title: Pharmaceutical development of a parenteral formulation of conivaptan hydrochloride.
abstract: Conivaptan hydrochloride injection (Vaprisol®) was developed for the treatment of hyponatremia. Because the drug is very slightly soluble in water, pH control and cosolvency techniques were used to achieve the optimum concentration required for clinical trial material. Stability studies on retained samples of the clinical trial material for early-phase trials showed white visible particulates mainly in the headspace of the glass ampoule long after completion of the trials. The mechanism for generation of the particulate matter was formation of freebase of conivaptan hydrochloride because of increase in pH. The pH of the formulation for late-phase clinical trials, primary stability studies, and commercial production was fine-tuned to prevent particulate formation. The formulation contains propylene glycol and ethanol. Considering the nature of the cosolvent used in the formulation, the amount of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) delivered from an infusion system was evaluated, and we confirmed that the level of DEHP was lesser than that mentioned in the guideline. In the course of the scale-up studies for commercialization, the formulation failed the filter integrity test after the compounding solution was filtered. The dimethylsiloxane extracted from the silicon tubing used for solvent transfer coated the filter surface, which resulted in suppression of the bubble point value. The formulation and manufacturing process enabled conivaptan hydrochloride to be approved and launched in the market as a parenteral formulation.
  Formulation scientists have recognized a trend that promising new chemical entities in the drug discovery phase often do not have ideal physicochemical properties for formulation. In particular, poor solubility is one of the challenges for development of a parenteral dosage form. Here, we describe the case of such a new chemical entity, a very slightly soluble hydrochloric salt, which was handed over from a drug discovery research laboratory to a pharmaceutical laboratory. pH control and cosolvency techniques were used to achieve the optimum concentration required for the product. However, a couple of issues emerged; we performed confirmatory studies in the course of development, and the results of these studies were used to design the formulation and manufacturing process. Most prominent issues were particulate matter formation on the inner surface the headspace of the ampoule and failure of the filter integrity test. In addition, we discuss the root causes and the mechanisms of the above issues and the measures taken to prevent them. A part of them are crucial, and information obtained from this study is important for development of new chemical entities as injectables in the future.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Shizuoka, Japan;
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Ritsu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sonohara
authors.forename: Mitsunobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.forename: Sinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Namiki
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004355:Drug Stability; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019946:Propylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D019946:Propylene Glycol
keywords: Alkali leaching; Conivaptan hydrochloride; Cosolvent; DEHP; Esterification; Ethanol; Filter integrity test; Freebase; Hydrolysis; Lactic acid; Particulate matter; Propylene glycol; Silicon