title: Double-positive expression of high-mobility group box 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor C indicates a poorer prognosis in gastric cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have indicated that high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is associated with oncogenesis and a worse prognosis, the prognostic value of HMGB1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate the role of HMGB1 in GC and examined whether aberrant expression of both HMGB1 and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) increased the malignant potential of GC.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 166 GC patients and 32 normal subjects were enrolled. HMGB1 and VEGF-C expression was detected by tissue microarrays (TMAs) and immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between HMGB1 and VEGF-C expression and their relationships with clinicopathological GC variables were examined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model to predict the factors related to the patients' overall survival rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMGB1 and VEGF-C expression were observed in 81 (48.80%) and 88 (53.01%) tumors, respectively, significantly higher than the rates among the corresponding controls. In addition, HMGB1 and VEGF-C expression were positively correlated (R2 = 0.972). HMGB1 expression was also closely associated with tumor size, pT stage, nodal status, metastasis status, TNM stage, and poor prognosis. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that patients with HMGB1 and VEGF-C coexpression had the worst prognoses and survival rates (hazard ratio, 2.78; log rank P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HMGB1 is commonly expressed in GC. Combined evaluation of HMGB1 and VEGF-C may serve as a valuable independent prognostic factor for GC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Weiling
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Dongjie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yuhuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Tuckyun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cheang
authors.forename: Xinlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lianzhou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C467486:VEGFC protein, human; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C