title: Assessment of cytotoxicity and toxicity for phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents.
abstract: In this work, the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with three hydrogen bond donors, namely glycerine, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol were investigated. The cytotoxicity effect was tested using brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The toxicity was investigated using the two Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity of tested DESs was much higher than that of their individual components, indicating their toxicological behavior was different. It was also found that there was toxic effect on the studied bacteria, indicating their potential application as anti-bacterial agents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the cytotoxicity and toxicity of phosphonium-based DESs were studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. maan_hayyan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Maan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.forename: Mohd Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Saadi
authors.forename: Adeeb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.forename: Inas M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: AlNashef
authors.forename: Mohamed E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mirghani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012997:Solvents
keywords: Anti-bacteria; Brine shrimp; Cytotoxicity; Deep eutectic solvent; Ionic liquid; Toxicity