title: Alterations in frontostriatal pathways in children born very preterm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children born very preterm (<32wks' gestation) are at risk of white matter injury, particularly in frontostriatal pathways that mediate executive functioning. However, it is unclear whether very preterm children without evidence of neonatal brain injury manifest long-term white matter microstructural differences once they reach school age and if this is related to cognitive impairments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty school-aged children born very preterm (11 males, nine females; mean age 8y 6mo, standard error [SE] 1.68mo, range 7y 7mo-9y 6mo; gestational age range 24-30wks, mean gestational age 26.9wks, SE 0.4wk; birthweight 988 g, SE 46 g, range 570-1424 g) without evidence of neonatal brain injury, and 20 sex- and age-matched term-born children (mean age 8y 4.8mo, SE 1.92mo; range 7y 2mo-9y-10.8mo) underwent neurodevelopmental assessment and diffusion tensor imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were calculated within all white matter pathways and within frontostriatal projections. Children born preterm had decreased fractional anisotropy in the territories of the left external capsule, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Measures of intelligence were negatively correlated with frontostriatal fractional anisotropy only in males born preterm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that very preterm-born children exhibit white matter disturbances that persist into middle childhood, with potential sex differences in the association between these white matter alterations and cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neurosciences & Mental Health, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Neurology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Emma G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Duerden
authors.forename: Dallas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Card
authors.forename: Ilyse D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Lax
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: Margot J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D002648:Child; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000502:physiology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests