title: Evaluation and management of children and adolescents with gender identification and transgender disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender identity development is poorly understood but impacted by central nervous system (CNS) factors, genes, gonadal hormones and receptors, genitalia, and social/environmental factors. Gender identity disorder (GID) is the diagnostic term to describe persons discontent with the sex they were assigned at birth and/or the gender roles associated with that sex. It is crucial that the diagnosis be verified as persistent, since gender confusion among those young persists among only a portion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent publications do not yet provide an overall perspective but involve observations regarding outcome information, unusual variables, incidence of cross-gender behavior, and CNS differences related to GID and bi-gender descriptions. Approaches to therapy for GID and task force guidelines are noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the concept of gender identity is a relatively new paradigm and remains an area of active and exciting investigation, findings reported here provide items of information for understanding and treatment of GIDs and illustrate the need for further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA. plee@psu.edu
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Houk
mesh_terms: D058489:46, XX Disorders of Sex Development / Q000175:diagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D058490:Disorder of Sex Development, 46,XY / Q000175:diagnosis; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014189:Transsexualism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy