title: Clinical practice guideline: Tympanostomy tubes in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insertion of tympanostomy tubes is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States. Tympanostomy tubes are most often inserted because of persistent middle ear fluid, frequent ear infections, or ear infections that persist after antibiotic therapy. Despite the frequency of tympanostomy tube insertion, there are currently no clinical practice guidelines in the United States that address specific indications for surgery. This guideline is intended for any clinician involved in managing children, aged 6 months to 12 years, with tympanostomy tubes or being considered for tympanostomy tubes in any care setting, as an intervention for otitis media of any type.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary purpose of this clinical practice guideline is to provide clinicians with evidence-based recommendations on patient selection and surgical indications for and management of tympanostomy tubes in children. The development group broadly discussed indications for tube placement, perioperative management, care of children with indwelling tubes, and outcomes of tympanostomy tube surgery. Given the lack of current published guidance on surgical indications, the group focused on situations in which tube insertion would be optional, recommended, or not recommended. Additional emphasis was placed on opportunities for quality improvement, particularly regarding shared decision making and care of children with existing tubes. ACTION STATEMENTS: The development group made a strong recommendation that clinicians should prescribe topical antibiotic eardrops only, without oral antibiotics, for children with uncomplicated acute tympanostomy tube otorrhea. The panel made recommendations that (1) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with a single episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) of less than 3 months' duration; (2) clinicians should obtain an age-appropriate hearing test if OME persists for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) or prior to surgery when a child becomes a candidate for tympanostomy tube insertion; (3) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with bilateral OME for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) and documented hearing difficulties; (4) clinicians should reevaluate, at 3- to 6-month intervals, children with chronic OME who did not receive tympanostomy tubes until the effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are suspected; (5) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) who do not have middle ear effusion in either ear at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (6) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with recurrent AOM who have unilateral or bilateral middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (7) clinicians should determine if a child with recurrent AOM or with OME of any duration is at increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from otitis media because of baseline sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral factors; (8) in the perioperative period, clinicians should educate caregivers of children with tympanostomy tubes regarding the expected duration of tube function, recommended follow-up schedule, and detection of complications; (9) clinicians should not encourage routine, prophylactic water precautions (use of earplugs, headbands; avoidance of swimming or water sports) for children with tympanostomy tubes. The development group provided the following options: (1) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with unilateral or bilateral OME for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) and symptoms that are likely attributable to OME including, but not limited to, vestibular problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life and (2) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in at-risk children with unilateral or bilateral OME that is unlikely to resolve quickly as reflected by a type B (flat) tympanogram or persistence of effusion for 3 months or longer (chronic OME).
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA. richrosenfeld@msn.com
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pynnonen
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Tunkel
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fichera
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: Jesse M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hackell
authors.forename: Melody F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haskell
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.forename: Tae W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Denis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lafreniere
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Netterville
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pipan
authors.forename: Nikhila P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Raol
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Schellhase
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D018579:Patient Selection; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: developmental delay disorders; grommets; middle ear effusion; otitis media; otorrhea; pediatric otolaryngology; tympanostomy tubes