title: Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and the quality of anesthesia of the extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen female dogs, were sedated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1), followed by anesthetic induction with intravenous propofol (4 mg kg-1), to perform the lumbosacral puncture. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: T-F (n=8) extradural administration of fentanyl (5 µg kg-1), T-M (n=8) extradural administration of methadone (0.3mg kg-1). In both treatment groups, opioids were combined with lidocaine, in order to make up a final volume of 0.4 mL kg-1. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP), intra-operative anesthetic supplementation, blood gases and adverse effects were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HR, arterial pH and blood gases did not differ between treatments at any time point. RR and SABP decreased after epidural anesthesia, but the values were in terms of the physiological range of dogs. Intra-operative anesthetic supplementation was required in 50% and 62.5% of the fentanyl and methadone treated dogs, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine allowed cardiopulmonary stability, however sufficient sensitive blockade was not provided in 100% of the dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oeste Paulista University (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miriely Steim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.forename: Gláucia Prada
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kanashiro
authors.forename: Camila Angela
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Gabriel Montoro
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nicácio
authors.forename: Renata Navarro
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Cassu
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008012:Lidocaine; D008691:Methadone; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008012:Lidocaine; D008691:Methadone; D005283:Fentanyl