title: Serum PSA as a predictor of testosterone deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone (T) levels is still controversial. According to the "saturation hypothesis," a significant relationship is apparent only in the low T range.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether, in a large sample of male subjects seeking medical care for sexual dysfunction (SD), PSA might represent a reliable marker of T levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 3,156 patients attending our unit for SD was studied. Among them, only subjects without history of prostate disease and with PSA levels<4 ng/mL (N=2,967) were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several hormonal and biochemical parameters were studied, along with structured interview on erectile dysfunction (SIEDY), ANDROTEST, and PsychoANDROTEST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for predicting severe hypogonadism (T<8 nmol/L) showed an accuracy of PSA=0.612±0.022 (P<0.0001), with the best sensitivity and specificity at PSA<0.65 ng/mL (65.2% and 55.5%, respectively). In the entire cohort, 254 subjects (8.6%) showed T<8 nmol/L and, among them, more than half (N=141, 4.8%) had PSA<0.65 ng/mL. After adjusting for age, low PSA was associated with hypogonadism-related features (i.e., delayed puberty, lower testis volume) and associated conditions, such as metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio [HR]=1.506 [1.241-1.827]; P<0.0001), type 2 diabetes (HR=2.044 [1.675-2.494]; P<0.0001), and cardiovascular diseases (HR=1.275 [1.006-1.617]; P=0.045). Furthermore, low PSA was associated with impaired sex- and sleep-related erections. The association between low PSA and hypogonadal symptoms and signs as well as with metabolic syndrome was retained even after adjusting for T levels. Sensitivity and positive predictive values of low PSA increased, whereas specificity and negative predictive value decreased as a function of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSA is a marker of T concentrations and it may represent a new tool in confirming hypogonadism. The determination of PSA levels might give insights not only on the circulating levels of total T but also on its active fractions.
authors.affiliation: Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rastrelli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vignozzi
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maseroli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silverii
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monami
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mannucci
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015536:Down-Regulation; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010410:Penile Erection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D013739:Testosterone; C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Androgen; Biomarker; Hormone Action; Testosterone