title: Language Individuation and Marker Words: Shakespeare and His Maxwell's Demon.
abstract: Within the structural and grammatical bounds of a common language, all authors develop their own distinctive writing styles. Whether the relative occurrence of common words can be measured to produce accurate models of authorship is of particular interest. This work introduces a new score that helps to highlight such variations in word occurrence, and is applied to produce models of authorship of a large group of plays from the Shakespearean era.
  
  
  
  A text corpus containing 55,055 unique words was generated from 168 plays from the Shakespearean era (16th and 17th centuries) of undisputed authorship. A new score, CM1, is introduced to measure variation patterns based on the frequency of occurrence of each word for the authors John Fletcher, Ben Jonson, Thomas Middleton and William Shakespeare, compared to the rest of the authors in the study (which provides a reference of relative word usage at that time). A total of 50 WEKA methods were applied for Fletcher, Jonson and Middleton, to identify those which were able to produce models yielding over 90% classification accuracy. This ensemble of WEKA methods was then applied to model Shakespearean authorship across all 168 plays, yielding a Matthews' correlation coefficient (MCC) performance of over 90%. Furthermore, the best model yielded an MCC of 99%.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that different authors, while adhering to the structural and grammatical bounds of a common language, develop measurably distinct styles by the tendency to over-utilise or avoid particular common words and phrasings. Considering language and the potential of words as an abstract chaotic system with a high entropy, similarities can be drawn to the Maxwell's Demon thought experiment; authors subconsciously favour or filter certain words, modifying the probability profile in ways that could reflect their individuality and style.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsden
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Budden
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moscato
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship / Q000266:history; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005197:Famous Persons; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language / Q000266:history; D008091:Literature / Q000266:history; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated