title: Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1 (CXCL1) protein expression is increased in aggressive bladder cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines, including chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), may regulate tumor epithelial-stromal interactions that facilitate tumor growth and invasion. Studies have linked CXCL1 expression to gastric, colon and skin cancers, but limited studies to date have described CXCL1 protein expression in human bladder cancer (BCa).
  
  
  METHODS
  CXCL1 protein expression was examined in 152 bladder tissue specimens (142 BCa) by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of CXCL1 was scored by assigning a combined score based on the proportion of cells staining and intensity of staining. CXCL1 expression patterns were correlated with clinicopathological features and follow-up data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCL1 protein expression was present in cancerous tissues, but was entirely absent in benign tissue. CXCL1 combined immunostaining score was significantly higher in high-grade tumors relative to low-grade tumors (p = 0.012). Similarly, CXCL1 combined immunostaining score was higher in high stage tumors (T2-T4) than in low stage tumors (Ta-T1) (p < 0.0001). An increase in the combined immunostaining score of CXCL1 was also associated with reduced disease-specific survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, this is the largest study describing increased CXCL1 protein expression in more aggressive phenotypes in human BCa. Further studies are warranted to define the role CXCL1 plays in bladder carcinogenesis and progression.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Orlando Health, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
authors.forename: Makito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goodison
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Urquidi
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomes-Giacoia
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shanti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Jeongsoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rosser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1