title: European invasion of North American Pinus strobus at large and fine scales: high genetic diversity and fine-scale genetic clustering over time in the adventive range.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  North American Pinus strobus is a highly invasive tree species in Central Europe. Using ten polymorphic microsatellite loci we compared various aspects of the large-scale genetic diversity of individuals from 30 sites in the native distribution range with those from 30 sites in the European adventive distribution range. To investigate the ascertained pattern of genetic diversity of this intercontinental comparison further, we surveyed fine-scale genetic diversity patterns and changes over time within four highly invasive populations in the adventive range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that at the large scale the genetic diversity found within the relatively small adventive range in Central Europe, surprisingly, equals the diversity found within the sampled area in the native range, which is about thirty times larger. Bayesian assignment grouped individuals into two genetic clusters separating North American native populations from the European, non-native populations, without any strong genetic structure shown over either range. In the case of the fine scale, our comparison of genetic diversity parameters among the localities and age classes yielded no evidence of genetic diversity increase over time. We found that SGS differed across age classes within the populations under study. Old trees in general completely lacked any SGS, which increased over time and reached its maximum in the sapling stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on (1) the absence of difference in genetic diversity between the native and adventive ranges, together with the lack of structure in the native range, and (2) the lack of any evidence of any temporal increase in genetic diversity at four highly invasive populations in the adventive range, we conclude that population amalgamation probably first happened in the native range, prior to introduction. In such case, there would have been no need for multiple introductions from previously isolated populations, but only several introductions from genetically diverse populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic. mandak@ibot.cas.cz
authors.forename: Bohumil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mandák
authors.forename: Věroslava
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hadincová
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mahelka
authors.forename: Radka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wildová
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005060:Europe; D051456:Gene Flow / Q000502:physiology; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D058865:Introduced Species; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009656:North America; D028223:Pinus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013997:Time Factors