title: Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and inflammatory gene expression in the duodenum of obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) from fish oil such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert their anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating intestinal inflammation in humans is unknown. We investigated the impact of LCn-3PUFA supplementation on inflammatory gene expression in the duodenum of obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This placebo-controlled randomized crossover study included 12 men with type 2 diabetes. After a 4-week run-in period, patients received in a random sequence 5 g/d of fish oil (providing 3 g of EPA + DHA) and a placebo (corn and soybean oil) for 8 weeks each. The two treatment phases were separated by a 12-week washout period. Gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in duodenal biopsy samples obtained in the fasted state at the end of each treatment phase. Intestinal mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α were hardly detectable after either treatment (<100 copies/105 copies of the reference gene ATP5o). Intestinal mRNA expression of IL-18 and of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was higher (>5000 copies/105 copies ATP5o) but still relatively low. EPA + DHA supplementation had no impact on any of these levels (all P ≥ 0.73).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that duodenal cells gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is low in patients with type 2 diabetes and not affected by EPA + DHA supplementation. Further studies are warranted to determine if inflammatory gene expression in other tissues surrounding the intestine is modulated by EPA + DHA supplementation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01449773.
authors.forename: Marie-Ève
authors.initials: MÈ
authors.lastname: Labonté
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: André J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hogue
authors.forename: Valéry
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lemelin
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamarche
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D005395:Fish Oils; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C494086:STAT3 protein, human