title: Transperineal Sonography Evaluation of Muscles and Vascularity in the Male Pelvic Floor.
abstract: Idiopathic chronic male pelvic pain is difficult to diagnose and treat. Currently, diagnosis relies on subjective symptoms; objective measures of neuromuscular mechanisms have not been investigated. Sonographic imaging has been used to investigate these neuromuscular mechanisms in the female pelvic floor, but neither research nor books describe sonography evaluation of the male pelvic floor. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a perineal sonographic technique for the examination of the male pelvic floor muscles. Anatomic landmarks were identified with images collected from two subjects, one with intermittent reports of pelvic pain and one with no history of pain in the pelvic region. A description of the equipment settings, the examination protocol, and the resulting comparative image analysis is included. A validated protocol such as this may be useful in documenting differences in the soft tissue structures between asymptomatic individuals and patients with chronic pelvic pain to aid in diagnosis and treatment. This is the first known study to report sonographic findings of the individual muscles in the male pelvic floor, and additional research is needed to validate the techniques that have been deemed feasible.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shawn C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kutch
keywords: Doppler; chronic pelvic pain syndrome; musculoskeletal; sonography