title: Characteristics of the residential neighborhood environment differentiate intimate partner femicide in urban versus rural settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A growing body of work examines the association between neighborhood environment and intimate partner violence (IPV). As in the larger literature examining the influence of place context on health, rural settings are understudied and urban and rural residential environments are rarely compared. In addition, despite increased attention to the linkages between neighborhood environment and IPV, few studies have examined the influence of neighborhood context on intimate partner femicide (IPF). In this paper, we examine the role for neighborhood-level factors in differentiating urban and rural IPFs in Wisconsin, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use a combination of Wisconsin Violent Death Reporting System (WVDRS) data and Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence (WCADV) reports from 2004 to 2008, in concert with neighborhood-level information from the US Census Bureau and US Department of Agriculture, to compare urban and rural IPFs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of IPF vary based on degree of rurality, and bivariate analyses show differences between urban and rural victims in race/ethnicity, marital status, country of birth, and neighborhood characteristics. After controlling for individual characteristics, the nature of the residential neighborhood environment significantly differentiates urban and rural IPFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a different role for neighborhood context in affecting intimate violence risk in rural settings, and that different measures may be needed to capture the qualities of rural environments that affect intimate violence risk. Our findings reinforce the argument that multilevel strategies are required to understand and reduce the burden of intimate violence, and that interventions may need to be crafted for specific geographical contexts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA. kbeyer@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Kirsten M M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Layde
authors.forename: L Kevin
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Hamberger
authors.forename: Purushottam W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Laud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019352:Censuses; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012424:Rural Population; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult