title: Transesterification of soybean oil using bovine bone waste as new catalyst.
abstract: Calcined bovine bone waste was employed to catalyze the transesterification reaction between soybean oil and methanol. The influence of various conditions on the efficiency of the transesterification was studied i.e. type of reactor, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol/oil ratio. The optimum yield of methyl ester (97%) was obtained by performing the closed-system transesterification at 65 °C for 3 h with catalyst loading of 8% wt and 6:1 methanol to oil ratio, using bone calcined at 750 °C. Calcination of the commercial bovine bone at 650 °C and above results in conversion of the calcium carbonate component to calcium oxide, with the major component being crystalline hydroxyapetite. Calcium oxide is believed to be responsible for the catalytic activity of the material. The reusability, low cost and low catalyst loading required (4% wt) may make bovine bone an attractive alternative to existing transesterification catalyst systems.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. siwaporn.smi@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: Siwaporn Meejoo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Chutima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oopathum
authors.forename: Vararut
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weeramongkhonlert
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Suwilai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaveanghong
authors.forename: Pradudnet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ketwong
authors.forename: Supakorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonyuen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D002417:Cattle; D004951:Esterification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013024:Soybean Oil
keywords: Bovine bone waste; Solid catalyst; Transesterification