title: Effect of chemical additives on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
abstract: To examine the effect of chemical additives on Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) against Plutella xylostella (L.), inorganic salts, nitrogenous compounds, protein solubilizing agents, and organic acids were selected and tested. The chosen materials are low in cost and environmentally safe. Results show that many inorganic salts can increase the activity of B. thuringiensis in a range of 1.31- to 3.08-fold. These include calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and zinc sulfate. Nitrogenous compounds, including peptone, sodium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate, can enhance the activity of B. thuringiensis 1.62-, 1.32-, and 1.37-fold, respectively. Among the protein solubilizing agents, EDTA, urea, mercaptoethanol and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate increased the activity of B. thuringiensis 1.62- to 2.34-fold. Among the organic acids, maleic and citric acids boosted the activity 1.45- and 1.55-fold, respectively. Meanwhile, sodium benzoate and resorcinol led to 1.74- and 1.44-fold activity gains, respectively. Use of appropriate additives could provide great benefit not only in reducing the costs for field applications of biological insecticides but also by boosting the efficacy of B. thuringiensis.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gelbic
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001937:Brassica / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D009930:Organic Chemicals