title: Closed-loop real-time simulation model of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in the cardiovascular system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computer technology enables realistic simulation of cardiovascular physiology. The increasing number of clinical surgical and medical treatment options imposes a need for better understanding of patient-specific pathology and outcome prediction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A distributed lumped parameter real-time closed-loop model with 26 vascular segments, cardiac modelling with time-varying elastance functions and gradually opening and closing valves, the pericardium, intrathoracic pressure, the atrial and ventricular septum, various pathological states and including oxygen transport has been developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model output is pressure, volume, flow and oxygen saturation from every cardiac and vascular compartment. The model produces relevant clinical output and validation of quantitative data in normal physiology and qualitative directions in simulation of pathological states show good agreement with published data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that it is possible to build a clinically relevant real-time computer simulation model of the normal adult cardiovascular system. It is suggested that understanding qualitative interaction between physiological parameters in health and disease may be improved by using the model, although further model development and validation is needed for quantitative patient-specific outcome prediction.
authors.affiliation: ECMO Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 76, Sweden. michael.broome@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broomé
authors.forename: Elira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maksuti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjällmark
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frenckner
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Janerot-Sjöberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001692:Biological Transport; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen