title: Hierarchical level features based trainable segmentation for electron microscopy images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The neuronal electron microscopy images segmentation is the basic and key step to efficiently build the 3D brain structure and connectivity for a better understanding of central neural system. However, due to the visual complex appearance of neuronal structures, it is challenging to automatically segment membranes from the EM images.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we present a fast, efficient segmentation method for neuronal EM images that utilizes hierarchical level features based on supervised learning. Hierarchical level features are designed by combining pixel and superpixel information to describe the EM image. For pixels in a superpixel have similar characteristics, only part of them is automatically selected and used to reduce information redundancy. To each selected pixel, 34 dimensional features are extracted by traditional way. Each superpixel itself is viewed as a unit to extract 35 dimensional features with statistical method. Also, 3 dimensional context level features among multi superpixels are extracted. Above three kinds of features are combined as a feature vector, namely, hierarchical level features to use for segmentation. Random forest is used as classifier and is trained with hierarchical level features to perform segmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In small sample condition and with low-dimensional features, the effectiveness of our method is verified on the data set of ISBI2012 EM Segmentation Challenge, and its rand error, warping error and pixel error attain to 0.106308715, 0.001200104 and 0.079132453, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing to pixel level or superpixel level features, hierarchical level features have better discrimination ability and the proposed method is promising for membrane segmentation.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China.
authors.forename: Shuangling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guibao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Benzheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yilong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Gongping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chunming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors