title: POINT-OF-CARE HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION TESTING IN PRIMARY, RURAL EMERGENCY, AND DISASTER CARE SCENARIOS.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to review current principles and criteria for obtaining Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA '88) waiver, identify existing point-of-care (POC) coagulation and hematology technologies, and analyze regulatory challenges regarding CLIA-waiver for those and future devices. CLIA '88 documentation requires tests performed by laboratories with a Certificate of Waiver to be so simple that the likelihood of erroneous results by the user is negligible, or poses no unreasonable risk of harm to the patient if performed incorrectly as determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. "Simple" means that the test uses unprocessed samples, has a direct read-out of test results, does not have specifications for user training, and includes instructions for confirmatory testing when advisable. Currently the CLIA-waived hematology and coagulation POC devices only test for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR). The problem with these devices is the lack of multiplexing. POC coagulation and hematology devices face challenges for obtaining a waiver. These challenges include the lack of clinical needs assessment, miniturized assays that correct for interfering substances, and assays simple enough to be combined in a multiplex platform. Several scenarios demonstrate how POC coagulation or hematology devices can improve crisis care. Industry should perform needs assessment on clinicians and emergency responders to determine which analytes to incorporate on multiplex POC coagulation and hematology devices, and produce devices that address confounding factors.
authors.affiliation: Point-of-Care Testing Center for Teaching and Research (POCT•CTR), and the UC Davis Point-of-Care Technologies Center [NIBIB, NIH]; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA 95616.
authors.forename: Corbin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Gerald J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kost
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sonu
authors.forename: Erika B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ammirati
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sumner
keywords: Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA ’88) waiver; Clinical needs assessment (CNA); Food and Drug Administration (FDA); accuracy; confounding factors