title: Emotional communication in medical consultations with native and non-native patients applying two different methodological approaches.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the potential agreement between two different methods to investigate emotional communication of native and non-native patients in medical consultations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data consisted of 12 videotaped hospital consultations with six native and six non-native patients. The consultations were coded according to coding rules of the Verona Coding definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES) and afterwards analyzed by discourse analysis (DA) by two co-workers who were blind to the results from VR-CoDES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement between VR-CoDES and DA was high in consultations with many cues and concerns, both with native and non-native patients. In consultations with no (or one cue) according to VR-CoDES criteria the DA still indicated the presence of emotionally salient expressions and themes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In some consultations cues to underlying emotions are communicated so vaguely or veiled by language barriers that standard VR-CoDES coding may miss subtle cues. Many of these sub-threshold cues could potentially be coded as cues according to VR-CoDES main coding categories, if criteria for coding vague or ambiguous cues had been better specified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining different analytical frameworks on the same dataset provide us new insights on emotional communication.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Minority Health Research (NAKMI), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. emine.kale@nakmi.no
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Skjeldestad
authors.forename: Arnstein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finset
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002675:Child, Preschool; D059019:Clinical Coding; D003142:Communication; D003463:Cues; D054521:Cultural Competency; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014743:Videotape Recording
keywords: Concerns; Cues; Hospital patients; Immigrant patients; Intercultural consultation; Negative emotions; Non-native patients; Patient–provider communication; Triangulation