title: Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radium-223 dichloride (radium-223), an alpha emitter, selectively targets bone metastases with alpha particles. We assessed the efficacy and safety of radium-223 as compared with placebo, in addition to the best standard of care, in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we randomly assigned 921 patients who had received, were not eligible to receive, or declined docetaxel, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive six injections of radium-223 (at a dose of 50 kBq per kilogram of body weight intravenously) or matching placebo; one injection was administered every 4 weeks. In addition, all patients received the best standard of care. The primary end point was overall survival. The main secondary efficacy end points included time to the first symptomatic skeletal event and various biochemical end points. A prespecified interim analysis, conducted when 314 deaths had occurred, assessed the effect of radium-223 versus placebo on survival. An updated analysis, when 528 deaths had occurred, was performed before crossover from placebo to radium-223.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the interim analysis, which involved 809 patients, radium-223, as compared with placebo, significantly improved overall survival (median, 14.0 months vs. 11.2 months; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.88; two-sided P=0.002). The updated analysis involving 921 patients confirmed the radium-223 survival benefit (median, 14.9 months vs. 11.3 months; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.83; P<0.001). Assessments of all main secondary efficacy end points also showed a benefit of radium-233 as compared with placebo. Radium-223 was associated with low myelosuppression rates and fewer adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, which was terminated for efficacy at the prespecified interim analysis, radium-223 improved overall survival. (Funded by Algeta and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals; ALSYMPCA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00699751.).
authors.affiliation: Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom.
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authors.initials: SD
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authors.lastname: Chodacki
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authors.lastname: Seke
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authors.lastname: Widmark
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Johannessen
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authors.lastname: Hoskin
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authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: A
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authors.lastname: Solberg
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authors.lastname: Syndikus
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authors.lastname: Dall'Oglio
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authors.lastname: Franzén
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authors.lastname: Coleman
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authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: O'Bryan-Tear
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Staudacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia-Vargas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.forename: Ø S
authors.initials: ØS
authors.lastname: Bruland
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authors.lastname: Sartor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011883:Radium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D011883:Radium