title: Adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smokers: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) to scaling and root planing (SRP) in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Twenty subjects had two contralateral teeth randomly assigned to receive SRP (SRP group) or SRP + a single episode of aPDT (SRP + aPDT group), with a diode laser and a phenothiazine photosensitizer. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession were recorded, and gingival crevicular fluid was collected for assay of IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels. There was a significant PD reduction (SRP 1.81 ± 0.52 mm/SRP + aPDT 1.58 ± 1.28 mm; p < 0.001) and a significant CAL gain (SRP 1.60 ± 0.92 mm/SRP + aPDT 1.41 ± 1.58 mm; p < 0.001) for both groups. Significant differences were not observed in between-group comparisons. IL-1β level in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in SRP group after 1 week (SRP 24.65 ± 18.85 pg/μL/SRP + aPDT 34.07 ± 24.81 pg/μL; p = 0.048), and MMP-8 level was higher in SRP group after 12 weeks (SRP 303.31 ± 331.62 pg/μL/SRP + aPDT 534.23 ± 647.37 pg/μL; p = 0.024). There were no statistically significant differences in intragroup comparisons. The adjunctive effect of aPDT did not warrant improvements on clinical parameters in smokers. However, it resulted in a suppression of IL-1β and MMP-8 when compared with SRP alone.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Valdemar Pedrosa, 1539, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.forename: Flávia Adelino
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Suaid
authors.forename: Patrícia Freitas
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Fabíola S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Arthur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Palioto
authors.forename: Márcio F M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grisi
authors.forename: Sérgio L S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016745:Root Planing / Q000379:methods*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8