title: Ship management attitudes and their relation to behavior and performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to adapt the Crew Resource Management (CRM) Attitudes Questionnaire (CMAQ) to the maritime domain, to assess the ship management attitudes of junior naval officers, and to determine the extent to which these attitudes correlate with behavior and performance in a naval exercise.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CRM attitudes have been shown to be associated with performance in aviation, but it is unclear whether this construct is applicable and relevant to the maritime domain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 121 active seafarers and 101 junior officers of the German Navy who completed the Ship Management Attitudes Questionnaire-German Navy (SMAQ-GN). Ratings of nontechnical skills and ratings of mission success of the junior officers were collected during a real-world naval exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistencies of SMAQ-GN were similar to those of the original CMAQ and retest reliability was rather high. Attitudes of junior officers toward communication and coordination were positive. Regarding command responsibility and the recognition of stressor effects, positive as well as neutral and negative attitudes were found. Overall, attitudes did not correlate with behavior and performance. Separate analysis of those participants reporting negative to neutral ship management attitudes showed substantial positive correlations of attitudes with behavior and performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ship management attitudes play a significant role in commanding ships. The attitude-performance linkage is not linear. Behavior and performance are less effective in officers with negative attitudes and equally effective in officers with slightly positive and very positive attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ship management attitudes can be used to assess training needs for nautical teams.
authors.affiliation: German Naval Medical Institute, Department of Naval Psychology and Ergonomics, Kopperpahler Allee 120, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany. stefanroettger@bundeswehr.org
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Röttger
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.forename: Jens T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kowalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008891:Military Science; D011361:Professional Competence; D012767:Ships; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires