title: The protective effect of coffee consumption on cutaneous melanoma risk and the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined the association between coffee consumption and cutaneous melanoma and the implication of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in the inpatient wards of IDI-San Carlo Rome, Italy, including 304 incident cases of cutaneous melanoma and 305 controls. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, smoking, sun exposure, pigmentary characteristics and diet was collected for all subjects. Within the study, individual patterns at two polymorphic genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) belonging to glutathione S-transferases family were investigated in 188 cases of cutaneous melanoma and 152 controls. Logistic regression was the method used to estimate odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High frequency of coffee drinking (>once daily), compared with low-frequency consumption of coffee (≤7 times weekly) was associated with a protective effect for cutaneous melanoma (OR 0.46; 95 % CI 0.31-0.68) after adjusting for sex, age, education, hair colour, common nevi, skin phototype, and sunburn episodes in childhood. When stratified by GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype, the protective effect of coffee was extremely high for subjects with both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null polymorphisms (OR 0.01; 95 % CI 0.0003-0.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a protective effect of coffee consumption for cutaneous melanoma, in particular for those with homozygous deletion for GSTM1 and GSTT1.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCSS, Via dei Monti di Creta, 104, 00167, Rome, Italy, c.fortes@idi.it.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mastroeni
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Maria Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pilla
authors.forename: Giordano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bottà
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anzidei
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venanzetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011897:Random Allocation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012878:Skin Neoplasms; D055815:Young Adult; D000096142:Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1