title: Influence of sodium halides (NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI) on the photocatalytic performance of hydrothermally synthesized hematite photoanodes.
abstract: It has been suggested that a high concentration of Fe(3+) in solution, a low pH, and noncomplexing ions of high ionic strength are all essential for developing a high-quality hematite array. Our curiosity was piqued regarding the role of the electrolyte ions in the hydrothermal synthesis of hematite photoanodes. In this study, we prepared hematite photoanodes hydrothermally from precursor solutions of 0.1 M FeCl3 at pH 1.55 with a background electrolyte of 1.0 M sodium halide (NaF, NaCl, NaBr, or NaI). We compared the structures and properties of the as-obtained hematite photoanodes with those of the material prepared in 1.0 M NaNO3, the most widely adopted electrolyte in previous studies. Among our studied systems, we found that the hematite photoanode prepared in NaCl solution was the only one possessing properties similar to those of the sample obtained from the NaNO3 solution-most importantly in terms of photoelectrochemical performance (ca. 0.2 mA/cm(2) with +0.4 V vs SCE). The hematites obtained from the NaF, NaBr, and NaI solutions exhibited much lower (by approximately 2 orders of magnitude) photocurrent densities under the same conditions, possibly because of their relatively less ordered crystallinity and the absence of rodlike morphologies. Because the synthetic protocol was identical in each case, we believe that these two distinct features reflect the environments in which these hematite photoanodes were formed. Consistent with the latest studies reported in the literature of the X-ray photoelectron spectra of fast-frozen hematite colloids in aqueous solutions, it appears that the degree of surface ion loading at the electrolyte-hematite interface (Stern layer) is critical during the development of hematite photoanodes. We suspect that a lower ion surface loading benefits the hematite developing relatively higher-order and a rodlike texture, thereby improving the photoelectrochemical activity.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering and Environment Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013.
authors.forename: Tsinghai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mao-Chia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yi-Kong
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Wen-Sheng
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jing-Chie
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chih-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chu-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001965:Bromides / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D004566:Electrodes; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry; D012974:Sodium Iodide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001965:Bromides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D012974:Sodium Iodide; C027938:sodium bromide