title: Healthy lifestyle status, antihypertensive treatment and the risk of heart failure among Finnish men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the association between antihypertensive drug treatment and heart failure (HF) risk with the association between engaging in a healthy lifestyle and HF risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively investigated the single and joint associations of lifestyle factors and awareness, treatment, blood pressure control status with HF risk among 38 075 Finns, who were 25-74 years old and free of HF at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up of 14.1 years, 638 men and 445 women developed HF. Engaging in a healthy lifestyle was associated with an decreased risk of HF. Compared with normotensive people, hypertensive patients with and without antihypertensive treatment had a higher risk of HF. Hypertensive patients who used antihypertensive drugs but did not engage in a healthy lifestyle had a significantly higher risk of HF [HR 1.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-2.21] than hypertensive patients who did not use antihypertensive drugs but engaged in a healthy lifestyle. In addition, compared with hypertensive patients who used antihypertensive drugs and engaged in a healthy lifestyle, hypertensive patients who did not use antihypertensive drug or engage in a healthy lifestyle had a significantly higher risk of HF (HR 1.55; 95% CI 1.24-1.95).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that HF risk was lower in hypertensive patients who engaged in a healthy lifestyle but higher in hypertensive people using antihypertensive drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: aPennington Biomedical Research Center bSchool of Human Ecology cDepartment of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA dDepartment of Public Health, University of Helsinki eDepartment of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki fInstitute of Health Science, University of Oulu and Oulu City Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jousilahti
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antikainen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mähönen
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Katzmarzyk
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents