title: Affective temperaments are associated with specific clusters of symptoms and psychopathology: a cross-sectional study on bipolar disorder inpatients in acute manic, mixed, or depressive relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess whether different affective temperaments could be related to a specific mood disorder diagnosis and/or to different therapeutic choices in inpatients admitted for an acute relapse of their primary mood disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred and twenty-nine inpatients were consecutively assessed by means of the Structured and Clinical Interview for axis-I disorders/Patient edition and by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego auto-questionnaire, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Scale for Depression and for Anxiety, Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale, Clinical Global impression, Drug Attitude Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Symptoms Checklist-90 items version, along with records of clinical and demographic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following prevalence rates for axis-I mood diagnoses were detected: bipolar disorder type I (BD-I, 28%), type II (31%), type not otherwise specified (BD-NOS, 33%), major depressive disorder (4%), and schizoaffective disorder (4%). Mean scores on the hyperthymic temperament scale were significantly higher in BD-I and BD-NOS, and in mixed and manic acute states. Hyperthymic temperament was significantly more frequent in BD-I and BD-NOS patients, whereas depressive temperament in BD-II ones. Hyperthymic and irritable temperaments were found more frequently in mixed episodes, while patients with depressive and mixed episodes more frequently exhibited anxious and depressive temperaments. Affective temperaments were associated with specific symptom and psychopathology clusters, with an orthogonal subdivision between hyperthymic temperament and anxious/cyclothymic/depressive/irritable temperaments. Therapeutic choices were often poorly differentiated among temperaments and mood states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectional design; sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although replication studies are needed, current results suggest that temperament-specific clusters of symptoms severity and psychopathology domains could be described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology-University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy. Electronic address: felix_ias@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iasevoli
authors.affiliation: Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Giuseppe Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy; FoRiPsi, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valchera
authors.affiliation: Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Giuseppe Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Giovambattista
authors.affiliation: Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Giuseppe Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marconi
authors.affiliation: Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Giuseppe Hospital, Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Rapagnani
authors.affiliation: NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", Asl 4, Teramo, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Berardis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Education Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology-University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomasetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology-University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Buonaguro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Giannantonio
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perugi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology-University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Bartolomeis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Acute relapse; Alcohol abuse; Bipolar disorder type-I; Hyperthymic temperament; Inpatients; Mood disorders