title: Russia SimSmoke: the long-term effects of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths in Russia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Russia has high smoking rates and weak tobacco control policies. A simulation model is used to examine the effect of tobacco control policies on past and future smoking prevalence and premature mortality in Russia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Russia model was developed using the SimSmoke tobacco control model previously developed for the USA and other nations. The model inputs population size, birth, death and smoking rates specific to Russia. It assesses, individually and in combination, the effect of seven types of policies consistent with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): taxes, smoke-free air, mass media campaign, advertising bans, warning labels, cessation treatment and youth access policies. Outcomes are smoking prevalence and the number of smoking-attributable deaths by age and gender from 2009 to 2055.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing cigarette taxes to 70% of retail price, stronger smoke-free air laws, a high-intensity media campaign and comprehensive treatment policies are each potent policies to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable premature deaths in Russia. With the stronger set of policies, the model estimates that, relative to the status quo trend, smoking prevalence can be reduced by as much as 30% by 2020, with a 50% reduction projected by 2055. This translates into 2 684 994 male and 1 011 985 female premature deaths averted from 2015-2055.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SimSmoke results highlight the relative contribution of policies to reducing the tobacco health burden in Russia. Significant inroads to reducing smoking prevalence and premature mortality can be achieved through strengthening tobacco control policies in line with FCTC recommendations.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Galina Ya
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Maslennikova
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Rafael G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Oganov
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boytsov
authors.affiliation: American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: An-Tsun
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Near
authors.affiliation: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotov
authors.affiliation: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berezhnova
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013660:Taxes; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Advocacy; Global health; Low/Middle income country; Prevention; Public policy