title: Metal and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from the Baltic Sea.
abstract: The resistance of 49 strains of bacteria isolated from surface Baltic Sea waters to 11 antibiotics was analyzed and the resistance of selected strains to three metal ions (Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) was tested. Most isolates belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (78%), while Alphaproteobacteria (8%), Actinobacteria (10%), and Bacteroidetes (4%) were less abundant. Even though previous reports suggested relationships between resistance and the presence of plasmids or the ability to produce pigments, no compelling evidence for such relationships was obtained for the strains isolated in this work. In particular, strains resistant to multiple antibiotics did not carry plasmids more frequently than sensitive strains. A relation between resistance and the four aminoglycosides tested (gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin), but not to spectinomycin, was demonstrated. This observation is of interest given that spectinomycin is not always classified as an aminoglycoside because it lacks a traditional sugar moiety. Statistical analysis indicated relationships between resistance to some antibiotics (ampicillin and erythromycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, erythromycin and tetracycline), suggesting the linkage of resistance genes for antibiotics belonging to different classes. The effects of NiSO4, ZnCl2 and MnCl2 on various media suggested that the composition of Marine Broth might result in low concentrations of Mn2+ due to chemical interactions that potentially lead to precipitation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moskot
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kotlarska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabig-Cimińska
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fari
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wegrzyn
authors.forename: Borys
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wróbel
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008670:Metals; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S