title: Household transmission of rotavirus in a community with rotavirus vaccination in Quininde, Ecuador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied the transmission of rotavirus infection in households in peri-urban Ecuador in the vaccination era.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stool samples were collected from household contacts of child rotavirus cases, diarrhea controls and healthy controls following presentation of the index child to health facilities. Rotavirus infection status of contacts was determined by RT-qPCR. We examined factors associated with transmissibility (index-case characteristics) and susceptibility (household-contact characteristics).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst cases, diarrhea controls and healthy control household contacts, infection attack rates (iAR) were 55%, 8% and 2%, (n = 137, 130, 137) respectively. iARs were higher from index cases with vomiting, and amongst siblings. Disease ARs were higher when the index child was <18 months and had vomiting, with household contact <10 years and those sharing a room with the index case being more susceptible. We found no evidence of asymptomatic infections leading to disease transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transmission rates of rotavirus are high in households with an infected child, while background infections are rare. We have identified factors associated with transmission (vomiting/young age of index case) and susceptibility (young age/sharing a room/being a sibling of the index case). Vaccination may lead to indirect benefits by averting episodes or reducing symptoms in vaccinees.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. blopman@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lopman
authors.forename: Yosselin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vicuña
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Broncano
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Esona
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gregoricus
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Martiza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaca
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chico
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D004484:Ecuador; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D012621:Seasons; D014611:Vaccination; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines