title: Novel targeted approach to better understand how natural structural barriers govern carotenoid in vitro bioaccessibility in vegetable-based systems.
abstract: An experimental approach, allowing us to understand the effect of natural structural barriers (cell walls, chromoplast substructures) on carotenoid bioaccessibility, was developed. Different fractions with different levels of carotenoid bio-encapsulation (carotenoid-enriched oil, chromoplasts, small cell clusters, and large cell clusters) were isolated from different types of carrots and tomatoes. An in vitro method was used to determine carotenoid bioaccessibility. In the present work, a significant decrease in carotenoid in vitro bioaccessibility could be observed with an increasing level of bio-encapsulation. Differences in cell wall material and chromoplast substructure between matrices influenced carotenoid release and inclusion in micelles. For carrots, cell walls and chromoplast substructure were important barriers for carotenoid bioaccessibility while, in tomatoes, the chromoplast substructure represented the most important barrier governing bioaccessibility. The highest increase in carotenoid bioaccessibility, for all matrices, was obtained after transferring carotenoids into the oil phase, a system lacking cell walls and chromoplast substructures that could hamper carotenoid release.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M(2)S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palmero
authors.forename: Lien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribas-Agustí
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Met
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Dieu Umutoni
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendrickx
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Loey
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018087:Plastids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Bioaccessibility; Carotenoids; Carrot; Natural structural barriers; Tomato