title: "Hard to crack": experiences of community integration among first- and second-generation Asian MSM in Canada.
abstract: Asians are the largest racial minority in Canada making up 11% of the population and represented over 60% of new immigrants between 2001 and 2006. We examined the experiences of community integration for first-generation (n = 27) and second-generation (n = 22) Asian Canadian men who have sex with men (MSM) in their ethnic and gay communities. Through focus group interviews, we explored their level of connectedness and the level of discrimination they experienced in the two communities. Findings indicate that Asian MSM in general perceived their ethnic community as homophobic, stemming from a combination of seeing sex as taboo, stereotypes about being gay, and the affiliation with religion. Although the literature indicates that immigrants rely on the support of their ethnic communities, our finding suggest that this is not the case for Asian immigrant MSM, who in our sample reported feeling less connected compared to their second-generation counterparts. For the gay community, our sample reported mixed experiences as some regarded it as welcoming, whereas others described it as racist. However, these experiences did not differ by generational status. Many were aware of explicit messages stating "No Asians" in dating contexts, while at the same time being aware that some older White men were interested in dating Asians exclusively. Barriers to integration in both communities may contribute to feelings of isolation. Theoretical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of La Verne, LA Verne, CA 91750, USA. nnakamura@laverne.edu
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Elic
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D002170:Canada; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D017144:Focus Groups; D063509:Homophobia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult