title: Gender disparities in Puerto Ricans hospitalized with an initial acute myocardial infarction: A population-based perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The published literature suggests differences in presenting symptoms for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), management, and outcomes according to gender and age. However, limited information exists on this topic among Hispanics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with an initial AMI, we examined differences in presenting symptoms, effective cardiac therapies, and in-hospital mortality as a function of gender and age groups. We reviewed the medical records of patients hospitalized with a validated AMI in 12 greater San Juan, Puerto Rico hospitals during 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age of 1,415 patients hospitalized with a first AMI was 66 years and 45 % were women. Chest pain (81%) was the most prevalent acute presenting symptom with significant differences in its frequency between women (77%) and men (85%)(p<0.001). Right arm pain, shortness-of-breath/dyspnea, and sweating/ diaphoresis were most prevalent in patients 55-64 years old (45%), compared with patients 75 years and older (29%)(p<0.005). Relative to men and patients < 55 years old, coronary angiography/thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary interventions were used less frequently in women and older patients (>75 years old). During hospitalization for AMI the in-hospital death rate was higher in women (8.6%) than men (6.0%), and increased with advancing age (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest significant gender and age differences in presenting symptoms, management, and early mortality in Puerto Ricans hospitalized with an initial AMI. It remains of considerable importance that health care personnel become aware of these gender and age differences to improve the management and outcomes of these patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico. juan.zevallos@upr.edu
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zevallos
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yarzebski
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Banchs
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Sánchez
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: María del Carmen
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.forename: Gruschenka
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mojica
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pericchi
authors.forename: Mario R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: García-Palmieri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012737:Sex Factors