title: 9-Cis retinoic acid protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons.
abstract: Methamphetamine (MA) is a drug of abuse as well as a dopaminergic neurotoxin. 9-Cis retinoic acid (9cRA), a biologically active derivative of vitamin A, has protective effects against damage caused by H(2)O(2) and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro as well as infarction and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dNTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) labeling in ischemic brain. The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a protective role for 9cRA against MA toxicity in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Primary dopaminergic neurons, prepared from rat embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue, were treated with MA. High doses of MA decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity while increasing TUNEL labeling. These toxicities were significantly reduced by 9cRA. 9cRA also inhibited the export of Nur77 from nucleus to cytosol, a response that activates apoptosis. The interaction of 9cRA and MA in vivo was next examined in adult rats. 9cRA was delivered intracerebroventricularly; MA was given (5 mg/kg, 4×) one day later. Locomotor behavior was measured 2 days after surgery for a period of 48 h. High doses of MA significantly reduced locomotor activity and TH immunoreactivity in striatum. Administration of 9cRA antagonized these changes. Previous studies have shown that 9cRA can induce bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) expression and that administration of BMP7 attenuates MA toxicity. We demonstrated that MA treatment significantly reduced BMP7 mRNA expression in nigra. Noggin (a BMP antagonist) antagonized 9cRA-induced behavioral recovery and 9cRA-induced normalization of striatal TH levels. Our data suggest that 9cRA has a protective effect against MA-mediated neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons via upregulation of BMP.
authors.affiliation: Neural Protection and Regeneration Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.forename: Seong-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D000077556:Alitretinoin; D055419:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D057105:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014212:Tretinoin; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525821:Bmp7 protein, rat; C539820:Nr4a1 protein, rat