title: Adaptation of heart to training: a comparative study using echocardiography & impedance cardiography in male & female athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensive regular physical exercise training is associated with a physiological changes in left ventricular (LV) morphology and functions. This cardiac remodeling observed in the athletes is associated with the specific haemodynamic requirements of the exercise undertaken. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of endurance training on cardiac morphology, systolic and diastolic LV functions and haemodynamic parameters both in male and female athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy nine healthy athletes (age 20.0 ± 2.6 yr; 49% male) and 82 healthy sedentary adolescent (age 20.8 ± 2.2 yr, 49% male) volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography and impedance cardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both female and male athletes had greater LV end-diastolic cavity sizes, LV mass and stroke volume (SV) values when compared with controls. Also, in male athletes, LV mass index was higher than in female athletes. While male athletes had lower resting heart rate compared to female athletes, they had higher mean arterial blood pressure. In male athletes, basal septal and mid septal strain values were higher compared to controls. There were no significant differences in strain and peak systolic strain rate values between female athletes and controls. In male athletes, there was a weak positive correlation between SV and LV mass, basal lateral and septal strain values. In female athletes, only a weak positive correlation was found between SV and basal septal strain values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endurance-trained male and female athletes had higher LV mass, LV cavity dimensions and SV compared to sedentary controls. Although there was no difference in diastolic cardiac functions between athletes and controls, local enhanced systolic function was found with increase of SV. Both morphologic and haemodynamic differences were more evident in male athletes.
authors.affiliation: Mersin University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek Cicek
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Belgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buyukakilli
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurgul
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rencuzogullari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D056352:Athletes; D049628:Body Size; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance / Q000379:methods*; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult