title: In-situ identification of iron electrocoagulation speciation and application for natural organic matter (NOM) removal.
abstract: In this work, iron speciation in electrocoagulation (EC) was studied to determine the impact of operating parameters on natural organic matter (NOM) removal from natural water. Two electrochemical EC parameters, current density (i) and charge loading rate (CLR), were investigated. Variation of these parameters led to a near unity current efficiency (φ = 0.957 ± 0.03), at any combination of i in a range of 1-25 mA/cm(2) and CLR in a range of 12-300 C/L/min. Higher i and CLR led to a higher bulk pH and limited the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) reduced at the cathode surface due to mass transfer limitations. A low i (1 mA/cm(2)) and intermediate CLR (60 C/L/min) resulted in low bulk DO (<2.5 mg/L), where green rust (GR) was identified by in-situ Raman spectroscopy as the primary crystalline electrochemical product. Longer electrolysis times at higher i led to magnetite (Fe3O4) formation. Both higher (300 C/L/min) and lower (12 C/L/min) CLR values led to increased DO and/or increased pH, with lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) as the only crystalline species observed. The NOM removal of the three identified species was compared, with conditions leading to GR formation showing the greatest dissolved organic carbon removal, and highest removal of the low apparent molecular weight (<550 Da) chromophoric NOM fraction, determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristian L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dubrawski
authors.forename: Madjid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohseni
mesh_terms: D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010100:Oxygen; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Drinking water; Electrocoagulation; In-situ speciation; Natural organic matter; Raman spectroscopy