title: Interventional radiology virtual simulator for liver biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Training in Interventional Radiology currently uses the apprenticeship model, where clinical and technical skills of invasive procedures are learnt during practice in patients. This apprenticeship training method is increasingly limited by regulatory restrictions on working hours, concerns over patient risk through trainees' inexperience and the variable exposure to case mix and emergencies during training. To address this, we have developed a computer-based simulation of visceral needle puncture procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A real-time framework has been built that includes: segmentation, physically based modelling, haptics rendering, pseudo-ultrasound generation and the concept of a physical mannequin. It is the result of a close collaboration between different universities, involving computer scientists, clinicians, clinical engineers and occupational psychologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technical implementation of the framework is a robust and real-time simulation environment combining a physical platform and an immersive computerized virtual environment. The face, content and construct validation have been previously assessed, showing the reliability and effectiveness of this framework, as well as its potential for teaching visceral needle puncture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simulator for ultrasound-guided liver biopsy has been developed. It includes functionalities and metrics extracted from cognitive task analysis. This framework can be useful during training, particularly given the known difficulties in gaining significant practice of core skills in patients.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College, London, UK, pierre-frederic.villard@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Villard
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: ap Cenydd
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holbrey
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pisharody
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bulpitt
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000193:education*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014584:User-Computer Interface