title: Gastrointestinal tract development in red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves from 1 to 12 months of age.
abstract: This study provides a detailed description of the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves over the first 12 months of age. GIT development was measured using a combination of computerised tomography (CT) scanning and traditional slaughter plus dissection techniques. Red deer calves of a known birth date were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. A group of five animals were repeatedly CT scanned at 31, 63, 92, 135, 207, 275 and 351 days of age to identify GIT organs and determine their volume. From a group of 20 animals, subsets of four individuals were also scanned at corresponding ages (except 135 days of age). They were immediately euthanised and dissected after CT scanning to compare CT-scanned results with actual anatomical measurements. Individual organ weights were compared with their respective organ volumes determined by CT scanning and were found to have a strong, positive relationship. The combined rumen and reticulum (RR) CT-scanned volume was compared with its volume determined by the water-displacement technique and this also showed good correlation between the two techniques (R = 0.92). The allometric growth rates of organs, relative to animal live weight gains, in descending order, were the rumen, omasum, reticulum, abomasum, caecum blind sac, kidneys, spleen and liver. The red deer GIT was continuing to grow and develop when the last measurement was taken at 351 days of age. The greatest growth of the RR, when expressed in terms of empty weight, was between 31 and 92 days of age. Compared with sheep and cattle, it appears that the red deer have a similar or greater rate of RR development up until approximately 60 to 90 days of age; however, the final increments of GIT maturity in deer may take longer to complete, with the empty weight of the RR gaining 7.5 g/day between 275 and 351 days of age. CT scanning was validated in this study as a viable technique to follow GIT development in the same animals over time, and it provided novel information on allometric organ growth. The success of CT scanning highlights the potential future use of diagnostic imaging for GIT development studies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Hoskin
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Jopson
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Mackintosh
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hofstra
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D009520:New Zealand; D011897:Random Allocation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary