title: Risk stratification to predict pain during unsedated colonoscopy: results of a multicenter cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colonoscopy without sedation has several advantages over sedated colonoscopy, but a considerable proportion of patients experience pain. The aim of this study was to develop a risk stratification model of pre-examination risk factors to enable targeted sedation during colonoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 2011 and January 2012, consecutive outpatients who were willing to start colonoscopy without sedation at 11 Norwegian centers were prospectively recruited. Patients recorded pain on a validated 4-point scale (none, slight, moderate, or severe pain). Potential risk factors for a painful procedure (defined as moderate or severe pain) were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analyses, and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) was calculated to assess the discriminatory ability of the derived model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1198 patients (635 men and 563 women) were included. Seven independent, pre-procedural risk factors for patient pain were identified: female sex, age < 40 years, previous abdominal surgery, abdominal pain as indication for colonoscopy, anticipation of pain, previous painful colonoscopy, and a history of diverticulitis. In patients with 0, 1, 2, or ≥ 3 risk factors, a painful colonoscopy was experienced by 35 %, 43 %, 52 %, and 63 % of women and 18 %, 24 %, 35 %, and 63 % of men, respectively. The model showed modest discrimination abilities (AUROC = 0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female sex was a strong risk factor for pain during colonoscopy, and sedation or analgesia should be considered for all women prior to colonoscopy. For male patients, the presence of multiple risk factors should encourage the endoscopist to offer sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sorlandet Hospital Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway. oyvind.holme@sshf.no
authors.forename: Oyvind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Holme
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bretthauer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seip
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huppertz-Hauss
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Høie
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandvei
authors.forename: Carl Magnus
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ystrøm
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoff
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D019540:Area Under Curve; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004239:Diverticulitis, Colonic / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives