title: Recovery from repeated on-court tennis sessions: combining cold-water immersion, compression, and sleep recovery interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of combining cold-water immersion (CWI), full-body compression garments (CG), and sleep-hygiene recommendations on physical, physiological, and perceptual recovery after 2-a-day on-court training and match-play sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a crossover design, 8 highly trained tennis players completed 2 sessions of on-court tennis-drill training and match play, followed by a recovery or control condition. Recovery interventions included a mixture of 15 min CWI, 3 h of wearing full-body CG, and following sleep-hygiene recommendations that night, while the control condition involved postsession stretching and no regulation of sleeping patterns. Technical performance (stroke and error rates), physical performance (accelerometry, countermovement jump [CMJ]), physiological (heart rate, blood lactate), and perceptual (mood, exertion, and soreness) measures were recorded from each on-court session, along with sleep quantity each night.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While stroke and error rates did not differ in the drill session (P > .05, d < 0.20), large effects were evident for increased time in play and stroke rate in match play after the recovery interventions (P > .05, d > 0.90). Although accelerometry values did not differ between conditions (P > .05, d < 0.20), CMJ tended to be improved before match play with recovery (P > .05, d = 0.90). Furthermore, CWI and CG resulted in faster postsession reductions in heart rate and lactate and reduced perceived soreness (P > .05, d > 1.00). In addition, sleep-hygiene recommendations increased sleep quantity (P > .05, d > 2.00) and maintained lower perceived soreness and fatigue (P < .05, d > 2.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mixed-method recovery interventions (CWI and CG) used after tennis sessions increased ensuing time in play and lower-body power and reduced perceived soreness. Furthermore, sleep-hygiene recommendations helped reduce perceived soreness.
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duffield
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kellett
authors.forename: Machar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001315:Australia; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003020:Clothing; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010465:Perception; D010807:Physical Endurance; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012890:Sleep; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013715:Tennis; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid