title: Aluminum inhibits the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals developed on a biomimetic methacrylic polymer.
abstract: METHODS
  Aluminum (Al) is an increasing problem in biomedicine since it can interact with phosphates. Bone is one of the preferential target tissues of Al deposition: Al interacts with mineralization and/or bone cell activities. We searched the influence of Al deposition in hydroxyapatite developed on a biomimetic polymer (carboxymethylated poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate)) which mimics bone mineralization in the absence of cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pellets of polymer were incubated for 5 days in a synthetic body fluid (SBF) to induce mineralization, then 21 days in SBF containing 20, 40 and 60 μg/L Al(3+). Other pellets were incubated in SBF containing commercial Al foil (33 mg/vial) either in 1, 2 or 6 pieces. The mineral deposits were dissolved in HCl and Ca(2+), PO(4)(3-) and Al(3+) content was measured. Hydroxyapatite was characterized by SEM and X energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of Al(3+) was dose-dependently increased in Ca/P deposits on the polymer pellets. At high concentration (or with the 6 Al foils) growth of hydroxyapatite calcospherite was inhibited; only calcified plates emerging from the polymer were observed. Pellets incubated with 1 and 2 Al foils exhibited a reduction in calcospherite diameter and an increase in the Al(3+)/Ca(2+) ratio. EDX identified Al in the mineral deposits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this acellular model, Al(3+) altered the growth of calcospherites at low concentration and inhibited their development at high concentration. In SBF, a release of Al(3+) from aluminum foils also inhibited mineralization. This study emphasizes the importance of Al in bone pathology and stresses the question of its release from biomaterials.
authors.affiliation: University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, Calea Victoriei 149, 010072, District 1, Bucharest, Romania; GEROM - LHEA Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et bioMatériaux, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, LUNAM Université, CHU d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Cristinel N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Degeratu
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mabilleau
authors.forename: Corneliu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cincu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chappard
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D017886:Durapatite / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D011102:Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate; D017886:Durapatite; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Aluminum; Biomimetic polymer; Calcification; Hydroxyapatite; Mineralization