title: A study on factors affecting the degradation of magnesium and a magnesium-yttrium alloy for biomedical applications.
abstract: Controlling degradation of magnesium or its alloys in physiological saline solutions is essential for their potential applications in clinically viable implants. Rapid degradation of magnesium-based materials reduces the mechanical properties of implants prematurely and severely increases alkalinity of the local environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of three interactive factors on magnesium degradation, specifically, the addition of yttrium to form a magnesium-yttrium alloy versus pure magnesium, the metallic versus oxide surfaces, and the presence versus absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution. In the immersion solution of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the slowest, followed by pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface degraded the fastest. However, in deionized (DI) water, the degradation rate showed a different trend. Specifically, pure magnesium with metallic or oxide surfaces degraded the slowest, followed by the magnesium-yttrium alloy with oxide surface, and the magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded the fastest. Interestingly, only magnesium-yttrium alloy with metallic surface degraded slower in PBS than in DI water, while all the other samples degraded faster in PBS than in DI water. Clearly, the results showed that the alloy composition, presence or absence of surface oxide layer, and presence or absence of physiological salt ions in the immersion solution all influenced the degradation rate and mode. Moreover, these three factors showed statistically significant interactions. This study revealed the complex interrelationships among these factors and their respective contributions to degradation for the first time. The results of this study not only improved our understanding of magnesium degradation in physiological environment, but also presented the key factors to consider in order to satisfy the degradation requirements for next-generation biodegradable implants and devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Huinan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D054712:Salinity; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013499:Surface Properties; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D012996:Solutions; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D015019:Yttrium; D008274:Magnesium