title: Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial utilization in the cardiac and pediatric critical care unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the rate of documented infections and prevalence of antimicrobial use among pediatric patients admitted to the PICU. To assess the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing according to clinical and microbiological findings, Infectious Disease Consult recommendations, and formulary guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective point prevalence study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac and medical-surgical critical care units (CCCU-PICU) in a tertiary care pediatric teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to the CCCU-PICU during the week of October 27, 2008 (period A) and February 9, 2009 (period B) were followed until completion of their antimicrobial course(s). Data were collected on infection types and indications, frequency, and types of antimicrobials used. Appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing was assessed according to predefined criteria by four blinded clinician assessors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two of 60 patients (70%) received antimicrobials in period A and 42 of 53 patients (79%) received antimicrobials in period B. Of the patients on antimicrobials, 45% in period A and 52% in period B had a definitive diagnosis of infection. Pneumonia and sepsis were the most common infections in period A, whereas pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections were the most common in period B. Antimicrobials were commonly prescribed for documented infection (38%) during period A and empiric therapy (47%) during period B. Cefazolin, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and gentamicin were the commonly used antimicrobials during both periods. Inappropriate antimicrobial use ranged from 16.7% to 61.9%, depending on assessors and surveillance period. The most common reasons for inappropriate use were overly broad spectrum, wrong dosage, and unwarranted overlap of spectrum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high prevalence of antimicrobial use in CCCU-PICU patients. Because a significant proportion of antimicrobial use was deemed inappropriate, interventions are required to optimize antimicrobial use in critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blinova
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitnun
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Eshetu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atenafu
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Streitenberger
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Parshuram
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003325:Coronary Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents