title: Psychological and neuropsychological correlates of dependence-related behaviour in medication overuse headaches: a one year follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication Overuse Headache (MOH) can be related in some patients to dependence-related behaviour characterised by craving, a deficit in controlling substance intake, which is associated to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. The aim of this study was to explore the psychological correlates in MOH patients and the functioning of the OFC through neuropsychological assessment (Iowa Gambling Task: IGT) and to relate it to prognosis at a one year follow-up point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen subjects suffering from probable MOH were included and compared to 19 migraineurs and to 17 controls. The results show significant between group differences for behavioural dependence, depression, anxiety, catastrophizing. There were no between group differences for impulsivity. Mean IGT score did not allow differentiation of MOH patients from the other groups, whereas the score was significantly different between opiate abusers and other medication abusers (45 +/-5.7 versus 57.1 +/-8.2, p = 0.019). Among the clinical variables rated at inclusion, the amount of acute headache medication taken per month was the only one predicting the prognosis (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1-1.06, p = 0.04). A slight increase in risk of relapse at 1 year was observed in patients with poorer IGT scores (RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.85-1, p = 0.05) and higher behavioural-dependence scores (RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1-1.14, p = 0.05). None of the other psychological variables predicted relapse risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results must be interpreted with caution due to the low number of subjects. They showed a deficit in decision making processes in MOH patients who overuse medications containing psychoactive substances like opiates. Moreover dependence-related variables are related to the prognosis.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Radat
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chanraud
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Scala
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dousset
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid