title: Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of rose petals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rosa rugosa petals are used for production of teas, jams, wines and juices. Despite the wide availability of rose cultivars, comprehensive information on petal chemical composition and healthful properties is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was analysis of cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of rugosa rose petals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Petals of R. rugosa were evaluated for their cytotoxic effect against cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines and for antiradical activity (with DPPH•). As a result, significant cytotoxic (up to 100% of dead cells) and antiradical properties (IC₅₀ 1.33-0.08 mg mg⁻¹ DPPH•) were demonstrated. Moreover, notable antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial (i.e. Staphylococcus. epidermidis, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis) and two yeast strains (Candida. albicans, C. parapsilosis) was shown. Total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, carotenoid and polysaccharide content in petals was determined using spectrophotometric methods. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to thoroughly analyze phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides in the methanolic extract and fractions obtained after its separation. Five phenolic acids and six flavonoids previously not reported in the plant material were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first such detailed report on chemical composition and biological activity of R. rugosa petals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olech
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pecio
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oleszek
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Los
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rzymowska
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D027826:Rosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: LC-MS; Rosa rugosa; antibacterial activity; cytotoxic effect; phenolics; radical scavenging activity