title: Effects of dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine HCl on the metabolic response to handling in finishing pigs.
abstract: Two experiments (384 pigs; C22 × L326; PIC) were conducted to determine the interactive effect of dietary L-carnitine and ractopamine HCl (RAC) on the metabolic response of pigs to handling. Experiments were arranged as split-split plots with handling as the main plot and diets as subplots (4 pens per treatment). Dietary L-carnitine (0 or 50 mg/kg) was fed from 36.0 kg to the end of the experiments (118 kg), and RAC (0 or 20 mg/kg) was fed the last 4 wk of each experiment. At the end of each experiment, 4 pigs per pen were assigned to 1 of 2 handling treatments. Gently handled pigs were moved at a moderate walking pace 3 times through a 50-m course and up and down a 15° loading ramp. Aggressively handled pigs were moved as fast as possible 3 times through the same course, but up and down a 30° ramp, and shocked 3 times with an electrical prod. Blood was collected immediately before and after handling in Exp. 1 and immediately after and 1 h after handling in Exp. 2. Feeding RAC increased (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F, but there was no effect (P > 0.10) of L-carnitine on growth performance. In Exp. 1 and 2, aggressive handling increased (P < 0.01) blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate, cortisol, and rectal temperature and decreased blood pH. In Exp. 1, there was a RAC × handling interaction (P < 0.06) for the difference in pre- and posthandling blood pH and rectal temperature. Aggressively handled pigs fed RAC had decreased blood pH and increased rectal temperature compared with gently handled pigs, demonstrating the validity of the handling model. Pigs fed RAC had increased (P < 0.01) LDH compared with pigs not fed RAC. Pigs fed L-carnitine had increased (P < 0.03) lactate compared with pigs not fed L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, pigs fed RAC had lower (P < 0.02) blood pH immediately after handling, but pH returned to control levels by 1 h posthandling. Lactate, LDH, cortisol, and rectal temperature changes from immediately posthandling to 1 h posthandling were not different (P > 0.10) between pigs fed L-carnitine and those fed RAC, indicating that L-carnitine did not decrease recovery time of pigs subjected to aggressive handling. These results suggest that pigs fed 20 mg/kg of RAC are more susceptible to stress when handled aggressively compared with pigs not fed RAC. Dietary L-carnitine fed in combination with RAC did not alleviate the effects of stress. This research emphasizes the importance of using proper animal handling techniques when marketing finishing pigs fed RAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA.
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tokach
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodband
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nelssen
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dritz
authors.forename: K Q
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sulabo
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002331:Carnitine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D007615:Kansas; D008297:Male; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine; D002331:Carnitine