title: Seven years of cranioplasty in a regional neurosurgical centre.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years craniectomy has been widely used in the management of traumatic brain injury and ischaemic stroke. The objective of this study was to evaluate the indications, techniques and outcomes for patients undergoing cranioplasty over a recent 7-year period in a geographically distinct population.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study was performed retrospectively, with review of case records from 2004 to 2011. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected, and complications were classified as major and minor. A multi-variant analysis was performed to identify patient and management factors that influenced outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected on a total of 87 cranioplasty patients with a median age of 42 and a mean follow-up time of 3 years and 10 months. The main indications for craniectomy were trauma (46%), infection (19%) intracranial haemorrhage (15%), tumour (13%) and ischaemic stroke (6%). Eight percent of patients had a synchronous craniectomy and cranioplasty, 14% had cranioplasty within 3 months of craniectomy, 21% within 3-6 months, 35% within 6-12 months, 14% over 1 year and 8% over 2 years later. The most frequently implanted cranioplasty material was titanium (53%), followed by autologous bone (26%) and acrylic (15%). Administration of prophylactic antibiotics was recorded in 97% of cases. Major complications occurred in 20% of patients, including 2 deaths (2%), 5 extradural haemorrhages (6%) and 9 infections (10%). A further 10% of cases experienced minor or cosmetic complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranioplasty is often considered as a low-risk procedure following craniectomy. In our cohort, a 20% risk of major complications, including death, was identified. These findings contribute to the literature, emphasising that cranioplasty is a high-risk procedure. Whilst compelling reasons may guide the undertaking of craniectomy, it is essential that consideration is given to the significant subsequent risks of cranioplasty.
authors.affiliation: South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital , Plymouth , UK PL6 8DH.
authors.forename: Ellie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broughton
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pobereskin
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Whitfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult