title: Systematic analysis of silver nanoparticle ionic dissolution by tangential flow filtration: toxicological implications.
abstract: In the field of toxicology of nanomaterials, scientists have not clearly determined if the observed toxicological events are due to the nanoparticles (NPs) themselves or the dissolution of ions released into the biophysiological environment or both phenomenon participate in combination based upon their bioregional and temporal occurrence during exposure conditions. Consequently, research involving the toxicological analysis of silver NPs (Ag-NPs) has shifted towards assessment of 'nanosized' silver in comparison to its solvated 'ionic' counterpart. Current literature suggests that dissolution of ions from Ag-NPs may play a key role in toxicity; however, the present assessment methodology to separate ions from NPs still requires improvement before a definitive cause of toxicity can be determined. Recently, centrifugation-based techniques have been employed to obtain solvated ions from the NP solution, but this approach leads to NP agglomeration, making further toxicological analysis difficult to assess. Additionally, extremely small NPs are retained in the supernatant even after ultracentrifugation, leading to incomplete separation of ions from their respective NPs. To address these complex toxicology issues we applied enhanced separation techniques with the aim to study levels of ions originating from the Ag-NP using separation by a recirculating tangential flow filtration system. This system uses a unique diffusion-driven filtration method that retains large particles within the continuous flow path, while allowing the solution (ions) to pass through molecular filters by lateral diffusion separation. Use of this technique provides reproducible NP separation from their solvated ions which permits for further quantification using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or comparison use in bioassay exposures to biological systems. In this study, we thoroughly characterised NPs in biologically relevant solutions to understand the dissolution of Ag-NPs (10 and 50 nm) over time. Our results suggest that the ion dissolution from Ag-NPs is dependent on parameters such as exposure time, chemical composition and temperature of the exposure solution. Further, the well-characterised separated ionic and NP solutions were exposed to a lung epithelial cell line (A549) to evaluate the toxicity of each fraction. Results suggest that although Ag-NPs (unseparated) show concentration-dependent toxicity, dissolution of ions appears to exacerbate the toxicological effect. This finding adds data to the set of probable toxic exposure mechanisms elicited by metallic nanomaterials and provides important consideration when assessing findings of key cell function modulation.
authors.affiliation: 711 Human Performance Wing/RHDJ, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton, Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Monita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schlager
authors.forename: Saber M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids; D003470:Culture Media; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D007477:Ions; D014867:Water; D012834:Silver