title: Cytokine correlation between sinus tissue and nasal secretions among chronic rhinosinusitis and controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare cytokine levels in sinus tissue to sinus secretions from controls and chronic rhinosinusitis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polyurethane foam sponges were placed into middle meati of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), with polyps (CRSwNP), and controls. Sinus biopsies were then taken from the same location. Protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 17A were measured via cytometric bead assay for each sample. Protein values from sinus tissue and secretions were compared with Pearson's correlation between samples as well as one-way ANOVA with posthoc t test between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples from 43 patients in total were examined. Mucus was measured from 10 controls, 11 CRSsNP and 10 CRSwNP, and sinus tissue was measured from 10 controls, 15 CRSsNP and 10 CRSwNP. IL-8 and IFN-γ levels were outside of the detectable range of the assay. Levels of secreted IL-2, 4, 6, 10, and 17A correlated with tissue levels (P < 0.05 for all, r > 0.49) while TNF-α did not (P = 0.71). CRSsNP had elevated mucus levels of IL-2, 4, 6, 10, and 17A compared to controls. CRSwNP had elevated mucus levels of IL-4, 6, 10, 17A, and TNF-α compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytokine levels in sinus secretions correlate with levels in sinus tissue and are elevated in CRS versus control based on Th1/Th2 skewing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology&Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Oyer
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Alkis J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Psaltis
authors.forename: Oswaldo A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Henriquez
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schlosser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; cytokine; nasal secretion