title: Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity.
abstract: A recent epidemiological study showed that eating 'fast food' items such as potato chips increased likelihood of obesity, whereas eating yogurt prevented age-associated weight gain in humans. It was demonstrated previously in animal models of obesity that the immune system plays a critical role in this process. Here we examined human subjects and mouse models consuming Westernized 'fast food' diet, and found CD4(+) T helper (Th)17-biased immunity and changes in microbial communities and abdominal fat with obesity after eating the Western chow. In striking contrast, eating probiotic yogurt together with Western chow inhibited age-associated weight gain. We went on to test whether a bacteria found in yogurt may serve to lessen fat pathology by using purified Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 in drinking water. Surprisingly, we discovered that oral L. reuteri therapy alone was sufficient to change the pro-inflammatory immune cell profile and prevent abdominal fat pathology and age-associated weight gain in mice regardless of their baseline diet. These beneficial microbe effects were transferable into naïve recipient animals by purified CD4(+) T cells alone. Specifically, bacterial effects depended upon active immune tolerance by induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (Il)-10, without significantly changing the gut microbial ecology or reducing ad libitum caloric intake. Our finding that microbial targeting restored CD4(+) T cell balance and yielded significantly leaner animals regardless of their dietary 'fast food' indiscretions suggests population-based approaches for weight management and enhancing public health in industrialized societies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Theofilos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poutahidis
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinewietfeld
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smillie
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Levkovich
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrotta
authors.forename: Siddheshvar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhela
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Varian
authors.forename: Yassin M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lakritz
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chatzigiagkos
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hafler
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Erdman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000502:physiology; D019366:Western World; D015014:Yogurt; D055815:Young Adult