title: Supplementing menu labeling with calorie recommendations to test for facilitation effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effect on food purchases of adding recommended calorie intake per day or per meal to the mandated calorie information posted on chain restaurant menus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after New York City implemented calorie posting on chain restaurant menus in 2008, we provided daily, per-meal, or no calorie recommendations to randomized subsets of adult lunchtime customers (n = 1121) entering 2 McDonald's restaurants, in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and collected receipts and survey responses as they exited. In linear and logistic regressions, with adjustment for gender, race, age, and day, we tested for simple differences in calories consumed and interactions between variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posting calorie benchmarks had no direct impact, nor did it moderate the impact of calorie labels on food purchases. The recommendation appeared to promote a slight increase in calorie intake, attributable to increased purchases of higher-calorie entrées.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the introduction of calorie recommendations as a means of enhancing the impact of posted calorie information or reducing the contribution of restaurant dining to the obesity epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA. downs@cmu.edu
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wisdom
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wansink
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D012147:Restaurants; D055815:Young Adult