title: Preventive and ameliorating effects of citrus D-limonene on dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.
abstract: D-limonene is a major constituent in citrus essential oil, which is used in various foods as a flavoring agent. Recently, d-limonene has been reported to alleviate fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. Here we determined the preventive and therapeutic effects of d-limonene on metabolic disorders in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. In the preventive treatment, d-limonene decreased the size of white and brown adipocytes, lowered serum triglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose levels, and prevented liver lipid accumulations in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. In the therapeutic treatment, d-limonene reduced serum TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in obese mice. Using a reporter assay and gene expression analysis, we found that d-limonene activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α signaling, and inhibited liver X receptor (LXR)-β signaling. Our data suggest that the intake of d-limonene may benefit patients with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia and is a potential dietary supplement for preventing and ameliorating metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Zhiqin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077222:Limonene; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D008055:Lipids; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047493:PPAR alpha; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Dyslipidemia; Hyperglycemia; Metabolic disorder; d-limonene