title: Comparative usability testing of conventional and single incision laparoscopic surgery devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to perform competitive usability testing to assess the user experience of conventional laparoscopic and laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) devices.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Recent advancements in single-incision instrumentation have created more interest in and usage of LESS. However, neither LESS nor its novel multichannel access devices have been thoroughly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a simulation test bed and standardized laparoscopic surgery task, the user experience of three commercially available LESS devices was compared to conventional laparoscopic ports based on time on task, errors, task success, and perceived ease of use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between devices for time on task, errors, or task success (p > .05). For all devices, there were significantly more recoverable than unrecoverable errors, and errors occurred more frequently during the second phase of the task when the dominant hand was more active (p < .0001). Conventional laparoscopy was rated as easier to use than were the LESS devices (p < .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Device performance of a basic laparoscopic task was similar in both conventional laparoscopy and LESS. Each of the LESS devices facilitated efficient and accurate aiming and grasping movements compared to conventional laparoscopy. Further investigation of human factors and ergonomics of LESS is needed to further develop, evaluate, and refine single-site surgery technologies to create a user experience equivalent to conventional laparoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Competitive usability testing of medical devices yields objective performance data that can be used to inform purchase decisions and future device design improvements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 342 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0526, USA. bmccrory2@unl.edu
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCrory
authors.forename: Bethany R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lowndes
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: LaGrange
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M Susan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hallbeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis