title: Predicting risk of 2-year incident dementia using the CAMCOG total and subscale scores.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  being able to identify individuals at high risk of dementia is important for diagnostics and intervention. Currently, there is no standard approach to assessing cognitive function in older aged individuals to best predict incident dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to identify cognitive changes associated with an increased risk of 2-year incident dementia using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG).
  
  
  METHODS
  longitudinal population representative sample aged 65+ years.
  
  
  METHODS
  individuals were from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Classification and Regression Tree analysis was used to detect the optimal cut-off value for the CAMCOG total, subscales and composite memory and non-memory scores, for predicting dementia. Sensitivity and specificity of each cut-off score were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  from the 2,053 individuals without dementia at the first assessment, 137 developed dementia at the 2-year follow-up. The results indicate similar discriminative accuracy for incident dementia based on the CAMCOG total, memory subscale and composite scores. However, sensitivity and specificity of cut-off values were generally moderate. Scores on the non-memory subscales generally had high sensitivity but low specificity. Compared with the CAMCOG total score they had significantly lower discriminative accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in a population setting, cut-off scores from the CAMCOG memory subscales predicted dementia with reasonable accuracy. Scores on the non-memory scales have lower accuracy and are not recommend for predicting high-risk cases unless all non-memory subdomain scores are combined. The added value of cognition when assessed using the CAMCOG to other risk factors (e.g. health and genetics) should be tested within a risk prediction framework.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
authors.forename: Marialuisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Restaino
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Thais
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Minett
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: Blossom Christa Maree
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stephan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG); classification and regression tree (CART) analysis; cognition; dementia risk prediction; older people; predictive accuracy