title: Risk of extracorporeal life support circuit-related hyperkalemia is reduced by prebypass ultrafiltration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pediatric patients who receive large volume blood transfusions are at risk for experiencing transfusion-related hyperkalemic cardiac arrest. Prebypass ultrafiltration of blood used to prime cardiopulmonary bypass circuits is commonly used in pediatric cardiac surgery to create a more physiologic and electrolyte balanced priming solution prior to initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of prebypass ultrafiltration in normalizing extracorporeal life support circuit priming solution before initiating extracorporeal life support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  PICU and neonatal ICU in a tertiary academic center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal life support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prebypass ultrafiltration of extracorporeal life support circuits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hematocrit, electrolyte, and lactate concentrations were measured in blood-primed extracorporeal life support circuits before and after ultrafiltration and in blood collected from patients before and after initiation of extracorporeal life support. Clinically significant elevation of K concentration was observed in all extracorporeal life support circuits prior to prebypass ultrafiltration, despite the fact that 93% of red blood cell units were collected ≤ 7 days prior to use. Prebypass ultrafiltration significantly reduced concentrations of K (10.9 vs 6.0 mEq/L, p = 0.001) and lactate (7.0 vs 3.6 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and increased hematocrit (37% vs 48%, p < 0.001) and concentrations of ionized calcium (0.64 vs 1.16 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and Na (129 vs 144 mEq/L, p < 0.001). Serum electrolyte concentrations remained within the normal physiologic range in all patients following initiation of venovenous extracorporeal life support with circuits that underwent prebypass ultrafiltration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prebypass ultrafiltration normalizes the electrolyte balance of blood-primed extracorporeal life support circuits. Prebypass ultrafiltration processing may reduce the risk of transfusion-related hyperkalemic cardiac arrest in small children who require venovenous extracorporeal life support.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Department, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA. meghand@psbc.org
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Renee Lynn
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Axdorff-Dickey
authors.forename: Greg Irwin
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Crockett
authors.forename: Amy Lynne
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Falconer
authors.forename: Michael James
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Levario
authors.forename: David Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McMullan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000379:methods*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011188:Potassium