title: Suprachoroidal hemorrhage in pars plana vitrectomy: risk factors and outcomes over 10 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the rate and risk factors of developing suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and the outcomes as a result.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, comparative consecutive series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5459 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomies over 10 years in 3 surgical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patient demographic, medical, and ophthalmic data and operative information from 3 vitreoretinal centers were entered prospectively into an electronic medical record. Univariate analysis was undertaken, comparing risk factors between cases (SCH) and controls. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to test for independence between the risk factors (P < 0.2 in univariate analysis) and SCH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk factors for developing SCH. Visual outcome and development of complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5459 PPVs were undertaken for a wide range of indications. Fifty-six cases of PPV were complicated by SCH (1.03%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that significant risk factors for developing this included advancing age, (mean age, 69 years in cases and 60 years in controls; odds ratio [OR], 1.04; P = 0.001), male sex (76.8% of cases and 58.7% of controls; OR, 2.38; P = 0.008), presence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (80.3% of cases and 52.5% of controls; OR, 5.92; P < 0.0001), presence of a dropped lens fragment (10.7% of cases and 4.5% of controls; OR, 6.94; P = 0.002), and the use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs (33.9% of cases and 17.7% of controls; OR, 2.29; P = 0.007). Suprachoroidal hemorrhage was more common with increasing quadrants of RRD. The significant operative risk factor was application of an explant (25% of cases and 4.07% of controls; OR, 5.63; P < 0.0001). Phthisis (7.1% of cases and 0.9% of controls; P = 0.002, Fisher exact test) and glaucoma (14.3% of cases and 7.2% of controls; P = 0.044, chi-square test) were more common in cases than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors for developing intraoperative SCH during PPV are male sex, advancing age, RRD, a scleral explant, a dropped lens fragment, and the use of aspirin or warfarin. Patients with this complication have a greater risk of developing ocular hypertension requiring treatment and phthisis.
authors.affiliation: Vitreoretinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Research & Development, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Vitreoretinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mustafa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kadhim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Guy's & St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tom@retinasurgery.co.uk.
authors.forename: Tom H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002832:Choroid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy