title: Conjunctival and corneal ulceration associated with nicorandil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report an association between conjunctival and corneal ulceration and nicorandil therapy for angina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature and spontaneous reports collected at the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Portland, Oregon), the FDA Spontaneous Reporting System (Bethesda, Maryland) and the World Health Organization's Uppsala Monitoring Center (Uppsala, Sweden).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen case reports of adverse ocular reactions were collected. Abnormal vision (5 reports), corneal ulcer (4 reports) and conjunctival ulcer (4 reports) were associated with nicorandil. Eight subjects were male and 5 female with an average age of 75.4 ± 8.3 years. The average duration of therapy to development of the ADR was 30.4 days ±3 days. Eleven case reports had positive dechallenge and the patients fully recovered. The average dose was 21.6 mg daily.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using WHO classification for adverse drug reactions, the association between nicorandil and conjunctival and corneal ulceration is "possible". The case reports indicate that, if recognized, withdrawing nicorandil will lead to resolution of the conjunctival or corneal ulceration. Advanced age and accumulation of nicotinic acid in tissues may be contributory to the risk of developing ocular ulcerations from nicorandil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA.
authors.forename: Frederick W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
authors.forename: Frederick T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Fraunfelder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020108:Nicorandil / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D020108:Nicorandil
keywords: Adverse drug reaction; conjunctival ulcer; corneal ulcer; nicorandil