title: Genitourinary toxicity of ketamine.
abstract: Ketamine is a relatively new recreational drug used by youngsters in recent decades. Its toxic effects on the genitourinary system were first reported in 2007, and now attract extensive attention from urologists, pharmacologists, and toxicologists all over the world. As many front-line health professionals and medical social workers are still unaware of this new clinical entity and an increasing number of the drug users seek help for urological symptoms, this mini-review aimed to summarise the clinical features and possible mechanisms of ketamine-induced genitourinary toxicity. By raising public awareness of these toxic effects, the authors hope that the contents of this review will be widely disseminated not only to medical professionals, but also to relevant government departments and the general public.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Y B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: K Q
authors.initials: KQ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: Cystitis; Hydronephrosis; Ketamine; Lower urinary tract symptoms; Toxicity