title: Biodiesel versus diesel exposure: enhanced pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and differential morphological changes in the mouse lung.
abstract: The use of biodiesel (BD) or its blends with petroleum diesel (D) is considered to be a viable approach to reduce occupational and environmental exposures to particulate matter (PM). Due to its lower particulate mass emissions compared to D, use of BD is thought to alleviate adverse health effects. Considering BD fuel is mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, we hypothesize that BD exhaust particles could induce pronounced adverse outcomes, due to their ability to readily oxidize. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of particles generated by engine fueled with neat BD and neat petroleum-based D. Biomarkers of tissue damage and inflammation were significantly elevated in lungs of mice exposed to BD particulates. Additionally, BD particulates caused a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal. The up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/growth factors was higher in lungs upon BD particulate exposure. Histological evaluation of lung sections indicated presence of lymphocytic infiltrate and impaired clearance with prolonged retention of BD particulate in pigment laden macrophages. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that BD exhaust particles could exert more toxic effects compared to D.
authors.affiliation: Pathology & Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. Electronic address: wqu1@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Naveena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yanamala
authors.forename: Meghan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hatfield
authors.forename: Mariana T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Farcas
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwegler-Berry
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hummer
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shurin
authors.forename: M Eileen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Dmitriy W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gutkin
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kisin
authors.forename: Valerian E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: Aleksandar D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bugarski
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shvedova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000633:toxicity*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D016207:Cytokines; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Aspiration exposure; Biodiesel particle retention; Cytokine panel; Inflammation; Lipid droplets; Pulmonary toxicity