title: Behaviorally related neural plasticity in the arthropod optic lobes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the complexity and variability of natural environments, the ability to adaptively modify behavior is of fundamental biological importance. Motion vision provides essential cues for guiding critical behaviors such as prey, predator, or mate detection. However, when confronted with the repeated sight of a moving object that turns out to be irrelevant, most animals will learn to ignore it. The neural mechanisms by which moving objects can be ignored are unknown. Although many arthropods exhibit behavioral adaptation to repetitive moving objects, the underlying neural mechanisms have been difficult to study, due to the difficulty of recording activity from the small columnar neurons in peripheral motion detection circuits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed an experimental approach in an arthropod to record the calcium responses of visual neurons in vivo. We show that peripheral columnar neurons that convey visual information into the second optic neuropil persist in responding to the repeated presentation of an innocuous moving object. However, activity in the columnar neurons that convey the visual information from the second to the third optic neuropil is suppressed during high-frequency stimulus repetitions. In accordance with the animal's behavioral changes, the suppression of neural activity is fast but short lasting and restricted to the retina's trained area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Columnar neurons from the second optic neuropil are likely the main plastic locus responsible for the modifications in animal behavior when confronted with rapidly repeated object motion. Our results demonstrate that visually guided behaviors can be determined by neural plasticity that occurs surprisingly early in the visual pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE-CONICET, CP 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina. martin@fbmc.fcen.uba.ar.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berón de Astrada
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengochea
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sztarker
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delorenzi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomsic
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003386:Brachyura / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009899:Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods; D010775:Photic Stimulation
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium