title: Hypertension in children and adolescents attending a lipid clinic.
abstract: This study aims to investigate prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factor clustering in children and adolescents attending a lipid clinic as well as the relationship of their hypertensive status with indicators of fat distribution and parental fat distribution and blood pressure (BP). In this cross-sectional primary prevention study, data on indicators of fat distribution (waist, hip, and middle-upper arm circumferences), body mass index (BMI), BP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid and glucose profile of 370 children and adolescents (180 M, 190 F, mean age 9.5 years, (range 6-14 years)) were collected. Parents (502, 251 M, 251 F, age range 28-36 years), who gave their informed consent, underwent BMI, fat distribution, and BP measurements. There were 131 (35.4 %) hypercholesterolemic subjects and 72 (19.5 %) hypertensives. Using tests on medians, in comparison with 298 normotensives, the 72 hypertensives had higher levels of insulin (p<0.005) and no differences in cholesterol levels, age, and height. BMI and all the indicators of fat distribution were significantly higher (all p<0.01) in hypertensives than normotensives. BMI and waist circumferences were higher (both p<0.05) in the mothers of hypertensives, but not in the fathers. Hypertensive subjects' BMI was related to mothers' hip and waist circumferences (r=0.28 and 0.21, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, children's hypertension was a component of the metabolic syndrome, but uric acid and hsCRP levels were not contributive. This hemodynamic and metabolic disorder was related to maternal fat distribution and BMI suggesting an epigenetic etiology.
authors.affiliation: Lipid Research, Dipartimento di Pediatria e Neuropsichiatria Infantile, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Paolo Emilio
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Puddu
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pannarale
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colantoni
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barillà
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012384:Rome / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein