title: Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive versus open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent randomized trial comparing minimally invasive (MIE) and open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer reported improved short-term outcomes. However, MIE has increased operative costs, and it is unclear whether the short-term benefits of MIE outweigh the increased operative costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of MIE compared to open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-analysis model was developed to estimate the expected costs and outcomes after MIE and open esophagectomy from a health care system perspective with a time horizon of 1 year. Costs were represented in 2012 Canadian dollars, and effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed parameter uncertainty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIE was estimated to cost $1641 (95% confidence interval 1565, 1718) less than open esophagectomy, with an incremental gain of 0.022 QALYs (95% confidence interval 0.021, 0.023). MIE was therefore dominant over open esophagectomy. On deterministic sensitivity analyses, the results were most sensitive to variations in length of stay. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the base case result, with 66, 77, and 82% probabilities of cost-effectiveness at willingness-to-pay thresholds of $0/QALY, $50,000/QALY, and $100,000/QALY, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MIE is cost-effective compared to open esophagectomy in patients with resectable esophageal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Monisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudarshan
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Gerald M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Liane S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Lorenzo E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000191:economics*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016896:Treatment Outcome