title: Liver-targeting of primaquine-(poly-γ-glutamic acid) and its degradation in rat hepatocytes.
abstract: We have synthesized poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) modified with a synthetic trivalent glyco-ligand (TriGalNAc) for the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R). We investigated in vivo distribution of unmodified PGA and TriGalNAc-modified PGA (TriGalNAc-PGA) in mice after intravenous injection. Most of unmodified PGA administered was transported to the bladder over 20-80min, suggesting a rapid excretion of unmodified PGA into urine. In contrast, TriGalNAc-PGA was found exclusively in the liver over the same period of time. We further synthesized TriGalNAc-PGA-primaquine conjugate (TriGalNAc-PGA-PQ), and investigated binding, uptake, and catabolism of the conjugate by rat hepatocytes. Our studies indicated that approximately 250ng per million cells of the conjugate bound to one million rat hepatocytes at 0°C, and approximately 2μg per million cells of the conjugate was taken up over 7h incubation at 37°C. Furthermore, our results suggested that TriGalNAc-PGA-PQ was almost completely degraded over 24h, and small degradation products were secreted into cell culture medium. The results described in this report suggest that the TriGalNAc ligand can serve as an excellent targeting device for delivery of PGA-conjugates to the liver hepatocytes, and rat hepatocytes possess sufficient capacity to digest PGA even modified with other substituents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomiya
authors.forename: Juliette G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jardim
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pastrana-Mena
authors.forename: Rhoel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dinglasan
authors.forename: Yuan C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011319:Primaquine / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D011319:Primaquine
keywords: Asialoglycoprotein receptor; Liver targeting; Multivalent ligand; Poly-γ-glutamic acids