title: Tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (TCP-HA) bone scaffold as potential candidate for the formation of tissue engineered bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various materials have been used as scaffolds to suit different demands in tissue engineering. One of the most important criteria is that the scaffold must be biocompatible. This study was carried out to investigate the potential of HA or TCP/HA scaffold seeded with osteogenic induced sheep marrow cells (SMCs) for bone tissue engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  HA-SMC and TCP/HA-SMC constructs were induced in the osteogenic medium for three weeks prior to implantation in nude mice. The HA-SMC and TCP/HA-SMC constructs were implanted subcutaneously on the dorsum of nude mice on each side of the midline. These constructs were harvested after 8 wk of implantation. Constructs before and after implantation were analyzed through histological staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and gene expression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HA-SMC constructs demonstrated minimal bone formation. TCP/HA-SMC construct showed bone formation eight weeks after implantation. The bone formation started on the surface of the ceramic and proceeded to the centre of the pores. H&E and Alizarin Red staining demonstrated new bone tissue. Gene expression of collagen type 1 increased significantly for both constructs, but more superior for TCP/HA-SMC. SEM results showed the formation of thick collagen fibers encapsulating TCP/HA-SMC more than HA-SMC. Cells attached to both constructs surface proliferated and secreted collagen fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that TCP/HA-SMC constructs with better osteogenic potential compared to HA-SMC constructs can be a potential candidate for the formation of tissue engineered bone.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shamsul Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.forename: Tan Kok
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Keong
authors.forename: Chen Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Aminuddin Bin
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saim
authors.forename: Ruszymah Bt Hj
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Idrus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D010710:Phosphates; C010078:alizarin; D005337:Fibrin; D017886:Durapatite; C018392:tricalcium phosphate