title: Trends in the occurrence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in San Francisco: 2000-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although screening of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN; a precursor of anal cancer) has been practiced in San Francisco among HIV health care providers since the early 1990s, to the authors' knowledge no study to date has focused on evaluating recent AIN trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of high-grade AIN 3 and invasive anal cancer from 2000 to 2009 were obtained from the San Francisco/Oakland Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population-based cancer registry. Age-standardized rates of AIN 3 and anal cancer were calculated overall and by demographic characteristics (sex, race, and age group). Log-linear regression calculated annual percent change in rates during 2000 to 2009, and rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), evaluated differences in rates during 2000 through 2004 and 2005 through 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2000 through 2009, the majority of AIN 3 cases occurred among men (1152 of 1320 men; 87.3%). Rates of AIN 3 during the corresponding period increased by 11.48% per year (P < .05) among men and were stable among women. Comparing rates among men during 2000 to 2004 with those during 2005 to 2009, the largest increases were noted among those aged 50 years to 64 years (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.93-3.17) and among black individuals (RR, 3.49; 95% CI, 2.14-5.85). During the same period, anal cancer rates were stable among men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of AIN 3 increased in San Francisco during 2000 through 2009, in conjunction with an anal cytology screening program for high-risk groups, whereas rates of invasive anal cancer were unchanged. Continued surveillance is necessary to evaluate the impact of screening and human papillomavirus vaccination on the prevention of human papillomavirus-related AIN and anal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Surveillance Research Program, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Edgar P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saraiya
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palefsky
authors.forename: Ahmedin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jemal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anal cancer; anal intraepithelial neoplasia; incidence; screening