title: Adoption and diffusion of evidence-based addiction medications in substance abuse treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the roles of facility- and state-level factors in treatment facilities' adoption and diffusion of pharmaceutical agents used in addiction treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Alcohol Policy Information System, and Kaiser Family Foundation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimate ordered logit and multinomial logit models to examine the relationship of state and treatment facility characteristics to the adoption and diffusion of three pharmaceutical agents over 4 years when each was at a different stage of adoption or diffusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  N-SSATS data with facility codes, obtained directly from SAMHSA, were linked by state identifiers to the other publicly available, secondary data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis confirms the importance of awareness and exposure to the adoption behavior of others, dissemination of information about the feasibility and effectiveness of innovations, geographical clustering, and licensing and accreditation in legitimizing facilities' adoption and continued use of pharmacotherapies in addiction treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policy and administrative levers exist to increase the availability of pharmaceutical technologies and their continued use by substance abuse treatment facilities.
authors.affiliation: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs and Department of Economics, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box Y, Austin, TX, 78713-8925.
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Grant R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004221:Disulfiram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000427:Alcohol Deterrents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine; D009271:Naltrexone; D004221:Disulfiram
keywords: Substance abuse treatment; diffusion; policy