title: Barriers to breastfeeding in the WIC population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breastfeeding (BF) initiation rates in the United States have increased over the past 11 years by 3.6%. However, women who participate in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program are almost 12% less likely to initiate BF than the general population, and less likely to continue for a year.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify barriers to BF in order to recommend guidelines for the WIC population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review using the search words WIC and BF was conducted using the CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. Inclusion criteria were articles studying the WIC population alone and/or relative to other populations. Twenty-four articles from the last 5 years were reviewed and graded according to the Evans' hierarchy of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Barriers to BF in the WIC population were sorted into five categories: lack of support inside/outside the hospital, returning to work, practical issues, WIC-related issues, and social/cultural barriers. Factors predisposing to lower BF rates include non-Hispanic ethnicity, obesity, depression, younger age, or an incomplete high school education. Interventions trialed with positive outcomes include peer counseling, improved communication between hospital lactation consultants and WIC staff, breast-pump programs, and discouraging routine formula provision in the hospital and by WIC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasons for low BF rates in the WIC population are complex. More research is needed into interventions tailored for WIC participants. Recommendations for clinicians include initiating peer-counseling programs, prenatal/ postpartum education, in-hospital BF support, and changing the focus of WIC from formula to BF promoting.
authors.affiliation: The Little Clinic, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. lottahedberg77@gmail.com
authors.forename: Inga C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hedberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult