title: Protein carbonyl: An oxidative stress marker in gingival crevicular fluid in healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A defined role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tissue destruction that characterizes periodontitis has been described. Protein carbonyl (PC) is the most widely used biomarker for oxidative damage to proteins, and reflects cellular damage induced by multiple forms of ROS. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of PC in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis (CP) subjects and to find an association, if any.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of 75 subjects (38 males and 37 females) were selected based on their clinical parameters into three groups: Group 1 (25 healthy subjects), Group 2 (25 gingivitis subjects), and Group 3 (25 CP subjects). GCF samples were collected to estimate the levels of PC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PC concentration in GCF was highest in subjects with CP as compared to gingivitis and healthy subjects and a significant association was observed between GCF PC levels and all periodontal parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was an increase in PC levels in GCF as the disease process progressed from healthy to gingivitis and CP, suggesting a role for increased oxidative stress in CP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Avani R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pradeep
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ramchandraprasad
authors.forename: Pavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Nishanth S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Esha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: Chronic periodontitis; gingival crevicular fluid; oxidative stress; protein carbonyl