title: Long-term use of heat and moisture exchangers among laryngectomees: medical, social, and psychological patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After laryngectomy, pulmonary protection is mostly acquired by means of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) that is placed on an airtight seal around the stoma. The effects of HMEs on the tracheal climate have been well described, and the filtration effect of an HME with an electrostatic filter has been described in vitro. The effects of HME use in patients have been documented in several trials in different countries. The follow-up time of the patients in these trials, however, is limited. Less is known about long-term use of HMEs, and studies describing long-term compliance with HME use are scarce. This study investigated the long-term use of HMEs in laryngectomees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were sent to 195 laryngectomees, and 75 questionnaires were returned.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 85% of the respondents used an HME, of whom 77% were compliant users (ie, use for more than 20 hours per day). The incidence of pulmonary illnesses (either before or after surgery) was about 25%. More than 90% of the respondents were heavy smokers before laryngectomy. One third of the respondents are regularly exposed to dusty environments. Compliant HME users tend to make less use of external humidifiers and vaporizers, and have better pulmonary status and lower health-care costs. Regarding quality of life, patients who use a FreeHands device tended to have more frequent social contacts (r = 0.251; p = 0.030). The prevalence of depression is high, pointing to an urgent need to recognize and treat psychiatric problems such as depression and suicidal ideation in this patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have implications for any postlaryngectomy research that uses pulmonary parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bogaardt
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van As-Brooks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007825:Laryngectomy / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011788:Quality of Life