title: The safety and efficacy of methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate, OROS-methylphenidate, methylphenidate ER, and dexmethylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). To analyze the effects of different doses of methylphenidate, it's various formulations, and methylphenidate on efficacy and safety in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature retrieval was performed through Pubmed/MEDLINE (Up to May 2010) using the terms methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials, as well as crossover and open-label trials found using the search criteria listed above were included for review. Case reports were not included in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition that is commonly seen in children and adolescents, that persists into adulthood for about 50% of patients. Methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate are often prescribed to treat the symptoms associated with ADHD. The literature validating the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD is substantial. However, the literature specifically addressing the safety and efficacy of these medications in the adult population is less extensive and prescribing is often anecdotal based on child and adolescent data. Understanding the literature regarding methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate and its effects in adults can enhance evidence-based medicine (EBM) and improve treatment outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate are safe and effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD in adults. Based on the literature, increased doses are associated with better treatment response with moderate safety concerns. The different dosage forms available enable individualization of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy and Health Outcomes, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sopko
authors.forename: Harjeet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caberwal
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chavez
keywords: ADHD; dexmethylphenidate; methylphenidate; pharmacological treatment