title: The effect of short moderate stress on the midbrain corticotropin-releasing factor system in a macaque model of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of moderate stress on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) components in the serotonergic midbrain region in a monkey model of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  After characterization of stress sensitivity, monkeys were moved to a novel room and given 20% less chow for 5 days before euthanasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primate research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) characterized as highly stress resilient (HSR, n = 5), medium stress resilient (n = 4), or stress sensitive (SS, n = 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five days of diet in a novel room with unfamiliar conspecifics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Density of CRF axons in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus; the number of urocortin 1 (UCN1) cells; the density of UCN1 axons; the expression of CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1) and CRF-R2 in the dorsal raphe nucleus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CRF innervation was higher in HSR than in SS animals; UCN1 cell number was higher in HSR than in SS animals and UCN1 axon bouton density was not different; all opposite of nonstressed animals. The CRF-R1 was not different between the sensitivity groups, but CRF-R2 was higher in HSR than in SS animals. The relative expression of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 was similar to nonstressed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HSR animals respond to stress with an increase in CRF delivery to serotonin neurons. With stress, UCN1 transport decreases in HSR animals. The CRF receptor expression was similar with or without stress. These changes may contribute to resilience in HSR animals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Portland, Oregon; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Electronic address: betheac@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bethea
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phu
authors.forename: Arubala P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Judy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cameron
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008598:Menstruation; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D059326:Serotonergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D054832:Urocortins / Q000378:metabolism; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: C101531:CRF receptor type 2; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D054832:Urocortins; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
keywords: CRF; Stress; amenorrhea; macaques; ovulation; resilience; serotonin