title: Impact of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy on survival in surgically resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma: a propensity score-matched Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to define the utilization and effect of adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy (XRT) on patients having undergone curative-intent resection for gallbladder cancer (GBC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 5,011 patients with GBC who underwent resection between 1988 and 2009. The impact of XRT on survival was analyzed by the use of propensity-score matching by comparing clinicopathologic factors between patients who received resection only versus resection plus XRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 72 years, and most patients were female (73.4%); 66.2% patients had intermediate to poorly differentiated tumors, and 19.1% had lymph node metastasis. The majority (75.0%) had "localized" disease by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results classification. A total of 899 patients (17.9%) received XRT whereas 4,112 patients did not. Factors associated with receipt of XRT were younger age (odds ratio [OR] 5.33), tumor extension beyond the serosa (OR 1.55), intermediate- to poorly differentiated tumors (OR 1.56), and lymph node metastasis (OR 2.59) (all P < .05). Median and 1-year survival were 15 months and 59.0%, respectively. On propensity-matched multivariate model, despite having more advanced tumors, XRT was independently associated with better long-term survival at 1 year (hazard ratio 0.45; P < .001), but not 5 years (hazard ratio 1.06; P = .50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 18% of patients with GBC received XRT after curative intent surgery. The use of adjuvant XRT was associated with a short-term survival benefit, but the benefit dissipated over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Teviah
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Skye C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wolfgang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: tpawlik1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pawlik
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology