title: Predicting ambulance time of arrival to the emergency department using global positioning system and Google maps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive and validate a model that accurately predicts ambulance arrival time that could be implemented as a Google Maps web application.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of all scene transports in Multnomah County, Oregon, from January 1 through December 31, 2008. Scene and destination hospital addresses were converted to coordinates. ArcGIS Network Analyst was used to estimate transport times based on street network speed limits. We then created a linear regression model to improve the accuracy of these street network estimates using weather, patient characteristics, use of lights and sirens, daylight, and rush-hour intervals. The model was derived from a 50% sample and validated on the remainder. Significance of the covariates was determined by p < 0.05 for a t-test of the model coefficients. Accuracy was quantified by the proportion of estimates that were within 5 minutes of the actual transport times recorded by computer-aided dispatch. We then built a Google Maps-based web application to demonstrate application in real-world EMS operations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 48,308 included transports. Street network estimates of transport time were accurate within 5 minutes of actual transport time less than 16% of the time. Actual transport times were longer during daylight and rush-hour intervals and shorter with use of lights and sirens. Age under 18 years, gender, wet weather, and trauma system entry were not significant predictors of transport time. Our model predicted arrival time within 5 minutes 73% of the time. For lights and sirens transports, accuracy was within 5 minutes 77% of the time. Accuracy was identical in the validation dataset. Lights and sirens saved an average of 3.1 minutes for transports under 8.8 minutes, and 5.3 minutes for longer transports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An estimate of transport time based only on a street network significantly underestimated transport times. A simple model incorporating few variables can predict ambulance time of arrival to the emergency department with good accuracy. This model could be linked to global positioning system data and an automated Google Maps web application to optimize emergency department resource use. Use of lights and sirens had a significant effect on transport times.
authors.affiliation: Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. rossf@emedharbor.edu
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fleischman
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lundquist
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jui
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Newgard
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Warden
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009922:Oregon; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors