title: Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori in central Germany and its relationship with the number of eradication therapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Helicobacter pylori eradication rates show a constant decline over the last few years. The main reason for H. pylori treatment failure is the increasing antibiotic resistance.We assessed antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori in a region of mid-Germany and analyzed the relationship of antibiotic resistance with the number of eradication therapies over a period of 7 years (2005-2012).
  
  
  METHODS
  H. pylori strains were isolated from 436 patients who underwent gastroscopy for different clinical indications. Susceptibility to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and rifabutin was determined using the E-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary, secondary, and tertiary resistances against clarithromycin were 7.5, 63.2, and 75.4%, respectively. Primary, secondary, and tertiary resistances to levofloxacin were 11.7, 17.6, and 36.4% and to metronidazole were 32.7, 63.2, and 80.1%, respectively. The resistance rates against tetracycline and rifabutin were comparatively low (<5%), even in patients with previous exposure to these antibiotics. Resistance to rifabutin increased to 6.2% in patients who received more than two previous eradication therapies. Amoxicillin resistance was not detectable in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our region, we observed a stable, but constantly increasing, resistance rate to antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Knowledge of the local antibiotic resistance rates is essential for developing successful treatment strategies for H. pylori eradication.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases bInstitute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg cMedical Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Genetics, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Selgrad
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meissle
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bornschein
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandulski
authors.forename: Cosima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: Mariya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varbanova
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wex
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tammer
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlüter
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D005858:Germany; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents