title: Prevalence and impact of pain in adults aging with a physical disability: comparison to a US general population sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe rates of pain and pain interference in a large sample of adults aging with long-standing physical disabilities, relative to a normative US population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-report survey data was collected for a sample of 1877 individuals with spinal cord injury, neuromuscular disease, postpolio syndrome, or multiple sclerosis. Rates of pain severity and pain interference in these samples were then compared with those taken from a large normative sample (>20,000) collected through the NIH Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with long-standing physical disabilities reported higher levels of pain and pain interference across the lifespan as compared with individuals in the normative sample. In general, individuals with disability did not experience an age-related decrease in pain and pain impact in contrast to those in the normative sample. For 3 disability groups (neuromuscular disease, postpolio syndrome, and multiple sclerosis), pain interference remained elevated and significantly higher than national norms in the "postretirement" period (ie, age 65 to 74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study provide a large scale data on prevalence rates of pain and pain interference in this population. Findings underscore the prevalence and impact of pain in persons with disabilities and suggest that individuals with disability may not experience the same degree of decrease in pain interference in later life that is typical of the US population. Those aging with disability may be especially at risk for pain-related impairment in later life.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA †Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL ‡Center for Health Outcomes Research, United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda MD.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.forename: Karon F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amtmann
authors.forename: Wen-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult