title: Comparison of observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on subject images from Galileos and i-CAT cone beam CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of cone beam CT (CBCT) for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis and craniofacial reconstruction in orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment planning. However, there is a need to redefine the cephalometric landmarks in three dimensional cephalometric analysis and to demonstrate the reproducibility of landmark identification on the type of CBCT machine being used.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBCT images of 20 subjects aged 15-25 years were selected, ten each from Galileos(®) (Sirona Dental Systems Inc., Bensheim, Germany) and Next Generation i-CAT(®) (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA). 2 observers located 18 landmarks on each subject twice using Dolphin-3D v. 11 software (Dolphin Imaging and Management Systems, Chatsworth, CA). Inter- and intraobserver reliability was assessed using Euclidean distances and linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the intra- and interobserver reliability was excellent for both machines. The landmarks Gonion, Nasion, Orbitale and Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) showed the greatest median Euclidean distances for both intra- and interobserver measurements. There were significant observer effects in the unified models for Sella, Menton and all six dental landmarks. For Sella, the distances between the measures were significantly smaller (more closely spaced) on the i-CAT machine than on the Galileos in both intra- and interobserver measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intra- and interobserver reliability was excellent for both machines. Some of the landmarks were not as reproducible as others. Which machine produced the highest reliability depended on the landmark considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL;
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Katkar
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kummet
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno Uribe
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Allareddy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruprecht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016014:Linear Models; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anatomic landmarks; cephalometry; cone beam CT