title: Work-related injuries among union drywall carpenters in Washington State, 1989-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drywall installers are at high-risk of work-related injury. Comprehensive descriptive epidemiology of injuries among drywall installers, particularly over time, is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified worker-hours and reported and accepted workers' compensation (WC) claims for a 20-year (1989-2008) cohort of 24,830 Washington State union carpenters. Stratified by predominant type of work (drywall installation, other carpentry), work-related injury rates were examined over calendar time and by worker characteristics. Expert interviews provided contextual details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drywall installers' injury rates, higher than those of other carpenters, declined substantially over this period by 73.6%. Common injury mechanisms were struck by/against, overexertion and falls. Drywall material was considered a contributing factor in 19.7% of injuries. One-third of these drywall material-related injuries resulted in paid lost time, compared to 19.4% of injuries from other sources. Rates of injury were particularly high among workers with 2 to <4 years in the union. Notable declines over time in rates of overexertion injury in which drywall material was a contributing factor were still observed after controlling for secular temporal trends. Experts highlighted changes over the past 20 years that improved both work safety and, in some cases, production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Declines in drywall installers' injury rates over time likely reflect, in part, enhanced workplace safety, including efforts to reduce overexertion hazards associated with handling drywall. Continued injury prevention efforts are needed, particularly for less tenured workers. Given the potential for under-reporting to WC, additional sources of health outcomes data may provide a more complete picture of workers' health.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. ashley.schoenfisch@duke.edu
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Schoenfisch
authors.forename: Hester
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lipscomb
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Wilfred
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Carri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casteel
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D060389:Construction Industry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007750:Labor Unions; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: construction industry; drywall carpenters; longitudinal analyses; occupational injury; workers' compensation