title: Caffeic acid phenethyl amide improves glucose homeostasis and attenuates the progression of vascular dysfunction in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucose intolerance and cardiovascular complications are major symptoms in patients with diabetes. Many therapies have proven beneficial in treating diabetes in animals by protecting the cardiovascular system and increasing glucose utilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl amide (CAPA) on glucose homeostasis and vascular function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes (blood glucose levels > 350 mg/dL), was induced in Wistar rats by a single intravenous injection of 60 mg/kg STZ. Hypoglycemic effects were then assessed in normal and type 1 diabetic rats. In addition, coronary blood flow in Langendorff-perfused hearts was evaluated in the presence or absence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. The thoracic aorta was used to measure vascular response to phenylephrine. Finally, the effect of chronic treatment of CAPA and insulin on coronary artery flow and vascular response to phenylephrine were analyzed in diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of 0.1 mg/kg CAPA decreased plasma glucose in normal (32.9 ± 2.3% decrease, P < 0.05) and diabetic rats (11.8 ± 5.5% decrease, P < 0.05). In normal and diabetic rat hearts, 1-10 μM CAPA increased coronary flow rate, and this increase was abolished by 10 μM NOS inhibitor. In the thoracic aorta, the concentration/response curve of phenylephrine was right-shifted by administration of 100 μM CAPA. Coronary flow rate was reduced to 7.2 ± 0.2 mL/min at 8 weeks after STZ-induction. However, 4 weeks of treatment with CAPA (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, twice daily) started at 4 weeks after STZ induction increased flow rate to 11.2 ± 0.5 mL/min (P < 0.05). In addition, the contractile response induced by 1 μM phenylephrine increased from 6.8 ± 0.6 mN to 11.4 ± 0.4 mN (P < 0.05) and 14.9 ± 1.4 mN (P < 0.05) by insulin (1 IU/kg, intraperitoneal) or CAPA treatment, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAPA induced hypoglycemic activity, increased coronary blood flow and vascular response to phenylephrine in type 1 diabetic rats. The increase in coronary blood flow may result from endothelial NOS activation. However, the detailed cellular mechanisms need to be further evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Wen-Pin
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tzong-Cherng
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Ching-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang Chien
authors.forename: An-Sheng
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hsi-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Yueh-Hsiung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ming-Jai
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C584458:caffeic acid phenethyl amide; D013311:Streptozocin; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol