title: [Penile congenital abnormalities].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital abnormalities of the penis are usually diagnosed at birth and pose aesthetic and functional problems sometimes requiring surgical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted on Medline considering the articles listed until January 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypospadias is the most common malformation (1 in 250 boys. Familial forms: 7%). The causes remain hypothetical but the doubling of the incidence in 30 years could be linked to fetal exposure to endocrine disruptors "estrogen-like" used in the food industry in particular. Surgical treatment is usually intended to improve the aesthetic appearance but sometimes, in case of significant curvature or posterior meatus, necessary for normal sexual life and fertility. Other malformations (epispades, buried penis, transpositions, twists and preputial abnormalities) as well as management for functional or aesthetic consequences of these malformations in adulthood require complex surgical care in a specialized environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improvement of surgical techniques and pediatric anesthesia allows an early and effective specialized surgical approach of penile malformations. Management of sequelae in adulthood must be discussed and requires experience of surgical techniques on pediatric and adult penis.
authors.affiliation: Service d'urologie et de la transplantation rénale, CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France. BBoillot@chu-grenoble.fr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boillot
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teklali
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moog
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Droupy
mesh_terms: D004842:Epispadias / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Buried penis; Congenital abnormalities; Epispadias; Hypospade; Hypospadias; Malformation; Penis; Pénis; Verges enfouies; Épispade