title: The dairy industry: a brief description of production practices, trends, and farm characteristics around the world.
abstract: The global dairy industry is composed of a multitude of countries with unique production practices and consumer markets. The global average number of cows per farm is about 1-2 cows; however, as a farm business model transitions from sustenance to market production, the average herd size, and subsequent labor force increases. Dairy production is unique as an agricultural commodity because milk is produced daily, for 365 days per year. With the introduction of new technology such as the milking parlor, the global industry trend is one of increasing farm sizes. The farm sizes are the largest in the United States; however, the European Union produces the most milk compared with other global producers. Dairy production is essential for economic development and sustainable communities in rural areas. However, the required capital investment and availability of local markets and labor are continued challenges. Due to farm expansion, international producers are faced with new challenges related to assuring food safety and a safe working environment for their workforce. These challenges exist in addition to the cultural and language barriers related to an increasing dependence on immigrant labor in many regions of the world. Continued success of the global dairy industry is vital. Therefore, research should continue to address the identification of occupational risk factors associated with injuries and illnesses, as well as develop cost-effective interventions and practices that lead to the minimization or elimination of these injuries and illnesses on a global scale, among our valuable population of dairy producers and workers.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Texas, San Antonio Regional Campus, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. david.i.douphrate@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Douphrate
authors.forename: G Robert
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hagevoort
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nonnenmann
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lunner Kolstrup
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinsel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001938:Brazil; D002417:Cattle; D002681:China; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D008892:Milk / Q000191:economics; D009520:New Zealand; D012426:Russia; D014481:United States