title: Military exposure and urinary incontinence among American men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between military exposure and urinary incontinence in American men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2008 were merged to include 5,297 men 20 years old or older. The question, "Did you ever serve in the Armed Forces of the United States?" (yes/no) was used to assess military exposure. Urinary incontinence was categorized as any or moderate/severe urinary incontinence vs none. Because the impact of military exposure varied by age, multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the OR and 95% CI stratified by 3 age groups, including 55 or less, 56 to 69 and 70 years or greater. Analysis was adjusted for race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, self-reported health status, number of chronic conditions, depression and prostate conditions, the latter in men 40 years old or older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 23% of male respondents reported military exposure. Men with military exposure were more likely to report any urinary incontinence (18.6% vs 10.4%) and moderate/severe urinary incontinence (9.0% vs 3.1%, each p <0.001) than men without military exposure. After multivariate adjustment in men 55 years old or younger those with military exposure had 3 times greater odds of urinary incontinence (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.38-7.77). Military exposure did not increase the odds of urinary incontinence in men 56 to 69 years old (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.44-2.18), or 70 years old or older (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.55-1.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior military exposure was associated with moderate/severe urinary incontinence in American men 55 years old or younger even after controlling for known risk factors. Case finding is warranted for urinary incontinence in younger men with a history of military service.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: camille.vaughan@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Camille P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Goode
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Redden
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Burgio
authors.affiliation: Birmingham/Atlanta Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama and Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Alayne D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Markland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: LUTS; UI; lower urinary tract symptoms; male; public health; urinary bladder; urinary incontinence; veterans