title: Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review.
abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are major environmental concern due to their persistence, long-range transportability, bio-accumulation and potentially adverse effects on living organisms. Analytical chemistry plays an essential role in the measurement of POPs and provides important information on their distribution and environmental transformations. Much effort has been devoted during the last two decades to the development of faster, safer, more reliable and more sensitive analytical techniques for these pollutants. Since the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs was adopted 12 years ago, analytical methods have been extensively developed. This review article introduces recent analytical techniques and applications for the determination of POPs in environmental and biota samples, and summarizes the extraction, separation and instrumental analyses of the halogenated POPs. Also, this review covers important aspects for the analyses of SC POPs (e.g. lipid determination and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)), and finally discusses future trends for improving the POPs analyses and for potential new POPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Weiguang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
keywords: AMAP; APCI; Arctic monitoring and assessment programme; Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; BDE; BFR; Brominated diphenyl ether; Brominated flame retardant; CPE; CRM; Certified reference material; Cloud point extraction; Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; DCM; DDD; DDE; DDT; DL-PCBs; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; Dichloromethane; Dioxin-like PCBs; ECD; ECNI-MS; EI; ESI; EU/CEN; Electron capture detector; Electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry; Electron ionization; Electrospray ionization; European Union/Comité Européen de Normalisation; GC; GC×GC; GMP; Gas chromatography; Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; Global monitoring plan; HBCD; HCB; HCH; HRMS; Hexabromocyclododecane; Hexachlorobenzene; Hexachlorocyclohexane; High resolution mass spectrometry; ITMS; Instrumental analyses; Ion trap mass spectrometry; JIS; Japanese industrial standards; LC; LLE; LOD; LRAT; Limit of detection; Liquid chromatography; Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; Liquid–liquid extraction; Long-range atmospheric transport; MAE; MS; Mass spectrometry; Microwave assisted extraction; NIST; National Institute of Standards and Technology; OCP; Organic chlorinated pesticide; PBDE; PCB; PCDD; PCDE; PCDF; PCN; PFAS; PFCA; PFOA; PFOS; PFOSF; PFSA; PLE; POPRC; POPs; PUF; Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances; Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid; Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid; Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride; Perfluorooctanic acid; Persistent organic pollutants; Persistent organic pollutants review committee; Polybrominated diphenyl ether; Polychlorinated biphenyl; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin; Polychlorinated dibenzofuran; Polychlorinated diphenyl ether; Polychlorinated naphthalene; Polyurethane foam; Pressurized liquid extraction; QA/QC; Quality assurance and quality control; SC; SCCP; SFE; SIM; SPE; SPMD; SPME; Sample preparation; Selected ion monitoring; Semi-permeable membrane device; Short-chain chlorinated paraffins; Solid-phase extraction; Solid-phase microextraction; Stockholm Convention; Supercritical fluid extraction; TBBPA; Tetrabromobisphenol A; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; UAE; UNEP; UPLC; USEPA; Ultra-performance liquid chromatography; Ultrasonic assisted extraction; United Nation Environment Programme; WHO; World Health Organization