title: Inequalities in self-rated health among 45+ year-olds in Almaty, Kazakhstan: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-rated health (SRH) has been widely studied to assess health inequalities in both developed and developing countries. However, no studies have been performed in Central Asia. The aim of the study was to assess gender-, ethnic-, and social inequalities in SRH in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Altogether, 1500 randomly selected adults aged 45 years or older were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study and 1199 agreed (response rate 80%). SRH was classified as poor, satisfactory, good and excellent. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to study associations between SRH and socio-demographic characteristics. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for poor vs. good and for satisfactory vs. good health were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, poor, satisfactory, good and excellent health was reported by 11.8%, 53.7%, 31.0% and 3.2% of the responders, respectively. Clear gradients in SRH were observed by age, education and self-reported material deprivation in both crude and adjusted analyses. Women were more likely to report poor (OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-3.1) or satisfactory (OR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1) than good health. Ethnic Russians and unmarried participants had greater odds for poor vs. good health (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.5-3.7 and OR=4.0, 95% CI: 2.7-6.1, respectively) and for satisfactory vs. good health (OR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9 and OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.4-2.5, respectively) in crude analysis, but the estimates were reduced to non-significant levels after adjustment. Unemployed and pensioners were less likely to report good health than white-collar workers while no difference in SRH was observed between white- and blue-collar workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considerable levels of inequalities in SRH by age, gender, education and particularly self-reported material deprivation, but not by ethnicity or marital status were found in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Further research is warranted to identify the factors behind the observed associations in Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Akmaral K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Abikulova
authors.forename: Kazbek A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tulebaev
authors.forename: Aikan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Akanov
authors.forename: Botagoz S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Turdalieva
authors.forename: Sundetgali B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kalmahanov
authors.forename: Ainur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Aigulsum K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Izekenova
authors.forename: Bakhyt A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mussaeva
authors.affiliation: International School of Public Health, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia. angr@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Andrej M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grjibovski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D012426:Russia; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors