title: Musculoskeletal health profile for elite female footballers versus untrained young women before and after 16 weeks of football training.
abstract: We investigated the musculoskeletal health profile of elite female football players (ET) in comparison to untrained (UT) young women subjected to 16 weeks of football training (2 × 1 h per week). DXA scans, blood sampling, sprint testing and Flamingo postural balance testing were carried out for 27 Danish national team players and 28 untrained women, with eight women being tested after training. At baseline total BMD and BMC were 13% (1.305 ± 0.050 versus 1.159 ± 0.056 g · cm(-2)) and 23% (3047 ± 235 versus 2477 ± 526 g) higher (P <0.001) and leg BMD and BMC were 24 and 28% higher (P <0.01) in ET than in UT. Resting plasma osteocalcin was 45% higher in ET than in UT (28.8 ± 10.9 versus 19.9 ± 9.9 µg · L(-1), P <0.05). Total lean body mass was 14% higher (50.4 ± 3.3 versus 44.3 ± 4.0 kg) in ET compared with UT, with no difference in total body mass. The number of Flamingo test falls was 56-63% less (P <0.01) and 30 m sprinting speed was 31% faster (P <0.001) in ET than UT. After 16 weeks of football training for UT, lean body mass increased by 1.4 ± 0.5 kg and the number of left leg falls decreased by 29% (P <0.05). No significant changes occurred in BMD or BMC, but plasma osteocalcin increased (P <0.05) by 37%. In summary, elite women footballers have an impressive musculoskeletal health profile compared with untrained controls, but short-term football training seems to reduce the risk of falls and increase bone formation.
authors.affiliation: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Morten Bredsgaard
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Randers
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orntoft
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Abdossaleh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zar
authors.forename: Eva Wulff
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Helge
authors.forename: Magni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krustrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001825:Body Fluid Compartments / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood*; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D004856:Postural Balance; D012420:Running; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin