title: Quantification of effectiveness of bilateral and unilateral neuromodulation in the rat bladder rhythmic contraction model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using the isovolumetric bladder rhythmic contraction (BRC) model in anesthetized rats, we have quantified the responsiveness to unilateral and bilateral stimulation of the L6 spinal nerve (SN) and characterized the relationship between stimulus intensity and inhibition of the bladder micturition reflex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A wire electrode was placed under either one or both of the L6 SN roots. A cannula was placed into the bladder via the urethra and the urethra was ligated. Saline infusion induced BRC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At motor threshold (T mot) intensity, SN stimulation of both roots (10 Hz) for 10 min reduced bladder contraction frequency from 0.63 ± 0.04 to 0.17 ± 0.09 contractions per min (26 ± 14% of baseline control; n = 10, p < 0.05). However, the same intensity of unilateral stimulation (n = 15) or sequential stimulation of both SNs (e.g. 5 min per side alternatively for a total of 10 min or 20 min) was less efficacious. The greater sensitivity to bilateral stimulation is not dependent upon precise bilateral timing of the stimulation pulses. Bilateral stimulation also produced both acute and prolonged- inhibition on bladder contractions in a stimulation intensity dependent fashion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the bladder rhythmic contraction model, bilateral stimulation was more effective than unilateral stimulation of the SN. Clinical testing should be conducted to further compare efficacies of unilateral and bilateral stimulation. Bilateral stimulation may allow the use of lower stimulation intensities to achieve higher efficacy for neurostimulation therapies on urinary tract control.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nickles
authors.forename: Dwight E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*