title: Localisation of epileptic foci using novel imaging modalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines recent reports on the use of advanced techniques to map the regions and networks involved during focal epileptic seizure generation in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of imaging techniques are capable of providing new localizing information on the ictal processes and epileptogenic zone. Evaluating the clinical utility of these findings has been mainly performed through post-hoc comparison with the findings of invasive EEG and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography, using postsurgical seizure reduction as the main outcome measure. Added value has been demonstrated in MRI-negative cases. Improved understanding of the human ictiogenic processes and the focus vs. network hypothesis is likely to result from the application of multimodal techniques that combine electrophysiological, semiological, and whole-brain coverage of brain activity changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of recent research in the field of neuroimaging, several novel imaging modalities have been improved and developed to provide information about the localization of epileptic foci.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Ciantis
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemieux
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D059906:Neuroimaging