title: Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of two distinct interconvertible DNA methylomes of mouse embryonic stem cells.
abstract: The use of two kinase inhibitors (2i) enables derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the pluripotent ground state. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), we show that male 2i ESCs are globally hypomethylated compared to conventional ESCs maintained in serum. In serum, female ESCs are hypomethyated similarly to male ESCs in 2i, and DNA methylation is further reduced in 2i. Regions with elevated DNA methylation in 2i strongly correlate with the presence of H3K9me3 on endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and imprinted loci. The methylome of male ESCs in serum parallels postimplantation blastocyst cells, while 2i stalls ESCs in a hypomethylated, ICM-like state. WGBS analysis during adaptation of 2i ESCs to serum suggests that deposition of DNA methylation is largely random, while loss of DNA methylation during reversion to 2i occurs passively, initiating at TET1 binding sites. Together, our analysis provides insight into DNA methylation dynamics in cultured ESCs paralleling early developmental processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences NCMLS, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Habibi
authors.forename: Arie B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arand
authors.forename: Leonie I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Kroeze
authors.forename: Hindrik H D
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kerstens
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matarese
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lepikhov
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brun-Heath
authors.forename: Nina C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Hubner
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altucci
authors.forename: Joop H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Ivo G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Hendrik G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Stunnenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D056466:Histone Demethylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013447:Sulfites / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D013447:Sulfites; C540839:TET1 protein, mouse; D056466:Histone Demethylases; C042345:hydrogen sulfite