title: Outcomes in young adulthood: are we achieving community participation and inclusion?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite recognition of the importance of integrated community living and support, there is evidence that parents remain the primary caregivers of young adults with intellectual disability (ID). In addition, employment rates remain low in this population. This study aimed to investigate the changes in living arrangements and participation in daytime activities over time in a community population of young people with ID.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 536 participants aged 4.0-18.9 years at Wave 1, followed up at Wave 5 when aged 20.5-37.6 years. Information was collected on their living arrangements and daytime activities at both time points, along with living skills and information on community social inclusion at Wave 5. For parents still caring for their adult child with ID, information was also collected on parental ratings of their own mental and physical health, and their satisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their adult child.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant proportion of young people were still living with their parents at Wave 5. A greater proportion of those with a severe-profound degree of ID were living in residential care. Parents caring for their adult child reported high levels of mental health problems and dissatisfaction with the long-term care arrangements for their child. A small proportion of young people were in paid employment, and the majority was engaged in structured activities provided for those with an ID. Over one-third of the sample participated in a structured daytime activity for 10 or fewer hours per week, and 7% were not engaged in any structured daytime activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that adequate provision of accommodation and employment services for young adults with an ID is lacking. In many cases the responsibility of care continues to reside with parents as their children transition from childhood to adulthood. Greater attention is needed to address these issues and facilitate social inclusion and integration for young people with ID.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Developmental Psychiatry & Psychology, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccinin
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taffe
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Parmenter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Einfeld
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tonge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003256:Community Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004495:Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adult outcomes; employment; inclusion; living arrangements