title: The association between CYP2D6 genotype and switching antipsychotic medication to clozapine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic variation in the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme is responsible for interindividual differences in the metabolism of many antipsychotic drugs, but the clinical relevance of polymorphisms in CYP2D6 for response to antipsychotic treatment is relatively unknown. In the Netherlands, clozapine is prescribed only when patients are non-responsive to or intolerant of at least two different antipsychotics. The aim of our study was to determine the association of the CYP2D6 genotype with switching to clozapine, which served as a surrogate outcome marker for treatment response to antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  CYP2D6 genotype was assessed in patients who had been switched to clozapine and compared with antipsychotic users whose treatment regimen included no more than two different antipsychotic drugs and no clozapine. We also performed the analysis in patients who only used CYP2D6-dependent antipsychotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 528 patients were included in the study (222 cases, 306 controls). No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of the polymorphisms among the case and control groups, both in all patients and in only those patients using CYP2D6-dependent antipsychotics. However, a trend was observed, suggesting an inverse association between CYP2D6 genotype and the switch to clozapine. (9.5 vs. 5.1 % poor metabolisers and 1.3 vs. 2.6 % ultrarapid metabolisers in cases vs. controls, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the results of our study suggest that the CYP2D6 phenotype is not a major determining factor for patients to be switched to clozapine treatment, larger studies are warranted with a focus on the clinical consequences of the CYP2D6 ultrarapid metaboliser and poor metaboliser phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: GGz Centraal Innova, Ermelo, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jochem G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gregoor
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van der Weide
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Weide
authors.forename: Harold J G M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Megen
authors.forename: Antoine C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Eibert R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Heerdink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D003024:Clozapine