title: Effectiveness of a drug dosing service provided by community pharmacists in polymedicated elderly patients with renal impairment--a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug dosing errors are common in renal-impaired patients. Appropriate dosing adjustment and drug selection is important to ensure patients' safety and to avoid adverse drug effects and poor outcomes. There are few studies on this issue in community pharmacies. The aims of this study were, firstly, to determine the prevalence of dosing inadequacy as a consequence of renal impairment in patients over 65 taking 3 or more drug products who were being attended in community pharmacies and, secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of the community pharmacist's intervention in improving dosing inadequacy in these patients when compared with usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out in 40 Spanish community pharmacies. The study had two phases: the first, with an observational, multicentre, cross sectional design, served to determine the dosing inadequacy, the drug-related problems per patient and to obtain the control group. The second phase, with a controlled study with historical control group, was the intervention phase. When dosing adjustments were needed, the pharmacists made recommendations to the physicians. A comparison was made between the control and the intervention group regarding the prevalence of drug dosing inadequacy and the mean number of drug-related problems per patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean of the prevalence of drug dosing inadequacy was 17.5% [95% CI 14.6-21.5] in phase 1 and 15.5% [95% CI 14.5-16.6] in phase 2. The mean number of drug-related problems per patient was 0.7 [95% CI 0.5-0.8] in phase 1 and 0.50 [95% CI 0.4-0.6] in phase 2. The difference in the prevalence of dosing inadequacy between the control and intervention group before the pharmacists' intervention was 0.73% [95% CI (-6.0) - 7.5] and after the pharmacists' intervention it was 13.5% [95% CI 8.0 - 19.5] (p < 0.001) while the difference in the mean of drug-related problems per patient before the pharmacists' intervention was 0.05 [95% CI( -0.2) - 0.3] and following the intervention it was 0.5 [95% CI 0.3 - 0.7] (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A drug dosing adjustment service for elderly patients with renal impairment in community pharmacies can increase the proportion of adequate drug dosing, and improve the drug-related problems per patient. Collaborative practice with physicians can improve these results.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Practice, Unidad de Prácticas Tuteladas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelone, Spain. mavia@ub.edu
authors.forename: M Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Via-Sosa
authors.forename: Natali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: March
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019338:Polypharmacy; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; D016896:Treatment Outcome