title: Dietary exposure and health risk assessment for 11 minerals and trace elements in Yaoundé: the Cameroonian Total Diet Study.
abstract: Dietary exposure to 11 elements was assessed by the Total Diet Study (TDS) method. Sixty-four pooled samples representing 96.5% of the diet in Yaoundé, Cameroon, were prepared as consumed before analysis. Consumption data were sourced from a household budget survey. Dietary exposures were compared with nutritional or health-based guidance values (HBGV) and to worldwide TDS results. Elevated prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated for calcium (71.6%), iron (89.7%), magnesium (31.8%), zinc (46.9%) and selenium (87.3%). The percentage of the study population exceeding the tolerable upper intake levels was estimated as <3.2% for calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and cobalt; 19.1% of the population exceeded the HBGV for sodium. No exceedance of the HBGV for inorganic mercury was predicted in the population. The margin of exposure ranged from 0.91 to 25.0 for inorganic arsenic depending on the reference point. The "Fish" food group was the highest contributor to intake for calcium (65%), cobalt (32%) and selenium (96%). This group was the highest contributor to the exposure to total arsenic (71%) and organic mercury (96%). The "Cereals and cereal products" highly contributed to iron (26%), zinc (26%) and chromium (25%) intakes. The "Tubers and starches" highly contributed to magnesium (39%) and potassium (52%) intakes. This study highlights the dietary deficiency of some essential elements and a low dietary exposure to toxic elements in Yaoundé.
authors.affiliation: a Centre Pasteur of Cameroon , Yaoundé , Cameroon.
authors.forename: M-M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gimou
authors.forename: U R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Charrondière
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leblanc
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pouillot
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014131:Trace Elements; D008628:Mercury; D008274:Magnesium; D001151:Arsenic; D002118:Calcium