title: In vivo facial tissue depth for Canadian aboriginal children: a case study from Nova Scotia, Canada.
abstract: This study examines facial tissue depth in Canadian Aboriginal children. Using ultrasound, measurements were taken at 19 points on the faces of 392 individuals aged 3-18 years old. The relationships between tissue thickness, age, and sex were investigated. A positive linear trend may exist between tissue thickness and age for Aboriginal females and males at multiple points. No points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 3-8 years old; seven points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 9-13 years old; and five points show significant differences in facial tissue depth between males and females aged 14-18 years old. Comparisons were made with White Americans and African Nova Scotians. These data can assist in 3-D facial reconstructions and aid in establishing an individual's identity. Previously, no data existed for facial tissue thickness in Canadian Aboriginal populations.
authors.affiliation: Saint Mary's University, Department of Anthropology, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.
authors.forename: Tanya R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Peckmann
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Manhein
authors.forename: Ginesse A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Listi
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: Canadian Aboriginals; children; facial reconstruction; facial tissue depth; forensic anthropology; forensic science; ultrasound