title: The future of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly hampered by the lack of easily accessible biomarkers that can detect disease presence and predict disease risk reliably. Fluid biomarkers of AD currently provide indications of disease stage; however, they are not robust predictors of disease progression or treatment response, and most are measured in cerebrospinal fluid, which limits their applicability. With these aspects in mind, the aim of this article is to underscore the concerted efforts of the Blood-Based Biomarker Interest Group, an international working group of experts in the field. The points addressed include: (1) the major challenges in the development of blood-based biomarkers of AD, including patient heterogeneity, inclusion of the "right" control population, and the blood-brain barrier; (2) the need for a clear definition of the purpose of the individual markers (e.g., prognostic, diagnostic, or monitoring therapeutic efficacy); (3) a critical evaluation of the ongoing biomarker approaches; and (4) highlighting the need for standardization of preanalytical variables and analytical methodologies used by the field.
authors.affiliation: Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Herlev, Denmark. Electronic address: kh@nordicbioscience.com.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sid E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Bryant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Institute on Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: John Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Trojanowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Montine
authors.affiliation: NextGen Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeromin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Goteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: DiaGenic ASA, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lönneborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wyss-Coray
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bazenet
authors.affiliation: DiaGenic ASA, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lovestone
authors.affiliation: Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karsdal
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Blood; Plasma; Serum