title: Warfarin and statins are associated with hematoma volume in primary infratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite extensive studies of supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), limited data are available on determinants of hematoma volume in infratentorial ICH. We therefore aimed to identify predictors of infratentorial ICH volume and to evaluate whether location specificity exists when comparing cerebellar to brainstem ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a retrospective analysis of 139 consecutive infratentorial ICH cases (95 cerebellar and 44 brainstem ICH) prospectively enrolled in a single-center study of ICH. ICH volume was measured on the CT scan obtained upon presentation to the Emergency Department using an established computer-assisted method. We used linear regression to identify determinants of log-transformed ICH volume and logistic regression to evaluate their role in surgical evacuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median ICH volumes for all infratentorial, cerebellar, and brainstem ICH were nine [interquartile range (IQR), 3-23], ten (IQR, 3-25), and eight (IQR, 3-19) milliliters, respectively. Thirty-six patients were on warfarin treatment, 31 underwent surgical evacuation, and 65 died within 90 days. Warfarin was associated with an increase in ICH volume of 86 % [β = 0.86, standard error (SE) = 0.29, p = 0.003] and statin treatment with a decrease of 69 % (β = -69, SE = 0.26, p = 0.008). Among cerebellar ICH subjects, those on warfarin were five times more likely to undergo surgical evacuation (OR = 4.80, 95 % confidence interval 1.63-14.16, p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warfarin exposure increases ICH volume in infratentorial ICH. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the inverse relation observed between statins and ICH volume.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN-6818, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Guido J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: H Bart
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biffi
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Thomas W K
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Battey
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vashkevich
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Natalia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rost
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020203:Brain Stem Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin