title: Analgesia with breastfeeding in addition to skin-to-skin contact during heel prick.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the analgesic effect (measured with Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS)) of breastfeeding (BF) in addition to skin-to-skin contact (SSC) versus other methods of non-pharmacological analgesia during blood sampling through heel lance in healthy term neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary level maternity ward.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-six healthy term newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  healthy term neonates, wish to breastfeed and absence of feeding during the previous 60 min.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates were randomly assigned to four groups: Group breastfed with SSC (BF+SSC Group) (n=35); Group sucrose with SSC (Sucrose+SSC Group) (n=35); SSC Group (n=33); or Sucrose Group (n=33). Babies were recorded with a video camera.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three observers watched the videos and measured NIPS score at three time points (t0: 2 min before heel prick; t1: During heel prick; and t2: 2 min after the heel prick). The influences of non-pharmacological methods on crying time, percentage of crying while sampling, heart rate, number of attempts and duration of sampling were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BF+SSC Group achieved a significant lower median NIPS score (value=1) compared with other groups (value=2, 4 and 4, respectively). The percentage of neonates with moderate-to-severe pain was also lower in the BF+SSC Group. Both groups BF+SSC and Sucrose+SSC achieved a significant lower percentage of crying compared with SSC Group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that BF in addition to SSC provides superior analgesia to other kinds of non-pharmacological analgesia in healthy term neonates during heel prick.
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Pediatrics, Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, , Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Marín Gabriel
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: del Rey Hurtado de Mendoza
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiménez Figueroa
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iglesias Fernández
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vázquez Rodríguez
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escudero Huedo
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Medina Malagón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Neonatology; Pain