title: Treating speech subsystems in childhood apraxia of speech with tactual input: the PROMPT approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT; Hayden, 2004; Hayden, Eigen, Walker, & Olsen, 2010)-a treatment approach for the improvement of speech sound disorders in children-uses tactile-kinesthetic- proprioceptive (TKP) cues to support and shape movements of the oral articulators. No research to date has systematically examined the efficacy of PROMPT for children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four children (ages 3;6 [years;months] to 4;8), all meeting the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2007) criteria for CAS, were treated using PROMPT. All children received 8 weeks of 2 × per week treatment, including at least 4 weeks of full PROMPT treatment that included TKP cues. During the first 4 weeks, 2 of the 4 children received treatment that included all PROMPT components except TKP cues. This design permitted both between-subjects and within-subjects comparisons to evaluate the effect of TKP cues. Gains in treatment were measured by standardized tests and by criterion-referenced measures based on the production of untreated probe words, reflecting change in speech movements and auditory perceptual accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 4 children made significant gains during treatment, but measures of motor speech control and untreated word probes provided evidence for more gain when TKP cues were included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PROMPT as a whole appears to be effective for treating children with CAS, and the inclusion of TKP cues appears to facilitate greater effect.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Philip S. Dale: dalep@unm.edu.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000502:physiology; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D066229:Speech Sound Disorder; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: PROMPT; childhood apraxia of speech; developmental apraxia of speech; developmental motor speech disorders; speech sound disorders