title: The relationship between the presence of ADHD and certain candidate gene polymorphisms in a Turkish sample.
abstract: Due to the high heritability of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parents of children with ADHD appear to represent a good sample group for investigating the genetics of the disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ADHD and six polymorphisms in five candidate genes [5-HT2A (rs6311), NET1 (rs2242447), COMT (rs4818), NTF3 (rs6332), SNAP-25 (rs3746544) and (rs1051312)]. We included 228 parents of children diagnosed with ADHD and 109 healthy parents as the control group. The polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays and analyzed using the chi-square test and the multinomial logit model. SNAP-25 (rs3746544) polymorphism was associated with loading for ADHD, while 5-HT2A (rs6311) and NET1 (rs2242447) polymorphisms were associated with ADHD. On the other hand, there was no significant association between the SNAP-25 (rs1051312), NTF3 (rs6332), or COMT (rs4818) gene polymorphisms and ADHD. In addition, we found that even if variation in the SNAP-25 gene alone does not affect the phenotype, it may nevertheless lead to the emergence of a clinical ADHD picture in the presence of other genetic factors. Our findings suggest that a combination of NET1 (rs2242447) and SNAP-25 (rs3746544) is a risk factor for ADHD. Problems associated with the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems and SNAP-25 may play a role, both alone and in interaction with one another, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ondokuz Mayis University, School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey. ozanpazvantoglu@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ozan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pazvantoğlu
authors.forename: Sezgin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Güneş
authors.forename: Koray
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karabekiroğlu
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yeğin
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Erenkuş
authors.forename: Seher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akbaş
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarısoy
authors.forename: Işıl Zabun
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Böke
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bağcı
authors.forename: Ahmet Rifat
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 / Q000235:genetics*; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C099763:NET1 protein, human; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D044402:Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; C494208:SNAP25 protein, human; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase
keywords: 5-HT2; 5-HT2A gene; ADHD; ASRS; COMT; COMT gene; CSS; DSM-IV; Genetics of ADHD; NCBI; NE; NET1 gene; NTF; NTF3 gene; National Center for Biotechnology Information; PCR; RFLP; SCID; SNAP-25; SNAP-25 gene; SNP; Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV; WURS-25; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; catechol-O-methyl-transferase; catechol-O-methyl-transferase gene; neurotrophic factor; neurotrophic factor-3 gene; norepinephrine; norepinephrine transporter gene; polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; selective serotonin 2A receptor gene; serotonin; single nucleotide polymorphism; synaptosomal-associated protein-25; synaptosomal-associated protein-25 gene; the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; the Current Symptom Scale; the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; the Wender-Utah Rating Scale-25