title: Light intensity-dependent retrograde signalling in higher plants.
abstract: Plants are able to acclimate to highly fluctuating light environment and evolved a short- and long-term light acclimatory responses, that are dependent on chloroplasts retrograde signalling. In this review we summarise recent evidences suggesting that the chloroplasts act as key sensors of light intensity changes in a wide range (low, high and excess light conditions) as well as sensors of darkness. They also participate in transduction and synchronisation of systemic retrograde signalling in response to differential light exposure of distinct leaves. Regulation of intra- and inter-cellular chloroplast retrograde signalling is dependent on the developmental and functional stage of the plastids. Therefore, it is discussed in following subsections: firstly, chloroplast biogenic control of nuclear genes, for example, signals related to photosystems and pigment biogenesis during early plastid development; secondly, signals in the mature chloroplast induced by changes in photosynthetic electron transport, reactive oxygen species, hormones and metabolite biosynthesis; thirdly, chloroplast signalling during leaf senescence. Moreover, with a help of meta-analysis of multiple microarray experiments, we showed that the expression of the same set of genes is regulated specifically in particular types of signals and types of light conditions. Furthermore, we also highlight the alternative scenarios of the chloroplast retrograde signals transduction and coordination linked to the role of photo-electrochemical signalling.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szechyńska-Hebda
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karpiński
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000528:radiation effects; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004579:Electron Transport; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D055537:Light Signal Transduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Antioxidative enzymes; Chloroplast retrograde signalling; EEE; GSH and GSSH; Intra- and inter-cellular signalling; Light intensity; NPQ; PCD; PET; PQ; PSI and PSII; Photo-electrochemical signalling; ROS; SAA; SAR; excess excitation energy; nonphotochemical quenching; photosynthetic electron transport; photosystems I and II; plastoquinone; programmed cell death; reactive oxygen species; reduced and oxidised glutathione forms; systemic acquired acclimation; systemic acquired resistance.