title: Risk-scoring system for the individualized prediction of lymphatic dissemination in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a risk-scoring system (RSS) for the prediction of lymphatic dissemination after hysterectomy in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent surgery from 1/1/1999-12/31/2008 were evaluated. Patients with non-endometrioid histology, stage IV with macroscopic extrauterine disease, or receiving adjuvant therapy (excluding brachytherapy) without pelvic and/or paraaortic (P/PA) lymphadenectomy (LND) were excluded. Lymph node dissemination was defined as nodal metastasis when P/PA LND was performed or P/PA lymph node recurrence after negative LND or when LND was not performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors for lymphatic dissemination and develop a RSS and nomogram. The RSS was assessed for calibration and verified for discrimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 883 patients were assessed of which 521 (59.0%) underwent P/PA LND and 57 (10.9%) had positive lymph nodes. Of patients who did not undergo P/PA LND (N=362) or had negative nodes (N=464), 10 (1.2%) patients had P/PA lymph node recurrence. Myometrial invasion, tumor diameter (TD), FIGO grade, cervical stromal invasion and lymphovascular space invasion were significant on univariable analysis. All preceding variables were included in a multivariable logistic model. A parsimonious model and an alternative full model not including TD were considered. The full model with TD (illustrated in nomogram) had the highest predictive ability (concordance index 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our RSS allows accurate quantification of the probability of lymphatic dissemination and can be used as an adjunct to clinical decision-making after hysterectomy in the absence of staging. TD is an important component of the RSS and should be routinely assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: AlHilli
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Podratz
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dowdy
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bakkum-Gamez
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McGree
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Keeney
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cliby
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D018269:Carcinoma, Endometrioid / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009215:Myometrium / Q000473:pathology; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D049451:Nomograms; D010388:Pelvis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden
keywords: Endometrial Cancer; Nomogram; Risk-Scoring Model