title: Identification of a mutation in GDF9 as a novel cause of diminished ovarian reserve in young women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Do any mutations in growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) have a role in diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in young women?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GDF9 p.R146C mutation may be a source of DOR in some young women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DOR affects 10% of women under 37 years of age and is associated with accelerated expenditure of follicles. GDF9 is an oocyte-secreted factor that plays a critical role in follicular development and female fertility. Several GDF9 variants have been linked to ovarian dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study included 139 women with DOR and 152 controls aged under 37 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  All women were recruited in a Chinese tertiary center and underwent DNA sequencing of GDF9 gene. We then determined the molecular and biological properties of mutant GDF9 proteins using protein expression, structural prediction and functional analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified two mutations in the proregion of GDF9 gene: c.169T > G (p.D57Y) and c.436T > C (p.R146C). The p.R146C mutation was found in three women with DOR but was absent in the control population. This mutation was also associated with significant reductions in GDF9 mature protein secretion in cultured cells. Functional studies with human granulosa cells (GCs) showed that the p.R146C mutation reduced the abilities of GDF9 to stimulate GC proliferation and to activate the Smad2 pathway. Protein structure modeling predicted that p.R146C disrupted an α-helix in GDF9 protein. In contrast with p.R146C, the p.D57Y mutation, found in both the DOR and control groups (6 versus 2), had no obvious deleterious effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger studies in varying populations may validate the role of GDF9 mutation in young women with DOR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of early-onset DOR.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhang-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Lu-Ting
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xi-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Run-Ju
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yan-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian-Zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: He-Feng
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C525897:GDF9 protein, human; D055429:Growth Differentiation Factor 9; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C497782:SMAD2 protein, human; D051899:Smad2 Protein
keywords: GDF9; diminished ovarian reserve; folliculogenesis; mutation; reproductive aging