title: Comparison of novel hemostatic dressings with QuikClot combat gauze in a standardized swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield. The development, testing, and application of novel hemostatic dressings may lead to a reduction of prehospital mortality through enhanced point-of-injury hemostatic control. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of currently available hemostatic dressings as compared with the current Committee for Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines standard of treatment for hemorrhage control (QuikClot Combat Gauze [QCG]).
  
  
  METHODS
  The femoral artery of anesthetized Yorkshire pigs was isolated and punctured. Free bleeding was allowed to proceed for 45 seconds before packing of QCG, QuikClot Combat Gauze XL (QCX), Celox Trauma Gauze (CTG), Celox Gauze (CEL), or HemCon ChitoGauze (HCG), into the wound. After 3 minutes of applied, direct pressure, fluid resuscitation was administered to elevate and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 60 mm Hg or greater during the 150-minute observation time. Animal survival, hemostasis, and blood loss were measured as primary end points. Hemodynamic and physiologic parameters, along with markers of coagulation, were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty percent of QCG-treated animals (controls) survived through the 150-minute observation period. QCX, CEL, and HCG were observed to have higher rates of survival in comparison to QCG (70%, 90%, and 70% respectively), although these results were not found to be of statistical significance in pairwise comparison to QCG. Immediate hemostasis was achieved in 30% of QCG applications, 80% of QCX, 70% of CEL, 60% of HCG, and 30% of CTG-treated animals. Posttreatment blood loss varied from an average of 64 mL/kg with CTG to 29 mL/kg with CEL, but no significant difference among groups was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the novel hemostatic devices perform at least as well as the current Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care standard for point-of-injury hemorrhage control. Despite their different compositions and sizes, the lack of clear superiority of any agent suggests that contemporary hemostatic dressing technology has potentially reached a plateau for efficacy.
authors.affiliation: General Dynamics Information Technology, Panama City, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rall
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Adam G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Songer
authors.forename: Ramon F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Cestero
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001458:Bandages; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D058734:Exsanguination / Q000628:therapy*; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy