title: [Assessment and significance of alterations in renal function in acute on chronic cardiac failure].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The term 'kidney dysfunction' is increasingly used in cardiological literature to indicate different forms of impaired kidney function which can usually be grouped within the broad categories of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, renal function parameters commonly utilized in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure are illustrated. Some concepts of definition and classification of renal dysfunction in this clinical setting are presented, on the basis of the most recent data in the literature. Aspects of epidemiology and limits of methodologies are explored, in addition to the correct interpretation of findings, and the impact and prognostic value of renal dysfunction within the context of heart failure will be discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An impairment of kidney function is frequently observed in patients with heart failure, especially during the acutely decompensated phase (Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure or ADHF). Importantly, this complication may impact negatively on clinical outcomes, as well as directly affecting the choice of therapeutic approach, especially when congestive cardiac failure is present. New, recently proposed bio-markers are indicative of kidney injury and cannot be used to replace classical functional indexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evaluation of kidney function, together with the correct interpretation of the significance of clinical findings and the limitations of specific laboratory results, bears major methodological relevance for the care of patients with heart failure. At the present time, more extensive utilization of the new kidney injury bio-markers cannot be recommended in the care of patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fiaccadori
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Maggiore
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Di Motta
authors.forename: Santo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castellano
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gesualdo
authors.forename: Aderville
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabassi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regolisti
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003404:Creatinine; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine