title: Gender differences in the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease: the Hisayama Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome (MS) are more prevalent in males than in females. However, whether there is a gender difference in the association between these health conditions has not yet been investigated. This study examined the gender difference in this association, considering the definition of periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 1040 males and 1330 females, aged ≥40 years, with at least ten teeth from subjects of the 2007 Hisayama health examination. We performed a logistic regression analysis with various definitions of periodontal disease the dependent variable and MS as the independent variable. Following the analysis, the data were reanalysed with the structural equations model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The logistic regression analysis suggested a stronger association between periodontal disease and MS in females than that in males when periodontal disease was more severely defined. When we constructed the structural equations model in each gender, the model showed a good fit to the data of females, suggesting the association between periodontal disease and MS in females, but not in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences seem to exist in the association between periodontal disease and MS; MS might show a stronger association with periodontal disease in females than in males.
authors.affiliation: Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akifusa
authors.forename: Nobuoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eshima
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukai
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: gender difference; metabolic syndrome; periodontal disease; structural equation model