title: Subjective health perception in healthy young men changes in response to experimentally restricted sleep and subsequent recovery sleep.
abstract: Sleep and subjective health are both prospectively related to objective indices of health and health care use. Here, we tested whether five days with restricted sleep and subsequent recovery days affect subjective health and is related to increased levels of circulating IL-6 and TNF-α and fatigue. Nine healthy men (23-28 ears) went through a 6-week sleep protocol with subjects as their own controls in a repeated measures design with a total of 11 nights in a sleep laboratory. The experimental part of the protocol included three baseline days (sleep 23-07 h), five days with sleep restriction (03-07 h) and three recovery days (23-07 h) in the sleep laboratory. Subjective health and fatigue was recorded daily. Eight blood samples were drawn each day (every third hour) on 8 days of the protocol and analyzed with respect to IL-6 and TNF-α. Subjective health deteriorated gradually during restricted sleep (p=.002) and returned to baseline levels after three days of recovery. IL-6 and TNF-α did not change significantly. Fatigue increased gradually during sleep restriction (p=.001), which significantly contributed to the association between restricted sleep and subjective health. The study is the first to show that subjective health is directly responsive to changes in sleep length and related to increased fatigue. Thus, subjective health is differently appraised after manipulation of one of its presumed determinants. Larger experimental studies would be beneficial to further distinguish causation from association regarding the underpinnings of subjective health.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine and Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Mats.Lekander@ki.se.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lekander
authors.forename: Anna Nixon
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kecklund
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingre
authors.forename: Torbjorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akerstedt
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Axelsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005221:Fatigue; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Cytokines; Fatigue; Inflammation; Self-rated health; Sleep; Sleep restriction; Subjective health