title: Myopic maculopathy imaged by optical coherence tomography: the beijing eye study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the features of myopia-related optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in a population-based setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 subjects with an age of 50 years or more.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including OCT with enhanced depth imaging of the macula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optical coherence tomography features of the macula in highly myopic eyes defined by a refractive error of -6 diopters or less or an axial length of 26.5 mm or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Readable OCT images were available for 6530 eyes (94.5%) of 3278 participants. The most common change in the macula was maculoschisis (0.8±0.1%), followed by incomplete posterior vitreous detachment (0.7±0.1%), disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment interface (0.6±0.1%), epiretinal membranes (0.6±0.1%), macular defects in Bruch's membrane (0.3±0.1%), clumping of the retinal pigment epithelium (0.2±0.1%), vitreofoveal adhesion (0.2±0.1%), and macular holes in 2 eyes (0.1±0.1%). Prevalence of any myopic maculopathy per eye was 112 of 6530, or 1.71±0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-2.03). After adjustment for longer axial length (P<0.001; odds ratio [OR], 2.68; 95% CI, 1.97-3.64) and myopic refractive error (P<0.001; OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.55-0.73), presence of any myopic maculopathy was not significantly associated with any systemic variables (all P≥0.05), including biochemical blood examination and ocular parameters. Best-corrected visual acuity was associated significantly with the absence of a disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment interface (P<0.001), epiretinal membranes (P<0.001), and macular holes (P<0.001) after adjustment for age and cylindrical refractive error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on OCT examination, the most common macular change in highly myopic eyes was maculoschisis, followed by incomplete posterior vitreous detachment, disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment interface, epiretinal membranes, macular defects in Bruch's membrane, clumping of the retinal pigment epithelium, vitreofoveal adhesion, and macular holes. The most important macular changes with a negative effect on best-corrected visual acuity were a disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment interface and epiretinal membranes.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qi Sheng
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China. Electronic address: xlbio1@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chang Xi
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya Xing
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D041441:Retinoschisis / Q000175:diagnosis; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000175:diagnosis