title: Individualism and nonindividualism in the application of nonhuman animal welfare to policy.
abstract: Science-based policy making and assessments are individualistic insofar as they are sensitive to interindividual differences, intraindividual connectivity, or both. Several scientists and policymakers have argued that nonhuman animal welfare should relate to individual animals, but there are reasons for both individualistic and nonindividualistic approaches. Opportunities to develop more individualistic approaches include employing concepts such as "quality-of-life," "welfare opportunities," and greater stockperson flexibility.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ethics in Medicine and Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. James.Yeates@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D000818:Animals; D005544:Forecasting; D007206:Individuality; D011050:Policy Making; D011640:Public Policy