title: The emergence of drug resistant HIV variants and novel anti-retroviral therapy.
abstract: After its identification in 1980s, HIV has infected more than 30 million people worldwide. In the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, anti-retroviral drug resistance results from insufficient anti-retroviral pressure, which may lead to treatment failure. Preliminary studies support the idea that anti-retroviral drug resistance has evolved largely as a result of low-adherence of patients to therapy and extensive use of anti-retroviral drugs in the developed world; however, a highly heterogeneous horde of viral quasi-species are currently circulating in developing nations. Thus, the prioritizing of strategies adopted in such two worlds should be quite different considering the varying anti-retroviral drug resistance prevalence. In this article, we explore differences in anti-retroviral drug resistance patterns between developed and developing countries, as they represent two distinct ecological niches of HIV from an evolutionary standpoint.
authors.affiliation: Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Koosha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paydary
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khaghani
authors.forename: Sahra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emamzadeh-Fard
authors.forename: Seyed Ahmad Seyed
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alinaghi
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baesi
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: Developed world; Developing world; Drug resistance; Evolution; HIV infection