title: Pain, psychological symptoms and prescription drug misuse in HIV: A literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is a common problem among persons living with HIV. In this population, pain often co-occurs with psychological symptoms, as well as illicit drug abuse. Recently, the misuse of prescription drugs, including the misuse of opioid medications for pain relief, has emerged as a significant public health problem. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the associations among pain, illicit drug use, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in the misuse of prescription medications in HIV disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although relatively little attention has centered on the management of pain, psychological symptoms and other distressing, yet treatable symptoms in HIV, the fact that drug abuse behaviors now constitute a primary risk factor for HIV infection requires a shift in focus for clinicians and researchers alike. There is currently little agreement regarding the medical provision of opioids to persons with a history of illicit drug use. Thus, additional research is required to ensure adequate treatment of pain and psychological symptoms in persons living with HIV while minimizing the risk of prescription drug misuse.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Jennie C I
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Plankey
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Young
keywords: anxiety; depression; opioids; pain management; pain medications; prescription drug abuse