title: Molecular epidemiology and virulence markers of Salmonella Infantis isolated over 25 years in São Paulo State, Brazil.
abstract: Infection of humans and animals caused by Salmonella is a major public health problem worldwide. Among the more than 2500 serovars, S. Infantis has been one of the 15 most isolated serovars in the world. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the molecular characteristics of S. Infantis strains from Brazil. The aims of this study were to type S. Infantis isolates of this country and to assess their pathogenic potential. The molecular epidemiology of 35 S. Infantis strains, isolated from human sources (25) and food items (10) between 1984 and 2009 in São Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated using ERIC-PCR, PFGE and MLST. Furthermore, the presence of some virulence markers from Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) SPI-1 and SPI-2 and from the virulence plasmid was assessed by PCR. Using ERIC-PCR, 34 S. Infantis strains exhibited a high genetic similarity (≥ 93.7%) and using PFGE, 32 strains exhibited a similarity ≥ 80.6%. Additionally, MLST showed a high clonal similarity among strains that all presented the same ST32. Thirty-two isolates under investigation contained the virulence markers invA, sopB, sopD, sipA, sipD, ssaR, sifA, flgK, fljB and flgL. In conclusion, the S. Infantis strains studied were genetically similar, suggesting that a prevalent subtype has been causing disease and food contamination during a 25year period in São Paulo State, an important metropolitan region in Brazil. Furthermore, the contamination between strains from food items and sick humans indicates that better control measures for S. Infantis may be needed in this country.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitondo-Silva
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Juliana Pfrimer
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Falcão
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Brazil; ERIC-PCR; MLST; PFGE; Salmonella Infantis; Virulence markers