title: Evaluation of fetal vocal cords to select candidates for successful fetoscopic treatment of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome: preliminary case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) normally has a dire prognosis due to laryngeal atresia and association with other anomalies. However, rare cases with an isolated tracheal membrane have been described. We assessed systematically the larynx and vocal cords in fetuses with CHAOS, with the goal of identifying such cases and attempting fetoscopic deobstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2008 and 2012, 7 cases of CHAOS were referred to our institution. The ultrasonographic aspect of the larynx and trachea was assessed. We report the ultrasound findings, necropsy findings of 6 cases and perinatal outcome in 1 case undergoing therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6 cases, laryngeal atresia was presumed by ultrasound and confirmed by necropsy after termination of pregnancy. In 1 case, normal appearance of the vocal cords led to suspicion of a possible isolated tracheal web completely occluding the trachea. Fetoscopy confirmed the finding, thus the membrane was perforated. Lung size normalized and hydrops resolved. A normal fetus was delivered at term, requiring no respiratory support. At 9 months of age, the infant showed a normal laryngoscopy and was developing well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic ultrasound assessment of the vocal cords can be performed in fetuses with CHAOS. We report the first case of long-term intact survival after fetoscopic airway deobstruction.
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Augusto Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castañón
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eixarch
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bennasar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Puerto
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratacós
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005332:Fetoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011379:Prognosis; D013577:Syndrome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*