title: Towards a nanoscale mammographic contrast agent: development of a modular pre-clinical dual optical/x-ray agent.
abstract: Contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) can provide improved breast cancer detection and characterization compared to conventional mammography by imaging the effects of tumour angiogenesis. Current small-molecule contrast agents used for CEDM are limited by a short plasma half-life and rapid extravasation into tissue interstitial space. To address these limitations, nanoscale agents that can remain intravascular except at sites of tumour angiogenesis can be used. For CEDM, this agent must be both biocompatible and strongly attenuate mammographic energy x-rays. Nanoscale perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) droplets have good x-ray attenuation and have been used in patients for other applications. However, the macroscopic scale of x-ray imaging (50-100 µm) is inadequate for direct verification that PFOB droplets localize at sites of breast tumour angiogenesis. For efficient pre-clinical optimization for CEDM, we integrated an optical marker into PFOB droplets for microscopic assessment (≪50 µm). To develop PFOB droplets as a new nanoscale mammographic contrast agent, PFOB droplets were labelled with fluorescent quantum dots (QDs). The droplets had mean diameters of 160 nm, fluoresced at 635 nm and attenuated x-ray spectra at 30.5 keV mean energy with a relative attenuation of 5.6 ± 0.3 Hounsfield units (HU) mg(-1) mL(-1) QD-PFOB. With the agent loaded into tissue phantoms, good correlation between x-ray attenuation and optical fluorescence was found (R(2) = 0.96), confirming co-localization of the QDs with PFOB for quantitative assessment using x-ray or optical methods. Furthermore, the QDs can be removed from the PFOB agent without affecting its x-ray attenuation or structural properties for expedited translation of optimized PFOB droplet formulations into patients.
authors.affiliation: Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gorelikov
authors.forename: Farnaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Niroui
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Levitin
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mainprize
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D049329:Nanostructures; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; C003072:perflubron