title: Sex differences in neonatal mortality in Sarlahi, Nepal: the role of biology and environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in South Asia have documented increased risk of neonatal mortality among girls, despite evidence of a biological survival advantage. Associations between gender preference and mortality are cited as reasons for excess mortality among girls. This has not, however, been tested in statistical models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of data from a population-based randomised controlled trial of newborn infection prevention conducted in rural southern Nepal was used to estimate sex differences in early and late neonatal mortality, with girls as the reference group. The analysis investigated which underlying biological factors (immutable factors specific to the newborn or his/her mother) and environmental factors (mutable external factors) might explain observed sex differences in mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal mortality was comparable by sex (Ref=girls; OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.22). When stratified by neonatal period, boys were at 20% (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02% to 1.42%) greater risk of early and girls at 43% (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51% to 0.94%) greater risk of late neonatal mortality. Biological factors, primarily respiratory depression and unconsciousness at birth, explained excess early neonatal mortality among boys. Increased late neonatal mortality among girls was explained by a three-way environmental interaction between ethnicity, sex and prior sibling composition (categorised as primiparous newborns, infants born to families with prior living boys or boys and girls, and infants born to families with only prior living girls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of neonatal mortality inverted between the early and late neonatal periods. Excess risk of early neonatal death among boys was consistent with biological expectations. Excess risk for late neonatal death among girls was not explained by overarching gender preference or preferential care-seeking for boys as hypothesised, but was driven by increased risk among Madeshi girls born to families with only prior girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, , Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Summer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenstock
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Luke C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Mullany
authors.forename: Subarna K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khatry
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: LeClerq
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Darmstadt
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tielsch
mesh_terms: D002654:Child Care / Q000379:methods; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTR; GENDER; MORTALITY; NEONATAL