title: Müllerian anomalies and recurrent miscarriage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies and pregnancy outcomes in patients with these anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with a history of recurrent miscarriage have been estimated to have a 3.2-10.4% likelihood of having a major uterine anomaly except arcuate uterus. Hysterosalpingography and/or 2D ultrasound can be used as the initial screening tools. The American Fertility Society classification of Müllerian anomalies is the most commonly utilized standardized classification. However, there is still no international consensus to distinguish between septate and bicornuate uteri. A total of 35.1-65.9% of patients with bicornuate or septate uteri give live births after correctional surgery. In regard to the live birth rate in the absence of surgery, it has been reported that 33.3-59.5% of patients with such anomalies had a successful first pregnancy after the examination, as compared to 71.7% of individuals with normal uteri (P=0.084), with no significant difference in the cumulative live birth rate (78.0 and 85.5%, respectively) between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomized controlled trials comparing the pregnancy outcomes between cases treated and not treated by surgery among patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage are needed because it is not established whether surgery could improve live birth rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan. og.mym@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiura-Ogasawara
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzumori
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery