title: The high-risk patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: treatment options and challenges.
abstract: An estimated 5.1 million Americans aged 20 years and older have heart failure.(1) With therapies ranging from medication and physical therapy to implantable defibrillators and circulatory support, and possibly transplantation, accurate risk stratification of patient with heart failure and delivery of therapies appropriate to the level of their disease severity is becoming increasingly important. Determination of risk and associated treatment strategies is the subject of this brief review.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bartos
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological / Q000097:blood; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019468:Disease Management; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D014665:Vasodilator Agents