title: Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing extract in experimental type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: Spirogyra neglecta extract (SNE) has shown antihyperglycemia and antihyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) rats. This study investigated the antioxidant and renoprotective effects of SNE in T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet with low-single dose streptozotocin. T2DM rats were fed daily with SNE (0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/kg BW) for 12 weeks. Renal morphology, malondialdehyde levels, qPCR, and western blotting were analyzed. Renal cortical slices were used to determine renal transport of organic anions, which are estrone sulfate and para-aminohippurate, mediated through organic anion transporter 3-Oat3. Insulin and PKCζ were known to activate Oat3 function while it was inhibited by PKCα. Compared to T2DM, plasma glucose, triglyceride, insulin resistance, renal morphology, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly improved by SNE supplementation. Reduced glutathione peroxidase and nuclear factor κB expressions were related to antioxidant effect of SNE. Oat3 mRNA and protein were not different among groups, but insulin-stimulated rOat3 followed by anion uptakes was abolished in T2DM. This was restored in the slices from SNE treatment. The mechanism of SNE-improved Oat3 was associated with PKCα and PKCζ expressions and activities. These findings indicate that SNE has beneficial effects on renal transport through antioxidant enzymes and PKCs in T2DM rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Atcharaporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ontawong
authors.forename: Naruwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saowakon
authors.forename: Pornpun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vivithanaporn
authors.forename: Anchalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pongchaidecha
authors.forename: Narissara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lailerd
authors.forename: Doungporn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amornlerdpison
authors.forename: Anusorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lungkaphin
authors.forename: Chutima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Srimaroeng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D058131:Spirogyra / Q000737:chemistry*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C114338:organic anion transport protein 3; D004970:Estrone; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D011494:Protein Kinases; C017296:estrone sulfate; D010130:p-Aminohippuric Acid