title: Synthesis of uniform poly(d,l-lactide) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres using a microfluidic chip for comparison.
abstract: Applications of poly(l-lactide) (PLA) and poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres are widely used in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The effects of PLA/PLGA on microsphere properties when using conventional particulate preparation methods are not easily defined due to the uncontrollable particle size and size distribution. This study was aimed to synthesize uniform PLA and PLGA microspheres using a phenol formaldehyde resin-based microfluidic chip, which has the advantage of being solvent-resistant, flexible, and is readily disassembled for cleaning. The proposed chip can rapidly fabricate reproducible PLA and PLGA microspheres. Uniform emulsion droplets can be achieved by hydrodynamic flow focusing. After solvent evaporation, the free-flowing PLA and PLGA microspheres have a high level of morphological uniformity and size, allowing for a clear comparison of material effects. The results indicate that the sizes of the PLA and PLGA microspheres for the various flow rates of dispersed/continuous phases are very similar. The PLA/PLGA materials do not have a significant effect on particle size, but the particle surface indicates a different morphology. The result of the cytotoxicity evaluation shows no difference between PLA and PLGA and ensures the biocompatibility of both prepared PLA and PLGA microspheres for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Keng-Shiang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Alexandru Mihai
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grumezescu
authors.forename: Chih-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shian-Chiuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tzeng
authors.forename: Szu-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yung-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008863:Microspheres; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010316:Particle Size; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); C011529:phenol-formaldehyde resin
keywords: Microfluidic chip; Microsphere; Phenol formaldehyde resin; Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA); Poly(l-lactide) (PLA)