title: Efficacy, fate, and potential effects on salmonids of mosquito larvicides in catch basins in Seattle, Washington.
abstract: We investigated the efficacy, fate, and potential for direct effects on salmonids of 4 common mosquito larvicides (Mosquito Dunks and Bits (AI: Bacillis thuringiensis var. israelensis, [Bti]), VectoLex WSP (AI: Bacillus sphaericus [Bs], VectoLex CG [AI: Bs], and Altosid Briquets [AI: s-methoprene]) in Seattle, WA, during 3 summers. During efficacy trials in 2006, all treatments resulted in a rapid reduction in number of mosquito pupae (Mosquito Dunks and Bits and VectoLex WSP) or emergence success (Altosid Briquets). VectoLex CG was chosen for city-wide application in 2007 and 2008. The average counts of pupae within round-top basins remained significantly below the control average for 11 wk in 2007, whereas efficacy in grated-top basins was short-lived. In 2008 the average counts of pupae within grated-top basins remained significantly below the control average for 10 wk. Altosid XR was also effective in reducing adult emergence within grated basins in 2008. In 2007 and 2008, frequent precipitation events made the evaluation of efficacy difficult due to reductions in pupae across control and treated basins. Four separate analyses of VectoLex products revealed that the product was a combination of Bs and Bti. Both Bs and Bti were detected in 3 urban creeks connected to treated basins in 2007 and 2008. Laboratory toxicity test results suggest that concentrations of Bs and Bti detected in each of the watersheds pose little direct hazard to juvenile salmonids.
authors.affiliation: Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grue
authors.forename: Loveday
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conquest
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grassley
authors.forename: Kerensa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000145:classification*; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005618:Fresh Water; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D012487:Salmonidae; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents