title: Clinical and radiological pictures of two newborn babies with manifestations of chondrodysplasia punctata and review of available literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a rare, heterogeneous congenital skeletal dysplasia, characterized by punctate or dot-like calcium deposits in cartilage observed on neonatal radiograms. A number of inborn metabolic diseases are associated with CDP, including peroxisomal and cholesterol biosynthesis dysfunction and other inborn errors of metabolism such as: mucolipidosis type II, mucopolysacharidosis type III, GM1 gangliosidosis. CDP is also related to disruption of vitamin K-dependent metabolism, causing secondary effects on the embryo, as well as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), chromosomal abnormalities that include trisomies 18 and 21, Turner syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article presents clinical data and diagnostic imaging findings of two newborn babies with chondrodysplasia punctata. Children presented with skeletal and cartilage anomalies, dysmorphic facial feature, muscles tone abnormalities, skin changes and breathing difficulties. One of the patients demonstrated critical stenosis of spinal canal with anterior subluxation of C1 vertebra relative to C2. The aim of this article is to present cases and briefly describe current knowledge on etiopathogenesis as well as radiological and clinical symptoms of diseases coexisting with CDP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiological diagnostic imaging allows for visualization of punctate focal mineralization in bone epiphyses during neonatal age and infancy. Determining the etiology of chondrodysplasia punctata requires performing various basic as well as additional examinations, including genetic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Children's Health Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jurkiewicz
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marcinska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bothur-Nowacka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrzanska
keywords: chondrodysplasia punctata; congenital malformation; newborn; skeletal dysplasia