title: Young Hispanics at risk of type 2 diabetes display endothelial activation, subclinical inflammation and alterations of coagulation and fibrinolysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hispanics have a high rate of diabetes that exposes them to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that many of the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause atherosclerotic disease may be present in young Hispanics who do not have clinical diabetes but are at increased risk of developing it.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 36 young Hispanic adults without diabetes (ages 18-40). Seventeen participants were at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes given by overweight and a family history of diabetes on one or both parents (at risk group). Nineteen participants with normal body-mass index and no parental history of diabetes constituted the control group. We measured and compared plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction, disturbed coagulation and fibrinolysis, subclinical inflammation and adipose tissue dysfunction in the at risk and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants at risk of diabetes were more insulin-resistant according to different indicators, and had significantly higher levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), inhibitor of plasminogen activator-1 (PAi-1), high sensitivity C-reactive protein and free fatty acids, signaling the presence of multiple proatherogenic alterations despite the absence of overt diabetes. Levels of the prothrombotic molecule PAi-1 were most elevated in participants who were not only at risk of diabetes by the study definition, but also abdominally obese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adult Hispanics at risk of type 2 diabetes but without overt disease already bear considerably high levels of markers reflecting processes that lead to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Joslin Diabetes Center, Clinical Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. enrique.caballero@joslin.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Mendivil
authors.forename: Ludivina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robles-Osorio
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamdy
authors.forename: Augusto Enrique
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Caballero