title: Characterization of periodontal biofilm in Down syndrome patients: a comparative study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the main periodontal bacterial species in Down syndrome (DS) patients with and without periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study involved 75 DS patients, 45 with and 30 without periodontitis. Informed consent, health and dental questionnaires and periodontitis diagnosis were performed PCR and LAMP assays were performed on subgingival dental plaque sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tannerella forsythia was the most frequent bacteria detected in the group with and without periodontitis (95.5 and 63.3%) followed by Treponema denticola (88.8 and 50%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (53.3 and 25% respectively). There were statistical differences between groups (p < 0.05). Pg fimA type I was the most frequent Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype. Two different sets of primers (Aa-F/Aa-R and ltx3/ltx4) were used to detect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and different frequencies were obtained, (68% and 14.6% respectively), they had a weak correlation (Cohen Kappa = 0.16). After sequencing of PCR products, ltx3/ltx4 showed more specificity. JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The composition of oral biofilm is fundamental for the development of periodontal disease independently of immunological alterations associated with DS. The frequency of detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans reported in the literature has a wide range, because the primers and probes applied
authors.affiliation: San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Martinez-Martinez
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Loyola-Rodriguez
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bonilla-Garro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patiño-Marin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haubek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology*; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D036781:Fimbriae Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology; D018933:Pili, Sex / Q000235:genetics; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000145:classification; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005098:Exotoxins; C063055:fimbrillin; C018579:leukotoxin; D036781:Fimbriae Proteins