title: Geriatric patient care by U.S. pharmacists in healthcare teams: systematic review and meta-analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to examine the effects of pharmacists' care on geriatric patient-oriented health outcomes in the United States (U.S.).
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies examining U.S. pharmacists' patient care services from inception of the databases through July 2012 were searched. The databases searched include PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid/MEDLINE, ABI/INFORM, Health Business Fulltext Elite, Academic Search Complete, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database, and Clinical Trials.gov. Studies reporting pharmacists' intervention for geriatric patients, comparison groups, and patient-oriented outcomes were assessed. Dual review for inclusion and data extraction were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Arizona College of Pharmacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study and participant characteristics, pharmacist intervention, and outcomes with data for meta-analyses were collected. A forest plot was constructed to obtain a pooled standardized mean difference using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty-two articles were reviewed, with 20 resulting studies included in the final meta-analyses. Study sample size ranged from 36 to 4,218, with mean age of subjects being 65 and older. The studies were most frequently conducted in ambulatory care clinics, followed by inpatient settings; the majority focused on multiple diseases and conditions. Pharmacist activities varied widely, with technical interventions used most often. Favorable results were found in all outcome categories, and meta-analyses conducted for therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence were significant (P < .001), favoring pharmacist care over comparison. Some identifiable variability existed between included studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacist intervention has favorable effects on therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence outcomes in older adults. Pharmacists should be involved in team-based care of older adults.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. jlee@pharmacy.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Jeannie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marion K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ehrman
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chisholm-Burns
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D014481:United States
keywords: direct patient care; meta-analysis; older adults; pharmacists; systematic review