title: Effect of smoking on neutrophil apoptosis in chronic periodontitis: an immunohistochemical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease is caused by chronic infection inducing an inflammatory reaction leading to breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues. There are various risk factors for the disease, and smoking is one of them. Apoptosis plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammation and host immune response which helps in tissue homeostasis, and a disturbance in this is often associated with disease. The imbalance between the apoptosis and proliferation in the periodontal tissue results in periodontal disease. Neutrophils play an important role in the defense mechanism and are the most abundant immune cells in gingival inflammatory infiltrate in patients suffering from periodontal disease. Neutrophil disorders are associated with rapid destruction of periodontal tissues.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the influence of smoking on apoptosis of neutrophils by quantifying them in the gingival connective tissue of smoking and nonsmoking subjects suffering from chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty gingival biopsies were harvested from 15 smoking and 15 nonsmoking subjects who suffered from chronic periodontitis. The apoptosis of neutrophils was assessed and quantified using p53 monoclonal mouse antihuman antibody.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was used to find the significance of study parameters on a categorical scale between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neutrophil apoptosis was significantly more in the group of nonsmokers. There was no statistical difference between plaque and bleeding index, but there was a significant increase in clinical attachment loss among smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study reveals that smoking plays a significant role in the inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis, thereby contributing to the destruction of periodontal tissues in periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sachin S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shivanaikar
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faizuddin
authors.forename: Kishore
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology*; D003239:Connective Tissue Cells / Q000276:immunology; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005881:Gingiva / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53