title: Oral electromyography activation patterns for speech are similar in preschoolers who do and do not stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the authors determined whether basic patterns of muscle activation for speech were similar in preschool children who stutter and in their fluent peers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Right and left lower lip muscle activity were recorded during conversational speech and sentence repetition in 64 preschool children diagnosed as stuttering (CWS) and in 40 children who do not stutter (CWNS). Measures of electromyography (EMG) amplitude, right-left asymmetry, and bilateral coordination were computed for fluent speech. The potential presence of tremor-like oscillations during disfluencies of CWS was assessed, and EMG amplitudes of fluent and disfluent speech were compared in CWS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across both speaking tasks, lip muscle activation was similar in CWS and CWNS in overall amplitude, bilateral synchrony, and degree of right-left asymmetry. EMG amplitude was reduced during disfluent compared with fluent conversational speech of CWS, and there was no evidence of tremor in the disfluencies of CWS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the assertion that stuttering in young children arises not from basic features of muscle contraction but rather from the command signals that control the timing and amplitude of muscle activity. The results indicate that no frank abnormality is present in muscle activation patterns in preschoolers who stutter.
authors.affiliation: Correspondence to Bridget Walsh: bridget@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000295:instrumentation; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: children; physiology; speech motor control; stuttering