title: Influence of developing ligaments on the muscles in contact with them: a study of the annular ligament of the radius and the sacrospinous ligament in mid-term human fetuses.
abstract: The supinator muscle originates from the annular ligament of the radius, and the muscle fibers and ligament take a similar winding course. Likewise, the coccygeus muscle and the sacrospinous ligament are attached together, and show a similar fiber orientation. During dissection of adult cadavers for our educational curriculum, we had the impression that these ligaments grow in combination with degeneration of parts of the muscles. In histological sections of 25 human fetuses at 10-32 weeks of gestation, we found that the proximal parts of the supinator muscle were embedded in collagenous tissue when the developing annular ligament of the radius joined the thick intermuscular connecting band extending between the extensor carpi radialis and anconeus muscles at 18-22 weeks of gestation, and the anterior parts of the coccygeus muscle were surrounded by collagenous tissue when the intramuscular tendon became the sacrospinous ligament at 28-32 weeks. Parts of these two muscles each seemed to provide a mold for the ligament, and finally became involved with it. This may be the first report to indicate that a growing ligament has potential to injure parts of the "mother muscle," and that this process may be involved in the initial development of the ligament.
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Center, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan. ; Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Ji Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jose Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Vazquez
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuzawa
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asamoto
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
keywords: Annular ligament of the radius; Coccygeus muscle; Human fetus; Sacrospinous ligament; Supinator muscle