title: Comparison of the nasal release of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, CCL13/MCP-4, and CCL26/eotaxin-3 in allergic rhinitis during season and after allergen challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by local overproduction of type 2 cytokines and tissue eosinophilia. Recent research suggests the involvement of additional cytokines such as IL-17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 26/eotaxin-3, and CCL13/monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4) in its pathophysiology. Furthermore, bronchial epithelial cells treated with IL-17 and type 2 cytokines distinctively up-regulated eotaxin-3 gene expression. In this study we investigated the kinetics of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, eotaxin-3, and MCP-4 in seasonal allergic rhinitis volunteers after nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and their release during natural pollen exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nasal lavages of 15 symptomatic allergic and 14 nonallergic subjects were collected during the pollination season. Additionally, six allergic subjects underwent a single unilateral nasal allergen and control challenge out of season, and nasal secretions were collected. Levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, eotaxin-3, and MCP-4 in nasal lavages and secretions were measured using an electrochemiluminescent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After NAC, allergic subjects had a significant immediate response of nasal symptoms as well as a significant increase at 5 hours of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 and at 2, 5, and 24 hours significantly raising levels of eotaxin-3. IL-17 and eotaxin-3 concentrations at 5 hours were correlated (r = 0.94; p = 0.005). During natural pollen exposure, barely detectable levels of IL-17 in allergic subjects were also correlated with eotaxin-3 (r = 0.62; p = 0.01). Eotaxin-3 and MCP-4 levels were significantly elevated 9- or 3.7-fold, respectively, and IL-10 and, unexpectedly, IL-4 were significantly lower in allergic subjects compared with nonallergic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal IL-17, MCP-4, and, possibly, eotaxin-3 may aggravate and IL-10 may alleviate nasal mucosal allergy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany. RalfB2@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Matthaeus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabaszowski
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stenin
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tilgner
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scheckenbach
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagenmann
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000075906:Chemokine CCL26; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology*; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D011058:Pollen / Q000009:adverse effects; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015415:Biomarkers; C099677:CCL13 protein, human; C120429:CCL26 protein, human; D000075906:Chemokine CCL26; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D020381:Interleukin-17; D018945:Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015847:Interleukin-4