title: Measuring subjective resilience despite adversity due to family, peers and teachers.
abstract: The objective of this study is to develop and validate a scale of subjective resilience for students 12-17 years old. Items covered adverse situations due to parents', peers' and teachers' actions. The validation process included the analysis on the generalizability of the factor structure and of relationships of resilience scores with different kinds of protective and vulnerability factors -goal orientations and learning-oriented classroom motivational climate (CMC)-. A total of 471 students answered four questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analysis and correlation and regression analyses were carried out. Results showed: (a) that factor structure was well defined; (b) that resilience scale had good reliability; (c) that scores correlated as expected with protective-vulnerability factors such as goal orientations and CMC defined by teachers' teaching-patterns, and (d) that students' attribution of perceived change in resilience to teachers' work depended on the degree in which CMC was learning oriented. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain).
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso-Tapia
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ruíz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005178:Faculty; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010379:Peer Group; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012931:Social Environment; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires