title: Smart meters and routers radiofrequency disturbances study with pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no scientific literature that examines radiofrequency (RF) interference from Smart Meters with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The objective of this in vitro study was to assess any potential interference with Medtronic CIEDs (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Quebec testing, five models of Medtronic CIEDs were placed in an acrylic cylinder filled with a saline solution and faced a Landis+Gyr Smart Meter or Router (Landis+Gyr AG, Zug, Switzerland). The distance between CIEDs and the meter casing or router antenna was 10 cm. The Meter's normal operating conditions were modified to artificially set the number of impulsions at an abnormally high level (one, two, and three impulses per second). Each scenario was repeated one to five times, for 1 minute each. In the U.S. testing, 6 cm and 15 cm (∼2.25' and ∼6') separated the six models of Medtronic CIEDs from the Schlumberger Smart Meter (Itron Inc., Liberty Lake, WA, USA), which generally sent out a 96-bit Standard Consumption Message over 3 seconds. The transmission varied in frequencies along with the interval between cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6,966 RF transmissions were completed during the 34 tests conducted in Quebec. In the United States, the CIED was exposed to the meter for 10 minutes to provide a minimum of 200 completed RF transmissions. No interference was observed in worst-case scenarios (testing of meters and CIEDs at their performance limits).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Landis+Gyr Smart Meters/Routers and Schlumberger Smart Meters do not interfere with the functioning of the Medtronic CIEDs tested, when placed, respectively, 10 cm and 6 cm and 15 cm apart.
authors.affiliation: Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ostiguy
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Louis-Jean
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bluteau
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dyrda
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Duc-Hai
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thibault
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003195:Computer Communication Networks / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004560:Electricity; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011792:Quebec; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: CIEDs; electromagnetic (radiofrequency) interference; in vitro tests; pacemakers; routers; smart meters