title: Early histopathologic changes in the retina and optic nerve in canine primary angle-closure glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the morphology of canine globes enucleated 1-5 days after the onset of overt clinical disease recognized by the owner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded globes from 47 dogs with acute primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and 10 control dogs free of ocular disease were sectioned in the vertical plane sampling the optic nerve. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections were used to count ganglion cell numbers. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to quantify cell death, and MHCII immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate for antigen-presenting phagocytes in a smaller subset of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MHCII-labeled phagocytes were present in the optic nerve and retina within the first 24 h of documented glaucoma suggesting an early up-regulation. Globes removed within 1 day of overt clinical disease had a mild neutrophilic infiltrate in the retina and optic nerve as well as marked ganglion cell necrosis. By 5 days after clinical signs appear, there is a rapid decline in the number of ganglion cells and cell death detected by TUNEL labeling in the outer and inner nuclear layers of the retina, but not the ganglion cell layer. The neuropil of the optic nerve progresses from edema and neutrophilia to malacia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that retinal and optic nerve degeneration in dogs with PACG progresses rapidly to irreversible tissue loss within days of recognizable clinical disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boursiquot
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dubielzig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: acute glaucoma; canine; histopathology; optic nerve; retina