title: Emerging trends in informal sector recycling in developing and transition countries.
abstract: Optimistic estimates suggest that only 30-70% of waste generated in cities of developing countries is collected for disposal. As a result, uncollected waste is often disposed of into open dumps, along the streets or into water bodies. Quite often, this practice induces environmental degradation and public health risks. Notwithstanding, such practices also make waste materials readily available for itinerant waste pickers. These 'scavengers' as they are called, therefore perceive waste as a resource, for income generation. Literature suggests that Informal Sector Recycling (ISR) activity can bring other benefits such as, economic growth, litter control and resources conservation. This paper critically reviews trends in ISR activities in selected developing and transition countries. ISR often survives in very hostile social and physical environments largely because of negative Government and public attitude. Rather than being stigmatised, the sector should be recognised as an important element for achievement of sustainable waste management in developing countries. One solution to this problem could be the integration of ISR into the formal waste management system. To achieve ISR integration, this paper highlights six crucial aspects from literature: social acceptance, political will, mobilisation of cooperatives, partnerships with private enterprises, management and technical skills, as well as legal protection measures. It is important to note that not every country will have the wherewithal to achieve social inclusion and so the level of integration must be 'flexible'. In addition, the structure of the ISR should not be based on a 'universal' model but should instead take into account local contexts and conditions.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, City Campus-South, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK. Electronic address: C.Ezeah2@wlv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chukwunonye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ezeah
authors.forename: Jak A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fazakerley
authors.forename: Clive L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004651:Employment; D006801:Humans; D059027:Recycling / Q000639:trends*; D018505:Waste Management
keywords: Developing countries; ISR; Informal sector recycling; Solid waste management