title: Further validation of the epinephrine pathophysiology rat model of Takotsubo syndrome.
abstract: The pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), the reversible cardiomyopathy affecting mainly the left ventricle, with primarily apical and midventricular "ballooning" and basal hypercontractility, continues to be elusive. Many etiological hypotheses have been advanced with a pivotal recent one, which has attributed the TTS to a switch of the function of the beta-2 adrenergic receptors from the canonical cardiostimulatory to cardiodepressant mode, engendered by large doses of epinephrine administration. This worthy animal model has not been explored to its fullest, and thus the author of this viewpoint proposes a series of essential experimental enhancements, in order for the model to provide additional indirect insights, pertaining to the pathophysiology of TTS in humans.
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai of the New York University, United States; Division of Cardiology, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: madiasj@nychhc.org.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Madias
mesh_terms: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D054549:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Animal models of diseases; Beta1 adrenergic receptors; Cardiomyopathy; Heart failure; Takotsubo syndrome; b2 adrenergic receptors