title: Limiting prolonged inflammation during proliferation and remodeling phases of wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats supplemented with camel undenatured whey protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired diabetic wound healing occurs as a consequence of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokine production. We previously found that whey protein (WP) was able to normally regulate the ROS and inflammatory cytokines during the inflammatory phase (first day) in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic wound healing. This study was designed to assess the effect of WP on metabolic status, the inflammation and anti-inflammation response, oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system during different phases of the wound healing process in diabetic rats. WP at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of body weight, dissolved in 1% CMC, was orally administered daily to wounded normal (non-diabetic) and STZ-induced diabetic rats for 8 days starting from the 1st day after wounding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data revealed that WP enhanced wound closure and was associated with an increase in serum insulin levels in diabetic rats and an alleviation of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic states in diabetic animals. The increase in insulin levels as a result of WP administration is associated with a marked multiplication of β-cells in the core of islets of Langerhans. WP induced a reduction in serum TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and an increase in IL-10 levels, especially on the 4th day after wounding and treatment. WP also suppressed hepatic lipid peroxidation and stimulated the antioxidant defense system by increasing the level of glutathione and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in wounded diabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WP was observed to enhance wound closure by improving the diabetic condition, limiting prolonged inflammation, suppressing oxidative stress and elevating the antioxidant defense system in diabetic rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. hossamebaid@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebaid
authors.forename: Osama M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Ayman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.forename: Rasha R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002162:Camelus; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D051381:Rats; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins