title: Thrombin promotes epithelial ovarian cancer cell invasion by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over-expression of thrombin in ovarian cancer cells is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the role of thrombin in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in SKOV3 epithelial ovarian cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  After thrombin treatment SKOV3 cells were subjected to western blots, reverse-transcription PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify EMT-related proteins, mRNA expression of SMAD2, DKK1, and sFRP1, and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines. Meanwhile, invasion ability was evaluated using transwell assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated a dose- and time-dependent down-regulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin in thrombin-treated SKOV3 cells, compared with the thrombin-free control group (p<0.05). There was a dose- and time-dependent increase in the levels of SMAD2 and DKK1 mRNAs and a decrease in the levels of sFRP1 mRNA in thrombin-treated SKOV3 cells compared to control cells (p<0.05). Thrombin-treated SKOV3 cells exhibited increased secretion of MMP-9, MMP-2, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-6 and increased invasion compared to untreated cells (p<0.05). Thrombin altered the morphology of SKOV3 cells to a spindle-like phenotype. Addition of hirudin to thrombin-treated cells reversed the effects of thrombin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombin induced EMT and promoted the invasion of SKOV3 cells, possibly via distinct signaling pathways. Hirudin inhibited the effects of thrombin, suggesting that anticoagulant therapy could be a novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. ; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Cun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Epithelial ovarian cancer; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Invasion; Thrombin