title: Radiographical texture analysis improves the prediction of vertebral fracture: an ex vivo biomechanical study.
abstract: METHODS
  Compression biomechanical tests using fresh cadaveric thoracolumbar motion segments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if the combination of bone texture parameters using bone microarchitecture, and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry provided a better prediction of vertebral fracture than BMD evaluation alone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bone strength is routinely evaluated using BMD, as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Currently, there is an ongoing debate about the strengths and limitations of bone densitometry in clinical practice. To assess the fracture risk properly, other factors are important to be taken into account such as the macro- and microarchitecture of the bone. Recently, a new high-resolution x-ray device with direct digitization, named bone microarchitecture (BMA, D3A Medical Systems), has been developed to provide a better precision of texture parameters than those previously obtained on digitized films.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven 3-level thoracolumbar motion segments (T11, T12, L1, and L2, L3, L4) of excised spines, obtained at the Anatomy Department of Marseille, were studied using bone microarchitecture to estimate 3 textural parameters: fractal parameter Hmean, co-occurrence matrix, and run-length matrix, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure BMD, and mechanical compression tests to failure. All specimens were examined by computed tomography before and after compression. The prediction of the vertebral failure load was evaluated using multiple regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven vertebral fractures were observed with a mean failure load of 2636.3 N (standard deviation, 996 N). Fractal parameter Hmean, co-occurrence matrix, and run-length matrix were each significantly correlated with BMD (P< 0.01) and bone strength (P< 0.01). Combining bone texture parameters and BMD significantly improved the fracture load prediction from adjusted r = 0.701 to adjusted r = 0.806 (P< 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these excised vertebrae, the combination of bone texture parameters with BMD demonstrated a better performance in the failure load prediction than that of BMD alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: *APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Radiology Department, Marseille, France †Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France Marseille, France; and ‡Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Santé Publique EA 3279, Marseille, France, Department of Public Health, APHM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guenoun
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Le Corroller
authors.forename: Souad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acid
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pithioux
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ariey-Bonnet
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chabrand
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Champsaur
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*