title: European Health Examination Survey--towards a sustainable monitoring system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health examination surveys (HESs), including both questionnaire and physical measurements, and in most cases also collection of biological samples, can provide objective health indicators. This information complements data from health interview surveys and administrative registers, and is important for evidence-based planning of health policies and prevention activities. HESs are valuable data sources for research. The first national HESs in Europe were conducted in the late 1950s and early 1960s. They have recently been carried out in an increasing number of countries, but there has been no joint standardization between the countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Health Examination Survey Pilot Project was conducted in 2009-2012. The European Health Examination Survey Pilot Reference Centre was established and pilot surveys were conducted in 12 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  European standardized protocols for key measurements on main chronic disease risk factors (height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipids and fasting glucose or HbA1c) were prepared. European-level training and external quality assessment were organized. Although the level of earlier experience, infrastructures, economic status and cultural settings varied between the pilot countries, it was possible to standardize measurements of HESs across the populations. Obtaining high participation rates was challenging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HESs provide high-quality and representative population data to support policy decisions and research. For future national HESs, centralized coordination, training and external quality assessment are needed to ensure comparability of the results. Further studies on effects of different survey methods on comparability of the results and on recruitment and motivation of survey participants are needed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tolonen
authors.forename: Päivikki
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mindell
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuulasmaa
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006285:Health Planning; D006291:Health Policy; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D040442:Public Health Informatics; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care