title: UV-induced effects on chlorination of creatinine.
abstract: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly employed for water treatment in swimming pools to complement conventional chlorination, and to reduce the concentration of inorganic chloramine compounds. The approach of combining UV irradiation and chlorination has the potential to improve water quality, as defined by microbial composition. However, relatively little is known about the effects of this process on water chemistry. To address this issue, experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sequential UV254 irradiation/chlorination, as will occur in recirculating system of swimming pools, on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Creatinine, which is present in human sweat and urine, was selected as the target precursor for these experiments. Enhanced formation of dichloromethylamine (CH3NCl2) and inorganic chloramines was observed to result from post-chlorination of UV-irradiated samples. Chlorocreatinine was found to be more sensitive to UV254 irradiation than creatinine; UV254 irradiation of chlorocreatinine resulted in opening of the ring structure, thereby yielding a series of intermediates that were more susceptible to free chlorine attack than their parent compound. The quantum yields for photodegradation of creatinine and chlorocreatinine at 254 nm were estimated at 0.011 ± 0.002 mol/E and 0.144 ± 0.011 mol/E, respectively. The N-Cl bond was found to be common to UV-sensitive chlorinated compounds (e.g., inorganic chloramines, CH3NCl2, and chlorocreatinine); compounds that were less susceptible to UV-based attack generally lacked the N-Cl bond. This suggested that the N-Cl bond is susceptible to UV254 irradiation, and cleavage of the N-Cl bond appears to open or promote reaction pathways that involve free chlorine, thereby enhancing formation of some DBPs and promoting loss of free chlorine. Proposed reaction mechanisms to describe this behavior based on creatinine as a precursor are presented.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
authors.forename: Shih Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Karl V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Hilkka I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Kenttämaa
authors.forename: Peggy E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Lucas M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Amundson
authors.forename: Ernest R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Blatchley
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry; D003404:Creatinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D054879:Halogenation; D010782:Photolysis; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; C541450:methylamine dichloramine; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Chloramines; Chlorination; Creatinine; Disinfection byproducts; UV