title: The diagnostic accuracy of TCD for intracranial arterial stenosis/occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the importance of time interval between detection of TCD and CTA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively the diagnostic accuracy of transcranial doppler (TCD) as an additional screening tool for intracranial arterial steno-occlusive disease against computed tomography angiography (CTA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) if both are performed in a short time interval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2011 and May 2012, 128 patients who were hospitalized within 24 hours of symptom onset and fulfilled the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AIS were enrolled. Bedside detection of TCD was accomplished immediately after admission. High-resolution brain CTA was performed within 3 hours after the completion of TCD and the images were interpreted by a neuroradiologist blinded to TCD findings. The accuracy parameters of TCD against CTA were calculated after computation of true-positive, false-positive, true negative, and false-negative values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 128 patients, there were 68 males and 60 females, aged 61.4 ± 17.5 years. The mean time interval between the detection of TCD and CTA was 89.7 (77.8) minutes. In 65% of patients, both examinations were performed with less than a half-hour interval between them. The diagnostic accuracy of TCD for different arteries showed slight distinction. Transcranial doppler demonstrated the most accurate diagnosis for middle cerebral artery (MCA), where TCD showed 35 true-positive, 0 false-negative, 1 false-positive, and 92 true-negative studies compared with CTA. Furthermore, elevated MCA velocities on TCD correlated well with the severity of intracranial stenosis detected on CTA. Vertebral artery (VA) is one of the arteries with the lowest sensitivity for TCD diagnosis (sensitivity 63.4%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value (PPV) 89.6%, negative predictive value (NPV) 84.8%, and accuracy 85.9%). In 20 cases (15.6%), TCD showed findings complementary to CTA (real-time embolization, collateral flow patterns, and steal phenomenon).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial doppler shows high diagnostic accuracy against CTA if both are performed in a short time interval in evaluating intracranial arterial stenosis/occlusion in patients with AIS, especially for MCA obstruction. Transcranial doppler can also provide additional real-time dynamic findings complementary to the information provided by CTA. This can result in changes in the management in some of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China.
authors.forename: Jingxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Huangqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Shaofeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zuneng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013997:Time Factors; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging