title: Cigarette smoking and quit attempts among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injection drug use and cigarette smoking are major global health concerns. Limited data exist regarding cigarette smoking behavior and quit attempts among injection drug users (IDUs) in low- and middle-income countries to inform the development of cigarette smoking interventions. We conducted a cross-sectional study to describe cigarette smoking behavior and quit attempts among IDUs in Tijuana, Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  IDUs were recruited through community outreach and administered in-person interviews. Multivariable Poisson regression models were constructed to determine prevalence ratios (PRs) for quit attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 670 participants interviewed, 601 (89.7%) were current smokers. Of these, median number of cigarettes smoked daily was 10; 190 (31.6%) contemplated quitting smoking in the next 6 months; 132 (22.0%) had previously quit for ≥1 year; and 124 (20.6%) had made a recent quit attempt (lasting ≥1 day during the previous 6 months). In multivariable analysis, recent quit attempts were positively associated with average monthly income (≥3,500 pesos [US$280] vs. <1,500 pesos [US$120]; PR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.57-3.36), smoking marijuana (PR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.01-2.90), and smoking heroin (PR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.23-2.78), and they were negatively associated with number of cigarettes smoked daily (PR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94-0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One out of 5 IDUs attempted to quit cigarette smoking during the previous 6 months. Additional research is needed to improve the understanding of the association between drug use patterns and cigarette smoking quit attempts, including the higher rate of quit attempts observed among IDUs who smoke marijuana or heroin compared with IDUs who do not smoke these substances.
authors.affiliation: Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Global Health), San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA;
authors.forename: Sanghyuk S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Patricia Gonzalez
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Smriti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Garfein
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Novotny
authors.forename: Steffanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Strathdee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult