title: Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  University students face not only challenges related with independent living, but also academic challenges. This predisposes them to depression, anxiety and stress, which are fairly common.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, and identify their correlates among university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted on 506 students between the ages of 18 and 24 years from four public universities in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Through an anonymous, self administered questionnaire, they were assessed by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Data on socio-demographic, family characteristics and living arrangement were also obtained. Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to explore association between these aspects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis showed among all students, 27.5% had moderate, and 9.7% had severe or extremely severe depression; 34% had moderate, and 29% had severe or extremely severe anxiety; and 18.6% had moderate and 5.1% had severe or extremely severe stress scores based on the DASS-21 inventory. Both depression and anxiety scores were significantly higher among older students (20 and above) and those born in rural areas. Whereas, higher stress scores were significantly higher among older students (20 and above), females, Malays and those whose family had either low or high incomes compared to those with middle incomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of anxiety is much higher than either depression or stress, with some differences in their correlates except for age. These differences need to be further explored for development of better intervention programs and appropriate support services targeting this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. khadijah@ppukm.ukm.edu.my
authors.forename: Khadijah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shamsuddin
authors.forename: Fariza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fadzil
authors.forename: Wan Salwina Wan
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Shamsul Azhar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Khairani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Noor Azimah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaffar
authors.forename: Aniza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Raynuha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult