title: Associations between mortality and meteorological and pollutant variables during the cool season in two Asian cities with sub-tropical climates: Hong Kong and Taipei.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have found associations between extreme temperatures and human mortality but relatively few studies have been done in sub-tropical and tropical cities, especially in Asia. In this study we examine the impact of cold temperatures, cold waves and other meteorological and environmental variables on cool season mortality in 2 subtropical Asian cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate analysis of daily mortality time-series from Hong Kong and Taipei using Generalized Additive Models with natural mortality as the outcome daily mean temperature as the main explanatory variable and relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), respirable suspended particulates (PM(10)), ozone (O(3)), seasonality and day of the week controlled as potential confounders. Lags up to 35 days were considered for temperature, and distributed lag models were used to determine the number of lags for final models. Subgroup analyses were also done by gender, age group, cause of death and geographical area of residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold temperatures were strongly associated with higher mortality with lagged effects persisting up to 3 weeks in Hong Kong and 2 weeks in Taipei. Cold effects were much stronger for deaths among older people and non-cancer deaths. Prolonged cold spells modestly but significantly raised mortality after accounting for the effects of individual cold days. Higher daily ozone levels were also strongly associated with higher short-term mortality in Taipei and Hong Kong, while relative humidity and solar radiation were weakly and inconsistently associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold temperatures and cold spells substantially increase short-term mortality in sub-tropical Asian cities particularly among the elderly. Greater attention needs to be paid to the adverse health effects of cold temperatures. Interventions including provisions of shelters, cold weather warnings and education about the possible health effects of cold temperature should be carried out in sub-tropical areas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. wgoggins@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Goggins
authors.forename: Emily Y Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Chunyuh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012621:Seasons; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants