title: Sex pheromone monitoring as a versatile tool for determining presence and abundance of Cydia pomonella (Lep.: Tortricidae) in German apple orchards.
abstract: Cydia pomonella (Lep.: Tortricidae), the codling moth, is an apple, pear, quince and walnut pest with considerable impact on horticultural production systems in many parts of the world. In commercial apple production, it is responsible for a yearly damage level of 40 billion dollars. In response to the need of tight codling moth control there are several options for intervention by pest managers in commercially operated orchards. Spray and count methods have been used for decades with success, but at considerable external costs for the integrity of ecological cycles. Also, problems with pesticide residues and with resistant strains are an issue of concern. For environmental reasons, toxicological means are discounted here. Instead, flight curves based on sex pheromone trapping and monitoring are preferred means towards determining the optimal timing of interventions by biotechnical and biological control methods. Finally, ecological reasons are discussed for vastly different population levels of C. pomonella developing in closely neighboring field sections which operated under different environmental management.
authors.affiliation: Organic Agriculture, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Karl-Gloeckner-Street 21C, D-35394 Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Czyrt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leithold
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilcinskas
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal; D005858:Germany; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus; D009036:Moths; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones; D011156:Population Density; D012724:Sex Attractants
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D012724:Sex Attractants; C010411:insect attractants