title: Prolonged overdose of all-trans retinoic acid enhances bone sensitivity in castrated mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intake of multivitamin preparations is very common in developed countries. However, excessive intake of vitamin A was associated with increased bone fragility. The aim of this study was to determine if chronic administration of the active metabolite of vitamin A all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in slight excess is associated with changes of bone turnover and density in intact and castrated mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three mo old male mice (C57B1/6) intact and castrated were injected intraperitonealy with 10 mg/kg/d of the ATRA or vehicle (control) once daily for 3 wk. The bone density, ash weights, calcium, and phosphorus content of the femur were measured. Plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Tr-ACP) and serum bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ATRA decreased bone density in both groups; however, this effect was more pronounced in castrated animals (1.487 ± 0.04 to 1,360 ± 0.05 g/cm(3)) than in intact mice (1.570 ± 0.03 to 1.510 ± 0.03 g/cm(3)). Bone density correlated with decreased B-ALP and increased Tr-ACP in ATRA-treated mice. ATRA treatment led to significantly lower thickness of cortical bone both in the intact and castrated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that repeated administration of ATRA in slight excess leads to significant bone loss both in intact and castrated mice. This effect was more pronounced in testosterone-deficient animals. Testosterone deficiency as occurs following castration may sensitize the bone to resorption mediated by ATRA. Therefore, chronic vitamin A administration may be a risk factor for osteoporosis, especially in older and testosterone-depleted subjects.
authors.affiliation: Third Internal Clinic, 1st Faculty of Medicine and Military Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. pbrou@lf1.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Peter Dan
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Broulík
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raška
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brouliková
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D005269:Femur / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D010758:Phosphorus; D013739:Testosterone; D014212:Tretinoin; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: All-trans retinoic acid; B-ALP; Bone density; Castration; Tartrate ACP