title: Modeling the public health impact of malaria vaccines for developers and policymakers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efforts to develop malaria vaccines show promise. Mathematical model-based estimates of the potential demand, public health impact, and cost and financing requirements can be used to inform investment and adoption decisions by vaccine developers and policymakers on the use of malaria vaccines as complements to existing interventions. However, the complexity of such models may make their outputs inaccessible to non-modeling specialists. This paper describes a Malaria Vaccine Model (MVM) developed to address the specific needs of developers and policymakers, who need to access sophisticated modeling results and to test various scenarios in a user-friendly interface. The model's functionality is demonstrated through a hypothetical vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MVM has three modules: supply and demand forecast; public health impact; and implementation cost and financing requirements. These modules include pre-entered reference data and also allow for user-defined inputs. The model includes an integrated sensitivity analysis function. Model functionality was demonstrated by estimating the public health impact of a hypothetical pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine with 85% efficacy against uncomplicated disease and a vaccine efficacy decay rate of four years, based on internationally-established targets. Demand for this hypothetical vaccine was estimated based on historical vaccine implementation rates for routine infant immunization in 40 African countries over a 10-year period. Assumed purchase price was $5 per dose and injection equipment and delivery costs were $0.40 per dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model projects the number of doses needed, uncomplicated and severe cases averted, deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, and cost to avert each. In the demonstration scenario, based on a projected demand of 532 million doses, the MVM estimated that 150 million uncomplicated cases of malaria and 1.1 million deaths would be averted over 10 years. This is equivalent to 943 uncomplicated cases and 7 deaths averted per 1,000 vaccinees. In discounted 2011 US dollars, this represents $11 per uncomplicated case averted and $1,482 per death averted. If vaccine efficacy were reduced to 75%, the estimated uncomplicated cases and deaths averted over 10 years would decrease by 14% and 19%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MVM can provide valuable information to assist decision-making by vaccine developers and policymakers, information which will be refined and strengthened as field studies progress allowing further validation of modeling assumptions.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loucq
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maire
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Kårstein
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Måseide
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines