title: Micro-computed tomography assessment of human alveolar bone: bone density and three-dimensional micro-architecture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a valuable means to evaluate and secure information related to bone density and quality in human necropsy samples and small live animals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the bone density of the alveolar jaw bones in human cadaver, using micro-CT. The correlation between bone density and three-dimensional micro architecture of trabecular bone was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four human cadaver jaw bone specimens were harvested. Each specimen was scanned with micro-CT at resolution of 10.5 μm. The bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and the bone mineral density (BMD) value within a volume of interest were measured. The three-dimensional micro architecture of trabecular bone was assessed. All the parameters in the maxilla and the mandible were subject to comparison. The variables for the bone density and the three-dimensional micro architecture were analyzed for nonparametric correlation using Spearman's rho at the significance level of p < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A wide range of bone density was observed. There was a significant difference between the maxilla and mandible. All micro architecture parameters were consistently higher in the mandible, up to 3.3 times greater than those in the maxilla. The most linear correlation was observed between BV/TV and BMD, with Spearman's rho = 0.99 (p = .01). Both BV/TV and BMD were highly correlated with all micro architecture parameters with Spearman's rho above 0.74 (p = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two aspects of bone density using micro-CT, the BV/TV and BMD, are highly correlated with three-dimensional micro architecture parameters, which represent the quality of trabecular bone. This noninvasive method may adequately enhance evaluation of the alveolar bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yoon Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henkin
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: alveolar bone; bone density; bone mineral density; bone volume fraction; micro architecture; micro-CT