title: Weaning at Anglo-Saxon Raunds: Implications for changing breastfeeding practice in Britain over two millennia.
abstract: This study investigated stable-isotope ratio evidence of weaning for the late Anglo-Saxon population of Raunds Furnells, Northamptonshire, UK. δ(15)N and δ(13)C values in rib collagen were obtained for individuals of different ages to assess the weaning age of infants within the population. A peak in δ(15) N values at about 2-year-old, followed by a decline in δ(15) N values until age three, indicates a change in diet at that age. This change in nitrogen isotope ratios corresponds with the mortality profile from the site, as well as with archaeological and documentary evidence on attitudes towards juveniles in the Anglo-Saxon period. The pattern of δ(13) C values was less clear. Comparison of the predicted age of weaning to published data from sites dating from the Iron Age to the 19th century in Britain reveals a pattern of changing weaning practices over time, with increasingly earlier commencement and shorter periods of complementary feeding in more recent periods. Such a change has implications for the interpretation of socioeconomic changes during this period of British history, since earlier weaning is associated with decreased birth spacing, and could thus have contributed to population growth.
authors.affiliation: Biological Anthropology Research Centre, Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, UK. hhaydock@bournemouth.ac.uk
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haydock
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Craig-Atkins
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howcroft
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckberry
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D003468:Cultural Evolution / Q000266:history*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D014886:Weaning / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
keywords: Anglo-Saxon; bone collagen; carbon isotope ratio; nitrogen isotope ratio; weaning