title: Performance on the Green Word Memory Test following Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom-era military service: Test failure is related to evaluation context.
abstract: This study investigates prior reports of high neuropsychological symptom validity test (SVT) failure rates in post-deployed Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) active and veteran military personnel, using a large, multi-site sample (N = 214) drawn from three levels of the Department of Defense/Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Polytrauma System of Care. The sample failure rate and its relationship to research versus dual research/clinical context of evaluation were examined, in addition to secondary variables explored in prior studies. Results yielded an overall failure rate of 25%, lower than prior reports describing OEF/OIF active-duty and veteran military personnel. Findings also supported the hypothesis that SVT failure rates would differ by context (dual > research). Participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) failed more frequently than those without TBI in the dual context but not in the research context. Secondary analyses revealed that failure rates increased in the presence of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and male sex but were unrelated to active versus veteran military status, service connection (SC) or percentage of SC, age, education, or ethnicity. Further research is required to elucidate the underpinnings of these findings in light of the limited literature and variability between OEF/OIF-related SVT studies, as well as the substantial diagnostic and treatment implications for VA.
authors.affiliation: Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Cortney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Yoash-Gantz
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tupler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000523:psychology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Effort; Major depressive disorder; Military veterans; Neuropsychology; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Service connection; Symptom validity tests; Traumatic brain injury