title: Gender similarities and differences.
abstract: Whether men and women are fundamentally different or similar has been debated for more than a century. This review summarizes major theories designed to explain gender differences: evolutionary theories, cognitive social learning theory, sociocultural theory, and expectancy-value theory. The gender similarities hypothesis raises the possibility of theorizing gender similarities. Statistical methods for the analysis of gender differences and similarities are reviewed, including effect sizes, meta-analysis, taxometric analysis, and equivalence testing. Then, relying mainly on evidence from meta-analyses, gender differences are reviewed in cognitive performance (e.g., math performance), personality and social behaviors (e.g., temperament, emotions, aggression, and leadership), and psychological well-being. The evidence on gender differences in variance is summarized. The final sections explore applications of intersectionality and directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; email: jshyde@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Janet Shibley
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior