title: An energy-efficient, dynamic voltage scaling neural stimulator for a proprioceptive prosthesis.
abstract: This paper presents an 8 channel energy-efficient neural stimulator for generating charge-balanced asymmetric pulses. Power consumption is reduced by implementing a fully-integrated DC-DC converter that uses a reconfigurable switched capacitor topology to provide 4 output voltages for Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS). DC conversion efficiencies of up to 82% are achieved using integrated capacitances of under 1 nF and the DVS approach offers power savings of up to 50% compared to the front end of a typical current controlled neural stimulator. A novel charge balancing method is implemented which has a low level of accuracy on a single pulse and a much higher accuracy over a series of pulses. The method used is robust to process and component variation and does not require any initial or ongoing calibration. Measured results indicate that the charge imbalance is typically between 0.05%-0.15% of charge injected for a series of pulses. Ex-vivo experiments demonstrate the viability in using this circuit for neural activation. The circuit has been implemented in a commercially-available 0.18 μm HV CMOS technology and occupies a core die area of approximately 2.8 mm(2) for an 8 channel implementation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology and the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BT, UK. i.williams10@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Timothy  G
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Constandinou
mesh_terms: D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D002138:Calibration; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D058542:Implantable Neurostimulators; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D009991:Oscillometry; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software