title: Vaccine chronicle in Japan.
abstract: The concept of immunization was started in Japan in 1849 when Jenner's cowpox vaccine seed was introduced, and the current immunization law was stipulated in 1948. There have been two turning points for amendments to the immunization law: the compensation remedy for vaccine-associated adverse events in 1976, and the concept of private vaccination in 1994. In 1992, the regional Court of Tokyo, not the Supreme Court, decided the governmental responsibility on vaccine-associated adverse events, which caused the stagnation of vaccine development. In 2010, many universal vaccines became available as the recommended vaccines, but several vaccines, including mumps, zoster, hepatitis B, and rota vaccines, are still voluntary vaccines, not universal routine applications. In this report, immunization strategies and vaccine development are reviewed for each vaccine item and future vaccine concerns are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, 108-8641, Tokyo, tetsuo-n@lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007564:Japan; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines