title: Evaluation of the efficacy of a combination of diltiazem and periprostatic nerve block in pain control during transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy of the prostate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The choice of analgesia during prostate biopsy remains controversial. The pain has dual origin: from the insertion of the probe as well as the biopsy itself. Periprostatic nerve block (PPNB) is currently the gold standard modality for decreasing pain of prostate biopsy but it does not alleviate the pain of probe insertion. A randomised controlled trial was performed to test the efficacy and safety of the combination of topical application of diltiazem gel and PPNB for pain control during transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 73 patients who were to undergo their first prostate biopsy were randomised to receive either 2ml of 2% topical diltiazem gel or a placebo 15 minutes before the biopsy. All the patients then had a PPNB using 1% lignocaine. A ten- point visual analogue scale was used to record the pain immediately after the insertion of the probe and during the biopsy. Any adverse effects were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the mean age and prostate volumes between the groups. There was a significantly lower mean pain score due to probe insertion in those patients who received topical diltiazem than in the placebo group (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between the pain scores during the biopsy itself between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical diltiazem significantly reduces the pain of probe insertion during prostate biopsy and can be used effectively as an adjuvant to PPNB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Beniapukur, Kolkata - 700 014, India. drtarunjindal@gmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karmakar
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005782:Gels; D008012:Lidocaine; D004110:Diltiazem