title: Electron shuttle-mediated biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine adsorbed to granular activated carbon.
abstract: Granular activated carbon (GAC) effectively removes hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) from groundwater but generates RDX-laden GAC that must be disposed of or regenerated. Batch reactors containing GAC to which RDX was preadsorbed were used in experiments to test the potential for adsorbed RDX reduction and daughter product formation using (i) chemically reduced anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AH2QDS), (ii) resting Geobacter metallireducens strain GS-15, and (iii) a combined system containing AQDS and GS-15. Approximately 97.0% of the adsorbed RDX was transformed in each of these experimental systems by 90 h. Chemically reduced AQDS (AH2QDS) transformed 99.2% of adsorbed RDX; formaldehyde was produced rapidly and was stoichiometric (3 mol HCHO per mol RDX). Geobacter metallireducens also reduced RDX with and without AQDS present. This is the first study to demonstrate biological transformation of RDX adsorbed to GAC. Formaldehyde increased and then decreased in biological systems, suggesting a previously unreported capacity for G. metallireducens to oxidize formaldehyde, which was confirmed with resting cell suspensions. These data suggest the masses of GAC waste currently produced by activated carbon at RDX remediation sites can be minimized, decreasing the carbon footprint of the treatment technology. Alternatively, this strategy may be used to develop a Bio-GAC system for ex situ RDX treatment.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 168 Rich Laboratory, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States.
authors.forename: Kayleigh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Millerick
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Finneran
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001711:Biotransformation; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004583:Electrons; D045302:Geobacter / Q000378:metabolism; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; C009160:cyclonite