title: Gender specific age-related changes in bone density, muscle strength and functional performance in the elderly: a-10 year prospective population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related losses in bone mineral density (BMD), muscle strength, balance, and gait have been linked to an increased risk of falls, fractures and disability, but few prospective studies have compared the timing, rate and pattern of changes in each of these measures in middle-aged and older men and women. This is important so that targeted strategies can be developed to optimise specific musculoskeletal and functional performance measures in older adults. Thus, the aim of this 10-year prospective study was to: 1) characterize and compare age- and gender-specific changes in BMD, grip strength, balance and gait in adults aged 50 years and over, and 2) compare the relative rates of changes between each of these musculoskeletal and functional parameters with ageing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (n = 152) and women (n = 206) aged 50, 60, 70 and 80 years recruited for a population-based study had forearm BMD, grip strength, balance and gait velocity re-assessed after 10-years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual loss in BMD was 0.5-0.7% greater in women compared to men aged 60 years and older (p < 0.05- < 0.001), but there were no gender differences in the rate of loss in grip strength, balance or gait. From the age of 50 years there was a consistent pattern of loss in grip strength, while the greatest deterioration in balance and gait occurred from 60 and 70 years onwards, respectively. Comparison of the changes between the different measures revealed that the annual loss in grip strength in men and women aged <70 years was 1-3% greater than the decline in BMD, balance and gait velocity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no gender differences in the timing (age) and rate (magnitude) of decline in grip strength, balance or gait in Swedish adults aged 50 years and older, but forearm BMD decreased at a greater rate in women than in men. Furthermore, there was heterogeneity in the rate of loss between the different musculoskeletal and function parameters, especially prior to the age of 70 years, with grip strength deteriorating at a greater rate than BMD, balance and gait.
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Bjorn E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Gayani
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alwis
authors.forename: Henrik G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahlborg
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sernbo
authors.forename: Magnus K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology