title: Characterization of the evolution of the pharmaceutical regulatory environment.
abstract: This paper is part of a research study that is intended to identify pharmaceutical quality risks induced by the ongoing transformation in the industry. This study establishes the current regulatory context by characterizing the development of the pharmaceutical regulatory environment. The regulatory environment is one of the most important external factors that affects a company's organization, processes, and technological strategy. This is especially the case with the pharmaceutical industry, where its products affect the quality of life of the consumers. The quantitative analysis of regulatory events since 1813 and review of the associated literature resulted in identification of six factors influencing the regulatory environment, namely public health protection, public health promotion, crisis management, harmonization, innovation, and modernization. From 1813 to the 1970s the focus of regulators was centered on crisis management and public health protection-a basic mission that has remained consistent over the years. Since the 1980s a gradual move in the regulatory environment towards a greater focus on public health promotion, international harmonization, innovation, and agency modernization may be seen.
  The pharmaceutical industry is currently going through changes that affect the way it performs its research, manufacturing, and regulatory activities. The impact of these changes on the approaches to quality risk management requires more understanding. The authors are engaged in research to identify elements of the changes that influence pharmaceutical quality. As quality requirements are an integral part of the pharmaceutical regulations, a comprehensive understanding of these regulations is seen as the first step. The results of this study show that (i) public health protection, public health promotion, crisis management, harmonization, innovation, and modernization are factors that affect regulations in the pharmaceutical industry; (ii) the regulators' main mission of public health protection has remained a constant feature over the years; and (iii) since the 1970s other factors such as public health promotion, international harmonization, innovation, and agency modernization are playing more important role in regulatory agency thinking and actions.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shafiei
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Morecroft
authors.forename: Paulo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lisboa
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry; D004777:Environment; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010604:Pharmacy; D011634:Public Health; D011788:Quality of Life; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Crisis management; EMA; FDA; Pharmaceutical quality; Pharmaceutical regulations; Public health; Regulatory innovation