title: HS N-sulfation and iduronic acids play an important role in the infection of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a member of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS) are sulfated to varying extents and used by a large number of viruses to initiate infection, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Heparinases I, II, III can remove N-sulfation and iduronic acids units of HS, and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has a very similar structure to that of HS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The tropism of RSV for different cell lines and the efficiency of Heparinases and LMWH in inhibiting RSV infection were estimated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hela, Hep-2, HEK293 and Lo2 cell lines were pretreated with heparinases I, II, III and LMWH, and the cells were infected by RSV in vitro. RSV infectivity was determined by flow cytometry and western-blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cells were susceptible to RSV except Lo2. Heparinases I, II, III and LMWH treatments reduced the susceptibility of Hep-2 cells to RSV infection. For HEK-293 heparinase II and III treatment could reduce RSV infection. All enzymes could not change the susceptibility of Hela cells to RSV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of HS especially for rich N-sulfation and iduronic acids may play an important role in RSV infection in some mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, China Second University Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: L-Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: X-Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y-N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000737:chemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D007067:Iduronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; D000099175:Heparanase
chemical_list: D005966:Glucuronidase; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide; D007067:Iduronic Acid; D000099175:Heparanase