title: Risk factors for wheezing in infants born in Cuba.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cuba is a unique country, and despite limited economic development, has an excellent health system. However, the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Havana, Cuba, is unusually high.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As early life exposures are critical to the aetiology of asthma, we have studied environmental influences on the risk of wheezing in Cuban infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 2032 children aged 12-15 months living in Havana was selected for inclusion in the cohort. Data were collected using questionnaires administered by researchers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2032 infants invited to participate, 1956 (96%) infants provided data. The prevalence of any wheeze was 45%, severe wheeze requiring use of emergency services was 30% and recurrent wheeze on three or more occasions was 20%. The largest adjusted risk factors for any wheeze were presence of eczema [odds ratio (OR) 2.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48-2.94], family history of asthma (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.60-2.62), poor ventilation in the house (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.48-2.67), attendance at nursery (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.24-2.57), male sex (OR1.52; 95% CI 1.19-1.96) and the number of smokers in the house (P < 0.03 for trend), OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.17-2.31) for three or more smokers in the house compared to no smokers in the household.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified several risk factors for any wheeze in young infants living in modern day Cuba. As the prevalence of smoking in the house is high (51%), intervention studies are required to determine effective strategies to improve infant health.
authors.affiliation: MSc, Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología, Infanta No 1158 e/ Llinás y Clavel, Código Postal 10300, La Habana, Cuba. silviavf@inhem.sld.cu.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Venero-Fernández
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suárez-Medina
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mora-Faife
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valle-Infante
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Marrero
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abreu-Suárez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Valdez
authors.forename: D Dania
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Fabró-Ortiz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fundora-Hernández
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Fogarty
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003462:Cuba / Q000453:epidemiology; D004485:Eczema / Q000453:epidemiology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012578:Schools, Nursery; D012737:Sex Factors; D035781:Siblings; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014691:Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data