title: Massive presacral bleeding during rectal surgery: from anatomy to clinical practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate control of two different types of massive presacral bleeding according to the anatomy of the presacral venous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed in 1628 patients with middle or low rectal carcinoma who were treated surgically in the Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China from January 2008 to December 2012. In four of these patients, the presacral venous plexus (n = 2) or basivertebral veins (n = 2) were injured with massive presacral bleeding during mobilization of the rectum. The first two patients with low rectal carcinoma were operated upon by a junior associate professor and the source of bleeding was the presacral venous plexus. The other two patients with recurrent rectal carcinoma were both women and the source of bleeding was the basivertebral veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two different techniques were used to control the bleeding. In the first two patients with massive bleeding from the presacral venous plexus, we used suture ligation around the venous plexus in the area with intact presacral fascia that communicated with the site of bleeding (surrounding suture ligation). In the second two patients with massive bleeding from the basivertebral veins, the pelvis was packed with gauze, which resulted in recurrent bleeding as soon as it was removed. Following this, we used electrocautery applied through one epiploic appendix pressed with a long Kelly clamp over the bleeding sacral neural foramen where was felt like a pit Electrocautery adjusted to the highest setting was then applied to the clamp to "weld" closed the bleeding point. Postoperatively, the blood loss was minimal and the drain tube was removed on days 4-7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surrounding suture ligation and epiploic appendices welding are effective techniques for controlling massive presacral bleeding from presacral venous plexus and sacral neural foramen, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rong-Gui
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Chuan-Gang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002681:China; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum / Q000098:blood supply*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Massive presacral bleeding; Rectal surgery; Suture ligation; Welding