title: HIV or human papillomavirus co-infection among Brazilian individuals infected with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of co-infection with HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) among Brazilian individuals with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted that enrolled 103 individuals from the Ceará region of Brazil between January 4, 2010, and August 9, 2012. Eligible participants were men (n=45) or women (n=58) infected with HBV and/or HCV. Pap smears were collected from female patients. Material from male (urethra) and female (cervix) patients was then collected via DNA-HPV test and visual inspection with acetic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 48 participants tested positive for HBV and 55 tested positive for HCV; 2 had dual infection with HBV and HCV. Co-infection with HIV was detected among 15 participants, whereas 20 participants were found to be co-infected with HPV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of co-infection with HIV and HPV was detected among Brazilian individuals with HBV and/or HCV.
authors.affiliation: Maternal and Neonatal Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. silviabh@secrel.com.br
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bomfim-Hyppólito
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eleuterio
authors.forename: George Chaves
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bomfim-Hyppólito
authors.forename: Eugenio S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Roberto da Justa Pires
authors.initials: Rda J
authors.lastname: Neto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Co-infection; HIV; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Human papillomavirus; Prevalence