title: Computer order entry systems in the emergency department significantly reduce the time to medication delivery for high acuity patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems are designed to increase safety and improve quality of care; however, their impact on efficiency in the ED has not yet been validated. This study examined the impact of CPOE on process times for medication delivery, laboratory utilization and diagnostic imaging in the early, late and control phases of a regional ED-CPOE implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  Three tertiary care hospitals serving a population in excess of 1 million inhabitants that initiated the same CPOE system during the same 3-week time window. Patients were stratified into three groupings: Control, Early CPOE and Late CPOE (n = 200 patients per group/hospital site). Eligible patients consisted of a stratified (40% CTAS 2 and 60% CTAS 3) random sample of all patients seen 30 days preceding CPOE implementation (Control), 30 days immediately after CPOE implementation (Early CPOE) and 5-6 months after CPOE implementation (Late CPOE). Primary outcomes were time to (TT) from physician assignment (MD-sign) up to MD-order completion. An ANOVA and t-test were employed for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with control, TT 1st MD-Ordered Medication decreased in both the Early and Late CPOE groups (102.6 min control, 62.8 Early and 65.7 late, p < 0.001). TT 1st MD-ordered laboratory results increased in both the Early and Late CPOE groups compared to Control (76.4, 85.3 and 73.8 min, respectively, p < 0.001). TT 1st X-Ray also significantly increased in both the Early and Late CPOE groups (80.4, 84.8 min, respectively, compared to 68.1, p < 0.001). Given that CT and ultrasound imaging inherently takes increased time, these imaging studies were not included, and only X-ray was examined. There was no statistical difference found between TT discharge and consult request.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional implementation of CPOE afforded important efficiencies in time to medication delivery for high acuity ED patients. Increased times observed for laboratory and radiology results may reflect system issues outside of the emergency department and as a result of potential confounding may not be a reflection of CPOE impact.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4M1, Canada. asnsyed@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shahbaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goulard
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lang