title: Surgical Placement of Permanent Epicardial Pacing Systems in Very Low-Birth Weight Premature Neonates: A Review of Data From the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC).
abstract: Few studies have characterized the surgical outcomes following epicardial pacemaker placement in very low-birth weight infants with congenital complete heart block. This study was undertaken to review the surgical experience with this patient population based on data from a large multi-institutional registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC) multi-institutional database was retrospectively reviewed to identify premature, low-birth weight neonates that underwent surgical placement of an epicardial pacing system for heart block. We reviewed 179 patients with birth weights less than 1.5 kg that underwent a major operative procedure. Of these, 10 patients underwent surgical placement of an epicardial pacing system for heart block. Patients had heart block in otherwise structurally normal hearts (n = 6) or heart block associated with complex structural congenital cardiac anomalies (n = 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths directly related to the surgical placement of the epicardial pacing system. There were no immediate complications with either lead or generator placement. One generator pocket was revised three months following placement. Survival to discharge was 60%. The four deaths occurred at a mean of 11 days (range 1-45 days) following the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonates born with prematurity and congenital heart block represent a challenging subset of patients with significant mortality. Generator pocket breakdown and infection have been considered barriers to optimal short- and long-term outcomes. Among cases in the PCCC, there were no deaths or major complications that could be attributed to permanent epicardial pacemaker placement. These data suggest that an aggressive surgical strategy may be justified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Lazaros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kochilas
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vinocur
authors.forename: Roosevelt
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Decampli
authors.forename: James D St
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Louis
keywords: complications; congenital heart surgery; pacemaker; pacing complications