title: Flavoprotein miniSOG as a genetically encoded photosensitizer for cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically encoded photosensitizers are a promising optogenetic instrument for light-induced production of reactive oxygen species in desired locations within cells in vitro or whole body in vivo. Only two such photosensitizers are currently known, GFP-like protein KillerRed and FMN-binding protein miniSOG. In this work we studied phototoxic effects of miniSOG in cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  HeLa Kyoto cell lines stably expressing miniSOG in different localizations, namely, plasma membrane, mitochondria or chromatin (fused with histone H2B) were created. Phototoxicity of miniSOG was tested on the cells in vitro and tumor xenografts in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blue light induced pronounced cell death in all three cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 activation was characteristic of illuminated cells with mitochondria- and chromatin-localized miniSOG, but not with miniSOG in the plasma membrane. In addition, H2B-miniSOG-expressing cells demonstrated light-induced activation of DNA repair machinery, which indicates massive damage of genomic DNA. In contrast to these in vitro data, no detectable phototoxicity was observed on tumor xenografts with HeLa Kyoto cell lines expressing mitochondria- or chromatin-localized miniSOG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  miniSOG is an excellent genetically encoded photosensitizer for mammalian cells in vitro, but it is inferior to KillerRed in the HeLa tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to assess phototoxicity of miniSOG in cancer cells. The results suggest an effective ontogenetic tool and may be of interest for molecular and cell biology and biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alina P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ryumina
authors.forename: Ekaterina O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Serebrovskaya
authors.forename: Marina V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Shirmanova
authors.forename: Ludmila B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Snopova
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
authors.forename: Ilya V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Turchin
authors.forename: Nadezhda I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Ignatova
authors.forename: Natalia V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Klementieva
authors.forename: Arkady F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fradkov
authors.forename: Boris E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Shakhov
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Zagaynova
authors.forename: Konstantin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lukyanov
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lukyanov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D005420:Flavoproteins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D053148:Caspase 3; D010100:Oxygen; D012256:Riboflavin
keywords: Cancer cell; Flavoprotein; Genetically encoded photosensitizer; Phototoxicity; Tumor xenograft; miniSog