title: Influenza viruses: breaking all the rules.
abstract: Influenza A viruses (IAV) are significant pathogens able to repeatedly switch hosts to infect multiple avian and mammalian species, including humans. The unpredictability of IAV evolution and interspecies movement creates continual public health challenges, such as the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus from swine, as well as pandemic threats from the ongoing H5N1 and the recent H7N9 epizootics. In the last decade there has been increased concern about the "dual use" nature of microbiology, and a set of guidelines covering "dual use research of concern" includes seven categories of potentially problematic scientific experiments. In this Perspective, we consider how in nature IAV continually undergo "dual use experiments" as a matter of evolution and selection, and we conclude that studying these properties of IAV is critical for mitigating and preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
authors.affiliation: Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. taubenbergerj@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jeffery K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Taubenberger
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Morens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D009154:Mutation; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D056189:Viral Tropism