title: Duck productivity in restored species-rich native and species-poor non-native plantings.
abstract: Conservation efforts to increase duck production have led the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to restore grasslands with multi-species (3-5) mixtures of introduced cool season vegetation often termed dense nesting cover (DNC). The effectiveness of DNC to increase duck production has been variable, and maintenance of the cover type is expensive. In an effort to decrease the financial and ecological costs (increased carbon emissions from plowing and reseeding) of maintaining DNC and provide a long-term, resilient cover that will support a diversity of grassland fauna, restoration of multi-species (16-32) plantings of native plants has been explored. We investigated the vegetation characteristics, nesting density and nest survival between the 2 aforementioned cover types in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA from 2010-2011 to see if restored-native plantings provide similar benefits to nesting hens as DNC. We searched 14 fields (7 DNC, 271 ha; and 7 restored native, 230 ha) locating 3384 nests (1215 in restored-native vegetation and 2169 in DNC) in 2010-2011. Nest survival was similar between cover types in 2010, while DNC had greater survival than native plantings in 2011. Densities of nests adjusted for detection probability were not different between cover types in either year. We found no structural difference in vegetation between cover types in 2010; however, a difference was detected during the late sampling period in 2011 with DNC having deeper litter and taller vegetation. Our results indicate restored-native plantings are able to support similar nesting density as DNC; however, nest survival is more stable between years in DNC. It appears the annual variation in security between cover types goes undetected by hens as hens selected cover types at similar levels both years.
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, United States of America. ryan.haffele@state.sd.us
authors.forename: Ryan D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Haffele
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Eichholz
authors.forename: Cami S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004372:Ducks / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D009658:North Dakota; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons