title: A finite rate of innovation algorithm for fast and accurate spike detection from two-photon calcium imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inferring the times of sequences of action potentials (APs) (spike trains) from neurophysiological data is a key problem in computational neuroscience. The detection of APs from two-photon imaging of calcium signals offers certain advantages over traditional electrophysiological approaches, as up to thousands of spatially and immunohistochemically defined neurons can be recorded simultaneously. However, due to noise, dye buffering and the limited sampling rates in common microscopy configurations, accurate detection of APs from calcium time series has proved to be a difficult problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we introduce a novel approach to the problem making use of finite rate of innovation (FRI) theory (Vetterli et al 2002 IEEE Trans. SIGNAL PROCESS: 50 1417-28). For calcium transients well fit by a single exponential, the problem is reduced to reconstructing a stream of decaying exponentials. Signals made of a combination of exponentially decaying functions with different onset times are a subclass of FRI signals, for which much theory has recently been developed by the signal processing community. Main results. We demonstrate for the first time the use of FRI theory to retrieve the timing of APs from calcium transient time series. The final algorithm is fast, non-iterative and parallelizable. Spike inference can be performed in real-time for a population of neurons and does not require any training phase or learning to initialize parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The algorithm has been tested with both real data (obtained by simultaneous electrophysiology and multiphoton imaging of calcium signals in cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites), and surrogate data, and outperforms several recently proposed methods for spike train inference from calcium imaging data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK. jon.onativia@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oñativia
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Pier Luigi
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Dragotti
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging