title: Diabetes-associated dry eye syndrome in a new humanized transgenic model of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) are at high risk of developing lacrimal gland dysfunction. We have developed a new model of human T1D using double-transgenic mice carrying HLA-DQ8 diabetes-susceptibility haplotype instead of mouse MHC-class II and expressing the human beta cell autoantigen Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in pancreatic beta cells. We report here the development of dry eye syndrome (DES) after diabetes induction in our humanized transgenic model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-transgenic mice were immunized with DNA encoding human GAD65, either naked or in adenoviral vectors, to induce T1D. Mice monitored for development of diabetes developed lacrimal gland dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals developed lacrimal gland disease (classically associated with diabetes in Non Obese Diabetic [NOD] mice and with T1D in humans) as they developed glucose intolerance and diabetes. Animals manifested obvious clinical signs of dry eye syndrome (DES), from corneal erosions to severe keratitis. Histological studies of peri-bulbar areas revealed lymphocytic infiltration of glandular structures. Indeed, infiltrative lesions were observed in lacrimal/Harderian glands within weeks following development of glucose intolerance. Lesions ranged from focal lymphocytic infiltration to complete acinar destruction. We observed a correlation between the severity of the pancreatic infiltration and the severity of the ocular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate development of DES in association with antigen-specific insulitis and diabetes following immunization with clinically relevant human autoantigen concomitantly expressed in pancreatic beta cells of diabetes-susceptible mice. As in the NOD mouse model and as in human T1D, our animals developed diabetes-associated DES. This specific finding stresses the relevance of our model for studying these human diseases. We believe our model will facilitate studies to prevent/treat diabetes-associated DES as well as human diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.forename: Raya B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Elagin
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jaume
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D020381:Interleukin-17