title: A Compilation of Metals and Trace Elements Extracted from Materials Relevant to Pharmaceutical Applications such as Packaging Systems and Devices.
abstract: Nearly 100 individual test articles, representative of materials used in pharmaceutical applications such as packaging and devices, were extracted under exaggerated conditions and the levels of 32 metals and trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr) were measured in the extracts. The extracting solvents included aqueous mixtures at low and high pH and an organic solvent mixture (40/60 ethanol water). The sealed vessel extractions were performed by placing an appropriate portion of the test articles and an appropriate volume of extracting solution in inert extraction vessels and exposing the extraction units (and associated extraction blanks) to defined conditions of temperature and duration. The levels of extracted target elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The overall reporting threshold for most of the targeted elements was 0.05 μg/mL, which corresponds to 0.5 μg/g for the most commonly utilized extraction stoichiometry (1 g of material per 10 mL of extracting solvent). The targeted elements could be classified into four major groups depending on the frequency with which they were present in the over 250 extractions reported in this study. Thirteen elements (Ag, As, Be, Cd, Co, Ge, Li, Mo, Ni, Sn, Ti, V, and Zr) were not extracted in reportable quantities from any of the test articles under any of the extraction conditions. Eight additional elements (Bi, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Se, and Sr) were rarely extracted from the test articles at reportable levels, and three other elements (Ba, Fe, and P) were infrequently extracted from the test articles at reportable levels. The remaining eight elements (Al, B, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Si, and Zn) were more frequently present in the extracts in reportable quantities. These general trends in accumulation behavior were compared to compiled lists of elements of concern as impurities in pharmaceutical products.
  Nearly 100 individual test articles, representative of materials used in pharmaceutical applications such as packaging and devices, were extracted under exaggerated conditions, and the levels of thirty-two metals and trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr) were measured in the extracts. The targeted elements could be classified into four major groups depending on the frequency with which they were present in the extractions reported in this study: those elements that were not extracted in reportable quantities from any of the test articles under any of the extraction conditions, those elements that were rarely extracted from the test articles at reportable levels, those elements that were infrequently extracted from the test articles at reportable levels, and those elements that were more frequently present in the extracts in reportable quantities.
authors.affiliation: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Technology Resources Organization, Round Lake, IL 60073 USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenke
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Parul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: Thang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chum
mesh_terms: D004349:Drug Packaging; D008670:Metals; D008672:Metals, Alkali; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D019064:Product Packaging; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014131:Trace Elements
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D008672:Metals, Alkali; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Elemental impurities; Extractables; Medical devices; Metals; Packaging systems; Plastics; Polymers