title: Perceived discrimination from management and musculoskeletal symptoms among New York City restaurant workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared with other restaurant hazards, organizational stressors are an understudied topic. Among organizational stressors, discrimination from management (DFM) appears widespread.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Objectives were to assess the prevalence and links between musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs) in three anatomical regions and five sources of DFM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey among restaurant workers was used. Participants were randomly selected by type and geographic distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-four percent of workers reported having MSSs in at least one anatomical region. The prevalence of severe MSSs was 24·9%. The strongest association between DFM and frequency of MSSs was "upper extremities." The strongest association between DFM and severity of MSSs was "any anatomical location." Thirty-four percent of restaurant workers reported DFM; age was the most prevalent source of DFM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, associations between DFM and MSSs were stronger by frequency than severity. The largest number of significant associations by sources of DFM was language and age.
authors.affiliation: North Shore LIJ Health System, Great Neck, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Saru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Landsbergis
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Seungsup
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dropkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011187:Posture; D015995:Prevalence; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D063508:Social Discrimination / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014891:Weight Lifting