title: Doppler ultrasound and X-ray-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy with one-step balloon dilation for complex renal stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and efficacy of combining Doppler ultrasound with X-ray-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with one-step balloon dilation for management of complex renal stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 85 renal stone patients who underwent 89 PCNLs from January 2011 to May 2012. Doppler ultrasound with X-ray-guided PCNL with one-step balloon dilation was finished on the Fluoroscopic Table (Siemens, Berlin, Germany) with the patient under general anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 85 patients (49 male and 36 female) with a mean age of 42.5 ± 16.4 years. All patients underwent 89 PCNLs (4 patients had bilateral stones). The mean operative time was 72.8 min (range: 35-140). The average fluoroscopic screening time was 5.55 ± 1.81 s (range: 4-12). Successful access to the collecting system was 98.9% (88/89). Although most of the cases (85/89) were managed satisfactorily by a single tract, a second tract was used in 4 cases. No severe complications occurred. The stone-free rate of PCNL monotherapy was 77.5% (69/89). At 3 months, the stone-free rate increased to 89.9% (80/89) after shock wave lithotripsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCNL with one-step balloon dilation for the management of complex renal stones under the guidance of combining Doppler ultrasound with X-ray is safe and effective because of its high stone-free rate and low operative time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fengming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Yuchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qihui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jinghai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Chunxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization; D004106:Dilatation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D061214:Patient Safety; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult