title: Occupational status and incidences of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in Swedish men: a population-based 35-year prospective follow-up study.
abstract: This study examined variations in stroke incidence across occupational classes over a 35-year follow-up period. We analyzed a random population-based sample of 6,994 men aged 47-56 years at baseline without prior history of stroke. Standardized incidence rates, subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) from competing risk regressions and cumulative incidence were calculated, after accounting for risk of death attributed to causes other than stroke. A total of 1,442 strokes were identified over the 35-year period with crude incidences of 5.50 (ischemic) and 1.16 (hemorrhagic) per 1,000 person-years. In the whole group, occupational class was not associated with either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. However, older men (≥51 years at baseline) with unskilled manual occupations had a significantly lower risk of ischemic stroke than those with high officials (referent). No association between occupation and stroke of either type was detected for men younger than 51 years. There was an inverse and graded risk of death from causes other than stroke; men in high official positions had the lowest cumulative risk and unskilled manual workers had the highest risk (P < 0.0001). The association between occupation and ischemic stroke in older men persisted after accounting for competing risks of death (SHR 0.62; 95 % CI 0.46-0.84). In conclusion, low socioeconomic status was not associated with an increased risk of incident hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke. Older men with the lowest occupational status i.e. unskilled manual had a significantly lower risk of ischemic stroke, even after controlling for other risk factors and competing risks of death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 416 85, Göteborg, Sweden, masuma.novak@gu.se.
authors.forename: Masuma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torén
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lappas
authors.forename: Wai Giang
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jern
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilhelmsen
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengren
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology