title: Educational outcome in adolescence following pyloric stenosis repair before 3 months of age: a nationwide cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immature animals exposed to anesthetics display apoptotic neurodegeneration with subsequent long-term cognitive dysfunctions. Young age at anesthetic exposure is believed to be critical, but human studies are scarce. This study investigated the association between exposure to surgery and anesthesia for pyloric stenosis (PS) before 3 months of age and subsequent educational outcome in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  This nationwide unselected register-based follow-up study of the Danish birth cohorts 1986-1990 compared the educational outcome of all children having undergone surgery for PS before 3 months of age with a randomly selected, age-matched 5% sample of the same cohort. Primary analysis compared the average test scores at ninth grade adjusting for gender, birth weight, and parental age and education. Secondary analysis compared the proportions not attaining the test scores between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure group comprised 779 and the control group consisted of 14 665 individuals. Although the exposure group performed lower than the control group (average score 0.17 lower, 95% CI: 0.08-0.25), after adjusting for known confounders, no statistically significant difference (-0.04, 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.08) between the 2 groups could be demonstrated. However, we found an odds ratio (OR) for test score nonattainment-associated PS repair of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.11-1.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children operated for PS before 3 months of age have educational performance tests similar to the background population at age 15-16 years after adjusting for known confounders. The higher nonattainment rate could suggest that a subgroup of PS children is developmentally disadvantaged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark. tom.g.hansen@ouh
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jacob K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Steen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Henneberg
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Kaare
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010331:Paternal Age; D011707:Pyloric Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: age; apoptosis; general anesthesia; infants; neonates; neurodevelopment