title: Effect of early enteral nutrition on postoperative nutritional status and immune function in elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of early enteral nutrition (EN) on postoperative nutritional status, intestinal permeability, and immune function in elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 96 patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from June 2007 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into EN group (n=50) and parenteral nutrition (PN) group (n=46) based on the nutrition support modes. The body weight, time to first flatus/defecation, average hospital stay, complications and mortality after the surgery as well as the liver function indicators were recorded and analyzed. Peripheral blood samples were collected on the days 1, 4 and 7 after surgery. The plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactate level were determined to assess the intestinal permeability. The plasma endotoxin levels were determined using dynamic turbidimetric assay to assess the protective effect of EN on intestinal mucosal barrier. The postoperative blood levels of inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the surgery, the time to first flatus/defecation, average hospital stay, and complications were significantly less in the EN group than those in the PN group (P<0.05), whereas the EN group had significantly higher albumin levels than the PN group (P<0.05). On the 7th postoperative day, the DAO activity, D-lactate level and endotoxin contents were significantly lower in the EN group than those in the PN group (all P<0.05). In addition, the EN group had significantly higher IgA, IgG, IgM, and CD4 levels than the PN group (P<0.05) but significantly lower IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer, early EN after surgery can effectively improve the nutritional status, protect intestinal mucosal barrier (by reducing plasma endoxins), and enhance the immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, China;
authors.forename: Guiping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Wenlong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Guangqiao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
keywords: Enteral nutrition; endotoxin; immune function; intestinal permeability; nutritional status