title: Garcinol, a polyisoprenylated benzophenone modulates multiple proinflammatory signaling cascades leading to the suppression of growth and survival of head and neck carcinoma.
abstract: Constitutive activation of proinflammatory transcription factors such as STAT3 and NF-κB plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). Thus, the agents that can modulate deregulated STAT3 and NF-κB activation have a great potential both for the prevention and treatment of HNSCC. In the present report, we investigated the potential effects of garcinol, an active component of Garcinia indica on various inflammatory mediators involved in HNSCC progression using cell lines and xenograft mouse model. We found that garcinol inhibited constitutively activated STAT3 in HNSCC cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which correlated with the suppression of the upstream kinases (c-Src, JAK1, and JAK2) in HNSCC cells. Also, we noticed that the generation of reactive oxygen species is involved in STAT3 inhibitory effect of garcinol. Furthermore, garcinol exhibited an inhibitory effect on the constitutive NF-κB activation, mediated through the suppression of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) activation in HNSCC cells. Garcinol also downregulated the expression of various gene products involved in proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis that led to the reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis in HNSCC cells. When administered intraperitoneally, garcinol inhibited the growth of human HNSCC xenograft tumors in male athymic nu/nu mice. Overall, our results suggest for the first time that garcinol mediates its antitumor effects in HNSCC cells and mouse model through the suppression of multiple proinflammatory cascades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Muthu K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.forename: Luxi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Snehajyoti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Jeelan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basha
authors.forename: Alan Prem
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Tapas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sethi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D013729:Terpenes; C054597:garcinol