title: Motor functions in trumpet playing-a real-time MRI analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The function of the orofacial and pharyngeal musculature for sound generation in brass instruments is insufficiently investigated. The contribution of muscles defying direct observation remains poorly understood. Time-resolved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows visualization of muscle function as well as changes of the oropharyngeal cavities during muscle activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used fast 3-T MRI imaging to analyze motor activation during sound generation in brass instruments. Twelve professional trumpeters were analyzed at different pitch, loudness and dynamic. MR images were analyzed for position of the mouthpiece to lips and teeth, pivoting, nasopharyngeal closure and changes in the area of oral and pharyngeal cavity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 12 subjects, eight positioned the mouthpiece mainly to the upper lip, three in equal parts to upper and lower lip, and only one mostly to the lower lip. The last turned out to be the only subject with upward pivoting. All subjects had a complete velopharyngeal closure. Measurements of the oral and pharyngeal cavities showed an increase when subjects were playing higher pitches. The increase in areas of oral and pharyngeal cavity was present also when switching from lower to higher loudness and when performing crescendo to decrescendo. Enlargement of the oral and pharyngeal cavity was less pronounced with increasing loudness. But no general difference in change of oral and pharyngeal cavity could be observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that it is possible to measure motor function and its implications on oral as well as pharyngeal cavities during sound generation in brass instruments. These changes seem to follow a reproducible pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. martin.schumacher.nrad@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Cl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmoor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plog
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzwald
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Taschner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echternach
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003199:Computer Systems; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult