title: Computational fluid dynamics of ventricular catheters used for the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 3D analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most common treatment for hydrocephalus remains the ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Yet, the most frequent complication is ventricular catheter obstruction, which may account for 50-80 % of newly inserted shunts. Although many factors contribute to this, the main one is related to flow characteristics of the catheter within the hydrocephalic brain. A landmark study by Lin et al. addressed the problem of fluid characteristics in ventricular catheters using a two-dimensional simulation program of computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors have studied five current commercially available ventricular catheter designs using CFD in three-dimensional automated designs. The general procedure for the development of a CFD model involves incorporating the physical dimensions of the system to be studied into a virtual wire-frame model. The shape and features of the actual physical model are transformed into coordinates for the virtual space of the computer and a CFD computational grid (mesh) is generated. The fluid properties and motion are calculated at each of these grid points. After grid generation, flow field boundary conditions are applied, and the fluid's thermodynamic and transport properties are included. At the end, a system of strongly coupled, nonlinear, partial differential conservation equations governing the motion of the flow field are numerically solved. This numerical solution describes the fluid motion and properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors calculated that most of the total fluid mass flows into the catheter's most proximal holes. Fifty to 75 % flows into the two most proximal sets of inlets of current commercially available 12-32-hole catheters. Some flow uniformity was disclosed in Rivulet-type catheter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most commercially available ventricular catheters have an abnormally increase flow distribution pattern. New catheter designs with variable hole diameters along the catheter tip will allow the fluid to enter the catheter more uniformly along its length, thereby reducing the probability of its becoming occluded.
authors.affiliation: Regional Department of Neurosurgery, "Virgen de la Arrixaca" University Hospital, Murcia, Spain, marcelo.galarza@carm.es.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galarza
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Giménez
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.forename: Olga Porcar
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Pellicer
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Amigó
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*