title: Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperperfusion syndrome (HS) is a relatively rare but possibly serious complication of carotid revascularization procedures. Impaired cerebral autoregulation and postrevascularization changes in cerebral blood flow are the main mechanisms involved in the development of HS. Most up-to-date studies addressing this issue are retrospective and tend to concentrate on carotid endarterectomy (CEA), neglecting carotid stenting (CAS). Our aim was to compare the frequency of clinical signs of HS and hyperperfusion detected by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in patients undergoing CAS or CEA due to carotid stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective observational study, we evaluated 61 patients scheduled for routine CAS or CEA. Each patient was examined by a neurologist before and after the revascularization procedure to assess the clinical status. Severe headache, ocular or facial pain, confusion, visual disturbances, epileptic seizures or any focal deficits not caused by cerebral ischemia were considered clinical signs of HS. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity (MV), and pulsatility index were measured by TCD once before and twice after the intervention (within 6 h after and 2-5 days after the procedure). Hyperperfusion was defined as a >100% increase in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity, evaluated separately for PSV and MV after the procedure compared with the baseline value. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) was evaluated with a TCD acetazolamide test before the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAS (n = 33) and CEA (n = 28) patients were included in the study. There was no difference between the groups in the frequency of clinical signs of HS (21.2 vs. 21.4%) and ratio of TCD hyperperfusion (12.1 vs. 14.3%). In the CAS group, ipsilateral MCA velocity significantly increased directly after the intervention and 2-5 days later, while it increased in the CEA group only 2-5 days after the intervention. The sensitivity and specificity of hyperperfusion, defined by MV, for HS signs were 38.5 and 93.8%, respectively, whereas those defined by PSV were 30.8 and 89.6%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of impaired CVR (<25%) for HS signs were 63.6 and 73.5%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no difference in the frequency of HS clinical signs and hyperperfusion detected by TCD between patients after CAE and CAS. Clinical signs suggested HS does not always correspond with TCD hyperperfusion. However, both the CVR test and TCD measurements of MCA velocity can help identify patients at high risk for HS.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland. jbuczek@ipin.edu.pl
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buczek
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karliński
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Białek
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Członkowska
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods