title: Traumatic retinopathy presenting as acute macular neuroretinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic retinopathy presenting as acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMNR) is an uncommon disease causing paracentral scotomas after indirect trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on five patients (six eyes) with AMNR with a temporary reduction of visual acuity and persistent paracentral scotomas after indirect trauma. The findings were documented using multimodal imaging and the follow-up was up to 32 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initially, fundoscopy was unremarkable in all patients while visual acuity (Snellen equivalents) varied between 0.03 and 1.0, and a paracentral scotoma was present in all patients. During follow-up, visual acuity recovered to 1.0 in all patients while the paracentral scotomas persisted. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography revealed a disruption of the inner/outer segment junction within the macular lesion and changes in the outer nuclear layer, which slowly recovered partly during the follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that indirect trauma can cause changes in the outer retina resembling those seen in AMNR, resulting in persisting paracentral scotomas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, , Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nentwich
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leys
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ulbig
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Imaging; Macula; Retina; Trauma