title: Apoptosis and abundance of Bcl-2 family and transforming growth factor β1 signaling proteins in canine myxomatous mitral valves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis within canine myxomatous valves and to evaluate whether TGFβ1 can be implicated as an anti-apoptosic signal through the Bcl-2 family of signaling proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-mortem mitral valve leaflets harvested from 5 normal dogs, 5 dogs with early-stage myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and 5 dogs with late-stage MMVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of cells expressing cleaved caspase-3, DNA fragmentation (TUNEL marker) and apoptotic bodies were evaluated as a measure of apoptosis. To evaluate the relationship between TGFβ1 signaling and apoptosis, the abundance of activated TGFβ1 signaling protein, phosphorylated Smad 2/3 (p-Smad 2/3), and Bcl-2 family proteins (pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2) was determined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells in normal and both stages of MMVD expressed the TUNEL marker and cleaved caspase-3, but not apoptotic bodies. The percentage of TUNEL marker and cleaved caspase-3 positive nuclei was not significantly different between groups of dogs (p > 0.05). P-Smad 2/3 and Bax were more abundant in myxomatous mitral valves while Bcl-2 was less abundant. P-Smad 2/3 primarily increased in the atrialis layer and was abundantly increased only in late-stage MMVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that interstitial cells in MMVD are in a pro-apoptotic condition; however, they do not execute apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis does not explain differences in cellular density in canine MMVD. TGFβ1 signaling through the canonical SMAD pathway is increased in myxomatous mitral valves, but does not apparently mediate interstitial cell apoptosis in canine MMVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: sirilakd27@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sirilak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Surachetpong
authors.forename: Treenate
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiranantasak
authors.forename: Anudep
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rungsipipat
authors.forename: E Christopher
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Orton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005810:Multigene Family; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
keywords: Cell death; Dogs; Mitral valve; Signaling; Valve interstitial cells