title: Metabolic pathways leading to detoxification of triptolide, a major active component of the herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii.
abstract: Triptolide (TP) shows promising anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity but with severe toxicity. TP is a natural reactive electrophile containing three epoxide groups, which are usually linked to hepatotoxicity via their ability to covalently bind to cellular macromolecules. In this study, metabolic pathways leading to detoxification of TP were evaluated in glutathione (GSH)-depleted (treated with L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoxinine, BSO) and aminobenzotriazole (ABT; a non-specific inhibitor for P450s)-treated mice. The toxicity of TP in mice was evaluated in terms of mortality and levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT). In incubates with NADPH- and GSH-supplemented liver microsomes, seven GSH conjugates derived from TP were detected. In mice, these hydrolytically unstable GSH conjugates underwent γ-glutamyltranspeptidase/dipeptidases-mediated hydrolysis leading to two major cysteinylglycine conjugates, which underwent further hydrolysis by dipeptidases to form two cysteine conjugates of TP. In ABT-treated mice, the hydroxylated metabolites of TP were found at a lower level than normal mice, and their subsequent conjugated metabolites were not found. The level of cysteinylglycine and cysteine conjugates derived from NADPH-independent metabolism increased in mice treated with both TP and BSO (or ABT), which could be the stress response to toxicity of TP. Compared with normal mice, mortality and ALT levels were significantly higher in TP-treated mice, indicating the toxicity of TP. Pretreatment of ABT increased the toxicity caused by TP, whereas the mortality decreased in GSH-depleted mice. Metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes to less reactive metabolites implied a high potential for detoxification of TP. The GSH conjugation pathway also contributed to TP's detoxification in mice.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Fuying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Zhaohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xinxiu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000737:chemistry; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D029757:Tripterygium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D004224:Diterpenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D014230:Triazoles; C033020:1-aminobenzotriazole; C001899:triptolide; C028505:cysteinylglycine; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D009249:NADP; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: GSH-depleted mice; conjugated metabolites; detoxification; hepatotoxicity; triptolide