title: The use of condensational growth methods for efficient drug delivery to the lungs during noninvasive ventilation high flow therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the delivery of nasally administered aerosols to the lungs during noninvasive ventilation using controlled condensational growth techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  An optimized mixer, combined with a mesh nebulizer, was used to generate submicrometer aerosol particles using drug alone (albuterol sulfate) and with mannitol or sodium chloride added as hygroscopic excipients. The deposition and growth of these particles were evaluated in an adult nose-mouth-throat (NMT) model using in vitro experimental methods and computational fluid dynamics simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvement in the lung dose (3-4× increase) was observed using excipient enhanced growth (EEG) and enhanced condensational growth (ECG) delivery modes compared to control studies performed with a conventional size aerosol (~5 μm). This was due to reduced device retention and minimal deposition in the NMT airways. Increased condensational growth of the initially submicrometer particles was observed using the ECG mode and in the presence of hygroscopic excipients. CFD predictions for regional drug deposition and aerosol size increase were in good agreement with the observed experimental results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These controlled condensational growth techniques for the delivery of submicrometer aerosols were found to be highly efficient methods for delivering nasally-administered drugs to the lungs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th St., Box 980533, Richmond, Virginia, USA, lgolshahi@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Laleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Golshahi
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azimi
authors.forename: Yoen-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindle
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063087:Noninvasive Ventilation / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols