title: Insulin resistance negatively affects long-term outcome in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease after therapies to reduce atherosclerotic risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance (IR) is a predictor of cardiovascular (CV) events even before the onset of diabetes. However, it is unclear whether changes in IR after a reduction of atherosclerotic burden may affect long-term outcome in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study examined whether changes in IR after therapy to reduce atherosclerotic risk factors provides prognostic information on future CV events in non-diabetic patients with CAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study enrolled 175 non-diabetic patients with newly diagnosed CAD and IR. IR was defined as the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR)>/=2.5. Evaluation of HOMA-IR was repeated at entry (1st test) and 6 months after individualized, optimized therapy including medications and lifestyle changes (2nd test). After the 2nd test, all patients were prospectively followed-up for 3 years or until the occurrence of one of the following events: CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring coronary revascularization, or ischemic stroke. IR was improved (HOMA-IR<2.5) after 6 months in 71 (41%) patients, whereas IR persisted in 104 (59%) patients. During the follow-up period, events occurred in 21 (20%) of the 104 patients with persistent IR and 3 (4%) of the 71 patients with improved IR (p<0.01). In multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazards analysis, persistent IR was an independent predictor of future CV events (HR 4.8, 95% CI 1.4-11.2, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of IR despite optimized therapies to reduce atherosclerotic risk factors represents an adverse outcome predictor in non-diabetic patients with CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan. Electronic address: yokitta@yamanashi.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitta
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sugamata
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Juntarou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-ei
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Obata
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kugiyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Atherosclerotic risk factors; Cardiovascular disease; Insulin resistance