title: Targeting of low-dose CT screening according to the risk of lung-cancer death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), screening with low-dose computed tomography (CT) resulted in a 20% reduction in lung-cancer mortality among participants between the ages of 55 and 74 years with a minimum of 30 pack-years of smoking and no more than 15 years since quitting. It is not known whether the benefits and potential harms of such screening vary according to lung-cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the variation in efficacy, the number of false positive results, and the number of lung-cancer deaths prevented among 26,604 participants in the NLST who underwent low-dose CT screening, as compared with the 26,554 participants who underwent chest radiography, according to the quintile of 5-year risk of lung-cancer death (ranging from 0.15 to 0.55% in the lowest-risk group [quintile 1] to more than 2.00% in the highest-risk group [quintile 5]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of lung-cancer deaths per 10,000 person-years that were prevented in the CT-screening group, as compared with the radiography group, increased according to risk quintile (0.2 in quintile 1, 3.5 in quintile 2, 5.1 in quintile 3, 11.0 in quintile 4, and 12.0 in quintile 5; P=0.01 for trend). Across risk quintiles, there were significant decreasing trends in the number of participants with false positive results per screening-prevented lung-cancer death (1648 in quintile 1, 181 in quintile 2, 147 in quintile 3, 64 in quintile 4, and 65 in quintile 5). The 60% of participants at highest risk for lung-cancer death (quintiles 3 through 5) accounted for 88% of the screening-prevented lung-cancer deaths and for 64% of participants with false positive results. The 20% of participants at lowest risk (quintile 1) accounted for only 1% of prevented lung-cancer deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening with low-dose CT prevented the greatest number of deaths from lung cancer among participants who were at highest risk and prevented very few deaths among those at lowest risk. These findings provide empirical support for risk-based targeting of smokers for such screening. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute.).
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kovalchik
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tammemagi
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Tom L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korch
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (S.A.K., N.E.C., A.K.C., H.A.K.) and Cancer Prevention (C.D.B.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Information Management Services (T.L.R., M.K.) - all in Rockville, MD; the Department of Community Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (M.T.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (G.A.S.).
authors.forename: Hormuzd A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed