title: Biofilm switch and immune response determinants at early stages of infection.
abstract: Biofilm development is recognized as a major virulence factor underlying most chronic bacterial infections. When a biofilm community is established, planktonic cells growing in the surroundings of a tissue switch to a sessile lifestyle and start producing a biofilm matrix. The initial steps of in vivo biofilm development are poorly characterized and difficult to assess experimentally. A great amount of in vitro evidence has shown that accumulation of high levels of cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs) is the most prevalent hallmark governing the initiation of biofilm development by bacteria. As mentioned above, recent studies also link detection of c-di-NMPs by host cells with the activation of a type I interferon immune response against bacterial infections. We discuss here c-di-NMP signaling and the host immune response in the context of the initial steps of in vivo biofilm development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbial Biofilms, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Idab, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, Pamplona-31006, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaione
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toledo-Arana
authors.forename: Iñigo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lasa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D007370:Interferon Type I; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: PAMPs; STING; biofilm; c-di-GMP; cGAS; chronic infection; innate immune response; type I interferon