title: Sex preferences in cardiovascular testing: the contribution of the patient-physician discussion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior studies suggest that a decreased cardiac catheterization rate for women with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is partially attributed to gender differences in patient preferences for testing. The hypothesis was that these preferences are influenced by physician recommendations for cardiovascular testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study of patients who presented to an emergency department (ED) with chest pain. At the time of ED disposition, patients were surveyed to assess whether or not the doctor discussed the possibility of coronary artery disease (CAD), the physician's recommendations for diagnostic testing, and the patient's preferences for further testing. The survey was repeated at the time of discharge from the hospital if the patient was admitted and again at 30 days for all patients. The main outcome was patient-reported physician recommendation for testing, and the secondary outcome was patient preference for cardiovascular testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 206 patients enrolled (118 women, 88 men). Women were less likely than men to receive cardiac catheterization as inpatients (9.8% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.04). In the ED, women were less likely to be recommended for stress testing (8.5% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.02) or cardiac catheterization (4.2% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.02) or to see a cardiologist (8.5% vs. 22.7%, p < 0.01). As inpatients, women were more likely to be told that no further testing was needed (70.5% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.03). While there was higher incidence of prior CAD and myocardial infarction among the men in the study, analysis after removal of these patients did not alter results. Physicians were less likely to counsel women about diagnostic testing options in the ED (10.1% vs. 22.7%, p = 0.03), as inpatients (11.5% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.01), and as outpatients (26.1% vs. 48.6%, p = 0.04). No patients in the study refused their doctors' recommendations. Women were less likely to prefer catheterization in the ED (5.1% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.01) and were more likely to prefer no further testing as inpatients (60.7% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who presented to the ED with symptoms concerning for ACS reported lower rates of physician recommendation for cardiovascular testing, as well as lower rates of counseling regarding cardiac etiologies of their chest pain. These findings suggest sex differences in preference for cardiovascular testing may be partially explained by the discussions between women and their doctors.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Emergency Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA. katie.eileen.golden@gmail.com
authors.forename: Katie E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Anna Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Judd E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hollander
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003657:Decision Making; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States