title: Measuring the surgical 'learning curve': methods, variables and competency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how learning curves are measured and what procedural variables are used to establish a 'learning curve' (LC). To assess whether LCs are a valuable measure of competency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the surgical literature pertaining to LCs was conducted using the Medline and OVID databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables should be fully defined and when possible, patient-specific variables should be used. Trainee's prior experience and level of supervision should be quantified; the case mix and complexity should ideally be constant. Logistic regression may be used to control for confounding variables. Ideally, a learning plateau should reach a predefined/expert-derived competency level, which should be fully defined. When the group splitting method is used, smaller cohorts should be used in order to narrow the range of the LC. Simulation technology and competence-based objective assessments may be used in training and assessment in LC studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring the surgical LC has potential benefits for patient safety and surgical education. However, standardisation in the methods and variables used to measure LCs is required. Confounding variables, such as participant's prior experience, case mix, difficulty of procedures and level of supervision, should be controlled. Competency and expert performance should be fully defined.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Urology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nuzhath
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abboudi
authors.forename: Mohammed Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004501:Education, Medical; D059032:Learning Curve; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*
keywords: education; learning curve; urology