title: Longitudinal description of the glasgow outcome scale-extended for individuals in the traumatic brain injury model systems national database: a National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research traumatic brain injury model systems study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively describe the temporal patterns of global outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database (TBIMS NDB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  TBI Model Systems centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (N=3870) ≥16 years of age with moderate or severe TBI enrolled in the TBIMS NDB.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trajectory of the GOS-E scores is best described with a model of quadratic change, in which scores initially increase and peak approximately 10 years after the first GOS-E assessment, and then decrease. Change occurs most rapidly in the initial and final years of the timeline. There was significant variability in each growth parameter (P<.05). A reduced multilevel model was built, including all covariates (age at first GOS-E assessment, FIM, race, sex, rehabilitation length of stay) that related significantly to the growth parameters. An interactive tool was created to generate individual level trajectories based on various combinations of covariate values. Results provide an individual level account of the chronological progression of TBI outcomes, as measured by the GOS-E.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual growth curve analysis is a statistically rigorous approach to describe temporal change with respect to the GOS-E at the individual level for participants within the TBIMS NDB. Results indicated that, for individuals in the TBIMS NDB as a group, functional status as measured by the GOS-E initially improves, plateaus, and then begins to decline. Factors such as age at first GOS-E assessment, race, FIM score at rehabilitation admission, and rehabilitation length of stay were found to influence baseline GOS-E scores, as well as the rate and extent of both improvement and decline over time. Additional research may be required to determine the generalizability of these findings and the usefulness of this tool for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Craig Hospital, Englewood CO; Traumatic Brain Injury National Statistical and Data Center, Englewood CO. Electronic address: cpretz@craighospital.org.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Pretz
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dams-O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044469:Racial Groups; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Brain injuries; GOS-E; Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended; IGC; IRC; Longitudinal studies; Outcome assessment (health care); RLOS; Rehabilitation; TBI; TBIMS; TBIMS NDB; Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems; Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database; individual growth curve; instantaneous rate of change; rehabilitation length of stay; traumatic brain injury