title: Prognostic value of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal treatment for prostate cancer remains a challenge worldwide. Recently, T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) has been implicated in tumor biology but its contribution prostate cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TIM-3 as a prognostic marker in patients with prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  TIM-3 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in 137 prostate cancer tumor samples and paired adjacent benign tissue. We also performed cell proliferation assays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl- 2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell invasion assays. The effects of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of TIM-3 (TIM-3 siRNA) in two human prostate cancer cell lines were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TIM-3 expression was higher in prostate cancer tissue than in the adjacent benign tissue (P<0.001). High TIM-3 expression was an independent predictor of both recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival. TIM-3 protein was expressed in both prostate cancer cell lines and knockdown suppressed their proliferation and invasion capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIM-3 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Taken together, our results indicate that TIM-3 is a potential prognostic marker in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of YanBian University, YanJi, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Rui
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Long-Zhen
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Lian-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhe-Hu
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Xiu-Zhe
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C448908:HAVCR2 protein, human; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger