title: DMSO modifies the permeability of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) chorion-implications for the fish embryo test (FET).
abstract: Since 2007, when REACH came into force, the fish embryo test has received increasing attention as a potential alternative for the acute fish test. Due to its low toxicity and the ability to permeate biological membranes without significant damage to their structural integrity, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly used solvent in the fish embryo test. Little is known, however, about the membrane penetration properties of DMSO, the impact of different concentrations of DMSO on the potential barrier function of the zebrafish chorion and on changes in the uptake of chemicals into the embryo. Therefore, in the present study, the fluorescent dyes fluorescein (mol wt 332; Pow 3.4) and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (mol wt 401; Pow 4.7), both substances with limited water solubility, were used to visualize the uptake into the egg as well as the accumulation in the embryo of the zebrafish depending on different concentrations of DMSO. The distribution of fluorescein within the egg compartments varied with DMSO concentration: When dissolved in 0.01% DMSO, fluorescein did not pass the chorion. In contrast, concentrations ≥ 0.1% DMSO increasingly facilitated the uptake into the perivitelline space. In contrast, the uptake of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein was not substantially increased with rising DMSO concentrations, indicating the importance of factors other than the solvent (e.g. mol wt). With respect to the fish embryo test, results indicate that DMSO may be used without complications as a solvent, however, only at a maximum concentration of 0.01% (0.1 mL/L) as already indicated in the OECD difficult substances paper (OECD, 2000).
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. britta.kais@cos.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kais
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keiter
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braunbeck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002823:Chorion / Q000187:drug effects*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Chorion; DMSO; Fish embryo test; Fluorescence; Permeability; Zebrafish