title: Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths.
abstract: Helminth-induced type 2 immune responses, which are characterized by the T helper 2 cell-associated cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, mediate host protection through enhanced tissue repair, the control of inflammation and worm expulsion. In this Opinion article, we consider type 2 immunity in the context of helminth-mediated tissue damage. We examine the relationship between the control of helminth infection and the mechanisms of wound repair, and we provide a new understanding of the adaptive type 2 immune response and its contribution to both host tolerance and resistance.
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2757, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gause
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018793:Interleukin-13; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4