title: Import risk analysis of fruit from Spain to Italy.
abstract: The International trade has to ensure food security and preserve both human health and the diffusion of animal and plant diseases among different countries. While organic horticultural production and trade are regulated by global guidelines, no specific restrictions relay to conventional commodities and almost free import-export occurs among UE countries. Consequently, the safety characteristics of imported fresh crops have become an important issue. On the basis of these considerations, the aim of the present study is to monitor the epiphytic microflora (particularly yeasts and fungi) carried by fresh fruit, imported from Spain to Italy. Particular attention was given to pathogenic microrganisms and to natural antagonists. In addition, the resistance to a few postharvest fungicides was determined for the isolated strains and compared to the local ones. Apples, Citrus fruits, stone fruits, and persimmon fruit were sampled at arrival of the container from Spain at the wholesale market in Sassari (Italy), this to prevent fruit contamination by local strains of microrganisms. The isolation was performed by rinsing and shaking (30 min at 100 rpm) the fruit in a beaker with 500 mL of sterile water. After concentration (7.5 mL), 100 microl of the rinse water was plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Isolation of pure colonies was performed by multiple streaking on plates, until unicellular cultures were obtained. Fifty three microrganisms, mainly fungi and yeasts, have been isolated and assayed in vitro and in vivo. Pathogenic behavior of isolated fungi was tested on fruits artificially wounded and only 7 strains out of 18 isolates caused decay. The resistance to different concentrations of imazalil (IMZ), tiabendazolo and azoxystrobin were tested in vitro for the pathogenic isolates. All isolates were completely inhibited with 1000 ppm IMZ evidencing that no resistant strains were present on the imported fruit. Since the baseline resistance, found for all isolates, was similar to the indigenous strains, we may conclude from this risk analysis that the import of the studied fruits produced in the 4 geographical areas of Spain does not increase the local baseline resistance.
authors.affiliation: CNR - ISPA, Traversa La Crucca, 3 - Loc. Baldinca, 07040 Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pani
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Molinu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venditti
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ladu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Hallewin
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D007558:Italy; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial