title: Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substantial empirical evidence has indicated impairment in the cognitive functioning of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) despite inconsistencies. Although several confounding factors have been investigated to explain the conflicting results, the findings remain mixed. This study aimed to investigate cognitive dysfunction in patients with OCD using a meta-analytic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched between 1980 and October 2012, and reference lists of review papers were examined. A total of 221 studies were identified, of which 88 studies met inclusion criteria. Neuropsychological performance and demographic and clinical variables were extracted from each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with OCD were significantly impaired in tasks that measured visuospatial memory, executive function, verbal memory and verbal fluency, whereas auditory attention was preserved in these individuals. The largest effect size was found in the ability to recall complex visual stimuli. Overall effect estimates were in the small to medium ranges for executive function, verbal memory and verbal fluency. The effects of potentially confounding factors including educational level, symptom severity, medication status and co-morbid disorders were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with OCD appear to have wide-ranging cognitive deficits, although their impairment is not so large in general. The different test forms and methods of testing may have influenced the performance of patients with OCD, indicating the need to select carefully the test forms and methods of testing used in future research. The effects of various confounding variables on cognitive functioning need to be investigated further and to be controlled before a definite conclusion can be made.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Cognitive Science Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: N Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Cognitive Science Program, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*