title: Utilization of prostate cancer screening according to dietary patterns and other demographic variables. The adventist health study-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate-specific antigen test and digital rectal examination are considered important screening methods for early detection of prostate cancer. However, the utilization of prostate cancer screening varies widely and there is limited knowledge of the predictors of utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported prostate cancer screening utilization within the last 2 years was investigated among 11,162 black and non-black North American Seventh-day Adventist men, aged 50-75 years, with different dietary patterns and lifestyle characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blacks were more likely to screen for prostate cancer than non-blacks (Odds Ratio (OR)=1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.57). Those with a vegetarian diet, especially vegans, were less likely to follow screening guidelines, particularly among non-Blacks: vegans (OR=0.47, 0.39-0.58), lacto-ovo-vegetarians (OR=0.75, 0.66-0.86), and pesco-vegetarians (OR=0.74, 0.60-0.91) compared to non-vegetarians after adjusting for age, BMI, marital status, education, income, and family history of cancer. Trends for dietary patterns remained unchanged after stratification on age, family history of cancer, education, personal income, marital status, and BMI. Among black men, diet patterns showed no significant associations with utilization of prostate cancer screening, although vegans tended to underutilize screening compared to non-vegetarians (OR=0.70, 0.44-1.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vegetarians, especially non-black vegans, are less likely to follow recommended prostate cancer screening guidelines. The effect of diet was attenuated, and not statistically significant, among black men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since only about 60% of US men follow prostate cancer screening guidelines, it is important to study reasons for non-compliance in order to increase utilization of preventive measures against prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Population Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
authors.forename: Yermek
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ibrayev
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Synnove F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Knutsen
keywords: PSA; black men.; dietary pattern; digital rectal exam; lifestyle predictors; prostate cancer screening; vegan; vegetarian