title: Mania precipitated by opioid withdrawal: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little evidence is available on the occurrence of mania following opioid withdrawal. This is the first report on clinical and demographic characteristics of mania precipitated by opioid withdrawal in a relatively large sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we assessed the files of the patients admitted to a large referral psychiatric hospital during a 3-year period with a presentation of manic episode shortly after opioid withdrawal. Forty-five relevant cases (one woman) were found, including 28 patients with their first manic episode, and 17 patients with a previous history of bipolar disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the identified cases had a long history (mean = 11.8 years) of opium dependence (24 cases used only opium and 16 cases opium and other opioids) and had recently experienced an intense withdrawal (25 cases). These associations were present in both first-episode patients and those with recurrent episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergence of mania following opioid withdrawal could be partly explained by mood stabilizing effects of opioids. Other than the type of opioid, it seems that the duration of use and withdrawal method might play a role. Caution should be used while detoxifying patients with a long history of opioid use.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. vshariat@tums.ac.ir
authors.forename: Seyed Vahid
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Ziba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hosseinifard
authors.forename: Mozhgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taban
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shabani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*