title: Photosymbiotic ascidians in Singapore: turbid waters may reduce living space.
abstract: The photosymbiotic ascidian fauna at Changi Beach, Pulau Semakau, Sentosa and St. John's Island, Singapore were surveyed. A total of five species, Diplosoma simile, Lissoclinum bistratum, Lissoclinum punctatum, Lissoclinum timorense and Trididemnum cyclops, were recorded, with Lissoclinum timorense and Trididemnum cyclops being newly recorded in Singapore. However, no photosymbiotic species were found at Changi Beach probably due to the polluted waters in the region. Coastal development has caused Singapore waters to become turbid, leading to decrease in suitable habitats for photosymbiotic ascidians. Clean waters in Pulau Semakau probably provide a better environment for the growth of photosymbiotic ascidians and this area has a greater variety of these ascidians than the other areas in Singapore. Each of the five species has also been recorded in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan) and three species (Diplosoma simile, Lissoclinum bistratum and Trididemnum cyclops) have also been recorded in Taiwan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Euichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Serina Lee Siew
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael Hin-Kiu
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mok
keywords: Algal symbiosis; Ascidian; Biogeography; Coral reefs; Didemnidae