title: Circadian adaptation of airline pilots during extended duration operations between the USA and Asia.
abstract: This study tracked circadian adaptation among airline pilots before, during, and after trips where they flew from Seattle (SEA) or Los Angeles (LAX) to Asia (7--9 time zones westward), spent 7--12 d in Asia, and then flew back to the USA. In Asia, pilots' exposures to local time cues and sleep opportunities were constrained by duty (short-haul flights crossing ≤ 1 time zone/24 h). Fourteen captains and 16 first officers participated (median age = 56 versus 48 yrs, p.U) < 0.001). Their sleep was monitored (actigraphy, duty/sleep diaries) from 3 d pre-trip to 5 d post-trip. For every flight, Karolinska Sleepiness and Samn-Perelli Fatigue scales and 5-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) tests were completed pre-flight and at top of descent (TOD). Participants had ≥ 3 d free of duty prior to outbound flight(s). From 72--24 h prior to departure (baseline sleep), mean total sleep/24 h (TST) = 7.00 h (SD = 1.18 h) and mean sleep efficiency = 87% (SD = 4.9%). Most pilots (23/30) flew direct to and from Asia, but 7 LAX-based pilots flew via a 1-d layover in Honolulu (HNL). On flights with ≥ 2 pilots, mean total in-flight sleep varied from 0.40 to 2.09 h outbound and from 0.74 to 1.88 h inbound. Duty patterns in Asia were variable, with ≤ 2 flights/d (mean flight duration = 3.53 h, SD = 0.53 h). TST on days 17 in Asia did not differ from baseline (p.F) = 0.2031). However, mean sleep efficiency was significantly lower than baseline on days 5--7 (p.F) = 0.0041). More pilots were on duty between 20:00 and 24:00 h on days 57 (mean = 21%) than on days 24 (mean = 14%). Sleep propensity distribution phase markers and chi-square periodogram analyses suggest that adaptation to local time was complete by day 4 in Asia. On pre-flight PVT tests in Asia, the slowest 10% of responses improved for flights departing 14:00--19:59 h (p.F) = 0.0484). At TOD, the slowest 10% of responses improved across days for flights arriving 14:00--19:59 h (p.F) = 0.0349) and 20:00--01:59 h (p.F) = 0.0379). Sleepiness and fatigue ratings pre-flight and at TOD did not change across days in Asia. TST on post-trip day 1 was longer than baseline (estimated mean extension = 1.68 h; adjusted p(t) < 0.0001). On all post-trip days, sleep efficiency was comparable to baseline. Sleep propensity distribution phase markers and chi-square periodogram analyses suggest complete readaptation in 12 d. Two opposing influences appeared to affect sleep and PVT performance across days in Asia: progressive circadian adaptation to local time and increasing duty during local night, which displaced sleep from the optimal physiological time. Cumulative sleep restriction across the return flight may explain the large rebound in TST on day 1 post-trip. Thereafter TST, sleep efficiency, and sleep timing suggest that readaptation was complete. Rapid post-trip readaptation may be facilitated by pilots having unconstrained nocturnal sleep opportunities, coupled with stronger patterns of family and social cues than in Asia.
authors.affiliation: Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. p.h.gander@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gander
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mulrine
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Signal
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mangie
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D064870:Air Travel; D000401:Aircraft; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001208:Asia; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003463:Cues; D005195:Family Relations; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D017440:Photoperiod; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012890:Sleep; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D016526:Workload