title: Antiviral activity of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide against Newcastle disease virus.
abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of Paramyxovirinae subfamily and can infect most species of birds causing severe economic losses. The current control measure is vaccination, but infections cannot be completely prevented. It remains a constant threat to the poultry industry and new control measures are urgently needed. This study demonstrates that sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharides (sCVPSs) were potent inhibitors of NDV, with 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 62.55 to 76.31 µg ml(-1) in Baby hamster kidney fibroblasts clone 21 (BHK-21) and from 101.57 to 125.90 µg ml(-1) in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). sCVPS is more effective than heparan sulfate (HS; as a positive control) with IC50 values of 99.28 µg ml(-1) in BHK-21 and 118.79 µg ml(-1) in CEF. sCVPSs and HS exhibit anti-NDV activity by prevention of the early stages of viral life. The mechanism of action study indicated that virus adsorption in BHK-21, and both virus adsorption and penetration in CEF were inhibited by sCVPSs. When the number of viruses was increased to an m.o.i. of 0.1 in the immunofluorescence study and to an m.o.i. of 1 in the fluorescent quantitative PCR study, viral infection was also significantly suppressed; the antiviral activity of sCVPSs was independent of the m.o.i. sCVPSs also prevented the cell-to-cell spread of NDV. In vivo tests carried out on specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed that sCVPSs also inhibited virus multiplication in heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. These results indicated that sCVPSs perform more effectively than HS as antiviral agents against NDV, and can be further examined for their potential as an alternative control measure for NDV infection.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Zhongqiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xinghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Anchun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Renyong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Guiping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Qiaojia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: ShuJun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Hongke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Changliang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019661:Apiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D011134:Polysaccharides