title: The effect of intermittent antenatal iron supplementation on maternal and infant outcomes in rural Viet Nam: a cluster randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia affects over 500 million women, and in pregnancy is associated with impaired maternal and infant outcomes. Intermittent antenatal iron supplementation is an attractive alternative to daily dosing; however, the impact of this strategy on infant outcomes remains unclear. We compared the effect of intermittent antenatal iron supplementation with daily iron supplementation on maternal and infant outcomes in rural Viet Nam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This cluster randomised trial was conducted in Ha Nam province, Viet Nam. 1,258 pregnant women (< 16 wk gestation) in 104 communes were assigned to daily iron-folic acid (IFA), twice weekly IFA, or twice weekly multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation. Primary outcome was birth weight. Mean birth weight was 3,148 g (standard deviation 416). There was no difference in the birth weights of infants of women receiving twice weekly IFA compared to daily IFA (mean difference [MD] 28 g; 95% CI -22 to 78), or twice weekly MMN compared to daily IFA (MD -36.8 g; 95% CI -82 to 8.2). At 32 wk gestation, maternal ferritin was lower in women receiving twice weekly IFA compared to daily IFA (geometric mean ratio 0.73; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.80), and in women receiving twice weekly MMN compared to daily IFA (geometric mean ratio 0.62; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.68), but there was no difference in hemoglobin levels. Infants of mothers who received twice weekly IFA had higher cognitive scores at 6 mo of age compared to those who received daily IFA (MD 1.89; 95% CI 0.23 to 3.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twice weekly antenatal IFA or MMN did not produce a clinically important difference in birth weight, when compared to daily IFA supplementation. The significant improvement in infant cognitive outcomes at 6 mo of age following twice weekly antenatal IFA requires further exploration, and provides additional support for the use of intermittent, rather than daily, antenatal IFA in populations with low rates of iron deficiency.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12610000944033.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanieh
authors.forename: Tran T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Nguyen C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Khuong
authors.forename: Dang D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Thoang
authors.forename: Tran T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Thuy
authors.forename: Sant-Rayn
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.forename: Thach D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Tran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuan
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Beverley-Ann
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Biggs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002214:Capsules; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055118:Medication Adherence; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000378:metabolism; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012424:Rural Population; D013607:Tablets; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D006454:Hemoglobins; D018977:Micronutrients; D013607:Tablets; D007501:Iron