title: Female rats display enhanced rewarding effects of ethanol that are hormone dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethanol (EtOH) abuse is a major health and economic concern, particularly for females who appear to be more sensitive to the rewarding effects of EtOH. This study compared sex differences to the rewarding and aversive effects of EtOH using place-conditioning procedures in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate groups of adult (male, female, ovariectomized [OVX] female) and adolescent (male and female) rats received EtOH (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 2.5 g/kg, intraperitoneal) and were confined to their initially nonpreferred side of our conditioning apparatus for 30 minutes. On alternate days, they received saline and were confined to the other side. Following 5 drug pairings, the rats were retested for preference behavior. Separate cohorts of the same groups of rats were injected with a similar dose range of EtOH, and blood EtOH levels (BELs) were compared 30 minutes later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EtOH produced rewarding or aversive effects in a dose-dependent manner. An intermediate dose of EtOH (1.0 g/kg) produced rewarding effects in adult female, but not in male or OVX female rats, suggesting that ovarian hormones facilitate the rewarding effects of EtOH. Similarly, this intermediate dose of EtOH produced rewarding effects in adolescent female, but not in male rats. The highest dose of EtOH (2.5 g/kg) produced aversive effects that were similar across all adult groups. However, the aversive effects of EtOH were lower in adolescents than adults, suggesting that adolescents are less sensitive to the aversive effects of EtOH. The aversive effects of EtOH did not vary across the estrous cycle in intact adult females. There were also no group differences in BELs, suggesting that our results are not related to EtOH metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results in rats suggest that human females may be more vulnerable to EtOH abuse due to enhanced rewarding effects of this drug that are mediated by the presence of ovarian hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Oscar V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Blanca S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Beas
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: O'Dell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Adolescence; Alcohol; Aversion; Reward; Sex Differences
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