title: Socioeconomic disparity in use of eye care services among US adults with age-related eye diseases: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 and 2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individuals with age-related eye disease (ARED) need to use eye care services for detection, assessment, and care at regular intervals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and use of eye care services among US adults with self-reported ARED during 2002 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the National Health Interview Survey 2002 and 2008. We used multiple logistic regression to estimate predictive margins, controlling for other factors, and we used the slope index of inequality to measure the relationship between SEP and use of eye care services across the entire distributions of poverty-income ratio (PIR) and educational attainment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults, with prevalence estimates weighted to represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included US participants in the 2002 (n = 3586) and the 2008 (n = 3104) National Health Interview Survey who were at least 40 years old and reported any ARED (age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, or glaucoma).
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of eye care services; SEP was measured by the PIR and educational attainment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2002, persons with ARED and a PIR of less than 1.50 were significantly less likely than those with a PIR of at least 5 to report visiting an eye care provider (62.7% vs 80.1%; P < .001) or undergoing a dilated eye examination in the past 12 months (64.3% vs 80.4%; P < .001), after adjustment for other factors. Similarly, persons with less than a high school education were less likely than those with at least a college education to report a visit to an eye care provider (62.9% vs 80.8%; P < .001) or dilated eye examination (64.8% vs 81.4%; P < .001). In 2002, the slope index of inequality showed statistically significant differences for eye care provider visits across the levels of education (24.4; P = .006), and in 2008, it showed a significant difference for eye care provider visits across the levels of educational attainment (25.2; P = .049) and PIR (21.8; P = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in the use of eye care services by SEP persist among US adults with eye diseases.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gloria L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Beckles
authors.forename: Chiu-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Jinan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Saaddine
authors.forename: M Roy
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nair
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parvathy
authors.forename: Asel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryskulova
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Geiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology