title: Identification of proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, anti- proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of essential oils in cardamom by dual reverse virtual screening and binding pose analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom), also known as "Queen of Spices", has been traditionally used as a culinary ingredient due to its pleasant aroma and taste. In addition to this role, studies on cardamom have demonstrated cancer chemopreventive potential in in vitro and in vivo systems. Nevertheless, the precise poly-pharmacological nature of naturally occurring chemo-preventive compounds in cardamom has still not been fully demystified.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, an effort has been made to identify the proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of Cardamom's bioactive principles (eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene and geraniol) by employing a dual reverse virtual screening protocol. Experimentally proven target information of the bioactive principles was annotated from bioassay databases and compared with the virtually screened set of targets to evaluate the reliability of the computational identification. To study the molecular interaction pattern of the anti-tumor action, molecular docking simulation was performed with Auto Dock Pyrx. Interaction studies of binding pose of eucalyptol with Caspase 3 were conducted to obtain an insight into the interacting amino acids and their inter-molecular bondings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A prioritized list of target proteins associated with multiple forms of cancer and ranked by their Fit Score (Pharm Mapper) and descending 3D score (Reverse Screen 3D) were obtained from the two independent inverse screening platforms. Molecular docking studies exploring the bioactive principle targeted action revealed that H- bonds and electrostatic interactions forms the chief contributing factor in inter-molecular interactions associated with anti-tumor activity. Eucalyptol binds to the Caspase 3 with a specific framework that is well-suited for nucleophilic attacks by polar residues inside the Caspase 3 catalytic site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed vital information about the poly-pharmacological anti-tumor mode-of-action of essential oils in cardamom. In addition, a probabilistic set of anti-tumor targets for cardamom was generated, which can be further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Biplab
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Jhinuk
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001665:Binding Sites; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D019295:Computational Biology; D028523:Elettaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations