title: An evolutionarily conserved program of B-cell development and activation in zebrafish.
abstract: Teleost fish are among the most ancient vertebrates possessing an adaptive immune system with B and T lymphocytes that produce memory responses to pathogens. Most bony fish, however, have only 2 types of B lymphocytes, in contrast to the 4 types available to mammals. To better understand the evolution of adaptive immunity, we generated transgenic zebrafish in which the major immunoglobulin M (IgM(+)) B-cell subset expresses green fluorescence protein (GFP) (IgM1:eGFP). We discovered that the earliest IgM(+) B cells appear between the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and also in the kidney around 20 days postfertilization. We also examined B-cell ontogeny in adult IgM1:eGFP;rag2:DsRed animals, where we defined pro-B, pre-B, and immature/mature B cells in the adult kidney. Sites of B-cell development that shift between the embryo and adult have previously been described in birds and mammals. Our results suggest that this developmental shift occurs in all jawed vertebrates. Finally, we used IgM1:eGFP and cd45DsRed;blimp1:eGFP zebrafish to characterize plasma B cells and investigate B-cell function. The IgM1:eGFP reporter fish are the first nonmammalian B-cell reporter animals to be described. They will be important for further investigation of immune cell evolution and development and host-pathogen interactions in zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA. dapage@pointloma.edu
authors.forename: Dawne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wittamer
authors.forename: Julien Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Kanako L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Noemi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Schale
authors.forename: Caitlyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McGue
authors.forename: Bradley H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pao
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Brad G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Magor
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Traver
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007107:Immune System / Q000196:embryology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D010587:Phagocytosis; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins