title: Metal-drug synergy: new ruthenium(II) complexes of ketoconazole are highly active against Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi and nontoxic to human or murine normal cells.
abstract: In our ongoing search for new metal-based chemotherapeutic agents against leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, six new ruthenium-ketoconazole (KTZ) complexes have been synthesized and characterized, including two octahedral coordination complexes-cis,fac-[Ru(II)Cl2(DMSO)3(KTZ)] (1) and cis-[Ru(II)Cl2(bipy)(DMSO)(KTZ)] (2) (where DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide and bipy is 2,2'-bipyridine)-and four organometallic compounds-[Ru(II)(η(6)-p-cymene)Cl2(KTZ)] (3), [Ru(II)(η(6)-p-cymene)(en)(KTZ)][BF4]2 (4), [Ru(II)(η(6)-p-cymene)(bipy)(KTZ)][BF4]2 (5), and [Ru(II)(η(6)-p-cymene)(acac)(KTZ)][BF4] (6) (where en is ethylenediamine and acac is acetylacetonate); the crystal structure of 3 is described. The central hypothesis of our work is that combining a bioactive compound such as KTZ and a metal in a single molecule results in a synergy that can translate into improved activity and/or selectivity against parasites. In agreement with this hypothesis, complexation of KTZ with Ru(II) in compounds 3-5 produces a marked enhancement of the activity toward promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania major, when compared with uncomplexed KTZ, or with similar ruthenium compounds not containing KTZ. Importantly, the selective toxicity of compounds 3-5 toward the leishmania parasites, in relation to human fibroblasts and osteoblasts or murine macrophages, is also superior to the selective toxicities of the individual constituents of the drug. When tested against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, some of the organometallic complexes displayed activity and selectivity comparable to those of free KTZ. A dual-target mechanism is suggested to account for the antiparasitic properties of these complexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iniguez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olivas
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sattler
authors.forename: Roberto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Delgado
authors.forename: Rosa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D012428:Ruthenium; D007654:Ketoconazole