title: Composition of intraocular foreign bodies: experimental study of ultrasonographic presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability of ultrasound in determining the size and identify the sonographic features and artifacts generated by intraocular foreign bodies of different materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study using 36 enucleated porcine eyes. Fragments of nine different compositions (wood, glass, plastic, cardboard, iron, aluminum, lead, powder and concrete) and similar dimensions (4 mm) were implanted via scleral incision into the vitreous cavity of 36 porcine eyes, four eyes were used for each material. Ultrasound examination was performed in all eyes using the contact technique, conductive gel and 10-MHz transducer (EZScan, Sonomed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considering the material fragments of gunpowder, lead, concrete, aluminum, wood and glass, the size determined by ultrasound was considered statistically similar to the actual size. The material iron presented ultrasound-determined dimension statistically smaller than its actual size. Cardboard and plastic materials showed ultrasound-determined measurements far greater than the actual. All fragments of intraocular foreign bodies demonstrated hyper-reflective interfaces, irrespective of their composition. Whereas the artifacts generated by different materials, it was found that the materials iron, aluminum and lead showed reverberation of great extent. The material wood showed no reverberation. The length of the reverberation artifact for the materials iron, glass, aluminum and cardboard was lower when compared to other materials. All materials presented posterior shadowing artifact, with the exception of aluminum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasonography was considered a reliable technique to determine the size of intraocular foreign bodies in pigs, with little influence caused by its composition. Ultrasound artifacts generated were considered material-dependent and can assist the examiner to identify the nature of a foreign body of unknown etiology. Ultrasonography aided the surgeon to identify, locate and measure the intraocular foreign body, directing appropriate surgical planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcio Augusto Nogueira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Patrícia Novita
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Letícia Fernandes
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Érika Araki
authors.initials: ÉA
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allemann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D005129:Eye Foreign Bodies / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography