title: Ranges of active joint motion for the shoulder, elbow, and wrist in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to show highly reliable normal values and three-dimensional characteristics for final range of motion during active movements of the upper extremity joints, and to develop a database from healthy participants, with the advantage of this database lying in the methods of defining shoulder axial rotation angle and of compensating for soft tissue artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an electromagnetic tracking system (FASTRAK) to measure three-dimensional motions of the shoulder (thoracohumeral), elbow/forearm, and wrist in 20 healthy adults (age range: 18-34 years) during active joint motion tasks of the upper extremity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Joint angles of the upper extremity at the final position of joint motion tasks were determined. Highly reliable data for shoulder axial rotation angle were obtained, using a new definition of joint angle and regression analysis to compensate for estimation errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results should be useful in setting goals for the treatment of upper extremity joint functions in the fields of rehabilitation, orthopedics, and sports medicine.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medical Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. aizawa.spt@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Junya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Kashitaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jinno
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagishita
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamaru
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult