title: Redox proteomic evaluation of bleaching and alkali damage in human hair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein modification and damage in human hair, resulting from environmental, cosmetic and grooming stresses, create changes to visual and tactile characteristics and correlates with consumer perception of quality. This study outlines molecular-level evaluation of modification resulting from peroxide (bleaching) and alkaline straightening (relaxing) treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Redox proteomic profiling of virgin, bleached and relaxed hair tresses was performed, with comprehensive qualitative characterization of modification and semi-quantitative evaluation of damage through adaptation of a new damage scoring system. Modifications were mapped to specific locations in the hair proteome and a range of potential damage marker peptides identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virgin hair contained a baseline level of modification, consistent with environmental oxidative insult during hair growth. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching resulted in significantly increased levels of oxidative damage observable at the molecular level. This treatment also resulted in enhanced levels of dehydroalanine and dehydration products; modifications typically associated with alkali or thermal treatment and not previously been reported as a product of hair bleaching. Relaxation treatment with sodium hydroxide increased the formation of dehydroalanine and dehydration products and moderately enhanced the levels of oxidation. Cysteine was the predominant modification site for both bleaching and alkali damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study validates the utility and power of redox proteomic-based approaches to characterizing hair modification. This offers potential application to a wide range of damage types, as well as evaluation of new damage mitigation and repair technologies.
authors.affiliation: Proteins & Biomaterials, AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koehn
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Cornellison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clerens
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Harland
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D019295:Computational Biology; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D006203:Hair Preparations; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: bleaching; chemical analysis; hair treatment; keratin; proteomics; spectroscopy