title: Current understanding of the molecular biology of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are complicated and often deadly neoplasms. A recent increased understanding of their molecular biology has contributed to expanded treatment options. DNA sequencing of samples derived from patients with PanNETs and rare genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome reveals the involvement of MEN1, DAXX/ATRX, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in PanNET tumorigenesis. Gene knock-out/knock-in studies indicate that inactivation of factors including MEN1 and abnormal PI3K/mTOR signaling uncouples endocrine cell cycle progression from the control of environmental cues such as glucose, leading to islet cell overgrowth. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that further impairment of endothelial-endocrine cell interactions contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent phase III clinical trials have shown that therapeutic interventions, such as sunitinib and everolimus, targeting those signal transduction pathways improve disease-free survival rates. Yet, cure in the setting of advanced disease remains elusive. Further advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PanNETs and improved preclinical models will assist in developing personalized therapy utilizing novel drugs to provide prolonged control or even cure the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Jianliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francois
authors.forename: Renuka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: Mukund
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zajac-Kaye
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hochwald
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins; D050763:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18 / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000068338:Everolimus; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015282:Octreotide / Q000494:pharmacology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077210:Sunitinib; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C493971:CDKN2C protein, human; D056970:Co-Repressor Proteins; D050763:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18; C106985:DAXX protein, human; D007211:Indoles; C105373:MEN1 protein, human; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; C497761:NOTCH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011758:Pyrroles; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; D000068338:Everolimus; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D015282:Octreotide; D000077210:Sunitinib; D020123:Sirolimus