title: [How to biopsy only men with high grade prostate cancer].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are complementary technologies that together generate neuro-fuzzy system. The aim of our study is to compare 2 models for predicting the presence of high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason score 7 or more).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated data from 1000 men with PSA less than 50 ng/mL, who underwent prostate biopsy. A prostate cancer was found in 313 (31%), and in 172 (17.2%) we detected high-grade prostate cancer. With those data, we developed 2 Co-Active Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems to predict the presence of high-grade prostate cancer. The first model had four input neurons (PSA, free PSA percentage [%freePSA], PSA density, and age) and the second model had three input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, and age).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model with four input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, PSA density, and age) showed better performances than the one with three input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, and age). In fact the average testing error was 0.42 for the model with four input neurons and 0.44 for the other model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of PSA density to the model has allowed to obtain better results for the diagnosis of high grade prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Urologia di Cremona, Cremona, Italy. benecchi.luigi@libero.it
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benecchi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perucchini
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quarta
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonghini
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Boca
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D018579:Patient Selection; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*