title: Promoting healthy weight in primary school children through physical activity and nutrition education: a pragmatic evaluation of the CHANGE! randomised intervention study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This pragmatic evaluation investigated the effectiveness of the Children's Health, Activity and Nutrition: Get Educated! (CHANGE!) Project, a cluster randomised intervention to promote healthy weight using an educational focus on physical activity and healthy eating.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 318, aged 10-11 years) from 6 Intervention and 6 Comparison schools took part in the 20 weeks intervention between November 2010 and March/April 2011. This consisted of a teacher-led curriculum, learning resources, and homework tasks. Primary outcome measures were waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and BMI z-scores. Secondary outcomes were objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary time, and food intake. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, at post-intervention (20 weeks), and at follow-up (30 weeks). Data were analysed using 2-level multi-level modelling (levels: school, student) and adjusted for baseline values of the outcomes and potential confounders. Differences in intervention effect by subgroup (sex, weight status, socio-economic status) were explored using statistical interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant between-group effects were observed for waist circumference at post-intervention (β for intervention effect =-1.63 (95% CI = -2.20, -1.07) cm, p<0.001) and for BMI z-score at follow-up (β=-0.24 (95% CI = -0.48, -0.003), p=0.04). At follow-up there was also a significant intervention effect for light intensity physical activity (β=25.97 (95% CI = 8.04, 43.89) min, p=0.01). Interaction analyses revealed that the intervention was most effective for overweight/obese participants (waist circumference: β=-2.82 (95% CI = -4.06, -1.58) cm, p<0.001), girls (BMI: β=-0.39 (95% CI = -0.81, 0.03) kg/m2, p=0.07), and participants with higher family socioeconomic status (breakfast consumption: β=8.82 (95% CI = 6.47, 11.16), p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHANGE! intervention positively influenced body size outcomes and light physical activity, and most effectively influenced body size outcomes among overweight and obese children and girls. The findings add support for the effectiveness of combined school-based physical activity and nutrition interventions. Additional work is required to test intervention fidelity and the sustained effectiveness of this intervention in the medium and long term.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03863885.
authors.affiliation: Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62, Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, UK. S.J.Fairclough@ljmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fairclough
authors.forename: Allan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mackintosh
authors.forename: Genevieve L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Warburton
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: Esther M F
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van Sluijs
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Boddy
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004739:England; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population