title: Amplitude electroencephalogram characterization in preterm infants undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment following patent ductus arteriosus surgical ligation. The mechanisms are unclear, but intraoperative stress or pain may contribute. The objectives of this study were to determine if pain, evidenced by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, during patent ductus arteriosus ligation would be accompanied by an increase in amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) voltage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational, pilot study of infants born at 22.6-35.1 weeks with patent ductus arteriosus requiring surgical ligation. The aEEG was recorded prior to, during surgery, and for 2 hours following surgery. Mean heart rate, blood pressure, and aEEG voltage were analyzed for each recording period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen preterm infants were studied at a mean postmenstrual age of 26.6 weeks. Following anesthetic induction, aEEG became suppressed and remained suppressed during the postoperative period. Heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly intraoperatively. The aEEG voltage did not increase with an increase in heart rate. Infants received between 3.7-47 μg/kg of fentanyl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no correlation between aEEG voltage and vital sign changes. aEEG is not a useful tool as a marker of pain during patent ductus arteriosus ligation, rather a more standardized approach to pain management should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA. erk9007@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Ericalyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasdorf
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perlman
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects