title: Complications and outcomes of diaphyseal forearm fracture intramedullary nailing: a comparison of pediatric and adolescent age groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flexible intramedullary nailing (IMN) has become a popular technique for the management of unstable or open forearm fractures. Recent publications have suggested an increased incidence of delayed union and poor outcomes in older children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to review forearm fractures treated with IMN, comparing the rate of complications and outcomes between the 2 age groups. Our hypothesis was that IMN is an effective technique with a similar rate of complications in both age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review was conducted of pediatric forearm fractures treated from 1998 to 2008 at a single institution. Over the study time period, 4161 pediatric forearm fractures were managed nonoperatively (92%) and 353 were treated operatively with plate, cross-pin, or intramedullary fixation (8%). Patients with inadequate follow-up, cross-pin, or plate fixation were excluded. Medical records were reviewed for indications and complications. Complications were graded with a modification of the Clavien-Dindo classification. Outcomes were judged by a new grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 205 forearm fractures treated with IMN in 203 patients were identified. The mean age was 9.7 years (range, 1.7 to 16.2 y) and mean follow-up was 42 weeks. Operative indications were failure of closed treatment in 165 (80%) and open fracture in 40 (20%). Mean time from injury to IMN was 5.9 days (range, 0 to 25 d). Single bone IMN was performed in 40 of 185 both bone fractures (26%); there were 20 single-bone forearm fractures treated with IMN. Open reduction was required in 61/165 (37%) of closed fractures. Asymptomatic delayed union (grade 1 complication) was observed in 9 fractures (4%). More severe complications were noted in 17% (grade 2 to 4 complications). Postoperative compartment syndrome occurred in 3 isolated forearm fractures with a significant younger mean age (6.0 vs. 10 y, P=0.031). Overall, complications were significantly more frequent in children older than 10 years of age (25/101) as compared with younger children (13/104, P=0.031). In particular, delayed union was more common in children over the age of 10 years (9/101 vs. 1/104, OR=9.99, P=0.009). Outcomes were good or excellent in 91% of fractures. There was no statistical association of patient age with a fair or poor outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IMN is an effective technique for pediatric forearm fractures with good to excellent outcomes in 91%. Complications are not infrequent with this technique, with complications of grade 2 to 4 severity in 17%. There was a 2-fold increase in the rate of complications in children over the age of 10 years. Compartment syndrome was more common in younger children. Patients and families should be counseled about the risks preoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Monroe Carrell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-9565, USA. jeff.martus@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Martus
authors.forename: Ryan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schoenecker
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lovejoy
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mencio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001858:Bone Nails; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000601:surgery*