title: Acaricidal activity of synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea against Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis bispinosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C. gigantea) against the larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus [R. (B.) microplus] and the adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa (H. bispinosa).
  
  
  METHODS
  The lyophilized C. gigantea flower aqueous extract of 50 mg was added with 100 mL of TiO(OH)2 (10 mM) and magnetically stirred for 6 h. Synthesized TiO2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The synthesised TiO2 NPs were tested against the larvae of R. (B.) microplus and adult of H. bispinosa were exposed to filter paper impregnated method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with the mean size of 10.52 nm. The functional groups for synthesized TiO2 NPs were 1 405.19, and 1 053.45 cm(-1) for -NH2 bending, primary amines and amides and 1 053.84 and 1 078.45 cm(-1) for C-O. SEM micrographs of the synthesized TiO2 NPs showed the aggregated and spherical in shape. The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous flower extract of C. gigantea and synthesized TiO2 NPs against R. (B.) microplus (LC50=24.63 and 5.43 mg/L and r(2)=0.960 and 0.988) and against H. bispinosa (LC50= 35.22 and 9.15 mg/L and r(2) = 0.969 and 0.969), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The synthesized TiO2 NPs were highly stable and had significant acaricidal activity against the larvae of R. (B.) microplus and adult of H. bispinosa. This study provides the first report of synthesized TiO2 NPs and possessed excellent anti-parasitic activity.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam -632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marimuthu
authors.forename: Abdul Abdul
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahuman
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jayaseelan
authors.forename: Arivarasan Vishnu
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kirthi
authors.forename: Thirunavukkarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santhoshkumar
authors.forename: Kanayairam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velayutham
authors.forename: Asokan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagavan
authors.forename: Chinnaperumal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamaraj
authors.forename: Gandhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elango
authors.forename: Moorthy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyappan
authors.forename: Chinnadurai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siva
authors.forename: Loganathan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karthik
authors.forename: Kokati Venkata Bhaskara
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D031107:Calotropis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Calotropis gigantean; Electron microscopic study; Haemaphysalis bispinosa; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles; X-ray diffraction techniques