title: Muscle wasting from kidney failure-a model for catabolic conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscle atrophy is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The processes causing loss of muscle mass are also present in several catabolic conditions. Understanding the pathogenesis of CKD-induced muscle loss could lead to therapeutic interventions that prevent muscle wasting in CKD and potentially, other catabolic conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin or IGF-1 resistance caused by CKD, acidosis, inflammation, glucocorticoids or cancer causes defects in insulin-stimulated intracellular signaling that suppresses IRS-1 activity leading to decreased phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt). A low p-Akt activates caspase-3 which provides muscle proteins substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). A low p-Akt also leads to decreased phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factors which enter the nucleus to stimulate the expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1, E3 ubiquitin ligases that can be associated with proteolysis of muscle cells by the UPS. Caspase-3 also stimulates proteasome-dependent proteolysis in muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CKD, diabetes, inflammatory conditions or in response to acidosis or excess glucocorticoids, insulin resistance develops, initiating reduced IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling. In CKD, this reduces p-Akt which stimulates muscle proteolysis by activating caspase-3 and the UPS. Second, caspase-3 cleaves actomyosin yielding substrates for the UPS and increased proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Third, p-Akt down-regulation suppresses myogenesis in CKD. Fourth, exercise in CKD stimulates insulin/IGF-1 signaling to reduce muscle atrophy. Lastly, there is evidence that microRNAs influence insulin signaling providing a potential opportunity to design therapeutic interventions. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. xwang03@emory.edu
authors.forename: Xiaonan H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Mitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008660:Metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: Acidosis; Cancer; Diabetes; Inflammation and glucocorticoid excess; Kidney failure