potential reproductive techniques for infertile older women including oocyte and zygote micromanipulations, derivation of oocytes from germ stem cells, ES cells, and iPS cells, as well as through bone marrow transplantation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Bo
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Hospital Queens, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Huai-Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Group, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Yi-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Houston Fertility Institute, Tomball Regional Hospital, Tomball, TX 77375, USA.
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology, Department of Animal Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shao-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schatten
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: sunqy@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Qing-Yuan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000628:therapy*; D008423:Maternal Age; D012099:Reproductive Techniques
keywords: Assited reproductive technology; Infertility; Maternal age; Oocyte; Ovary