title: Secondary provoked vestibulodynia in sexually active women with uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common among healthy, reproductive-aged women. Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a major reason of sexual pain in premenopausal women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to assess prevalence and predictors of secondary PVD in a cohort of Caucasian-European, heterosexual, sexually active, reproductive-aged women seeking medical help for rUTIs as their primary complaint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and psychometric variables for 60 consecutive patients with rUTIs were considered. Patients were assessed with a thorough medical and sexual history, a number of psychometric instruments, and a specific physical examination. Urinalysis and self-collected urine cultures from the previous 12 months were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to test the associations between secondary PVD and sociodemographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 34.2 years (median 33 years; range 21-42). Secondary PVD was found in 36 of 60 patients (60%). Women with PVD had a higher prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) over the previous 12 months (χ(2) : 4.54; P = 0.03) and suffered more frequently from UPEC-related rUTIs (χ(2) : 5.92; P = 0.01) than those without PVD. Moreover, women with PVD showed significantly lower scores on Female Sexual Function Index domains (all P ≤ 0.01), as compared with PVD-negative women. UPEC-related rUTIs (odds ratio [OR]: 3.1; P = 0.01), six or more UTIs over the previous 12 months (OR: 2.8; P = 0.01), and treatment with three or more antibiotics throughout the same period (OR: 2.1; P = 0.04) emerged as independent predictors of PVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three of five Caucasian-European, heterosexual, sexually active women of reproductive age complaining of rUTIs as their primary disorder also suffer from secondary PVD. Uncomplicated UPEC-related rUTIs are more frequently associated with secondary PVD than are UTIs caused by different uropathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; ResearchDoctorate Program in Urology, Magna GraeciaUniversity, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salonia
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Clementi
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graziottin
authors.forename: Rossella E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castiglione
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Capitanio
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology; D056650:Vulvodynia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Dyspareunia; Escherichia coli; Female Sexual Dysfunction; Sexual Pain; Urinary Tract Infections; Vestibulodynia