title: The pictogram of the pes planus from the first century AD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents a pictogram engraved into the Marble Road of the ancient town of Ephesus, with a special emphasis on one part of it which represents a flat foot. Although the flat foot is a widespread and common disturbance in all time periods, we were motivated by a lack of its representation within iconographical, historical or other sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aiming to confirm the diagnosis objectively we applied the modern diagnostic methodology, arch index (AI). The result was 0.33, which is a mathematical proof that the Ephesus foot is definitely flat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this picture from the first century AD is among the oldest representations of a flat foot in history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Dubrovnik County General Hospital, R. Misetica bb, 20 000 Dubrovnik, Croatia.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wokaunn
authors.forename: Stella Fatović-
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ferenčić
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikolaučić
mesh_terms: D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history*; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008512:Medicine in the Arts; D014421:Turkey