title: Safety and efficacy of transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy for bladder calculi in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the safety and efficacy of transurethral pneumatic lithotripsy for bladder calculi in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 100 children up to 15 years of age undergoing pneumatic cystolithoclast for bladder stones. The descriptive study was conducted from September 2006 to February 2007 at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi. The inclusion criteria was children up to 15 years of age with a bladder stone of up to 3cm, pre-operative negative urine culture, no coagulopathy and fit for general anaesthesia. An X-ray and ultrasound of Kidney and Urinary Bladder (KUB) was mandatory. The procedure was done under general anaesthesia with a single dose of pre-operative antibiotic. A mini-scope of 4FR or a semi-rigid ureteroscope of 7/8.5 FR with pneumatic wolf lithoclast was used for the fragmentation of stones. Duration of procedure, any per-operative and post-operative complications and the duration of hospital stay were recorded. Post-operatively, the patient underwent ultrasound Kidney and Urinary Bladder at the first follow-up to assess stone clearance after one week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patients age was 4.95 +/- 3.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 11.5: 1 The mean hospital stay was 9.2 +/- 2.5 hours. The mean operating time was 25 (10 -65) minutes. Ten (10%) patients developed minor complications out of which 5 (5%) developed haematuria and 4 (4%) developed difficulty in passing urine. One (1%) of the patients developed post-operative retention of urine. All the patients were stone-free after the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transurethral pneumatic lithoclast is very effective and safe in children with bladder stones up to 3cm.
authors.affiliation: Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Civil Hospital, Karachi. info@siut.org
authors.forename: Ali Sher
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khosa
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Manzoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D061214:Patient Safety; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000628:therapy*