title: Hepatoprotective effects of cod liver oil against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to high levels of nitrites for a prolonged time have adverse health effects on several organs especially the liver due to oxidative properties. Meanwhile, cod liver oil has been reported to ameliorate organ dysfunction in animal models that involve oxidative stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine the impact of dietary cod liver oil on sodium nitrite-induced liver damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawely rats were daily treated with sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg) in presence or absence of cod liver oil (5 ml/kg). Morphological changes were assessed in liver sections. Oxidative stress and antioxidant markers were measured in serum and liver homogenates. Liver samples were used for measurements of MCP-1, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hepatoprotective effect of cod liver oil was proved by significant reduction of elevated liver enzymes and normal appearance of hepatocytes. Cod liver oil significantly reduced hepatic malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion (224.3 ± 18.9 nmol/g, 59.3 ± 5.1 and 62.5 ± 5.1 µmol/g, respectively) compared with sodium nitrite (332.5 ± 25.5 nmol/g, 83.1 ± 8.1 and 93.9 ± 6.5 µmol/g, respectively). Cod liver oil restored hepatic cytochrome c oxidase activity after 38% reduction by sodium nitrite. Furthermore, cod liver oil significantly reduced hepatic MCP-1 (79.8 pg/mg) and DNA fragmentation (13.8%) compared with sodium nitrite (168.7 pg/mg and 41.3%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cod liver oil ameliorates sodium nitrite induced hepatic impairment through several mechanisms including attenuation of oxidative stress, blocking MCP-1, reactivation of mitochondrial function and reduction of DNA fragmentation.
authors.affiliation: Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy .
authors.forename: Mohamed F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Darweish
authors.forename: Amany A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Hawwary
authors.forename: Mohammed M H
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Gayyar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012977:Sodium Nitrite; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D013481:Superoxides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003060:Cod Liver Oil; D045304:Cytochromes c; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012977:Sodium Nitrite