title: Skin-to-skin contact diminishes pain from hepatitis B vaccine injection in healthy full-term neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that skin-to-skin contact (SSC) would reduce hepatitis B vaccine injection pain in full-term neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six mother-;neonate dyads were randomly assigned to SSC or control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cry time (CT ), behavioral state (BSt), and heart rate (HR ) were measured throughout the 16-minute protocol. HR and BSt were measured every 30 seconds; CT was recorded continuously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SSC neonates cried less compared with controls (23 vs 32 seconds during injection; 16 vs 72 seconds during recovery), reached calmer BSts sooner (M = 2.8 vs M = 6.5 time points), and trended toward more rapid HR decrease. SSC as described was safe and effective and merits further testing.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland State University, USA. rrkostandy@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Raouth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kostandy
authors.forename: Gene C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Good
mesh_terms: D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000451:nursing; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000451:nursing*; D014110:Touch
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines