title: The effectiveness of workplace dietary modification interventions: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of workplace dietary modification interventions alone or in combination with nutrition education on employees' dietary behaviour, health status, self-efficacy, perceived health, determinants of food choice, nutrition knowledge, co-worker support, job satisfaction, economic cost and food-purchasing patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sources included PubMed, Medline, Embase, Psych Info., Web of Knowledge and Cochrane Library (November 2011). This review was guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. Studies were randomised controlled trials and controlled studies. Interventions were implemented for at least three months. Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool measured potential biases. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Results were presented in a narrative summary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies conducted in Brazil, the USA, Netherlands and Belgium met the inclusion criteria. Four studies reported small increases in fruit and vegetable consumption (≤half serving/day). These studies involved workplace dietary modifications and three incorporated nutrition education. Other outcomes reported included health status, co-worker support, job satisfaction, perceived health, self-efficacy and food-purchasing patterns. All studies had methodological limitations that weakened confidence in the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited evidence suggests that workplace dietary modification interventions alone and in combination with nutrition education increase fruit and vegetable intakes. These interventions should be developed with recommended guidelines, workplace characteristics, long-term follow-up and objective outcomes for diet, health and cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: f.geaney@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geaney
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beirne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D005638:Fruit; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000193:education*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014675:Vegetables; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Diet; Food habits; Intervention study; Nutrition assessment; Review; Workplace