title: Roles traditional healers play in cancer treatment in Malaysia: implications for health promotion and education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For a number of reasons from cultural compatibility, to accessibility, to cost, traditional healers are a major source of health care in developing countries. In Malaysia, 'en estimated that upwards of 80% of the population consult traditional healers even if simultaneously seeking treatment from the Western medical system. Partially as a result of the widespread practice of visiting traditional healers, cancer diagnosis and treatment in Malaysia is often delayed or interrupted resulting in late presentation, advanced stage diagnosis, and a higher mortality rate than in Western countries. However, there is very little research on the role of traditional healers in cancer treatment in Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative study was designed to identify the roles traditional healers play in cancer diagnosis and treatment, with an eye to alleviating the cancer burden through educational responses with four publics in mind-policy makers, Western medical personnel, traditional healers, and the general public. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 Malay traditional healers, 13 cancer survivors who had seen both traditional healers and Western doctors, and 12 cancer medical specialists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the data from these 39 participants revealed four roles traditional healers play in cancer treatment-medicinal healer, emotional comforter, spiritual guide, and palliative caregiver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three roles (emotional, spiritual, palliative) can be seen as complementary to the allopathic system. Emotional and spiritual roles may augment the effectiveness of biomedical treatment. Cancer awareness and education programs need to position traditional healers as complementary, rather than an alternative to Western medical treatment; Validating the roles Traditional Healers can play in cancer treatment in MY through health promotion and education will contribute to alleviating the nation's cancer burden.
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. smerriam@uga.edu
authors.forename: Sharan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merriam
authors.forename: Mazanah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muhamad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012017:Referral and Consultation