title: Adipo-myokines: two sides of the same coin--mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise.
abstract: This review summarizes the current literature regarding the most discussed contraction-regulated moykines like IL-6, IL-15, irisin, BDNF, ANGPTL4, FGF21, myonectin and MCP-1. It is suggested that the term myokine is restricted to proteins secreted from skeletal muscle cells, excluding proteins that are secreted by other cell types in skeletal muscle tissue and excluding proteins which are only described on the mRNA level. Interestingly, many of the contraction-regulated myokines described in the literature are additionally known to be secreted by adipocytes. We termed these proteins adipo-myokines. Within this review, we try to elaborate on the question why pro-inflammatory adipokines on the one hand are upregulated in the obese state, and have beneficial effects after exercise on the other hand. Both, adipokines and myokines do have autocrine effects within their corresponding tissues. In addition, they are involved in an endocrine crosstalk with other tissues. Depending on the extent and the kinetics of adipo-myokines in serum, these molecules seem to have a beneficial or an adverse effect on the target tissue.
authors.affiliation: German Diabetes Center, Paul-Langerhans-Group of Integrative Physiology, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Silja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raschke
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eckel
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004703:Endocrine System; D015444:Exercise; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C474772:ANGPTL4 protein, human; D054392:Adipokines; D000075803:Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4; D042682:Angiopoietins; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins; D019409:Interleukin-15; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C414620:fibroblast growth factor 21; C448799:FSTL1 protein, human; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors