title: Evaluation of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in biological samples of male human immunodeficiency virus patients with tuberculosis and diarrhea compared to healthy control subjects in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrolyte deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression and mortality. This study examined the association between low electrolyte concentrations in blood and scalp hair and the presence of opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two male HIV positive patients (HIV-1) from various cities in Pakistan were recruited to the study. These Patients were divided into two groups according to secondary infections (tuberculosis and high fever with diarrhea), and biological samples (scalp hair, serum, blood and urine) were collected from them. As a comparative control group, 120 healthy subjects (males) of the same age group (31 - 45 years), socio-economic status, localities and dietary habits were also included in the study. The elements in the biological samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. Validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked using certified reference materials (CRMs) and against values obtained by a conventional wet acid digestion method on the same CRMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated significantly lower levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium and natrium in all analyzed biological samples (blood, serum and scalp hair) of male patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in comparison to healthy controls (p < 0.01), while the levels of these elements were found to be higher in urine samples of the AIDS patients than in those of the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data offer guidance to clinicians and other professionals investigating the deficiency of electrolytes in biological samples (scalp hair, serum and blood) of AIDS patients in relation to healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Farah Naz
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Talpur
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Faheem Shah
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Naeemullah
authors.forename: Sadaf Sadia
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Kapil Dev
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Brahman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium