title: Categorizing accident sequences in the external radiotherapy for risk analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study identifies accident sequences from the past accidents in order to help the risk analysis application to the external radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reviews 59 accidental cases in two retrospective safety analyses that have collected the incidents in the external radiotherapy extensively. Two accident analysis reports that accumulated past incidents are investigated to identify accident sequences including initiating events, failure of safety measures, and consequences. This study classifies the accidents by the treatments stages and sources of errors for initiating events, types of failures in the safety measures, and types of undesirable consequences and the number of affected patients. Then, the accident sequences are grouped into several categories on the basis of similarity of progression. As a result, these cases can be categorized into 14 groups of accident sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result indicates that risk analysis needs to pay attention to not only the planning stage, but also the calibration stage that is committed prior to the main treatment process. It also shows that human error is the largest contributor to initiating events as well as to the failure of safety measures. This study also illustrates an event tree analysis for an accident sequence initiated in the calibration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is expected to provide sights into the accident sequences for the prospective risk analysis through the review of experiences.
authors.affiliation: KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School (KINGS), Ulsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jonghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Accident; Radiotherapy; Risk assessment; Safety