title: Tools in the assessment of sarcopenia.
abstract: This review provides a framework for the development of an operational definition of sarcopenia and of the potential end points that might be adopted in clinical trials among older adults. While the clinical relevance of sarcopenia is widely recognized, there is currently no universally accepted definition of the disorder. The development of interventions to alter the natural history of sarcopenia also requires consensus on the most appropriate end points for determining outcomes of clinical importance which might be utilized in intervention studies. We review current approaches to the definition of sarcopenia and the methods used for the assessment of various aspects of physical function in older people. The potential end points of muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle power, and muscle fatigue, as well as the relationships between them, are explored with reference to the availability and practicality of the available methods for measuring these end points in clinical trials. Based on current evidence, none of the four potential outcomes in question is sufficiently comprehensive to recommend as a uniform single outcome in randomized clinical trials. We propose that sarcopenia may be optimally defined (for the purposes of clinical trial inclusion criteria as well as epidemiological studies) using a combination of measures of muscle mass and physical performance. The choice of outcome measures for clinical trials in sarcopenia is more difficult; co-primary outcomes, tailored to the specific intervention in question, may be the best way forward in this difficult but clinically important area.
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK. cc@mrc.soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orwoll
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dere
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitlak
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsouderos
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sayer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Reginster
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanis
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D001823:Body Composition; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome