title: Regulatory forum opinion piece*: supporting the need for international harmonization of safety assessments for food flavoring substances.
abstract: The advancement of technology and the growth of international commerce underscore the need for global harmonization of regulatory safety requirements and their assessment pertaining to consumer products such as drugs, medical devices, and food. This need is particularly relevant when safety requirements involve time-intensive and costly animal safety studies. Here we present the current regulatory requirements in Europe, the United States, and Japan for flavoring substances (FSs) used in foods and point out significant differences relevant to the international standardization for safety assessments that in our opinion need to be addressed and overcome. The safety assessments that are carried out for FSs in various countries are influenced by divergent definitions of FS, by the information required and available for regulatory submission, and by different regulatory procedures, including the use of decision tree approaches. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Expert Panel of the U.S. Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA), and the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) are making efforts to improve and harmonize the safety assessment of FSs. The application of in silico methods such as quantitative structure-activity relationships and read-across strategies relying on expert input are useful as a first-step screening of the assessment. Application of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach permits conclusions that are compatible with the risk assessment approaches currently used by international advisory committees. The Japanese Regulatory Authority, on the other hand, does not yet consider in silico methods but still requires in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity test data as well as repeat-dose 90-day toxicity data in at least one species, to be submitted as the first step in the safety assessment of FSs. With this article, we echo requests that have been made for xenobiotics by the pharmaceutical industry worldwide, extending them to food-related products, especially FSs. We encourage regulatory agencies to adopt globally harmonized safety assessment procedures, regulatory guidelines, and review practices for FSs to foster global trade and to reduce costs and laboratory animal use.
authors.affiliation: Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA This manuscript is dedicated to Professor Yoichi Konishi who sadly passed away on December 21, 2012 between submission of the article and its acceptance for publication.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: San-Ei-Gen F.F.I. Inc., Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan shinmo-hayashi@saneigenffi.co.jp.
authors.forename: Shim-Mo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003663:Decision Trees; D005060:Europe; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D007564:Japan; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents
keywords: 90-day rat study; flavoring substances; international harmonization; regulatory safety assessment.