title: Epidemiology of symptomatic drug-induced long QT syndrome and Torsade de Pointes in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS) leading to Torsade de Pointes (TdP) is a potentially lethal condition, which has led to several post-marketing drug withdrawals in the past decade. The true incidence of diLQTS/TdP is largely unknown. One explanation is under-reporting of this potentially life-threatening adverse event by physicians and other medical staff to pharmacovigilance agencies. To gain more insight into the incidence of diLQTS and TdP, the Berlin Pharmacovigilance Center (PVZ-FAKOS) has actively and prospectively identified patients who developed this particular type of drug-induced adverse event. Here, the basic characteristics of the affected patients are summarized and suspected drugs are discussed. Furthermore, an extrapolation of the Berlin incidence rates to the German Standard Population is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a Berlin-wide network of 51 collaborating hospitals (>180 clinical departments), adult patients presenting with long QT syndrome (LQTS/TdP) between 2008 and 2011 were identified by active surveillance of these hospitals. Drug exposures as well as other possible risk factors were obtained from the patient's files and in a face-to-face interview with the patient. One-hundred and seventy patients of possible LQTS/TdP were reported to the Pharmacovigilance Center of whom 58 cases were confirmed in a thorough validation process. The majority (66%) of these cases were female and 60% had developed LQTS/TdP in the outpatient setting. Thirty-five (60%) of 58 confirmed cases were assessed as drug-related based on a standardized causality assessment applying the criteria of the World Health Organization. Drugs assessed as related in more than two cases were metoclopramide, amiodarone, melperone, citalopram, and levomethadone. The age-standardized incidence of diLQTS/TdP in Berlin was estimated to be 2.5 per million per year for males and 4.0 per million per year for females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While European annual reporting rates based on spontaneous reports suggest an annual diLQTS/TdP incidence of 0.26 per million in Germany, we estimated a considerably higher incidence of diLQTS/TdP in an active surveillance approach. Further measures are warranted to better sensitize physicians against this potentially life-threatening drug-induced adverse event.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarganas
authors.forename: Edeltraut
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garbe
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klimpel
authors.forename: Rolf C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronder
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haverkamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Drug-induced long-QT syndrome; Germany; Incidence; Pharmacoepidemiology; QT/QTc prolongation; Torsade de Pointes