title: Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for inguinal hernia: learning curve for attending surgeons and residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (LPEC) for pediatric inguinal hernia is a simple technique in which a purse-string suture made of nonabsorbable material is placed extraperitoneally around the hernia orifice by a special suture needle (Lapaherclosure™). Concerns have been raised about the extensive learning curve for both attending surgeons and residents to master this technique. This study assesses the difference in learning curves for the safe performance of LPEC by attending surgeons and residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed on the surgical charts of 409 consecutive patients (175 girls, 234 boys) who had undergone LPEC for inguinal hernia repair from December 2005 to December 2011 at Jikei University Hospital. The number of operation needed by attending surgeons and residents to reach the appropriate operation time was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPEC was performed by three attending surgeons and four residents who had not previously performed LPEC. The standard operation time for LPEC by attending surgeons who have performed more than 100 LPEC cases safely is 30 min. In our study, the attending surgeons needed a mean of 12 operations (range, 10-16) to reach 30 min for LPEC. Three residents needed a mean of 31 operations (range, 27-33) to reach 30 min for LPEC. The fourth resident could not perform LPEC in 30 min or less. The difference between the number of operations needed by the attending surgeons and the residents to perform LPEC safely was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The overall incidence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis was 47.9 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our learning curve analysis showed that whereas attending surgeons needed a mean of 12 operations to perform LPEC repairs safely in 30 min or less, residents needed more than 30 operations to safely perform LPEC repairs without supervision.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan, jyoji@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jyoji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: Syuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashizuka
authors.forename: Naruo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuwashima
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurobe
authors.forename: Keichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Tomomasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.forename: Sayuri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D059032:Learning Curve; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome