title: Combined solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultroviolet detection for simultaneous analysis of clenbuterol, salbutamol and ractopamine in pig samples.
abstract: A simple and sensitive method based on the combination of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultroviolet detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of clenbuterol, salbutamol and ractopamine in pig samples. Parameters of the SPME procedure affecting extraction efficiency, such as the type of fiber, extraction time, extraction temperature, ion strength, pH of sample and stirring rate, were optimized. The developed method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The calibration curves were linear over a range of 0.5-50 µg/L for clenbuterol and ractopamine, and 0.2-20 µg/L for salbutamol. The limits of detection were 0.1 µg/L for clenbuterol, 0.05 µg/L for salbutamol and 0.1 μg/L for ractopamine, respectively. The averages of intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 79.8 to 92.4%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were below 9.6% for the three analytes. This method exhibited the advantages of simplicity, rapidity and low solvent consumption, and was suitable for the monitoring of β2 -agonists residue in pig samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Siruo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010627:Phenethylamines; C060897:ractopamine; D000420:Albuterol; D002976:Clenbuterol
keywords: clenbuterol; high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection; ractopamine; salbutamol; solid-phase microextraction