title: Flexibility of movement organization in piano performance.
abstract: Piano performance involves a large repertoire of highly skilled movements. The acquisition of these exceptional skills despite innate neural and biomechanical constraints requires a sophisticated interaction between plasticity of the neural system and organization of a redundant number of degrees of freedom (DOF) in the motor system. Neuroplasticity subserving virtuosity of pianists has been documented in neuroimaging studies investigating effects of long-term piano training on structure and function of the cortical and subcortical regions. By contrast, recent behavioral studies have advanced the understanding of neuromuscular strategies and biomechanical principles behind the movement organization that enables skilled piano performance. Here we review the motor control and biomechanics literature, introducing the importance of describing motor behaviors not only for understanding mechanisms responsible for skillful motor actions in piano playing, but also for advancing diagnosis and rehabilitation of movement disorders caused by extensive piano practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musician's Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
keywords: degrees of freedom; fine motor control; focal dystonia; optimal control; redundancy