title: Environmental friendly cold-mechanical/sonic enzymatic assisted extraction of genipin from genipap (Genipa americana).
abstract: An efficient cold-mechanical/sonic-assisted extraction technique was developed for extraction of genipin from genipap (Genipa americana) peel. Ultrasound assisted extraction (285 W, 24 kHz) was performed at 5, 10 and 15 °C for 5, 10 and 15 min. After cold-extraction, genipin was separated from pectin and proteins by aid of fungal pectinesterase. The maximum yield of non-cross-linked genipin was 7.85±0.33 mg/g, at 10 °C for 15 min by means of ultrasound extraction. The protein amount in extracts decreased in all samples. If mechanical process is combined with ultrasound assisted extraction the yield is increased by 8 times after the pectinesterase-assisted polyelectrolyte complex formation between pectic polysaccharides and proteins, avoiding the typical cross-linking of genipin. This novel process is viable to obtain non-cross-linked genipin, to be used as a natural colorant and cross-linker in the food and biotechnological industries.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Glycobiotechnology, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Saltillo City 25000, Coahuila State, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Mayela
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ramos-de-la-Peña
authors.forename: Catherine M G C
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wicker
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Montañez
authors.forename: Luis Alfonso
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García-Cerda
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Contreras-Esquivel
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000201:enzymology; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D039823:Iridoids / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D019666:Rubiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D039823:Iridoids; C007834:genipin; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C022323:pectinesterase
keywords: Pectin; Pectinesterase; Polyelectrolyte complex; Protein; Ultrasound