title: Farming practices in Sweden related to feeding milk and colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials to dairy calves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Milk produced by cows in receipt of antimicrobial therapy may contain antimicrobial residues. Such antimicrobial-containing waste milk must be withdrawn from human consumption and is therefore sometimes used as calf feed. Unfortunately, this approach might promote selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves' intestinal microbiota. The objectives of this study were therefore to obtain an overview of waste milk feeding practices on Swedish dairy farms and to investigate if these practices were associated with certain farm characteristics. A representative group of 457 Swedish dairy farmers participated in a web-based survey with questions about the use of colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off or during lactation, respectively, as calf feed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colostrum (milk from the first milking after calving) and transition milk (milk from the second milking to the fourth day after calving) from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off was fed to calves on 89% and 85% of the farms in the study, respectively. When antimicrobial therapy was given to cows during lactation, 56% of the farms fed milk that was produced during the course of treatment to calves, whereas milk that was produced during the subsequent withdrawal period was fed to calves on 79% of the farms. Surveyed farmers were less prone to feed such milk if the antimicrobial therapy was due to mastitis than other infections. In Sweden, a majority of antimicrobial treatments during lactation are systemic administration of benzylpenicillin and thus, the bulk of waste milk in Sweden is likely to contain residues of this drug. Feeding waste milk to calves was more common on non-organic farms, and on farms located in Southern Sweden, and was less common on farms with cows housed in cold free stalls barns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waste milk that may contain antimicrobial residues is, at least occasionally, used as feed for calves on a majority of surveyed Swedish dairy farms. Future work should focus on the effect of waste milk feeding on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves' intestinal microbiota.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. anna.duse@sva.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duse
authors.forename: Karin Persson
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Emanuelson
authors.forename: Helle Ericsson
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Unnerstad
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D003612:Dairying; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000188:drug therapy; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents