title: Modulation of immune signaling, bacterial clearance, and corneal integrity by toll-like receptors during streptococcus pneumoniae keratitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial keratitis, without effective antimicrobial treatment, leads to poor patient prognosis. Even after bacterial clearance, the host inflammatory response can contribute to corneal damage. Though Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a common cause of bacterial keratitis, the role of host innate immunity during pneumococcal keratitis is not well characterized. This study investigated the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during pneumococcal keratitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6, as well as TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice, were infected with S. pneumoniae, and infected corneas were examined for 21 days. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers for genes involved in the inflammatory response and TLR signaling. Bacterial survival and leukocyte invasion were examined over a 72-h period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The corneal expression of TLR2, TLR4, and other inflammatory genes was increased at 72 h post-infection (p.i.) compared to uninfected C57BL/6 scratch controls. TLR2(-/-) mice showed a significant increase in bacterial survival at 24 h p.i. likely due to decreased neutrophil infiltration; however, after Day 5 p.i. observed clinical scores of TLR2(-/-) and C57BL/6 mice were not significantly different. In contrast, permanent corneal damage was observed for TLR4(-/-) mice over 21 days. Initially, both TLR(-/-) mouse strains exhibited lower expression levels in many immune genes, but returned to similar or elevated levels compared to C57BL/6 mice by 72 h p.i.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the response to pneumococcal keratitis and TLR2 may aid in bacterial clearance by recruitment of neutrophils to the cornea, whereas TLR4 may be necessary to modulate the immune response to limit cellular damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Tullos
authors.forename: Hilary W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Sidney D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Erin W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Norcross
authors.forename: Isaiah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tolo
authors.forename: Quincy
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marquart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007634:Keratitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4