title: Methodological framework for the ergonomic design of children's playground equipment: a Serbian experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate application of the static and dynamic anthropometric measures of pre-school children in ergonometric design of children's playground equipment should eliminate all dangers and difficulties in their use. Possibilities of injuries, insecure movements, discomfort able positions and some other dangerous actions may be minimized; and safety and health protection of pre-school children will be increased.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Children's playground represents a significant space of activity for pre-school children. Therefore, it is necessary to apply ergonomic principles which contribute to the adjustment of the playground elements to children's anatomic features. Based on the results presented in this paper, new constructions were designed and new playgrounds were installed in Serbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were children from three pre-school age groups: Junior age group (3-4 years of age, 17 children), Medium age group (4-5 years of age, 22 children), and Senior age group (5-6 years of age, 26 children).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one static anthropometric measures (12 in standing position, 11 in sitting position, 7 related to dimensions of hand, foot an head, with body weight and shoe size) and 15 dynamic anthropometric measures (7 in standing position, 6 in sitting position and 2 dimension of foot and hand) were defined for the study. Measurements were taken using an anthrop-meter, a flexible measuring tape. Equations for ergonomic design of children's playground elements were also defined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basic statistical data of static and dynamic anthropometric measurements of the pre-school children are presented in this paper, as well as the statistical calculation of the corrective anthropometric measurements. Measurements were performed in "Poletarac" kindergarten, part of the pre-school institution "Radost" in Cacak. Elements of playground equipment in "Bambi" kindergarten in Kragujevac (the Indian tent "wigwam", gate-house, swing and carousel) were designed and built using these parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the obtained results, several playgrounds were designed, manufactured and equipped with the appropriate items.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Nis, Nis, Carnojevica, Serbia.
authors.forename: Miroljub
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grozdanovic
authors.affiliation: "ASA-CO" d.o.o. Company, Cacak, Serbia.
authors.forename: Savko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jekic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Nis, Nis, Carnojevica, Serbia.
authors.forename: Evica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stojiljkovic
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000293:injuries; D011187:Posture; D012449:Safety; D055771:Serbia; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Ergonomics for children; dynamic anthropometric measures; pre-school children; static anthropometric measures