title: Mortality and incidence of new primary cancers in men with prostate cancer: a Danish population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PC) survivors may have an increased risk of new primary cancers (NPCs) due to shared risk factors or PC-directed treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Danish registries, we conducted a cohort study of men with (n=30,220) and without PC (n=151,100) (comparators), matched 1:5 on age and PC diagnosis/index date. We computed incidence rates of NPCs per 10,000 person years (PY) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI), and used Cox proportional hazards regression to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95%CI, adjusting for comorbidities. In order to obviate any impact of shorter survival among prostate cancer patients, we censored comparator patients when the matched prostate cancer patient died or was censored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up spanned 113,487PY and 462,982PY in the PC and comparison cohorts, respectively. 65% of the cohorts were aged >70 years at diagnosis. Among PC patients, 51% had distant/unspecified stage, and 63% had surgery as primary treatment. The PC cohort had lower incidence of NPCs than their comparators. The adjusted HR of NPC among men with PC versus the comparators was 0.84 (95%CI=0.80, 0.88). Lowest HRs were among older men, those with distant stage, and were particularly evident for cancers of the brain, liver, pancreas, respiratory, upper gastrointestinal, and urinary systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find no evidence of an increased risk of NPCs among men with PC. The deficit of NPCs among men with PC may be a true effect but is more likely due to lower levels of risk factors (e.g., smoking) in PC patients versus comparators, clinical consideration of cancers at new organs as metastases rather than new primaries, or under-recording/under-reporting of NPCs among PC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. dc@dce.au.dk
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cronin-Fenton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antonsen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acquavella
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Lash
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries
keywords: Cancer epidemiology; Cohort study; Incidence rate; New primary cancer; Prostate cancer