title: Comparison of analgesic effect of intrathecal morphine alone or in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients undergoing total gastrectomy: a prospective randomized, double blind clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Combined spinal-epidural-general anesthesia has several advantages over general anesthesia alone. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of intrathecal (IT) morphine alone, or in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl, as part of a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia, in patients undergoing elective total gastrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, randomized double-blind study included 60 patients undergoing total gastrectomy under general anesthesia and CSE. We compared the analgesic effect of lumbar IT morphine 300 microg (the group M, n = 20) vs morphine 300 .g + bupivacaine 2 mg (the group MB, n = 20) vs morphine 300 microg + bupivacaine 2 mg + fentanyl 25 pg (the group MBF, n = 20) given after thoracic epidural catheter placement (T6-7) but before general anesthesia induction. Pain visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest (R), with movement (M) and with cough (C), and the number of analgesia requests were assessed for 72 h and after epidural catheter removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to other groups, the MBF group required significantly fewer additional intra-operative epidural bupivacaine doses (p < 0.001), whereas the M group required significantly more supplemental intraoperative intravenous fentanyl, compared with the MBF (p = 0.022) and MB groups (p = 0.005). Postoperative pain relief was satisfactory in all the groups at all the time. VAS-R and VAS-M did not differ significantly among the groups. Compared to the M group, VAS-C scores 30 min postoperatively were significantly lower in the MBF (p = 0.029) and MB groups (p = 0.002). Duration of analgesia was longer in the MBF and MB groups, but the difference reached no significance. The number of supplemental analgesia requests was similar in all the groups in the first 12 h and during 72 h. Additional analgesia requests after epidural catheter removal were similar in all the groups, and side effects were infrequent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to IT morphine alone, triple IT combination administered as part of CSE provided better intraoperative analgesia, but conferred no benefit with regards to postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: *Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Slavković
authors.forename: Dusica M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stamenković
authors.forename: Veselin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerić
authors.forename: Milić
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veljović
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ivanoviić
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomić
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randjelović
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rasković
authors.forename: Menelaos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karanikolas
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine