title: Phenylephrine as an alternative to cocaine for nasal vasoconstriction before nasal surgery: A randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine is often used topically to provide the profound vasoconstriction required for nasal surgery; however, it has been associated with intraoperative cardiac adverse effects. We compared cocaine with phenylephrine as an alternative to ascertain their relative efficacy as vasoconstrictors in nasal septoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients, presenting for elective nasal septoplasty, of American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I-III, were randomised to either 0.5% phenylephrine or 4% cocaine. The primary outcome was quality of vasoconstriction on a 5-point scale (1=unacceptable, 5=excellent), rated by the surgeon at the end of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients received phenylephrine and 26 received cocaine. The median rating for quality of the vasoconstriction was 4.0 (good) in both the phenylephrine and cocaine groups (P=0.84). Median blood loss was 50 ml in the phenylephrine group and 62.5 ml in the cocaine group (P=0.49). In secondary analyses, phenylephrine was shown to be non-inferior to cocaine on both quality of vasoconstriction (non-inferiority delta of 1 point, P=0.009) and estimated blood loss (non-inferiority delta of 25 ml, P=0.028). The frequency of ventricular ectopy, ST segment changes or blood pressure changes after nasal packing was not significantly different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenylephrine in a concentration of 0.5% is not different from 4% cocaine on the quality of vasoconstriction in septoplasty. Given the abuse potential of cocaine and the added administrative burden associated with its handling, phenylephrine might serve as an alternative.
authors.affiliation: Beachwood Ambulatory Surgicenter, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Sawsan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Alhaddad
authors.forename: Ashish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mascha
authors.forename: Basem B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Abdelmalak
keywords: Cocaine; hypertension; local anaesthetics; nasal surgery; neo-synephrine; phenylephrine