title: Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances bonded with different etching techniques on tooth color: a prospective clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For most orthodontic patients, esthetic concerns are as important as functional demands. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of self-etching primer and conventional acid etching on tooth color after orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 patients were enrolled in a clinical trial and divided into 2 groups based on age: adolescents (≤17 years) and adults (>17 years). Tooth color of all maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth was measured before bonding and after debonding using a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). Two types of etching techniques were used for orthodontic bonding, self-etching primer and conventional acid etching, in a randomized split-mouth design. Tooth color measurements were done according to the system of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (lightness, red/green, and yellow/blue). The corresponding tooth color differences between pretreatment and posttreatment, etching groups, sexes, and age groups were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tooth color was significantly changed in all (L, a, b) color parameters (P <0.05). The lightness value decreased by 2.16 units, and the red/green and yellow/blue values increased by 0.32 and 1.78, respectively. The average tooth color difference after orthodontic treatment was 2.85 units. No significant difference was found between self-etching primer and conventional acid etching in their effects on tooth color (P >0.05). Men and adolescents had more color change than did girls and adults (P <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixed orthodontic appliances caused tooth color changes; self-etching primer and conventional acid etching had similar effects on tooth color; men and adolescents had greater color changes than did girls and adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. efalmaaitah@just.edu.jo
authors.forename: Emad F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Al Maaitah
authors.forename: Aban A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abu Omar
authors.forename: Susan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Al-Khateeb
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003116:Color; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012737:Sex Factors; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C429625:Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer; C477790:Transbond XT; C030242:phosphoric acid