title: Using ratings to gain insight into conceptual development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors explored a novel technique with potential for assessing conceptual development. Participants rated how "normal" to "really weird" an image was in order to determine whether (a) participants would rate images by amount of variation (slight/significant) from the standard image, (b) participants would treat variation related to different concepts equally, or (c) there would be developmental differences in these ratings. Then, authors asked whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) would demonstrate weaker conceptual skills based on their ratings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults and school-age children (with and without SLI) used a 9-point equal-appearing interval scale to rate photographic images of animals. These included standard images and images that altered the animals' shape, pattern, color, and facial morphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in ratings were obtained for adults compared with typically developing children and children with SLI compared with their age-matched peers. This is in line with the expectation that adults have stronger representations than children, as do typical children compared with those with SLI. Participants differentially rated images that varied from the standard image (slight/significant) for all parameters except shape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probing conceptual representations without the need for verbal response has the potential for exploring conceptual deficits in SLI.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Mary Alt: malt@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Alt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D003210:Concept Formation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: conceptual; ratings; semantic; specific language impairment; typicality