title: The non-Gaussian nature of prostate motion based on real-time intrafraction tracking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this work is to test the validity of the Gaussian approximation for prostate motion through characterization of its spatial distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time intrafraction prostate motion was observed using Calypso 4-dimensional (4D) nonradioactive electromagnetic tracking system. We report the results from a total of 1024 fractions from 31 prostate cancer patients. First, the correlation of prostate motion in right/left (RL), anteroposterior (AP), and superoinferior (SI) direction were determined using Pearson's correlation of coefficient. Then the spatial distribution of prostate motion was analyzed for individual fraction, individual patient including all fractions, and all patients including all fractions. The displacement in RL, AP, SI, oblique, or total direction is fitted into a Gaussian distribution, and a Lilliefors test was used to evaluate the validity of the hypothesis that the displacement is normally distributed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is high correlation in AP/SI direction (61% of fractions with medium or strong correlation). This is consistent with the longitudinal oblique motion of the prostate, and likely the effect from respiration on an organ confined within the genitourinary diaphragm with the rectum sitting posteriorly and bladder sitting superiorly. In all directions, the non-Gaussian distribution is more common for individual fraction, individual patient including all fractions, and all patients including all fractions. The spatial distribution of prostate motion shows an elongated shape in oblique direction, indicating a higher range of motion in the AP and SI directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the prostate motion is highly correlated in AP and SI direction, indicating an oblique motion preference. In addition, the spatial distribution of prostate motion is elongated in an oblique direction, indicating that the organ motion dosimetric modeling using Gaussian kernel may need to be modified to account for the particular organ motion character of prostate.
authors.affiliation: Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wells
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mohammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011467:Prostate; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results