title: Probing the frontostriatal loops involved in executive and limbic processing via interleaved TMS and functional MRI at two prefrontal locations: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an anatomically and functionally heterogeneous area which influences cognitive and limbic processing through connectivity to subcortical targets. As proposed by Alexander et al. (1986) the lateral and medial aspects of the PFC project to distinct areas of the striatum in parallel but functionally distinct circuits. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if we could differentially and consistently activate these lateral and medial cortical-subcortical circuits involved in executive and limbic processing though interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the MR environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen healthy individuals received interleaved TMS-BOLD imaging with the coil positioned over the dorsolateral (EEG: F3) and ventromedial PFC (EEG: FP1). BOLD signal change was calculated in the areas directly stimulated by the coil and in subcortical regions with afferent and efferent connectivity to the TMS target areas. Additionally, five individuals were tested on two occasions to determine test-retest reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Region of interest analysis revealed that TMS at both prefrontal sites led to significant BOLD signal increases in the cortex under the coil, in the striatum, and the thalamus, but not in the visual cortex (negative control region). There was a significantly larger BOLD signal change in the caudate following medial PFC TMS, relative to lateral TMS. The hippocampus in contrast was significantly more activated by lateral TMS. Post-hoc voxel-based analysis revealed that within the caudate the location of peak activity was in the ventral caudate following medial TMS and the dorsal caudate following lateral TMS. Test-retest reliability data revealed consistent BOLD responses to TMS within each individual but a large variation between individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that, through an optimized TMS/BOLD sequence over two unique prefrontal targets, it is possible to selectively interrogate the patency of these established cortical-subcortical networks in healthy individuals, and potentially patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America. hanlon@musc.edu
authors.forename: Colleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canterberry
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: DeVries
authors.forename: Xingbao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Truman R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation