title: Hospital admissions for vitamin D related conditions and subsequent immune-mediated disease: record-linkage studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have suggested that there may be an association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of developing immune-mediated diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a database of linked statistical records of hospital admissions and death registrations for the whole of England (from 1999 to 2011). Rate ratios for immune-mediated disease were determined, comparing vitamin D deficient cohorts (individuals admitted for vitamin D deficiency or markers of vitamin D deficiency) with comparison cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After hospital admission for either vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia or rickets, there were significantly elevated rates of Addison's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, chronic active hepatitis, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, diabetes mellitus, pemphigoid, pernicious anemia, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyrotoxicosis, and significantly reduced risks for asthma and myxoedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that patients with vitamin D deficiency may have an increased risk of developing some immune-mediated diseases, although we cannot rule out reverse causality or confounding. Further study of these associations is warranted and these data may aid further public health studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Sreeram V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ramagopalan
authors.forename: Raph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldacre
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Disanto
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovannoni
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goldacre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000639:trends*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000639:trends*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D