title: Assessment and management of sleep problems in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide evidence- or consensus-based recommendations concerning the assessment and management of sleep problems in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, and Web of Knowledge were searched through October 31, 2012. When no evidence was available, consensus of the authors was achieved. The evidence-level of the recommendations on the management of sleep disturbances was based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 139 original articles on sleep and childhood ADHD were retrieved, including 22 on treatment of sleep disturbances. This review focuses on behaviorally based insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, sleep-disordered breathing, restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder, and sleep disturbances due to comorbid psychiatric disorders or ADHD medications. Healthy sleep practices are recommended as the foundation of management strategies. Behavioral interventions should be considered as first-line treatment of insomnia, although further evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is needed to prove their efficacy in ADHD. Among pharmacological treatments, RCTs support the use of melatonin to reduce sleep-onset delay, whereas there is more limited evidence for other medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growing empirical evidence is informing assessment/management strategies of sleep problems in youths with ADHD. However, further RCTs are warranted to support current recommendations.
authors.affiliation: New York University Child Study Center and Verona University, USA. samuele.cortese@gmail.com
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corkum
authors.forename: Reut
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: assessment; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); management; sleep