title: Periodontal disease in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a review.
abstract: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder and being so it has been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and malnutrition. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients [National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Annual Data Report, 2010]. A recent scientific statement released by the American Heart Association [Lockhart et al.: Circulation 2012;125:2520-2544] claims that, even though evidence exists to believe that periodontal interventions result in a reduction in systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, there is little evidence that those interventions prevent atherosclerotic vascular disease or modify the outcomes. In this review, we discuss the periodontal findings and their association with an increased prevalence of inflammatory markers and cardiovascular mortality in ESRD patients and CKD.
authors.forename: Venkatesh K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Ariyamuthu
authors.forename: Karl D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Nolph
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ringdahl
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; End-stage renal disease; Periodontitis