title: Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration.
abstract: The present work describes the first example of real-time noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer's skin. The new skin-worn enzymatic biosensor exhibits chemical selectivity toward lactate with linearity up to 20 mM and demonstrates resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected from epidermal wear. The device was applied successfully to human subjects for real-time continuous monitoring of sweat lactate dynamics during prolonged cycling exercise. The resulting temporal lactate profiles reflect changes in the production of sweat lactate upon varying the exercise intensity. Such skin-worn metabolite biosensors could lead to useful insights into physical performance and overall physiological status, hence offering considerable promise for diverse sport, military, and biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States.
authors.forename: Wenzhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Amay J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bandodkar
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valdés-Ramírez
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Windmiller
authors.forename: Zhanjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.forename: Garrett
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003199:Computer Systems; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology; D013653:Tattooing / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid