title: Meta-analysis of function after secondary shoulder surgery in neonatal brachial plexus palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shoulder internal rotation contracture, active abduction, and external rotation deficits are common secondary problems in neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). Soft tissue shoulder operations are often utilized for treatment. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review analyzing the clinical outcomes of NBPP treated with a secondary soft-tissue shoulder operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search identified studies of NBPP treated with a soft-tissue shoulder operation. A meta-analysis evaluated success rates for the aggregate Mallet score (≥ 4 point increase), global abduction score (≥ 1 point increase), and external rotation score (≥ 1 point increase) using the Mallet scale. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess these success rates when the author chose arthroscopic release technique versus open release technique with or without tendon transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 17 studies and 405 patients were pooled for meta-analysis. The success rate for the global abduction score was significantly higher for the open technique (67.4%) relative to the arthroscopic technique (27.7%, P<0.0001). The success rates for the global abduction score were significantly different among sexes (P=0.01). The success rate for external rotation was not significantly different between the open (71.4%) and arthroscopic techniques (74.1%, P=0.86). No other variable was found to have significant impact on the external rotation outcomes. The success rate for the aggregate Mallet score was 57.9% for the open technique, a nonsignificant increase relative to the arthroscopic technique (53.5%, P=0.63). Data suggest a correlation between increasing age at the time of surgery and a decreasing likelihood of success with regards to aggregate Mallet with an odds ratio of 0.98 (P=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the secondary soft-tissue shoulder operation is an effective treatment for improving shoulder function in NBPP in appropriately selected patients. The open technique had significantly higher success rates in improving global abduction. There were no significant differences in the success rates for improvement in the external rotation or aggregate Mallet score among these surgical techniques.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Louden
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Broering
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mehlman
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lippert
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Eileen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012737:Sex Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013709:Tendon Transfer / Q000379:methods