title: Time-varying effect moderation using the structural nested mean model: estimation using inverse-weighted regression with residuals.
abstract: This article considers the problem of examining time-varying causal effect moderation using observational, longitudinal data in which treatment, candidate moderators, and possible confounders are time varying. The structural nested mean model (SNMM) is used to specify the moderated time-varying causal effects of interest in a conditional mean model for a continuous response given time-varying treatments and moderators. We present an easy-to-use estimator of the SNMM that combines an existing regression-with-residuals (RR) approach with an inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting (IPTW) strategy. The RR approach has been shown to identify the moderated time-varying causal effects if the time-varying moderators are also the sole time-varying confounders. The proposed IPTW+RR approach provides estimators of the moderated time-varying causal effects in the SNMM in the presence of an additional, auxiliary set of known and measured time-varying confounders. We use a small simulation experiment to compare IPTW+RR versus the traditional regression approach and to compare small and large sample properties of asymptotic versus bootstrap estimators of the standard errors for the IPTW+RR approach. This article clarifies the distinction between time-varying moderators and time-varying confounders. We illustrate the methodology in a case study to assess if time-varying substance use moderates treatment effects on future substance use.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Almirall
authors.forename: Beth Ann
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramchand
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015984:Causality; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: effect modification; inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting; time-varying confounding; time-varying covariates; time-varying exposure; time-varying treatment