title: Photoacoustic imaging of the bladder: a pilot study.
abstract: Photoacoustic imaging is a promising new technology that combines tissue optical characteristics with ultrasound transmission and can potentially visualize tumor depth in bladder cancer. We imaged simulated tumors in 5 fresh porcine bladders with conventional pulse-echo sonography and photoacoustic imaging. Isoechoic biomaterials of different optical qualities were used. In all 5 of the bladder specimens, photoacoustic imaging showed injected biomaterials, containing varying degrees of pigment, better than control pulse-echo sonography. Photoacoustic imaging may be complementary to diagnostic information obtained by cystoscopy and urine cytologic analysis and could potentially obviate the need for biopsy in some tumors before definitive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kamaya@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamaya
authors.forename: Srikant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaithilingam
authors.forename: Benjamin I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oralkan
authors.forename: Butrus T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Khuri-Yakub
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: bladder cancer; bladder tumor depth; bladder tumor staging; noninvasive bladder cancer staging; optoacoustic imaging; photoacoustic imaging