title: Laryngeal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis is a destructive autoimmune disease that affects 3% of the adult population. It is characterized by the formation of both articular and extra-articular lesions with predilection for small joints. There are ubiquitous reports on the head and neck manifestations of RA with emphasis on the larynx. The laryngeal presenting features of this systemic disease may mimic a plethora of medical conditions, inflammatory and neoplastic. The main phonatory and respiratory symptoms are often subtle and misleading. This paper represents a literature review of the laryngeal manifestations of RA with emphasis on the clinical symptoms, laryngeal findings, diagnosis, and treatment. An early diagnosis of laryngeal involvement may prevent drastic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hamdan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarieddine