title: Thresher sharks use tail-slaps as a hunting strategy.
abstract: The hunting strategies of pelagic thresher sharks (Alopias pelagicus) were investigated at Pescador Island in the Philippines. It has long been suspected that thresher sharks hunt with their scythe-like tails but the kinematics associated with the behaviour in the wild are poorly understood. From 61 observations recorded by handheld underwater video camera between June and October 2010, 25 thresher shark shunting events were analysed. Thresher sharks employed tail-slaps to debilitate sardines at all times of day. Hunting events comprised preparation, strike, wind-down recovery and prey item collection phases, which occurred sequentially. Preparation phases were significantly longer than the others, presumably to enable a shark to windup a tail-slap. Tail-slaps were initiated by an adduction of the pectoral fins, a manoeuvre that changed a thresher shark's pitch promoting its posterior region to lift rapidly, and stall its approach. Tail-slaps occurred with such force that they may have caused dissolved gas to diffuse out of the water column forming bubbles. Thresher sharks were able to consume more than one sardine at a time, suggesting that tail-slapping is an effective foraging strategy for hunting schooling prey. Pelagic thresher sharks appear to pursue sardines opportunistically by day and night, which may make them vulnerable to fisheries. Alopiids possess specialist pectoral and caudal fins that are likely to have evolved, at least in part, for tail-slapping. The evidence is now clear; thresher sharks really do hunt with their tails.
authors.affiliation: The Thresher Shark Research and Conservation Project, Malapascua Island, Cebu, The Philippines. s.p.oliver@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gann
authors.forename: Medel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silvosa
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: D'Urban Jackson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D006702:Homing Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010679:Philippines; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012754:Sharks / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D013623:Tail / Q000502:physiology*