title: Optimizing diabetes management: managed care strategies.
abstract: Both the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated costs have been rising over time and are projected to continue to escalate. Therefore, type 2 DM (T2DM) management costs represent a potentially untenable strain on the healthcare system unless substantial, systemic changes are made. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are uniquely positioned to attempt to make the changes necessary to reduce the burdens associated with T2DM by developing policies that align with evidence-based DM management guidelines and other resources. For example, MCOs can encourage members to implement healthy lifestyle choices, which have been shown to reduce DM-associated mortality and delay comorbidities. In addition, MCOs are exploring the strengths and weaknesses of several different benefit plan designs. Value-based insurance designs, sometimes referred to as value-based benefit designs, use both direct and indirect data to invest in incentives that change behaviors through health information technologies, communications, and services to improve health, productivity, quality, and financial trends. Provider incentive programs, sometimes referred to as "pay for performance," represent a payment/delivery paradigm that places emphasis on rewarding value instead of volume to align financial incentives and quality of care. Accountable care organizations emphasize an alignment between reimbursement and implementation of best practices through the use of disease management and/ or clinical pathways and health information technologies. Consumer-directed health plans, or high-deductible health plans, combine lower premiums with high annual deductibles to encourage members to seek better value for health expenditures. Studies conducted to date on these different designs have produced mixed results.
authors.affiliation: atzeelmd@humana.com.
authors.forename: E Albert
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Tzeel
mesh_terms: D060866:Accountable Care Organizations; D003256:Community Participation; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007342:Insurance Benefits; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents