title: [Open surgery, laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy and embolization in children with varicocele].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to prove the outcomes in varicocele treatment during last 10 years in our institution regarding to the recurrence rate and reactive hydrocele in children and adolescents treated with open technique, laparoscopic approach or embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical charts of patients with varicocele younger than 17 years old were reviewed. Age, weight, surgery indications, treatment (open surgery, laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy or embolization), location, varicocele grade, hospital stays, recurrence, postoperative hydrocele, genitofemoral nerve damage, infection, bleeding, postoperative incisional hernia and re-do varicocelectomy were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2000 to 2010, 98 boys with varicocele diagnosis were treated in our institution. Mean age of patients was 12 years. The varicocele location in all cases was on the left side. Grade III varicocele was found in 94 boys and grade II in 4 patients. Indications for surgery were high grade in 81, chronic pain in 16 and testicular hypotrophy in 1. Treatment approach was as follows: 12 patients underwent open surgery (Palomo or Ivanissevich technique), 32 underwent embolization and laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy was performed in 54. We found a global recurrence rate of 14.3% and an overall postoperative hydrocele of 24.5% Recurrence rate was higher in the embolization group than the open surgery and laparoscopic group. Three patients presented intraoperative bleeding in the laparoscopic group and there was one conversion to open surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our retrospective review proves that laparoscopic Palomo varicocelectomy is a safe and efficient approach to treat varicocele in pediatric population, because of its low recurrence rate without any major adverse outcome. Due to our high secondary hydrocele formation, lymphatic sparing laparoscopic procedure should be taken into account in order to decrease this complication.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Ciruglá Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba. medicinaunosc@hotmail.com
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gómez Beltrán
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Garrido Pérez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García Ceballos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escassi Gil
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vargas Cruz
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lasso Betancor
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Castillo Fernández
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods; D014646:Varicocele / Q000628:therapy*