title: Association between morningness-eveningness and temperament and character in community-dwelling Korean adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported an association between biogenetic temperament/character and circadian preference in Spanish or French college students. Our aim is to investigate the association between temperament/character and circadian preference in psychiatrically healthy, community-dwelling Korean adults of a wide age range.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects free of Axis I disorders (n = 342) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the Temperament and Character Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High Novelty Seeking and low Self-Directedness was associated with eveningness. In contrast to prior studies on college students, eveningness was associated with high (not low) Harm Avoidance. Eveningness-Novelty Seeking association and Eveningness-Harm Avoidance association were prominent in females. Eveningness-Novelty Seeking was prominent in the older group (age ≥40), while Eveningness-Harm Avoidance was prominent in the younger group (age ≤40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the limitation of the small sample size, the present study suggests that eveningness is associated with high Novelty Seeking/Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness in community-dwelling adults, and that this association may be related to age, gender, and other sociocultural factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seong-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: In Hee
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Yu Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seog Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002605:Character; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010555:Personality Inventory; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament
keywords: activity cycle; character; circadian rhythm; personality; temperament