title: The use of low molecular weight protamine chemical chimera to enhance monomeric insulin intestinal absorption.
abstract: Although oral delivery of insulin offers a number of unmatched advantages, it nevertheless is beset by the poor permeability of insulin molecules through the epithelial cell membranes of the intestinal mucosal layer. We previously reported the development of low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) as a non-toxic yet potent cell-penetrating peptide, of which via covalent linkage was capable of translocating protein cargos through the membranes of almost all cell types. It is therefore hypothesized that LMWP could be practically employed as a safe and effective tool to deliver insulin across the intestinal mucosal membrane, thereby augmenting its absorption through the GI tract. However, formulating 1:1 monomeric insulin/LMWP conjugate presents a tall order of challenge, as the acidic insulin and basic LMWP would automatically form tight aggregates through electrostatic interactions. In this paper, we developed an innovative conjugation strategy to solve this problem, by using succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-polyethyleneglycol] ester (NHS-PEG-MAL) as an intermediate cross-linker during the coupling process. Both SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a homogenous, monomeric (1:1 ratio) insulin/LMWP conjugate without encountering the conventional problem of substrate aggregation. Cell culture studies demonstrated that transport of the Insulin-PEG-LMWP conjugate across the intestinal mucosal monolayer was augmented by almost five-folds compared to native insulin. Furthermore, results from the in situ loop absorption tests in rats showed that systemic pharmacological bioavailability of insulin was significantly enhanced after its conjugation with LMWP. Overall, the presented chemical conjugation with LMWP could offer a reliable and safe means to improve the intestinal permeability of therapeutic peptides/proteins, shedding light of the possibility for their effective oral delivery.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Huining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jianyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.forename: Allan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yongzhuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Victor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011479:Protamines
keywords: Cell-penetrating peptide; Insulin; Intestinal absorption; Low molecular weight protamine; Monomeric conjugation; Permeation enhancement