title: Measuring emotional awareness from a cognitive-developmental perspective: Portuguese adaptation studies of the levels of emotional awareness scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) was developed to assess the emotional awareness construct, based on a cognitive-developmental perspective and influenced by the Piaget and Werner theories. It is composed of 20 emotion-evoking scenes and has been used in multiple researches related to emotion regulation, alexithymia and psychiatric disorders. It is a well-documented, valid and reliable measure. Due to the extent of LEAS, some investigators have been using one of the parallel forms (LEAS-A), which is a part of the complete version, nevertheless there is a gap of studies concerning LEAS-A psychometric qualities. In the absence of measures for assessing the organization of the emotional experience in Portuguese samples, we developed the Portuguese version of LEAS, characterizing reliability and validity indicators and the same for LEAS-A.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different studies were carried out with these versions, two with university students and another with a sample from the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Portuguese version showed high levels of reliability, superior to those found in other adaptation procedures. LEAS-A showed good reliability and indicators of discriminant and concurrent validities. The LEAS-A scores were independent from negative affect and related to the externally-oriented thinking involved in alexithymia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Portuguese LEAS and LEAS-A show very adequate qualities, which allow for their scientific use. Implications for clinical and research contexts are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. marcovtorrado@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torrado
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ouakinin
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult