title: Communication during patient-provider encounters regarding diabetes self-management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is a common chronic illness with potentially severe complications. The risk of complications is reduced through controlling blood sugar, lipids, and blood pressure. While medical intervention is important, substantial self-management on the part of patients is required to achieve good control. Patients often find self-management difficult, particularly diet and exercise modification. Clinicians face barriers as well, including lack of time, poor reimbursement, and difficulty changing their clinical practice patterns. We hypothesized that a strong focus on readily measured disease indicators competes with patients' agendas relating to symptoms and their day-to-day social context.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded clinical encounters to study communication about self-management in context. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed, primarily using a grounded theory approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that clinicians often focused their communication on quantitative measures such as blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin but that patients found it difficult to relate these measures to how they were feeling physically. Patients' social contexts influenced their self-management activities, in particular heavy caregiving responsibilities and work schedules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supporting self-management of patients with diabetes requires providers to link clinical measurements to patients' symptoms and likely outcomes. It is difficult for providers to know what support or assistance their patients need without knowledge of patients' social contexts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. kruser@health.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Joshua E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Olsberg
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shigaki
authors.forename: Debra R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Parker Oliver
authors.forename: Molly J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vetter-Smith
authors.forename: Tamara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: LeMaster
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care