title: Immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides from Cheonggukjang.
abstract: Cheonggukjang is a Korean whole soybean paste fermented by Bacillus subtilis and regarded as a healthy food. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides from Cheonggukjang (PSCJ) in RAW 264.7 macrophages and an animal model. PSCJ induced mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by activating nuclear factor-κB, and subsequently increased the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in murine recombinant interferon-γ-primed RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, after daily oral administration of PSCJ, immobility time decreased significantly in the PSCJ-administered group (200 or 400 mg/kg) on day 10. Taken together, these results suggest that the PSCJ has a possible role improving immune function through regulatory effects on immunological parameters, such as NO and TNF-α productions and changes in indicators related to fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hong-Kun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.forename: Ji-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Hyo-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Ji-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Chang-Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Young Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Hee-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005221:Fatigue / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005285:Fermentation; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse
keywords: BUN; CK; Cheonggukjang; DMEM; DMSO; DTT; Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium; ELISA; ERK; FBS; FST; Forced swimming test; IFN-γ; IL-2; Immunostimulatory activity; IκB-α; JNK; LDH; LPS; MAPK; Macrophage; NF-κB; NO; PARP-1; PMA; PMSF; PSCJ; Polysaccharide; RPMI; SDS; TNF-α; TP; blood urea nitrogen; c-Jun N-terminal kinase; creatine kinase; dimethyl sulfoxide; dithiothreitol; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; extracellular-signal-related kinase; fetal bovine serum; forced swimming test; iNOS; inducible nitric oxide synthase; inhibitory κB-α; interferon-γ; interleukin-2; lactic dehydrogenase; lipopolysaccharide; mitogen-activated protein kinase; nitric oxide; nuclear factor-κB; phenylmethylsulfonylfluride; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1; polysaccharides from Cheonggukjang; rosewell park memorial institute medium; sodium dodecyl sulfate; total protein; tumor necrosis factor-α