title: Background paper to the recommendation for routine rotavirus vaccination of infants in Germany.
abstract: Two rotavirus (RV) vaccines were introduced to the European market in 2006. To support the decision-making process of the German Standing Committee on Vaccination ("Ständige Impfkommission", STIKO) regarding adoption of routine RV vaccination into the national vaccination schedule in Germany relevant scientific background was reviewed. According to STIKO’s Standard Operating Procedures for the development of evidence-based vaccination recommendations, a set of key questions was addressed and systematic reviews were performed with a focus on the efficacy, effectiveness, impact and safety of RV vaccines. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was applied to assess the quality of available evidence. Data from 5 randomized controlled trials demonstrated a high efficacy of RV vaccines in preventing severe RV-associated gastroenteritis (91%) and hospitalization (92%) in settings comparable to Germany. Post-marketing observational studies confirmed these findings. In several countries, impact studies suggest that age groups not eligible for vaccination might also benefit from herd effects and demonstrated a decrease in the number of nosocomial RV infections after RV vaccine introduction. The vaccines were considered safe, except for a slightly increased risk of intussusception shortly after the first dose, corresponding to 1-2 additional cases per 100,000 infants vaccinated (relative risk =1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-2.14). RV case-fatality is extremely low in Germany. However, RV incidence among children aged <5 years is high (reported 8-14 cases per 1000 children annually), and of these almost half require hositalization. In view of the available evidence and expected benefits, STIKO recommends routine rotavirus vaccination of children under the age of 6 months with the main goal of preventing RV-associated hospitalizations in Germany, especially among infants and young children.
authors.affiliation: Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. kochj@rki.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiese-Posselt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Remschmidt
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertelsmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garbe
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hengel
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meerpohl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mas Marques
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oppermann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hummers-Pradier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Kries
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mertens
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000592:standards* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines