title: Comparison of soft-tissue, dental, and skeletal characteristics in children with and without tongue thrusting habit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tongue thrusting habit is a condition in which the tongue makes contact with any teeth anterior to the molars during swallowing. Abnormal positioning of tongue may result in dental and skeletal abnormalities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to study and compare soft-tissue, dental, and skeletal morphologic characteristics in children with and without tongue thrusting habit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21 children with tongue thrusting habit and 21 children without any habit between age 10 and 14 years were selected for the study. Various soft-issue, dental and cephalometric parameters were measured and compared statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly, higher number of children with tongue thrusting showed lip incompetency (86% vs. 14%), mouth-breathing habit (38% vs. none), hyperactive mentalis muscle activity (24% vs. none), Open-bite (52% vs. none) and lisping (86% vs. none) when compared to children without tongue thrust. Children with tongue thrust showed increased upper lip thickness and proclination of maxillary incisors No differences were found in angulation of mandibular incisors, inter-premolar or inter-molar widths and all the skeletal parameters studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tongue thrust seemed to affect some of the soft-tissue and dental characteristics causing lip incompetency, mouth-breathing habit, and hyperactive mentalis muscle activity, lisping, open-bite, and proclination of maxillary incisors; however, no significant skeletal changes were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Uma B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: Raghavendra M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shetty
keywords: Growth and development; occlusion/orthodontics; oral habits