title: Validation of reliable reference genes for real-time PCR in human umbilical vein endothelial cells on substrates with different stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanical properties of cellular microenvironments play important roles in regulating cellular functions. Studies of the molecular response of endothelial cells to alterations in substrate stiffness could shed new light on the development of cardiovascular disease. Quantitative real-time PCR is a current technique that is widely used in gene expression assessment, and its accuracy is highly dependent upon the selection of appropriate reference genes for gene expression normalization. This study aimed to evaluate and identify optimal reference genes for use in studies of the response of endothelial cells to alterations in substrate stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four algorithms, GeNorm(PLUS), NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the Comparative ΔCt method, were employed to evaluate the expression of nine candidate genes. We observed that the stability of potential reference genes varied significantly in human umbilical vein endothelial cells on substrates with different stiffness. B2M, HPRT-1, and YWHAZ are suitable for normalization in this experimental setting. Meanwhile, we normalized the expression of YAP and CTGF using various reference genes and demonstrated that the relative quantification varied according to the reference genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consequently, our data show for the first time that B2M, HPRT-1, and YWHAZ are a set of stably expressed reference genes for accurate gene expression normalization in studies exploring the effect of subendothelial matrix stiffening on endothelial cell function. We furthermore caution against the use of GAPDH and ACTB for gene expression normalization in this experimental setting because of the low expression stability in this study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jiantao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Guoxing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Quanmei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Penglong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D003470:Culture Media; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; C088374:YAP1 protein, human; C572235:YWHAZ protein, human; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase