title: Hunger can be taught: Hunger Recognition regulates eating and improves energy balance.
abstract: A set of spontaneous hunger sensations, Initial Hunger (IH), has been associated with low blood glucose concentration (BG). These sensations may arise pre-meal or can be elicited by delaying a meal. With self-measurement of BG, subjects can be trained to formally identify and remember these sensations (Hunger Recognition). Subjects can then be trained to ensure that IH is present pre-meal for most meals and that their pre-meal BG is therefore low consistently (IH Meal Pattern). IH includes the epigastric Empty Hollow Sensation (the most frequent and recognizable) as well as less specific sensations such as fatigue or light-headedness which is termed inanition. This report reviews the method for identifying IH and the effect of the IH Meal Pattern on energy balance. In adults, the IH Meal Pattern has been shown to significantly decrease energy intake by one-third, decrease preprandial BG, reduce glycosylated hemoglobin, and reduce insulin resistance and weight in those who are insulin resistant or overweight. Young children as well as adults can be trained in Hunger Recognition, giving them an elegant method for achieving energy balance without the stress of restraint-type dieting. The implications of improving insulin sensitivity through improved energy balance are as wide as improving immune activity.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Preventive Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciampolini
authors.forename: H David
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lovell-Smith
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenealy
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianchi
keywords: diabetes; energy balance; energy intake; food intake regulation; hunger; inflammation; insulin resistance; obesity; prevention; risks