title: Anthocyanin phytochemical profiles and anti-oxidant activities of Vitis candicans and Vitis doaniana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grapes are one of the most important fruit crops in the world. The quality of red grape berries greatly depends on skin colour, mainly due to the anthocyanin profile. Today, the American Vitis species have the greatest potential for breeding work. They have multiple resistance properties in comparison with Vitis vinifera but little is known about their anthocyanin content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the anti-oxidant properties and anthocyanin profile of two American species, Vitis candicans and Vitis doaniana, by using LC-MS(n) and LC-NMR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Grape extracts were prepared by extraction of berry skins with acidified methanol. The complete structure elucidation of the individual anthocyanins was performed with LC-MS(n) , LC-NMR and NMR experiments. Individual anthocyanins in the extracts were quantified by using malvidin glucoside as external standard. The anti-oxidant activities of grape skin extracts were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using LC-MS(n) and LC-NMR experiments, 30 anthocyanins were identified and quantified in the two Vitis species, including two new cis-p-coumaroyl derivatives. Vitis candicans and V. doaniana showed significant differences in their anthocyanin profile. These two Vitis species possess low-to-medium anti-oxidant activities in comparison with V. vinifera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The profiles of 30 anthocyanins were established unambiguously in two American Vitis species.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 3675 GESVAB, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
authors.forename: Alexander Acevedo
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: De la Cruz
authors.forename: Ghislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hilbert
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mengin
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivière
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ollat
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vitrac
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bordenave
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Decroocq
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Delaunay
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mérillon
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomès
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D013045:Species Specificity; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers
keywords: HPLC-MS; HPLC-NMR; Vitis candicans; Vitis doaniana; anthocyanins; anti-oxidant capacity