title: Normative reference values for lower limb joint range, bone torsion, and alignment in children aged 4-16 years.
abstract: Normative reference values are essential to identify deviation from normal and evaluate response to treatment. As joint range of motion datasets specific to the pediatric population are infrequently reported in the literature, we determined lower limb passive joint range of motion and bone torsion values from 53 typically developing children aged 4-16 years. Our reference values were consistent with previously published norms, although for some measures, large variability in the literature exists. A clear correlation between joint range and age was observed in most measures. Our results highlight the importance of applying age-matched norms when attempting to identify deviation from normal in the growing child.
authors.affiliation: aPaediatric Gait Analysis Service of New South Wales, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network bArthritis and Musculoskeletal Research Group, The University of Sydney cInstitute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales dOrthopaedic Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mudge
authors.forename: Karen V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Bau
authors.forename: Leanne N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: Jenny C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Axt
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selber
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values