title: Concurrent TMS to the primary motor cortex augments slow motor learning.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown promise as a treatment tool, with one FDA approved use. While TMS alone is able to up- (or down-) regulate a targeted neural system, we argue that TMS applied as an adjuvant is more effective for repetitive physical, behavioral and cognitive therapies, that is, therapies which are designed to alter the network properties of neural systems through Hebbian learning. We tested this hypothesis in the context of a slow motor learning paradigm. Healthy right-handed individuals were assigned to receive 5 Hz TMS (TMS group) or sham TMS (sham group) to the right primary motor cortex (M1) as they performed daily motor practice of a digit sequence task with their non-dominant hand for 4 weeks. Resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by H2(15)O PET at baseline and after 4 weeks of practice. Sequence performance was measured daily as the number of correct sequences performed, and modeled using a hyperbolic function. Sequence performance increased significantly at 4 weeks relative to baseline in both groups. The TMS group had a significant additional improvement in performance, specifically, in the rate of skill acquisition. In both groups, an improvement in sequence timing and transfer of skills to non-trained motor domains was also found. Compared to the sham group, the TMS group demonstrated increases in resting CBF specifically in regions known to mediate skill learning namely, the M1, cingulate cortex, putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These results indicate that TMS applied concomitantly augments behavioral effects of motor practice, with corresponding neural plasticity in motor sequence learning network. These findings are the first demonstration of the behavioral and neural enhancing effects of TMS on slow motor practice and have direct application in neurorehabilitation where TMS could be applied in conjunction with physical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. Electronic address: snaraya2@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: Digit sequence practice; Hebbian learning; Hyperbolic function; Motor learning; Motor learning network; Motor system; Primary motor cortex; Skill transfer; TMS