title: HHT diagnosis by Mid-infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural network analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vascular disorder Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is in general an inherited disease caused by mutations in the TGF-β/BMP receptors endoglin or ALK1 or in rare cases by mutations of the TGF-β signal transducer protein Smad4 leading to the combined syndrome of juvenile polyposis and HHT. HHT is characterized by several clinical symptoms like spontaneous and recurrent epistaxis, multiple telangiectases at sites like lips, oral cavity, fingers, nose, and visceral lesions like gastrointestinal telangiectasia, pulmonary, hepatic, cerebral or spinal arteriovenous malformations. The disease shows an inter- and intra-family variability in penetrance as well as symptoms from mild to life threatening. Penetrance is also depending on age. Diagnosis of the disease is based on the presence of some of the listed symptoms or by genetic testing. HHT diagnosis is laborious, time consuming, costly and sometimes uncertain. Not all typical symptoms may be present, especially at a younger age, and genetic testing does not always identify the disease causing mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was investigated as a potential alternative to the current diagnostic methods. IR-spectra were obtained by Fourier-transform Mid-IR spectroscopy from blood plasma from HHT patients and a healthy control group. Spectral data were mathematically processed and subsequently classified and analysed by artificial neural network (ANN) analyses and by visual analysis of scatter plots of the dominant principal components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses showed that for HHT a disease specific IR-spectrum exists that is significantly different from the control group. Furthermore, at the current stage with the here used methods, HHT can be diagnosed by Mid-IR-spectroscopy in combination with ANN analysis with a sensitivity and specificity of at least 95%. Visual analysis of PCA scatter plots revealed an inter class variation of the HHT group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IR-spectroscopy in combination with ANN analysis can be considered to be a serious alternative diagnostic method compared to clinical and genetically based methods. Blood plasma is an ideal candidate for diagnostic purposes, it is inexpensive, easy to isolate and only minimal amounts are required. In addition, IR-spectroscopy measurement times are fast, less than one minute, and diagnosis is not based on interpretation of may be uncertain clinical data. And last but not least, the method is inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: Q-bios GmbH Biotechnology, Mannheim, Germany. a.lux@q-bios.com
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tulk
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarrabeita
authors.forename: Theresia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salonikios
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wirnitzer
mesh_terms: D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000235:genetics; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D000071063:Endoglin; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C425364:ACVRL1 protein, human; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II