title: Kidney transplantation is associated with catastrophic out of pocket expenditure in India.
abstract: Kidney transplantation (KT) is only viable renal replacement option for most patients in India. Most patients do not have health insurance and meet treatment expenditure from their own resources. We prospectively evaluated the expenses associated with KT and its impact on the socioeconomic status of families in a public hospital. All direct and indirect expenses incurred by the patients from the time of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease to KT were recorded. Direct expenses included physician fees, cost of drugs and disposables, dialysis, and expenses on investigations and hospitalization. Indirect expenses included travel, food, stay, and loss of income suffered by the family. Educational dropout and financial loss were also recorded. There were 43 males and 7 females between the ages of 12 and 57 years. Direct expenses ranged from US$ 2,151-23,792 and accounted for two-thirds of the total expenses. Pre-referral hospitalization, dialysis and medication accounted for majority of direct expense. Indirect expenses ranged from US$ 226-15,283. Travel expenses and loss of income accounted for most of indirect expense. About 54%, 8%, and 10% of families suffered from severe, moderate, and some financial crisis respectively. A total of 38 families had job losses, and 1 patient and 12 caregivers dropped out of studies. To conclude, KT is associated with catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure and pushes a majority of the patients who come for treatment to public hospitals into severe financial crisis. Educational dropout and loss of jobs are other major concerns. Systematic efforts are required to address these issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: Vivekanand
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics