title: Ocular delivery systems for poorly soluble drugs: an in-vivo evaluation.
abstract: For highly potent but poorly water-soluble drugs like cyclosporine A, the development of aqueous formulations providing an increase of corneal drug tissue levels, and thus of bioavailability, to increase patient compliance is still a challenge. Therefore, we designed two water-based liquid application systems, an in-situ nanosuspension (INS) and a micellar solution (MS), and tested both formulations in vivo at the rabbit cornea for tolerability and the tissue uptake of CsA. The evaluation of the biological tolerability by periodical eye examination during 180 min and quantification in a defined grading system revealed that the INS evoked minimal to no irritations whereas the MS was perfectly tolerated. After the observation period, the rabbits were sacrificed and the corneal tissue levels of CsA were analyzed. The INS and the MS both showed high levels of 1683±430 ngCsA/gcornea and 826±163 ngCsA/gcornea, respectively, and exceeded drug tissue levels reported for Restasis(®) (350 ngCsA/gcornea) and cationic emulsions (750 ngCsA/gcornea). These results marked our INS and MS as outstanding novel approaches for the treatment of inflammatory corneal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luschmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luschmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goepferich
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008297:Male; D008823:Micelles; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D013535:Suspensions
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013535:Suspensions; D016572:Cyclosporine
keywords: Bioavailability; Biocompatibility; Cyclosporine A; Dry eye disease; In-situ nanosuspension; Surfactant micelles