title: Honeybees can learn the relationship between the solar ephemeris and a newly experienced landscape: a confirmation.
abstract: Honeybees learn the spatial relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and the landscape immediately surrounding their nest, which allows bees to locate the sun under overcast skies by reference to the landscape alone. Surprisingly, when bees have been transplanted from their natal landscape to a rotated twin landscape - such as from one treeline to a similar but differently oriented treeline - they fail to learn the relationship between the sun and the second landscape. This raises the question of whether bees can ever learn the relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and a landscape other than their natal one. Here we confirm, with new and necessary controls, that bees can indeed learn the relationship between the sun's pattern of movement and a second (that is, non-natal) landscape, if the second landscape is panoramically different from the bees' natal site. We transplanted bees from their natal site to a panoramically different second site and, 3 days later, tested the bees' knowledge of the relationship between the sun and the second landscape. The test involved observing the bees' communicative dances under overcast skies at a third site that was a rotated twin of the second. These bees oriented their dances using a memory of the sun's course in relation to the second landscape, indicating that they had learned this relationship. Meanwhile, control bees transplanted directly from the natal site to the third site, skipping the second, danced differently, confirming the importance of the experimental bees' experience at the second site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA 19530, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kemfort
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Towne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010781:Photography; D016082:Solar System; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: learning; orientation; panorama; sun compass