title: The relation of linguistic awareness and vocabulary to word reading and spelling for first-grade students participating in response to intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relations of phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness and vocabulary to word reading and spelling were examined for 304 first-grade children who were receiving differentiated instruction in a Response to Intervention (RtI) model of instruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  First-grade children were assessed on their phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness; expressive vocabulary; word reading; and spelling. Year-end word reading and spelling were outcome variables, and phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness; expressive vocabulary; and RtI status (Tiers 1, 2, & 3) were predictor variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3 linguistic awareness skills were unique predictors of word reading, and phonological and orthographic awareness were unique predictors of spelling. The contributions that these linguistic awareness skills and vocabulary made to word reading and spelling did not differ by children's RtI tier status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that even beginning readers and spellers draw on multiple linguistic awareness skills for their word reading and spelling regardless of their level of literacy abilities. Educational implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Young-Suk Kim: ykim@fcrr.org.
authors.forename: Young-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kenn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Apel
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Otaiba
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States; D013067:Speech Perception; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: RtI; metalinguistic awareness; spelling; vocabulary; word reading