title: [Efficacy analysis of three therapeutic modes on clinical stage Ia nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the oncologic outcomes of surveillance, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and primary chemotherapy in patients with clinical stage Ia nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (CS Ia NSGCT) and to analyze risk factors for relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with CS Ia NSGCT were retrospectively reviewed. Totally 72 patients were enrolled and grouped according to three different treatment after orchiectomy, among them 33 cases in surveillance group, 24 cases in RPLND group and 15 cases in primary chemotherapy group. Disease progressive free survival and disease specific survival were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to confirm variables those were associated with disease progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 72 patients were followed-up at mean 62 months (12 - 175 months), 6 patients had evidence of relapse. Both the 5-year disease specific survival and 5-year overall survival rate were 100%. For surveillance, chemotherapy and RPLND, cumulative 5-year PFS rates were 84.0%, 93.3% and 100%, respectively. Relapse rate was higher in surveillance group than in RPLND group (17.8% vs. 0, χ² = 3.99, P = 0.04). Patients with the history of cryptorchidism also have higher relapse rate than without (37.5% vs. 4.7%, χ² = 10.02, P = 0.01). In the surveillance cohort, relapse rates were significantly higher in patients with a predominant component of embryonal carcinoma (3/6 vs. 7.4%, χ² = 6.93, P = 0.04) and for those over 13 years of age (23.1% vs. 5.3%, χ² = 4.33, P = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, treatment mode of patients (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.06-0.36, P = 0.03) and patients with a history of cryptorchidism (OR = 25.3, 95% CI: 6.57-78.42, P = 0.04) were independent predictors of relapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surveillance, RPLND and adjuvant chemotherapy could be reliable strategies in compliant stage Ia nonseminoma patients and achieve satisfactory overall survival. Relapse rate is relatively higher for patients with surveillance. Those who are older or have a history of cryptorchidism experience a higher risk of relapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou 510060, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Zhuo-wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiang-dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yong-hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Zi-ke
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Fang-jian
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000628:therapy*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult