title: A simple and efficient HPLC method for benznidazole dosage in human breast milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to migration, Chagas disease is a significant public health problem in Latin America, and in other nonendemic regions. The 2 drugs currently available for the treatment, nifurtimox and benznidazole (BNZ), are associated with a high risk of toxicity in therapeutic doses. Excretion of drug into human breast milk is a potential source of unwanted exposure and pharmacologic effects in the nursing infant. However, this phenomenon was not evaluated until now, and measurement techniques for both drugs in milk were not developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, we described the development of a simple and fast method to quantify BNZ in human milk using a pretreatment that involves acid protein precipitation followed by tandem microfiltration, and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet analysis. It is simple because it takes only 3 steps to obtain a clean extracted solution that is ready to inject into the high-performance liquid chromatography equipment. It is fast because a complete analysis of a sample takes only 36 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the human breast milk composition is very variable, and lipids are one of the most difficult compounds to clean up on a milk sample, the procedure has proven to be robust and sensitive with a limit of detection of 0.3 μg/mL and quantization of 0.9 μg/mL. Despite a 70% recovery value, which could be considered a relatively low result, this recovery is reproducible (coefficient of variation <10%) and the analytical response under the linear range is very good (r = 0.9969 adjusted). Real samples of human breast milk from patients in treatment with BNZ were dosed to support the validation process of the method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method described is fast, specific, accurate, precise, and sufficiently sensitive in the clinical context for the quantification of BNZ in human milk. For all these reasons, it is suitable for clinical risk evaluation studies.
authors.affiliation: Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Padró
authors.forename: Mario R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Reta
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altcheh
authors.forename: Facundo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Bournissen
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mastrantonio
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; C009999:benzonidazole