title: Environmental and genomic factors as well as interventions influencing smoking cessation: a systematic review of reviews and a proposed working model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking behaviour is a major public health problem worldwide. Several sources have confirmed the implication of genomic factors in smoking behaviour. These factors interact both with environmental factors and interventions to develop a certain behaviour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describing the environmental and genomic factors as well as the interventions influencing smoking cessation (SC) and developing a working model incorporating the different factors influencing SC were our main objectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two systematic reviews were conducted using articles in English from the Cochrane library, PubMed and HuGENet from January 2000 to September 2012: (1) a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and (2) a systematic review of original research for genomic factors. The proposed working model was developed by making use of previous models of SC and applying an iterative process of discussion and re-examination by the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We confirmed the importance of the 4 main factors influencing SC: (1) environmental factors, (2) genomic factors, (3) gene-environment interactions, and (4) evidence-based interventions. The model demonstrates the complex network of factors influencing SC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The working model of SC proposed a global view of factors influencing SC, warranting future research in this area. Future testing of the model will consolidate the understanding of the different factors affecting SC and will help to improve interventions in this field.
authors.affiliation: Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium. sylviane.deviron@wiv-isp.be
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Viron
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malats
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van der Heyden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Oyen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D015894:Genome, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention