title: Expressed prostate secretions in the study of human papillomavirus epidemiology in the male.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exploring different sampling sites and methods is of interest for studies of the epidemiology of HPV infections in the male. Expressed prostate secretions (EPS) are obtained during digital rectal examination (DRE), a daily routine urological diagnostic procedure, following massage of the prostate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urethral swabs and EPS samples were obtained from a consecutive sample of 752 men (mean age 32.4 years; median life-time sex partners 34) visiting urology outpatient clinics in St. Petersburg, Russia and tested for HPV DNA by general primer PCR, followed by genotyping using Luminex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 47.9% (360/752) of men were HPV-positive, with 42.0% (316/752) being positive for high-risk (HR-) HPV and 12.6% (95/752) for multiple HPV types. HPV-positivity in the EPS samples was 32.6% (27.7% HR-HPV) and in the urethral samples 25.9% (24.5% HR-HPV). 10.6% were HPV positive in both EPS and urethral samples. 6.4% had the same HPV-type in both EPS and urethral samples. 10.6% were HPV positive in both EPS and urethral samples. 6.4% had the same HPV-type in both EPS and urethral samples. The concordance between the urethral samples and EPS was 62.5% (470/752), with 80 cases double positive and 390 cases double negative in both sites. The sensitivity of urethral samples for overall HPV detection was 54.2% (195/360). Compared to analysis of urethral samples only, the analysis of EPS increased the HPV prevalence in this population with 26.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPS represent informative sampling material for the study of HPV epidemiology in the male.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. vitaly.smelov@ki.se
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smelov
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Davit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bzhalava
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novikov
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D012426:Russia; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D014521:Urethra / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult