title: Embryonic growth discordance and early fetal loss: the STORK multiple pregnancy cohort and systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is there an association between discordance in embryonic growth and fetal loss at the time of the 11-14-week scan in twin pregnancies?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of the chorionicity, crown rump length (CRL) discordance at 7(+0)-9(+6) weeks is predictive of subsequent single fetal demise in the first trimester.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous small studies have reported a variable association between discordance in embryonic growth and subsequent fetal loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of all twin pregnancies of known chorionicity from a large regional cohort over a 10-year period. A total of 1356 twin pregnancies (288 monochorionic and 1068 dichorionic) were included in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women presenting to the early pregnancy unit were included in the study. Logistic regression, ROC curve and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to evaluate the association between CRL discordance at 7(+0)-9(+6) weeks and spontaneous single fetal loss diagnosed at the 11-14-week scan. A systematic review was also performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library in order to explore the relationship between early growth discordance and single fetal loss in twin pregnancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 111 (8.2%) single fetal losses diagnosed at 11-14 weeks in this cohort. At multivariate analysis, CRL discordance percentile [odds ratio (OR) 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-1.63, P < 0.0001] and CRL <5th centile of at least one twin (OR, 2.21; 95% CI 1.23-4.24, P = 0.023), but not chorionicity (P = 0.486) or maternal age (P = 0.283) was independently associated with the loss of one fetus at the 11-14-week scan. The predictive accuracy of CRL discordance for single fetal loss was high (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.91-0.94). A significant association was found between the increase in the degree of embryonic discordance and the likelihood of early fetal loss (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a high-risk population was analysed. Therefore, the patients studied were not a representative sample from the population of women pregnant with twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twin pregnancies, in particular those resulting from assisted conception, are scanned frequently, particularly during the early stages of pregnancy. The findings of this study are likely to prove important in counselling parents about the short-term outcome of the pregnancy when an embryonic discordance is present.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No external funding was sought for this study. None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Fetal Medicine Unit, Division of Developmental Sciences, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Antonio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thilaganathan
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018568:Crown-Rump Length; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D059285:Pregnancy, Twin; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: growth discordance; miscarriage; outcome; pregnancy loss; twin pregnancies