title: Tumour oxygenation: implications for breast cancer prognosis.
abstract: There are areas of limited oxygen availability in most solid tumours, including breast cancer. Hypoxia in solid tumours is mainly a consequence of poor perfusion. Structural and functional abnormalities of newly formed tumour vessels cause spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tissue perfusion. The two principal mediators of hypoxia response, HIF-1 and HIF-2, are known to be stabilized at different oxygen levels and to have different temporal responses to hypoxia. Recently, stromal HIF-1 and HIF-2 have been suggested to have opposing roles in breast cancer progression. There is an established link between intralesional, severe hypoxia near areas of necrosis with high levels of HIF-1 and poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, the biological effects of moderate hypoxia and the hypoxic response of stromal cells are currently topics of intense investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. helene.rundqvist@ki.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rundqvist
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human
keywords: breast cancer; hypoxia; metastasis; microenvironment