title: Evaluation of purity with its uncertainty value in high purity lead stick by conventional and electro-gravimetric methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A conventional gravimetry and electro-gravimetry study has been carried out for the precise and accurate purity determination of lead (Pb) in high purity lead stick and for preparation of reference standard. Reference materials are standards containing a known amount of an analyte and provide a reference value to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments. A stock solution of approximate 2 kg has been prepared after dissolving approximate 2 g of Pb stick in 5% ultra pure nitric acid. From the stock solution five replicates of approximate 50 g have been taken for determination of purity by each method. The Pb has been determined as PbSO4 by conventional gravimetry, as PbO2 by electro gravimetry. The percentage purity of the metallic Pb was calculated accordingly from PbSO4 and PbO2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of experimental observations it has been concluded that by conventional gravimetry and electro-gravimetry the purity of Pb was found to be 99.98 ± 0.24 and 99.97 ± 0.27 g/100 g and on the basis of Pb purity the concentration of reference standard solutions were found to be 1000.88 ± 2.44 and 1000.81 ± 2.68 mg kg-1 respectively with 95% confidence level (k = 2). The uncertainty evaluation has also been carried out in Pb determination following EURACHEM/GUM guidelines. The final analytical results quantifying uncertainty fulfills this requirement and gives a measure of the confidence level of the concerned laboratory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gravimetry is the most reliable technique in comparison to titremetry and instrumental method and the results of gravimetry are directly traceable to SI unit. Gravimetric analysis, if methods are followed carefully, provides for exceedingly precise analysis. In classical gravimetry the major uncertainties are due to repeatability but in electro-gravimetry several other factors also affect the final results.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR- National Physical Laboratory, Dr K, S, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India. naharsingh@mail.nplindia.org.
authors.forename: Nahar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S Swarupa
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tripathy
authors.forename: Daya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: Khem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Prabhat K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gupta