title: A diploblastic radiate animal at the dawn of cambrian diversification with a simple body plan: distinct from Cnidaria?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microfossils of the genus Punctatus include developmental stages such as blastula, gastrula, and hatchlings, and represent the most complete developmental sequence of animals available from the earliest Cambrian. Despite the extremely well-preserved specimens, the evolutionary position of Punctatus has relied only on their conical remains and they have been tentatively assigned to cnidarians. We present a new interpretation of the Punctatus body plan based on the developmental reconstruction aided by recent advances in developmental biology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Punctatus developed from a rather large egg, gastrulated in a mode of invagination from a coeloblastura, and then formed a mouth directly from the blastopore. Spiny benthic hatchlings were distinguishable from swimming or crawling ciliate larvae found in cnidarians and sponges. A mouth appeared at the perihatching embryonic stage and was renewed periodically during growth, and old mouths transformed into the body wall, thus elongating the body. Growing animals retained a small blind gut in a large body cavity without partitioning by septa and did not form tentacles, pedal discs or holdfasts externally. A growth center at the oral pole was sufficient for body patterning throughout life, and the body patterning did not show any bias from radial symmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to proposed cnidarian affinity, the Punctatus body plan has basic differences from that of cnidarians, especially concerning a spacious body cavity separating ectoderm from endoderm. The lack of many basic cnidarian characters in the body patterning of Punctatus leads us to consider its own taxonomic group, potentially outside of Cnidaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan. furaha@sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kinya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.forename: Yunhuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Degan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D005580:Fossils; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D008954:Models, Biological; D009055:Mouth / Q000254:growth & development