title: Development and measurement properties of the Dutch version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a Dutch version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) and examine the reliability and discriminant, discriminative and structural validity of the Dutch SPS-6 (DSPS-6).
  
  
  METHODS
  The original SPS-6 (English-language) was translated and adapted to the Dutch culture. Thirty participants filled in the DSPS-6 at baseline (T0) and after 5 days (T1). Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability (Spearman's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rho), item-to-total correlations, discriminant validity (association with job stress and job satisfaction), discriminative validity (patients reporting a (work) disability compared with those indicating that they had no disability; Spearman's rho, t tests), structural validity (Varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization) and floor and ceiling effects were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha for the DSPS-6 was 0.89. Test-retest Spearman's rho was 0.82 (p < 0.01). Item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.60 to 0.82. Subjects reporting a work disability had significantly lower DSPS scores (discriminative validity). Spearman's rho for the DSPS-6 score and job satisfaction were 0.38 (p = 0.05; at T0) and 0.27 (at T1), respectively. Spearman's rho for the association between the DSPS-6 and job stress were -0.52 (p = 0.01; at T0) and -0.42 (p = 0.05; at T1), respectively (discriminant validity). The two factors derived from the principal components analysis account for 77.5 % of the variance of responses (structural validity). A ceiling effect was present.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSPS-6 showed good reliability and structural validity. The discriminative validity of the DSPS-6 is partly supported. The concept of presenteeism is not sufficiently distinct from the constructs of job stress and job satisfaction (discriminant validity). The results of the present study show that the adaptation of the SPS-6 into Dutch was successful. Further research on the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the DSPS-6 in a larger group of participants is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupation and Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 6960, 6503 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, nathan.hutting@han.nl.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutting
authors.forename: Josephine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Yvonne F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Heerkens
authors.forename: J Bart
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Staal
authors.forename: Maria W G
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nijhuis-van der Sanden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work; D055815:Young Adult