title: Effects of smoking on periimplant health status and IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels in periimplant crevicular fluid: a cross-sectional study on well-maintained implant recall patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on periimplant health status and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2 levels in periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) and to determine their correlation with clinical parameters in well-maintained implant recall patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 dental implants placed in 60 patients (27 patients were smoker and 33 were nonsmoker) were included in the study. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, periimplant bone loss, PICF volume, and biochemical cytokine levels in PICF were determined and analyzed statistically. The correlation between PICF cytokine levels and clinical parameters were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All clinical parameters with the exception of plaque scores were significantly higher in the smoker group. Significantly increased levels of cytokines were observed in the smoker group. The correlation between the cytokine levels and clinical parameters were more marked in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the implants of the smoker patients seem to be clinically healthy, the results demonstrate that the implants are relatively at risk even if in a well-maintained population.
authors.affiliation: *Clinical Instructor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. †Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey. ‡Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. §Professor, Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tatli
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Damlar
authors.forename: Ozgür
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003757:Dental Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011859:Radiography; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone