title: Threshold altitude for bubble decay and stabilization in rat adipose tissue at hypobaric exposures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bubble formation during altitude exposures, causing altitude decompression sickness (aDCS), has been referred to in theoretical models as venous gas embolisms (VGE). This has also been demonstrated by intravascular gas formation. Previous reports indicate that the formation of VGE and aDCS incidence increase abruptly for exposures exceeding 40-44 kPa ambient pressures. Further, extravascular micro air bubbles injected into adipose tissue grow transiently, then shrink and disappear while breathing oxygen (F1O2 = 1.0) at 71 kPa. At 25 kPa similar air bubbles will grow and stabilize during oxygen breathing without disappearing. We hypothesize that an ambient pressure threshold for either extravascular bubble stabilization or disappearance may be identified between 71 and 25 kPa. Whether extravascular bubbles will stabilize above a certain threshold has not been demonstrated before.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anesthetized rats, micro air bubbles (containing 79% nitrogen) of 500 nl were injected into exposed abdominal adipose tissue. Rats were decompressed in 2-35 min to either 60, 47, or 36 kPa and bubbles studied for 215 min during continued oxygen breathing (F1O2 = 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more bubbles shrank and disappeared at 60 (14 of 17) and 47 kPa (14 of 15) as compared to bubbles exposed to 36 kPa (3 of 15) ambient pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that a threshold causing extravascular bubble stabilization or decay is between 47 to 36 kPa. The results are in agreement with previous reports demonstrating an increase in the formation of VGE and symptoms of aDCS at altitudes higher than 44 kPa ambient pressure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. thomasrandsoe@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randsoe
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hyldegaard
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000503:physiopathology; D000399:Air Pressure; D000818:Animals; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar