title: A method for reversible drug delivery to internal tissues of Drosophila embryos.
abstract: Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism to elucidate basic cellular mechanisms of development. Indeed, much of our understanding of genetic pathways comes from work in Drosophila. However, mutations in many critical genes cause early embryonic lethality; thus, it is difficult to study the role of proteins that are required for early fundamental processes during later embryonic stages. We have therefore developed a method to reversibly deliver drugs to internal tissues of stage 15-16 Drosophila embryos using a 1:1 combination of D-limonene and heptane (LH). Specifically, delivery of Nocodazole was shown to be effective as evidenced by the significant decrease in microtubule density seen in muscle cells. Following complete depolymerization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, removing the Nocodazole and washing for 10 min was sufficient for the microtubule network to be re-established, indicating that drug delivery is reversible. Additionally, the morphology of LH-treated embryos resembled that of untreated controls, and embryo viability post-treatment with LH was significantly increased compared with previously reported permeabilization techniques. These advances in embryo permeabilization provide a means to disrupt protein function in vivo with high temporally specificity, bypassing the complications associated with genetic disruptions as they relate to the study of late-stage developmental mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Program in Developmental Biology; Sloan Kettering Institute; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Cornell University; New York, NY USA.
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Folker
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Baylies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D006536:Heptanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077222:Limonene; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D015739:Nocodazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006536:Heptanes; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene; D015739:Nocodazole
keywords: Chorion; Drosophila; drug delivery; embryo; permeabilization