title: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of steroids in pediatric shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of steroids conducted in children with fluid and/or vasoactive medication-dependent shock and evaluate and report on the quality and clinical and methodological heterogeneity of included trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1946 to January Week 2, 2012), Embase (1947-January 20, 2012), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (through January 2012), and reference lists of retrieved publications. No language restrictions were applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included only RCTs reporting on steroid use and clinical outcomes in pediatric shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were retrieved by three independent reviewers. Pooled relative risks and 95% CIs were calculated using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 535 citations from which 13 full-text articles were retrieved for assessment. Eight articles evaluating a total of 447 children were selected for review. The median trial size was 67 patients (range, 28-98). Seven of the eight trials were published prior to 1996, and all trials were conducted in the developing world, and six of eight trials were in the setting of dengue shock. We found methodological issues related to allocation concealment, blinding and reporting of co-interventions, and outcome data among the included trials along with varying types, doses, timings, and duration of steroids making it difficult to compare outcomes. The overall meta-analysis showed no difference in mortality rates between those who did and did not receive steroids (relative risks, 0.744 [95% CI, 0.475-1.165]; p = 0.197).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature on the use of steroids in pediatric shock is limited in amount and methodological quality and demonstrates conflicting results. The limited evidence on which current guidelines are based strongly supports the need for a well-designed, pragmatic randomized controlled trial on the use of steroids in pediatric shock to inform future guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. menon@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Kusum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: Dayre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampson
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents