title: Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Well-functioning romantic relationships are important for long-term health and well being, but they are often difficult to sustain. This difficulty arises (in part) because of an underlying tension between our psychobiological natures, culture/environment, and modern love and relationship goals. One possible solution to this predicament is to intervene at the level of psychobiology, enhancing partners' interpersonal connection through neurochemical modulation. This article focuses on a single, promising biobehavioral sub-system for such intervention: the attachment system, based largely upon the expression of the neuropeptide oxytocin. Could the exogenous administration of oxytocin - under the right conditions - be used to facilitate relational or marital well being?
  
  
  RESULTS
  If so, it would require considerable forethought. Recent research complicates the popular image of oxytocin as a universal social enhancer or 'love hormone' and shows that it may exert a variety of different effects, at different dosages, on different people, under different circumstances. Accordingly, we discuss what is known about oxytocin, including its 'good' and 'bad' effects on human behavior and on higher-order functional processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Building upon animal-model, human preclinical, and clinical findings, we outline a proposal for the use of oxytocin in the therapeutic neuroenhancement of contemporary romantic relationships. Highlighting key targets for future research along the way, we then conclude by discussing some of the clinical and ethical considerations that would pertain to the implementation of this knowledge in applied settings.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford.|Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, & Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University.
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Wudarczyk
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford.|Uehiro Centre For Practical Ethics, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Earp
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guastella
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford.|Uehiro Centre For Practical Ethics, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savulescu
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008149:Love; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D057766:Policy; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D010121:Oxytocin