title: Candida albicans induces pro-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic signals in macrophages as revealed by quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics.
abstract: Macrophages play a pivotal role in the prevention of Candida albicans infections. Yeast recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages is mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that initiate downstream signal transduction cascades by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. We exposed RAW 264.7 macrophages to C. albicans for 3h and used SILAC to quantify macrophage proteins and phosphoproteins by mass spectrometry to study the effects of infection. We identified 53 macrophage up-regulated proteins and 15 less abundant in the presence of C. albicans out of a total of 2071 identified proteins. 922 unique protein phosphorylation sites were identified by phosphopeptide enrichment and mass spectrometry, including 327 previously unidentified mouse protein phosphorylation sites. 126 peptides showed an increase and 70 a decrease in their phosphorylation level. The majority of the differentially expressed and phosphorylated proteins are receptors, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factor activators involved in inflammatory and oxidative responses. In addition, we identified 22 proteins and phosphoproteins related to apoptosis. The analysis of apoptotic markers revealed that anti-apoptotic signals prevailed during the interaction of the yeast. Our proteomics study suggests that besides inflammation, apoptosis is a central pathway in the immune defense against C. albicans infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work uses SILAC and SIMAC methodology combined with CPP (+ TiO2) to study protein and phosphopeptide changes in RAW 264.7 macrophages in response to coincubation with Candida albicans for 3h. We show that the presence of C. albicans induces inflammatory responses and inhibits apoptosis in the macrophages. Our phosphoproteomic analysis identified 327 new mouse protein phosphorylation sites.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reales-Calderón
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sylvester
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strijbis
authors.forename: Ole N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nombela
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.forename: Concha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D040901:Proteomics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014746:Vimentin / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D010455:Peptides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014746:Vimentin
keywords: Apoptosis; CPP; Calcium Phosphate Precipitation; Candida albicans; IL; IMAC; Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography; Inflammation; Interleukin; MAPK; Macrophage; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; PAMPs; PRRs; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns; Pattern Recognition Receptors; Phosphoproteomic; SILAC; SIMAC; Sequential Elution from IMAC; Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in cell Culture; TUNEL; Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling; TiO(2); Titanium Dioxide; YPD; Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose