title: The dose of cyclophosphamide for treating paraquat-induced rat lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a promising treatment for severe cases of paraquat (PQ) poisoning. We investigated the effective dose of CP for mitigating PQ-induced lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into five groups: control, PQ (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), and PQ + CP (1.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg). The dimensions of lung lesions were determined using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT), and histological changes and cytokine levels were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The micro-CT results showed that 15 mg/kg CP was more effective than 1.5 mg/kg CP for treating PQ-induced lung injury. At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, CP alleviated the histological evidence of inflammation and altered superoxide dismutase activity. Using 15 mg/kg CP reduced the elevated catalase activity and serum transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CP dose of > 15 mg/kg is effective for reducing the severity of PQ-induced lung injury as determined by histological and micro-CT tissue examination, possibly by modulating antioxidant enzyme and TGF-β1 levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Sung-Shick
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jou
authors.forename: Mee-Hye
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min-Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyo-Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: Ho-Yeon
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Sae-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010269:Paraquat; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C508962:Tgfb1 protein, rat; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D010269:Paraquat
keywords: Cyclophosphamide; Paraquat; Reactive oxygen species; X-ray microtomography