title: Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the southern part of Chile.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55-2505 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 μg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 μg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 μg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.
authors.affiliation: a Membrane Biochemistry Laboratory, Physiology and Biophysics Program , Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamorano
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barriga
authors.forename: Néstor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002677:Chile; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005513:Food Inspection; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010139:Pacific Islands; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D012623:Seawater / Q000469:parasitology; D012758:Shellfish / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins