title: N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol confer synergy in attenuating myocardial ischemia injury via restoring HIF-1α/HO-1 signaling in diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether or not the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and allopurinol (ALP) confer synergistic cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury by stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling in diabetic myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control or diabetic [streptozotocin (STZ)-induced] Sprague Dawley rats received vehicle or NAC, ALP or their combination for four weeks starting one week after STZ injection. The animals were then subjected to thirty minutes of coronary artery occlusion followed by two hours reperfusion in the absence or presence of the selective HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP-IX) or the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2). Cardiomyocytes exposed to high glucose were subjected to hypoxia/re-oxygenation in the presence or absence of HIF-1α and HO-1 achieved by gene knock-down with related siRNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocardial and plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane, an index of oxidative stress, were significantly increased in diabetic rats while cardiac HO-1 protein and activity were reduced; this was accompanied with reduced cardiac protein levels of HIF-1α, and increased post-ischemic myocardial infarct size and cellular injury. NAC and ALP given alone and in particular their combination normalized cardiac levels of HO-1 and HIF-1α protein expression and prevented the increase in 15-F2t-isoprostane, resulting in significantly attenuated post-ischemic myocardial infarction. NAC and ALP also attenuated high glucose-induced post-hypoxic cardiomyocyte death in vitro. However, all the above protective effects of NAC and ALP were cancelled either by inhibition of HO-1 or HIF-1α with SnPP-IX and 2ME2 in vivo or by HO-1 or HIF-1α gene knock-down in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAC and ALP confer synergistic cardioprotection in diabetes via restoration of cardiac HIF-1α and HO-1 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.forename: Jing-song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Xiao-long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kwok F J
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vanhoutte
authors.forename: Zhengyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000111:Acetylcysteine; D000493:Allopurinol; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004452:Echocardiography; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D028421:Isoprostanes; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D004958:Estradiol; D000493:Allopurinol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D015237:Dinoprost; C032628:tin protoporphyrin IX; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000111:Acetylcysteine