title: Changes in self-reported pre- to postinjury coping styles in the first 3 years after traumatic brain injury and the effects on psychosocial and emotional functioning and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of self-reported preinjury coping on postinjury coping, psychosocial functioning, emotional functioning, and quality of life at 1 year following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient hospital and community.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-four participants with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal design. Participants were assessed at 5 time points: after emerging from posttraumatic amnesia, and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postinjury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coping Scale for Adults-Short Version; Quality of Life Inventory; Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High preinjury use of nonproductive coping style predicted high use of nonproductive coping, more anxiety, and lower psychosocial functioning at 1 year postinjury. Increased use of nonproductive coping and decreased use of productive coping predicted poorer psychosocial outcome at 1 year post-TBI. Use of both productive and nonproductive coping decreased in the first 6 to 12 months post-TBI relative to preinjury. Unlike productive coping, nonproductive coping reached preinjury levels within 3 years postinjury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support identification of individuals at risk of relying on nonproductive coping and poorer psychosocial outcome following TBI. In addition, the results emphasize the need to implement timely interventions to facilitate productive coping and reduce the use of nonproductive coping in order to maximize favorable long-term psychosocial outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (Drs Wolters Gregório and van Heugten); Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gould and Ponsford and Mr Spitz); School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (Drs Gould and Ponsford and Mr Spitz); and Centre of Excellence in Traumatic Brain Injury Research, National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Drs Gould and Ponsford).
authors.forename: Gisela Wolters
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Gregório
authors.forename: Kate R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Gershon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Heugten
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ponsford
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires