title: Emotion perception and executive functioning predict work status in euthymic bipolar disorder.
abstract: Functional recovery, including return to work, in Bipolar Disorder (BD) lags behind clinical recovery and may be incomplete when acute mood symptoms have subsided. We examined impact of cognition on work status and underemployment in a sample of 156 Euthymic-BD and 143 controls (HC) who were divided into working/not working groups. Clinical, health, social support, and personality data were collected, and eight cognitive factors were derived from a battery of neuropsychological tests. The HC groups outperformed the BD groups on seven of eight cognitive factors. The working-BD group outperformed the not working-BD group on 4 cognitive factors composed of tasks of emotion processing and executive functioning including processing speed and set shifting. Emotion processing and executive tasks were predictive of BD unemployment, after accounting for number of mood episodes. Four cognitive factors accounted for a significant amount of the variance in work status among the BD participants. Results indicate that patients with BD who are unemployed/unable to work exhibit greater difficulties processing emotional information and on executive tasks that comprise a set shifting or interference resolution component as compared to those who are employed, independent of other factors. These cognitive and affective factors are suggested as targets for treatment and/or accommodations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: karyan@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Aaron C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vederman
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.forename: Melvin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: McInnis
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004644:Emotions; D004651:Employment; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010465:Perception
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognition; Functioning; Occupation