title: Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the Netherlands.
abstract: Detection of Aichi virus in humans was initially reported in Japan in 1989. To establish a timeline for the prevalence of Aichi virus infection among humans in the Netherlands, we conducted molecular analysis of archival water samples from 1987-2000 and 2009-2012. Aichi virus RNA was detected in 100% (8/8) of sewage samples and 100% (7/7) of surface water samples collected during 1987-2000 and 100% (8/8) of sewage samples and 71% (5/7) of surface water samples collected during 2009-2012. Several genotype A and B Aichi virus lineages were observed over the 25-year period studied, but the time course of viral genetic diversity showed recent expansion of the genotype B population over genotype A. Our results show that Aichi virus has been circulating among the human population in the Netherlands since before its initial detection in humans was reported and that genotype B now predominates in this country.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and theEnvironment, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands. willemijn.lodder@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Willemijn J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lodder
authors.forename: Saskia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rutjes
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takumi
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Roda Husman
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000821:virology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D052699:Kobuvirus / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009426:Netherlands; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage
keywords: 3C; Aichi virus; Aichivirus; Environmental; Kobuvirus; PCR; VP1; enteric infections; gastroenteritis; sewage; surface water; surveillance; the Netherlands; viruses