title: Preclinical Dosimetry of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia for Bladder Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite positive efficacy, thermotherapy is not widely used in clinical oncology. Difficulties associated with field penetration and controlling power deposition patterns in heterogeneous tissue have limited its use for heating deep in the body. Heat generation using iron-oxide super-paramagnetic nanoparticles excited with magnetic fields has been demonstrated to overcome some of these limitations. The objective of this preclinical study is to investigate the feasibility of treating bladder cancer with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) by analyzing the thermal dosimetry of nanoparticle heating in a rat bladder model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bladders of 25 female rats were injected with 0.4 ml of Actium Biosystems magnetite-based nanoparticles (Actium Biosystems, Boulder CO) via catheters inserted in the urethra. To assess the distribution of nanoparticles in the rat after injection we used the 7 T small animal MRI system (Bruker ClinScan, Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany). Heat treatments were performed with a small animal magnetic field applicator (Actium Biosystems, Boulder CO) with a goal of raising bladder temperature to 42°C in <10min and maintaining for 60min. Temperatures were measured throughout the rat with seven fiberoptic temperature probes (OpSens Technologies, Quebec Canada) to characterize our ability to localize heat within the bladder target.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MRI study confirms the effectiveness of the catheterization procedure to homogenously distribute nanoparticles throughout the bladder. Thermal dosimetry data demonstrate our ability to controllably raise temperature of rat bladder ≥1°C/min to a steady-state of 42°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that a MFH system provides well-localized heating of rat bladder with effective control of temperature in the bladder and minimal heating of surrounding tissues.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710 ; Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-090.
authors.forename: Tiago R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: Chen-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Landon
authors.forename: Wiguins
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.forename: Paolo F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Maccarini
authors.forename: Brant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Dewhirst
keywords: Bladder cancer; Hyperthermia; iron oxide; magnetite; nanoparticle heating; thermal dosimetry