title: Consumption of stearidonic acid-rich oil in foods increases red blood cell eicosapentaenoic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of soybean oil enriched with stearidonic acid was previously shown to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in red blood cells (RBC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the effect of stearidonic acid oil used as a food ingredient in baked products and beverages on the RBC fatty acid profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-arm study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy men and women 21 to 65 years of age were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants consumed either negative control (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), positive control (1.5 g/day EPA oil ethyl ester softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), or active (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day stearidonic acid soybean oil) for 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  RBC membrane fatty acid profile (at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12); fasting serum lipids (weeks -2, 0, 6, 10, and 12); and fasting plasma glucose and insulin (weeks -2, 0, 10, and 12) were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated measures analysis of covariance was used for continuous variables, and pair-wise comparisons between treatments were adjusted using a step-down Bonferroni method. Fisher's exact or χ(2) tests were used for categorical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBC %EPA throughout the 12-week study were significantly different between all groups. Means at 12 weeks were 0.50%±0.03%, 2.17%±0.21%, and 0.85%±0.05% for control, EPA, and stearidonic acid, respectively. Other efficacy outcome measures were not significantly different among treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of stearidonic acid-enriched soybean oil incorporated into common foods increased RBC %EPA in healthy men and women. Stearidonic acid soybean oil, a sustainable and accessible source of long-chain n-3, can effectively be used to increase EPA in RBC.
authors.affiliation: Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO 63167, USA. shawna.lin.lemke@monsanto.com
authors.forename: Shawna L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: Glenna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Elaine S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Krul
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Tia M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rains
authors.forename: Ratna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D017747:Seafood; D013024:Soybean Oil; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D013024:Soybean Oil; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; C062895:stearidonic acid
keywords: Eicosapentaenoic acid; Omega-3 Index; Red blood cells; Stearidonic acid