title: Diel leaf growth of soybean: a novel method to analyze two-dimensional leaf expansion in high temporal resolution based on a marker tracking approach (Martrack Leaf).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present a novel method for quantitative analysis of dicot leaf expansion at high temporal resolution. Image sequences of growing leaves were assessed using a marker tracking algorithm. An important feature of the method is the attachment of dark beads that serve as artificial landmarks to the leaf margin. The beads are mechanically constricted to the focal plane of a camera. Leaf expansion is approximated by the increase in area of the polygon defined by the centers of mass of the beads surrounding the leaf. Fluctuating illumination conditions often pose serious problems for tracking natural structures of a leaf; this problem is circumvented here by the use of the beads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new method has been used to assess leaf growth in environmental situations with different illumination conditions that are typical in agricultural and biological experiments: Constant illumination via fluorescent light tubes in a climate chamber, a mix of natural and artificial illumination in a greenhouse and natural illumination of the situation on typical summer days in the field. Typical features of diel (24h) soybean leaf growth patterns were revealed in all three conditions, thereby demonstrating the general applicability of the method. Algorithms are provided to the entire community interested in using such approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation Martrack Leaf presented here is a robust method to investigate diel leaf growth rhythms both under natural and artificial illumination conditions. It will be beneficial for the further elucidation of genotype x environment x management interactions affecting leaf growth processes.
authors.affiliation: ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr, 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. norbert.kirchgessner@usys.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mielewczik
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedli
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kirchgessner
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walter