title: Habitat variation and wing coloration affect wing shape evolution in dragonflies.
abstract: Habitats are spatially and temporally variable, and organisms must be able to track these changes. One potential mechanism for this is dispersal by flight. Therefore, we would expect flying animals to show adaptations in wing shape related to habitat variation. In this work, we explored variation in wing shape in relation to preferred water body (flowing water or standing water with tolerance for temporary conditions) and landscape (forested to open) using 32 species of dragonflies of the genus Trithemis (80% of the known species). We included a potential source of variation linked to sexual selection: the extent of wing coloration on hindwings. We used geometric morphometric methods for studying wing shape. We also explored the phenotypic correlation of wing shape between the sexes. We found that wing shape showed a phylogenetic structure and therefore also ran phylogenetic independent contrasts. After correcting for the phylogenetic effects, we found (i) no significant effect of water body on wing shape; (ii) male forewings and female hindwings differed with regard to landscape, being progressively broader from forested to open habitats; (iii) hindwings showed a wider base in wings with more coloration, especially in males; and (iv) evidence for phenotypic correlation of wing shape between the sexes across species. Hence, our results suggest that natural and sexual selection are acting partially independently on fore- and hindwings and with differences between the sexes, despite evidence for phenotypic correlation of wing shape between males and females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. outomuro.david@gmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Outomuro
authors.forename: K-D B
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D060106:Lakes; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D063191:Odonata / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D045483:Rivers; D012737:Sex Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Trithemis; geometric morphometrics; independent contrasts; landscape; phenotypic correlation; water body