title: Emotional ambivalence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in soldiers during military operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This pilot study examined the extent to which a specific mechanism of emotion regulation - namely, ambivalence concerning the expressiveness of German soldiers' emotions - affects the severity of PTSD symptoms after a military operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted at three points in time among 66 soldiers deployed on military crisis operations. The Harvard Trauma Questionaire (HTQ), the Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (AEQ-G18), and a questionnaire on the particular stress of German soldiers during military operations were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed a significant correlation between emotional ambivalence and traumatization. Furthermore, it was shown that the subjective stress of soldiers leading up to deployment is more pronounced when emotional ambivalence is stronger in the context of military operations. This particular stress is greater before and during the military operation than after. Compared to a male control sample, the average AEQ-G18 scores of the soldier sample examined here are considerably lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study clearly indicates that the AEQ-G18 could be a suitable predictor of the psychological burden on soldiers. The correlations between emotional ambivalence on the one hand and the particular and post-traumatic stressors on the other hand are not only statistically significant in the present pilot study, but may also be relevant as risk factors. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct more extensive studies on soldiers participating in military operations to verify the results of this pilot study.
authors.affiliation: University of Ulm, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jerg-Bretzke
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Limbrecht-Ecklundt
authors.forename: Harald C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Traue
keywords: AEQ-G18; emotion regulation; military operations; soldiers; trauma