title: What is the best treatment to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine release in acute skeletal muscle injury induced by trauma in rats: low-level laser therapy, diclofenac, or cryotherapy?
abstract: Currently, treatment of muscle injuries represents a challenge in clinical practice. In acute phase, the most employed therapies are cryotherapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the last years, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has becoming a promising therapeutic agent; however, its effects are not fully known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of sodium diclofenac (topical application), cryotherapy, and LLLT on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels after a controlled model of muscle injury. For such, we performed a single trauma in tibialis anterior muscle of rats. After 1 h, animals were treated with sodium diclofenac (11.6 mg/g of solution), cryotherapy (20 min), or LLLT (904 nm; superpulsed; 700 Hz; 60 mW mean output power; 1.67 W/cm(2); 1, 3, 6 or 9 J; 17, 50, 100 or 150 s). Assessment of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (IL-1β and IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels was performed at 6 h after trauma employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. LLLT with 1 J dose significantly decreased (p < 0.05) IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared to non-treated injured group as well as diclofenac and cryotherapy groups. On the other hand, treatment with diclofenac and cryotherapy does not decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to the non-treated injured group. Therefore, we can conclude that 904 nm LLLT with 1 J dose has better effects than topical application of diclofenac or cryotherapy in acute inflammatory phase after muscle trauma.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Shaiane Silva
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tomazoni
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: Paulo de Tarso Camillo
authors.initials: Pde T
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Adriane Aver
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vanin
authors.forename: Larissa Aline
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Gianna Móes
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Albuquerque-Pontes
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Marchi
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tairova
authors.forename: Rodrigo Labat
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.forename: Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão
authors.initials: RÁ
authors.lastname: Lopes-Martins
authors.forename: Ernesto Cesar Pinto
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Leal-Junior
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004008:Diclofenac