title: Design and evaluation of new pH-sensitive amphiphilic cationic lipids for siRNA delivery.
abstract: Synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become the basis of a new generation of gene-silencing cancer therapeutics. However, successful implementation of this novel therapy relies on the ability to effectively deliver siRNA into target cells and to prevent degradation of siRNA in lysosomes after endocytosis. In this study, our goal was to design and optimize new amphiphilic cationic lipid carriers that exhibit selective pH-sensitive endosomal membrane disruptive capabilities to allow for the efficient release of their siRNA payload into the cytosol. The pH sensitive siRNA carriers consist of three domains (cationic head, hydrophobic tail, amino acid-based linker). A library of eight lipid carriers were synthesized using solid phase chemistry, and then studied to determine the role of (1) the number of protonable amines and overall pKa of the cationic head group, (2) the degree of unsaturation of the hydrophobic tail, and (3) the presence of histidine residues in the amino acid linker for transfection and silencing efficacy. In vitro screening evaluation of the new carriers demonstrated at least 80% knockdown of a GFP reporter in CHO cells after 72h. The carriers ECO and ECLn performed the best in a luciferase knockdown study in HT29 human colon cancer cells, which were found to be more difficult to transfect. They significantly reduced expression of this reporter to 22.7±3.31% and 23.5±5.11% after 72h post-transfection, better than Lipofectamine RNAiMax. Both ECO and ECLn carriers caused minimal cytotoxicity, preserving relative cell viabilities at 87.3±2.72% and 88.9±6.84%, respectively. A series of hemolysis assays at various pHs revealed that increasing the number of amines in the protonable head group, and removing the histidine residue from the linker, both resulted in improved membrane disruptive activity at the endosomal pH of 6.5. Meanwhile, the cellular uptake into HT29 cancer cells was improved, not only by increasing the amines of the head group, but also by increasing the degree of unsaturation in the lipid tails. Due to flexibility of the synthetic procedure, the delivery system could be modified further for different applications. The success of ECO and ECLn for in vitro siRNA delivery potentially makes them promising candidates for future in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Malamas
authors.forename: Maneesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gujrati
authors.forename: China M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kummitha
authors.forename: Rongzuo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zheng-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003412:Cricetulus; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000235:genetics; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008156:Luciferases
keywords: Cationic lipid; Endosomal escape; pH-sensitive amphiphilicity; siRNA delivery