title: Historical use of x-rays: treatment of inner ear infections and prevention of deafness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article provides an historical assessment of the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of inner ear infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research utilized a literature-based evaluation of the use of x-rays during the first half of the 20th century on the treatment of otitis media (OM), mastoiditis, and cervical adenitis and their impact on the occurrence of deafness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  X-Rays were consistently found to be effective as a treatment modality at relatively low doses, in the range of 10-20% of the skin erythema dose, rapidly reducing inflammation, and accelerating the healing process. The mechanistic basis of the clinical successes, while addressed by contemporary researchers, is evaluated in the present article in light of current molecular biology advances, which indicate that clinically effective low doses of ionizing radiation act via the creation of an anti-inflammatory phenotype in highly inflamed tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  X-Ray treatment of OM, mastoiditis, and cervical adenitis was widely accepted in the first half of the 20th century by clinicians as an effective treatment when administered within an appropriate dosage range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dhawan
mesh_terms: D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy*
keywords: X-Rays; deafness; mastoiditis; otis media; radiotherapy; radium