title: New insights into the role of the immune microenvironment in breast carcinoma.
abstract: Recently, immune edition has been recognized as a new hallmark of cancer. In this respect, some clinical trials in breast cancer have reported imppressive outcomes related to laboratory immune findings, especially in the neoadjuvant and metastatic setting. Infiltration by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and their subtypes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC) seem bona fide prognostic and even predictive biomarkers, that will eventually be incorporated into diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of breast cancer. In addition, the complex interaction of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules on the immune synapse and the different signals that they may exert represent another exciting field to explore. In this review we try to summarize and elucidate these new concepts and knowledge from a translational perspective focusing on breast cancer, paying special attention to those aspects that might have more significance in clinical practice and could be useful to design successful therapeutic strategies in the future.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Avenida Dr. Fedriani s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain. lucme12@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de la Cruz-Merino
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barco-Sánchez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henao Carrasco
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nogales Fernández
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallejo Benítez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brugal Molina
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez Peinado
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grueso López
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz Borrego
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Codes Manuel de Villena
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Margalet
authors.forename: Adoración
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto-García
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alba Conejo
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Casares Lagar
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibáñez Martínez
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D054992:Immunological Synapses / Q000473:pathology; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers