title: Atypical parkinsonism: an update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This update discusses novel aspects on genetics, diagnosis, and treatments of atypical parkinsonism published over the past 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A genome-wide association study identified new genetic risk factors for progressive supranuclear palsy and new genetic conditions presenting with atypical parkinsonism have been described. The clinical criteria for diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration have been revised, and for progressive supranuclear palsy are under revision. Novel molecular techniques to identify possible biomarkers, as in other neurodegenerative disorders, have started being studied on atypical parkinsonian conditions, and although preliminary results seem promising, further studies are urgently warranted. Therapeutic trials based on disease-specific targets have shown no clinical improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The knowledge obtained recently on atypical parkinsonian conditions points out the major deficits in this field. With the expanding phenotypical spectrum of atypical parkinsonian conditions, the early identification of patients has become difficult. The inability of conventional methods to identify these disorders earlier and better than clinicians, and the recent failure of promising therapeutic compounds, highlight the fact that the lack of biomarkers is probably the greatest limitation for developing treatments for these disorders. Thus, current and future research in this direction will be crucial.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department for Motor Neurosciences and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK. m.stamelou@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stamelou
authors.forename: Guenter U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Hoeglinger
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013494:Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive / Q000175:diagnosis