title: Effect of electrical discharging on formation of nanoporous biocompatible layer on Ti-6Al-4V alloys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the electrical discharge machining (EDM) was formed on the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) specimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  The properties of adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 cells were evaluated the interactions between the EDM-treated layer and cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incorporation of oxygen roughened the EDM-treated specimen surface on a microscale, where the nanoscale pores were superimposed. The EDM-treated layer, which can generate the thick anatase TiO2 on the Ti64 surface, afforded a cytocompatible environment. In cell culture, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin can be dramatically enhanced on the EDM-treated surfaces when compared with the untreated surface. In addition, the increase in peak currents to the EDM functionalization led to enhancement of multiple osteoblast functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals that the chemistry and crystallinity of the EDM-treated layer played important roles in affecting osteoblastic responses to the specimens, which provided insight into the development of new biomedical implant surfaces.
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Sen
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mao-Suan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mao-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Meng-Yuan
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Pei-Yi Wang
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000497:Alloys; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003461:Crystallography; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D015675:Osteocalcin; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D010100:Oxygen