title: A persistent primitive hypoglossal artery arising from the external carotid artery associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PHA) is a rare congenital caroticobasilar anastomosis with a reported prevalence of 0.027%-0.26%. Intracranial aneurysms occur with a frequency of approximately 26% in the setting of PHAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  PHAs typically originate from the proximal cervical internal carotid artery. To date, however, six cases of PHAs originating from the external carotid artery have been reported. We present the first case of a PHA originating from the external carotid artery associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We review the literature and discuss anatomic implications with respect to the extreme lateral infrajugular transcondylar exposure for clip ligation of a ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm in the setting of a PHA.
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Electronic address: Shuhanhe@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Shuhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Russin
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Arun P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mack
mesh_terms: D001163:Arteriovenous Anastomosis / Q000473:pathology; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008875:Middle Aged; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Aneurysm; External carotid; Hypoglossal; Persistent