title: Oxidative stress in the kidney injury of mice following exposure to lanthanides trichloride.
abstract: Environmental pollution from lanthanides (Ln) has been recognized as a major problem due to a grab exploitation of Ln mine in China. Exposure to Ln has been demonstrated to cause the nephrotoxicity, very little is known about the mechanism of oxidative damage to kidney in animals. In order to understand Ln-induced nephrotoxicity, various biochemical and chemical parameters were assayed in mouse kidney. Intragastric exposures of LaCl₃, CeCl₃, and NdCl₃ at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg kg(-1) BW for 90 consecutive days caused nephritis or epithelial cell necrosis and oxidative stress to kidney. An increase in coefficients of the kidney, La, Ce, and Nd accumulation and histopathological changes in the kidney could be observed, followed by increased reactive oxygen species production and peroxidation levels of lipid, protein and DNA, and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase as well as antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid and thiol contents. Furthermore, La, Ce, and Nd significantly suppressed expression of genes and proteins of these antioxidative enzymes in mouse kidney. In addition, kidney functions were disrupted, including an increase of the creatinine, and reductions of uric acid, urea nitrogen, calcium and phosphonium. These findings suggest that nephritis generation or epithelial cell necrosis in mice following exposure to Ln is closely associated with oxidative stress. Of these damages, the most severe was in the Ce(3+)-exposed kidneys, next in the Nd(3+)-exposed kidneys, and the least in the La(3+)-exposed kidneys, which may be attributed to the 4f electron of Ln.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei 230036, China.
authors.forename: Haiquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Yuguan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ze
authors.forename: Xuezi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: Suxin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fashui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C028521:lanthanum chloride; D007811:Lanthanum; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Biochemical function; Histopathological changes; Kidney; Lanthanides; Oxidative stress