title: Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol.
abstract: A total of 290 individual food samples were collected in Hong Kong, China, for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters analysis. Most samples were processed food and in ready-to-eat form. The results show that the levels of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters were high in biscuits, fats and oils, snacks and Chinese pastry with mean bound 3-MCPD levels of 440, 390, 270 and 270 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. The dietary exposures to bound 3-MCPD of average and high adult consumers were estimated to be 0.20 and 0.53 μg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹, respectively. The primary toxicological concern of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters is its potential to release 3-MCPD in vivo during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. 3-MCPD would affect the kidney, the central nervous system and the male reproductive system of rats. Assuming that 100% of the 3-MCPD was released from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters by hydrolysis in the digestive system, the dietary exposures to 3-MCPD for average and high adult consumers were only 10% and 26% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2 μg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹), respectively. The results suggest that both average and high adult consumers are unlikely to experience major toxicological effects of 3-MCPD.
authors.affiliation: a Risk Assessment Section, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department , Centre for Food Safety , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Stephen W C
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: B T P
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Yuk Yin
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001939:Bread / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004951:Esterification; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010938:Plant Oils; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin; D005990:Glycerol