title: Protective effects of [6]-paradol on histological lesions and immunohistochemical gene expression in DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The search for naturally occurring agents in routinely consumed foods that may inhibit cancer development is of high priority. [6]-Paradol is a pungent phenolic bioactive component from ginger with well- documented health promoting antioxidant, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, anticarcinogenic effects have yet to be fully explored. The objectives of the present study were therefore to assess protective effects against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis in male golden Syrian hamsters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral squamous cell carcinomas developed in the left buccal pouch of hamsters on painting with 0.5% of DMBA, three times in a week. To assess the apoptotic associated gene expressing potential of [6]-paradol, it was orally administered to DMBA treated hamsters on alternate days from DMBA painting for 14 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 100% tumor formation with marked levels of neoplastic changes and altered the expression of apoptotic associated gene (p53, bcl-2, caspase-3 and TNF-α) was observed in the DMBA alone painted hamsters as compared to control hamsters. Oral administration of [6]-paradol at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.wt to DMBA treated animals on alternative days for 14 weeks significantly reduced the neoplastic changes and improved the status of apoptosis associated gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations confirmed that [6]-paradol acts as a tumor suppressing agent against DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. We also conclude that [6]-paradol also effectively enhances apoptosis- associated gene expression in DMBA treated animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Arokia Vijayaanand
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Mariadoss
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathiresan
authors.forename: Rajasekar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muthusamy
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kathiresan
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002610:Cheek; D006224:Cricetinae; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007659:Ketones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002273:Carcinogens; D007659:Ketones; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D006139:Guaiacol; C421614:6-paradol; D053148:Caspase 3