title: Quiet eye gaze behavior of expert, and near-expert, baseball plate umpires.
abstract: The quiet eye gaze behavior of 4 near-expert and 4 expert baseball umpires who called balls and strikes in simulated pitch-hit situations was assessed with a mobile eye cornea tracker system. Statistical analyses of the umpires' gaze behavior (fixation/pursuit tracking, saccades, and blinks)--onset, duration, offset, and frequency--were performed between and within 4 stages (pitcher's preparation, pitcher's delivery, ball in flight, and umpire call) by umpire's skill level. The results indicated that the quiet eye of expert umpires at onset of the pitcher's release point occurred earlier and was longer in duration than near-expert umpires. Expert expert umpires. The area outside the pitcher's ball release point may be the key environment cue for the behind-the-plate umpire.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1216 Ordean Court, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. dmillsla@d.umn.edu
authors.forename: Duane G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Millslagle
authors.forename: Bridget B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult