title: Treatment and pathogenesis of acute hyperkalemia.
abstract: This article focuses on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and various treatment modalities for acute hyperkalemia and presents a systematic approach to selecting a treatment strategy. Hyperkalemia, a life-threatening condition caused by extracellular potassium shift or decreased renal potassium excretion, usually presents with non-specific symptoms. Early recognition of moderate to severe hyperkalemia is vital in preventing fatal cardiac arrhythmias and muscle paralysis. Management of hyperkalemia includes the elimination of reversible causes (diet, medications), rapidly acting therapies that shift potassium into cells and block the cardiac membrane effects of hyperkalemia, and measures to facilitate removal of potassium from the body (saline diuresis, oral binding resins, and hemodialysis). Hyperkalemia with potassium level more than 6.5 mEq/L or EKG changes is a medical emergency and should be treated accordingly. Treatment should be started with calcium gluconate to stabilize cardiomyocyte membranes, followed by insulin injection, and b-agonists administration. Hemodialysis remains the most reliable method to remove potassium from the body and should be used in cases refractory to medical treatment. Prompt detection and proper treatment are crucial in preventing lethal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mushiyakh
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dangaria
authors.forename: Shahbaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qavi
authors.forename: Noorjahan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pannone
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tompkins
keywords: hyperkalemia; hyperkalemic; potassium; review; treatment