title: Protective effect of bilobalide on learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia.
abstract: Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most common type of dementia in the elderly. Currently, there are no effective drugs for preventing or decreasing the progression of dementia. Bilobalide (BB) is a monomer extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of BB in a two-vessel occlusion (2-VO)-induced VD rat model. The results showed that BB (4 and 8 mg/kg) significantly protected VD rats against cognitive deficits in the Morris water maze. Biochemical assessment showed that BB (4 and 8 mg/kg) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content, and decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, BB (4 and 8 mg/kg) was found to alleviate neuronal apoptosis and to reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brain cortex and the hippocampal CA1 region in VD rats. These results suggest that BB provides protection against learning and memory impairment by reducing free radical injury and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in the brain cortex and hippocampal CA1 region in VD rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti‑Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wei-Zu
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wang-Yang
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yang-Yang
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yan-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry; D046934:Ginkgolides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005663:Furans; D046934:Ginkgolides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C073710:bilobalide