title: A systematic review of transesophageal echocardiography-induced esophageal perforation.
abstract: A systematic review of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)-induced esophageal perforation was done using the MEDLINE (PubMed and OVID interfaces), Google Scholar and EMBASE databases. Thirty-five cases of esophageal perforation from 22 studies were analyzed. TEE-induced esophageal perforation occurs in elderly female patients, predominantly in an intra-operative setting. Thoracic esophagus is the most commonly involved segment, especially, when TEE is performed intra-operatively. Majority of the esophageal perforations occur in cases with a perceived low risk or smooth TEE exam and thus, screening for high risk factors may not eliminate the occurrence of a perforation. A delayed detection of perforation occurs when it is a thoracic esophageal perforation, performed intra-operatively and when there are no known preoperative risk factors. Shock during the detection of the perforation is associated with mortality. Majority of the perforations can be repaired primarily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sainathan
authors.forename: Shahriyour
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity