title: Elevated serum dopamine increases while coffee consumption decreases the occurrence of reddish streaks in the intact stomach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reddish streaks in an intact stomach are an endoscopic feature of duodenogastric reflux. This study aimed to identify which factors are associated with gastric reddish streaks and thus help prevent mucosal damage from duodenogastric reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic data, personal habits, stressful life events, and psychological distress were compared between subjects with only gastric reddish streaks and those with normal mucosa who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as part of a self-paid physical checkup. Stress hormones dopamine and cortisol were also checked by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay methods respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 95 subjects with gastric reddish streaks and 52 subjects with normal mucosa. No significant differences in age, gender, blood groups, education levels, marital status, religion, aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and intake of tea was found between the two groups, but intake of coffee was borderline more common in subjects with normal mucosa (38.5% vs 22.1%, P = 0.055). Subjects with gastric reddish streaks had lower Helicobacter pylori infection rate (37.8% vs 19.3%, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in psychological distress and stressful life events between the two groups. Multivariate analysis shows that serum dopamine concentrations (odds ratio = 11.31, 95% confidence interval = 2.11-60.48, P = 0.005) and being without the consumption of coffee (odds ratio = 2.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.27-6.94, P = 0.012) were associated with gastric reddish streaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated serum dopamine and less coffee consumption are associated with gastric reddish streaks. These findings implicate that increased dopamine level plays a role for abnormal duodenogastric reflux.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tseng-Shing
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Full-Young
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee; D004298:Dopamine / Q000097:blood*; D004383:Duodenogastric Reflux / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003069:Coffee; D004298:Dopamine; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: coffee; dopamine; duodenogastric reflux