title: Chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines formed by cross-link of bone and synovium collagen.
abstract: This review focuses on the chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines (Pyds), fluorescent collagen cross-links, with a pyridinium salt structure. Pyds derive from the degradation of bone collagen and have attracted attention for their use as biochemical markers of bone resorption and to assess fracture risk prediction in persons suffering from osteoporosis, bone cancer and other bone or collagen diseases. We consider and critically discuss all reported syntheses of free and glycosylated Pyds evidencing an unrevised chemistry, original and of general utility, analysis of which allows us to also support a previously suggested non-enzymatic formation of Pyds in collagen better rationalizing and justifying the chemical events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy. luigi.anastasia@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anastasia
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rota
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anastasia
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allevi
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic / Q000379:methods; D003094:Collagen / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C015484:pyridinoline; D003094:Collagen