title: KPC - 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 clone infection in postoperative abdominal surgery patients in an intensive care setting: analysis of a case series of 30 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal surgery carries significant morbidity and mortality, which is in turn associated with an enormous use of healthcare resources. We describe the clinical course of 30 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients who underwent abdominal surgery and showed severe infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 258 producing K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC-Kp). The aim was to evaluate risk factors for mortality and the impact of a combination therapy of colistin plus recommended regimen or higher dosage of tigecycline.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective assessment of severe monomicrobial KPC-Kp infections occurring after open abdominal surgery carried out from August 2011 to August 2012 in the same hospital by different surgical teams is presented. Clinical and surgical characteristics, microbiological and surveillance data, factors associated with mortality and treatment regimens were analyzed. A combination regimen of colistin with tigecycline was used. A high dose of tigecycline was administered according to intra-abdominal abscess severity and MICs for tigecycline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 56.6 ± 15 and their APACHE score on admission averaged 22.72. Twenty out of 30 patients came from the surgical emergency unit. Fifteen patients showed intra-abdominal abscess, eight anastomotic leakage, four surgical site infection (SSI) and three peritonitis. The overall crude ICU mortality rate was 40% (12 out of 30 patients). Twelve of the 30 patients were started on a combination treatment of high-dose tigecycline and intravenous colistin. A significantly lower mortality rate was observed among those patients compared to patients treated with approved dose of tigecycline plus colistin. No adverse events were reported with high doses of tigecycline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critically-ill surgical patients are prone to severe post-surgical infectious complications caused by KPC-Kp. Timely microbiological diagnosis and optimizing antibiotic dosing regimens are essential to prevent worse outcomes. Further studies and well-controlled clinical trials are needed to define the optimal treatment of infections by KPC-Kp and, more generally, carbapenem-resistant bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G, D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, I- 90127, Palermo, Italy. paola.dicarlo@unipa.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.forename: Gaspare
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gulotta
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casuccio
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pantuso
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raineri
authors.forename: Clizia Airò
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Farulla
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonventre
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guadagnino
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ingrassia
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cocorullo
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mammina
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giarratano