title: Mortality among veterans with type 2 diabetes initiating metformin, sulfonylurea or rosiglitazone monotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite oral hypoglycaemic medications being the most commonly used pharmacological treatments for type 2 diabetes, research is limited on their comparative safety, particularly their effects on overall mortality. We compared mortality risk with monotherapy initiation of four oral hypoglycaemic medications in a nationwide cohort of US veterans with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified new users of oral hypoglycaemic medication monotherapy between 2004 and 2009 who received care for at least 1 year from the Veterans Health Administration.Patients were followed until initial monotherapy discontinuation,addition of another diabetes pharmacotherapy, death or end of follow-up. Mortality HRs were estimated using Cox regression adjusted for potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among new users of metformin, sulfonylureas and rosiglitazone (185,360 men, 7,812 women), 4,256 (2.2%) died during follow-up. Average duration of medication use ranged from 1.4 to 1.7 years. Significantly higher mortality risk was seen for glibenclamide (known as glyburide in the USA and Canada) (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.27, 1.50) or glipizide (HR 1.55,95% CI 1.43, 1.67) compared with metformin monotherapy,and for glipizide compared with rosiglitazone (HR 1.27, 95%CI 1.01, 1.59) or glibenclamide monotherapy (HR 1.12, 95%CI 1.02, 1.23). A significant sex–rosiglitazone interaction was seen (p=0.034) compared with metformin monotherapy, with women having a higher HR (HR 4.36, 95% CI 1.34, 14.20)than men (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.95, 1.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly higher mortality was associated with glibenclamide, glipizide and rosiglitazone use compared with metformin, and with glipizide use compared with rosiglitazone or glibenclamide. The potential for residual confounding by indication should be considered in interpreting these results.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Floyd
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Boyko
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005913:Glipizide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005905:Glyburide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D008687:Metformin; D005905:Glyburide; D005913:Glipizide