title: Transapical approach to myectomy for midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is less common than subaortic obstruction, and there are few data on outcomes after surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 56 consecutive patients (28 men) with HCM and midventricular obstruction who underwent myectomy between February 1997 and June 2012. Five patients had prior myectomy for subaortic obstruction. Mean age was 42 ± 17 years. Preoperatively, 51% of patients had dyspnea, and the remaining had palpitations (25%), angina (5%), or syncope (9%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Midventricular obstruction was relieved by means of a transaortic myectomy in 5 patients, a transapical approach in 32 patients, and combined transaortic and transapical incisions in 19 patients. In 13 patients, an apical aneurysm or pouch was repaired at the time of midventricular myectomy. There were no early deaths. Intraoperative intraventricular gradients were reduced from 64 ± 32 mm Hg before myectomy to 6 ± 12 mm Hg postoperatively (p ≤ 0.0001). Early complications included atrial arrhythmias in 5 patients and reoperation for bleeding in 4 patients. Fifty patients had follow-up beyond 30 days (median, 1.6 years; range, 33 days to 13 years). Survival at 1 and 5 years was 100% and 95%, and average New York Heart Association class improved from 2.9 ± 0.7 preoperatively to 1.3 ± 0.6 postoperatively (p = 0.0001). There were no aneurysms related to the apical incision; 2 patients had late reoperation, 1 for resection of right atrial mass to prevent embolus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A transapical approach allows excellent exposure for midventricular myectomy and relief of intraventricular gradients and related symptoms. There were no complications unique to the apical incision, and 5-year survival was similar to expected survival (95% versus 97%).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA.
authors.forename: Meghana R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kunkala
authors.forename: Hartzell V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Schaff
authors.forename: Rick A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sorajja
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dearani
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ommen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 18