title: Magnetic materials as sorbents for metal/metalloid preconcentration and/or separation. A review.
abstract: The use of magnetic materials in solid phase extraction has received considerable attention in recent years taking into account many advantages arising from the inherent characteristics of magnetic particles. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) methodology overcomes problems such as column packing and phase separation, which can be easily performed by applying an external magnetic field. The use of magnetic particles in automatic systems is growing over the last few years making the on-line operation of MSPE a promising technique in the frame of green chemistry. This article aims to provide all recent progress in the research of novel magnetic materials as sorbents for metal preconcentration and determination coupled with different detection systems as well as their implementation in sequential injection and microfluidic systems. In addition, a description of preparation, characterization as well as applications of various types of magnetic materials, either with organic or inorganic coating of the magnetic core, is presented. Concluding remarks and future trends are also commented.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giakisikli
authors.forename: Aristidis N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Anthemidis
mesh_terms: D008280:Magnetics; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D009862:Online Systems; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: 1,5-diphenylcarbazide; 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-aminopyridine-glyoxal; 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane; 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol; 3-mercaptopropionic acid; 4,4-bis(dimethylamino)thiobenzophenone or Michler thioketone; AAPTS; ACMNPs; AFS; AMT; APDC; APG; ASV; Automation; BET; BI; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller; C; C(18); CAGS; CE; CPBr; CVAAS; DDTC; DPC; DT; DTC; DTZ; DVB; EGDMA; ETAAS; ETV-ICP-MS; FAAS; FTIR; Fe(3)O(4); Fe(3)O(4)-R6G; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GCE; GF; GO; H(2)Dz-SCMNPs; HC; HG-AFS; IBMK; ICP-AES; ICP-MS; IDA; IEP; KR; LOD; MIPS; MMT; MNPs; MOF; MPA; MPTMS; MPs; MSPE; MSPME; Magnetic particles; Metal determination; NPs; ODS; On-line; PAN; PEEK; PEI; PMMA; PPA; PPy; PTFE; Preconcentration; RSD; SAED; SDS; SEM; SI-LOV; SP(x); SPE; SV; SWASV; Solid phase extraction; TEM; TEOS; TMK; TMSPT; TREN; UV–vis; VSP; WHO; World Health Organization; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photo electron spectroscopy; XPS; XRD; [UO(2)](2+); alumina-coated magnetic nanoparticles; ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate; anodic stripping voltammetry; atomic fluorescence spectrometry; bead injection; capillary electrophoresis; cetylpyridinium bromide; chitosan anthranilic acid glutaraldehyde Schiff's base; cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry; delivery tube; detection limit; diethyldithiocarbamate; dimetacrylate; dithiocarbamate; dithizone; dithizone-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles; divinylbenzene; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; flame atomic absorption spectrometry; glassy carbon electrode; graphene oxide; graphite furnace of ETAAS; holding coil; hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry; iminodiacetic acid; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; isobutylmethylketone; isoelectric point; knotted reactor; maghemite; magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic particles; magnetic solid phase extraction; magnetic solid phase microextraction; magnetite; maximum adsorption capacity; mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane; metal-organic framework; microcolumn; molecularly imprinted polymers; montmorillonite; nanoparticles; octadecyl; octadecylsilane; polyacrylic acid; polyether ether ketone; polyethylamine; polymethyl-methacrylate; polypyrrole; polytetrafluoroethylene; q(m); relative standard deviation; rhodamine hydrazide-Fe(3)O(4) microspheres; scanning electron microscope; selected-area electron diffraction; selection valve; sequential injection lab-on-valve; sodium dodecyl sulphate; solid phase extraction; square wave anodic stripping voltammetry; syringe pumps; tetraethoxysilane; transmission electron microscopy; tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; ultra violet–visible spectrometry; uranyl ions; vibrating sample magnetometer; γ-APTES; γ-Fe(3)O(4); γ-MTPMS; γ-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane; γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane