title: Validity and reliability of the Berg Balance Scale for community-dwelling persons with lower-limb amputation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for use in people with lower-limb amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (N=30; age, 54±12y; 20 men) with unilateral transtibial (n=13), unilateral transfemoral (n=14), or bilateral (n=3) lower-limb amputation of dysvascular (n=7), traumatic (n=14), infectious (n=6), or congenital (n=3) origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  BBS, 2-minute walk test, L test, Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire-Mobility Subscale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and Frenchay Activities Index; self-reported descriptors were also collected, including frequency of prosthesis use, number of falls in 12 months before the visit, fear of falling, and daily mobility aid use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BBS had high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient =.945) and internal consistency (α=.827). Relations between the BBS scores and those of other outcome measures were all statistically significant (P≤.001). Significant group differences in BBS scores were observed for fear of falling (P=.008) and mobility aid use (P<.001), but not for multiple (≥2) falls in the previous 12 months (P=.381). BBS items involving reaching forward, turning 360°, tandem standing, and standing on 1 leg had relatively greater frequencies of lower scores across participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BBS appears to be a valid and reliable clinical instrument for assessing balance in individuals with lower-limb amputation, but it may not be able to discriminate between individuals with greater or lesser fall risk. Limitations in prosthetic motion and control may be responsible for the challenges experienced on items of lower performance. Future studies would be useful to assess the responsiveness of the BBS to interventions aimed at improving balance in individuals with lower-limb amputation.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: Matthew-Major@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Major
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fatone
authors.forename: Elliot J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: 2-minute walk test; 2MWT; ABC; Activities-specific Balance Confidence; Amputees; BBS; Berg Balance Scale; FAI; Frenchay Activities Index; LLA; Outcome measures; PEQ-MS; Postural balance; Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire-Mobility Subscale; ROM; Rehabilitation; lower-limb amputation; range of motion