title: The impact of transfer setup on the performance of independent wheelchair transfers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine how selected environmental factors affect transfers and to compare our results to the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Few data are available to support standards development related to transfers in the built environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 120 wheeled mobility device (WMD) users who transferred to and from a modular transfer station that consisted of a height-adjustable platform with a lateral grab bar, optional obstacle to the transfer, and an optional height-adjustable front grab bar. Maximum and minimum vertical heights of the transfer surface, maximum gap distance between the WMD and transfer surface, grab bar use, and WMD space needs were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 95th percentile lowest and highest heights attained were similar to the median WMD seat-to-floor height (56 cm).We found that 42% (47/113) could not perform a transfer with the obstacle present. Participants transferred higher when the front grab bar was added to the setup (p = .005) and higher and lower with the front grab bar than without it when the obstacle was present in the setup (p = .003 and p = .005, respectively). We found that 95% of participants performed a transfer across an 8.9-cm gap. ADAAG recommendations fall short for the height and clear-space needs of the 50th-percentile WMD users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Revisions concerning transfer heights, gaps, clear spaces, and grab bar heights are necessary to make transfers more accessible to WMD users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data will be used to revise the guidelines related to transfers and to enable designers and engineers to create an environment that is more accessible.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, 6425 Penn Ave., Suite 400 (151R-B), Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000592:standards; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014481:United States; D014910:Wheelchairs