title: Ancestor of the new archetypal biology: Goethe's dynamic typology as a model for contemporary evolutionary developmental biology.
abstract: As understood historically, typological thinking has no place in evolutionary biology since its conceptual framework is viewed as incompatible with population thinking. In this article, I propose that what I describe as dynamic typological thinking has been confused with, and has been overshadowed by, a static form of typological thinking. This conflation results from an inability to grasp dynamic typological thinking due to the overlooked requirement to engage our cognitive activity in an unfamiliar way. Thus, analytical thinking alone is unsuited to comprehend the nature of dynamic typological thinking. Over 200 years ago, J. W. von Goethe, in his Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) and other writings, introduced a dynamic form of typological thinking that has been traditionally misunderstood and misrepresented. I describe in detail Goethe's phenomenological methodology and its contemporary value in understanding morphological patterns in living organisms. Furthermore, contrary to the implications of static typological thinking, dynamic typological thinking is perfectly compatible with evolutionary dynamics and, if rightly understood, can contribute significantly to the still emerging field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo).
authors.affiliation: Environmental Studies Program, Prescott College, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA. Electronic address: mriegner@prescott.edu.
authors.forename: Mark F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Riegner
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D005197:Famous Persons; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D008093:Literature, Modern; D008954:Models, Biological; D010684:Philosophy / Q000266:history*; D013850:Thinking
keywords: Archetype; Evo–devo; Goethe; Morphology; Theoretical morphospace; Typological thinking