title: Estrogen receptor α regulates ATM Expression through miRNAs in breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is an essential element regulating mammary gland development and it contributes to breast cancer development and progression. Most of the ER-negative breast cancers display more aggressive clinical behaviors and are resistant to antiestrogen therapies. In addition, many ER-negative tumors show insensitivity to many chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy, although mechanisms underlying this phenotype are less clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted immunohistochemistry on 296 cases of breast cancer tissues using a variety of antibodies. On the basis of the clinical data, we conducted siRNA knockdown to study the role of ERα on ATM expression in breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we used antisense oligonucleotides against micro RNAs (miRNA) or miRNA overexpression plasmids to study the role of miR-18a and -106a on ATM expression. Finally we used in situ hybridization to assess miR-18a and -106a expression in breast cancer tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that in ER-negative breast cancer tissues, expression of the ATM kinase, a critical DNA damage-response protein, is aberrantly upregulated. We also found that the locoregional recurrence rate after radiotherapy positively correlates with ATM expression. On the cellular level, we showed that ERα, but not ERβ, negatively regulates ATM expression. Furthermore, we identified that ERα activates miR-18a and -106a to downregulate ATM expression. We also showed that miR-18a and -106a were significantly underexpressed in ER-negative breast cancer tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reveal a novel mechanism involving ERα and miR-18a and -106a regulation of ATM in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; Departments of Radiation Oncology, and Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Chunying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Yaqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Haifa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; C506487:ESR1 protein, human; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; C542541:MIRN106 microRNA, human; C522576:MIRN18A microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins