title: Fully automated, high-precision instrumentation for the isotopic analysis of tropospheric N2O using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurements of the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide in the troposphere have the potential to bring new information about the uncertain N2O budget, which mole fraction data alone have not been able to resolve. Characterizing the expected subtle variations in tropospheric N2O isotopic composition demands high-precision and high-frequency measurements. To enable useful observations of N2O isotopic composition in tropospheric air to reduce N2O source and sink uncertainty, it was necessary to develop a high-precision measurement system with fully automated capabilities for autonomous deployment at remote research stations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fully automated pre-concentration system for high-precision measurements of N2O isotopic composition (δ(15)N(β) , δ(15)N(α), δ(18)O) in tropospheric air has been developed which combines a custom liquid-cryogen-free cryo-trapping system and gas chromatograph interfaced to a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) system. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was coupled in parallel to the IRMS system during development to evaluate peak interference. Multi-port inlet and fully-automated capabilities allow streamlined analyses between in situ air inlet, air standards, flask air sample, or other gas source in exactly replicated analysis sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system has the highest precision to date for (15)N site-specific composition results (δ(15) N(α) ±0.11‰, δ(15)N(β) ±0.14‰ (1σ)), attributed mostly to uniformity of analytical cycles and particular attention to fluorocarbon interference noted for (15)N site-specific measurements by IRMS. Air measurements demonstrated the fully automated capacity and performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The system makes substantial headway in measurement precision, possibly defining the limits of IRMS measurement capabilities in low concentration N2O air samples, with fully automated capabilities to enable high-frequency in situ measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. liuyiwei@umich.edu
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Prinn