title: Effects of a cognitive training on spatial learning and associated functional brain activations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both cognitive and physical exercise have been discussed as promising interventions for healthy cognitive aging. The present study assessed the effects of cognitive training (spatial vs. perceptual training) and physical training (endurance training vs. non-endurance training) on spatial learning and associated brain activation in 33 adults (40-55 years). Spatial learning was assessed with a virtual maze task, and at the same time neural correlates were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only the spatial training improved performance in the maze task. These behavioral gains were accompanied by a decrease in frontal and temporal lobe activity. At posttest, participants of the spatial training group showed lower activity than participants of the perceptual training group in a network of brain regions associated with spatial learning, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. No significant differences were observed between the two physical intervention groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional changes in neural systems associated with spatial navigation can be induced by cognitive interventions and seem to be stronger than effects of physical exercise in middle-aged adults.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. kirsten.hoetting@uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hötting
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holzschneider
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolbers
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Röder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen