title: Beat-to-Beat Variation in Periodicity of Local Calcium Releases Contributes to Intrinsic Variations of Spontaneous Cycle Length in Isolated Single Sinoatrial Node Cells.
abstract: Spontaneous, submembrane local Ca(2+) releases (LCRs) generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in sinoatrial nodal cells, the cells of the primary cardiac pacemaker, activate inward Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchange current to accelerate the diastolic depolarization rate, and therefore to impact on cycle length. Since LCRs are generated by Ca(2+) release channel (i.e. ryanodine receptor) openings, they exhibit a degree of stochastic behavior, manifested as notable cycle-to-cycle variations in the time of their occurrence.
  
  
  
  The present study tested whether variation in LCR periodicity contributes to intrinsic (beat-to-beat) cycle length variability in single sinoatrial nodal cells.
  
  
  
  We imaged single rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells using a 2D-camera to capture LCRs over the entire cell, and, in selected cells, simultaneously measured action potentials by perforated patch clamp.
  
  
  
  LCRs begin to occur on the descending part of the action potential-induced whole-cell Ca(2+) transient, at about the time of the maximum diastolic potential. Shortly after the maximum diastolic potential (mean 54±7.7 ms, n = 14), the ensemble of waxing LCR activity converts the decay of the global Ca(2+) transient into a rise, resulting in a late, whole-cell diastolic Ca(2+) elevation, accompanied by a notable acceleration in diastolic depolarization rate. On average, cells (n = 9) generate 13.2±3.7 LCRs per cycle (mean±SEM), varying in size (7.1±4.2 µm) and duration (44.2±27.1 ms), with both size and duration being greater for later-occurring LCRs. While the timing of each LCR occurrence also varies, the LCR period (i.e. the time from the preceding Ca(2+) transient peak to an LCR's subsequent occurrence) averaged for all LCRs in a given cycle closely predicts the time of occurrence of the next action potential, i.e. the cycle length.
  
  
  
  Intrinsic cycle length variability in single sinoatrial nodal cells is linked to beat-to-beat variations in the average period of individual LCRs each cycle.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America ; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Monfredi
authors.forename: Larissa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Maltseva
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boyett
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lakatta
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Maltsev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010507:Periodicity; D011817:Rabbits; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002118:Calcium