title: [Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy for refractory or recurrent hemospermia: clinical analysis of 162 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility and effect of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory or recurrent hemospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 162 cases of refractory or recurrent hemospermia examined and treated by transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 76 years and had a hemospermia history of 3 months to 11 years, admitted due to poor therapeutic results or recurrence after 4 weeks of antibiotic medication. All the patients underwent serum PSA examination, transrectal ultrasonography, seminal vesicle ultrasonography and pelvis CT or MRI before surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wine- or magenta-colored colloid and inflammation were found in one or both sides of the seminal vesicle in all the cases. Pathological biopsy revealed chronic inflammatory mucosa of the seminal vesicle in all the patients, and even calculi in the ejaculatory duct or seminal vesicle in 15 cases. Postoperative follow-up averaged 21.7 (12 -29) months. Hemospermia disappeared or was alleviated in 150 (92.64%) of the cases after 1-15 ejaculations, in which 7 experienced recurrence 3 months later. Four cases failed to respond, and 1 developed acute bilateral epididymitis after surgery. No such complications as retrograde ejaculation, urinary incontinence or rectal injury were observed postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy is a safe, effective and feasible new method for the treatment of refractory or recrudescent hemospermia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chuan-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ying-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Shu-Guang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Hua-Mao
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult