title: Combined caffeine and bright light reduces dangerous driving in sleep-deprived healthy volunteers: a pilot cross-over randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effects of caffeine and bright light therapy on simulated nighttime driving in sleep-deprived healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve male healthy volunteers aged 20 to 50 years participated in a randomized cross-over study of simulated nighttime driving at a sleep laboratory, followed by recovery sleep with polysomnography at home. The volunteers received variable combinations of caffeine 200mg (C+), caffeine placebo (C-), bright light 10,000 lux (L+), and bright light placebo<50 lux (L-), in four sessions (C+L+, C+L-, C-L+, C-L-), in random order with a wash-out period of 7 days. Treatments were given at 1 a.m. and testing was performed at 1:30 a.m., 3 a.m., 4 a.m., and 6 a.m. Lane drifting was the primary outcome measure. Other measures were reaction times, self-rated fatigue, sleepiness and recovery sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without treatment, lane drifting increased throughout the night, and objective and subjective vigilance declined. Paired comparisons showed that lane drifting was significantly worse at 6 a.m. and at 4 a.m. than at 1:30 a.m. There was a global treatment effect on lane drifting. Lane drifting at 6 a.m. was significantly decreased with C+L+ compared to C-L-.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bright light therapy combined with caffeine administered at 1 a.m. decreased lane drifting by healthy volunteers during simulated nighttime driving.
authors.affiliation: Unité du sommeil, service d'explorations fonctionnelles, hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, université de Versailles-St Quentin, AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France. sarah.hartley@rpc.aphp.fr
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lejaille
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vaugier
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lofaso
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quera-Salva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Bright light; Caffeine; Caféine; Driving simulator; Lumière blanche; Privation de sommeil; Simulateur de conduite; Sleep deprivation; Vigilance