title: Transient effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exposure on some metabolic and free radical processes in goldfish white muscle.
abstract: This study aims to assess effects of 96 h goldfish exposure to 1, 10 and 100 mg/L of the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), on metabolic indices and free radical process markers in white muscle of a commercial fish, the goldfish Carassius auratus L. Most oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes were not affected at 2,4-D fish treatment. 2,4-D fish exposure induced the elevated levels of total (by 46% and 40%) and reduced (by 77% and 73%) glutathione in muscles of goldfish of 10 mg/L 2,4-D and recovery (after 100 mg/L of 2,4-D exposure) groups, respectively. However, in muscles of 100 mg/L 2,4-D exposed goldfish these parameters were depleted (by 47% and 64%). None of investigated parameters of protein and carbohydrate metabolisms changed in white muscles of 2,4-D exposed fish, with exception of lactate dehydrogenase activity, which was slightly (by 11-15%) elevated in muscles of goldfish exposed to 10-100 mg/L of 2,4-D, but also recovered. Thus, the short term exposure of goldfish to the selected concentrations of 2,4-D does not substantially affect their white muscle, suggesting the absence of any effect under the environmentally relevant concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine. o_kubrak@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Olga I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Kubrak
authors.forename: Tetiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Atamaniuk
authors.forename: Viktor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Husak
authors.forename: Volodymyr I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Lushchak
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D005609:Free Radicals; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: 2,4-D; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; AChE; ALT; AST; CP; G6PDH; GPx; GR; GSH; GSSG; GST; Goldfish; LDH; LOOH; Lactate; Oxidative stress; ROS; SOD; TAG; Total GSH; Transaminases (aminotransferases); White muscle; acetylcholine esterase; alanine transaminase (alanine aminotransferase); aspartate transaminase (aspartate aminotransferase); carbonyl protein groups; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; glutathione-S-transferase; lactate dehydrogenase; lipid peroxides; oxidized glutathione; reactive oxygen species; reduced glutathione; superoxide dismutase; total glutathione; triacylglycerides