title: Experimental rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora) toxicosis in horses.
abstract: Rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora) sporadically poisons horses and other livestock in the southwestern United States. Similar to livestock poisoning by white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) in the midwestern United States, previous research suggests that benzofuran ketones (BFK: tremetone, dehydrotremetone, 6-hydroxytremetone, and 3-oxyangeloyl-tremetone) are responsible for the toxicity of rayless goldenrod. However, experimental reproduction of rayless goldenrod-induced disease and detailed descriptions of poisoning in horses with known concentrations of tremetone and other BFK has not been documented. In this study four horses were fed increasing amounts of rayless goldenrod to obtain doses of approximately 0, 10, 30, and 60 mg BFK/kg BW for 14 days. After seven days of dosing the horse dosed with 60 mg BFK/kg BW horse developed depression, reluctance to eat, dehydration, trembling, and muscle fatigue. Biochemical alterations including increases in the serum enzyme activities of CK, AST, ALT, and LDH, and increased cardiac troponin I concentration, were also identified. Physiologically the clinically poisoned horse had decreased endurance seen as reluctance to perform on the treadmill with increased resting heart rate and a prolonged recovery of heart rate following treadmill exercise. The condition of the horse continued to decline and it was euthanized and necropsied on day 10. At necropsy the myocardium was pale and soft and many of the appendicular and large apical muscles were pale and moist. Histologically, the myocardium had extensive myocardial degeneration and necrosis with extensive fibrosis and multifocal mineralization. Several of the large appendicular muscles in this horse also had small foci of skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis. Less severe myocardial changes were also identified in the horse dosed with 30 mg BFK/kg BW after 14 days of dosing. No clinical, biochemical or histologic changes were identified in the control horse and the horse dosed with 10 mg BFK/kg BW. These results suggest that doses of 60 mg BFK/kg BW for seven days produce extensive myocardial lesions in horses. The horse dosed with 30 mg BFK/kg BW developed less severe, but similar myocardial lesions over a longer duration, this suggests that poisoning may be cumulative and lower doses of longer duration are also toxic. Horses seem to be uniquely sensitive to rayless goldenrod-induced myocardial disease, therefore cardiac troponin I may be a useful marker of rayless goldenrod poisoning in horses. More work is needed to determine which BFK produce myocardial toxicity and better determine the effects of dose and duration on poisoning in horses.
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA. Zane.Davis@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stegelmeier
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000209:etiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006652:Histological Techniques; D006736:Horses; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D015206:Southwestern United States; D019210:Troponin I
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D007659:Ketones; D019210:Troponin I; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C105430:benzofuran
keywords: ALT; AST; BFK; CK; ECG; Horses; Isocoma pluriflora; LDH; Rayless goldenrod; Tremetone; alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; benzofuran ketones; cTn I; cardiac troponin I; creatine kinase; electrocardiogram; lactate dehydrogenase