title: HIV-1 clade B pol evolution following primary infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterize intra-individual HIV-1 subtype B pol evolution in antiretroviral naive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal cohort study of individuals enrolled during primary infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible individuals were antiretroviral naïve participants enrolled in the cohort from December 1997-December 2005 and having at least two blood samples available with the first one collected within a year of their estimated date of infection. Population-based pol sequences were generated from collected blood samples and analyzed for genetic divergence over time in respect to dual infection status, HLA, CD4 count and viral load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  93 participants were observed for a median of 1.8 years (Mean = 2.2 years, SD =1.9 years). All participants classified as mono-infected had less than 0.7% divergence between any two of their pol sequences using the Tamura-Nei model (TN93), while individuals with dual infection had up to 7.0% divergence. The global substitution rates (substitutions/nucleotide/year) for mono and dually infected individuals were significantly different (p<0.001); however, substitution rates were not associated with HLA haplotype, CD4 or viral load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even after a maximum of almost 9 years of follow-up, all mono-infected participants had less than 1% divergence between baseline and longitudinal sequences, while participants with dual infection had 10 times greater divergence. These data support the use of HIV-1 pol sequence data to evaluate transmission events, networks and HIV-1 dual infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California United States of America.
authors.forename: George K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hightower
authors.forename: Susanne J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Josué
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Santiago
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pacold
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: Sanjay R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Davey M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sergei L Kosakovsky
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens