title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of malaria vector control measures in urban settings of Dakar by a specific anopheles salivary biomarker.
abstract: Standard entomological methods for evaluating the impact of vector control lack sensitivity in low-malaria-risk areas. The detection of human IgG specific to Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary antigen reflects a direct measure of human-vector contact. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a range of vector control measures (VCMs) in urban settings by using this biomarker approach. The study was conducted from October to December 2008 on 2,774 residents of 45 districts of urban Dakar. IgG responses to gSG6-P1 and the use of malaria VCMs highly varied between districts. At the district level, specific IgG levels significantly increased with age and decreased with season and with VCM use. The use of insecticide-treated nets, by drastically reducing specific IgG levels, was by far the most efficient VCM regardless of age, season or exposure level to mosquito bites. The use of spray bombs was also associated with a significant reduction of specific IgG levels, whereas the use of mosquito coils or electric fans/air conditioning did not show a significant effect. Human IgG response to gSG6-P1 as biomarker of vector exposure represents a reliable alternative for accurately assessing the effectiveness of malaria VCM in low-malaria-risk areas. This biomarker tool could be especially relevant for malaria control monitoring and surveillance programmes in low-exposure/low-transmission settings.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR-MIVEGEC (IRD224-CNRS5290- Universites Montpellier 1 et 2), Montpellier, France. papa-makhtar.drame@ird.fr
authors.forename: Papa Makhtar
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Drame
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poinsignon
authors.forename: Olayide
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boussari
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Machault
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lalou
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornelie
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: LeHesran
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000276:immunology*; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D012675:Senegal; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007302:Insect Repellents; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides