title: A pilot study on quality of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets used in the fishing community of Tema, Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ineffectiveness of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in malaria treatment remains a health burden to WHO and governments of malaria-endemic countries, including Ghana. The proliferation of illegitimate anti-malarial drugs and its use by patients is of primary concern to international and local drug regulatory agencies because such drugs are known to contribute to the development of the malaria-resistant parasites in humans. No data exist on quality of these drugs in the fishing village communities in Ghana although the villagers are likely users of such drugs. A pilot study on the quality of anti-malarial tablets in circulation during the major fishing season at a malarious fishing village located along the coast of Tema in southern Ghana was determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blisterpacks of anti-malarial tablets were randomly sampled. The International Pharmacopoeia and Global Pharma Health Fund Minilab protocols were used to assess the quality of anti-malarial tablets per blisterpacks allegedly manufactured by Guilin Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, China (GPCL) and Letap Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ghana (LPL) and sold in chemical sales outlets at Kpone-on-Sea. Ferric chloride and cobaltous thiocyanate tests confirmed the presence of active ingredients in the tablets. A confirmatory test for the active ingredient was achieved with artesunate (ICRS1409) and amodiaquine (ICRS0209) reference standards. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the amount of artesunate found in tablets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the International Pharmacopoeia acceptable range of 96/98 to 102% for genuine artesunate per tablet, 10% [relative standard deviation (RSD): 3.2%] of field-selected artesunate blisterpack per tablets manufactured by GPCL, and 50% (RSD: 5.1%) of a similar package per tablet by LPL, passed the titrimetric test. However, 100% (RSD: 2.2%) of amodiaquine blisterpack per tablet by GPCL were found to be within the International Pharmacopeia acceptable range of 90 to 110% for genuine amodiaquine in tablet, whilst 17% of a similar package per tablet by LPL failed spectrophotometric testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequate amounts of artesunate and amodiaquine detected in the tablets suggest that both pharmaceutical companies may not be following recommended drug formulation procedures, or the active pharmaceutical ingredients might have been degraded by improper storage conditions. Thus, drugs being sold at Kpone-on-Sea, Ghana may likely be classified as substandard drugs and not suitable for malaria treatment.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Accra, Ghana. aaffum1@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Andrews O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Affum
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lowor
authors.forename: Shiloh D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Osae
authors.forename: Adomako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gyan
authors.forename: Delali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tulasi
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077332:Artesunate; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011786:Quality Control; D012424:Rural Population; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D013607:Tablets; D000655:Amodiaquine; D000077332:Artesunate