title: Future developments in biliary stenting.
abstract: Biliary stenting has evolved dramatically over the past 30 years. Advancements in stent design have led to prolonged patency and improved efficacy. However, biliary stenting is still affected by occlusion, migration, anatomical difficulties, and the need for repeat procedures. Multiple novel plastic biliary stent designs have recently been introduced with the primary goals of reduced migration and improved ease of placement. Self-expandable bioabsorbable stents are currently being investigated in animal models. Although not US Food and Drug Administration approved for benign disease, fully covered self-expandable metal stents are increasingly being used in a variety of benign biliary conditions. In malignant disease, developments are being made to improve ease of placement and stent patency for both hilar and distal biliary strictures. The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments and future directions of biliary stenting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Clark D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hair
authors.forename: Divyesh V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Sejpal
keywords: benign biliary strictures; bioabsorbable stents; drug eluting stents; malignant biliary strictures; plastic stents; self-expandable metal stents