title: Radiation dose to procedural personnel and patients from an X-ray volume imaging system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the radiation dose received by procedural personnel and patients from an X-ray volume imaging (XVI) system during interventional procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients were examined using catheter angiography (group A), digital subtraction angiography (group B) and cone-beam CT (CBCT, group C). Doses to procedural personnel (using thermo-luminescent dosimeters, TLDs) and patients were estimated. Image quality and lesion delineation were assessed using objective and subjective methods. Shapiro-Wilk, two-sided Student's t and Wilcoxon matched-pairs tests were used to test statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doses (milligrays) measured in the hands and left knee of the interventionist were higher than those in an assistant physician (P < 0.05). Doses (dose-area product and skin entry dose) were lower in group A and higher in C compared with other groups; moreover, comparison among the groups were significant (all P = 0.0001). Subjective and objective lesion delineation showed significant results (all P < 0.05) among the tumour types considered. Image quality estimation showed the opposite results for objective and subjective analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More doses were obtained for hands of the procedural personnel compared to other anatomical regions measured. Catheter angiography showed lower dose compared with other imaging groups examined. Lesion delineation was clearly possible using CBCT. Objective and subjective analysis showed the opposite results regarding image quality because of higher noise levels and artefacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, J.W Goethe- University hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/ Main, Germany, jijopaul1980@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jijo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Emmanuel C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Mbalisike
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vogl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000175:diagnosis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media