title: The use of feed additives to reduce the effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on pig growth, organ health and immune status during chronic exposure.
abstract: Three feed additives were tested to improve the growth and health of pigs chronically challenged with aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Gilts (n = 225, 8.8 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to five treatments: CON (uncontaminated control); MT (contaminated with 150 µg/kg AF and 1100 µg/kg DON); A (MT + a clay additive); B (MT + a clay and dried yeast additive); and C (MT + a clay and yeast culture additive). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were recorded for 42 days, blood collected for immune analysis and tissue samples to measure damage. Feeding mycotoxins tended to decrease ADG and altered the immune system through a tendency to increase monocytes and immunoglobulins. Mycotoxins caused tissue damage in the form of liver bile ductule hyperplasia and karyomegaly. The additives in diets A and B reduced mycotoxin effects on the immune system and the liver and showed some ability to improve growth. The diet C additive played a role in reducing liver damage. Collectively, we conclude that AF and DON can be harmful to the growth and health of pigs consuming mycotoxins chronically. The selected feed additives improved pig health and may play a role in pig growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. acchayto@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: M Todd
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: See
authors.forename: Jeff A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Yong B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Anna L P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: De Souza
authors.forename: Teena F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Sung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D005503:Food Additives; D014255:Trichothecenes; D004492:Edetic Acid; C007262:deoxynivalenol