title: Improved workability of injectable calcium sulfate bone cement by regulation of self-setting properties.
abstract: Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) powder as an injectable bone cement was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD). The prepared materials showed X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to the CSH structure without any secondary phases, implying complete conversion from CSD phase to CSH phase. Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses showed the crystal water content of CSH was about 6.0% (wt.), which is near to the theoretic crystal water value of CSH. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, sheet crystal structure of CSD was observed to transform into rod-like crystal structure of CSH. Most interesting and important of all, CSD as setting accelerator was also introduced into CSH powder to regulate self-setting properties of injectable CSH paste, and thus the self-setting time of CSH paste can be regulated from near 30 min to less than 5 min by adding various amounts of setting accelerator. Because CSD is not only the reactant of preparing CSH but also the final solidified product of CSH, the setting accelerator has no significant effect on the other properties of materials, such as mechanical properties. In vitro biocompatibility and in vivo histology studies have demonstrated that the materials have good biocompatibility and good efficacy in bone regeneration. All these will further improve the workability of CSH in clinic applications.
authors.affiliation: National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China. chenzg@sdu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Zonggang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Huanye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Zhongwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Hong-Jiang
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Fu-Zhai
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003460:Crystallization; D007267:Injections; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011817:Rabbits; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D002133:Calcium Sulfate
keywords: Bone cement; Calcium sulfate; Injectable; Regulation; Self-setting property