title: Estrogen reduces mechanical injury-related cell death and proteoglycan degradation in mature articular cartilage independent of the presence of the superficial zone tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) and the superficial zone (SFZ) on cell death and proteoglycan degradation in articular cartilage after a single injurious compression in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage explants from the femoropatellar groove of 2 year old cows with or without the SFZ were cultured serum-free with physiological concentrations of E2 and injured by an unconfined single load compression (strain 50%, velocity 2 mm/s). After 96 h cell death was measured histomorphometrically (nuclear blebbing (NB) and TUNEL staining) and release of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) by DMMB assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injurious compression increased significantly the number of cells with NB and TUNEL staining and release of GAG. Physiological concentrations of E2 prevented the injury-related cell death and reduced the GAG release significantly in a receptor-mediated manner (shown by co-stimulation with the antiestrogen fulvestrant/faslodex/ICI-182,780). The presence of the SFZ did not alter the NB response to either the mechanical injury or E2, but reduced the overall release of GAG significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E2 prevents injury-related cell death and GAG release, and might be useful for the development of treatment options for either cartilage-related sports injuries or osteoarthritis (OA). The SFZ does not seem to play an important role in (1) the E2-related tissue response and (2) the mechanically-induced cell death in deeper regions of the explants and GAG release. The latter might be related to the unconfined nature of the injury model.
authors.affiliation: Anatomisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: jan_imgenberg@web.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Imgenberg
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolauffs
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grodzinsky
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schünke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kurz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011509:Proteoglycans; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Apoptosis; Articular cartilage; Compression; Estrogen; Glycosaminoglycan; Injury; Nuclear blebbing; TUNEL