title: Effectiveness of antenatal clinics to deliver intermittent preventive treatment and insecticide treated nets for the control of malaria in pregnancy in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria in pregnancy can have devastating consequences for mother and baby. Coverage with the WHO prevention strategy for sub-Saharan Africa of intermittent-preventive-treatment (IPTp) with two doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and insecticide-treated-nets (ITNs) in pregnancy is low. We analysed household survey data to evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal clinics (ANC) to deliver IPTp and ITNs to pregnant women in Nyando district, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the systems effectiveness of ANC to deliver IPTp and ITNs to pregnant women and the impact on low birthweight (LBW). Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of receipt of IPTp and ITN use during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 89% of recently pregnant women who attended ANC at least once between 4-9 months gestation, 59% reported receiving one dose of SP and 90% attended ANC again, of whom 57% received a second dose, resulting in a cumulative effectiveness for IPTp of 27%, most of whom used an ITN (96%). Overall ITN use was 89%, and ANC the main source (76%). Women were less likely to receive IPTp if they had low malaria knowledge (0.26, 95% CI 0.08-0.83), had a child who had died (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.95), or if they first attended ANC late (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.67). Women who experienced side effects to SP (OR 0.18, CI 0.03-0.90) or had low malaria knowledge (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.11-5.43) were less likely to receive IPTp by directly observed therapy. Ineffective delivery of IPTp reduced its potential impact by 231 LBW cases averted (95% CI 64-359) per 10,000 pregnant women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPTp presents greater challenges to deliver through ANC than ITNs in this setting. The reduction in public health impact on LBW resulting from ineffective delivery of IPTp is estimated to be substantial. Urgent efforts are required to improve service delivery of this important intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom. j.hill@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dellicour
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smedley
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ombock
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariuki
authors.forename: Meghna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: Feiko O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: ter Kuile
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007630:Kenya; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine