title: Thirty years of HIV in Israel: current epidemiology and future challenges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The HIV/AIDS burden in Israel is increasing. This study aims to describe the nationwide-HIV epidemiology in the last 30 years and highlight areas of concern in HIV/AIDS control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National HIV/AIDS Registry in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  All individuals who were reported with HIV/AIDS in Israel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Classification of HIV/AIDS cases by risk groups, calculation of annual trend analysis and estimation of HIV transmission rates by dividing the annual HIV/AIDS-incidence by the prevalence, while the number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases reported was a proxy of the incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1981 to 2010, 6579 HIV/AIDS cases were reported in an upward trend from 3.6 new HIV diagnoses/100 000 population in 1986 to 5.6 in 2010. Immigrants from countries of generalised epidemic (ICGE) comprised 2717 (41.3%) of all cases: 2089 (76.9%) were Israeli citizens and 628 (23%) were non-Israeli citizens, mostly migrant workers. The majority (N=2040) of ICGE Israeli citizens were born in Ethiopia. Only 796 (12.1%) of all HIV/AIDS cases were heterosexuals who were non-ICGE and not injecting drug users (IDUs). IDU comprised 13.4% (N=882) of all cases. Men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 33.2% (N=1403) of all men reported, while the annual number of MSM reported with HIV/AIDS has quadrupled between 2000 and 2010. It is estimated that the HIV point prevalences in 2010 for Ethiopian-born Israeli citizens, IDU and MSM aged 16-45 were 1805, 1492 and 3150, respectively. The crude estimated transmission rates among Israeli citizens, excluding the Ethiopian-born, was 10.5, while among Ethiopian-born Israeli citizens, IDU and MSM the rates were 3.6, 6.3 and 13.2, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HIV/AIDS burden in Israel is low among heterosexuals and higher in risk-groups. Among these risk groups, the highest HIV transmission rate was in MSM, followed by IDU and ICGE. Culturally sensitive and focused prevention interventions should be tailored exclusively for each of the vulnerable risk groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Itamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grotto
authors.forename: Yana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chemtob
keywords: HIV; Migration; National registry