title: Acute normovolemic hemodilution in the pig is associated with renal tissue edema, impaired renal microvascular oxygenation, and functional loss.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors investigated the impact of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) on intrarenal oxygenation and its functional short-term consequences in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal microvascular oxygenation (µPO2) was measured in cortex, outer and inner medulla via three implanted optical fibers by oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence. Besides systemic hemodynamics, renal function, histopathology, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression were determined. ANH was performed in n = 18 pigs with either colloids (hydroxyethyl starch 6% 130/0.4) or crystalloids (full electrolyte solution), in three steps from a hematocrit of 30% at baseline to a hematocrit of 15% (H3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANH with crystalloids decreased µPO2 in cortex and outer medulla approximately by 65% (P < 0.05) and in inner medulla by 30% (P < 0.05) from baseline to H3. In contrast, µPO2 remained unaltered during ANH with colloids. Furthermore, renal function decreased by approximately 45% from baseline to H3 (P < 0.05) only in the crystalloid group. Three times more volume of crystalloids was administered compared with the colloid group. Alterations in systemic and renal regional hemodynamics, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption during ANH, gave no obvious explanation for the deterioration of µPO2 in the crystalloid group. However, ANH with crystalloids was associated with the highest formation of renal tissue edema and the highest expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, which was mainly localized in distal convoluted tubules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ANH to a hematocrit of 15% statistically significantly impaired µPO2 and renal function in the crystalloid group. Less tissue edema formation and an unimpaired renal µPO2 in the colloid group might account for a preserved renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen.
authors.forename: Franziska M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Egbert G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Mik
authors.forename: Sander I A
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bodmer
authors.forename: N Bahar
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Ates
authors.forename: Henriëtte F E M
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klingel
authors.forename: Hilde R H
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: de Geus
authors.forename: Robert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stolker
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johannes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006438:Hemodilution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D010100:Oxygen