title: [Manipulation in the exercise of psychiatric interviews].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term "manipulation" is defined as "getting someone to behave otherwise than he spontaneously would". Unlike cognitive therapies, it does not involve cognitive functioning and may increase psychotherapies' efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the absence of data in the scientific literature (Medline and Web of Science), we propose a synthesis of theoretical data from social psychology with a reflection on its applications in the daily practice of psychiatry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Firstly we present auto-manipulation: the "chilling effect" is the fact that people tend to keep to a decision and to duplicate it, even if it does not work. The commitment of the patient, i.e., the degree to which he/she identifies with his/her act, will be even stronger if the patient's sense of freedom is high. The rationalization process is the ability for individuals to revisit their beliefs after being forced to issue a behavior (that he/she did not adhere to) to justify it a posteriori. In the second part, we present techniques for hetero-manipulation. Priming is to ask about a low effort to "initiate" the behavior. The lure technique is to hide convenience or invent fictitious benefits of a product, but is not ethical. The labeling technique is to assign an individual to a positive value regardless of his or her behavior, which increases the probability of emission of positive behaviors. The touch technique, whatever the cultural context, encourages a patient to have more confidence in his/her therapist and to make them friendly towards the person involved by creating a positive mood, reduces stress in patients before surgery, and improve the academic performance of students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose reflections on the application of these concepts in daily practice in the psychiatric interview. These techniques seem fundamental in improving therapeutic alliance and the likelihood of good compliance in our patients, and should be known to all practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U955, Éq. psychiatrie génétique, Fondation FondaMental (Fondation de coopération scientifique en santé mentale), pôle de psychiatrie du groupe des hôpitaux universitaires H.-Mondor, hôpital A.-Chevenier, université Paris Est-Créteil, 40, rue de Mesly, 94010 Créteil, France; Inserm 1061, service universitaire de psychiatrie, université Montpellier 1, CHU, 34000 Montpellier, France. Electronic address: guillaume.fond@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fond
authors.affiliation: Unité de neurophysiologie, psychophysiologie et neurophénomenologie (UNPN), Solaris, pôle de psychiatrie universitaire, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; UMR CNRS 7291, laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives (LNC), 31 Aix-Marseille université, site St-Charles, 3, place Victor-Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France.
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micoulaud-Franchi
authors.affiliation: Inserm 1061, service universitaire de psychiatrie, université Montpellier 1, CHU, 34000 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macgregor
authors.affiliation: Inserm 1061, service universitaire de psychiatrie, université Montpellier 1, CHU, 34000 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ducasse
mesh_terms: D032763:Behavior Control; D003469:Culture; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011908:Rationalization; D035502:Trust
keywords: Adherence; Alliance thérapeutique; Commitment; Engagement; Manipulation; Observance; Pratique psychiatrique; Psychotherapy; Therapeutic alliance