title: Removal efficiency of calcium hydroxide dressing from the root canal without chemically active adjuvant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare the efficiency in removing two calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] preparations from root canal and apical third using single use syringe, ultrasonics and RinsEndo((®)) with saline solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty human singlerooted teeth were instrumented using ProTaper((®)) rotary system, divided into two groups according to Ca(OH)2 filling. A: Powder mixed with water, B: Pulpdent((®)). Each group was divided into three subgroups for the irrigation: A1, B1: Single use syringe; A2, B2: Ultrasonics; A3, B3: RinsEndo((®)). Teeth were split longitudinally, photographed and imported into Adobe Photoshop. The percentage ratios of Ca(OH)2 remaining in the canal and in the apical third were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using 'ANOVA two-way' and 'univariate tests'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (a) Remnants of medicament were found in all teeth, (b) no statistically significant difference in the elimination of both Ca(OH)2 from the entire canal (p = 0.436), however, mixed powder was better eliminated from the apical third (p = 0.005), (c) no statistically significant difference among the irrigation techniques in the whole canal (p = 0.608), though, RinsEndo((®)) and ultrasonics were the most effective in cleaning the apical third (p = 0.032) when mixed powder was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the techniques removed completely Ca(OH)2 from the canal. In the apical third, RinsEndo((®)) and ultrasonics were the most effective when mixed powder was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca(OH)2, the most commonly used intracanal dressing, should be completely eliminated before the obturation to assure a good endodontic sealing. Based on the results of this study, RinsEndo((®)) and ultrasonics were the most effective in removal of Ca(OH)2 especially the powder mixed with water presentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Saint Joseph University, Beirut Lebanon. laramaalouf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zogheib
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naaman
mesh_terms: D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D009339:Needles; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000379:methods; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013396:Suction / Q000295:instrumentation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013594:Syringes; D013696:Temperature; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D014867:Water; C029777:Pulpdent; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide