title: Cardiac autonomic function in patients with diabetes improves with practice of comprehensive yogic breathing program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to observe the effect comprehensive yogic breathing (Sudarshan Kriya Yoga [SKY] and Pranayam) had on cardiac autonomic functions in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective randomized controlled intervention trial. Cardiac autonomic functions were assessed in 64 diabetics. Patients were randomized into two groups, one group receiving standard therapy for diabetes and the other group receiving standard therapy for diabetes and comprehensive yogic breathing program. Standard therapy included dietary advice, brisk walking for 45 min daily, and administration of oral antidiabetic drugs. Comprehensive yogic breathing program was introduced to the participants through a course of 12 h spread over 3 days. It was an interactive session in which SKY, a rhythmic cyclical breathing, preceded by Pranayam is taught under the guidance of a certified teacher. Cardiac autonomic function tests were done before and after 6 months of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the intervention group, after practicing the breathing techniques for 6 months, the improvement in sympathetic functions was statistically significant (P 0.04). The change in sympathetic functions in the standard therapy group was not significant (P 0.75). Parasympathetic functions did not show any significant change in either group. When both parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiac autonomic functions were considered, there was a trend toward improvement in patients following comprehensive yogic breathing program (P 0.06). In the standard therapy group, no change in cardiac autonomic functions was noted (P 0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac autonomic functions improved in patients with diabetes on standard treatment who followed the comprehensive yogic breathing program compared to patients who were on standard therapy alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Viveka P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Jyotsna
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambekar
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.forename: Ansumali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Deepak
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sreenivas
keywords: Cardiac autonomic function; comprehensive yogic breathing; diabetes mellitus