title: Effect of phonophoresis on skin permeation of commercial anti-inflammatory gels: sodium diclofenac and ketoprofen.
abstract: This study evaluated the use of ultrasound in combination with the commercial anti-inflammatory drugs ketoprofen and sodium diclofenac, according to the parameters used in physiotherapy. Ketoprofen and sodium diclofenac were used in the Franz diffusion cell model adapted to an ultrasound transducer in three conditions: no ultrasound, one application of ultrasound and two applications of ultrasound. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the total amount of drug permeating skin per unit area, as well as flux and latency. The results showed that for ketoprofen, the amount of drug permeating skin and flux increased with two ultrasound applications. Permeation of sodium diclofenac decreased in the presence of ultrasound. Ultrasound parameters and drug properties must be considered in the use of phonophoresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health's Basic Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. jaquelinesz@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Jaqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Alianise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meira
authors.forename: Nadia Maria
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Volpato
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayorga
authors.forename: Carmem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gottfried
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004008:Diclofenac; D007660:Ketoprofen
keywords: Ketoprofen; Permeation; Phonophoresis; Sodium diclofenac; Ultrasound