title: Long-term working memory deficits after concussion: electrophysiological evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent complaints of lingering memory and concentration difficulties are common following a concussion, although the brain basis of these is unknown. Some suggest abnormalities can be found on the P300 event-related potential component, recorded using electroencephalography (EEG), despite unobservable cognitive impairments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the P300 and cognitive performance following a remote concussion during an n-back task that varies in working memory load.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen participants with a remote concussion and 17 controls performed a visual n-back task in which working memory demands were systematically increased by manipulating cognitive load. Participants also completed neuropsychological and self-report measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concussion group showed a decrease in P300 amplitude compared to controls that was independent of working memory load on the n-back task. While no performance differences were observed between groups, P300 amplitude was negatively correlated with response times at higher loads in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High functioning young adults with a remote concussion may have inefficient recruitment of processing resources for target identification, evident by the attenuated P300. The negative correlations between response time and P300 amplitude suggest that the time necessary to accurately respond to targets increases as the efficiency of allocating processing resources decreases during highly demanding working memory tasks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Lana J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: Roxane J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Itier
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Myra A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D057567:Memory, Long-Term; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult