title: Investigating the rapid diagnosis of gliomas from serum samples using infrared spectroscopy and cytokine and angiogenesis factors.
abstract: The ability to diagnose brain cancer rapidly from serum samples is of great interest; such a diagnosis would allow for rapid testing and time to results providing a responsive diagnostic environment, ability to monitor treatment efficacy, early detection of recurrent tumours and screening techniques. Current methods rely upon subjective, time-consuming tests such as histological grading and are particularly invasive with the diagnostic test requiring hospitalisation of 2-3 days. A rapid diagnostic method based upon serum samples would allow for a relatively non-invasive test and open up the possibility of screening for brain cancer. We report for the first time the use of a Bioplex immunoassay to provide cytokine and angiogenesis factor levels that differ between serum from glioma and non-cancer patients specifically angiopoietin, follistatin, HGF, IL-8, leptin, PDGF-BB and PECAM-1 providing sensitivities and specificities as high as 88 % and 81 %, respectively. We also report, for the first time, the use of serum ATR-FTIR combined with a RBF SVM for the diagnosis of gliomas from non-cancer patients with sensitivities and specificities as high as 87.5 % and 100 %, respectively. We describe the combination of these techniques in an orthogonal diagnostic regime, providing strength to the diagnosis through data combinations, in a rapid diagnostic test within 5 h from serum collection (10 min for ATR-FTIR and 4 h for the Bioplex Immunoassay). This regime has the ability to revolutionise the clinical environment by providing objective measures for diagnosis allowing for increased efficiency with corresponding decreases in mortality, morbidity and economic impact upon the health services.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, JB Firth Building, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hands
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.forename: Alastair J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000097:blood; D000077214:Becaplermin; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D038681:Follistatin / Q000097:blood; D005910:Glioma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D042682:Angiopoietins; D038681:Follistatin; C066855:HGF protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D020738:Leptin; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D000077214:Becaplermin; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor