title: Cognitive functions and cognitive styles in young euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidences suggest that bipolar disorder patients do not return to premorbid functioning levels during the inter-episode periods. Cognitive deficits may impair patients working and functioning status and may also have negative impact on other aspects of thinking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder in euthymic state and to explore any evident cognitive style problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control naturalistic study 60 patients with bipolar I disorder in euthymic state according to DSM-IV were recruited and subdivided into two groups each contains of 30 patients; (Group BPM) euthymic patients with recent manic episode, and Group BPD euthymic patients with recent depressive episode. Both groups were further compared with control group (Group C) consisted of 30 frequency matched healthy volunteers. Groups were subjected to the following: 1-clinical psychiatric examination, 2-Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES) for patients' group (BPD), 3-Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS) for patients' group (BPM), 4-assessment of euthymic state of mood included both MAS and MES, 5-MMSE, MTS and CDT were performed to assess cognitive functions, 6-cognitive styles evaluation included Fear of Failure, Hopelessness Scale, (the Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale SDAS-9 and Arabic Anger Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Definite cognitive function impairment and different patterns of cognitive style were detected in case groups. MMSE, MTS and CDT scores were statistically significant. Fear of Failure Scale Scores were higher in BPM; 16 (53.33%) reported severe intensity compared to 16 (53.33%) of BPD Group reporting moderate intensity and 30 (100%) of the control group reporting only mild intensity of fear of failure with statistically significant differences. Although patients were in euthymic state; Hopelessness Scale discriminated between those with affective disorders and controls and other scores for hostility SADS-9 and Arabic Anger Scale. Moreover, measures of cognitive styles showed differences among patients of the case groups who joined psychotherapy program in their management (28) compared to those who did not (32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive impact of psychotropic drugs could not be eliminated since the current study is naturalistic study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those with BAD in euthymic state suffer from cognitive dysfunction and some aspects of cognitive styles that may negatively interfere with their performance. Psychotherapeutic programs should consider these findings in their approaches for better impact on patients' quality of life and overall treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fakhry
authors.forename: Soheir H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: El Ghonemy
authors.forename: Afra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar affective disorder; Cognitive functions; Cognitive styles