title: Methylation of APC and GSTP1 in non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to prostate tumour and mortality from prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Markers that can discriminate between indolent and aggressive prostate tumours are needed. We studied gene methylation in non-neoplastic tissue adjacent to prostate tumour (NTAT) in association with prostate cancer mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  From two cohorts of consecutive prostate cancer patients diagnosed at one pathology ward in Turin, Italy, we selected 157 patients with available NTAT and followed them up for more than 14 years. We obtained DNA from NTAT in paraffin-embedded prostate tumour tissues and used probe real-time PCR to analyse methylation of the glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of APC and GSTP1 methylation in the NTAT was between 40 and 45%. It was associated with methylation in prostate tumour tissue for the same two genes as well as with a high Gleason score. The hazard ratio (HR) of prostate cancer mortality was 2.38 (95% confidence interval: 1.23-4.61) for APC methylation, and 2.92 (1.49-5.74) for GSTP1 methylation in NTAT. It changed to 1.91 (1.03-3.56) and 1.60 (0.80-3.19) after adjusting for Gleason score and methylation in prostate tumour tissue. Comparison of 2 vs. 0 methylated genes in NTAT revealed a HR of 4.30 (2.00-9.22), which decreased to 2.40 (1.15-5.01) after adjustment. Results were stronger in the first 5 years of follow-up (adjusted HR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.27-8.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in gene methylation are an early event in prostate carcinogenesis and may play a role in cancer progression. Gene methylation in NTAT is a possible prognostic marker to be evaluated in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy. lorenzo.richiardi@unito.it
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richiardi
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fiano
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zugna
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delsedime
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillio-Tos
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
mesh_terms: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019175:DNA Methylation; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi