title: Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe as an aid for skin diagnosis--results of measurements on phantom material with varied water content.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 2 million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, which makes it the most common form of cancer in that country. Early detection of cancer usually results in less extensive treatment and better outcome for the patient. Millimeter wave silicon micromachined waveguide probe is foreseen as an aid for skin diagnosis, which is currently based on visual inspection followed by biopsy, in cases where the macroscopical picture raises suspicion of malignancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Demonstration of the discrimination potential of tissues of different water content using a novel micromachined silicon waveguide probe. Secondarily, the silicon probe miniaturization till an inspection area of 600 × 200 μm2, representing a drastic reduction by 96.3% of the probing area, in comparison with a conventional WR-10 waveguide. The high planar resolution is required for histology and early-state skin-cancer detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the probe three phantoms with different water contents, i.e. 50%, 75% and 95%, mimicking dielectric properties of human skin were characterized in the frequency range of 95-105 GHz. The complex permittivity values of the skin are obtained from the variation in frequency and amplitude of the reflection coefficient (S11), measured with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), by comparison with finite elements simulations of the measurement set-up, using the commercially available software, HFSS. The expected frequency variation is calculated with HFSS and is based on extrapolated complex permittivities, using one relaxation Debye model from permittivity measurements obtained using the Agilent probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Millimeter wave reflection measurements were performed using the probe in the frequency range of 95-105 GHz with three phantoms materials and air. Intermediate measurement results are in good agreement with HFSS simulations, based on the extrapolated complex permittivity. The resonance frequency lowers, from the idle situation when it is probing air, respectively by 0.7, 1.2 and 4.26 GHz when a phantom material of 50%, 75% and 95% water content is measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the measurements in our laboratory set-up with three different phantoms indicate that the probe may be able to discriminate between normal and pathological skin tissue, improving the spatial resolution in histology and on skin measurements, due to the highly reduced area of probing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probe has the potential to discriminate between normal and pathological skin tissue. Further, improved information, compared to the optical histological inspection can be obtained, i.e. the complex permittivity characterization is obtained with a high resolution, due to the highly reduced measurement area of the probe tip.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dancila
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Augustine
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Töpfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dudorov
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Emtestam
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tenerz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oberhammer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
mesh_terms: D001834:Body Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D010783:Photometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D012825:Silicon
keywords: dielectric constant; mm-wave; phantom; skin cancer