title: Delayed perforation after percutaneous coronary intervention: rare and potentially lethal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac tamponade is a grave but fortunately uncommon complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Few studies have specifically addressed angiographic characteristics and outcomes associated with delayed cardiac tamponade after PCI. With the current study we tried to define the incidence of this complication and to characterize the events in order to improve our understanding of the likely mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed 23,399 PCIs performed at our institution during an 8-year period (1999-2006) and we present 10 cases of delayed tamponade. A brief description of each case is provided and findings from retrospective review of the coronary angiography, as well as features of PCI complexity are presented. Also, we summarize the procedural characteristics and outcomes. Delayed perforations are rare and possibly preventable. They usually occur after complex interventions and mostly attributed to distal wire perforations. Surgical intervention is needed less often today than before. Successful pericardiocentesis is of paramount importance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential lethal outcome associated with delayed tamponade emphasizes the importance of taking steps to prevent this complication. First, prevention and, second, prompt treatment should be the goal, with the use of appropriate technique, clinical awareness, and vigilance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Interventional Services New York, Lenox Hill Hospital, Heart and Vascular Institute of New York, New York.
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stathopoulos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kossidas
authors.forename: Kirk N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Garratt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020519:Pericardiocentesis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: CAD-coronary artery disease; COMP-complications adult cath/intervention; PCI-percutaneous coronary intervention; PERF-perforation