title: Mild obesity reduces survival and adiponectin sensitivity in endotoxemic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent meta-analyses have reported that critically ill patients with morbid obesity (body mass index >40 kg/m(2)) have poor outcomes, but the effects and mechanisms of action of mild obesity are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mild obesity using a lard-based, high-fat diet (HFD) on pathologic conditions and the mechanisms of adiponectin action in endotoxemic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats underwent HFD feeding for 4 wk and were killed at 0, 1.5, and 6 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Plasma levels of adiponectin, nitric oxide, and interleukin 6; messenger RNA expression of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) in the liver and the skeletal muscle; blood biochemical test results; and histology of the liver were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFD-fed rats had a lower survival rate (12.8% versus 85.2%) and lower plasma adiponectin levels after LPS injection (P < 0.01). Messenger RNA expression of adiponectin receptors in the liver, but not the skeletal muscle, also decreased in HFD-fed rats (P < 0.05). Tissue injury and oxidative stress in the liver and plasma inflammatory mediator levels increased, and worsened lipid metabolism abnormalities were noted. The findings indicated that HFD decreased the sensitivity of adiponectin and was associated with an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation, which finally resulted in worsened liver injury and poor survival rate after LPS injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term, HFD-induced, mild obesity is harmful to the septic host, reduces adiponectin sensitivity, and could be the cause of worsening pathologic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Norihito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maeshige
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D019446:Endotoxemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; C499920:Adipoq protein, rat; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054419:Receptors, Adiponectin; C504339:adiponectin receptor 1, rat; C506573:adiponectin receptor 2, rat; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Adiponectin; High-fat diet; Lipopolysaccharide; Obesity; Sepsis