title: Dioxin-like compounds and bone quality in Cree women of Eastern James Bay (Canada): a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aboriginal populations living in Canada's northern regions are exposed to a number of persistent organic pollutants through their traditional diet which includes substantial amounts of predator fish species. Exposure to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) can cause a variety of toxic effects including adverse effects on bone tissue. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationship between plasma concentrations of DLCs and bone quality parameters in Cree women of Eastern James Bay (Canada).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty-nine Cree women from seven communities in Eastern James Bay (Canada), aged 35 to 74 years old, participated in the study. In order to determine the total DLC concentration in plasma samples of participants, we measured the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transcriptional activity elicited by plasma sample extracts using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Plasma concentrations of mono-ortho-substituted dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) 105, 118 and 156 were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bone quality parameters (speed of sound, m/s; broadband ultrasound attenuation, dB/MHz; stiffness index, %) were assessed by quantitative ultrasound at the right calcaneus with the Achilles InSight system. Several factors known to be associated with osteoporosis were documented by questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models were constructed for the three ultrasound parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DL-PCBs 105 and 118 concentrations, but not the global DLC concentration, were inversely associated with the stiffness index, even after adjusting for several confounding factors. The stiffness index (log) decreased by -0.22% (p=0.0414) and -0.04% (p=0.0483) with an increase of one μg/L in plasma concentrations of DL-PCB 105 and DL-PCB 118, respectively. Other factors, including age, height, smoking status, menopausal status and the percentage of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in erythrocyte membranes were negatively associated with one of the ultrasound parameters, while the percentage of omega-3 PUFAs in these membranes and levels of physical activity and education were positively associated with them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that an increase in plasma concentrations of DL-PCBs 105 and 118 was negatively associated with stiffness index, a measure of bone quality/strength, in women of this population. In addition to environmental contaminants, future studies should also consider PUFA intake as a factor influencing bone quality.
authors.forename: Alexandra-Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paunescu
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dewailly
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodin
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieboer
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ayotte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004147:Dioxins / Q000097:blood; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D011792:Quebec
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls