title: Effects of an aqueous extract from leaves of Ligustrum vulgare on mediators of inflammation in a human neutrophils model.
abstract: Leaves of Ligustrum vulgare (common privet) have been used for treatment of oropharyngeal inflammations or as antirheumatic, diuretic, and hypotensive agents in folk medicine in southern Europe. Taking into account that neutrophils are involved in the inflammation, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of an aqueous extract prepared from leaves of Ligustrum vulgare on neutrophil functions. The extract was characterized by the HPLC-DAD-MSn method. The inhibition of reactive oxygen species production by formyl-met-leu-phenylalanine- or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils was determined using luminol- or lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence. The effect on myeloperoxidase, metalloproteinase 9, and interleukin 8 production by neutrophils was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil elastase release was established spectrophotometrically. The expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils was analyzed with flow cytometry. The main compounds detected were flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, hydroxycinnamates, and secoiridoids. The inhibition of oxidative burst by the extract was comparable in both stimuli models (formyl-met-leu-phenylalanine: IC50 = 18.2 ± 4.0 µg/mL; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate: IC50 = 19.8 ± 3.0 µg/mL). The extract in the concentration range of 5-50 µg/mL inhibited neutrophil elastase release by 23.9-34.1 % and myeloperoxidase release by 24.2-37.4 %. The inhibitory effect on metalloproteinase 9 and interleukin 8 production was around 20 %. The extract in the highest concentration modulated the expression of L-selectin and β2 integrin. Our results partly support the traditional use of common privet leaves as an anti-inflammatory agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Czerwińska
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granica
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kiss
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D039823:Iridoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D031659:Ligustrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D020005:Propanols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018821:CD18 Antigens; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D039823:Iridoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020005:Propanols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C439395:1-phenylpropanol; D019041:L-Selectin; D009195:Peroxidase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase