title: Incident apathy during the first year after stroke and its effect on physical and cognitive recovery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective study examined the course of cognitive, physical, and social impairment among patients who developed apathy during the first year after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with apathy (N = 23) were compared with patients who had no apathy (N = 33) at initial, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after stroke for severity of global cognitive impairment as measured by Mini-Mental State Examination, severity of impairment in activities of daily living (ADLs) as measured by Functional Independence Measure, and severity of impairment in social functioning as measured by Social Functioning Exam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41.1% of patients met diagnostic criteria for apathy during the first year after stroke. The mean time from stroke to onset of apathy was 3.8 (3.3 SD) months and the mean duration was 5.6 (2.3 SD) months. Using a linear mixed model, after controlling for age, initial severity of impairment, and major depression, patients in the apathy group had significantly less recovery in cognition (t(149) = -2.06; p = 0.0411) and ADLs (t(104) = -3.37; p = 0.0011) during the first year after stroke compared with nonapathic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apathy is common after stroke and leads to less recovery in cognition and ADLs over the first year after stroke compared with similar nonapathic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA; Department of Psychiatry, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Ricardo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Mijin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Apathy; activity of daily living; cognition; stroke