title: An SPE LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of human and veterinary chemical markers within surface waters: an environmental forensics application.
abstract: In this study, the use of co-occurring discriminators of sewage and manure was assessed as a potential way to disentangle sewage and manure sources. A suite of human and veterinary derived chemical markers, which includes pharmaceuticals and compound such as food additives, has been identified for this purpose. The suite was selected in such a manner as to provide additional source characterisation, e.g. differentiating raw versus treated sewage inputs. An SPE-LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determined suite of chemical markers with a detection limit of up to 50 pg L(-1). This represents one of the lowest limits of detection for pharmaceuticals reported in literature. To illustrate the suitability of the proposed method to differentiate sewage and manure inputs to surface water bodies, results from surface water samples collected at monitoring sites corresponding to specific land use types within Ireland are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenech
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morrissey
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012722:Sewage; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Environmental forensics; LC–MS/MS; Manure; Pharmaceuticals; Sewage