title: Diglycolic acid inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity in human proximal tubule cells leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death.
abstract: Diethylene glycol (DEG) is a solvent used in consumer products allowing the increased risk for consumer exposure. DEG metabolism produces two primary metabolites, 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (2-HEAA) and diglycolic acid (DGA). DGA has been shown to be the toxic metabolite responsible for the proximal tubule cell necrosis seen in DEG poisoning. The mechanism of DGA toxicity in the proximal tubule cell is not yet known. The chemical structure of DGA is very similar to citric acid cycle intermediates. Studies were designed to assess whether its mechanism of toxicity involves disruption of cellular metabolic pathways resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. First, DGA preferentially inhibited succinate dehydrogenase, including human kidney cell enzyme, but had no effect on other citric acid cycle enzyme activities. DGA produces a cellular ATP depletion that precedes cell death. Human proximal tubule (HPT) cells, pre-treated with increasing DGA concentrations, showed significantly decreased oxygen consumption. DGA did not increase lactate levels, indicating no effect on glycolytic activity. DGA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HPT cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. These results indicate that DGA produced proximal tubule cell dysfunction by specific inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and oxygen consumption. Disruption of these processes results in decreased energy production and proximal tubule cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Greg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Cody L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Mallory J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hitt
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: McMartin
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006016:Glycolates / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006016:Glycolates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; C571256:diglycolic acid
keywords: Diethylene glycol; Diglycolic acid; Oxidative phosphorylation; Reactive oxygen species; Succinate dehydrogenase