title: Vagus nerve stimulation for standardized monitoring: technical notes for conventional and endoscopic thyroidectomy.
abstract: Standardization of the intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) technique is an essential aspect of modern monitored thyroid surgery. The standardized technique involves vagal nerve stimulation. VN stimulation is useful for technical problem solving, detecting non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (non-RLN), recognizing any recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) lesions, and precisely predicting RLN postoperative function. Herein, we present technical notes for the VN identification to achieve the critical view of safety of the VN stimulation with or without dissection.
authors.affiliation: Director, 1st Division of General Surgery Director, Endocrine Surgery Research Center Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianlorenzo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dionigi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery Korea University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon Yub
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Che-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spampatti
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rovera
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rausei
authors.affiliation: Director, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center 1st Division of General Surgery Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology Endocrine Surgery Research Center University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Feng-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D061224:Laryngeal Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014630:Vagus Nerve