title: Sepal phenolic profile during Helleborus niger flower development.
abstract: Morphological changes and phenolic patterns of developing hellebore sepals and the effects of pistil removal on these parameters were studied by comparing six flower stages of Helleborus niger. Color changes were evaluated colorimetrically, chlorophyll content was measured spectrophotometrically, and anthocyanins and flavonols were identified and quantified with HPLC-MS. Pistil removal not only altered the morphological development of hellebore flower resulting in smaller flower and significant color changes but also lead to several biochemical modifications. Five cyanidin glycosides have been identified from the group of anthocyanins in hellebore. Individual and total anthocyanin content increased from bud to subsequent developmental stages. Moreover, significantly higher content levels of individual and total anthocyanins have been measured in non-pollinated flower sepals compared to sepals of pollinated flowers. From the group of flavonols eight quercetin and kaempferol compounds have been quantified in hellebore sepals. Flavonol content significantly decreased during flower development with lowest levels recorded in sepals of non-pollinated and senescent pollinated hellebore flowers. Sepals of pollinated flowers contained highest levels of chlorophyll and significantly lower amounts of chlorophyll were measured in non-pollinated flowers and in sepals of senescent stage.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schmitzer
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikulic-Petkovsek
authors.forename: Franci
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stampar
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry; D044948:Flavonols / Q000378:metabolism*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D039322:Helleborus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044948:Flavonols; D010636:Phenols; D002734:Chlorophyll
keywords: Anthocyanins; Christmas rose; Color; Flavonols; Flower stages