title: Dynamic compartment specific changes in glutathione and ascorbate levels in Arabidopsis plants exposed to different light intensities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excess light conditions induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly in the chloroplasts but also cause an accumulation and production of ROS in peroxisomes, cytosol and vacuoles. Antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione occur in all cell compartments where they detoxify ROS. In this study compartment specific changes in antioxidant levels and related enzymes were monitored among Arabidopsis wildtype plants and ascorbate and glutathione deficient mutants (vtc2-1 and pad2-1, respectively) exposed to different light intensities (50, 150 which was considered as control condition, 300, 700 and 1,500 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) for 4 h and 14 d.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that wildtype plants reacted to short term exposure to excess light conditions with the accumulation of ascorbate and glutathione in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and the cytosol and an increased activity of catalase in the leaves. Long term exposure led to an accumulation of ascorbate and glutathione mainly in chloroplasts. In wildtype plants an accumulation of ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be observed in vacuoles when exposed to high light conditions. The pad2-1 mutant reacted to long term excess light exposure with an accumulation of ascorbate in peroxisomes whereas the vtc2-1 mutant reacted with an accumulation of glutathione in the chloroplasts (relative to the wildtype) and nuclei during long term high light conditions indicating an important role of these antioxidants in these cell compartments for the protection of the mutants against high light stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the accumulation of ascorbate and glutathione in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and the cytosol is an important reaction of plants to short term high light stress. The accumulation of ascorbate and H2O2 along the tonoplast and in vacuoles during these conditions indicates an important route for H2O2 detoxification under these conditions.
authors.forename: Elmien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heyneke
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Luschin-Ebengreuth
authors.forename: Iztok
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krajcer
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wolkinger
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zechmann
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000737:chemistry; D003600:Cytosol / Q000737:chemistry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008027:Light; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000032:analysis; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid