title: Local behavioral rules sustain the cell allocation pattern in the combs of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera).
abstract: In the beeswax combs of honey bees, the cells of brood, pollen, and honey have a consistent spatial pattern that is sustained throughout the life of a colony. This spatial pattern is believed to emerge from simple behavioral rules that specify how the queen moves, where foragers deposit honey/pollen and how honey/pollen is consumed from cells. Prior work has shown that a set of such rules can explain the formation of the allocation pattern starting from an empty comb. We show that these rules cannot maintain the pattern once the brood start to vacate their cells, and we propose new, biologically realistic rules that better sustain the observed allocation pattern. We analyze the three resulting models by performing hundreds of simulation runs over many gestational periods and a wide range of parameter values. We develop new metrics for pattern assessment and employ them in analyzing pattern retention over each simulation run. Applied to our simulation results, these metrics show alteration of an accepted model for honey/pollen consumption based on local information can stabilize the cell allocation pattern over time. We also show that adding global information, by biasing the queen's movements towards the center of the comb, expands the parameter regime over which pattern retention occurs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States.
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Montovan
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karst
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Seeley
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006722:Honey; D008954:Models, Biological; D011058:Pollen / Q000166:cytology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Discrete time dynamics; Latin hypercube analysis; Self-organization