title: Stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of developing substance use disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to increased risk for substance use disorders and nicotine dependence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of stimulant treatment on subsequent risk for substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in a prospective longitudinal ADHD case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline we assessed ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Substance use disorders, nicotine dependence and stimulant treatment were assessed retrospectively after a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, at a mean age of 16.4 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulant treatment of ADHD was linked to a reduced risk for substance use disorders compared with no stimulant treatment, even after controlling for conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% CI 1.10-3.36), but not to nicotine dependence (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.45-2.96). Within the stimulant-treated group, a protective effect of age at first stimulant use on substance use disorder development was found, which diminished with age, and seemed to reverse around the age of 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulant treatment appears to lower the risk of developing substance use disorders and does not have an impact on the development of nicotine dependence in adolescents with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annabeth P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Groenman
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
authors.forename: Nanda N J
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Rommelse
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Corina U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Greven
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Catharina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luman
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants