title: Cancer complicating systemic lupus erythematosus--a dichotomy emerging from a nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether any individual cancers are increased or decreased in a cohort of 595 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed for up to 32 years at the University College London Hospitals Lupus Clinic, looking for any associated clinical or serological factors and the prognosis after cancer diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a careful retrospective review of the medical records and identified all individuals diagnosed with cancer. For controls, we selected three other patients in the cohort who had not developed cancer, carefully matched for age, sex, ethnicity and disease duration, to determine if any obvious differences emerged in a nested case-control design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients developed cancer after being diagnosed with SLE. There was a statistically insignificant small increase in overall cancer risk, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) 1.05 (95% CI 0.52-1.58) and increased SIRs for cervical, prostate, anal and pancreatic cancers and reduction in breast cancer SIRs. Haematological and musculoskeletal manifestations, anticardiolipin and antithyroid globulin antibodies were found to be positively associated with cancer risk in multivariate analysis. There was no drug, dose or duration was associated with cancer risk. There was a reduction in survival with a cancer fatality rate of 84.2% (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a very small but statistically insignificant increased cancer risk with reduction in survival. Whereas some cancers appear to be more common in SLE, notably prostate and cervical cancer, others, particularly breast cancer, are less frequent. Multiple clinical and serological factors are involved in the increased risk of malignancy in SLE. No drug dose or duration effect was identified.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London, UK. dzifakay@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kenu
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Isenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); immunosuppressive therapy; neoplasm; risk factors