title: Community-wide assessment of pollen limitation in hummingbird-pollinated plants of a tropical montane rain forest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although pollen limitation of reproduction (PL) has been widely studied, our understanding of its occurrence in tropical communities, especially for bird-pollinated plants, is underdeveloped. In addition, inclusion of both quantity and quality aspects in studies of PL are generally lacking. Within hummingbird-pollinated plants, a prediction was made for higher PL for the quality than quantity aspects and a minor effect of temporal variation because hummingbirds are constant and efficient pollen vectors but they may transfer low quality pollen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field hand and open pollination experiments were conducted on 21 species in a tropical montane rain forest over 2 years. The quantity (fruit set and seeds per fruit) and quality (seed weight and germination) aspects of reproduction were assessed as the response to open pollination relative to outcross hand pollination. The relationships between the effect size of quantity and quality aspects of reproduction and predictive plant features (self-incompatibility, autogamy, density and pollinator specialization level) were assessed with phylogenetic generalized linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Just over half of all the species expressed PL for one or more response variables. On average, the severity of PL was strong for one quality variable (seed germination; 0·83), but insignificant for another (seed weight; -0·03), and low to moderate for quantity variables (0·31 for seeds per fruit and 0·39 for fruit set). There was only a minor contribution of temporal variation to PL within the studied species. Common predictors of PL, i.e. phylogenetic relatedness, self-incompatibility, autogamy, plant density and pollinator specialization level, did not adequately explain variation in PL within this community.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the measurable degree of PL within these hummingbird-pollinated plants, the causes of pollen quality and quantity insufficiency are not clear. Variables other than those tested may contribute to PL or causes of PL may vary among species and cannot adequately be accounted for when assessed from the within-community perspective.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 2040, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. marina.wolowski@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolowski
authors.forename: Tia-Lynn
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ashman
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018525:Germination; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination; D011891:Rain; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D060436:Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants; D014197:Trees; D014329:Tropical Climate
keywords: Atlantic forest; Brazil; Itatiaia National Park; Neotropics; community; hummingbird; ornithophily; pollen limitation; pollination biology