title: Development of newborn and 1-year-old reference phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces.
abstract: The purpose of this study is the development of paediatric reference phantoms for newborn and 1-year-old infants to be used for the calculation of organ and tissue equivalent doses in radiation protection. The study proposes a method for developing anatomically highly sophisticated paediatric phantoms without using medical images. The newborn and 1-year-old hermaphrodite phantoms presented here were developed using three-dimensional (3D) modelling software applied to anatomical information taken from atlases, textbooks and images provided by the Department of Anatomy of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. The method uses polygon mesh surfaces to model body contours, the shape of organs as well as their positions and orientations in the human body. Organ and tissue masses agree with corresponding data given by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for newborn and 1-year-old reference children. Bones were segmented into cortical bone, spongiosa, medullary marrow and cartilage to allow for the use of μCT images of trabecular bone for skeletal dosimetry. Anatomical results show 3D images of the phantoms' surfaces, organs and skeletons, as well as tables with organ and tissue masses or skeletal tissue volumes. Dosimetric results present comparisons of organ and tissue absorbed doses or specific absorbed fractions between the newborn and 1-year-old phantoms and corresponding data for other paediatric stylised or voxel phantoms. Most differences were found to be below 10%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Energy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Luiz Freire 1000, CEP 50740-540, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Cassola
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: de Melo Lima
authors.forename: C A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Lira
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robson Brown
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011874:Radiometry; D013499:Surface Properties