title: Epidemiological reasoning and biological rationale.
abstract: Abstract Studies in which the use of biomarkers resub in faulty epidemiological reasoning are reviewed. The criteria for causal associations in science are discussed.
authors.affiliation: The American Health Foundation, 320 East 43rd Street, New York, NY, 10017 (212) 551-2530, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Muscat