title: Differences in Body Fat Distribution Play a Role in the Lower Levels of Elevated Fasting Glucose amongst Ghanaian Migrant Women Compared to Men.
abstract: Despite higher levels of obesity, West African migrant women appear to have lower rates of type 2 diabetes than their male counterparts. We investigated the role of body fat distribution in these differences.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study of Ghanaian migrants (97 men, 115 women) aged 18-60 years in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Logistic regression was used to explore the association of BMI, waist and hip measurements with elevated fasting glucose (glucose≥5.6 mmol/L). Linear regression was used to study the association of the same parameters with fasting glucose.
  
  
  
  Mean BMI, waist and hip circumferences were higher in women than men while the prevalence of elevated fasting glucose was higher in men than in women, 33% versus 19%. With adjustment for age only, men were non-significantly more likely than women to have an elevated fasting glucose, odds ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% CI: 0.95, 3.46. With correction for BMI, the higher odds among men increased and were statistically significant (OR 2.84, 95% CI: 1.32, 6.10), but with consideration of body fat distribution (by adding both hip and waist in the analysis) differences were no longer significant (OR 1.56 95% CI: 0.66, 3.68). Analysis with fasting glucose as continuous outcome measure showed somewhat similar results.
  
  
  
  Compared to men, the lower rates of elevated fasting glucose observed among Ghanaian women may be partly due to a more favorable body fat distribution, characterized by both hip and waist measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: Wim B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Busschers
authors.forename: Irene G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: van Valkengoed
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dijkshoorn
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boateng
authors.forename: Lizzy M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: Marieke B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Snijder
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stronks
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agyemang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose