title: Sr-containing hydroxyapatite: morphologies of HA crystals and bioactivity on osteoblast cells.
abstract: A series of Sr-substituted hydroxyapatites (HA), of general formula Ca(10-x)Srx(PO4)6(OH)2, where x=2 and 4, were synthesized by solid state methods and characterized extensively. The reactivity of these materials in cell culture medium was evaluated, and the behavior towards MG-63 osteoblast cells (in terms of cytotoxicity and proliferation assays) was studied. Future in vivo studies will give further insights into the behavior of the materials. A paper by Lagergren et al. (1975), concerning Sr-substituted HA prepared by a solid state method, reports that the presence of Sr in the apatite composition strongly influences the apatite diffraction patterns. Zeglinsky et al. (2012) investigated Sr-substituted HA by ab initio methods and Rietveld analyses and reported changes in the HA unit cell volume and shape due to the Sr addition. To further clarify the role played by the addition of Sr on the physico-chemical properties of these materials we prepared Sr-substituted HA compositions by a solid state method, using different reagents, thermal treatments and a multi-technique approach. Our results indicated that the introduction of Sr at the levels considered here does influence the structure of HA. There is also evidence of a decrease in the crystallinity degree of the materials upon Sr addition. The introduction of increasing amounts of Sr into the HA composition causes a decrease in the specific surface area and an enrichment of Sr-apatite phase at the surface of the samples. Bioactivity tests show that the presence of Sr causes changes in particle size and/or morphology during soaking in MEM solution; on the contrary the morphology of pure HA does not change after 14 days of reaction. The presence of Sr, as Sr-substituted HA and SrCl2, in cultures of human MG-63 osteoblasts did not produce any cytotoxic effect. In fact, Sr-substituted HA increased the proliferation of osteoblast cells and enhanced cell differentiation: Sr in HA has a positive effect on MG-63 cells. In contrast, Sr ions alone, at the concentrations released by Sr-HA (1.21-3.24 ppm), influenced neither cell proliferation nor differentiation. Thus the positive effects of Sr in Sr-HA materials are probably due to the co-action of other ions such as Ca and P.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aina
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergandi
authors.forename: Gigliola
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lusvardi
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malavasi
authors.forename: Flora E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Imrie
authors.forename: Iain R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cerrato
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003460:Crystallization; D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011208:Powders; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013324:Strontium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011208:Powders; D010758:Phosphorus; D017886:Durapatite; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D013324:Strontium
keywords: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; H3-thymidine; Human MG-63 osteoblasts; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Physico-chemical characterization, cytotoxicity; Sr-substituted apatite