title: Psychological and social consequences of losing a child in a natural or human-made disaster: a review of the evidence.
abstract: Exposure to natural and human-made disasters is associated with long-term health consequences, including for mental health. Parents who have lost children, particularly their only children, in any circumstances are also at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The aim of this study was to review the available evidence about the psychological and social consequences for parents who had faced these circumstances simultaneously through losing children in a disaster. Systematic searching of the English and Chinese language literatures about the psychological and social functioning of bereaved parents after disasters revealed that a small number of studies met inclusion criteria. The results showed that bereaved parents had more mental health problems than bereaved spouses and non-bereaved parents, and mothers appeared to be more vulnerable to mental health problems than fathers. Potential protective factors for bereaved parents' mental health included having psychological interventions, having adequate social support, seeing their children's bodies and having a subsequent baby. Although the literature was modest and methodologically diverse, there was a consistent finding that parents who have lost children in disasters were at high risk of suffering mental health problems, especially bereaved mothers. As there was little evidence, further studies are needed to understand the best advice and interventions to offer bereaved parents and provide enhanced mental health care of such bereaved populations after disasters.
authors.affiliation: Center for Women's Health, Gender and Society, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herrman
authors.forename: Atsuro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001601:Bereavement; D002648:Child; D004190:Disasters; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: bereavement; disaster; loss of a child; parent; psychology