title: Sodium concentration measurement during hemodialysis through ion-exchange resin and conductivity measure approach: in vitro experiments.
abstract: Sodium measurement during hemodialysis treatment is important to preserve the patient from clinical events related to hypo- or hyper-natremia Usually, sodium measurement is performed through laboratory equipment which is typically expensive, and requires manual intervention. We propose a new method, based on conductivity measurement after treatment of dialysate solution through ion-exchange resin. To test this method, we performed in vitro experiments. We prepared 40 ml sodium chloride (NaCl) samples at 280, 140, 70, 35, 17.5, 8.75, 4.375 mEq/l, and some "mixed samples", i.e., with added potassium chloride (KCl) at different concentrations (4.375-17.5 mEq/l), to simulate the confounding factors in a conductivity-based sodium measurement. We measured the conductivity of all samples. Afterwards, each sample was treated for 1 min with 1 g of Dowex G-26 resin, and conductivity was measured again. On average, the difference in the conductivity between mixed samples and corresponding pure NaCl samples (at the same NaCl concentration) was 20.9%. After treatment with the exchange resin, it was 14.7%, i.e., 42% lower. Similar experiments were performed with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride as confounding factors, with similar results. We also performed some experiments on actual dialysate solution during hemodialysis sessions in 15 patients, and found that the correlation between conductivity measures and sodium concentration improved after resin treatment (R=0.839 before treatment, R=0.924 after treatment, P<0.0001). We conclude that ion-exchange resin treatment coupled with conductivity measures may improve the measurement of sodium compared to conductivity measures alone, and may become a possible simple approach for continuous and automatic sodium measurement during hemodialysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy. tura@isib.cnr.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tura
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sbrignadello
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mambelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravazzani
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacini
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000032:analysis; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006801:Humans; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D007475:Ion Exchange Resins; D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: conductivity; dialysis; ion-exchange; resin; sodium; ultrafiltration