title: Exposure to pesticides and heterozygote genotype of GSTP1-Alw26I are associated to Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyze the frequency of GSTP1-Alw26I polymorphism and to estimate its association with toxic substances in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A study group with 154 patients - subdivided into familial and sporadic PD groups - and 158 elderly individuals without the disease (control group) were evaluated. GSTP1-Alw26I polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were significantly more exposed to pesticides compared with the control group (p=0.0004), and the heterozygote genotype associated to exposure to pesticides also prevailed in patients (p=0.0001). Wild homozygote genotype was related to tobacco use (p=0.043) and alcoholism (p=0.033) in familial PD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to pesticides is associated to PD, whose effect can be enhanced when combined with the heterozygote genotype of GSTP1-Alw26I. Also, large genetic and environmental studies considering tobacco use, alcoholism, GSTP1 and PD are necessary to confirm our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Marcela S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pinhel
authors.forename: Caroline L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sado
authors.forename: Michele L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gregório
authors.forename: Gisele S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Greiciane S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Florim
authors.forename: Camila M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazeti
authors.forename: Denise P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Fábio N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Waldir A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tognola
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nakazone
authors.forename: Dorotéia R S
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific) / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; C077513:DNA modification methylase Alw26I; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases; D015265:Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific); D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi