title: Image analysis quantification of sticking and picking events of pharmaceutical powders compressed on a rotary tablet press simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to develop a quantification method based on image analysis, able to characterize sticking during pharmaceutical tableting. Relationship between image analysis features and relevant mechanical parameters recorded on an instrumented tablet press simulator were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Image analysis, based on gray levels co-occurrence matrices (GLCM), generated textural features of the tablet surface. The tableting simulator (Stylcam® 200R, Medelpharm), instrumented with force and displacement transducers, provided accurate records. The tablet defects and compaction process parameters were studied using three pharmaceutical powders (Fast-Flo® lactose, anhydrous Emcompress® and Avicel® PH200 microcrystalline cellulose), five compression pressures (60 to 250 MPa), five lubricating levels, and three types of punches (standard steel, amorphous hard carbon and anti-sticking punches).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Texture parameters made it possible to quantify with precision tablets’ aspect. The selected parameter IC2 (Information on Correlation 2) plotted versus the ratio between the ejection shear stress (Esh) and the compression pressure (Cp) let appear a relevant knowledge space where it was possible to identify a normal and a degraded tableting mode. A positive link between those two parameters was shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since the Esh/Cp ratio was related to image analysis results, it proved to be an interesting defect tag.
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, UFR de Pharmacie, EA 401, Matériaux et Santé5 rue Jean-Baptiste ClémentChâtenay-Malabry 92296, France. germinal.mollereau@u-psud.fr
authors.forename: Germinal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mollereau
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazel
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Busignies
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tchoreloff
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouveaux
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rivière
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D011312:Pressure; D013499:Surface Properties; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011208:Powders; D013607:Tablets; D002482:Cellulose; D007785:Lactose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose