title: Stability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethampetamine (MDMA), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 3-trifluromethylphenylpiperazine (3-TFMPP) in formalin solution.
abstract: Occasionally, the only postmortem samples available for analysis are contaminated with formaldehyde, either due to embalming prior to sampling or because analysis is carried out only when formalin-fixed tissues retained for histological study are available. Formaldehyde reacts with several drugs of forensic interest that contain either a primary or a secondary amine group to form their N-methyl derivatives. We investigated the stability of 3,4-methylenedioxymethampetamine (MDMA), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 3-trifluromethylphenylpiperazine (3-TFMPP) in formalin solutions using three different formaldehyde concentrations (5, 10 and 20%) and three different pHs (3.0, 7.0 and 9.5). Analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection to determine the percentage degradation of each drug over time, up to 60 days. MDMA, mephedrone and 3-TFMPP are unstable in formalin solutions, with the degradation rate increasing with increasing pH. After 28 days in 20% formalin, pH 9.5, there remained 57% of the initial 3-TFMPP concentration, 11% of the initial MDMA concentration and 4% of the initial mephedrone concentration. Forensic toxicologists should be aware that, when analyzing for these drugs in an embalmed body or in tissues stored in formalin solutions, the methylated form of the secondary amine-containing drug could be a more useful analyte than the parent drug.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic and Legal Medicine, University of Dundee, UK. p.d.maskell@dundee.ac.uk
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Maskell
authors.forename: L Nitin
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Seetohul
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: Alexandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cockburn
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Preece
authors.forename: Derrick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pounder
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D008745:Methylation; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D015198:Designer Drugs; D006213:Hallucinogens; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010879:Piperazines; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D012996:Solutions; D005557:Formaldehyde; C018406:1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine; D008694:Methamphetamine; C548233:mephedrone; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine