title: Remitted male schizophrenia patients with sexual dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high prevalence of sexual dysfunction among male schizophrenia patients, there is still a paucity of research on this area.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and any association between male patients with schizophrenia in remission and the sociodemographic profile, medication, depression, anxiety, psychopathology of illness, body mass index, and waist circumference.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study with nonprobability sampling method was conducted in a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Taiping Hospital (Perak, Malaysia) over a 7-month period. A total of 111 remitted male schizophrenia patients were recruited. The validated Malay version of the International Index of Erectile Function (Mal-IIEF-15) was administered to the patients and assessed over 4-week duration in the domains of erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. Logistic regression analysis was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and associated factors for sexual dysfunction in each domain are the main outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five domains of sexual functioning in patients showed a high prevalence of dysfunction ranging from 78.4% to 97.1% with orgasmic dysfunction being the least impaired and intercourse satisfaction the worst impaired. Among the domains, only orgasmic dysfunction was significantly associated with race, i.e., Chinese at lower risk for impairment than the Malays (OR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.76; P = 0.018); education, i.e., patients with education higher than primary level were at higher risk for dysfunction (OR = 6.49; 95% CI: 1.32, 32.05; P = 0.022); and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-positive subscale, i.e., higher PANSS-positive score was a protective factor for orgasmic dysfunction (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.89; P = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was generally high. Malay patients and those with education higher than primary level were at higher risk for orgasmic dysfunction whereas higher PANSS-positive score was protective against the impairment. The high rate of sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia patients warrants a routine inquiry into patients' sexuality and the appropriate problems being addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthDuchess of Kent HospitalSandakanSabahMalaysia. Electronic address: kenoky05@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ong
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kheng Yee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthTaiping HospitalTaipingPerakMalaysia.
authors.forename: Eni Rahaiza
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muhd Ramli
authors.affiliation: Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaKubang KerianKelantanMalaysia.
authors.forename: Hasanah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Che Ismail
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003075:Coitus / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D006801:Humans; D007989:Libido / Q000502:physiology; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009948:Orgasm / Q000502:physiology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Male Schizophrenia in Remission; Prevalence; Psychopathology; Sexual Dysfunction; Validated Malay Version of the International Index of Erectile Function (Mal-IIEF-15)