title: Selective arterial embolization with gelatin particles for refractory knee hemarthrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of selective arterial embolization for refractory knee hemarthrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcatheter arterial embolization for refractory knee hemarthrosis was performed on five female patients (median age, 77 years; range, 71-80 years) between May 2009 and September 2012. Selective arterial embolization of the feeding artery was performed using a 2.5 F microcatheter coaxially advanced from a 5 F catheter with its tip positioned in the superficial femoral artery. One- or two-millimeter gelatin particles were used as embolic agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all patients, transarterial embolization performed successfully after arteriography showed nontumorous staining around the knee joint. The feeding arteries were the lateral superior genicular artery in all five patients, the lateral inferior genicular artery in four patients, the medial superior genicular artery in one patient, the medial inferior genicular artery in one patient, the middle genicular artery in one patient, and the descending genicular artery in one patient. In all five patients, staining was remarkably diminished around the knee joint after the embolization procedure. No complication was observed. The hemarthrosis improved after the embolization, and the postoperative course has been uneventful with no recurrence in any patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that selective arterial embolization for refractory hemarthrosis of the knee is safe and useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. yamagami@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamagami
authors.forename: Rika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Ryu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terauchi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005780:Gelatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin