title: A novel method of estimating dose responses for polymer gels using texture analysis of scanning electron microscopy images.
abstract: Polymer gels are regarded as a potential dosimeter for independent validation of absorbed doses in clinical radiotherapy. Several imaging modalities have been used to convert radiation-induced polymerization to absorbed doses from a macro-scale viewpoint. This study developed a novel dose conversion mechanism by texture analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The modified N-isopropyl-acrylamide (NIPAM) gels were prepared under normoxic conditions, and were administered radiation doses from 5 to 20 Gy. After freeze drying, the gel samples were sliced for SEM scanning with 50×, 500×, and 3500× magnifications. Four texture indices were calculated based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The results showed that entropy and homogeneity were more suitable than contrast and energy as dose indices for higher linearity and sensitivity of the dose response curves. After parameter optimization, an R (2) value of 0.993 can be achieved for homogeneity using 500× magnified SEM images with 27 pixel offsets and no outlier exclusion. For dose verification, the percentage errors between the prescribed dose and the measured dose for 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy were -7.60%, 5.80%, 2.53%, and -0.95%, respectively. We conclude that texture analysis can be applied to the SEM images of gel dosimeters to accurately convert micro-scale structural features to absorbed doses. The proposed method may extend the feasibility of applying gel dosimeters in the fields of diagnostic radiology and radiation protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Cheng-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Jui-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Rou-Ping
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Bor-Tsung
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Shu-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019277:Entropy; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008867:Microtomy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000099166:Polyacrylamides
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005782:Gels; D000099166:Polyacrylamides