title: Applications of the medial femoral condyle free flap for foot and ankle reconstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Avascular necrosis (AVN) or persistent nonunion occurs in situations of poor vascular supply. Some specific situations that plague the foot and ankle surgeon are talus nonunion, talus AVN, navicular AVN, and failed ankle arthrodesis with bone loss. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap has emerged as a popular source of vascularized corticocancelous bone. We present a series of cases demonstrating the versatility of the MFC flap in complex foot and ankle pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was completed of all MFC flaps used in the foot and ankle over the past 5 years. Five patients were identified (average age 48). Surgical indications included talar AVN and ankle arthritis, talar nonunion, and navicular AVN. All patients had undergone conventional bone grafting techniques, which failed, prior to being treated with a MFC free flap; this series of patients did not possess significant medical comorbidities. Fixation techniques included compression screw fixation, plate osteosynthesis, or fine wire external fixation. The average follow-up was 20 months (range 8 to 40 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 100% flap success rate with no returns to the operating room for thrombosis. The volume of the bone flaps was 5.6 cm(3) (range 1 cm(3) to 12 cm(3)). The average follow-up time was 20 months (range 8 to 40 months). All cases resulted in union, and full weight bearing status was achieved at a mean of 23.8 weeks (range 10 to 52 weeks) postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascularized bone transfer in the form of the MFC free flap was a valuable method for foot and ankle reconstruction. The MFC flap provided an alternative for those defects that were smaller then 3 cm in length. In our experience, for small bone defects requiring vascularized bone, the MFC flap is currently the ideal donor location supplanting the iliac crest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, retrospective case series.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Haddock
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alosh
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Easley
authors.forename: L Scott
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Keith L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wapner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000601:surgery*; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013628:Talus / Q000601:surgery
keywords: ankle arthrodesis; bone flap; medial femoral condyle; navicular revascularization; subtalar arthrodesis; talus nonunion