title: Confocal raman microscopy as a non-invasive tool to investigate the phase composition of frozen complex cryopreservation media.
abstract: Various cryoprotective agents (CPA) are added to cell media in order to avoid cell injury during cryo preservation. The resulting complex environment of the preserved cell, consisting of crystalline and liquid phases can however not be investigated non-invasively by established methods in cryobiology. This study shows how scanning confocal Raman microscopy can non-invasively extract information on chemical composition, phase domain and distribution at cryogenic temperatures. The formation of the salt hydrate, hydrohalite NaCl∙H2O, in solutions comprised of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) is studied in particular. Scanning confocal Raman microscopy can be used to unambiguously identify hydrohalite in a medium containing DMSO and saline. The confocal Raman microscopy imaging along with differential scanning calorimetric measurements further show that the hydrohalite is formed without eutectic formation. This method also allows for discrimination between closely packed hydrohalite crystals that are oriented differently.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kreiner-Møller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stracke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005615:Freezing; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D007053:Ice; D010710:Phosphates; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide