title: Natural corneal cell-based microenvironment as prerequisite for balanced 3D corneal epithelial morphogenesis: a promising animal experiment-abandoning tool in ophthalmology.
abstract: To achieve durable recognition as a promising animal experiment-abandoning tool in ophthalmology, in vitro engineered tissue equivalents of the human cornea should exhibit proper morphogenesis. Regarding this issue, we were seeking for the natural cell microenvironment fulfilling the minimum requirements to allow human corneal keratinocytes to develop a balanced epithelial morphology with regular spatial appearance of tissue homeostatic biomarkers. Hence, we established cocultures of 3D cell-based collagen scaffolds comprising immortalized corneal keratinocytes combined with a gradual cornea-derived in vivo-like cell microenvironment, together with immortalized stromal fibroblasts alone (nonholistic) or fibroblasts and immortalized endothelial cells (holistic). With matched non-holistic microenvironments revealing mostly flattened cells and putative apical cell ablation foci at day 6, and 9 in HE stains, holistic counterparts yielded proper epithelial stratification with cell flattening restricted to apical layers. Concordantly, RT(2)-PCR showed a tremendous increase in gene expression for progressive and terminal biomarkers of corneal keratinocyte differentiation, cytokeratin (CK) 12, and filaggrin (FIL), in response to nonholistic environments, while involucrin (INV) was moderately but significantly upregulated. Although visible, this increase was moderate in corneal keratinocytes with a holistic environment. On the protein level, indirect immunofluorescence revealed that only epithelia of holistic environments showed diminishment in CK19, counteracted by CK12 rising over time. This time-dependent progression in differentiation coincided with declined proliferation and tissue-regular focus of differentiation biomarkers inv and fil to suprabasal and apical cell layers. Our novel findings suggest the interplay of native tissue forming cell entities, important for balanced corneal epithelial morphogenesis. In addition, they provide evidence for a holistic cell microenvironment as a prerequisite for development of an in vitro engineered corneal epithelial tissue equivalent, exhibiting a regular appearance of tissue homeostatic biomarkers. Such equivalents will be promising tools in ophthalmology, for example, for mechanistic studies in basic research and/or testing of generics or preclinical validation of innovative cornea-tailored biomaterials, desired for regenerative strategies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral Biotechnology, Dental School, University Hospital of Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany .
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Dougal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomakidi
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eberwein
mesh_terms: D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism; D032761:Animal Experimentation; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D009024:Morphogenesis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: C116614:ABCG2 protein, human; D000070997:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D015415:Biomarkers; C000717249:FLG protein, human; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; C032253:involucrin