title: Nanopore formation on the surface oxide of commercially pure titanium grade 4 using a pulsed anodization method in sulfuric acid.
abstract: Titanium and its alloys form a thin amorphous protective surface oxide when exposed to an oxygen environment. The properties of this oxide layer are thought to be responsible for titanium and its alloys biocompatibility, chemical inertness, and corrosion resistance. Surface oxide crystallinity and pore size are regarded to be two of the more important properties in establishing successful osseointegration. Anodization is an electrochemical method of surface modification used for colorization marking and improved bioactivity on orthopedic and dental titanium implants. Research on titanium anodization using sulphuric acid has been reported in the literature as being primarily conducted in molarity levels 3 M and less using either galvanostatic or potentiostatic methods. A wide range of pore diameters ranging from a few nanometers up to 10 μm have been shown to form in sulfuric acid electrolytes using the potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. Nano sized pores have been shown to be beneficial for bone cell attachment and proliferation. The purpose of the present research was to investigate oxide crystallinity and pore formation during titanium anodization using a pulsed DC waveform in a series of sulfuric acid electrolytes ranging from 0.5 to 12 M. Anodizing titanium in increasing sulfuric acid molarities showed a trend of increasing transformations of the amorphous natural forming oxide to the crystalline phases of anatase and rutile. The pulsed DC waveform was shown to produce pores with a size range from ≤0.01 to 1 μm(2). The pore size distributions produced may be beneficial for bone cell attachment and proliferation.
authors.affiliation: The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Disegi
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D003343:Corrosion; D015921:Dental Implants; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D058608:Nanopores; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D010087:Oxides; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D014025:Titanium; C033158:sulfuric acid