title: The dysregulation profile in young children: empirically defined classes in the Generation R study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems have higher levels of impairment and worse outcomes later in life, but it is unclear whether these children can be distinguished validly from children who have problems in a single domain. We used a person-centered statistical approach to examine whether a group of children with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems can be identified in a general-population sample of young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included a population-based sample of 6,131 children, aged 5 through 7 years. Mothers (92.6%) reported emotional and behavioral problems using the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 (CBCL). A latent profile analysis was performed on the CBCL syndrome scales. Identified classes were compared on early socioeconomic and parental risk factors using multinomial logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 4 classes, as follows: a class scoring high on all internalizing and externalizing scales (1.8%); a class with internalizing problems (5.3%); a class with externalizing problems and emotional reactivity (7.3%); and a class without problems (85.6%). The first class, with co-occurring problems, was associated with higher levels of maternal and paternal affective symptoms and hostility than the other 3 classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The class with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems appears to be highly similar to the CBCL Dysregulation Profile described in older children. This empirically based dysregulation profile offers a promise to the study of the development of poor self-regulation.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Maartje M G J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Basten
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ende
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); dysregulation; latent profile analysis (LPA); parental psychopathology; preschool