title: Evaluation of phenanthrene toxicity on earthworm (Eisenia fetida): an ecotoxicoproteomics approach.
abstract: The goal of this study was to identify promising new biomarkers of phenanthrene by identifying differentially expressed proteins in Eisenia fetida after exposure to phenanthrene. Extracts of earthworm epithelium collected at days 2, 7, 14, and 28 after phenanthrene exposure were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and quantitative image analysis. Comparing the intensity of protein spots, 36 upregulated proteins and 45 downregulated proteins were found. Some of the downregulated and upregulated proteins were verified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and database searching. Downregulated proteins in response to phenanthrene exposure were involved in glycolysis, energy metabolism, chaperones, proteolysis, protein folding and electron transport. In contrast, oxidation reduction, oxygen transport, defense systems response to pollutant, protein biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis were upregulated in phenanthrene-treated E. fetida. In addition, ATP synthase b subunit, lysenin-related protein 2, lombricine kinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actinbinding protein, and extracellular globin-4 seem to be potential biomarkers since these biomarker were able to low levels (2.5 mg kg(-1)) of phenanthrene. Our study provides a functional profile of the phenanthrene-responsive proteins in earthworms. The variable levels and trends in these spots could play a potential role as novel biomarkers for monitoring the levels of phenanthrene contamination in soil ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shijin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Shiliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Feichao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jianmeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D025181:ATP Synthetase Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D017852:Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011506:Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C068142:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313); C031181:phenanthrene; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D017852:Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor); C021517:lombricine kinase; D025181:ATP Synthetase Complexes
keywords: Biomarkers; Eisenia fetida; MALDI-TOF MS/MS; Phenanthrene; Proteomics