title: Three-dimensional scaffold from decellularized human gingiva for cell cultures: glycoconjugates and cell behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied both the presence of some carbohydrate compounds in a threedimensional (3D) matrix harvested from human gingiva and the cell behavior in this matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental research, in order to prepare 3D scaffolds, human palatal gingival biopsies were harvested and physically decellularized by freezethawing and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The scaffolds were placed within the rings of blastema tissues obtained from a pinna rabbit, in vitro. We evaluated the presence of glycoconjugatesand cellular behavior according to histological, histochemical and spectrophotometry techniques at one, two and three weeks after culture. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)comparedthe groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracellular matrix (ECM) remained after decellularization of tissue with 1% SDS. Glycoconjugate contents decreased meaningfully at a higher SDS concentration (p<0.0001). After culture of the ECM scaffold with blastema, we observed increased staining of alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and toluidine blue in the scaffold and a number of other migrant cells which was caused by cell penetrationinto the scaffold. Spectrophotometry results showed an increase in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the decellularized scaffolds at three weeks after culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has shown that a scaffold generated from palatal gingival tissue ECM is a suitable substrate for blastema cell migration and activity.This scaffold maypotentially be useful as a biological scaffold in tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.forename: Jina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khayat Zadeh
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahdavi Shahri
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nejad Shahrokh Abady
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheravi
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baharara
authors.forename: Seyed Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Banihashem Rad
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bahrami
keywords: Blastema Tissue; Decellularization; Extracellular Matrix; Gingiva; scaffold