title: Appraisals and responses to experimental symptom analogues in clinical and nonclinical individuals with psychotic experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive models of psychosis suggest that anomalous experiences alone do not always lead to clinical psychosis, with appraisals and responses to experiences being central to understanding the transition to "need for care".
  
  
  METHODS
  The appraisals and response styles of Clinical (C; n = 28) and Nonclinical (NC; n = 34) individuals with psychotic experiences were compared following experimental analogues of thought interference (Cards Task) and auditory hallucinations (Virtual Acoustic Space Paradigm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were matched in terms of their psychotic experiences. As predicted, the C group scored higher than the NC group on maladaptive appraisals following both tasks, rated the experience as more personally significant, and was more likely to incorporate the experimental setup into their ongoing experiences. The C group also appraised the Cards Task as more salient, distressing, and threatening; this group scored higher on maladaptive-and lower on adaptive-response styles, than the NC group on both tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with cognitive models of psychosis, with maladaptive appraisals and response styles characterizing the C group only. Clinical applications of both tasks are suggested to facilitate the identification and modification of maladaptive appraisals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK;
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK;
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.affiliation: Academic Clinical Psychiatry and Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory (SCANLab), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Mike D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Academic Clinical Psychiatry and Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory (SCANLab), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Peter W R
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Woodruff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK; Joint last authors.
authors.forename: Philippa A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Garety
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK; Joint last authors. emmanuelle.peters@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: appraisals; cognitive model of  psychosis; experimental analogues of psychotic symptoms; psychosis continuum