title: Obesity and thyroid cancer: a clinical update.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the last decade, significant contributions have been made to our knowledge on the connection between the thyroid and adipose tissue. Modern society is faced with climbing rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and there is accumulating evidence of an association between obesity and increased cancer risk. The aim of this review is to summarize clinical data on the association between thyroid cancer (TC) and obesity and briefly to present plausible hypotheses explaining this interplay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We performed a search on the PubMed database for studies published in English from 1980 to March 2013 using the terms "thyroid cancer," "obesity," and "body mass index." Although there is inconsistency among the clinical studies, it seems that overweight and obesity are related to a modestly increased TC risk. Various factors, such as sex, ethnicity, and body changes during certain life periods, for example adolescence, may influence the association between obesity and TC risk. There are preliminary data linking obesity with a less favorable clinicopathologic profile of TC. However, validation with larger multicenter studies is needed. The precise underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated, but the insulin-IGF axis and adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, might be implicated in the link between excess weight and TC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the rising prevalence of TC and the development of obesity as an epidemic, it is important to clarify its connection with TC as well as the mediating pathways. However, unless this association is confirmed and causation proven, screening for TC in overweight and obese subjects-a rapidly increasing body of the general population-does not seem justified.
authors.affiliation: 1 Endocrine Unit, Department of Medical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine , Athens, Greece .
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pappa
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alevizaki
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology