title: Genotypic diversity of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Northern Portugal.
abstract: The Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex members are the main agents of systemic cryptococcosis. This disease is believed to be acquired from the environment via fungal cell inhalation. Often, isolates recovered from environmental and clinical sources have proven to be genotypically similar. We assessed the occurrence of C. neoformans and C. gattii in environmental substrates collected in a Portuguese region. Twenty-eight isolates were identified as C. neoformans - five from decaying Eucalyptus leaves and 23 from domestic pigeon droppings. The isolates were genotyped using a URA5-RFLP approach. The C. neoformans VNIV (53.6%, n = 15) and VNI (32.1%, n = 9) genotypes were abundantly present among environmental isolates. The hybrid VNIII (14.3%, n = 4) genotype was underrepresented and the VNII was not found. Cryptococcus gattii was also not found although some isolates yielded a positive canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue test.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisbon, Portugal; Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Sofia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maduro
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: Maria da Luz
authors.initials: Mda L
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inácio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010856:Columbidae / Q000382:microbiology; D056285:Cryptococcus gattii / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000382:microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011174:Portugal
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans; Eucalyptus; environmental isolates; genotyping; pigeon droppings