title: Use of the Grindcare® device in the management of nocturnal bruxism: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bruxism may be described as a diurnal or nocturnal parafunction, characterised by clenching, bracing, gnashing or grinding of the teeth and jaws. The aim of the management of bruxism should be to control or reduce the level of activity where possible. A variety of treatment strategies have been employed to achieve this including hypnosis, occlusal equilibration, splint therapy, physiotherapy and acupuncture. A more recent approach is the use of biofeedback.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen consecutive patients were recruited from the temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) clinic at Manchester Dental Hospital, all of whom were known bruxists. They were supplied with the Grindcare® device (Medotech) and instructed to wear it every night over the five-week observation period. By monitoring electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity, the device is able to emit low-voltage electrical impulses as it senses a clenching or grinding episode, bringing about muscle relaxation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven of the nineteen patients (58%) reported a major reduction in the occurrence of headaches and discomfort of the masticatory muscles on waking. Female and younger subjects responded more favourably than male and older subjects respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of biofeedback could reduce the level of parafunctional activity and bring about meaningful symptomatic improvement. No adverse effects occurred throughout the study period.
authors.affiliation: The Turner Dental Hospital, Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester, M15 6FH, UK. richard.needham@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk;
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012737:Sex Factors; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult