title: Investigation of the effects of Enoxaparin, Fondaparinux, and Rivaroxaban used in thromboembolism prophylaxis on fracture healing in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today, there is a small number of studies on the effects of Enoxaparin and Fondaparinux used commonly in the prevention of venous thromboembolism on healing of fracture cases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate clinically, radiologically and histopathologically, the effects of Enoxaparin, Fondaparinux and Rivaroxaban used in thromboembolism prophylaxis on fracture healing in a rat model of femur fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n=8): the control group (Group 1), the Enoxaparin group (Group 2), the Fondaparinux group (Group 3), and Rivaroxaban group (Group 4). Under general anesthesia, a standard closed fracture was created in the left femur of each rat using an osteotome. Group 1 was given saline solution (1 cc/day, sc), Group 2 Enoxaparin (100 anti Xa IU/kg/day, sc), Group 3 Fondaparinux (0.2 mg/kg/day, sc), and Group 4 Rivaroxaban (3 mg/kg/day, po) for 21 days. After all rats were sacrificed at the end of day 21, their left femurs were disarticulated at the level of the hip and knee. The bony union was radiologically, clinically, and histopathologically evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were found between the groups in terms of clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings in fracture healing (p = 0.849, p = 0.731, and p = 0.395, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enoxaparin, Fondaparinux and Rivaroxaban used in thromboembolism prophylaxis cause no significant changes in fracture healing with short term follow up. Thus, they can be safely used in cases of fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey. abdullah_demirtas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demirtas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azboy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulut
authors.forename: B Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alabalik
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Necmioglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077425:Fondaparinux; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009025:Morpholines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D017984:Enoxaparin; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013876:Thiophenes; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D000077425:Fondaparinux