title: Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka?
abstract: This paper reports the first recreation-related leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 20 office workers who were involved in white-water rafting during a staff outing. Two weeks after the rafting event on 7 September 2012, six participants developed fever, of which four had classical clinical features of leptospirosis. Four weeks after the exposure, an outbreak investigation was conducted for 19 of the 20 participants. Of the six fever patients, four were confirmed as having acute leptospirosis using either single sample MAT titre ≥ 1/400 (n = 2) or positive IgM ELISA (n = 2). An afebrile patient with headache and myalgia also had a MAT titre ≥ 1/400. Seventeen of the 19 participants investigated showed anti-leptospiral antibodies. None of the participants had a history of leptospirosis or recent outdoor exposures other than the rafting event. This outbreak provides evidence of the changing epidemiology of leptospirosis and suggests a wider range of risk exposures including those related to recreational activities of more affluent urban populations in addition to the well recognized occupational hazards of rural farming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Agampodi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karunarathna
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jayathilala
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rathnayaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Agampodi
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karunanayaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation; D045483:Rivers; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology