title: Effect of choroidal perfusion on ocular tissue distribution after intravitreal or suprachoroidal injection in an arterially perfused ex vivo pig eye model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare tissue distribution of dye-drug surrogates after intravitreal (IVT) and suprachoroidal (SCS) delivery to determine the influence of drug lipophilicity and choroidal circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two pig eyes were collected immediately after euthanasia. Sixteen eyes were perfused for 30 min through one long posterior ciliary artery with nondye containing nutrient media. An IVT or SCS injection was performed with either a 100 μL balanced salt solution (BSS, n=8), 1% sodium fluorescein (NaF, n=12) or 0.12% lipophilic carbocyanine dye (DiI, n=12). Globes were maintained at 37°C for 15 min, and then snap-frozen and dissected. Aqueous extraction and measurement of NaF or DiI concentration was performed using spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After SCS delivery of NaF scleral, iris-ciliary body, choroidal and vitreous dye levels were higher in nonperfused eyes compared to perfused eyes. After DiI SCS or IVT delivery, no significant differences were found in dye tissue concentrations in perfused eyes compared to nonperfused eyes. Following perfusion, a better and even drug distribution was found in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-choroid following IVT and SCS delivery of the hydrophilic drug and after IVT injection of the lipophilic drug compared to nonperfused eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choroidal circulation reduces the tissue drug concentration of the hydrophilic drug suggesting an early clearance mechanism after SCS delivery. SCS injections of lipid and hydrophilic drugs allowed direct drug delivery to the retina and RPE-choroid with limited exposition to the anterior segment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Abarca
authors.forename: Jacklyn H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gilger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019842:Ciliary Arteries; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008833:Microcirculation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010477:Perfusion; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; C024286:3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine; D019793:Fluorescein