title: A new heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the North-eastern Pacific, Protoperidinium fukuyoi: cyst-theca relationship, phylogeny, distribution and ecology.
abstract: The cyst-theca relationship of Protoperidinium fukuyoi n. sp. (Dinoflagellata, Protoperidiniaceae) is established by incubating resting cysts from estuarine sediments off southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and San Pedro Harbor, California, USA. The cysts have a brown-coloured wall, and are characterized by a saphopylic archeopyle comprising three apical plates, the apical pore plate and canal plate; and acuminate processes typically arranged in linear clusters. We elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of P. fukuyoi through large and small subunit (LSU and SSU) rDNA sequences, and also report the SSU of the cyst-defined species Islandinium minutum (Harland & Reid) Head et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by SSU rDNA shows that both species are closely related to Protoperidinium americanum (Gran & Braarud 1935) Balech 1974. Large subunit rDNA phylogeny also supports a close relationship between P. fukuyoi and P. americanum. Three subgroups in total are further characterized within the Monovela group. The cyst of P. fukuyoi shows a wide geographical range along the coastal tropical to temperate areas of the North-east Pacific, its distribution reflecting optimal summer sea-surface temperatures of ~14-18 °C and salinities of 22-34 psu.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Palaeontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 s8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kenneth N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Aika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pospelova
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Taoufik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Radi
authors.forename: Anna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pieńkowski
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Vernal
authors.forename: Hisae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawami
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D002140:California; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004463:Ecology; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000469:parasitology*; D008853:Microscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010802:Phylogeny; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D054712:Salinity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D033761:Spores, Protozoan / Q000166:cytology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; C065096:RNA, ribosomal, 26S
keywords: LSU rDNA; SSU rDNA; Saanich Inlet; San Pedro Harbor; Strait of Georgia; round spiny brown cyst; single-cell PCR