title: Comparative studies focusing on transgenic through cp4EPSPS gene and non-transgenic soybean plants: an analysis of protein species and enzymes.
abstract: This work evaluates the activity of a few key enzymes involved in combating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), as well as the concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in transgenic and non-transgenic soybean leaves. Additionally, differential protein species from leaves of both genotypes were evaluated by applying a regulation factor of ≥1.8 to further corroborate the hypothesis that genetic modification itself can be a stress factor for these plants. For this task, transgenic soybean plants were obtained from seeds modified with the cp4EPSPS gene. The results revealed higher activities of all evaluated enzymes in transgenic than in non-transgenic soybean leaves (ranging from 13.8 to 70.1%), as well as higher concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in transgenic soybean leaves, clearly indicating a condition of oxidative stress established in the transgenic genotype. Additionally, 47 proteins were differentially abundant when comparing the leaves of both plants, with 26 species accurately identified, including the protein involved in the genetic modification (CP4EPSPS). From these results, it is possible to conclude that the plant is searching for a new equilibrium to maintain its metabolism because the stress condition is being maintained within levels that can be tolerated by the plant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present paper is the first one in the literature where are shown translational aspects involving plant stress and the genetic modification for soybean involving the cp4 EPSPS gene. The main biological importance of this work is to make possible the demystification of the genetic modification, allowing answers for some questions that still remain unknown, and enlarge our knowledge about genetically modified organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Plant Proteomics.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, USP, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra C C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: Herbert S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Marco A Z
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arruda
mesh_terms: D051229:3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D051229:3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase
keywords: 2-D DIGE; Genetically modified organisms; Mass spectrometry; Oxidative stress; Soybean; cp4EPSPS