title: Surfactant reduction of cerebral infarct size and behavioral deficit in a rat model of cerebrovascular arterial gas embolism.
abstract: Gas embolism occurs commonly in cardiac and vascular surgery and decompression sickness. The goals of this study were to develop a new in vivo rat model of cerebrovascular arterial gas embolism and to determine the effects of exogenous surfactants on resultant brain infarct volume and accompanying long-term neurological dysfunction using the model. Unilateral cerebral arterial gas embolism was induced in Sprague Dawley rats, including groups receiving intravenous Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) and Oxycyte perflourocarbon surfactant pretreatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 24 and 72 h postembolism to determine infarct volume. The elevated body swing test (EBST), limb-placement test, proprioception forelimb and hindlimb tests, whisker tactile test, and Morris Water Maze test were performed to assess motor behavior, somatosensory deficit, and spatial cognitive function out to 29 days after embolization. A stable stroke model was developed with MRI examination revealing infarction in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Gas embolized rats had significant cognitive and sensorimotor dysfunction, including approximately threefold increase in Morris Water Maze latency time, ∼20% left-sided biasing in EBST performance, 0.5 to 1.5 (mean) point score elevations in the proprioception and whisker tactile tests, and 3.0 point (mean) elevation in the limb-placement test, all of which were persistent throughout the postembolic period. Surfactant prophylaxis with either PF-127 or Oxycyte rendered stroke undetectable by MRI scanning and markedly reduced the postembolic deficits in both cognitive and sensorimotor performance in treated rats, with normalization of EBST and whisker tactile tests within 7 days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Armstead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D020442:Poloxamer
keywords: animal; behavior; cognition; experimental; gas embolism; rat; stroke; surfactant