title: Pelvic floor dysfunction--does menopause duration matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the effect of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor muscle function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients who attended a tertiary urogynaecological center were reviewed retrospectively. A standardised interview included menopausal age, i.e. years since last period or onset of menopausal symptoms, current or previous hormone use. The clinical examination included prolapse assessment (POP-Q) and palpation of the levator ani muscle. 4D transperineal ultrasound, supine and after voiding, was performed in all patients. Volume data sets were analysed for pelvic organ descent and measures of contractility and distensibility of the pelvic floor at a later date, blinded to all clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 311 women seen during the inclusion period, 65% were postmenopausal. Current systemic or local hormone use was reported by 7% and 6%, respectively. 163 women (52%) reported prolapse symptoms with a mean bother of 5.7/10. Significant pelvic organ prolapse was found on clinical examination (POP-Q stage≥2) in 77%, and diagnosed on ultrasound in 61%. On multivariate analysis, controlling for calendaric age, parity and levator avulsion, there was no evidence for menopausal age as an independent predictor of any symptom and sign of pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor muscle function. Local oestrogen use and past or present hormone replacement therapy had no detectable effect on any pelvic floor parameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hormone deficiency following menopause is unlikely to play a major role in pelvic organ support and levator ani function. Hence, both do not appear to be substantially influenced by local or systemic hormone replacement therapy.
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School Nepean, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. gerda.trutnovsky@medunigraz.at
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trutnovsky
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guzman-Rojas
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Hans P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Menopause; Pelvic muscle function; Pelvic organ prolapse; Transperineal ultrasound; Visual analogue scale