title: Gas exchange, growth, and defense responses of invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) and native Geum vernum (Rosaceae) to elevated atmospheric CO2 and warm spring temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and temperature may interact in complex ways to influence plant physiology and growth, particularly for species that grow in cool, early spring conditions in temperate forests. Plant species may also vary in their responses to environmental changes; fast-growing invasives may be more responsive to rising CO2 than natives and may increase production of allelopathic compounds under these conditions, altering species' competitive interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined growth and physiological responses of Alliaria petiolata, an allelopathic, invasive herb, and Geum vernum, a co-occurring native herb, to ambient and elevated spring temperatures and atmospheric CO2 conditions in a factorial growth chamber experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 5 wk, leaves were larger at high temperature, and shoot biomass increased under elevated CO2 only at high temperature in both species. As temperatures gradually warmed to simulate seasonal progression, G. vernum became responsive to CO2 at both temperatures, whereas A. petiolata continued to respond to elevated CO2 only at high temperature. Elevated CO2 increased thickness and decreased nitrogen concentrations in leaves of both species. Alliaria petiolata showed photosynthetic downregulation at elevated CO2, whereas G. vernum photosynthesis increased at elevated temperature. Flavonoid and cyanide concentrations decreased significantly in A. petiolata leaves in the elevated CO2 and temperature treatment. Total glucosinolate concentrations and trypsin inhibitor activities did not vary among treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future elevated spring temperatures and CO2 will interact to stimulate growth for A. petiolata and G. vernum, but there may be reduced allelochemical effects in A. petiolata.
authors.affiliation: Ohio Wesleyan University, 61 South Sandusky Street, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA. ljanders@owu.edu
authors.forename: Laurel J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cipollini
mesh_terms: D064089:Allelopathy; D001272:Atmosphere; D018533:Biomass; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D031986:Geum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D058865:Introduced Species; D008027:Light; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010675:Pheromones / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D005419:Flavonoids; D010675:Pheromones; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Alliaria petiolata; Geum vernum; allelopathy; elevated CO2; elevated temperature; global change; invasive plant; plant defense; spring warming