title: Is severity of motor coordination difficulties related to co-morbidity in children at risk for developmental coordination disorder?
abstract: Aim of the study was to investigate whether 7-9 year old children with severe motor difficulties are more at risk of additional difficulties in activities in daily living, academic skills, attention and social skills than children with moderate motor difficulties. Children (N=6959) from a population based cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), were divided into three groups based on their scores on the ALSPAC Coordination Test at age 7: control children (scores above 15th centile; N=5719 [82.1%]); children with moderate (between 5th and 15th centile; N=951 [13.7%]); and children with severe motor difficulties (below 5th centile N=289 [4.2%]). Children with neurological disorders or an IQ<70 were excluded. Logistic regression was used to compare children with moderate and severe motor coordination difficulties with each other and with control children regarding their risk of co-morbidity defined as significant (<10th centile) difficulties with activities of daily living (ADL); academic skills (reading, spelling and handwriting); attention; social skills (social cognition and nonverbal skills). Children with severe motor difficulties demonstrated a higher risk of difficulties in ADL, handwriting, attention, reading, and social cognition than children with moderate motor difficulties, who in turn had a higher risk of difficulties than control children in five out of seven domains. Screening and intervention of co-morbid problems is recommended for children with both moderate and severe motor difficulties.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Centre for Human Movement Sciences, PO Box 30,001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.m.schoemaker@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Marina M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schoemaker
authors.forename: Raghu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lingam
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jongmans
authors.forename: Marieke J G
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Heuvelen
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emond
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001288:Attention; D001724:Birth Weight; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011932:Reading; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ADL; ALSPAC; Academic skills; Attention; Co-morbidity; Developmental coordination disorder; Social skills