title: Diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors in a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors among people with diabetes using a population-based survey and discuss strategies that can be used to both prevent and manage diabetes-related complications in a primary care setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of self-reported doctor-diagnosed diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors were estimated using data from the Arkansas Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, 2003-2007. Five years of survey data were combined and weighted to the population to assess the risk factors that predict the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. The study involved 2477 people who reported that they have been diagnosed with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two percent of survey respondents with diabetes had been diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. Using a multivariate adjusted model, blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26, 2.45), those with some high school education (OR = 2.78, 95% CI, 1.80, 4.28), people with diabetes for more than 10 years (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.61, 2.85), people on insulin treatment (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.78, 3.08), those who had taken a course to manage their diabetes (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.20, 1.99), and those with chronic foot ulcers (OR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.62, 3.09) were more likely to have been diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors are evident. Novel approaches to increase the screening and treatment of these frequent complications are key to optimize diabetes care.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Masil
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Appathurai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kilmer
authors.forename: Latonya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bynum
keywords: chronic care model; diabetic retinopathy; foot ulcers; primary care; survey