title: Multimodal noninvasive monitoring of soft tissue wound healing.
abstract: Here we report results of non-invasive measurements of indirect markers of soft tissue healing of traumatic wounds in an observational swine study and describe the quantification of analog physiological signals. The primary purpose of the study was to measure bone healing of fractures with four different wound treatments. A second purpose was to quantify soft tissue wound healing by measuring the following indirect markers: (1) tissue oxygenation, (2) fluid content, and (3) blood flow, which were all measured by non-invasive modalities, measured with available devices. Tissue oxygenation was measured by near infrared spectroscopy; fluid content was measured by bipolar bio-impedance; and blood flow was measured by Doppler ultrasound. Immediately after comminuted femur fractures were produced in the right hind legs of thirty anesthetized female Yorkshire swine, one of four wound treatments was instilled into each wound. The four wound treatments were as follows: salmon fibrinogen/thrombin-n = 8; commercial bone filler matrix-n = 7; bovine collagen-n = 8; porcine fibrinogen/thrombin-n = 7. Fractures were stabilized with an external fixation device. Immediately following wound treatments, measurements were made of tissue oxygenation, fluid content and blood flow; these measurements were repeated weekly for 3 weeks after surgery. Analog signals of each modality were recorded on both the wounded (right) hind leg and the healthy (left) hind leg, for comparison purposes. Data were processed off-line. The mean values of 10-s periods were calculated for right-left leg comparison. ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis. Results of the bone healing studies are published separately (Rothwell et al. in J Spec Oper Med 13:7-18, 2013). For soft tissue wounds, healing did not differ significantly among the four wound treatments; however, regional oxygenation of wounds treated with salmon fibrinogen/thrombin showed slightly different time trends. Further studies are needed to establish standards for healthy wound healing and for detection of pathological alterations such as infection. Non-invasive measurement and quantification of indirect markers of soft tissue wound healing support the goals and principles of evidence-based medicine and show potential as easy to administer tools for clinicians and battlefield medical personnel to apply when procedures such as the PET scan are not available or affordable. The method we developed for storing analog physiological signals could be used for maintaining electronic health records, by incorporating vital signs such as ECG and EEG, etc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodo
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Settle
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Royal
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombardini
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000628:therapy; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005597:Fractures, Open / Q000628:therapy; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance; D012474:Salmon; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D013917:Thrombin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005340:Fibrinogen; D003094:Collagen; D013917:Thrombin; D010100:Oxygen