title: High concentrations of drug in target tissues following local controlled release are utilized for both drug distribution and biologic effect: an example with epicardial inotropic drug delivery.
abstract: Local drug delivery preferentially loads target tissues with a concentration gradient from the surface or point of release that tapers down to more distant sites. Drug that diffuses down this gradient must be in unbound form, but such drug can only elicit a biologic effect through receptor interactions. Drug excess loads tissues, increasing gradients and driving penetration, but with limited added biological response. We examined the hypothesis that local application reduces dramatically systemic circulating drug levels but leads to significantly higher tissue drug concentration than might be needed with systemic infusion in a rat model of local epicardial inotropic therapy. Epinephrine was infused systemically or released locally to the anterior wall of the heart using a novel polymeric platform that provides steady, sustained release over a range of precise doses. Epinephrine tissue concentration, upregulation of cAMP, and global left ventricular response were measured at equivalent doses and at doses equally effective in raising indices of contractility. The contractile stimulation by epinephrine was linked to drug tissue levels and commensurate cAMP upregulation for IV systemic infusion, but not with local epicardial delivery. Though cAMP was a powerful predictor of contractility with local application, tissue epinephrine levels were high and variable--only a small fraction of the deposited epinephrine was utilized in second messenger signaling and biologic effect. The remainder of deposited drug was likely used in diffusive transport and distribution. Systemic side effects were far more profound with IV infusion which, though it increased contractility, also induced tachycardia and loss of systemic vascular resistance, which were not seen with local application. Local epicardial inotropic delivery illustrates then a paradigm of how target tissues differentially handle and utilize drug compared to systemic infusion.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA. Electronic address: mikhail.maslov@steward.org.
authors.forename: Mikhail Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Maslov
authors.forename: Elazer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Abraham E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pezone
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lovich
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism*; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D020100:Hydrogels; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D010496:Pericardium / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020100:Hydrogels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D002118:Calcium; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Contractility; EC; Epicardial; Epicardial drug delivery; HR; Heart rate; IV; Inotrope; Intravenous; LVAW; LVIW; Left ventricular anterior wall; Left ventricular inferior wall; Max dP/dt; Maximum rate of change of pressure; SVR; Systemic vascular resistance; cAMP