title: Titanium alloys (AoN) and their involvement in osseointegration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osseointegration is essential for a long-term successful and inflammation-free dental implant. Such a result depends on osteoblastic cells growth and differentiation at the tissue-implant interface. The aim of this study was to compare two different AoN titanium layers (GR4 and GR5) to investigate which one had a greater osteoconductive power using human osteoblasts (HOb) culture at two different time-points.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels of some bone-related (ALPL, COL1A1, COL3A1, SPP1, RUNX2, and SPARC) were analyzed using real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Real-time RT-PCR data showed that after 3 days of treatment with TiA4GR, the genes up-regulated were COL3A1, ALPL, SPP1, and RUNX2. Moreover, no difference in gene expression was noticed 4 days later. On the other hand, the genes that overexpressed after 3 days of treatment with AoN5GR were ALPL, SPP1, and RUNX2. In both cases, the expression of COL1A1 and SPARC was negatively regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that both titanium surfaces led to osteoblasts recruitment, maturation, and differentiation, thus promoting osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Science, Nano and Biotechnologies, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danza
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zollino
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Candotto
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cura
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carinci
keywords: Gene expression; osteoinduction; titanium alloys