title: Sexual orientation differences in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraceptive use: an examination across 2 generations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether sexual orientation is associated with disparities in teen pregnancy and hormonal contraception use among adolescent females in 2 intergenerational cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 91,003 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII), born between 1947-1964, and 6463 of their children, born between 1982-1987, enrolled in the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS). Log-binomial models were used to estimate risk ratios for teen pregnancy and hormonal contraception use in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals and metaanalysis techniques were used to compare the 2 cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, teen hormonal contraception use was lower and teen pregnancy was higher in NHSII than GUTS. In both cohorts, lesbians were less likely, whereas the other sexual minorities were more likely, to use hormonal contraception as teenagers compared with their heterosexual peers. All sexual minority groups in both cohorts, except NHSII lesbians, were at significantly increased risk for teen pregnancy, with risk ratios ranging from 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.40-6.55) to 5.82 (95% confidence interval, 2.89-11.73). Having an NHSII mother who was pregnant as a teen was not associated with teen pregnancy in GUTS participants. Finally, significant heterogeneity was found between the 2 cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescent sexual minorities have been, and continue to be, at increased risk for pregnancy. Public health and clinical efforts are needed to address teen pregnancy in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bcharlton@mail.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Brittany M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Corliss
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Missmer
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal
keywords: bisexuality; contraceptive agents; health care disparities; homosexuality; pregnancy in adolescence; sexual behavior