title: Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated from poultry in Alberta.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is one of the top three serovars implicated in human infections in Canada. In 2003, the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance reported antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in S. Heidelberg in Canada. The study objective was to investigate the AMR of S. Heidelberg isolated from poultry in Alberta. We examined 951 S. Heidelberg poultry isolates obtained during 1996 to 2010 and tested against 18 antibiotics using the Sensititre AVIAN1F system. Temporal resistance patterns were analysed using single-level logistic regression models. Continuous variables were included in the multivariable models. Multivariable models were built and variables and interactions were included in these final models. Data were analysed using Stata 11 Intercooled. Ceftiofur resistance ranged annually from 0 to 10.5% and gentamicin resistance ranged annually from 0 to 33.3%; no isolates were enrofloxacin resistant. Resistance to amoxicillin (annual range 0 to 42.6%) varied significantly by time and interaction with commodity type. Meat turkey S. Heidelberg isolates had higher ceftiofur resistance compared with chickens: layers plus layer breeders (odds ratio = 22.6, P < 0.01) and broiler breeders (odds ratio = 9.1, P < 0.01). Gentamicin resistance decreased significantly over the study period (odds ratio = 0.72 per year, P < 0.01). Tetracycline (TET) resistance changed significantly over time (annual range 0 to 39.6%), interacting with poultry commodity type. Meat turkey isolate TET resistance, higher overall than that of chicken, increased throughout the study. All turkey breeder isolates were resistant to TET. In conclusion, this study provides AMR data for S. Heidelberg isolates from the Alberta poultry industry and demonstrated significant trends in resistance, both temporal and between poultry commodities.
authors.affiliation: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Food Safety and Animal Health Division, Airdrie, Canada.
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: St Amand
authors.forename: Simon J G
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Rashed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cassis
authors.forename: Colleen B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Annett Christianson
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000818:Animals; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring / Q000662:veterinary*; D005839:Gentamicins; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013752:Tetracycline
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D005839:Gentamicins; C053503:ceftiofur; D013752:Tetracycline