title: Properties of screen printed electrocardiography smartware electrodes investigated in an electro-chemical cell.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ECG (Electrocardiogram) measurements in home health care demands new sensor solutions. In this study, six different configurations of screen printed conductive ink electrodes have been evaluated with respect to electrode potential variations and electrode impedance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electrode surfaces consisted of a Ag/AgCl-based ink with a conduction line of carbon or Ag-based ink underneath. On top, a lacquer layer was used to define the electrode area and to cover the conduction lines. Measurements were performed under well-defined electro-chemical conditions in a physiologic saline solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that all printed electrodes were stable and have a very small potential drift (less than 3 mV/30 min). The contribution to the total impedance was 2% of the set maximal allowed impedance (maximally 1 kΩ at 50 Hz), assuming common values of input impedance and common mode rejection ratio of a regular amplifier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our conclusions are that the tested electrodes show satisfying properties to be used as elements in a skin electrode design that could be suitable for further investigations by applying the electrodes on the skin.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rattfält
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Björefors
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Petronella
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ask
mesh_terms: D017097:Electric Impedance; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D011327:Printing; D012834:Silver; D018030:Silver Compounds; D012867:Skin; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D018030:Silver Compounds; D012834:Silver; C037548:silver chloride