title: Postural abnormality as a risk marker for leg deep venous thrombosis in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary thromboembolism is a common cause of death in patients with autopsy-confirmed Parkinsonism. This study investigated the incidence of leg deep vein thrombosis in Parkinson's disease and relationships between deep vein thrombosis and clinical/laboratory findings, including postural abnormalities as assessed by photographic measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study assessed the presence of deep vein thrombosis using bilateral leg Doppler ultrasonography in 114 asymptomatic outpatients with Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deep vein thrombosis was detected in 23 patients (20%) with Parkinson's disease. Deep vein thrombosis was located in the distal portion in 18 patients and in the proximal portion in 5 patients. No significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, disease duration, Hoehn-Yahr stage, anti-Parkinson's drugs, or daily levodopa-equivalent dose were seen between deep vein thrombosis-positive and -negative groups. Univariate analysis for developing deep vein thrombosis in patients with Parkinson's disease identified the following markers: long-term wheelchair use, bent knee, bent spine, and D-dimer elevation. Bending angles were significantly greater in the deep vein thrombosis-positive group at the knee and spine than in the deep vein thrombosis-negative group. Half of Parkinson's disease patients with camptocormia had deep vein thrombosis. Among diabetes mellitus cases, long-term wheelchair use, bent knee over 15°, camptocormia, D-dimer elevation, the more risk markers were associated with a higher incidence of DVT. The presence of risk markers contributed to the development of deep vein thrombosis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, a bent knee posture was strongly associated with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of leg deep vein thrombosis correlated with postural abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. We recommend non-invasive ultrasonographic screening for leg deep vein thrombosis in these high-risk patients with Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, the First Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: Fumiharu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Unoda
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Hideto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanafusa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011187:Posture; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014910:Wheelchairs