title: Assessment of smoking behaviour in a dental setting: a 1-year follow-up study using self-reported questionnaire data and exhaled carbon monoxide levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyses the changes in smoking habits over the course of 1 year in a group of patients referred to an oral medicine unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking history and behaviour were analysed at baseline and after 1 year based on a self-reported questionnaire and on exhaled carbon monoxide levels [in parts per million (ppm)]. During the initial examination, all smokers underwent tobacco use prevention and cessation counselling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the initial group of 121 patients, 98 were examined at the follow-up visit. At the baseline examination, 33 patients (33.67 %) indicated that they were current smokers. One year later, 14 patients (42.24 % out of the 33 smokers of the initial examination) indicated that they had attempted to stop smoking at least once over the follow-up period and 15.15 % (5 patients) had quit smoking. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day by current smokers decreased from 13.10 to 12.18 (p = 0.04). The exhaled CO level measurements showed very good correlation with a Spearman's coefficient 0.9880 for the initial visit, and 0.9909 for the follow-up examination. For current smokers, the consumption of one additional cigarette per day elevated the CO measurements by 0.77 ppm (p < 0.0001) at the baseline examination and by 0.84 ppm (p < 0.0001) at the 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In oral health care, where smoking cessation is an important aspect of the treatment strategy, the measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide shows a very good correlation with a self-reported smoking habit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide is a non-invasive, simple and objective measurement technique for documenting and monitoring smoking cessation and reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Odette Engel
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Brügger
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frei
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sendi
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reichart
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ramseier
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bornstein
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D003752:Dental Health Services; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide