title: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To update the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline regarding the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the medical literature published since the last version of the guideline (2001).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is made when a child with an acute upper respiratory tract infection (URI) presents with (1) persistent illness (nasal discharge [of any quality] or daytime cough or both lasting more than 10 days without improvement), (2) a worsening course (worsening or new onset of nasal discharge, daytime cough, or fever after initial improvement), or (3) severe onset (concurrent fever[temperature ≥39°C/102.2°F] and purulent nasal discharge for at least 3 consecutive days). Clinicians should not obtain imaging studies of any kind to distinguish acute bacterial sinusitis from viral URI, because they do not contribute to the diagnosis; however, a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the paranasal sinuses should be obtained whenever a child is suspected of having orbital or central nervous system complications. The clinician should prescribe antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis in children with severe onset or worsening course. The clinician should either prescribe antibiotic therapy or offer additional observation for 3 days to children with persistent illness. Amoxicillin with or without clavulanate is the firstline treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. Clinicians should reassess initial management if there is either a caregiver report of worsening(progression of initial signs/symptoms or appearance of new signs/symptoms) or failure to improve within 72 hours of initial management.If the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is confirmed in a child with worsening symptoms or failure to improve, then clinicians may change the antibiotic therapy for the child initially managed with antibiotic or initiate antibiotic treatment of the child initially managed with observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in this revision include the addition of a clinical presentation designated as “worsening course,” an option to treat immediately or observe children with persistent symptoms for 3 days before treating, and a review of evidence indicating that imaging is not necessary in children with uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis.
authors.affiliation: McKesson Health Solutions.
authors.forename: Ellen R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Kimberly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: Clay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bordley
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Glode
authors.forename: S Michael
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marcy
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stuart T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D000658:Amoxicillin