title: Postcardiac injury syndrome following transvenous pacer or defibrillator insertion: CT imaging and review of the literature.
abstract: Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) is a frequent clinical entity developing as a complication of cardiac procedures. Some of these may be only minor procedures, such as the insertion of permanent pacer or defibrillator devices. The purpose of this article is to review and illustrate its common imaging findings. PCIS is expected to occur in approximately 1%-2% of patients after pacer or defibrillator device placement. The mechanism of pericarditis following implantation is unclear, but it may involve a direct irritation of the pericardium by minimally protruding electrodes, low-grade bleeding with hemorrhagic pericarditis, and a late autoimmune or inflammatory response to those insults. Radiologists may detect findings that in the appropriate clinical setting should raise the possibility of PCIS. On chest x-ray, the findings include the presence of a pericardial or pleural effusion or both. Computed tomography, in addition to having better characterization capabilities of the pericardial or pleural effusion or both, may also accomplish the diagnosis of lead perforation. Although typically rather benign, PCIS may result in significant morbidity and potential mortality due to arrhythmias, noncardiac pulmonary edema, and cardiac tamponade. Therefore, its early detection is of clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Florida, Division of Radiology, Weston, FL 33331, USA.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dandes
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Helguera
authors.forename: Sergio L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pinski
authors.forename: Jacobo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010493:Pericarditis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology