title: Efficacy of ivermectin and oxfendazole against Taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs.
abstract: Smallholder semi-confined pig production is a fast growing practice in sub-Saharan Africa with an unfortunate outcome of high prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses. The widely used anthelmintic for control of endo and ecto-parasites in pigs in the area is ivermectin at a recommended dose of 0.3mg/kg. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety in pigs after subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (IVM, 0.3mg/kg) and orally administration of oxfendazole (OFZ, 30mg/kg) in treatment of porcine cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs. A total of 61 pigs with T. solium cysticercosis (38 males and 23 females) as identified by tongue palpation with age ranging from 3 to 24 months were recruited. The pigs were stratified based on sex, age and number of cysts on the tongue and randomly allocated to IVM, OFZ and control groups. Three days before treatment and two weeks after treatment faecal samples and skin scrapings were taken to establish the burden of endo- and ectoparasites, respectively and the effect of the treatment. No adverse effect was observed in any of the treatment groups throughout the study period. Half of the pigs from each group were slaughtered at week four and the remaining half at week twelve post treatment. The IVM treatment group had no significant effect (p=0.224) on T. solium cysts viability in comparison to the control group. Significant effect on cysts viability was observed in the OFZ treated group (p<0.001) compared to IVM and control groups in all muscle tissues. Regarding to brain cysts, neither of the drugs was efficacious. Ivermectin and OFZ treatments significantly reduced (p<0.001) the faecal egg count of Ascaris suum, strongyles and Trichuris suis two weeks after treatment. At slaughter, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Ascarops strongylina and Physocephalus sexalatus were recovered from pigs in the IVM treated and in the control groups. Ivermectin was 100% effective in control of Sarcoptes scabiei. In conclusion, IVM at a single dose of 0.3mg/kg was efficacious against ectoparasites but did not effectively cure pigs from T. solium cysticercosis or nematodes. Oxfendazole, on the other hand, killed all nematodes and muscle cysts, but did not have any effect on ectoparasites. A combination of the two drugs would be a most useful treatment option for control of pig parasitoses in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 57, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: emkupasi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ernatus Martin
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mkupasi
authors.forename: Helena Aminiel
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ngowi
authors.forename: Chummy Sikalizyo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sikasunge
authors.forename: Pall S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leifsson
authors.forename: Maria Vang
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D007559:Ivermectin; C011030:oxfendazole
keywords: Cysticercosis treatment; Ivermectin; Oxfendazole; Pig parasitoses; Porcine cysticercosis; Sub-Saharan Africa