title: Insights after 40 years of the fontan operation.
abstract: Fontan's visionary operation and its modifications over the ensuing decades have re-established nonturbulent flow and substantially reduced cyanosis for patients with severe hypoplasia of one ventricle. However, a long list of largely unexpected sequelae has emerged over the last 40 years. Although it is not difficult to understand how care providers could become discouraged, a number of myths have arisen, which we will attempt to dispel with real-world counterexamples as well as with lessons learned from other disciplines: evolutionary, developmental, and computational biology. We argue that distinctive biochemical abnormalities pointing to dysfunction in multiple organs, including the largest organ system in the body, the endothelium, occur long before grossly observable changes in cardiac imaging can be recognized. With a rational redesign of both our surveillance scheme and our wellness strategies, we hope that Fontan survivors and their families, as well as physicians, nurses, and therapists, will see why Fontan's principle remains just as vibrant today as it was in 1971.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Alvin J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Watrous
keywords: Fontan; Islet-1; Tbx5; biomarkers; cardiac index; endothelium; hypoplastic left heart; single ventricle