title: [Biocompatibility of silicon containing micro-arc oxidation coated magnesium alloy ZK60 with osteoblasts cultured in vitro].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To research in vitro biocompatibility of silicon containing micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coated magnesium alloy ZK60 with osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surface microstructure of silicon containing MAO coated magnesium alloy ZK60 was observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition of the coating surface was determined by energy dispersive spectrum analysis. The experiments were divided into 4 groups: silicon containing MAO coated magnesium alloy ZK60 group (group A), uncoated magnesium alloy ZK60 group (group B), titanium alloy group (group C), and negative control group (group D). Extracts were prepared respectively with the surface area to extraction medium ratio (1.25 cm(2)/mL) according to ISO 10993-12 standard in groups A, B, and C, and were used to culture osteoblasts MC3T3-E1. The a-MEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum was used as negative control in group D. The cell morphology was observed by inverted phase contrast microscopy. MTT assay was used to determine the cell viability. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was detected. Cell attachment morphology on the surface of different samples was observed by SEM. The capability of protein adsorption of the coating surface was assayed, then DAPI and calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer 1 (calcein-AM/EthD-1) staining were carried out to observe cell adhesion and growth status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface characterization showed a rough and porous layer with major composition of Mg, O, and Si on the surface of silicon containing MAO coated magnesium alloy ZK60 by SEM. After cultured with the extract, cells grew well and presented good shape in all groups by inverted phase contrast microscopy, group A was even better than the other groups. At 5 days, MTT assay showed that group A presented a higher cell proliferation than the other groups (P < 0.05). Osteoblasts in groups A and C presented a better cell extension than group B under SEM, and group A exhibited better cell adhesion and affinity. Protein adsorption in group A [ (152.7 +/- 6.3) microg/mL] was significantly higher than that of group B [(96.3 +/-3.9) microg/mL] and group C [ (96.1 +/-8.7) microg/mL] (P < 0.05). At each time point, the adherent cells on the sample surface of group A were significantly more than those of groups B and C (P < 0.05). The calcein-AM/EthD-1 staining showed that groups A and C presented better cell adhesion and growth status than group B. The ALP activities in groups A and B were 15.55 +/-0.29 and 13.75 +/-0.44 respectively, which were significantly higher than those in group C (10.43 +/-0.79) and group D (10.73 +/-0.47) (P < 0.05), and group A was significantly higher than group B (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The silicon containing MAO coated magnesium alloy ZK60 has obvious promoting effects on the proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of osteoblasts, showing a good biocompatibility, so it might be an ideal surface modification method on magnesium alloys.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong, 510515, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qingshui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guobo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003343:Corrosion; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D008274:Magnesium; D012825:Silicon