title: Spatial analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Zibo City, China, 2009-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is highly endemic in mainland China, where human cases account for 90% of the total global cases. Zibo City is one of the most serious affected areas in Shandong Province China with the HFRS incidence increasing sharply from 2009 to 2012. However, the hotspots of HFRS in Zibo remained unclear. Thus, a spatial analysis was conducted with the aim to explore the spatial, spatial-temporal and seasonal patterns of HFRS in Zibo from 2009 to 2012, and to provide guidance for formulating regional prevention and control strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on the reported cases of HFRS from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Annualized incidence maps and seasonal incidence maps were produced to analyze the spatial and seasonal distribution of HFRS in Zibo City. Then spatial scan statistics and space-time scan statistics were conducted to identify clusters of HFRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 200 cases reported in Zibo City during the 4-year study period. One most likely cluster and one secondary cluster for high incidence of HFRS were identified by the space-time analysis. And the most likely cluster was found to exist at Yiyuan County in October to December 2012. The human infections in the fall and winter reflected a seasonal characteristic pattern of Hantaan virus (HTNV) transmission. The secondary cluster was detected at the center of Zibo in May to June 2009, presenting a seasonal characteristic of Seoul virus (SEOV) transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To control and prevent HFRS in Zibo city, the comprehensive preventive strategy should be implemented in the southern areas of Zibo in autumn and in the northern areas of Zibo in spring.
authors.affiliation: Zibo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shuxia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Haodong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shenyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D018063:Hantaan virus; D006480:Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D055815:Young Adult