title: Effect of homeopathic preparations of Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica on gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and high fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeopathy is a holistic method of treatment that uses microdoses of natural substances originating from plants, minerals, or animal parts. Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica are used in homeopathy for treatment of type-2 diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for such effects are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Homeopathic preparations of S. jambolanum and C. indica in mother tincture, 6c and 30c were used to examine the molecular mechanism of antidiabetic effects in the skeletal muscle of rats with high fat and fructose-induced type-2 diabetes mellitus. After 30 days treatment, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and insulin signaling molecules in the skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in serum insulin and lipid profile as well as low levels of insulin receptor (IR), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt), p-Akt(ser473) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) protein expression (p < 0.05) with a significant increase in fasting blood glucose level (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Treatment with homeopathic remedies significantly increased the serum insulin and expression of these proteins (p < 0.05) with a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (p < 0.05) compared to diabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study homeopathic preparations of S. jambolanum and C. indica, including ultramolecular dilutions exhibit antidiabetic effects, improving insulin action through activation of insulin signaling molecules in skeletal muscle of type-2 diabetic rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Sekkizhar Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India.
authors.forename: Sathish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: Akilavalli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narasimhan
authors.forename: Raveendar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chinta
authors.forename: K R Janardanan
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: Debadatta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Balasubramanian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karundevi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics; D006705:Homeopathy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027842:Syzygium
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D005632:Fructose; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: Gastrocnemius muscle; Homeopathic preparation; Insulin signaling; Syzygium jambolanum and Cephalandra indica