title: Evaluation of land use and water quality in an agricultural watershed in the USA indicates multiple sources of bacterial impairment.
abstract: Pathogens are the number one cause of impairments of assessed rivers and streams in the USA and pose a significant human health hazard. The Dry Run Creek Watershed in Northeast Iowa has been designated as impaired by the State of Iowa because of high levels of Escherichia coli bacteria. To investigate the nature of this impairment, land use and stream bank assessments were coupled with comprehensive water quality monitoring. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured at 13 different sites in the watershed, including pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia-N, nitrate + nitrite-N, total phosphorus, and E. coli. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrate communities were analyzed at seven sites, and optical brightener tests were performed late in the season. Results identified segments of the watershed that were more prominent contributors of E. coli, and correlations were observed between levels of E. coli and several chemical parameters, including ammonia-N, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Interestingly, distinct sites emerged as more prominent contributors of these elements during rain vs. non-rain events, suggesting different types of sources. Both the amount of rainfall and the time elapsed between the rain event and the sampling influenced E. coli levels during wet weather conditions. Nitrate + nitrite-N displayed a unique response to rain events compared with the other parameters, suggesting a different delivery route. Analyses of benthic macroinvertebrate communities were consistent with pollution trends. Collectively, these data suggest distinct agriculturally related E. coli contributions, as well as specific areas and practices for water quality improvement strategies. This study can serve as a resource for evaluating agricultural watersheds that are impaired for bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Luther College, 700 College Dr, Decorah, IA, 52101, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wittman
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weckwerth
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuennen
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingels
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seigley
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Enos-Berlage
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007484:Iowa; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen