title: Pharmacokinetics and distribution of ceftazidime to milk after intravenous and intramuscular administration to lactating female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the plasma disposition kinetics, absolute bioavailability, and milk concentrations of ceftazidime in healthy lactating female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) following IV and IM administration of a single dose of 10 mg/kg (4.5 mg/lb).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 healthy adult lactating female dromedary camels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Camels received ceftazidime (10 mg/kg) IV and IM in a crossover study design with a 15-day washout period between treatments. Plasma and milk samples were collected at predetermined times for 48 hours after drug administration and analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2-compartment open model best represented the plasma concentration-versus-time data after IV and IM administration of ceftazidime to camels. Plasma ceftazidime concentrations decreased biexponentially after IV administration with mean distribution and elimination half-lives of 0.3 hours and 2.85 hours, respectively. After IM administration, the mean maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime was 32.43 μg/mL (1.21 hours after administration), mean elimination half-life was 3.20 hours, mean residence time was 4.84 hours, and mean systemic bioavailability was 93.72%. Distribution of ceftazidime from plasma to milk was rapid and extensive as indicated by the ratio of the area under the milk concentration-versus-time curve to the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve and the ratio of the maximum milk concentration to the maximum plasma concentration of ceftazidime after IV and IM administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested that ceftazidime may be a useful treatment for female camels with mastitis caused by susceptible microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt. aymangouda@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ayman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goudah
authors.forename: Sherifa M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hasabelnaby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002162:Camelus; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002442:Ceftazidime