title: Psychometric properties of the gaze anxiety rating scale: convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity.
abstract: Fear and avoidance of gaze are two features thought to be associated with problematic social anxiety. Avoidance of eye contact has been linked with such undesirable traits as deceptiveness, insincerity, and lower self-esteem. The Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS) is a self-report measure designed to assess gaze anxiety and avoidance, but its psychometric properties have only been assessed in one preliminary study. We further investigated psychometric properties of the GARS by assessing convergent and factorial validity. We obtained a two-factor solution: gaze anxiety and avoidance across situations (1) in general (GARS-General) and (2) related to dominance communication (GARS-Dominance). The GARS-General factor related more strongly to social anxiety than the GARS-Dominance, and convergent validity of the factors was supported by expected relationships with personality and social anxiety variables. Our results indicate that the GARS subscales are psychometrically valid measures of gaze aversion, supporting their use in future study of the relationship between social anxiety and eye contact behavior.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , USA.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rodebaugh
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Menatti
authors.forename: Justin W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Schneier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012930:Social Dominance; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult