title: Randomized clinical trial of an intravenous hydromorphone titration protocol versus usual care for management of acute pain in older emergency department patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Opioid titration is an effective strategy for treating pain; however, titration is generally impractical in the busy emergency department (ED) setting. Our objective was to test a rapid, two-step, hydromorphone titration protocol against usual care in older patients presenting to the ED with acute severe pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective, randomized clinical trial of patients 65 years of age and older presenting to an adult, urban, academic ED with acute severe pain. The study was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01429285). Patients randomized to the hydromorphone titration protocol initially received 0.5 mg intravenous hydromorphone. Patients randomized to usual care received any dose of any intravenous opioid. At 15 min, patients in both groups were asked, 'Do you want more pain medication?' Patients in the hydromorphone titration group who answered 'yes' received a second dose of 0.5 mg intravenous hydromorphone. Patients in the usual care group who answered 'yes' had their ED attending physician notified, who then could administer any (or no) additional medication. The primary efficacy outcome was satisfactory analgesia defined a priori as the patient declining additional analgesia at least once when asked at 15 or 60 min after administration of the initial opioid. Dose was calculated in morphine equivalent units (MEU: 1 mg hydromorphone = 7 mg morphine). The need for naloxone to reverse adverse opioid effects was the primary safety outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  83.0 % of 153 patients in the hydromorphone titration group achieved satisfactory analgesia compared with 82.5 % of 166 patients in the usual care group (p = 0.91). Patients in the hydromorphone titration group received lower mean initial doses of opioids at baseline than patients in the usual care group (3.5 MEU vs. 4.7 MEU, respectively; p ≤ 0.001) and lower total opioids through 60 min (5.3 MEU vs. 6.0 MEU; p = 0.03). No patient needed naloxone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose titration of intravenous hydromorphone in increments of 0.5 mg provides comparable analgesia to usual care with less opioid over 60 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. achang3@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Polly E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bijur
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davitt
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000368:Aged; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004091:Hydromorphone