title: Childhood death attributable to trauma: is there a difference between accidental and abusive fatal injuries?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma is a leading cause of death among children worldwide. Detailed knowledge of the epidemiology of childhood fatal injuries is necessary for preventing injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine clinical differences between children who were treated in an emergency department for accidental or abusive injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all deceased patients who were treated in two urban pediatric emergency departments between 1998 and 2010 was performed. Patients were categorized into two groups, accidental and abusive, for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1498 patients died during the study period, with 124 deaths being attributable to injury for a rate of 9.5 injury-related deaths per year. Most fatal injuries were accidental. Children with abusive fatal injuries were younger and more likely to have been seen for an injury in a clinic or emergency department within 2 months of their death. Eighty-two percent of abusive fatal injuries had documented subdural hematomas, whereas only 7.2% of accidental fatal injuries had a subdural hematoma documented. Nearly 50% of abusive fatal injuries had retinal hemorrhages reported, although no child with an accidental fatal injury had this type of injury documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Younger children, especially those previously seen in an emergency department or clinic for injury, are more likely to sustain an abusive fatal injury. Sentinel physical findings associated with abusive fatal injuries include subdural hematomas and retinal hemorrhages, and the presence of these findings should prompt an investigation into the circumstances of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Services, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, USA.
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vander Velden
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kreykes
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000401:mortality*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: accident; child abuse; death; pediatric fatal injury