title: Recovery of yttrium from cathode ray tubes and lamps' fluorescent powders: experimental results and economic simulation.
abstract: In this paper, yttrium recovery from fluorescent powder of lamps and cathode ray tubes (CRTs) is described. The process for treating these materials includes the following: (a) acid leaching, (b) purification of the leach liquors using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, (c) precipitation of yttrium using oxalic acid, and (d) calcinations of oxalates for production of yttrium oxides. Experimental results have shown that process conditions necessary to purify the solutions and recover yttrium strongly depend on composition of the leach liquor, in other words, whether the powder comes from treatment of CRTs or lamp. In the optimal experimental conditions, the recoveries of yttrium oxide are about 95%, 55%, and 65% for CRT, lamps, and CRT/lamp mixture (called MIX) powders, respectively. The lower yields obtained during treatments of MIX and lamp powders are probably due to the co-precipitation of yttrium together with other metals contained in the lamps powder only. Yttrium loss can be reduced to minimum changing the experimental conditions with respect to the case of the CRT process. In any case, the purity of final products from CRT, lamps, and MIX is greater than 95%. Moreover, the possibility to treat simultaneously both CRT and lamp powders is very important and interesting from an industrial point of view since it could be possible to run a single plant treating fluorescent powder coming from two different electronic wastes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering and Information and Economy, University of L'Aquila, via Giovanni Gronchi n.18, Nucleo Ind.le di Pile, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy. Electronic address: valentina.innocenzi1@univaq.it.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Innocenzi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Michelis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferella
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vegliò
mesh_terms: D055984:Cathode Ray Tube; D003198:Computer Simulation; D059029:Electronic Waste; D018803:Models, Economic; D015019:Yttrium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D015019:Yttrium
keywords: Cathode ray tubes (CRTs); Fluorescent lamps; WEEE; Yttrium