title: Freshwater microalgae harvested via flocculation induced by pH decrease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have demonstrated that microalga has been widely regarded as one of the most promising raw materials of biofuels. However, lack of an economical, efficient and convenient method to harvest microalgae is a bottleneck to boost their full-scale application. Many methods of harvesting microalgae, including mechanical, electrical, biological and chemical based, have been studied to overcome this hurdle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new flocculation method induced by decreasing pH value of growth medium was developed for harvesting freshwater microalgae. The flocculation efficiencies were as high as 90% for Chlorococcum nivale, Chlorococcum ellipsoideum and Scenedesmus sp. with high biomass concentrations (>1g/L). The optimum flocculation efficiency was achieved at pH 4.0. The flocculation mechanism could be that the carboxylate ions of organic matters adhering on microalgal cells accepted protons when pH decreases and the negative charges were neutralized, resulting in disruption of the dispersing stability of cells and subsequent flocculation of cells. A linear correlation between biomass concentration and acid dosage was observed. Furthermore, viability of flocculated cells was determined by Evans Blue assay and few cells were found to be damaged with pH decrease. After neutralizing pH and adding nutrients to the flocculated medium, microalgae were proved to maintain a similar growth yield in the flocculated medium comparing with that in the fresh medium. The recycling of medium could contribute to the economical production from algae to biodiesel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study provided an economical, efficient and convenient method to harvest fresh microalgae. Advantages include capability of treating high cell biomass concentrations (>1g/L), excellent flocculation efficiencies (≥ 90%), operational simplicity, low cost and recycling of medium. It has shown the potential to overcome the hurdle of harvesting microalgae to promote full-scale application to biofuels from microalgae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Jiexia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Yujun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Yuanming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Aifen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Chengwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang