title: The utility of stool cultures for diagnosing tuberculosis in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) increases mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether stool culture improves the diagnosis of TB in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed cross-sectional data of TB diagnosis in PLHIV in Cambodia, Thailand and Viet Nam. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between positive stool culture and TB, and to calculate the incremental yield of stool culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1693 PLHIV were enrolled with a stool culture result. Of 228 PLHIV with culture-confirmed TB from any site, 101 (44%) had a positive stool culture; of these, 91 (90%) had pulmonary TB (PTB). After adjusting for confounding factors, a positive stool culture was associated with smear-negative (odds ratio [OR] 26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12-58), moderately smear-positive (OR 60, 95%CI 23-159) and highly smear-positive (OR 179, 95%CI 59-546) PTB compared with no PTB. No statistically significant association existed with extra-pulmonary TB compared with no extra-pulmonary TB (OR 2, 95%CI 1-5). The incremental yield of one stool culture above two sputum cultures (5%, 95%CI 3-8) was comparable to an additional sputum culture (7%, 95%CI 4-11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly half of the PLHIV with TB had a positive stool culture that was strongly associated with PTB. Stool cultures may be used to diagnose TB in PLHIV.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Oramasionwu
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heilig
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udomsantisuk
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kimerling
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keo
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology