title: Clinical and immunological characterization of paraneoplastic retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical and immunological characterization of paraneoplastic retinopathy (PR) and to investigate the association between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) findings and the targets of autoantibodies in PR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively enrolled eight patients (age range, 57-85 years; four men and four women) suspected of having PR. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, slitlamp examinations, kinetic visual field testing with Goldmann perimetry, electroretinography (ERG), fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), SDOCT, and serum sample tests (Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry [IHC]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients had a history of malignant tumors, and four patients were newly diagnosed as having neoplastic tumors (small cell lung carcinoma [SCLC], thymoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, and colon cancer). Another de novo malignancy (SCLC) was detected in a patient with a history of malignancy (bladder cancer and liposarcoma). The BCVA in these patients ranged from hand motion to 1.5. Goldmann perimetry revealed island, ring-shaped, concentric, or central scotoma. All patients showed nonrecordable or reduced amplitude results on ERG. Fluorescein leakage was detected in five patients. Hyperautofluorescence and/or hypoautofluorescence on FAF was detected in six patients. The serum sample tests identified anti-retinal antibodies in all patients. Patients whose serum contained anti-photoreceptor or anti-retinal pigment epithelium antibody on IHC showed damage of the outer retina on SDOCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this case series, PR was associated with a variety of neoplasms and autoantibodies. Spectral-domain OCT can be used to characterize morphologic changes, and the changes were associated with the targets of autoantibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makiyama
authors.forename: Takanobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Congrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogino
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurimoto
authors.forename: Nagahisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010257:Paraneoplastic Syndromes; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005136:Eye Proteins
keywords: Western blot analysis; anti-retinal antibody; autoantibody; immunohistochemistry; paraneoplastic retinopathy; spectral-domain optical coherence tomography