title: Pneumothorax as an adverse drug event: an exploratory aggregate analysis of the US FDA AERS database including a confounding by indication analysis inspired by Cornfield's condition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumothorax is either primary or secondary. Secondary pneumothorax is usually due to trauma, including various non-pharmacologic iatrogenic triggers. Although not normally thought of as an adverse drug event (ADE) secondary pneumothorax is associated with numerous drugs, though it is often difficult to determine whether this association is causal in nature, or reflects an epiphenomenon of efficacy or inefficacy, or confounding by indication (CBI). Herein we explore this association in a large health authority drug safety surveillance database.
  
  
  METHODS
  A quantitative pharmacovigilance (PhV) methodology known as disproportionality analysis was applied to the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database to explore the quantitative reporting dependencies between drugs and the adverse event pneumothorax as well the corresponding reporting dependencies between drugs and reported indications that may be risk factors for pneumothorax themselves in order to explore the potential contribution of CBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 1. Multiple drugs are associated with pneumothorax; 2. Surfactants and oncology drugs account for most statistically distinctive associations with pneumothorax; 3. Pulmonary surfactants, pentamidine and nitric oxide have the largest statistical reporting associations 4. CBI may play a prominent role in reports of drug-associated pneumothorax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disproportionality analysis (DA) can provide insights into the spontaneous reporting dependencies between drugs and pneumothorax. CBI assessment based on DA and Cornfield's inequality presents an additional novel option for the initial exploration of potential safety signals in PhV.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Inc. Manfred.Hauben@Pfizer.com
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauben
authors.forename: Eric Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D006801:Humans; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
keywords: Pneumothorax; disproportionality analysis