title: The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure and tripled tidal volume on pleth variability index during hypovolaemia in conscious subjects: a volunteer study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pulse oximeter measurement pleth variability index (PVI) can detect hypovolaemia during positive pressure ventilation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied whether PVI can detect a hypovolaemic state in spontaneously breathing humans and whether better discrimination is obtained by modifying the breathing patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical physiology department in a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 27 (mean 21) years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hypovolaemic state was induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of 40 mmHg (LBNP40) and 15 mmHg (LBNP15). Data were collected in four separate series with normal breathing and application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH2O, with and without tripling of the tidal volume.
  
  
  METHODS
  PVI (mean ± standard deviation), heart rate, arterial blood pressure and cardiac index (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac index decreased from 2.4 to 1.7 and 2.1 l min(-1) m(-2) at LBNP40 and LBNP15, respectively (P<0.001). The mean PVI for the four breathing modes increased with the degree of LBNP, from 23.5 ± 5.9% at baseline to 27.9 ± 9.3% at LBNP40, and to 25.2 ± 6.9% at LBNP15 (P<0.01). The greatest increase in PVI, to 31.7 ± 12.3%, was recorded for the PEEP and tripled tidal volume breathing mode when hypovolaemia was induced by LBNP40. However, there was considerable overlap between the LBNP levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PVI increased significantly for higher LBNP, but overlap was common regardless of breathing mode. The PVI can be used to indicate a hypovolaemic state during spontaneous breathing in groups but not in individuals.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01456559.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University (LMN, DML, RGH); Department of Anaesthesia (LMN, RGH); Department of Cardiology (DML), County Council of Östergötland Linköping (LMN, DML, LN); Research Unit, Södertälje Hospital, Södertälje, Sweden (RGH).
authors.forename: Lena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: D Marcus
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lindenberger
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010991:Plethysmography / Q000379:methods; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult