title: Lithium alters the morphology of neurites regenerating from cultured adult spiral ganglion neurons.
abstract: The small-molecule drug lithium (as a monovalent ion) promotes neurite regeneration and functional recovery, is easy to administer, and is approved for human use to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium exerts its neuritogenic effect mainly by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3, a constitutively-active serine/threonine kinase that is regulated by neurotrophin and "wingless-related MMTV integration site" (Wnt) signaling. In spiral ganglion neurons of the cochlea, the effects of lithium and the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 have not been investigated. We, therefore, set out to test whether lithium modulates neuritogenesis from adult spiral ganglion neurons. Primary cultures of dissociated spiral ganglion neurons from adult mice were exposed to lithium at concentrations between 0 and 12.5 mM. The resulting neurite morphology and growth-cone appearance were measured in detail by using immunofluorescence microscopy and image analysis. We found that lithium altered the morphology of regenerating neurites and their growth cones in a differential, concentration-dependent fashion. Low concentrations of 0.5-2.5 mM (around the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for glycogen synthase kinase 3 and the recommended therapeutic serum concentration for bipolar disorder) enhanced neurite sprouting and branching. A high concentration of 12.5 mM, in contrast, slowed elongation. As the lithium concentration rose from low to high, the microtubules became increasingly disarranged and the growth cones more arborized. Our results demonstrate that lithium selectively stimulates phases of neuritogenesis that are driven by microtubule reorganization. In contrast, most other drugs that have previously been tested on spiral ganglion neurons are reported to inhibit neurite outgrowth or affect only elongation. Lithium sensitivity is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for the involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3. Our results are, therefore, consistent with, but do not prove lithium inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity in spiral ganglion neurons. Experiments with additional drugs and molecular-genetic tools will be necessary to test whether glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates neurite regeneration from spiral ganglion neurons, possibly by integrating neurotrophin and Wnt signals at the growth cone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kollmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
keywords: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; APC; C-domain; CRMP2; DAPI; GSK3; IC(50); MAP1B; PBS; RT-PCR; SGN; Wnt; adenomatosis polyposis coli; central domain; collapsin response mediator protein 2; glycogen synthase kinase 3; half-maximal inhibitory concentration; microtubule-associated protein 1B; phosphate-buffered saline; reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction; spiral ganglion neuron; wingless-related MMTV integration site