title: Cognitive outcomes after acute coronary syndrome: a population based comparison with transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline when compared with controls, but case:control studies are subject to selection bias. We therefore compared cognitive outcomes in ACS with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke, diseases with similar risk factor burden generally considered to be at high risk of cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population based cohort study
  
  
  METHODS
  Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC) carried out within a defined population of 91 000 in Oxfordshire, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  614 in total: 216 ACS, 182 TIA, 216 minor (non-disabling) stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified (TICSm), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at 1 and 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall risk factor burden was similar across groups but ACS patients had more smoking (27% vs 14%, p<0.001) and less hypertension (45% vs 53%, p<0.01) and atrial fibrillation (6% vs 14%, p<0.001). Cognitive outcomes were worse at 1 year in ACS versus TIA patients: mean±SD MMSE 26.6±2.7 vs 27.6±2.5, p<0.0001; OR=2.14, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.13 for moderate/severe cognitive impairment (MMSE <24) with a similar trend at 5 years, and ACS outcomes were more similar to minor stroke. Memory and language versus frontal/executive subtests were relatively more impaired in ACS than TIA and minor stroke patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of cognitive impairment after ACS is similar to minor stroke and higher than TIA with implications for clinical practice including consent and adherence with medication. Differences in cognitive domain performance suggest a greater role for degenerative brain pathology in ACS which may be linked to vascular risk profile and cardiac factors.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, and the University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Volonghi
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Pendlebury
authors.forename: Sarah J V
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Ziyah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology