title: The association of coffee intake with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in male smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coffee intake is associated with reduced risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease as reported in previous studies, including prospective ones conducted in Asian populations where hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) and hepatitis C viruses (HCVs) are the dominant risk factors. Yet, prospective studies in Western populations with lower HBV and HCV prevalence are sparse. Also, although preparation methods affect coffee constituents, it is unknown whether different methods affect disease associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the association of coffee intake with incident liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality in 27,037 Finnish male smokers, aged 50-69, in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, who recorded their coffee consumption and were followed up to 24 years for incident liver cancer or chronic liver disease mortality. Multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee intake was inversely associated with incident liver cancer (RR per cup per day=0.82, 95% CI: 0.73-0.93; P-trend across categories=0.0007) and mortality from chronic liver disease (RR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.48-0.63; P-trend<0.0001). Inverse associations persisted in those without diabetes, HBV- and HCV-negative cases, and in analyses stratified by age, body mass index, alcohol and smoking dose. We observed similar associations for those drinking boiled or filtered coffee.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that drinking coffee may have benefits for the liver, irrespective of whether coffee was boiled or filtered.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 2W136 MSC 9712, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. laigy@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGlynn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003069:Coffee; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee