title: Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Shorea robusta, an Indian ethnomedicine, and its isolated constituent(s) in topical formulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different parts of Indian ethnomedicinal plant Shorea robusta is traditionally used for several ailments including wounds and burn by different tribal groups, since ages. Here we have validated, for the first time, the effectiveness and the possible mechanism of action of young leaf extracts of Shorea robusta, used by two distinct tribes of India, and its isolated compounds as a topical formulation in three wound models in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioactivity-guided study of the active extract resulted in the isolation of two known compounds. The prepared ointment containing extracts (2.5 and 5%, w/w), fractions (5% w/w) and isolated compounds (0.25% w/w) were evaluated on excision, incision and dead space wound models in rats by the rate of wound closure, period of epithelialisation, tensile strength, granulation tissue weight, hydroxyproline content and histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animals treated with the extracts and fractions (5%) showed significant reduction in wound area 96.55 and 96.41% with faster epithelialisation (17.50 and 17.86), while the isolated compounds bergenin and ursolic acid heal the wound faster, but complete epithelialisation with 100% wound contraction was evident with 5% povidone-iodine group on 18th post-wounding day. Moreover, the tensile strength of incision wound, granuloma tissue weight, and hydroxyproline content was significantly increased in both the extract and compound(s) treated animals. Furthermore, the tissue histology of animals treated with the isolated compound(s) showed complete epithelialisation with increased collagenation, similar to povidone-iodine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, our results validated the traditional use of Shorea robusta young leaves in wound management.
authors.affiliation: ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Hemanta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Durbadal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ojha
authors.forename: Yogesh P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Bharitkar
authors.forename: Soma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaity
authors.forename: Shanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Amalesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.forename: Tapan K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Sekhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Nirup B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.forename: Debprasad
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chattopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053958:Dipterocarpaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004355:Drug Stability; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D007194:India; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; AE; Aqueous extract; BP; British Pharmacopoeia; COX; Cyclooxygenase; DMSO; Dimethyl sulfoxide; Epithelialisation; Ethnomedicine; FBS; FTIR; Fetal bovine serum; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Hb; Hemoglobin; Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line; IFN-γ; IL; IR; Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Infrared; Interferon- γ; Interleukin; LPS; Lipopolysaccharide; ME; MS; MTT; Mass spectrometry; Methanol extract; N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide; NMR; NO; NS-398; Nitric oxide; PGE; PMA; Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; Prostaglandin; RBC; RPMI; Red blood corpuscles; Roswell park memorial institute medium; Shorea robusta; T helper; THP; TLC; TNF-α; Tensile strength; Th; Thin layer chromatography; Tumour necrosis factor-α; USP; United State Pharmacopoeia; WBC; White blood corpuscles; Wound healing; iNOS; nuclear magnetic resonance