title: Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in European adolescents: the HELENA study.
abstract: Evidence indicates low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [(25(OH)D] concentrations in European adolescents. Identification of potential determinants is therefore essential to guide public health initiatives aiming at optimizing vitamin D status across Europe. The aim of the study was to identify potential influencing factors of 25(OH)D concentrations in European adolescents aged 12.5 to 17.5 y, participating in the multi-centre cross-sectional Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. A subset of 1,006 participants (46.8% males) was drawn from the main study. Measures of body composition, biochemical markers, socioeconomic status, dietary intake, physical activity, fitness, sleep time and vitamin D genetic polymorphism (rs1544410) were assessed. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted stratified by gender. In males, linear regression of 25(OH)D, suggested that (1) winter season (β=-0.364; p<0.01), (2) higher latitudes (β=-0.246; p<0.01), (3) BMI z-score (β=-0.198; p<0.05) and (4) retinol concentration (β=0.171; p<0.05) independently influenced 25(OH)D concentrations. In females, (1) winter season (β=-0.370; p<0.01), (2) sleep time (β=-0.231; p<0.01), (3) supplement intake (β=0.221; p<0.05), (4) flexibility (β=0.184; p<0.05), (5) body fat % (β=0.201; p<0.05) (6), BMI z-score (β=-0.272; p<0.05), (7) higher latitudes (β=-0.219; p<0.01) and (8) handgrip strength (β=0.206; p<0.05) independently influenced 25(OH)D concentrations. Season, latitude, fitness, adiposity, sleep time and micronutrient supplementation were highly related to 25(OH)D concentrations found in European adolescents.
authors.affiliation: ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. jara.valtuena@upm.es
authors.forename: Jara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valtueña
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breidenassel
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mouratidou
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azzini
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sioen
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Martínez
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010809:Physical Fitness; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D