title: Prostate volume changes during permanent seed brachytherapy: an analysis of intra-operative variations, predictive factors and clinical implication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine prostate volume (Pvol) changes at 3 different time points during the course of I¹²⁵ permanent seed brachytherapy (PB). To assess the impact of these changes on acute urinary retention (AUR) and dosimetric outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 149 hormone-naïve patients. Measurements of the prostate volume were done using three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound (3D-TRUS) in the operating room before insertion of any needle (V1), after the insertion of 2 fixation needles with a harpoon (V2) and upon completion of the implant (V3). The quality of the implant was analyzed with the D90 (minimum dose in Grays received by 90% of the prostate volume) at day 30.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean baseline prostate volume (V1) was 37.4 ± 9.6 cc. A volume increase of >5% was seen in 51% between V1-V2 (mean = 2.5 cc, p < 0.01), in 42% between V2-V3 (mean = 1.9 cc, p < 0.01) and in 71% between V1-V3 (mean = 4.5 cc, p < 0.01). Pvol changes caused by insertion of the fixation needles were not statistically different than those caused by the implant itself (p = 0.23).In multivariate linear regression analysis, baseline Pvol is predictive of Pvol changes between V2 and V1 and V3 and V1 but not between V3 and V2. The extent of prostate swelling had an influence on D90. An increase of 10% in prostate volume between V1 and V2 results in an increase of D90 at Day 30 by 11.7%. Baseline Pvol (V1) was the only predictor of the duration of urinary retention in both univariate and multivariate (p = 0.04) regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large part of intraoperative swelling occurs already after the insertion of the fixation needles. This early prostate swelling predicts for D90 but not for AUR.
authors.affiliation: Departement of Radiation Oncology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-CHUM, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke St. E., Montreal, QB H2L 4M1, Canada.
authors.forename: Ciprian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chira
authors.forename: Guila
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delouya
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larrivée
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taussky
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes