title: A 1.2-V 140-nW 10-bit Sigma-Delta Modulator for Electroencephalogram Applications.
abstract: This paper presents a second-order Sigma-Delta modulator for electroencephalogram applications with 10 bits of resolution, 1.2 V of supply voltage, and only 140 nW of power consumption over a bandwidth of 25 Hz. Low-voltage operation has been achieved using quasi-floating-gate-based circuits. The use of a new class-AB operational amplifier in weak inversion allows very low power consumption. Experimental results show an energy efficiency of 1.6 pJ per quantization level, making it the most energy-efficient converter reported to date in the very low signal bandwidth range.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Morillo
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Carvajal
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Gmili
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Angulo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Villegas