title: Clinical relevance of diagnosing COPD by fixed ratio or lower limit of normal: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different spirometric criteria in diagnosing COPD have been advocated by different groups, debilitating adequate diagnosis and treatment of COPD. We reviewed the clinical relevance of fixed ratio and lower limit of normal (LLN) in diagnosing COPD and explored if modifying factors may affect their clinical relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently searched PubMed and Embase for papers that compared both criteria on any clinically relevant outcome, published before June 1st, 2012, without any language restriction. Two reviewers independently extracted the study characteristics, including study design, population characteristics and diagnostic criteria used, and summarized the results of clinical relevance. Study quality was assessed by scoring forms for bias and level of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 394 studies retrieved, 11 studies were included, with a median of 1,258 participants. Although both criteria appeared related with various clinically relevant outcomes, we were unable to prefer one criterion over the other, with various performances of the criteria for different outcomes. Should the criteria disagree on diagnosis, an alternative diagnosis should be suspected, in particular in those (elderly) with less severe airflow limitation for whom the LLN appears a better criterion. The fixed ratio appears to perform better in subjects with more severe airflow limitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In diagnosing COPD, severity of airflow limitation appears an important factor for choosing whether the fixed ratio or LLN. Disagreement between the criteria is suggestive for an alternative diagnosis. Future studies on clinical relevance should further reveal the criterion of choice, in order to improve adequate diagnosis and consequent treatments.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Wan C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bourbeau
mesh_terms: D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012016:Reference Values; D013147:Spirometry; D014797:Vital Capacity