title: Formation and speciation of nine haloacetamides, an emerging class of nitrogenous DBPs, during chlorination or chloramination.
abstract: Haloacetamides (HAcAms) are an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) of health concern. However, there are very limited data on the formation and speciation of the nine bromine- and chlorine-containing haloacetamides (HAcAm9). In the study, their formation and speciation during chlor(am)ination were investigated for a group of waters with a range of specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and bromide levels. The waters that were the least impacted by anthropogenic pollution had the lowest DON levels, the highest ratios of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to DON, and exhibited the least HAcAm9 formation. DON/DOC may act as an indicator of HAcAm yields during chlorination. HAcAm9 exhibited more formation during chloramination in the low-SUVA waters with no bromide, relative to high-SUVA waters with bromide. The selected waters all formed primarily dihalogenated (di-) HAcAms, followed by trihalogenated (tri-) species and, to a much lesser extent, monohalogenated (mono-) HAcAms. Di-HAcAm formation had similar trends as that of HAcAm9; whereas chloramination formed more mono- and less tri-HAcAms than chlorination. Bromine utilization factors and bromine incorporation factor increased with decreasing and increasing bromide during either chlorination or chloramination, and bromine was easier to incorporate into tri-HAcAms during chloramination than chlorination.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. feedwater@126.com
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Naiyun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Daqiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Stuart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Krasner
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D001965:Bromides / Q000737:chemistry; D001966:Bromine; D002681:China; D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D054879:Halogenation; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D001965:Bromides; D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D009584:Nitrogen; D001966:Bromine
keywords: 9 haloacetamides; APCI; BAcAm; BCAcAm; BDCAcAm; BIF; BUF; Br-HAcAms; CAcAm; Chlor(am)ination; Cl-Br-HAcAms; Cl-HAcAms; DBAcAm; DBCAcAm; DCAcAm; DOC; DON; Drinking water; FPs; HAAs; HANs; HAcAm9; HAcAms; HNMs; HPLC; Integrated formation; N-DBPs; NAs; NBIF; NOM; Nine haloacetamides; Nitrogenous disinfection by-products; SPE; SRM; SUVA(254); Speciation; TBAcAm; TCAcAm; THMs; WTPs; atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; bromine incorporation factor; bromine utilization factors; bromine-containing HAcAms; bromoacetamide; bromochloroacetamide; bromodichloroacetamide; chlorine- and bromine-containing HAcAms; chlorine-containing HAcAms; chloroacetamide; dibromoacetamide; dibromochloroacetamide; dichloroacetamide; dissolved organic carbon; dissolved organic nitrogen; formation potentials; haloacetamides; haloacetic acids; haloacetonitriles; halonitromethanes; high performance liquid chromatography; natural organic matter; nitrogenous DBPs; nitrosamines; normalized BIF; selective reaction monitoring; solid-phase extraction; specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm; tqMS; tribromoacetamide; trichloroacetamide; trihalomethanes; triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; water treatment plants