title: Nonfunctional overreaching leads to inflammation and myostatin upregulation in swiss mice.
abstract: The aims of the this study were a) to verify whether the performance decrease induced by nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) is linked to high concentrations of cytokines in serum, skeletal muscles and liver; b) to verify muscle myostatin adaptation to NFOR; c) to verify the effects of chronic glucose supplementation on the parameters mentioned above. Mice were divided into control (C), trained (TR), overtrained (OTR) and supplemented overtrained (OTR + S). The incremental load test (ILT) and exhaustive test (ET) were used to measure performances before and after exercise protocols. 24 h after ET, muscles and liver were removed and stored at -80°C for subsequent measurements. Total blood was collected from decapitation for subsequent determination of cytokine concentrations. Generally, OTR and OTR + S presented higher contents of IL-6, TNF-alpha, GLUT-4 and myostatin in muscle samples compared to C and TR. Glucose supplementation attenuated the high contents of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-15 in liver, and of IL-6 in serum. In summary, NFOR led to low-grade chronic inflammation and myostatin upregulation.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ropelle
authors.affiliation: Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, -University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papoti
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, -University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: A S R da
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D055435:Myostatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D015850:Interleukin-6; C525912:Mstn protein, mouse; D055435:Myostatin; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005947:Glucose