title: Practices and impact of primary outcome adjustment in randomized controlled trials: meta-epidemiologic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess adjustment practices for primary outcomes of randomized controlled trials and their impact on the results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-epidemiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  25 biomedical journals with the highest impact factor according to Journal Citation Reports 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials published in print in 2009 that reported primary outcomes. The search yielded 684 eligible papers of randomized controlled trials, of which 200 were randomly selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two researchers independently extracted data on study population, intervention, primary outcome, and the adjustment plan for primary outcomes. They also recorded the magnitude and statistical significance of the intervention effect with and without adjustments, and estimated whether adjustment made a difference in the level of nominal significance. They also compared the analysis plan for model adjustment in the published trial versus the trial protocol with information on the protocol collected from registries, design papers, and communication with all corresponding authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  54% of the trials used stratified randomization, 96% presented baseline characteristics in the compared arms, and 46% also evaluated differences in baseline factors with statistical testing. Half of the trials performed adjusted analyses for the main outcome, as the sole analysis (29%) or along with unadjusted analyses (21%). Adjustment for stratification variables and for baseline variables was performed in 39% (42/108) and 42% (84/199) of the trials, respectively. Among 40 comparisons with both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, 43% had statistically significant effects, 40% had non-significant effects, and 18% had significant effects with only one of the two analyses, but not with the other. Information on analysis plan regarding model adjustment was available in 6% (9/162) of trial registry entries, 78% (21/27) of design papers, and 74% (40/54) of protocols obtained from authors. The analysis plan disagreed between the published trial and the registry, protocol, or design paper in 47% (28/60) of the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is large diversity on whether and how analyses of primary outcomes are adjusted in randomized controlled trials and these choices can sometimes change the nominal significance of the results. Registered protocols should explicitly specify adjustments plans for main outcomes and analysis should follow these plans.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Nazmus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saquib
authors.forename: Juliann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saquib
authors.forename: John P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
mesh_terms: D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012042:Registries