title: Protocol for the evaluation of a pay for performance programme in Pwani region in Tanzania: a controlled before and after study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of supply-side incentives to increase health service utilisation and enhance service quality is gaining momentum in many low- and middle-income countries. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the impact of such schemes, their cost-effectiveness, and the process of implementation and potential unintended consequences in these settings. A pay for performance (P4P) programme was introduced in Pwani region of Tanzania in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evaluation of the programme will be carried out to inform a potential national rollout. A controlled before and after study will examine the effect of the P4P programme on quality, coverage, and cost of targeted maternal and newborn healthcare services and selected non-targeted services at facilities in Tanzania. Data will be collected from a survey of 75 facilities, 750 patients exiting consultations, over 75 health workers, and 1,500 households of women who delivered in the previous year, in all seven intervention districts. Data will be collected from the same number of respondents in four control districts. A process evaluation will examine: whether the P4P programme was implemented as planned; stakeholder response to the programme and its acceptability; and implementation bottlenecks and facilitating factors. Three rounds of process data collection will be conducted including a review of available P4P documents, individual interviews and focus group discussions with key informants working at facility and district level in five of the intervention districts, and at the regional and national levels. An economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of P4P relative to current practice from a societal perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This evaluation will contribute robust evidence on the impact and cost-effectiveness of P4P in a low income setting, as well as generate a better understanding of the feasibility of integrating complex intervention packages like P4P within health systems in resource poor settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Developmnent, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H NSH, UK. jo.borghi@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.forename: Iddy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mayumana
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mashasi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Binyaruka
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patouillard
authors.forename: Ikunda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Njau
authors.forename: Ottar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maestad
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.forename: Masuma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care / Q000191:economics*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000191:economics*; D013636:Tanzania