title: A multistate model of cognitive dynamics in relation to resistance training: the contribution of baseline function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated: (1) the effect of different targeted exercise training on an individual's overall probability for cognitive improvement, maintenance, or decline; and (2) the simultaneous effect of targeted exercise training and baseline function on the dynamics of executive functions when a multistate transition model is used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses are based on a 12-month randomized clinical trial including 155 community-dwelling women 65-75 years of age who were randomly allocated to once-weekly resistance training (1x RT; n = 54), twice-weekly resistance training (2x RT; n = 52), or twice-weekly balance and tone training (BAT; n = 49). The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test, an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution. Secondary outcomes of executive functions were set shifting and working memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in the 1x RT or 2x RT group demonstrated a significantly greater probability for improved performance on the Stroop Test (0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.57) compared with those in the BAT group (0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.40). Resistance training had significant effects on transitions in selective attention and conflict resolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance training is efficacious in improving a measure of selective attention and conflict resolution in older women, probably more so among those with greater baseline cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fallah
authors.forename: Chun L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Niousha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolandzadeh
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: B Lynn
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu-Ambrose
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001955:British Columbia; D003071:Cognition; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011581:Psychological Tests; D055070:Resistance Training
keywords: Executive functions; Multi-state transition model; Resistance training