title: Healing kinetics of microneedle-formed pores in PLGA films.
abstract: The spontaneous healing of aqueous pores in poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) drug delivery systems has been identified to play a key role in terminating the burst release of large molecules, and to provide a means for novel aqueous-based microencapsulation. To examine healing of PLGA, pores were created of defined size and depth on the surface of thin PLGA films by stamping with blunt-tip microneedles. Pore dimensions on the micron-scale were relevant to surface pores of common PLGA microspheres and could be easily monitored by light microscopy. Most pores healed reproducibly at temperatures above the glass-transition temperature (T(g)) of the films, with healing times decreasing sharply with increasing temperature according to Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) behavior. It is suggested that healing is driven by high surface tension in the films and occurs through viscoelastic creep. Hydrated films healed at lower temperatures than dry films, consistent with a drop in Tg upon polymer hydration. Larger pores took longer to heal than smaller ones, while pores larger than 20 μm did not heal before significant polymer degradation occurred. Films of a less hydrophobic PLGA showed slower healing kinetics, attributed to a weaker surface tension driving force. Deeper pores showed signs of in-plane stress from spin-coating, and either ruptured or only partially healed when incubated wet and dry, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, NCRC, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mazzara
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Balagna
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thouless
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Schwendeman
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D009339:Needles; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D016062:Porosity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Glass-transition temperature; PLGA; Self-healing materials; Surface pores; Surface tension; Viscoelasticity