title: Formulation and stability of a soap microemulsion and the apparent pK(A) herein.
abstract: The influence of composition, and added salts and polyols on the stability of an oil-in-water microemulsion formulation and on the apparent pKA (apKA) of the used oleate surfactant is investigated. High temperature favours a decrease of the apKA and leads to the formation of more hydrated micelles. The apKA decreases also when the percentage of ethanol increases. Citronellol molecules do not significantly influence the apKA at concentrations between 0% and 2% w/w. By contrast, with increasing limonene concentration, the apKA increases. It was observed that anions of sodium salts destabilize the microemulsion and high temperatures are needed to recover it. By increasing the concentration of NaCl, a slight increase of the apKA is observed, which can be associated with a non-specific, electrostatic (Debye-Hückel) effect. Cations of chloride salts have different effects depending on their ability to exchange with Na(+) near the carboxylate group. Li(+), Na(+) and K(+) have apparently a salting-out effect. Tetramethylammonium chloride and choline chloride have salting-in effects until respectively 0.6 and 0.4 mol kg(-1). The associations of sorbitol or glycerol with ethanol lead to a salting-in effect and to a decrease of the apKA of Na-Oleate.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany. julien1.marcus@chemie.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Touraud
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kunz
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D002412:Cations; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D000077222:Limonene; D008823:Micelles; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012492:Salts; D012915:Soaps; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D002412:Cations; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004655:Emulsions; D008823:Micelles; D039821:Monoterpenes; D011108:Polymers; D012492:Salts; D012915:Soaps; D013729:Terpenes; C024617:polyol; D000431:Ethanol; D000077222:Limonene; C007078:citronellol
keywords: Hofmeister; Microemulsion; Sodium oleate; pK(A)