title: A temporal study of Salmonella serovars from environmental samples from poultry breeder flocks in Ontario between 1998 and 2008.
abstract: A temporal study was carried out to determine Salmonella prevalence, trends, major serovars, and their clusters from environmental samples, in poultry breeder flocks in Ontario between January 1998 and December 2008. Surveillance data were obtained from the Ontario Hatchery and Supply Flock Policy. Logistic regression with a random effect for flock was used to identify factors [poultry type, year (trend) and season] associated with the prevalence of Salmonella. A cluster detection test was used to identify clusters of common serovars. The period prevalence of Salmonella was 47.4% in broiler-breeder, 25.7% in layer-breeder, and 19.6% in turkey-breeder flocks. The overall trend in the prevalence of Salmonella was decreasing for all breeder types, due primarily to decreasing trends of Salmonella Heidelberg. The seasonal effects varied by year with the highest probability of Salmonella occurring in different seasons. The 4 most common serovars identified were Salmonella Heidelberg, Kentucky, Hadar, and Typhimurium in broiler-breeders; Salmonella Heidelberg, Brandenburg, Thompson, and Typhimurium in layer-breeders; and Salmonella Heidelberg, Saintpaul, Brandenburg, and Muenster in turkey-breeders. Salmonella Enteritidis was infrequently isolated in all poultry breeder types. Temporal clusters of different serovars were identified in all poultry breeder types. Clusters of Salmonella Heidelberg, Typhimurium, and Hadar from environmental samples from breeder flocks were detected during a similar period to clusters from hatchery fluff samples from the same population. Therefore, interventions at the breeder flock-level might help to reduce transmission of Salmonella from breeder flocks to hatcheries and possibly, to lower levels of the poultry production chain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. tsivaram@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Theva
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sivaramalingam
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McEwen
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ojkic
authors.forename: Michele T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Guerin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D011200:Poultry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors