title: Inflammatory mediators in saliva associated with arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Whereas circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with, for example, arterial stiffness, subclinical atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome, other inflammatory biomarkers with potential interest for these conditions may not be measurable systemically. The predictive value of salivary biomarkers in these contexts has remained largely unexplored. The aim of the present study was to establish the association of different salivary biomarkers of inflammation with subclinical cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-nine individuals were included in the study. Saliva and plasma samples were collected, and each individual underwent carotid ultrasound and measures of pulse wave velocity and blood pressure. Medical history of previous cardiovascular disease, current medications and smoking were collected by questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salivary levels of CRP, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), creatinine and lysozyme were measured. Salivary levels of CRP were significantly correlated with plasma levels (r = 0.73, P < 0.0001). In an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted analysis, salivary CRP was significantly and positively correlated with mean arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, BMI, metabolic syndrome, waist-to-hip ratio and intima-media thickness. Increasing age and sex-adjusted salivary CRP tertiles were in addition associated with carotid plaques. In a multivariate analysis, CRP and MMP-9 were associated with intima-media thickness, LTB4 and PGE2 with arterial stiffness, and lysozyme with hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saliva may represent an alternative mean for evaluation of cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: aINSERM U1116, Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy and University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France bTelomere Cardiology Center, Ghardaia, Algeria cDepartment of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital dDepartment of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden eCentre IPC fINSERM U698, Diderot University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Labat
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temmar
authors.forename: Edit
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bean
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.forename: Athanase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benetos
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bäck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003404:Creatinine / Q000032:analysis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis*; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D009113:Muramidase; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D015232:Dinoprostone