title: Biodistribution of sub-10 nm PEG-modified radioactive/upconversion nanoparticles.
abstract: The biodistribution of lanthanide-based upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) has attracted increasing attention, and all of the reported UCNPs display metabolism in the liver and spleen mainly. Herein, ∼8 nm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated NaYF4 nanoparticles codoped with Yb(3+), Er(3+), and (or) radioactive (153)Sm(3+) ions were synthesized, through a hydrothermal synthetic system assisted by binary cooperative ligands with oleic acid and PEG dicarboxylic acids. The as-prepared PEG-coating NaYF4:Yb,Er and NaYF4:Yb,Er,(153)Sm are denoted as PEG-UCNPs and PEG-UCNPs((153)Sm), respectively. PEG-UCNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The PEG-UCNPs showed excellent water solubility with a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼10 nm and displayed upconversion luminescence (UCL) under continuous-wave excitation at 980 nm. At the same time, the (153)Sm-doped nanoparticles PEG-UCNPs((153)Sm) displayed radioactivity, and time-dependent biodistribution of PEG-UCNPs((153)Sm) was investigated, through single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and γ-counter analysis. Interestingly, PEG-UCNPs((153)Sm) had a long blood retention time and were partly eliminated through urinary pathways in vivo. Therefore, the concept of fabricating PEG-coated, small nanosize (sub-10 nm) nanoparticles with radioactive property is a useful strategy for providing a potential method to monitor lanthanide nanoparticles renal clearable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
authors.forename: Tianye
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Fuyou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004871:Erbium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012493:Samarium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; C525362:sodium yttriumtetrafluoride; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012493:Samarium; D015019:Yttrium; D004871:Erbium; D015018:Ytterbium; D005459:Fluorides