title: Evolution and diversity of copy number variation in the great ape lineage.
abstract: Copy number variation (CNV) contributes to disease and has restructured the genomes of great apes. The diversity and rate of this process, however, have not been extensively explored among great ape lineages. We analyzed 97 deeply sequenced great ape and human genomes and estimate 16% (469 Mb) of the hominid genome has been affected by recent CNV. We identify a comprehensive set of fixed gene deletions (n = 340) and duplications (n = 405) as well as >13.5 Mb of sequence that has been specifically lost on the human lineage. We compared the diversity and rates of copy number and single nucleotide variation across the hominid phylogeny. We find that CNV diversity partially correlates with single nucleotide diversity (r(2) = 0.5) and recapitulates the phylogeny of apes with few exceptions. Duplications significantly outpace deletions (2.8-fold). The load of segregating duplications remains significantly higher in bonobos, Western chimpanzees, and Sumatran orangutans-populations that have experienced recent genetic bottlenecks (P = 0.0014, 0.02, and 0.0088, respectively). The rate of fixed deletion has been more clocklike with the exception of the chimpanzee lineage, where we observe a twofold increase in the chimpanzee-bonobo ancestor (P = 4.79 × 10(-9)) and increased deletion load among Western chimpanzees (P = 0.002). The latter includes the first genomic disorder in a chimpanzee with features resembling Smith-Magenis syndrome mediated by a chimpanzee-specific increase in segmental duplication complexity. We hypothesize that demographic effects, such as bottlenecks, have contributed to larger and more gene-rich segments being deleted in the chimpanzee lineage and that this effect, more generally, may account for episodic bursts in CNV during hominid evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Sudmant
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huddleston
authors.forename: Claudia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Catacchio
authors.forename: Maika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malig
authors.forename: Ladeana W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Kiana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohajeri
authors.forename: Ivanela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondova
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bontrop
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Persengiev
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antonacci
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prado-Martinez
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marques-Bonet
authors.forename: Evan E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Eichler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020440:Gene Duplication; D040741:Genetic Load; D015894:Genome, Human; D015186:Hominidae / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010375:Pedigree; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA