title: Experimental evidence for a cost of resistance to the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, for the palmate newt, Lissotriton helveticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, is decimating amphibians worldwide. Unsurprisingly, the majority of studies have therefore concentrated on documenting morbidity and mortality of susceptible species and projecting population consequences as a consequence of this emerging infectious disease. Currently, there is a paucity of studies investigating the sub-lethal costs of Bd in apparently asymptomatic species, particularly in controlled experimental conditions. Here we report the consequences of a single dose of B. dendrobatidis zoospores on captive adult palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) for morphological and behavioural traits that associate with reproductive success.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single exposure to ~2000 zoospores induced a subclinical Bd infection. One week after inoculation 84% of newts tested positive for Bd, and of those, 98% had apparently lost the infection by the day 30. However, exposed newts suffered significant mass loss compared with control newts, and those experimental newts removing higher levels of Bd lost most mass. We found no evidence to suggest that three secondary sexual characteristics (areas of dorsal crest and rear foot webbing, and length of tail filament) were reduced between experimental versus control newts; in fact, rear foot webbing was 26% more expansive at the end of the experiment in exposed newts. Finally, compared with unexposed controls, exposure to Bd was associated with a 50% earlier initiation of the non-reproductive terrestrial phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that Bd has measureable, but sub-lethal effects, on adult palmate newts, at least under the laboratory conditions presented. We conclude that the effects reported are most likely to be mediated through the initiation of costly immune responses and/or tissue repair mechanisms. Although we found no evidence of hastened secondary sexual trait regression, through reducing individual body condition and potentially, breeding season duration, we predict that Bd exposure might have negative impacts on populations of palmate newts through reducing individual reproductive success and adult recruitment.
authors.affiliation: Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale, USR 2936, Moulis, France. h.cheatsazan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheatsazan
authors.forename: Ana P Lugon Gavinho
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Almedia
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonneaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012098:Reproduction; D012455:Salamandridae / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence