title: Detection limit of Clostridium botulinum spores in dried mushroom samples sourced from China.
abstract: A survey of dried mushrooms (Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) and Auricularia auricula (Wood Ear)) sourced from China was carried out to determine the natural contamination of these mushrooms with spores of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum and non-proteolytic C. botulinum. The mushrooms were collected from supermarkets and retailers in 21 cities in China during October 2008. Spore loads of C. botulinum in mushrooms have a degree of uncertainty and variability and this study contributes valuable data for determining prevalence of spores of C. botulinum in mushrooms. An optimized detection protocol that combined selective enrichment culture with multiplex PCR was used to test for spores of proteolytic and non-proteolytic C. botulinum. Detection limits were calculated, using a maximum likelihood protocol, from mushroom samples inoculated with defined numbers of spores of proteolytic C. botulinum or non-proteolytic C. botulinum. Based on the maximum likelihood detection limit, it is estimated that dried mushroom A. auricula contained <550spores/kg of proteolytic C. botulinum, and <350spores/kg of non-proteolytic C. botulinum. Dried L. edodes contained <1500spores/kg of proteolytic C. botulinum and it was not possible to determine reliable detection limits for spores of non-proteolytic C. botulinum using the current detection protocol.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. pradeep.malakar@ifr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Malakar
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plowman
authors.forename: Clare F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Aldus
authors.forename: Zengtao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Peck
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D002681:China; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013170:Spores / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: China; Dried mushrooms; Non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum; Proteolytic Clostridium botulinum