title: Assessment of risk factors of helicobacter pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a risk factor for peptic ulcer. There have been no studies addressing environmental and dietary risk factors in western India. We conducted a case control study enrolling peptic ulcer patients in Pune, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk factors for peptic ulcer and H. pylori infection were assessed in a participant interview. H. pylori status was assessed from stool by monoclonal antigen detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 190 peptic ulcer, 35 stomach cancer patients, and 125 controls. Fifty-one percent (180/350) of the participants were infected with H. pylori. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) [odds ratio (OR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.39], meat consumption (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.30-4.23), smoking (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.24-4.02), eating restaurant food (OR: 3.77, 95% CI: 1.39-10.23), and drinking nonfiltered or nonboiled water (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01-1.23) were risk factors for H. pylori infection. H. pylori infection (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.03-2.89), meat (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.75), fish (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.89) consumption, and a family history of ulcer (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08-1.60) were risk factors for peptic ulcer. Consumption of chili peppers (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.10-0.37) and parasite infestation (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.24-0.80) were protective against H. pylori infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. pylori infection is associated with peptic ulcer. Lower SES, consumption of restaurant food, meat, nonfiltered water, and smoking are risk factors for H. pylori. Consumption of meat, fish, and a family history of peptic ulcer are risk factors for peptic ulcer. Consumption of chili peppers and concurrent parasite infestation appear to be protective against H. pylori.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Evidence Based Medicine and Health Outcomes Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mhaskar
authors.forename: Izurieta
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ricardo
authors.forename: Azizan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azliyati
authors.forename: Rajaram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laxminarayan
authors.forename: Bapaye
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amol
authors.forename: Walujkar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Santosh
authors.forename: Kwa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boo
keywords: Case control study; Chili peppers; Helicobacter pylori; India; Parasites; Pune