title: Causes and consequences of cysteine S-glutathionylation.
abstract: Post-translational S-glutathionylation occurs through the reversible addition of a proximal donor of glutathione to thiolate anions of cysteines in target proteins, where the modification alters molecular mass, charge, and structure/function and/or prevents degradation from sulfhydryl overoxidation or proteolysis. Catalysis of both the forward (glutathione S-transferase P) and reverse (glutaredoxin) reactions creates a functional cycle that can also regulate certain protein functional clusters, including those involved in redox-dependent cell signaling events. For translational application, S-glutathionylated serum proteins may be useful as biomarkers in individuals (who may also have polymorphic expression of glutathione S-transferase P) exposed to agents that cause oxidative or nitrosative stress.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and.
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Grek
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yefim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manevich
authors.forename: Danyelle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Tew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015843:Serpins / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015843:Serpins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010544:Peroxidases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Cysteine-mediated Cross-linking; Glutathione; Glutathione S-Transferase; Glutathionylation; Kinase Signaling; Nitric Oxide; Nitrosylation; Peroxidases; Peroxiredoxin; Serpin