title: Proximal isovelocity surface area by single-beat three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography applied for tricuspid regurgitation quantification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The two-dimensional (2D) proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method has known technical limitations, mainly the geometric assumptions of PISA shape required to calculate effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA). Recently developed single-beat real-time three-dimensional (3D) color Doppler imaging allows the direct measurement of PISA without geometric assumptions and has already been validated for mitral regurgitation assessment. The aim of this study was to apply this novel method in patients with chronic tricuspid regurgitation (TR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety patients with chronic TR were enrolled. EROA and regurgitant volume (Rvol) were assessed using transthoracic 2D and 3D PISA methods. Quantitative Doppler and 3D transthoracic planimetry of EROA were used as reference methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both EROA and Rvol assessed using the 3D PISA method had better correlations with the reference methods than using conventional 2D PISA, particularly in the assessment of eccentric jets. On the basis of 3D planimetry-derived EROA, 35 patients had severe TR (EROA ≥ 0.4 cm(2)). Among these 35 patients, 25.7% (n = 9) were underestimated as having nonsevere TR (EROA ≤ 0.4 cm(2)) using the 2D PISA method. In contrast, the 3D PISA method had 94.3% agreement (33 of 35) with 3D planimetry in classifying severe TR. Good intraobserver and interobserver agreement for 3D PISA measurements was observed, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.88 respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TR quantification using PISA by single-beat real-time 3D color Doppler echocardiography is feasible in the clinical setting and more accurate than the conventional 2D PISA method.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cardiovascular, Unidad de Imagen Cardiaca, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. albertutor@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jose Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Agustin
authors.forename: Dafne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viliani
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Islas
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marcos-Alberca
authors.forename: Jose Juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gomez de Diego
authors.forename: Ivan Javier
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Nuñez-Gil
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almeria
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luaces
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Garcia-Fernandez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macaya
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perez de Isla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: 2D; 3D; EROA; Effective regurgitant orifice area; PISA; Proximal isovelocity surface area; RAA; RJA; Regurgitant jet area; Regurgitant volume; Right atrial area; Rvol; TR; TTE; Three-dimensional; Three-dimensional echocardiography; Transthoracic echocardiographic; Tricuspid regurgitation; Two-dimensional; VC; Vena contracta