title: Metacognitive beliefs, beliefs about voices and affective symptoms in patients with severe auditory verbal hallucinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores associations between metacognitive beliefs and beliefs about voices in patients with severe auditory verbal hallucinations, and their hypothesized relationship with levels of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that metacognitive beliefs are better able to explain differences in levels of depression and anxiety, than beliefs about voices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were obtained from baseline measurements of a randomized controlled trial. All patients (N = 77) met the criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis within the schizophrenia spectrum. A correlation analysis was conducted to explore the associations between metacognitive beliefs and beliefs about voices. Regression analysis was performed to test the second hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metacognitive beliefs were measured using the MCQ-30. Beliefs about voices were measured using the BAVQ-R. Furthermore, the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were applied to measure depression and anxiety. All analyses were a priori controlled for gender and level of education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were found between negative beliefs about voices and negative metacognitive beliefs. One of the metacognitive beliefs, that is, perceived uncontrollability and danger of thinking, proved to be a key variable in explaining differences in levels of depression and anxiety and seemed to have greater explanatory value than all of the beliefs about voices when analysed simultaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results offer modest support to models emphasizing the fact that metacognitive beliefs are a core feature in the development and maintenance of depression and anxiety in patients with severe auditory verbal hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  POSITIVE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Further evidence for the importance of metacognitive beliefs. Specific emphasis on anxiety and depression in patients with severe hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small sample size. Cross-sectional data only.
authors.affiliation: Reinier van Arkel Psychiatric Institute, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. bj.van.oosterhout@dewoenselsepoort.nl
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Oosterhout
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krabbendam
authors.forename: Guus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult