title: Environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials: review of modeling and analytical studies.
abstract: Scientific consensus predicts that the worldwide use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) leads to their release into the environment. We reviewed the available literature concerning environmental concentrations of six ENMs (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, fullerenes, CNT and CeO2) in surface waters, wastewater treatment plant effluents, biosolids, sediments, soils and air. Presently, a dozen modeling studies provide environmental concentrations for ENM and a handful of analytical works can be used as basis for a preliminary validation. There are still major knowledge gaps (e.g. on ENM production, application and release) that affect the modeled values, but over all an agreement on the order of magnitude of the environmental concentrations can be reached. True validation of the modeled values is difficult because trace analytical methods that are specific for ENM detection and quantification are not available. The modeled and measured results are not always comparable due to the different forms and sizes of particles that these two approaches target.
authors.affiliation: Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fadri
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Tianyin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nowack
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000032:analysis; D008956:Models, Chemical; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D037741:Fullerenes; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Engineered nanomaterials; Measured environmental concentrations; Predicted environmental concentrations (PEC)