title: A review of complications associated with the surgical treatment of vulvar cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mainstay of treatment for most vulvar malignancies is surgery to the vulva with lymphadenectomy to the inguino-femoral areas, plus radiotherapy or/and chemotherapy for locally advanced, or recurrent disease. Treatment is associated with significant physical, sexual, and psychological morbidity. The high morbidity rate has resulted in a continuing shift in treatment paradigms that focus on treatments that reduce morbidity without compromising cure rates. This paper reviews the complications associated with contemporary surgical treatment for vulva cancer and discusses preventative strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the English literature was undertaken for articles published between 1965 and August 31, 2012 to identify articles that assessed complications resulting from surgery to the vulva or groins in patients with vulva cancer. Two independent researchers selected and qualitatively analyzed the articles using a predetermined protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heterogeneity of articles and differences in definitions and outcomes made this unsuitable for meta-analysis. Most studies advocated for change in surgical technique to reduce complications associated with inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy and surgery to the vulva, with varying success. The most effective means of preventing complications is by omitting systematic lymph node dissection. This can be achieved safely through sentinel lymph node biopsy. Saphenous vein sparing, VTE prophylaxis, the use of flaps and grafts, and preoperative counseling are additional ways to decrease morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite technical advances, complications following surgical treatment for vulva cancer remain high. More research, particularly multi centered randomized controlled trials to improve the quality of evidence and studies that focus on complications as an outcome measure and analyze individual surgeon complication rates, are needed. Measures also need to be standardized throughout the gynecologic oncology community to allow for better comparison between studies.
authors.affiliation: Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Oncology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obermair
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Complications; Inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy; Morbidity; Prevention; Vulvar cancer