title: Cytotoxicity of cultured macrophages exposed to antimicrobial zinc oxide (ZnO) coatings on nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes.
abstract: Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely used commercial material that is finding use in wound healing applications due to its antimicrobial properties. Our study demonstrates a novel approach for coating ZnO with precise thickness control onto 20 nm and 100 nm pore diameter anodized aluminum oxide using atomic layer deposition (ALD). ZnO was deposited throughout the nanoporous structure of the anodized aluminum oxide membranes. An 8 nm-thick coating of ZnO, previously noted to have antimicrobial properties, was cytotoxic to cultured macrophages. After 48 h, ZnO-coated 20 nm and 100 nm pore anodized aluminum oxide significantly decreased cell viability by ≈65% and 54%, respectively, compared with cells grown on uncoated anodized aluminum oxide membranes and cells grown on tissue culture plates. Pore diameter (20-200 nm) did not influence cell viability.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology; Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories; Center for Devices and Radiological Health; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering; UNC-Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC USA.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Petrochenko
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology; Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories; Center for Devices and Radiological Health; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering; UNC-Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC USA.
authors.forename: Shelby A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology; Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories; Center for Devices and Radiological Health; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD USA.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne, IL USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.affiliation: Energy Systems Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne, IL USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Elam
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology; Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories; Center for Devices and Radiological Health; U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD USA.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Goering
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering; UNC-Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC USA.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: anodic aluminum oxide; atomic layer deposition; cytotoxicity; macrophage; nanoporous materials; reactive oxygen species (ROS); zinc oxide