title: Role of radiotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly malignant tumor usually diagnosed in an advanced stage. Radiation therapy has been a poorly studied and underutilized therapeutic option.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective analysis reviewed treatment courses for 14 patients with pathologically confirmed ACC treated between 1997 and 2012. Two patients were treated adjuvantly following surgery, and 12 were treated with palliative intent. Patients presented with stage II (n = 4), stage III (n = 7), and stage IV (n = 3) disease. Patients had a mean age of 51.5 years. Ten patients received chemotherapy before radiotherapy (RT), and 12 patients received surgery before RT, before receiving radiation at a mean of 17.8 months after diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 20 sites were treated, 2 of which were in an adjuvant setting, and 18 of which were for palliative indications in 12 patients as follows: (1) pain/neuropathy (n = 10), (2) prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic recurrences (n = 3), and (3) prevention of imminent metastatic complications (n = 2), hemoptysis (n = 1), severe mass effect (n = 1), and brain metastasis (n = 1). Sites were treated to a median dose of 36.3 Gy (range, 17.5-60 Gy) in a median of 2.5 Gy/fraction (range, 1.8-4 Gy). At a mean follow-up of 22.0 months for the 2 patients given adjuvant RT, 1 patient did not have a local recurrence during a 14.3-month period of follow-up, and the other had a local recurrence 14.5 months after RT. At a mean follow-up of 11.3 months for the 12 patients receiving palliative RT, 10 patients had either a clinical or radiographic response. Of the courses of palliative RT that had adequate radiographic follow-up, 4 treatments (27%) resulted in a partial response. Eleven treatments (73%) that were able to be evaluated resulted in clinical improvement. Acute Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer toxicities observed in 7 patients included 3 grade 1, 4 grade 2, and 1 grade 3. No patient had acute toxicity of grade 4 or greater or any Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer late toxicity of grade 1 or greater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report is one of the largest to date examining the role of modern radiation techniques in the management of ACC. We conclude that radiation can be effective in the management of metastatic ACC, palliating local symptoms, and preventing complications from large metastases. Radiation should be considered as an option in multimodality management of ACC patients.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edgerly
authors.forename: Meghna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimchandani
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quezado
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camphausen
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fojo
authors.forename: Aradhana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaushal
mesh_terms: D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies