title: Finding your way through EOL challenges in the ICU using Adaptive Leadership behaviours: A qualitative descriptive case study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using the Adaptive Leadership framework, we describe behaviours that providers used while interacting with family members facing the challenges of recognising that their loved one was dying in the ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective pilot case study, we selected one ICU patient with end-stage illness who lacked decision-making capacity. Participants included four family members, one nurse and two physicians. The principle investigator observed and recorded three family conferences and conducted one in-depth interview with the family. Three members of the research team independently coded the transcripts using a priori codes to describe the Adaptive Leadership behaviours that providers used to facilitate the family's adaptive work, met to compare and discuss the codes and resolved all discrepancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified behaviours used by nurses and physicians that facilitated the family's ability to adapt to the impending death of a loved one. Examples of these behaviours include defining the adaptive challenges for families and foreshadowing a poor prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse and physician Adaptive Leadership behaviours can facilitate the transition from curative to palliative care by helping family members do the adaptive work of letting go. Further research is warranted to create knowledge for providers to help family members adapt.
authors.affiliation: Duke University School of Nursing (DUSON), Durham, NC, United States. Electronic address: judith.adams@dm.duke.edu.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thygeson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016079:Refusal to Treat
keywords: Adaptive Leadership; Communication; Decision-making; End-of-life care; Intensive care; Palliative care; Professional family relations; Terminal care; Treatment withdrawal