title: Effect of sward surface height and level of herbage depletion on bite features of cattle grazing Sorghum bicolor swards.
abstract: To maximize herbage DMI, pregrazing sward surface height (SSH) and level of herbage depletion (HD) must be such that variables determining short-term herbage intake such as bite mass (BM) and bite rate (BR) are optimized. The objective of this study was to determine a SSH target and the level of HD as a proportion of the SSH that optimizes BM and BR of beef heifers grazing Sorghum bicolor swards. Two experiments were conducted using 2 S. bicolor swards and 4 beef heifers (25 mo old; 322 kg BW). Experiment 1 compared the effect of 6 pregrazing SSH, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 cm, on BM, BR, and jaw movements. Experiment 2 assessed the effect of HD level as a proportion of SSH (0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.67 and 0.84) on BM, BR, and jaw movements using the optimal pregrazing SSH defined in Exp. 1. Short-term herbage DMI was estimated using a double-weighing technique and corrected for insensible BW loss. Herbage DMI was subsequently used to calculate the BM. Net eating time and jaw movements for apprehension and manipulation + mastication during grazing as well as total jaw movements were determined using the IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research) behavior recorders. Bite rate and the number of total jaw movements per gram herbage DMI were derived from jaw movement count and measurements of herbage DMI. The results of Exp. 1 showed low and high SSH constraint the ease of herbage harvesting. Greater BM are maintained until a SSH of 50 cm is reached (P < 0.05) and then decline at greater SSH due to herbage dispersion. The nonbiting jaw movement rate increased at greater SSH whereas BR decreased (P < 0.05). For both variables, the turning point was close to a SSH of 50 cm. Experiment 2 showed that such an optimization of BM and BR was maintained until an HD level of 0.34 was reached (P < 0.05). There was a linear increase in both the total jaw movements per unit herbage DMI and the nonbiting jaw movements rate (manipulation + mastication) subsequent to levels of HD greater than 0.34 (P < 0.05). These studies provide, for the first time, sward feature targets to manage grazing and optimize BM and BR, aiming to maximize the short-term herbage DMI of cattle grazing S. bicolor swards.
authors.affiliation: Grazing Ecology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: P C F
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mezzalira
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bremm
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gregorini
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D011897:Random Allocation; D045868:Sorghum / Q000254:growth & development*; D014329:Tropical Climate