title: Hypersalinity toxicity thresholds for nine California ocean plan toxicity test protocols.
abstract: Currently, several desalination facilities have been proposed to operate or are actually operating in California. These facilities' use of reverse osmosis (RO) may discharge hypersaline reject brine into the marine environment. The risks, if any, this brine would pose to coastal receiving waters are unknown. To test the toxicity of hypersaline brine in the absence of any additional toxic constituents, we prepared brine and tested it with the seven toxicity test organisms listed in the 2009 California Ocean Plan. The most sensitive protocols were the marine larval development tests, whereas the most tolerant to increased salinities were the euryhaline topsmelt, mysid shrimp, and giant kelp tests. Reject brines from the Monterey Bay Aquarium's RO desalination facility were also tested with three species. The effects of the aquarium's brine effluent on topsmelt, mussels, and giant kelp were consistent with those observed in the salinity tolerance experiments. This information will be used by regulators to establish receiving water limitations for hypersaline discharges.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA, jpvoorhees@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Voorhees
authors.forename: Bryn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Ron S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Paz Carpio-Obeso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia; D002140:California; D003445:Crustacea; D054712:Salinity; D012492:Salts / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012492:Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C017082:brine