title: A Compact and Low-Cost MEMS Loudspeaker for Digital Hearing Aids.
abstract: A microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-based electromagnetically actuated loudspeaker to reduce form factor, cost, and power consumption, and increase energy efficiency in hearing-aid applications is presented. The MEMS loudspeaker has multilayer copper coils, an NiFe soft magnet on a thin polyimide diaphragm, and an NdFeB permanent magnet on the perimeter. The coil impedance is measured at 1.5 Omega, and the resonant frequency of the diaphragm is located far from the audio frequency range. The device is driven by a power-scalable, 0.25-mum complementary metal-oxide semiconductor class-D SigmaDelta amplifier stage. The class-D amplifier is formed by a differential H-bridge driven by a single bit, pulse-density-modulated SigmaDelta bitstream at a 1.2-MHz clock rate. The fabricated MEMS loudspeaker generates more than 0.8-mum displacement, equivalent to 106-dB sound pressure level (SPL), with 0.13-mW power consumption. Driven by the SigmaDelta class-D amplifier, the MEMS loudspeaker achieves measured 65-dB total harmonic distortion (THD) with a measurement uncertainty of less than 10%. Energy-efficient and cost-effective advanced hearing aids would benefit from further miniaturization via MEMS technology. The results from this study appear very promising for developing a compact, mass-producible, low-power loudspeaker with sufficient sound generation for hearing-aid applications.
authors.lastname: Sang-Soo Je
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.lastname: Jiuk Kwon
authors.lastname: Jeonghwan Kim
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakkaloglu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiaei
authors.lastname: Junseok Chae