title: Under treatment of pain: a prescription for opioid misuse among the elderly?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the demographic, physical, and mental health characteristics; current drug use patterns; motivations for use; and diversion sources among elderly prescription opioid misusers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed methods design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research field offices, or senior or community center offices in South Florida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 60 and over reporting past 90-day prescription medication misuse; only prescription opioid misusers (N = 88) were included in the final analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs was the main survey instrument. A subsample of elderly reporting substantial prescription drug misuse were chosen for the in-depth interview (N = 30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 63.3. Fifty percent reported ever being admitted to a drug treatment program; several endorsed recent illicit drug use: powder cocaine and/or crack (35.2%), marijuana (30.7%), heroin (14.8%). The majority reported past year severe physical pain and discomfort (86.4%), and misuse of their primary opioid for pain (80.7%); over half (52.3%) obtained their primary opioid from their regular doctor. Qualitative data highlight the misuse of prescription opioids due to untreated or undertreated pain. Participants with primary opioid misuse for pain had over 12 times higher odds of obtaining the medication from their regular doctor (odds ratio [OR] = 12.22, P = 0.002) and had lower odds of using a dealer (OR = 0.20, P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that this group of elderly participants often misuse their own prescriptions for pain management. This study highlights the need to educate prescribing professionals on appropriate pain management for older adults while still being sensitive to issues of substance abuse and dependence.
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Levi-Minzi
authors.forename: Hilary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Surratt
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.forename: Mance E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Buttram
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Older Adults; Opioids; Pain Management; Substance Abuse