title: Robust detection of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus acute lung infections by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) breathprinting: from initial infection to clearance.
abstract: Before breath-based diagnostics for lung infections can be implemented in the clinic, it is necessary to understand how the breath volatiles change during the course of infection, and ideally, to identify a core set of breath markers that can be used to diagnose the pathogen at any point during the infection. In the study presented here, we use secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) to characterize the breathprint of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus lung infections in a murine model over a period of 120 h, with a total of 86 mice in the study. Using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to evaluate the time-course data, we were able to show that SESI-MS breathprinting can be used to robustly classify acute P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mouse lung infections at any time during the 120 h infection/clearance process. The variable importance plot from PLS indicates that multiple peaks from the SESI-MS breathprints are required for discriminating the bacterial infections. Therefore, by utilizing the entire breathprint rather than single biomarkers, infectious agents can be diagnosed by SESI-MS independent of when during the infection breath is tested.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Jiangjiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Díaz
authors.forename: Heather D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: Nirav A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Daphtary
authors.forename: Minara I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Aliyeva
authors.forename: Lennart K A
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lundblad
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers