title: The development of a Chinese-language instrument to measure social smoking motives among male Taiwanese smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure the social smoking motives of adult male smokers using a Chinese social context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three phases were conducted between February 2006 and May 2009. First, the initial instrument development was guided by a literature review, interviews with smokers, and item analysis. Second, the validity and reliability of the refined scale were tested. The factor structures of the Social Smoking Measures (SSM-12) scale were validated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final scale consists of 12 items. Two factors that account for 49.2% of the variance emerged from the exploratory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha was .88, and test-retest reliability was .82. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the SSM model was a two-correlated factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Field testing revealed the SSM-12 to be a reliable and valid Chinese-language instrument to measure social smoking motives, which can be used to guide nursing interventions that support culturally and socially appropriate smoking cessation programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University, 396 Sec. 1 Chang Jung Road, Kway Jen, Tainan, Taiwan. chhuang@mail.cjcu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Chih-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chung-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hui-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Chinese; instrument development; psychometric testing; smoking motives; social factor