title: Biochemical and physiological responses of oil palm to bud rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora.
abstract: In recent years, global consumption of palm oil has increased significantly, reaching almost 43 million tons in 2010. The sustainability of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation has been compromised because of the bud rot disease whose initial symptoms are caused by Phytophthora palmivora. There was a significant incidence of the disease, from an initial stage 1 of the disease to the highest stage 5, that affected photosynthetic parameters, content of pigments, sugars, polyamines, enzymatic antioxidant activities, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) and β-(1,3) glucanase (β-Gluc, EC 3.2.1.39). In healthy palms photosynthesis was 13.29 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1) in average, while in stage 5 the average photosynthesis was around 3.66 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Additionally, total chlorophyll was reduced by half at the last stage of the disease. On the contrary, the contents of putrescine, spermine and spermidine increased three, nine and twelve times with respect to stage 5, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and β-(1,3) glucanase showed an increase as the severity of the disease increased, with the latter increasing from 0.71 EAU in healthy palms to 2.60 EAU in plants at stage 5 of the disease. The peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) enzymatic activity and the content of spermidine were the most sensitive indicators of disease.
authors.affiliation: Oil Palm Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian Oil Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Calle 20A # 43A-50, piso 4, Bogota, Colombia. amoreno@cenipalma.org
authors.forename: Andrés Leonardo
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Moreno-Chacón
authors.forename: Jhonatan Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Camperos-Reyes
authors.forename: Rodrigo Andrés
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ávila Diazgranados
authors.forename: Hernán Mauricio
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D028023:Arecaceae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000073878:Palm Oil; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010838:Phytophthora; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010938:Plant Oils; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013095:Spermidine / Q000378:metabolism; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010938:Plant Oils; D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013096:Spermine; D000073878:Palm Oil; D009195:Peroxidase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D013095:Spermidine; D011700:Putrescine
keywords: AOS; CAT; EAU; Elaeis guineensis; Enzymatic antioxidant system; GR; PA; PAL; POD; Photosynthesis; Polyamines; SOD; TFF; active oxygen species; catalase; enzyme activity units; fresh leaf tissue; glutathione reductase; peroxidase; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; polyamine; superoxide dismutase; β-(1,3) Glucanase; β-(1,3) glucanase; β-Gluc