title: Combined effect of smear layer characteristics and hydrostatic pulpal pressure on dentine bond strength of HEMA-free and HEMA-containing adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the combined effect of smear layer characteristics with hydrostatic pulpal pressure (PP) on bond strength and nanoleakage expression of HEMA-free and -containing self-etch adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flat dentine surfaces were obtained from extracted human molars. Smear layers were created by grinding with #180- or #600-SiC paper. Three HEMA-free adhesives (Xeno V, G Bond Plus, Beautibond Multi) and two HEMA-containing adhesives (Bond Force, Tri-S Bond) were applied to the dentine surfaces under hydrostatic PP or none. Dentine bond strengths were determined using the microtensile bond test (μTBS). Data were statistically analyzed using three- and two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparison test. Nanoleakage evaluation was carried out under a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coarse smear layer preparation and hydrostatic PP negatively affected the μTBS of HEMA-free and -containing adhesives, but there were no significant differences. The combined experimental condition significantly reduced μTBS of the HEMA-free adhesives, while the HEMA-containing adhesives exhibited no significant differences. Two-way ANOVA indicated that for HEMA-free adhesives, there were significant interactions in μTBS between smear layer characteristics and pulpal pressure, while for HEMA-containing adhesives, there were no significant interactions between them. Nanoleakage formation within the adhesive layers of both adhesive systems distinctly increased in the combined experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined effect of coarse smear layer preparation with hydrostatic PP significantly reduced the μTBS of HEMA-free adhesives, while in HEMA-containing adhesives, these effects were not obvious.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smear layer characteristics and hydrostatic PP would additively compromise dentine bonding of self-etch adhesives, especially HEMA-free adhesives.
authors.affiliation: Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Global Centre of Excellence Programme, International Research Center for Molecular and Bone Diseases at Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo ku, 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohd Haidil Akmal
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mahdan
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Foxton
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D016622:Silver Staining; D016369:Smear Layer / Q000473:pathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: C515604:Clearfil Tri-S Bond; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C498353:G-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C575872:Xeno V; C584662:beautibond; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate
keywords: Dentine bond strength; HEMA; Hydrostatic pulpal pressure; One-step self-etch adhesives; Smear layer characteristics