title: Health inequalities and regional specific scarcity in primary care physicians: ethical issues and criteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A substantial body of evidence supports the beneficial health impact of an increase in primary care physicians for underserved populations. However, given that in many countries primary care physician shortages persist, what options are available to distribute physicians and how can these be seen from an ethical perspective?
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed on the topic of primary care physician distribution. An ethical discussion of conceivable options for decision makers that applied prominent theories of ethics was held.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Examples of distributing primary care physicians were categorised into five levels depending upon levels of incentive or coercion. When analysing these options through theories of ethics, contrasting, and even controversial, moral issues were identified. However, the different morally salient criteria identified are of prima facie value for decision makers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discussion provides clear criteria for decision makers to consider when addressing primary care physician shortages. Yet, decision makers will still need to assess specific situations by these criteria to ensure that any decisions they make are morally justifiable.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Duboisdomein 30, 6229 GT, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schröder-Bäck
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Townend
mesh_terms: D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006280:Health Workforce / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000941:ethics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017062:Small-Area Analysis