title: Autonomic changes in young smokers: acute effects of inspiratory exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the most important consequences of smoking is the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the early consequences of smoking and the acute effects of a single inspiratory muscle exercise session (IME). We evaluated the acute effects of an IME on cardiac parameters of young smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve nonsmokers (C) and fifteen smokers [S; 2.08 (1.0-3.2) pack-years] underwent an acute IME. We evaluated blood pressure (BP) and lactate, and we recorded RR interval for posterior analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), before and after IME.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, systolic BP and HRV parameters in time and frequency domains were changed in S group in comparison with the C. Following IME, S group reduced systolic BP (-8 %), low frequency band (LF) (-21.4 %), LF/high frequency (HF) (-57 %), as well as increased RR variance (+105 %) and HF band.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that a single session of inspiratory muscle exercise was able to both reduce systolic BP and improve parasympathetic and sympathetic modulations in young smokers. The results of the current study highlight the importance of furthering research on this area to better elucidate the acute and chronic effects of inspiratory muscle training on early cardiovascular and pulmonary changes of cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University, Av. Taquari, 546, São Paulo, SP, 03166-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Amanda Aparecida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Cristiano Teixeira
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mostarda
authors.forename: Janaina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Michelle Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Barros Silva
authors.forename: Ademir Manoel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: Fabio Santos
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.forename: Kátia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Maria Cláudia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Irigoyen
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000399:Air Pressure; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013147:Spirometry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid