title: Mutual prodrugs containing bio-cleavable and drug releasable disulfide linkers.
abstract: We report herein the design and synthesis of several representative examples of novel mutual prodrugs containing nine distinct types of self-immolative drug-releasable disulfide linkers with urethane, ester, carbonate, or imide linkages between the linker and any two amine/amide/urea (primary or secondary) or carboxyl or hydroxyl (including phenolic)-containing drugs. We also report drug release profiles of a few representative mutual prodrugs in biological fluids such as simulated gastric fluid and human plasma. We also propose plausible mechanisms of drug release from these mutual prodrugs. We have also conducted a few mechanistic studies based on suggested sulfhydryl-assisted cleavage of mutual prodrugs and characterized a few important metabolites to give support to the proposed mechanism of drug release from the reported mutual prodrugs.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry Division, Piramal Life Sciences, Piramal Enterprises Ltd., Nirlon Complex, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400 063, India.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Machhindra G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gund
authors.forename: Dattatraya C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Namdev
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borhade
authors.forename: Subrayan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Senthilkumar
authors.forename: Mini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.forename: Naveen K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mangu
authors.forename: Sunil V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Mali
authors.forename: Nauzer P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Dubash
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: Apparao
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Satyam
mesh_terms: D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D011355:Prodrugs
keywords: Controlled release; Drug releasable disulfide linkers; Mutual prodrugs; Preclinical pharmacokinetics; Prodrugs; Self-immolative bio-cleavable linkers; Stability; Sulfhydryl-assisted cleavage; Synthesis; Thiol-assisted cleavage