title: Helical CT scan with 2D and 3D reconstructions and virtual endoscopy versus conventional endoscopy in the assessment of airway disease in neonates, infants and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the use of helical computed tomography 2-D and 3-D images, and virtual endoscopy in the evaluation of airway disease in neonates, infants and children and its value in lesion detection, characterisation and extension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conducted at Al-Noor Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from January 1 to June 30, 2006, the study comprised of 40 patients with strider, having various causes of airway obstruction. They were examined by helical CT scan with 2-D and 3-D reconstructions and virtual endoscopy. The level and characterisation of lesions were carried out and results were compared with actual endoscopic findings. Conventional endoscopy was chosen as the gold standard, and the evaluation of endoscopy was done in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the procedure. For statistical purposes, SPSS version 10 was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All CT methods detected airway stenosis or obstruction. Accuracy was 98% (n=40) for virtual endoscopy, 96% (n=48) for 3-D external rendering, 90% (n=45) for multiplanar reconstructions and 86% (n=43) for axial images. Comparing the results of 3-D internal and external volume rendering images with conventional endoscopy for detection and grading of stenosis were closer than with 2-D minimum intensity multiplanar reconstruction and axial CT slices. Even high-grade stenosis could be evaluated with virtual endoscope through which conventional endoscope cannot be passed. A case of 4-year-old patient with tracheomalacia could not be diagnosed by helical CT scan and virtual bronchoscopy which was diagriosed on conventional endoscopy and needed CT scan in inspiration and expiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtual endoscopy [VE] enabled better assessment of stenosis compared to the reading of 3-D external rendering, 2-D multiplanar reconstruction [MPR] or axial slices. It can replace conventional endoscopy in the assessment of airway disease without any additional risk.
authors.affiliation: Al-Noor Hopital Makkah, KSA. mahiraabubakar@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mahira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yunus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface