title: Combined inhibition of HER1/EGFR and RAC1 results in a synergistic antiproliferative effect on established and primary cultured human glioblastoma cells.
abstract: Glioblastoma is the most frequent brain tumor of glial origin in adults. With the best available standard-of-care, patients with this disease have a life expectancy of only approximately 15 months after diagnosis. Because the EGF receptor (HER1/EGFR) is one of the most commonly dysregulated oncogenes in glioblastoma, HER1/EGFR-targeted agents, such as erlotinib, were expected to provide a therapeutic benefit. However, their application in the clinical setting failed. Seeking an explanation for this finding, we previously identified several candidate genes for resistance of human glioblastoma cell lines toward erlotinib. On the basis of this panel of genes, we aimed at identifying drugs that synergistically enhance the antiproliferative effect of erlotinib on established and primary glioblastoma cell lines. We found that NSC23766, an inhibitor of RAC1, enhanced the antineoplastic effects of erlotinib in U87MG, T98MG, and A172MG glioblastoma cell lines for the most part in a synergistic or at least in an additive manner. In addition, the synergistic antiproliferative effect of erlotinib and NSC23766 was confirmed in primary cultured cells, indicating a common underlying cellular and molecular mechanism in glioblastoma. Therefore, agents that suppress RAC1 activation may be useful therapeutic partners for erlotinib in a combined targeted treatment of glioblastoma.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding Author: Georg Karpel-Massler, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. georg.karpel@uniklinik-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karpel-Massler
authors.forename: M-Andrew
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: Shaoxia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nonnenmacher
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dwucet
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kast
authors.forename: Max G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bachem
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Klaus-Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Debatin
authors.forename: Marc-Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Halatsch
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004357:Drug Synergism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C487513:NSC 23766; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011799:Quinazolines; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein