title: Sildenafil and tadalafil in simulated chlorination conditions: ecotoxicity of drugs and their derivatives.
abstract: Chlorination experiments on two drugs (sildenafil and tadalafil) were performed mimicking the conditions of a typical wastewater treatment process. The main transformation products were isolated by chromatographic techniques (Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Column Chromatography (CC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)) and fully characterized employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) analyses. The environmental effects of the parent compounds and transformation products were evaluated using an overall toxicity approach that considered aquatic acute and chronic toxicity on Brachionus calyciflorus and Ceriodaphnia dubia as well as mutagenesis and genotoxicity on bacterial strains. The results revealed that both parent drugs did not show high acute and chronic toxicity for the organisms utilized in the bioassays while, chronic exposure to chlorine derivatives caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans. A mutagenic potential was found for all the compounds investigated.
authors.affiliation: UdR Napoli 4 INCA, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Università Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Temussi
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DellaGreca
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pistillo
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Previtera
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarrelli
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Criscuolo
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavorgna
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isidori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D002243:Carbolines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects; D054879:Halogenation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010879:Piperazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011687:Purines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000068581:Tadalafil; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones; D000068581:Tadalafil; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acute and chronic toxicity tests; Chlorination; Genotoxicity; Mutagenesis; Sildenafil; Tadalafil