title: Clinical and health care use characteristics of patients newly starting allopurinol, febuxostat, and colchicine for the treatment of gout.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gout is a common form of inflammatory arthritis with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. It is well known that many patients with gout have significant comorbidities and high health care utilization. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and health care utilization patterns in patients with gout who were newly prescribed allopurinol, febuxostat, or colchicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used US insurance claims data (2009-2011) to conduct a population-based cohort study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 25,051 allopurinol, 4,288 febuxostat, and 6,238 colchicine initiators. The mean age was 53 years and 83-87% were men. More than one-half of the patients had hypertension and hyperlipidemia, 20% had diabetes mellitus, and 10% had cardiovascular disease. The mean uric acid level was similar across the groups at baseline, ranging from 8.1-8.5 mg/dl. Compared with allopurinol or colchicine initiators, febuxostat initiators had more comorbidities and greater health care utilization, including outpatient, inpatient, or emergency room visits, both at baseline and during followup. Use of gout-related drugs such as opioids, steroids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs was most common in febuxostat initiators and least common in colchicine initiators. The median daily doses at both the start and end of treatment were 300 mg for allopurinol, 40 mg for febuxostat, and 1.2 mg for colchicine. The doses of allopurinol and febuxostat were rarely increased during followup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who started allopurinol, febuxostat, or colchicine for gout generally had hyperuricemia and multiple comorbidities. Febuxostat initiators had more comorbidities and greater use of health care resources and gout-related drugs than the other groups. Overall, the doses of allopurinol or febuxostat remained unchanged over time.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Seoyoung C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bernhard M W
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003078:Colchicine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D000069465:Febuxostat; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006074:Gout Suppressants; D013844:Thiazoles; D000069465:Febuxostat; D000493:Allopurinol; D003078:Colchicine