title: Childhood adversity in association with personality disorder dimensions: new findings in an old debate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various studies have reported a positive relationship between child maltreatment and personality disorders (PDs). However, few studies included all DSM-IV PDs and even fewer adjusted for other forms of childhood adversity, e.g. bullying or family problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed questionnaires completed by 512 participants of the ZInEP epidemiology survey, a comprehensive psychiatric survey of the general population in Zurich, Switzerland. Associations between childhood adversity and PDs were analyzed bivariately via simple regression analyses and multivariately via multiple path analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bivariate analyses revealed that all PD dimensions were significantly related to various forms of family and school problems as well as child abuse. In contrast, according to the multivariate analysis only school problems and emotional abuse were associated with various PDs. Poverty was uniquely associated with schizotypal PD, conflicts with parents with obsessive-compulsive PD, physical abuse with antisocial PD, and physical neglect with narcissistic PD. Sexual abuse was statistically significantly associated with schizotypal and borderline PD, but corresponding effect sizes were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood adversity has a serious impact on PDs. Bullying and violence in schools and emotional abuse appear to be more salient markers of general personality pathology than other forms of childhood adversity. Associations with sexual abuse were negligible when adjusted for other forms of adversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital of Zurich, PO Box 1930, CH-8021 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: michael.hengartner@dgsp.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hengartner
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ajdacic-Gross
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rössler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Abuse; Bullying; Child maltreatment; Childhood adversity; Neglect; Personality disorder