title: Hormone replacement therapy in children with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: where do we stand?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize hormone replacement therapy in a cohort of adolescent males and females with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) with a focus on changes in management during the past 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of patients followed for HH during the past 10 years were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 patients (22 female: 23 male) with HH were identified. The average age at HH diagnosis was 14.48 ± 2.02 years in females and 14.89 ± 1.64 years in males (P = .53). In females, the average age of pubertal induction was 14.53 ± 1.86 years. Conjugated equine estrogen was used in 54.5%, transdermal estradiol in 41%, and oral estradiol in 4.5%. The average duration to cycling was 1.96 ± 0.78 years. A progressive increase in the use of transdermal estradiol was noted over time, with 100% of females being started on this regimen since 2008. In males, the average age of induction was 15.22 ± 1.41 years. All were started on intramuscular testosterone cypionate at various doses. The average duration to full adult replacement was 1.95 ± 0.51 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no current standard of care to guide pubertal induction in adolescents with HH. However, a significant increase in the use of transdermal estrogen was noted in females during the past 10 years. While much less variability in pubertal induction was seen in males, wide disparities in doses and escalation schedules were found. Prospective studies aimed at elucidating optimal strategies for sex steroid replacement in this pediatric population are badly needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Zeina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nabhan
authors.forename: Erica A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eugster
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000172:deficiency*; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000150:complications; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011627:Puberty; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006062:Gonadotropins; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine; D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; C016131:testosterone 17 beta-cypionate