title: Role of attention in the generation and modulation of tinnitus.
abstract: Neural mechanisms that detect changes in the auditory environment appear to rely on processes that predict sensory state. Here we propose that in tinnitus there is a disparity between what the brain predicts it should be hearing (this prediction based on aberrant neural activity occurring in cortical frequency regions affected by hearing loss and underlying the tinnitus percept) and the acoustic information that is delivered to the brain by the damaged cochlea. The disparity between the predicted and delivered inputs activates a system for auditory attention that facilitates through subcortical neuromodulatory systems neuroplastic changes that contribute to the generation of tinnitus. We review behavioral and functional brain imaging evidence for persisting auditory attention in tinnitus and present a qualitative model for how attention operates in normal hearing and may be triggered in tinnitus accompanied by hearing loss. The viewpoint has implications for the role of cochlear pathology in tinnitus, for neural plasticity and the contribution of forebrain neuromodulatory systems in tinnitus, and for tinnitus management and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: roberts@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Larry E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Fatima T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eggermont
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D003051:Cochlea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Auditory attention; Cholingeric neuromodulation; Hyperacusis; Neural mechanisms of tinnitus; Neural plasticity; Neural synchrony