title: Mediastinal staging in daily practice: endosonography, followed by cervical mediastinoscopy. Do we really need both?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with lung cancer, endosonography has emerged as a minimally invasive method to obtain cytological proof of mediastinal lymph nodes, suspicious for metastases on imaging. In case of a negative result, it is currently recommended that a cervical mediastinoscopy be performed additionally. However, in daily practice, a second procedure is often regarded superfluous. The goal of our study was to assess the additional value of a cervical mediastinoscopy, after a negative result of endosonography, in routine clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective cohort study, the records of 147 consecutive patients with an indication for mediastinal lymph node staging and a negative result of endosonography were analysed. As a subsequent procedure, 124 patients underwent a cervical mediastinoscopy and 23 patients were scheduled for an intended curative resection directly. The negative predictive value (NPV) for both diagnostic procedures was determined, as well as the number of patients who needed to undergo a mediastinoscopy to find one false-negative result of endosonography (number needed to treat (NNT)). Clinical data of patients with a false-negative endosonography were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When using cervical mediastinoscopy as the gold standard, the NPV for endosonography was 88.7%, resulting in a NNT of 8.8 patients. For patients with fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography positive mediastinal lymph nodes, the NNT was 6.1. Overall, a futile thoracotomy could be prevented in 50% of patients by an additional mediastinoscopy. A representative lymph node aspirate, containing adequate numbers of lymphocytes, did not exclude metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with a high probability of mediastinal metastases, based on imaging, and negative endosonography, cervical mediastinoscopy should not be omitted, not even when the aspirate seems representative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ad F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: Olga C J
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Schuurbiers
authors.forename: Monika G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Looijen-Salamon
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: van der Heide
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Swieten
authors.forename: Erik H F M
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008481:Mediastinoscopy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods*; D061366:Numbers Needed To Treat; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D020535:Video-Assisted Surgery
keywords: Endosonography; Lung cancer; Mediastinal staging; Mediastinoscopy