title: Secular trends in sex ratios at birth in South America over the second half of the 20(th) century.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Latitude gradients have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male divided by total births), which is anticipated to be 0.515.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual national male and female live births by country were obtained for South America from the World Health Organization (WHO) and analysed with contingency tables. The continent was arbitrarily divided into two regions: a region 10° above the Equator to 20° below the Equator, and a second area 20° below the Equator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study analyzed 147,773,689 live births. An overall increasing trend in M/F was found for the region >20° (p<0.0001) for the entire period. For the aggregate, a significant decrease was present for the period 1950-74 (p = 0.01) followed by a significant increase thereafter (p<0.001). A latitude gradient was also noted, with more males being born in cooler (more Southern > 20° S) latitudes (p<0.0001). There were 3,765,648 male births in excess of what was anticipated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The M/F ratio is increasing in South America, unlike the decline present in Europe and North America. This study also showed that M/F latitude gradients are similar to those previously reported in North America, with more males being born in cooler latitudes, contrary to the trends reported in Europe. The interplay of several poorly understood factors is likely.
authors.affiliation: PhD. Consultant Pediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta. Electronic address: victor.e.grech@gov.mt.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grech
mesh_terms: D001723:Birth Rate / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: América do Sul; Birth rate; Birth rate/trends; Infant; Lactente; Live births; Nascidos vivos; Newborn; Proporção entre os gêneros; Recém-nascido; Sex ratio; South America; Taxa de nascimentos; Taxa de nascimentos/tendências