title: Cross-kingdom gene transfer facilitates the evolution of virulence in fungal pathogens.
abstract: The constant interaction between plants and their pathogens has resulted in the evolution of a diverse array of microbial infection strategies. It is increasingly evident that horizontal acquisition of new virulence functions in fungi is one of the evolutionary processes that maintain pathogens' competitive edge over host plants. Genome analyses of fungi are pointing towards this phenomenon being particularly prevalent in the subphylum Pezizomycota. While the extent of cross-kingdom gene transfer can be determined with existing genomic tools and databases, so far very few horizontally transmitted genes have been functionally characterised, and an understanding of their physiological roles in virulence has been determined for even fewer genes. Understanding the evolutionary selection pressures that drive the retention of acquired genes in particular fungal lineages is important, as it will undoubtedly reveal new insights into both fungal virulence mechanisms and corresponding plant defence processes in the future.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia. donald.gardiner@csiro.au
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kazan
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Manners
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins
keywords: Horizontal gene transfer; Lateral gene transfer; NLP; Necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins; Niche specialisation