title: The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of U.S. college students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today's cell phones increase opportunities for activities traditionally defined as sedentary behaviors (e.g., surfing the internet, playing video games). People who participate in large amounts of sedentary behaviors, relative to those who do not, tend to be less physically active, less physically fit, and at greater risk for health problems. However, cell phone use does not have to be a sedentary behavior as these devices are portable. It can occur while standing or during mild-to-moderate intensity physical activity. Thus, the relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and physical fitness is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships among a sample of healthy college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were first interviewed about their physical activity behavior and cell phone use. Then body composition was assessed and the validated self-efficacy survey for exercise behaviors completed. This was followed by a progressive exercise test on a treadmill to exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) during exercise was used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Hierarchical regression was used to assess the relationship between cell phone use and cardiorespiratory fitness after controlling for sex, self-efficacy, and percent body fat. Interview data was transcribed, coded, and Chi-square analysis was used to compare the responses of low and high frequency cell phone users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell phone use was significantly (p = 0.047) and negatively (β = -0.25) related to cardio respiratory fitness independent of sex, self-efficacy, and percent fat which were also significant predictors (p < 0.05). Interview data offered several possible explanations for this relationship. First, high frequency users were more likely than low frequency users to report forgoing opportunities for physical activity in order to use their cell phones for sedentary behaviors. Second, low frequency users were more likely to report being connected to active peer groups through their cell phones and to cite this as a motivation for physical activity. Third, high levels of cell phone use indicated a broader pattern of sedentary behaviors apart from cell phone use, such as watching television.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell phone use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Health and Human Services, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-000, USA. alepp1@kent.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lepp
authors.forename: Jacob E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barkley
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebold
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gates
mesh_terms: D001823:Body Composition; D040421:Cell Phone; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010379:Peer Group; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities