title: Management of impacted proximal ureteral stone: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus ureteroscopy with holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THE EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY (SWL) AND URETEROSCOPY WITH HOLMIUM: YAG laser lithotripsy (URSL) as a primary treatment for impacted stone in the proximal ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 82 patients with a single impacted stone in the proximal ureter were included in the study. Patients were allocated into two groups according to patient preference for either procedure. The first group included 37 patients who were treated by SWL and the second group included 45 patients treated by URSL. The preoperative data and treatment outcomes of both procedures were compared and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference as regards to patient and stone characters between the two groups. There was significantly higher mean session number and re-treatment rate in the SWL group in comparison to URSL group (1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 1.02 ± 0.15 session, and 43.2% vs. 2.2%, respectively). At one month, the stone-free rate of the URSL group was statistically significantly higher than that of the SWL group (80% vs. 67.6%, respectively). The stone-free rate at three months was still higher in the URSL group, but without statistically significant difference (80.2% vs. 78.4%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of complications between the SWL and URSL (24.3% vs. 15.6%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both procedures can be used effectively and safely as a primary treatment for impacted stone in the proximal ureter; however, the URSL has a significantly higher initial stone-free rate and lower re-treatment rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mubarak Al-Kabir Hospital, Ministry of Health, Hawally, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalil
keywords: Shock wave lithotripsy; impacted stone; laser lithotripsy