title: Peptidoglycan recognition proteins in Drosophila immunity.
abstract: Innate immunity is the front line of self-defense against infectious non-self in vertebrates and invertebrates. The innate immune system is mediated by germ-line encoding pattern recognition molecules (pathogen sensors) that recognize conserved molecular patterns present in the pathogens but absent in the host. Peptidoglycans (PGN) are essential cell wall components of almost all bacteria, except mycoplasma lacking a cell wall, which provides the host immune system an advantage for detecting invading bacteria. Several families of pattern recognition molecules that detect PGN and PGN-derived compounds have been indentified, and the role of PGRP family members in host defense is relatively well-characterized in Drosophila. This review focuses on the role of PGRP family members in the recognition of invading bacteria and the activation and modulation of immune responses in Drosophila.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan. Electronic address: kurata@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000276:immunology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010457:Peptidoglycan / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D010457:Peptidoglycan; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition
keywords: Antimicrobial defense; DAP; Drosophila; GNBP; GlcNAc; Gram-negative binding protein; Innate immunity; LPS; MurNAc; N-acetylglucosamine; N-acetylmuramic acid; NOD; PGN; PGRP; PPAE; Pattern recognition receptor; Peptidoglycan recognition protein; Prophenoloxidase cascade; RHIM; RIP; RIP homotypic interaction motif; SPE; Spätzle processing enzyme; TCT; TLR; Toll-like receptor; diaminopimelic acid; lipopolysaccharides; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein; peptidoglycan recognition protein; peptidoglycans; proPO; proPO activating enzyme; prophenoloxidase; receptor-interacting protein; tracheal cytotoxin