title: Improved dispersion method of multi-wall carbon nanotube for inhalation toxicity studies of experimental animals.
abstract: A multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) product Mitsui MWNT-7 is a mixture of dispersed single fibers and their agglomerates/aggregates. In rodents, installation of such mixture induces inflammatory lesions triggered predominantly by the aggregates/agglomerates at the level of terminal bronchiole of the lungs. In human, however, pulmonary toxicity induced by dispersed single fibers that reached the lung alveoli is most important to assess. Therefore, a method to generate aerosol predominantly consisting of dispersed single fibers without changing their length and width is needed for inhalation studies. Here, we report a method (designated as Taquann method) to effectively remove the aggregate/agglomerates and enrich the well-dispersed singler fibers in dry state without dispersant and without changing the length and width distribution of the single fibers. This method is base on two major concept; liquid-phase fine filtration and critical point drying to avoid re-aggregation by surface tension. MWNT-7 was suspended in Tert-butyl alcohol, freeze-and-thawed, filtered by a vibrating 25 µm mesh Metallic Sieve, snap-frozen by liquid nitrogen, and vacuum-sublimated (an alternative method to carbon dioxide critical point drying). A newly designed direct injection system generated well-dispersed aerosol in an inhalation chamber. The lung of mice exposed to the aerosol contained single fibers with a length distribution similar to the original and the Taquann-treated sample. Taquann method utilizes inexpensive materials and equipments mostly found in common biological laboratories, and prepares dry powder ready to make well-dispersed aerosol. This method and the chamber with direct injection system would facilitate the inhalation toxicity studies more relevant to human exposure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuhji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taquahashi
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Atsuya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanno
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000371:Agglutination; D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D005374:Filtration; D005612:Freeze Drying; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D051379:Mice; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D020002:tert-Butyl Alcohol