title: Anaesthesiological support in a cardiac electrophysiology laboratory: a single-centre prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantation of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has greatly increased during the last decade and anaesthetic management of these patients remains an open question.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study describes anaesthetic management and risk factors associated with complications occurring during these procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-centre prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grenoble University Hospital, France, from May 2010 to October 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data, anaesthetic and medical characteristics as well as complications (respiratory or cardiovascular) and treatment were recorded by the anaesthetic nurse at the end of each procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and sixty-nine patients were included, 229 (85%) with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status of 3 or 4, 103 (38%) with a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class of 3 or 4 and 136 (51%) with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Two hundred and forty-seven (92%) of the patients underwent deep sedation and 12 (8%) general anaesthesia. Seventy-eight (29%) patients had at least one complication, among whom 21 (27%) had at least one considered as severe. Fifty (19%) of the patients had a respiratory complication and 46 (17%) a cardiovascular complication; the latter was more frequently severe (41 vs. 12%; P=0.001). Lead extraction [odds ratio (OR) 13.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5 to 53.3; P<0.001], NYHA status of 4 (OR 11.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 74.8; P<0.001), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) testing by T-wave shock (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.53 to 10.2; P=0.005) and length of procedure (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.031; P=0.013) were identified as independent risk factors for cardiovascular complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients requiring cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation were fragile with a high complication rate and a high rate of severe complications even with anaesthesiological support. These complications, as well as the need for deep sedation or general anaesthesia, clearly justify the involvement of a qualified anaesthesiologist.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (TT-B, LA, DB, J-FP, PA, MC-B), and Department of Cardiology, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France (PD).
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trouvé-Buisson
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arvieux
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedague
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casez-Brasseur
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Defaye
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Payen
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albaladejo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000379:methods*; D054849:Cardiac Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome