title: Pesticide residues in human breast milk: risk assessment for infants from Punjab, India.
abstract: Punjab state in India is an agrarian society, where agriculture is the lifeline of farming community. To keep pace with increasing demands of food for growing population the indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to the contamination of environment and food commodities in this region. Analysis of human breast milk samples (n=53) for pesticide residues revealed the presence of β-, γ-HCH, p,p' DDD, p,p' DDE, p,p' DDT and endrin with mean concentration of 97.9, 101.7, 239.8, 1574.1, 100.3 and 90.7 ng g(-1) lipid wt., respectively. In addition, occurrence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in this study have also been reported for the first time in human breast milk in Punjab, India. With increase in parity, HCH and DDT residue burden in donor's milk decreased. Although levels of HCH and DDT residues in breast milk samples have decreased significantly, yet estimated daily intake values for DDT are higher than the FAO/WHO permissible tolerable daily intake values for few infants.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India. Electronic address: bedijasbir78@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: J P S
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Aulakh
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pooni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004726:Endosulfan
keywords: DDTs; HCHs; Human breast milk; Infants; Risk assessment