title: Effectiveness of cryotherapy for histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1 and 2 in an Indian setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effectiveness of cryotherapy for treating women who were histologically confirmed to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed retrospectively from screening projects that collected data from January 2001 to May 2008 in Trivandrum, India. Women with CIN were appropriately treated with cryotherapy by a trained nurse or physician and followed up for cure, adverse events, and complications. Cure was defined as absence of CIN during any follow-up visit at least 1 year after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 236 women identified with CIN and appropriately treated with cryotherapy, 173 (81.6%) were followed up (158 CIN 1 and 15 CIN 2 cases). The percentage cure for CIN 1 and 2 lesions was 93.0% and 86.7% respectively. An odds ratio of 0.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.0-0.9) was observed for treatment received more than 2 months after screening as compared with treatment received within 2 months. Complications were observed in 1.2% of treated women and adverse events (discharge and mild pain) in 26.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study affirms that trained mid-level providers can appropriately perform cryotherapy in primary healthcare services and that expanding such services in low-resource settings would increase the availability and accessibility of precancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: Ramani S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wesley
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muwonge
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
authors.forename: Somanathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thara
authors.forename: Rengaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankaranarayanan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Cervical cancer; Effectiveness; India; Precancerous lesions; Treatment