title: Combining analyses of basophil allergen threshold sensitivity, CD-sens, and IgE antibodies to hydrolyzed wheat, ω-5 gliadin and timothy grass enhances the prediction of wheat challenge outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wheat is a common food causing allergy which has implications on the quality of life. The diagnosis of IgE-mediated wheat allergy is based on the clinical history and presence of IgE antibodies (IgE-Ab) in skin or blood, and the results of an oral food challenge which is time consuming and associated with risks. An improved diagnostic workup is needed for wheat allergy. The objective was to examine the relationship between wheat challenge, CD-sens and IgE-Ab to related allergens in wheat-allergic children and investigate if a combination of different markers could enhance the prediction of challenge outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four children (aged 1-15 years) with a wheat allergy diagnosis underwent an open wheat challenge. CD-sens and IgE-Ab to wheat, hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP), ω-5 gliadin and timothy grass were analyzed and related to the challenge outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive challenge was seen in 12/24 children. Children reacting to the challenge had higher IgE-Ab concentrations to wheat, ω-5 gliadin and HWP (p < 0.01) and a tendency to higher wheat CD-sens values (p = 0.08) than nonreacting children. Combining wheat CD-sens >150 and IgE-Ab to wheat >20 kUA/l, or ω-5 gliadin >0.1 kUA/l predicted the challenge outcome in 83% of the patients. Most children with IgE-Ab to wheat also had IgE-Ab to timothy. Seven of 9 challenge-positive children had a positive CD-sens to HWP and IgE-Ab to HWP >8 kUA/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining CD-sens and IgE-Ab to wheat or wheat components could be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of wheat-allergic children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedlin
authors.forename: S G O
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Borres
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nopp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D001491:Basophils / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005903:Gliadin / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D031784:Phleum / Q000276:immunology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D021182:Wheat Hypersensitivity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D015415:Biomarkers; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D005903:Gliadin