title: Prognostic relevance of coronary collateral function: confounded or causal relationship?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expand the limited information on the prognostic impact of quantitatively obtained collateral function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to estimate causality of such a relation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with long-term observation of clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand one hundred and eighty-one patients with chronic stable CAD undergoing 1771 quantitative, coronary pressure-derived collateral flow index measurements, as obtained during a 1-min coronary balloon occlusion (CFI is the ratio between mean distal coronary occlusive pressure and mean aortic pressure both subtracted by central venous pressure). Subgroup of 152 patients included in randomised trials on the longitudinal effect of different arteriogenic protocols on CFI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Collection of long-term follow-up information on clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative 15-year survival rate was 48% in patients with CFI<0.25 and 65% in the group with CFI≥0.25 (p=0.0057). Cumulative 10-year survival rate was 75% in patients without arteriogenic therapy and 88% (p=0.0482) in the group with arteriogenic therapy and showing a significant increase in CFI at follow-up. By proportional hazard analysis, the following variables predicted increased all-cause mortality: age, low CFI, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and number of vessels with CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A well-functioning coronary collateral circulation independently predicts lowered mortality in patients with chronic CAD. This relation appears to be causal, because augmented collateral function by arteriogenic therapy is associated with prolonged survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland. christian.seiler@insel.ch
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seiler
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engler
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berner
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoller
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Traupe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D018450:Disease Progression; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors