title: Sample size calculation for multicentre efficacy trials of blood-stage malaria antigens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sample size has increasingly become a prerequisite for grant approval. Study size calculations for multicentre trials are more complicated because these sites present different assumptions on incidence of disease expected in the control group; this then changes the mechanism of sample size determination. This paper suggested an alternative approach to estimating study size in multicentre vaccine efficacy trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The approach suggested in this paper was to determine the expected number of events for a given sample size under set of different assumptions. The power was then calculated given the expected number of events under the set of assumptions so as to assess the sensitivity of the sample size. The approach was then illustrated assuming a malaria vaccine efficacy trial planned in four centres.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The approach showed that by assuming 30% cumulative incidence of malaria in three of the centres and 10% cumulative incidence in the other centre, a sample size of 460 children in each centre (total 1,840) corresponding to a total of 339 events gives 90% power to detect vaccine efficacy of 30% at 5% level of significance, allowing for 15% loss to follow-up. However, if the incidence is lower than anticipated or a centre drops out altogether the power will be low. But this would not have much effect if it were a low incidence centre. Rather, it might have major effect if it were a high incidence centre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decision on recruitment depends on whether separate estimates of efficacy in each transmission level are reasonable. If not, equal numbers can be recruited, which then gives safety data for each site and overall efficacy. Recruiting all or most subjects in the highest transmission site can minimize sample size but may be better to spread the risk due to uncertainty about incidence due to year to year variation and also the possibility of a site dropping due to political or other unforeseen problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach demonstrated the potential of estimating the expected number of events required to give a specified power for multicentre efficacy trails of blood stage malaria antigens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. sbosomprah@ug.edu.gh
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosomprah
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017780:Malaria Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017780:Malaria Vaccines