title: Angiopoietins and non-vascular endothelial growth factor antiangiogenic targets in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has evolved from an era dominated by immune modulation to an era of antiangiogenesis agents. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated pathways and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways has accounted for most of these gains. Although these agents have offered dramatic improvements in survival for kidney cancer patients, resistance inevitably occurs, and new classes of agents are needed to continue to improve outcomes in this setting. We discuss several alternative pathways of angiogenesis, which are being investigated as targets to overcome treatment resistance, including angiopoietin family proteins, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular disrupting agents.
authors.affiliation: Hematology and Oncology, Texas Oncology Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Richey
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hutson
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D042682:Angiopoietins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A