title: Statistical shape model of a liver for autopsy imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modeling the postmortem liver for autopsy imaging is a challenging problem owing to the variation in organ deformation found in cadavers and limited availability of postmortem liver CT scans. An algorithm was developed to construct a statistical shape model (SSM) for the adult postmortem liver in autopsy imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we investigated the relationship between SSMs obtained from in vivo liver CT scans and those from postmortem cases. Liver shapes were embedded in level set functions and statistically modeled using a spatially weighted principal components analysis. The performance of the SSMs was evaluated in terms of generalization and specificity. Several algorithms for the transformation from in vivo livers to postmortem livers were proposed to enhance the performance of an SSM for a postmortem liver, followed by a comparative study on SSMs. Specifically, five SSMs for a postmortem liver were constructed and evaluated using 32 postmortem liver labels, and postmortem liver labels synthesized from 144 in vivo liver labels were constructed using the proposed transformation algorithms. We also compared the proposed SSMs with three conventional SSMs trained from postmortem liver labels and/or in vivo liver labels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigation showed that the performance of an SSM constructed using in vivo liver labels suffered when describing postmortem liver shapes. Two of the five proposed SSMs trained using synthesized postmortem livers showed the best performance with no significant differences between them, and they statistically outperformed all conventional SSMs tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of conventional SSMs can be improved by using both postmortem liver shape labels and artificial shape labels synthesized from in vivo liver shape labels.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan, 50013834203@st.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Akinobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nawano
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobatake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001344:Autopsy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*