title: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and lymphoma risk: results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between vitamin D status and lymphoma risk is inconclusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and lymphoid cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort of 1127 lymphoma cases and 1127 matched controls with a mean follow-up time of 7.1 y. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted incidence rate ratios of lymphoma risk in relation to plasma 25(OH)D. Season-standardized and season-specific 25(OH)D quartiles were used. We also analyzed 25(OH)D as a continuous variable and used predefined cutoffs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant association between plasma 25(OH)D and overall lymphoid cancer risk was observed. A positive association for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was noted only in those with a diagnosis made during the first 2 y of follow-up (P-heterogeneity = 0.03), which suggests the possibility of reverse causality. Further analysis restricted to participants with ≥2 y of follow-up time showed a significant association between 25(OH)D and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (n = 161): adjusted incidence rate ratios were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.90; P-trend = 0.05) and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.76; P-trend = 0.03) for the top compared with the bottom season-standardized and season-specific quartiles, respectively. Data on dietary vitamin D intake provided further support for the observed association (incidence rate ratio: 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.89; P-trend = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support a protective role of high 25(OH)D concentration in lymphoid cancers overall. However, they suggest that higher concentrations of 25(OH)D are associated with a reduced risk of CLL.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Łuczyńska
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.forename: Susen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buijsse
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Elisavet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valanou
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barmpitsioti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnoli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Fränzel J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.forename: Magritt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brustad
authors.forename: Guri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skeie
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakszyn
authors.forename: J Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ardanaz
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Melin
authors.forename: Ann Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almquist
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malm
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fedirko
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenab
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieters
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007945:Leukemia, Lymphoid / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D