title: 'It could be worse ... lot's worse!' Why health-related quality of life is better in older compared with younger individuals with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is markedly impaired in patients with heart failure (HF). Despite worse prognosis and physical status, older patients have better HRQOL than younger patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine reasons for differences in HRQOL in older compared with younger HF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  a mixed methods approach was used. HRQOL was assessed using the Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire and compared among HF patients (n = 603) in four age groups (≤ 53, 54-62, 63-70 and ≥ 71 years). Socio-demographic/clinical and psychological factors related to HRQOL were determined in four groups using multiple regressions. Patients (n = 20) described their views of HRQOL during semi-structured interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRQOL was worse in the youngest group, and best in the two oldest groups. The youngest group reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than the oldest group. Anxiety, depression and functional capacity predicted HRQOL in all age groups. Qualitatively, patients in all age groups acknowledged the negative impact of HF on HRQOL; nonetheless older patients reported that their HRQOL exceeded their expectations for their age. Younger patients bemoaned the loss of activities and roles, and reported their HRQOL as poor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  better HRQOL among older HF patients is the result, in part, of better psychosocial status. The major factor driving better HRQOL among older patients is a change with advancing age in expectations about what constitutes good HRQOL.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, 527 CON Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40515, USA. dmoser@uky.edu
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Seongkum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: Kyoung Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Muna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammash
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lennie
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arslanian-Engoren
authors.forename: Gia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mudd-Martin
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety; depression; health-related quality of life; older adults; older people