title: The proximal origins of the flexor-pronator muscles and their role in the dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint: an anatomical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to anatomically investigate the proximal origin of flexor-pronator muscles (FPMs) and clarify their contribution to dynamic stabilization of the elbow joint during valgus stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  52 elbows from 26 donated formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The pronator teres muscle (PT), flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR), palmaris longus muscle (PL), flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (FDS), and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) were identified, and their proximal origin and relationship to the anterior bundle of the medial ulna collateral ligament (AOL) were macroscopically and histologically investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PT, FCR, PL, and FDS converged and formed a common tendon at their proximal origin (the anterior common tendon: ACT). The ACT was attached to the medial epicondyle and the joint capsule, just anterior and parallel to the AOL. The histological morphology of the ACT was quite similar to that of the AOL. The ulnar head of the PT was observed in 48 of 52 elbows (92.3 %), just behind the humeral head of PT. It mainly originated from the anterior edge of the sublime tubercle, while the upper part of ulnar head transitioned directly into the thickened joint capsule just anterior to the AOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proximal attachment of the FPMs had a characteristic morphology. According to our results, the ACT and PT might assist the AOL by sharing static and dynamic traction forces applied to the medial elbow joint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, kootoshi@fmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otoshi
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shishido
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology