title: Characterization of fecal concentrations in human and other animal sources by physical, culture-based, and quantitative real-time PCR methods.
abstract: The characteristics of fecal sources, and the ways in which they are measured, can profoundly influence the interpretation of which sources are contaminating a body of water. Although feces from various hosts are known to differ in mass and composition, it is not well understood how those differences compare across fecal sources and how differences depend on characterization methods. This study investigated how nine different fecal characterization methods provide different measures of fecal concentration in water, and how results varied across twelve different fecal pollution sources. Sources investigated included chicken, cow, deer, dog, goose, gull, horse, human, pig, pigeon, septage and sewage. A composite fecal slurry was prepared for each source by mixing feces from 6 to 22 individual samples with artificial freshwater. Fecal concentrations were estimated by physical (wet fecal mass added and total DNA mass extracted), culture-based (Escherichia coli and enterococci by membrane filtration and defined substrate), and quantitative real-time PCR (Bacteroidales, E. coli, and enterococci) characterization methods. The characteristics of each composite fecal slurry and the relationships between physical, culture-based and qPCR-based characteristics varied within and among different fecal sources. An in silico exercise was performed to assess how different characterization methods can impact identification of the dominant fecal pollution source in a mixed source sample. A comparison of simulated 10:90 mixtures based on enterococci by defined substrate predicted a source reversal in 27% of all possible combinations, while mixtures based on E. coli membrane filtration resulted in a reversal 29% of the time. This potential for disagreement in minor or dominant source identification based on different methods of measurement represents an important challenge for water quality managers and researchers.
authors.affiliation: Earth Research Institute and Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Jared S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ervin
authors.forename: Todd L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Blythe A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: Kevan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Yamahara
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sassoubre
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kelty
authors.forename: Mano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivaganesan
authors.forename: Alexandria B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Weisberg
authors.forename: Orin C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Shanks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals / Q000382:microbiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bacteroidales; Enterococci; Escherichia coli; Fecal indicator bacteria; Microbial source tracking; Quantitative real-time PCR; Water quality