title: Anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of fresh ginger is attributed mainly to 10-gingerol.
abstract: Despite the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of ginger, the corresponding active constituents are unclear. This study analyzed the composition of fresh ginger ethanolic extract by using LC-MS. Inhibitory activities of fresh ginger extract and seven gingerol-related compounds on the neuro-inflammation were also evaluated by using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia culture model. Except for zingerone and 6-gingerol, other gingerols and shogaols at a concentration of 20 μM inhibited the production of nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as their mRNA levels in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. Blocking NF-κB activation was the underlying mechanism responsible for inhibiting the proinflammatory gene expression. Increasing the alkyl chain length enhanced the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of gingerols yet, conversely, attenuated those of shogaols. 6-Gingerol was the most abundant compound in the fresh ginger extract, followed by 10-gingerol. Furthermore, fresh ginger extract exhibited a significant anti-neuroinflammatory capacity, which was largely owing to 10-gingerol, but not 6-gingerol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. sche@mail.ypu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Su-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ku-Shang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C007845:gingerol
keywords: Ginger; Gingerol; Microglia; Neuroinflammation; Shogaol; Zingerone