title: Effects of five antifouling biocides on settlement and growth of zoospores from the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca L.
abstract: Antifouling biocides are found in the marine ecosystem were they can affect non-target organisms. In this study the effects of five antifouling biocides on the settlement and growth of Ulva lactuca zoospores were investigated. The biocides investigated were copper (Cu(2+)), 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (DCOIT), triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), tolylfluanid and medetomidine. Full concentration-response curves where determined for each compound. EC50 values were determined for copper, DCOIT, TPBP and tolylfluanid, all of which inhibited settlement and growth in a concentration dependent manner with the following toxicity ranking; tolylfluanid (EC50 80 nmol L(-1)) ~ DCOIT (EC50 83 nmol L(-1)) > TPBP (EC50 400 nmol L(-1)) > Cu(2+) (EC50 2,000 nmol L(-1)). Medetomidine inhibited settlement and growth only at the extreme concentration of 100,000 nmol L(-1) (93% effect). The low toxicity is possibly a consequence of a lack of receptors that medetomidine can bind to in the U. lactuca zoospores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden, ida.wendt@bioenv.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Arrhenius
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Backhaus
authors.forename: Annelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilvarsson
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Timur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tunovic
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanck
mesh_terms: D001880:Boranes / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity; D044445:Ulva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001880:Boranes; D004202:Disinfectants; D011725:Pyridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C577849:pyridine triphenylborane; D003300:Copper