title: Variations in magnitude and directionality of respiratory target motion throughout full treatment courses of stereotactic body radiotherapy for tumors in the liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the stability of target motion amplitude and motion directionality throughout full stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatments of tumors in the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with gold markers implanted in the liver received 11 courses of 3-fraction SBRT on a conventional linear accelerator. A four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan was obtained for treatment planning. The time-resolved marker motion was determined throughout full treatment field delivery using the kV and MV imagers of the accelerator. The motion amplitude and motion directionality of all individual respiratory cycles were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). The variations in motion amplitude and directionality within the treatment courses and the difference from the motion in the 4DCT scan were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient mean (± 1 standard deviation) peak-to-peak 3D motion amplitude of individual respiratory cycles during a treatment course was 7.9 ± 4.1 mm and its difference from the 4DCT scan was -0.8 ± 2.5 mm (max, 6.6 mm). The mean standard deviation of 3D respiratory cycle amplitude within a treatment course was 2.0 ± 1.6 mm. The motion directionality of individual respiratory cycles on average deviated 4.6 ± 1.6° from the treatment course mean directionality. The treatment course mean motion directionality on average deviated 7.6 ± 6.5° from the directionality in the 4DCT scan. A single patient-specific oblique direction in space explained 97.7 ± 1.7% and 88.3 ± 10.1% of all positional variance (motion) throughout the treatment courses, excluding and including baseline shifts between treatment fields, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to variable breathing amplitudes a single 4DCT scan was not always representative of the mean motion amplitude during treatment. However, the motion was highly directional with a fairly stable direction throughout treatment, indicating a potential for more optimal individualized motion margins aligned to the preferred direction of motion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark.
authors.forename: Esben S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Worm
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Høyer
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fledelius
authors.forename: Anders T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Per R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Poulsen
mesh_terms: D057918:Fiducial Markers; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009038:Motion; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011379:Prognosis; D016634:Radiosurgery; D012119:Respiration