title: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders.
abstract: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease process caused by muscle hyperfunction or parafunction, traumatic injuries, hormonal influences, and articular changes. Symptoms of TMD include decreased mandibular range of motion, muscle and joint pain, joint crepitus, and functional limitation or deviation of jaw opening. Only after failure of noninvasive options should more invasive and nonreversible treatments be initiated. Treatment can be divided into noninvasive, minimally invasive, and invasive options. Temporomandibular joint replacement is reserved for severely damaged joints with end-stage disease that has failed all other more conservative treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. fred.liu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinkeler
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001178:Arthroplasty; D001182:Arthroscopy; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000628:therapy; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy; D019152:Paracentesis; D010516:Periodontal Splints; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000700:Analgesics; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid