title: Cross-linked glucose oxidase clusters for biofuel cell anode catalysts.
abstract: The efficient localization of increased levels of active enzymes onto conducting scaffolds is important for the development of enzyme-based biofuel cells. Cross-linked enzyme clusters (CEC) of glucose oxidase (GOx) constrained to functionalized carbon nanotubes (CEC-CNTs) were generated in order to evaluate the potential of using CECs for developing GOx-based bioanodes functioning via direct electron transfer from the GOx active site to the CNT scaffold. CEC-CNTs generated from several weight-to-weight ratios of GOx:CNT were examined for comparable catalytic activity to free GOx into the solution, with CEC-CNTs generated from a 100% GOx solution displaying the greatest enzymatic activity. Scanning transmission electron microscopic analysis of CEC-CNTs generated from 100% GOx to CNT (wt/wt) ratios revealed that CEC clusters of ∼78 µm2 localized to the CNT surface. Electrochemical analysis indicates that the enzyme is engaged in direct electron transfer, and biofuel cells generated using GOx CEC-CNT bioanodes were observed to have a peak power density of ∼180 µW cm(-2). These data indicate that the generation of nano-to-micro-sized active enzyme clusters is an attractive option for the design of enzyme-specific biofuel cell powered implantable devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dudzik
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filipek
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Pingzuo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Renugopalakrishnan
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Audette
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D005949:Glucose Oxidase