title: Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A plant investing in reproduction partitions resources between flowering and seed production. Under resource limitation, altered allocations may result in floral trait variations, leading to compromised fecundity. Floral longevity and timing of selfing are often the traits most likely to be affected. The duration of corolla retention determines whether fecundity results from outcrossing or by delayed selfing-mediated reproductive assurance. In this study, the role of pollination schedules and soil water availability on floral longevity and seed production is tested in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using three different watering regimes and pollination schedules, effects on floral longevity and seed production were studied in this protandrous, flowering annual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results reveal that soil water status and pollination together influence floral longevity with low soil water and hand-pollinations early in the floral lifespan reducing longevity. However, early pollinations under excess water did not extend longevity, implying that resource surplus does not lengthen the outcrossing period. The results also indicate that pollen receipt, a reliable cue for fecundity, accelerates flower drop. Early corolla abscission under drought stress could potentially exacerbate sexual conflict in this protandrous, hermaphroditic species by ensuring self-pollen paternity and enabling male control of floral longevity. While pollination schedules did not affect fecundity, water stress reduced per-capita seed numbers. Unmanipulated flowers underwent delayed autonomous selfing, producing very few seeds, suggesting that inbreeding depression may limit benefits of selfing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In plants where herkogamy and dichogamy facilitate outcrossing, floral longevity determines reproductive success and mating system. Reduction in longevity under drought suggests a strong environmental effect that could potentially alter the preferred breeding mode in this mixed-mated species. Extrapolating the findings to unpredictable global drought cycles, it is suggested that in addition to reducing yield, water stress may influence the evolutionary trajectory of plant mating system.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Arathi
mesh_terms: D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D003681:Dehydration; D005298:Fertility; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010943:Plantago / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction; D012639:Seeds; D012987:Soil; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
keywords: Autonomous selfing; Collinsia heterophylla; Plantaginaceae; drought stress; floral longevity; herkogamy; reproductive success; resource allocation; sexual conflict