title: Hepatic photosensitization in buffaloes intoxicated by Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to report the study of hepatogenous photosensitization in buffaloes during two outbreaks provoked by ingestion of Brachiaria decumbens in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Ten young buffaloes in outbreak 1 and seven buffaloes in outbreak 2 were intoxicated by B. decumbens. Nine clinically healthy buffaloes raised under the same conditions as the sick animals served as the control group. All animals were subjected to clinical examination, and serum was collected to measure gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DB), indirect bilirubin (IB) and total bilirubin (TB) as indicators of liver function and urea and creatinine as indicators of renal function. Histopathology of liver fragments from five different animals was carried out. During the outbreaks and every two months for one year, samples of grass from paddocks where the animals got sick were collected for quantitative evaluation of the saponin protodioscin, combined with observations of pasture characteristics and daily rainfall. Clinical signs included apathy, weight loss, restlessness, scar retraction of the ears and intense itching at the skin lesions, mainly on the rump, the tail head, neck and hindlimbs, similar to the signs observed in other ruminants. Only the GGT enzyme presented significantly different (P < 0.01) serum levels between intoxicated animals (n = 17) and healthy animals (n = 9), indicating liver damage in buffaloes bred in B. decumbens pastures. Microscopy of the liver showed foamy macrophages and lesions of liver disease associated with the presence of crystals in the bile ducts, which have also been found in sheep and cattle poisoned by grasses of the genus Brachiaria. During the outbreaks, protodioscin levels were higher than 3%, and shortly after, these levels were reduced to less than 0.80%, suggesting a hepatic injury etiology. The outbreaks took place at the beginning of the rainy season, and there was a positive correlation between saponin and the amount of rainfall, as well as between saponin and the amount of green leaves in the pasture. These findings indicate that the grass was more toxic in this period. This is the first report of photosensitization by B. decumbens in buffalo.
authors.affiliation: Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: C H S
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: C M C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastianetto
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haraguchi
authors.forename: L G L
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.forename: M X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035201:Brachiaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002020:Buffaloes; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D011891:Rain; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012621:Seasons; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012503:Saponins; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase
keywords: Brachiaria decumbens; Buffalo; Photosensitization; Protodioscin; Saponin