title: TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, is abundant in maternal human milk and human-derived fortifiers but not in donor human milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared cytokines (in particular transforming growth factor [TGF]-β2) and lactoferrin in maternal human milk (MHM), human-derived milk fortifier (HDMF), and donor human milk (DHM).
  
  
  METHODS
  MHM was randomly collected from breastfeeding mothers who had no infectious illness at the time of milk expression. HDMF and DHM were products derived from human milk processed by Holder pasteurization. MHM samples were collected at different times (early/late) and gestations (preterm/term). Lactoferrin was analyzed by western blotting, and cytokines were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significance was determined using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 164 samples analyzed, TGF-β2 concentrations in HDMF and preterm MHM (at all collection times) were fivefold higher than in DHM (p<0.05). Early preterm MHM had levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18, 11-fold higher than DHM (p<0.05). IL-6 in DHM was 0.3% of the content found in MHM. IL-18 was fourfold higher in early MHM versus late MHM regardless of gestational age (p<0.05). Lactoferrin concentration in DHM was 6% of that found in MHM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pasteurization decreases concentrations of most cytokines and lactoferrin in DHM. TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, has comparable concentrations in HDMF to MHM despite pasteurization.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Marney C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Margarita M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: Akhil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Blanco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis*; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000032:analysis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis*; D017784:Milk Banks; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D061352:Pasteurization; D011247:Pregnancy; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; C490098:LTF protein, human; C509041:TGFB2 protein, human; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007781:Lactoferrin