title: Nightmares: Prevalence among the Finnish General Adult Population and War Veterans during 1972-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of nightmares among the Finnish general adult population during 1972-2007 and the association between nightmare prevalence and symptoms of insomnia, depression, and anxiety in World War II veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight independent cross-sectional population surveys of the National FINRISK Study conducted in Finland in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 69,813 people (33,811 men and 36,002 women) age 25-74 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigation of nightmare prevalence and insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms was based on questionnaires completed by the participants. Among the whole sample, 3.5% of the men and 4.8% of the women reported frequent nightmares (P < 0.0001 for sex difference), but the prevalence was affected by the age of participants and the year of the survey. Nightmare prevalence increased with age, particularly among the men. The number of people reporting occasional nightmares increased roughly by 20% for both sexes from 1972 to 2007 (P < 0.0001). Participants with war experiences reported more frequent nightmares and symptoms of insomnia, depression, and anxiety than participants without such experiences (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of nightmares was affected by the sex and age of the participants, and occasional nightmares have become more common in Finland. Exposure to war elevates nightmare prevalence as well as insomnia, depression, and anxiety symptoms even decades after the war; large numbers of war veterans can affect nightmare prevalence on population level.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Sandman N; Valli K; Kronholm E; Ollila HM; Revonsuo A; Laatikainen T; Paunio T. Nightmares: prevalence among the Finnish general adult population and war veterans during 1972-2007.SLEEP2013;36(7):1041-1050.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland ; University of Turku, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandman
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kronholm
authors.forename: Hanna M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ollila
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Revonsuo
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laatikainen
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paunio
keywords: Adult; epidemiology; general population; nightmare; sex differences; veterans