title: Mechanical ventilation worsens abdominal edema and inflammation in porcine endotoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation per se increases abdominal edema and inflammation in sepsis and tested this in experimental endotoxemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty anesthetized piglets were allocated to one of five groups: healthy control pigs breathing spontaneously with continuous positive pressure of 5 cm H2O or mechanically ventilated with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O, and endotoxemic piglets during mechanical ventilation for 2.5 hours and then continued on mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure of either 5 or 15 cm H2O or switched to spontaneous breathing with continuous positive pressure of 5 cm H2O for another 2.5 hours. Abdominal edema formation was estimated by isotope technique, and inflammatory markers were measured in liver, intestine, lung, and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy controls: 5 hours of spontaneous breathing did not increase abdominal fluid, whereas mechanical ventilation did (Normalized Index increased from 1.0 to 1.6; 1 to 3.3 (median and range, P<0.05)). Endotoxemic animals: Normalized Index increased almost sixfold after 5 hours of mechanical ventilation (5.9; 4.9 to 6.9; P<0.05) with twofold increase from 2.5 to 5 hours whether positive end-expiratory pressure was 5 or 15, but only by 40% with spontaneous breathing (P<0.05 versus positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 or 15 cm H2O). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in intestine and liver were 2 to 3 times higher with mechanical ventilation than during spontaneous breathing (P<0.05) but similar in plasma and lung. Abdominal edema formation and TNF-α in intestine correlated inversely with abdominal perfusion pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure increases abdominal edema and inflammation in intestine and liver in experimental endotoxemia by increasing systemic capillary leakage and impeding abdominal lymph drainage.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lattuada
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.forename: Enn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maripuu
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedenstierna
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D004487:Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013552:Swine