title: Prospective memory deficits in euthymic bipolar disorder patients: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future. To date, little is known about prospective memory deficits in bipolar disorder (BD) in remission (euthymia). This study examined the nature and correlates of prospective memory in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven euthymic BD patients and 47 matched healthy controls formed the study sample. Socio-demographic and basic clinical characteristics, prospective memory (Cambridge Prospective Memory Test [CAMPROMPT]), retrospective memory (immediate Logical Memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scales-Revised [WMS-R]), IQ (Raven's Progressive Matrices) and executive functioning (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) were measured in all participants; patients' symptoms were rated with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the 11-item Young Mania Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients performed significantly worse on time-based prospective memory compared to controls. Multivariate analyses revealed that patients' lower score on Raven's Progressive Matrices significantly contributed to poor performance on time-based prospective memory, whereas lower scores on WMS-R Logical Memory subtest contributed to poor performance on event-based prospective memory; in controls, lower education level and older age significantly contributed to poor performance on time-based and event-based prospective memory, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective memory deficits persist in remitted BD patients suggesting that prospective memory impairment constitutes a trait deficit in BD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Chuan-Yue
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fu-Chun
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Kelly Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: David H K
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Raymond W C
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Wai-Kwong
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Man
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: bipolar disorder; euthymia; intelligence; prospective memory; retrospective memory