title: Obesity rather than regional fat depots marks the metabolomic pattern of adipose tissue: an untargeted metabolomic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares the patterns of visceral (VIS) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue (AT)-derived metabolites from non-obese (BMI 24-26 kg/m2) and obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2) with no major metabolic risk factors other than BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  SC- and VIS- AT obtained from obese (Ob) and non-obese (NOb) subjects during surgery were incubated to obtain their metabolites. Differences related to obesity or anatomical provenances of AT were assessed using an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall effect of obesity on the metabolite profile resulted more remarkable than the effect of regional AT. Only the depletion of 2-ketoisocaproic (2-KIC) acid reached statistical significance for the SC-AT alone, although it was observed in both depots. Obesity induced more significant changes in several amino acids levels of the VIS-AT metabolites. On the one hand, higher released levels of glutamine and alanine were detected in the VIS- obese AT, whereas on the other, the VIS- obese AT presented a diminished uptake of essential amino acids (methionine, threonine, lysine), BCAAs, leucine, and serine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that obesity markedly affects the amino acid metabolic signature of the AT before the clinical onset of other significant metabolic alterations aside from BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hanzu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinaixa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Párrizas
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Correig
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids