title: Echo-guided injection of botulinum toxin versus blind endoscopic injection in patients with achalasia: final report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Achalasia, also known as Esophageal achalasia, is an esophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis of the esophagus (inability of smooth muscle to move food down the esophagus) in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fibrosis. In our experience, the echo-guided injection technique is the first procedure to implement to cure patients. After endoscopic-echo-guided injection technique, in patients presenting with refractory symptoms, the authors believe in surgical technique (extramucosal myotomy) as a good alternative technique to be implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1999 to 2010, the authors have treated 36 patients (Group A), 24 male and 12 female (age 26-78) with diagnosis of esophageal achalasia. Patients underwent botulinum toxin injection during echo-guided identification of the lower esophageal sphincter. Results were compared with 32 patients (Group B) (age 36-78) who underwent blind treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients of Group A presented complete relief of obstruction, patients of Group B had an obstruction remission in the 86% of the cases. Results were confirmed by manometric assessments in the early months after endoscopic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors emphasize the importance of the injection of botulinum toxin into the thicker area of the muscle layer of the lower esophageal sphincter. Patients undergoing echo-guided injection technique presented complete relief of obstruction, confirmed by manometric assessments in the early months after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Metabolic Diseases, Paolo Giaccone General Hospital, Palermo, Italy - fabrizio_986@libero.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciulla
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cremona
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Genova
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Maiorana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins