title: Cytomorphological variables of hepatic malignancies in fine needle aspiration smears with special reference to grading of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evaluation and management of discrete hepatic masses is a clinical problem. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, accurate and safe diagnostic procedure that can be used in various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the liver.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cytomorphological features of hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration was performed on 52 patients clinically suspected of having hepatic lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malignancy was detected in 50 cases. The primary malignancies consisted of 15 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 4 cases of cholangiocarcinoma and 2 of hepatoblastoma. There were 29 metastatic lesions, which included 26 cases of adenocarcinoma, 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 1 of lymphoma. The key diagnostic features for HCC were trabecular arrangement, polygonal cells with eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei with macronucleoli. Atypical naked hepatocytic nuclei and malignant cells separated by sinusoidal capillaries were also commonly seen. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA for malignancies was found to be 96% and 100% respectively, yielding a positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a very good correlation of cytological criteria and histopathological diagnosis in hepatocellular carcinoma of various grades as well as in differentiating primary from metastatic tumors. It is recommended that image directed FNAC should be the primary diagnostic modality for assessing potential malignancy in any patient with a localized hepatic mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sharda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balani
authors.forename: Reeni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Neelkamal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapoor
keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology; grading; hepatocellular carcinoma; metastatic; ultrasonography guided