title: Association between alkaline phosphatase and hypertension in a rural Japanese population: the Nagasaki Islands study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels have been associated with hypertension, and ALP is known as an enzyme affected by alcohol consumption, no study has been published on the associations between ALP and the risk of hypertension in relation to drinking status.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,681 participants (837 men and 1,846 women) aged 30 to 89 years undergoing a general health check-up to investigate the associations between ALP and hypertension in relation to drinking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,681 participants, 1,549 (514 men and 1,035 women) were diagnosed with hypertension. A sex difference was observed for the relationship between ALP and hypertension. While no significant association was observed for men, the association was significantly positive for women. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio and 95% coincidence interval (CI) of hypertension per increment of 1-log ALP were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.56 to 1.59) for men and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.07 to 2.33) for women. When this analysis was restricted to nondrinkers, a significantly elevated risk of hypertension was observed for men and remained significant for women; that is, 3.32 (95% CI: 1.38 to 8.02) for men and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.11 to 2.55) for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALP is associated with hypertension for both male and female nondrinkers, but not for drinkers. For analyses of associations between ALP and blood pressure, alcohol consumption should thus be considered a potential confounder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan. simizicyuu@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase