title: AIM2, an IFN-inducible cytosolic DNA sensor, in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
abstract: Close links have been noted between chronic inflammation of the prostate and the development of human prostatic diseases such as benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to prostatic inflammation remain largely unexplored. Recent studies have indicated that the IFN-inducible AIM2 protein is a cytosolic DNA sensor in macrophages and keratinocytes. Upon sensing DNA, AIM2 recruits the adaptor ASC and pro-CASP1 to assemble the AIM2 inflammasome. Activation of the AIM2 inflammasome cleaves pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18 and promotes the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. Given that human prostatic infections are associated with chronic inflammation, the development of BPH is associated with an accumulation of senescent cells with a proinflammatory phenotype, and the development of prostate cancer is associated with the loss of IFN signaling, the role of AIM2 in mediating the formation of prostatic diseases was investigated. It was determined that IFNs (α, β, or γ) induced AIM2 expression in human prostate epithelial cells and cytosolic DNA activated the AIM2 inflammasome. Steady-state levels of the AIM2 mRNA were higher in BPH than in normal prostate tissue. However, the levels of AIM2 mRNA were significantly lower in clinical tumor specimens. Accordingly, constitutive levels of AIM2 mRNA and protein were lower in a subset of prostate cancer cells as compared with BPH cells. Further, the cytosolic DNA activated the AIM2 inflammasome in the androgen receptor-negative PC3 prostate cancer cell line, suggesting that AIM2-mediated events are independent of androgen receptor status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AIM2 inflammasome has a fundamental role in the generation of human prostatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267. Divaker.choubey@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ponomareva
authors.forename: Hongzhu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Ravichandran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panchanathan
authors.forename: Divaker
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choubey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C410167:AIM2 protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D058847:Inflammasomes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D004247:DNA