title: How do medical students navigate the interplay of explicit curricula, implicit curricula, and extracurricula to learn curricular objectives?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current focus in medical education on competencies and curricular objectives draws attention to boundaries rather than the openness inherent in the learning process. This qualitative study explored the tension between boundedness (mandated curricular objectives) and openness (variability in learning experience as students traverse the explicit, implicit, and extracurriculum) in the curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following the revision and implementation of 10 curricular objectives for Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, the authors interviewed 18 fourth-year medical students in spring 2011. For each objective, students indicated the relative influence of the explicit curriculum, implicit curriculum, and extracurriculum on their learning. Students were asked to think aloud and assign points as they made these judgments. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to understand students' perceptions of learning across curricula and for each curricular objective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was marked variability in students' learning experience. For two objectives, students perceived that learning occurred mainly in the explicit curriculum and consumed a disproportionate amount of study time. For two other objectives, students perceived that learning occurred mainly in the extracurriculum because opportunities to learn these objectives in the implicit and explicit curricula were sparse. For six objectives, students perceived that learning occurred mostly in the implicit curriculum, often through "watching" or interacting with peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings can inform discussions about how to balance the boundedness of curricular mandates with the inherent openness of students' learning experiences.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Innovation and Scholarship, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Dorene F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Balmer
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: MaryJo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Boyd F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*