title: Occurrence of milnacipran-associated morbilliform rash and serotonin toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the development of morbilliform rash and serotonin toxicity after the addition of milnacipran to a patient's medication therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 57-year-old white female presented to the emergency department because of a full-body morbilliform rash, which appeared 9 days after initiation of milnacipran 50 mg twice daily. In the emergency department the patient's vital signs were: heart rate 121 beats/min, blood pressure 180/100 mm Hg, and temperature 38.9 °C. The patient reported diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, restlessness, and increased muscle pain. Her history included recurrent breast cancer first diagnosed in 1999, hypertension, fibromyalgia, depression, osteopenia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, insomnia, and endometriosis. Her home medications included milnacipran, fluoxetine, alprazolam, zolpidem, zoledronic acid, anastrozole, doxepin, ranitidine, levocetirizine, doxazosin, tramadol, vitamin D, and ferrous gluconate. The patient's increased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature, as well as restlessness, self-reported diarrhea and nausea, and self-reported increase in muscle pain, indicated serotonin toxicity. Milnacipran, fluoxetine, and tramadol were discontinued, while doxepin was continued. Treatment consisted of acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone, promethazine, and hydralazine 10 mg intravenously. The following morning all vital signs were within normal limits and the patient's diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, restlessness, and muscle pain resolved. She was discharged the following morning. The rash had resolved after day 2 of hospital discharge, which was the fourth day after discontinuation of milnacipran.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the patient's symptoms, the timing of symptom onset, the patient's history, and findings on physical examination, as well as use of the Naranjo probability scale, milnacipran was deemed the probable cause of the morbilliform reaction and serotonin toxicity. Only 1 case report of rash and 2 case reports of serotonin syndrome associated with milnacipran have been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to increase awareness of the possibility of developing morbilliform rash and serotonin toxicity with milnacipran therapy, as both conditions can be associated with poor outcomes if not detected early and treated appropriately.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Huskey
authors.forename: Cassandra C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: James Aubrey
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Waddell
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005076:Exanthema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078764:Milnacipran; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D000078764:Milnacipran