title: [Test strip evaluation of albuminuria for the early detection of chronic kidney disease in persons with different risks (the experience of the Health Centers of the Moscow Region)].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate albuminuria (AU) in the Moscow Region's dwellers visiting the health centers and to clarify its association with the proven and discussed risk factors (RF) of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1623 patients (390 (24%) men and 1233 (76%) women; mean age 46 +/- 16 years) were examined. Urinalysis using test strips was performed in all the examinees. AU was estimated by the following scale: normal AU (NAU) (< 10 mg/l), an initial increase (11-30 mg/l), a pronounced increase (31-300 mg/ml), very high AU (> 300 mg/ml). A questionnaire covering gender, age, patients' anthropometric data, comorbidities, healthy lifestyle adherence, and smoking was designed to assess possible RFs for CKD. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Medical history examination showed metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detection rate of NAU was 18%; the initial and pronounced increases were found in 40 and 41% of the examinees, respectively; the very high AU was in 1%. The first questionnaire items associated with AU > 30 mg/ml were complaints of edema, sternal pain, poor appetite, meat aversion, and constant thirst. The detection rate of AU > 30 mg/l in hypertensive persons was 51%. If the patients had diabetes mellitus or a history of increased blood glucose episodes, the detection rate of AU > 30 mg/l amounted to as much as 65.5%. Estimation of overweight and obesity indicated that AU of > 30 mg/l was found in 44 and 49% of cases, respectively (p < 0.001). Analgesic abusers, long-term smokers, and sedentary people were statistically significantly more frequently found to have AU of > 30 mg/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pronounced and very high AU was noted in more than 40% of those who had visited the health centers. A questionnaire survey makes it possible to reveal a variety of AU increase-associated factors that primarily reflect metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular diseases and to identify a risk group in order to study AU first. Particular emphasis should be placed on the examinees' lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle non-adherence is closely correlated with increased AU and may be regarded as a RF for CKD.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nagaĭtseva
authors.forename: Iu D
authors.initials: IuD
authors.lastname: Shaliagin
authors.forename: M Iu
authors.initials: MIu
authors.lastname: Shvetsov
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Piagaĭ
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shilov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009031:Moscow / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011934:Reagent Strips; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips