title: Comparison of femoral tunnel widening between outside-in and trans-tibial double-bundle ACL reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to compare (1) the degree of widening by comparing the diameter at the most widened area and the site of widening by measuring the distance from the tunnel entrance to the most widened area in two femoral tunnels (anteromedial and posterolateral), and (2) the morphologic change at the tunnel entrance between outside-in and trans-tibial double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study that included 17 trans-tibial and 19 outside-in double-bundle ACL reconstructed patients was conducted for evaluation of serial computed tomography (CT) scan (immediate post-operation and post-operative 1 year). Digital image communication in medicine (DICOM) data was extracted from the PiViewSTAR and imported into OsiriX, which was installed on a Macbook Pro laptop computer. Diameter of the most widened area and distance from the entrance to this point were measured from each of two perpendicular (sagittal and coronal) planes that were accurately realigned parallel to the tunnel direction. Change in the morphology of the tunnel entrance between immediate post-operation and 1-year post-operation was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widening was observed in both planes of both tunnels in the two techniques. However, no statistical significances in the diameter of most widened area and distance from the tunnel entrance to the most widened point were observed between the both techniques (n.s.). Distances from the centre point to each four sections showed an increase in all four sections of all both tunnels in both techniques. However, no statistical significance was observed between the two techniques (n.s.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Widening was observed in all tunnels using both techniques and degrees, and sites of the widening did not differ between groups. Morphologic change at the tunnel entrance was not limited to the specific direction and occurred in all directions without significant difference between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective comparative study, Level III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Gil Hospital, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea, smcos1@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Yong Seuk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Beom Koo
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Seok
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Yong Kyun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery