title: On the study of the transmission networks of blood parasites from SW Spain: diversity of avian haemosporidians in the biting midge Culicoides circumscriptus and wild birds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood-sucking flying insects play a key role in the transmission of pathogens of vector-borne diseases. However, at least for the case of avian malaria parasites, the vast majority of studies focus on the interaction between parasites and vertebrate hosts, but there is a lack of information regarding the interaction between the parasites and the insect vectors. Here, we identified the presence of malaria and malaria-like parasite lineages harbored by the potential vector Culicoides circumscriptus (Kieffer). Also, we identified some nodes of the transmission network connecting parasite lineages, potential insect vectors and avian hosts by comparing Haemoproteus and Plasmodium lineages isolated from insects with those infecting wild birds in this and previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a molecular approach, we analysed the presence of blood parasites in a total of 97 biting midges trapped in the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) and surrounding areas. Also, 123 blood samples from 11 bird species were analyzed for the presence of blood parasite infections. Blood parasites Haemoproteus and Plasmodium were identified by amplification of a 478 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen biting midges harboured blood parasites including six Haemoproteus and two Plasmodium lineages, supporting the potential role of these insects on parasite transmission. Moreover, ten (8.1%) birds carried blood parasites. Seven Plasmodium and one Haemoproteus lineages were isolated from birds. Overall, six new Haemoproteus lineages were described in this study. Also, we identified the transmission networks of some blood parasites. Two Haemoproteus lineages, hCIRCUM03 and GAGLA03, were identical to those isolated from Corvus monedula in southern Spain and Garrulus glandarius in Bulgaria, respectively. Furthermore, the new Haemoproteus lineage hCIRCUM05 showed a 99% similarity with a lineage found infecting captive penguins in Japan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The comparison of the parasite lineages isolated in this study with those previously found infecting birds allowed us to identify some potential nodes in the transmission network of avian blood parasite lineages. These results highlight the complexity of the transmission networks of blood parasites in the wild that may involve a high diversity of susceptible birds and insect vectors.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain. mferraguti@ebd.csic.es
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraguti
authors.forename: Josué
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-de la Puente
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figuerola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D001717:Birds / Q000469:parasitology*; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016787:Haemosporida / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan