title: Regular consumption of both vitamin D- and calcium- and vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink is equally accompanied by lowered blood lipoprotein (a) and elevated apoprotein A1 in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major morbidity and cause of death in diabetic subjects. Observational studies have shown the association of low vitamin D status with poor glycemic control, atherogenic lipid profile, and CVD. However, the possible link between circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and apoproteins (Apo A1 and B) and the atherogenic lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has not been documented to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) aged 30-60 years from both sexes were randomly allocated to one of the 3 groups to receive 2 bottles a day of either (1) plain doogh (PD; containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D/250 mL); (2) vitamin D-fortified doogh (DD; containing 150 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL); or (3) calcium- and vitamin D-fortified doogh (CDD; containing 250 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL) for 12 weeks. Anthropometric, dietary, and laboratory assessments, including Apo A1, Apo B, and Lp(a), were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement of vitamin D status in DD and CDD groups, compared to PD, resulted in a significant increase in Apo A1 (mean changes 0.22 ± 0.38, 0.20 ± 0.27 and 0.01 ± 0.35 g/L, respectively, p = 0.047) and a significant decrease in serum Lp(a) (mean changes -0.08 ± 0.30, -0.08 ± 0.31, and 0.14 ± 0.25 μmol/L, respectively, p = 0.011). There was no significant difference between DD and CDD groups. Serum Apo B did not change significantly in any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant amelioration of serum Apo A1 and Lp(a) following improvement of vitamin D status in T2D subjects may have preventive implications against long-term diabetic complications, notably CVD. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NTC01229891.
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, International Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soudabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heravifard
authors.forename: Tirang R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Neyestani
authors.forename: Bahareh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nikooyeh
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alavi-Majd
authors.forename: Anahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houshiarrad
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalayi
authors.forename: Nastaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shariatzadeh
authors.forename: Malihe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zahedirad
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayebinejad
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salekzamani
authors.forename: Niloufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khalaji
authors.forename: A'azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharavi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D008074:Lipoproteins; D018977:Micronutrients; D014807:Vitamin D