title: Electrophysiological indices of response inhibition in human polydrug users.
abstract: Previous research in ecstasy users suggests impairment of various executive functions. In general, the executive function of response inhibition appears unaffected by ecstasy use. Nonetheless, it remains a possibility that cognitive tasks alone are not sensitive enough to pick up subtle changes in function. The current study sought to investigate behavioural measures of response inhibition and their electrophysiological correlates in drug users. Twenty ecstasy polydrug users, 20 non-ecstasy polydrug users and 20 drug naïve controls were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires about their background drug use, sleep quality, fluid intelligence and mood state. Each individual also completed a Go/NoGo response inhibition task whilst electroencephalography (EEG) measures were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were no between-group differences on the behavioural measure of response inhibition. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed no main effect of group across midline electrodes for the P3, N2 and P2 components. Univariate ANOVA revealed significant between-group differences in the P2 component with the ecstasy user group having a significantly higher mean amplitude than drug naïve controls at two midline frontal electrodes: at Fz and significantly higher mean amplitude than both control groups at FCz. The present study provides evidence of atypical early processing in ecstasy users that is suggestive of compensatory mechanisms ameliorating any behavioural differences.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fairclough
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Tames
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004338:Drug Combinations; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
keywords: Ecstasy; executive function; memory