title: Threshing efficiency as an incentive for rapid domestication of emmer wheat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The harvesting method of wild and cultivated cereals has long been recognized as an important factor in the emergence of domesticated non-shattering ear genotypes. This study aimed to quantify the effects of spike brittleness and threshability on threshing time and efficiency in emmer wheat, and to evaluate the implications of post-harvest processes on domestication of cereals in the Near East.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diverse collection of tetraploid wheat genotypes, consisting of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides - the wild progenitor of domesticated wheat - traditional landraces, modern cultivars (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and 150 recombinant (wild × modern) inbred lines, was used in replicated controlled threshing experiments to quantify the effects of spike brittleness and threshability on threshing time and efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transition from a brittle hulled wild phenotype to non-brittle hulled phenotype (landraces) was associated with an approx. 30 % reduction in threshing time, whereas the transition from the latter to non-brittle free-threshing cultivars was associated with an approx. 85 % reduction in threshing time. Similar trends were obtained with groups of recombinant inbred lines showing extreme phenotypes of brittleness and threshability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In tetraploid wheat, both non-brittle spike and free-threshing are labour-saving traits that increase the efficiency of post-harvest processing, which could have been an incentive for rapid domestication of the Near Eastern cereals, thus refuting the recently proposed hypothesis regarding extra labour associated with the domesticated phenotype (non-brittle spike) and its presumed role in extending the domestication episode time frame.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, The Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tzarfati
authors.forename: Yehoshua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saranga
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopher
authors.forename: Abraham B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Korol
authors.forename: Shahal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbo
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007178:Inbreeding; D010641:Phenotype; D057891:Tetraploidy; D014908:Triticum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics
keywords: T. turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides; conscious selection; emmer wheat; labour trap; post-harvest processing; protracted domestication; spike brittleness (br); threshability