title: Afferent and efferent aspects of mandibular sensorimotor control in adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals who stutter show sensorimotor deficiencies in speech and nonspeech movements. For the mandibular system, the authors dissociated the sense of kinesthesia from the efferent control component to examine whether kinesthetic integrity itself is compromised in stuttering or whether deficiencies occur only when generating motor commands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated 11 stuttering and 11 nonstuttering adults' kinesthetic sensitivity threshold and kinesthetic accuracy for passive jaw movements as well as their minimal displacement threshold and positioning accuracy for active jaw movements. They also investigated the correlation with an anatomical index of jaw size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups showed no statistically significant differences on sensory measures for passive jaw movements. Although some stuttering individuals performed more poorly than any nonstuttering participants on the active movement tasks, between-group differences for active movements were not statistically significant. Unlike fluent speakers, however, the stuttering group showed a statistically significant correlation between mandibular size and performance in the active and passive near-threshold tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previously reported minimal-movement differences were not replicated. Instead, stuttering individuals' performance varied with anatomical properties. These correlational results are consistent with the hypothesis that stuttering participants generate and perceive movements on the basis of less accurate internal models of the involved neuromechanical systems.
authors.forename: Ayoub
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daliri
authors.forename: Roman A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prokopenko
authors.forename: Ludo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D012371:Robotics; D013342:Stuttering / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult