title: Early treatment of coronal synostosis with endoscopy-assisted craniectomy and postoperative cranial orthosis therapy: 16-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to present the authors' 16-year experience treating coronal craniosynostosis in infants using endoscopy-assisted techniques and postoperative cranial orthoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 128 synostosed coronal sutures in 115 patients were treated between 1996 and 2012 by endoscopically resecting a strip of bone containing the stenosed suture via a 2-3 cm incision made at the ipsilateral stephanion. Data were obtained from a prospective database. Following surgery, patients were fitted with custom cranial orthoses to help correct preoperative craniofacial deformities. All patients were followed closely with cranial anthropometric measurements and photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated mean blood loss was 20 ml (range 5-120 ml) and the estimated mean strip size was 0.6 cm × 10.7 cm. The mean surgical duration was 55 minutes (range 22-150 minutes). One patient underwent an intraoperative blood transfusion and 1 had a postoperative blood transfusion, for a total transfusion rate of 1.7%. Ninety-seven percent of patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. There were no deaths. Vertical dystopia correction of more than 80% from baseline was obtained in almost two-thirds of patients, with 51% achieving 100% correction. Nasal and sagittal craniofacial deviation (vertex-nasion-gnathion) correction greater than 80% was achieved in 80% of patients, with 77% achieving 100% correction. Supraorbital rim advancement of the ipsilateral eye was obtained in 98% of cases, with correction of frontal plagiocephaly the last deformity to achieve correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early treatment of coronal synostosis with endoscopy-assisted craniectomy and postoperative molding helmets leads to significant correction of craniofacial abnormalities, including vertical dystopia, nasal deviation, sagittal misalignment, and ipsilateral proptosis. This treatment method is associated with minimal trauma, blood loss, and transfusion rates, and typically only requires 1 overnight stay. This surgical approach is safe, effective, and associated with excellent results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA. jimenezd3@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Constance M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Barone
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D061646:Operative Time; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome