title: The composition, functions, and regulation of the budding yeast kinetochore.
abstract: The propagation of all organisms depends on the accurate and orderly segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Budding yeast has long served as an outstanding model organism to identify the components and underlying mechanisms that regulate chromosome segregation. This review focuses on the kinetochore, the macromolecular protein complex that assembles on centromeric chromatin and maintains persistent load-bearing attachments to the dynamic tips of spindle microtubules. The kinetochore also serves as a regulatory hub for the spindle checkpoint, ensuring that cell cycle progression is coupled to the achievement of proper microtubule-kinetochore attachments. Progress in understanding the composition and overall architecture of the kinetochore, as well as its properties in making and regulating microtubule attachments and the spindle checkpoint, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biggins
mesh_terms: D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
keywords: biorientation; budding yeast; kinetochore; microtubules; spindle checkpoint
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1998 Jun 15;12(12):1871-83
references.pmid: 9637688
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 May 1;17(9):741-8
references.pmid: 17412588
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(1):e1003209
references.pmid: 23349633
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Jul;67(13):2163-72
references.pmid: 20336345
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Dec 15;127(6):1179-91
references.pmid: 17174893
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2006 Jun;11(6):673-84
references.pmid: 16716197
references.citation: EMBO J. 2009 Apr 22;28(8):1099-110
references.pmid: 19300438
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2009 Sep 24;35(6):794-805
references.pmid: 19782029
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 May 31;145(5):979-91
references.pmid: 10352016
references.citation: Cell. 1990 May 4;61(3):437-46
references.pmid: 2185892
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Sep 17;98(6):847-58
references.pmid: 10499801
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Feb 8;108(3):317-29
references.pmid: 11853667
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 Mar 6;148(5):871-82
references.pmid: 10704439
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Jan 8;152(1):197-212
references.pmid: 11149931
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Jun 22;26(6):853-65
references.pmid: 17569568
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2012 Feb 7;22(3):180-90
references.pmid: 22209528
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2012 Oct 15;125(Pt 20):4720-7
references.pmid: 22825872
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 May;9(5):516-22
references.pmid: 17435749
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2012 Jan 17;22(1):52-63
references.pmid: 22169070
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Dec;14(12):8282-91
references.pmid: 7969164
references.citation: Science. 1996 Aug 16;273(5277):953-6
references.pmid: 8688079
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Dec 15;21(24):3319-30
references.pmid: 18079178
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):805-10
references.pmid: 20944740
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1998 May 18;141(4):967-77
references.pmid: 9585415
references.citation: Genes Cells. 2004 Feb;9(2):105-20
references.pmid: 15009096
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1987 Apr;104(4):805-15
references.pmid: 3558482
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Dec 1;17(23):2902-21
references.pmid: 14633972
references.citation: Methods. 2010 Jun;51(2):242-50
references.pmid: 20096784
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Jun 8;14(11):953-64
references.pmid: 15182668
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Jan;20(1):10-20
references.pmid: 18923149
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 Jun 15;18(12):1439-51
references.pmid: 15198982
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Mar 19;152(6):1255-66
references.pmid: 11257125
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2001 Dec 1;15(23):3118-29
references.pmid: 11731476
references.citation: Nat Struct Biol. 2000 Mar;7(3):224-9
references.pmid: 10700282
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 May 14;38(3):383-92
references.pmid: 20471944
references.citation: Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):680-4
references.pmid: 16825537
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2000 Jun 1;10(11):675-8
references.pmid: 10837255
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 19;92(26):12026-30
references.pmid: 8618837
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Apr;157(4):1493-502
references.pmid: 11290706
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):446-56
references.pmid: 20110988
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Apr 28;19(8):694-9
references.pmid: 19345105
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Oct 7;105(40):15423-8
references.pmid: 18824692
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1999 Sep;4(3):445-50
references.pmid: 10518226
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2012 May 22;22(10):900-6
references.pmid: 22521787
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Mar 17;100(6):619-33
references.pmid: 10761928
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Oct 9;287(5782):504-9
references.pmid: 6999364
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Feb 20;3(2):e1617
references.pmid: 18286174
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 19;278(38):36430-4
references.pmid: 12857735
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 11;104(37):14706-11
references.pmid: 17804787
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2011 Aug 5;43(3):369-80
references.pmid: 21816344
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Dec 12;135(6):1039-52
references.pmid: 19070575
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Oct 17;135(2):322-33
references.pmid: 18957206
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Sep 28;47(6):921-32
references.pmid: 22940250
references.citation: Genetics. 1990 Feb;124(2):237-49
references.pmid: 2407610
references.citation: Cell. 2012 Jul 20;150(2):304-16
references.pmid: 22817893
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2009 Dec 1;23(23):2778-91
references.pmid: 19952112
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1999 May 1;13(9):1140-55
references.pmid: 10323865
references.citation: Genetics. 1999 Jun;152(2):509-18
references.pmid: 10353895
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2007 Aug;5(8):e218
references.pmid: 17676993
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1998 Nov;260(2-3):242-50
references.pmid: 9862478
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Aug 4;23(15):3133-43
references.pmid: 15257285
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jul 10;138(1):104-13
references.pmid: 19596238
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1997 Dec 15;11(24):3401-12
references.pmid: 9407032
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 Jan 15;16(2):183-97
references.pmid: 11799062
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2012 Jul 1;125(Pt 13):3243-53
references.pmid: 22454517
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Nov 9;14(21):1968-72
references.pmid: 15530401
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Sep 6;190(5):835-52
references.pmid: 20819937
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Jun 15;129(6):1153-64
references.pmid: 17574026
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13675-80
references.pmid: 11698664
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Mar 4;428(6978):93-7
references.pmid: 14961024
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011 Aug;22(6):551-8
references.pmid: 21439394
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Oct;19(10):4480-91
references.pmid: 18701705
references.citation: EMBO J. 2013 Feb 6;32(3):409-23
references.pmid: 23334295
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3757-62
references.pmid: 10097110
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2002 Jan;9(1):59-71
references.pmid: 11804586
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Nov;5(5):735-45
references.pmid: 14602074
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Aug;16(8):3764-75
references.pmid: 15930123
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Mar;9(3):1368-70
references.pmid: 2657392
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2009 Jan 21;10:37
references.pmid: 19159457
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Jun 1;185(5):841-58
references.pmid: 19487456
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Jul;9(7):832-7
references.pmid: 17572669
references.citation: Cell. 1991 Feb 22;64(4):717-25
references.pmid: 1997204
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4404-8
references.pmid: 3859869
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Sep;20(17):3818-27
references.pmid: 19605555
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Mar;128(5):749-60
references.pmid: 7876302
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Dec;16(12):5649-60
references.pmid: 16207811
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 May 15;21(10):2496-506
references.pmid: 12006501
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Oct 18;111(2):163-72
references.pmid: 12408861
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 12;102(15):5363-7
references.pmid: 15809444
references.citation: Cell. 2009 May 1;137(3):472-84
references.pmid: 19410544
references.citation: EMBO J. 1994 Nov 1;13(21):5203-11
references.pmid: 7957085
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:563-91
references.pmid: 17362199
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Mar 15;22(6):759-68
references.pmid: 21270439
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Oct 03;13(10):1178-82
references.pmid: 21968991
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Nov 12;40(3):444-54
references.pmid: 21070970
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;24(18):8069-79
references.pmid: 15340069
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2000 Sep 15;14(18):2277-82
references.pmid: 10995385
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;16(2):70-8
references.pmid: 16412639
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Mar 17;160(6):833-43
references.pmid: 12642611
references.citation: Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):235-9
references.pmid: 20705815
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;10(4):407-14
references.pmid: 18364702
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2002 Apr;1(2):229-40
references.pmid: 12455957
references.citation: Chromosoma. 2012 Aug;121(4):341-52
references.pmid: 22552438
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2005 Jul;4(7):972-80
references.pmid: 15970700
references.citation: Science. 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1350-3
references.pmid: 19150808
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2010 Jan;35(1):18-27
references.pmid: 19836959
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Oct 27;163(2):215-22
references.pmid: 14581449
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Aug;14(8):3342-55
references.pmid: 12925767
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Dec 1;24(23):4599-607
references.pmid: 8967907
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Jul 28;19(14):1182-7
references.pmid: 19592248
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;30(2):537-49
references.pmid: 19917722
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 7;307(5706):130-3
references.pmid: 15637284
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Aug 20;142(4):556-67
references.pmid: 20723757
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2011;2:313
references.pmid: 21587230
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Feb 1;21(3):278-91
references.pmid: 17242156
references.citation: Cell. 2012 Feb 3;148(3):487-501
references.pmid: 22304917
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Feb;12(2):138-43
references.pmid: 15640796
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:749-73
references.pmid: 2005822
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;14(12):1234
references.pmid: 23196840
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Nov 14;91(4):491-500
references.pmid: 9390558
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Jul 23;98(2):249-59
references.pmid: 10428036
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 23;107(47):20317-22
references.pmid: 21059934
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep;2(9):E259
references.pmid: 15309048
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012 May;8(5):e1002739
references.pmid: 22693454
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Jun;8(6):581-5
references.pmid: 16715078
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Aug 15;20(16):4603-17
references.pmid: 11500386
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2004 Feb;3(2):197-204
references.pmid: 14712089
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):2458-67
references.pmid: 2188087
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Feb 15;20(4):777-91
references.pmid: 11179222
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Feb 10;287(7):5173-9
references.pmid: 22215672
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2011 May;22(9):1473-85
references.pmid: 21389114
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Jun 7;21(11):942-7
references.pmid: 21640906
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2010 Dec;38(6):1639-44
references.pmid: 21118140
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Dec 1;127(5):983-97
references.pmid: 17129783
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2013 Jan 7;200(1):21-30
references.pmid: 23277429
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Jan 11;132(1):79-88
references.pmid: 18191222
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Nov 11;94(23):12431-6
references.pmid: 9356466
references.citation: Nature. 1983 Sep 15-21;305(5931):189-93
references.pmid: 6350893
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 May 15;21(10):1163-8
references.pmid: 17504936
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1993 May;121(3):513-9
references.pmid: 8486733
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2010 Sep 1;9(17):3619-28
references.pmid: 20928940
references.citation: Cell. 2009 May 1;137(3):485-97
references.pmid: 19410545
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Mar 6;136(5):865-75
references.pmid: 19269365
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Jun 8;14(11):942-52
references.pmid: 15182667
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 1;89(19):8908-12
references.pmid: 1409584
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Nov 16;131(4):744-55
references.pmid: 18022368
references.citation: Genetics. 2009 Dec;183(4):1591-5
references.pmid: 19822728
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2013 Feb 18;200(4):459-74
references.pmid: 23420873
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 May 06;14(6):604-13
references.pmid: 22561346
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 1999 Dec;1(8):514-21
references.pmid: 10587648
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Jul 26;146(2):415-25
references.pmid: 10427094
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Jul 26;21(14):R557-9
references.pmid: 21783038
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Feb 9;184(3):373-81
references.pmid: 19193623
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Oct 3;91(1):35-45
references.pmid: 9335333
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2002 Jan 1;16(1):101-13
references.pmid: 11782448
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2001 Sep;266(1):115-25
references.pmid: 11589568
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2007 Mar 12;176(6):795-805
references.pmid: 17339380
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Dec 15;139(6):1383-96
references.pmid: 9396745
references.citation: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2005 Nov;62(3):141-56
references.pmid: 16206169
references.citation: Cell. 1982 May;29(1):235-44
references.pmid: 7049398
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 3;109(1):243-8
references.pmid: 22184235
references.citation: Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011 Dec;22(9):946-52
references.pmid: 22027615
references.citation: Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1041-4
references.pmid: 9461437
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;13(12):789-803
references.pmid: 23175282
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 04;19(1):48-55
references.pmid: 22139014
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2007 Nov;3(11):e213
references.pmid: 18081426
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8585-90
references.pmid: 12084919
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):632-7
references.pmid: 9005842
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1969 Oct;43(1):40-50
references.pmid: 5824068
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Mar 22;188(6):809-20
references.pmid: 20231380
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 May 4;18(9):2424-34
references.pmid: 10228157
references.citation: Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2011 Oct;21(5):661-9
references.pmid: 21862320
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;111(3):1039-45
references.pmid: 2391359
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1996 Apr;133(1):75-84
references.pmid: 8601615
references.citation: Nature. 2013 May 2;497(7447):118-21
references.pmid: 23604256
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1999 Mar 1;13(5):532-44
references.pmid: 10072382
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 18;104(51):20232-7
references.pmid: 18083840
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1990 Jan;110(1):81-95
references.pmid: 2295685
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;21(1):38-46
references.pmid: 20951587
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jul;14(7):4731-40
references.pmid: 8007975
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Feb 15;22(4):457-66
references.pmid: 21169562
references.citation: Science. 2010 Oct 8;330(6001):239-43
references.pmid: 20929775
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2001 Aug;1(2):165-77
references.pmid: 11702777
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2012 Jul 15;318(12):1367-74
references.pmid: 22391098
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1994 Nov;127(4):995-1008
references.pmid: 7962081
references.citation: Methods Cell Biol. 2010;95:641-56
references.pmid: 20466157
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2003 Jan 1;17(1):101-14
references.pmid: 12514103
references.citation: Cell. 1986 Jan 17;44(1):53-63
references.pmid: 3510080
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Mar;31(5):998-1011
references.pmid: 21199919
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1998 Nov 16;143(4):1029-40
references.pmid: 9817759
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2001 Sep 18;11(18):1462-7
references.pmid: 11566107
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2010;75:403-18
references.pmid: 21467140
references.citation: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1998 Apr;8(2):212-8
references.pmid: 9610412
references.citation: Genetics. 1996 May;143(1):95-102
references.pmid: 8722765
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Nov 14;195(4):563-72
references.pmid: 22084306
references.citation: Science. 1996 Oct 11;274(5285):242-6
references.pmid: 8824188
references.citation: Chromosoma. 2011 Oct;120(5):425-46
references.pmid: 21751032
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2011;2:316
references.pmid: 21587233
references.citation: Nature. 1984 Nov 15-21;312(5991):237-42
references.pmid: 6504138
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2011 Jan 14;405(2):548-59
references.pmid: 21075115
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Aug;14(8):721-6
references.pmid: 17643123
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Nov 25;468(7323):576-9
references.pmid: 21107429
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 13;172(6):861-74
references.pmid: 16533946
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Jan;2(1):36-41
references.pmid: 10620805
references.citation: Genetics. 2012 Apr;190(4):1197-224
references.pmid: 22491889
references.citation: Cell. 1993 May 21;73(4):761-74
references.pmid: 8500169
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2010 Aug 10;20(15):1396-401
references.pmid: 20619650
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):4989-94
references.pmid: 10220406
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):565-9
references.pmid: 16415853
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2005 Jan 21;17(2):277-90
references.pmid: 15664196
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2010 Jul 1;9(13):2581-8
references.pmid: 20603597
references.citation: Cell. 1988 Aug 12;54(4):505-13
references.pmid: 3042152
references.citation: Genetics. 2013 Jun;194(2):513-8
references.pmid: 23525333
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Jun 9;101(6):635-45
references.pmid: 10892650
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2010 Feb 16;18(2):248-59
references.pmid: 20159595
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 Jun 03;14(7):746-52
references.pmid: 22660415
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1999 Jan;31(1):349-60
references.pmid: 9987135
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2001 Aug;1(2):227-37
references.pmid: 11702782
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2012 Mar 20;22(6):471-81
references.pmid: 22365852
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 May 17;189(4):641-9
references.pmid: 20479465
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 22;102(12):4353-8
references.pmid: 15767580
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2009 Feb 9;184(3):383-90
references.pmid: 19188492
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(5):e1002677
references.pmid: 22589733
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Jan 22;152(2):349-60
references.pmid: 11266451
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:29-55
references.pmid: 3909945
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2013 Apr 8;23(7):599-606
references.pmid: 23499533
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2013 Jan 10;49(1):109-20
references.pmid: 23177738
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2012 Mar 01;13(3):216-22
references.pmid: 22322944
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Nov 9;14(21):1962-7
references.pmid: 15530400
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 19;104(25):10571-6
references.pmid: 17548816
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Dec 18;17(24):2175-82
references.pmid: 18060784
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2397-405
references.pmid: 3302676
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:351-72
references.pmid: 3431466
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Jul 26;86(2):263-74
references.pmid: 8706131
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):5212-21
references.pmid: 1922041
references.citation: EMBO J. 2000 Apr 3;19(7):1598-612
references.pmid: 10747028
references.citation: Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):507-17
references.pmid: 1651171
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Jul 27;106(2):195-206
references.pmid: 11511347
references.citation: Gene. 1995 Jul 4;160(1):111-6
references.pmid: 7628703
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Dec 27;366(1584):3595-604
references.pmid: 22084386
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Feb;11(2):91-102
references.pmid: 20068571
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Apr 14;472(7342):234-7
references.pmid: 21412236
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Jul;23(13):2560-70
references.pmid: 22593210
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 1999 Jul;10(7):2377-91
references.pmid: 10397771
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 27;103(26):9873-8
references.pmid: 16777964
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Dec 11;21(24):5537-46
references.pmid: 8284197
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Dec 3;20(23):6648-59
references.pmid: 11726501
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 1995 Jul;6(7):793-807
references.pmid: 7579695
references.citation: Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2120-4
references.pmid: 14605209
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2008 Nov 21;383(4):894-903
references.pmid: 18793650
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Nov 7;32(3):394-405
references.pmid: 18995837
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;114(4):745-54
references.pmid: 1869587
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 May 13;14(6):593-603
references.pmid: 22581055
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2012 May;28(5):204-12
references.pmid: 22445183
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2010;75:51-60
references.pmid: 21047902
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep;2(9):E260
references.pmid: 15309047
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Dec;14(12):4931-46
references.pmid: 14565975
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2012 May 22;22(10):891-9
references.pmid: 22521786
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2009 Aug 15;8(16):2570-7
references.pmid: 19597337
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2012 Sep;13(9):847-54
references.pmid: 22732840
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Feb 8;21(3):207-13
references.pmid: 21256019
references.citation: Chromosoma. 2012 Jun;121(3):235-50
references.pmid: 22289864
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 12;280(32):29088-95
references.pmid: 15961401
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 Sep 18;150(6):1233-50
references.pmid: 10995431
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 27;172(7):1009-22
references.pmid: 16567500
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Feb;14(2):460-76
references.pmid: 12589047
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2001 Sep;12(9):2767-75
references.pmid: 11553715
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2009 Dec 1;122(Pt 23):4375-82
references.pmid: 19923271
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 4;286(5):4021-6
references.pmid: 21115484
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Jun 28;189(7):1143-55
references.pmid: 20566683
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Jan 25;132(2):233-46
references.pmid: 18243099
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Nov 14;195(4):573-82
references.pmid: 22084307
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2009 Dec 15;23(24):2887-99
references.pmid: 19948764
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 May;8(5):458-69
references.pmid: 16622419
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2012 Feb 20;196(4):451-67
references.pmid: 22331848
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Jun 11;153(6):1239-50
references.pmid: 11402067
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1996 Dec 1;6(12):1599-608
references.pmid: 8994824
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2004 Aug;13(8):2089-100
references.pmid: 15273307
references.citation: Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2539-42
references.pmid: 11598266
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2012 May 06;14(6):614-24
references.pmid: 22561345
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Feb 16;373(6515):630-2
references.pmid: 7854422
references.citation: EMBO J. 1999 May 17;18(10):2707-21
references.pmid: 10329618
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Mar;20(6):1772-84
references.pmid: 19158380
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2007 Nov;13(5):663-676
references.pmid: 17981135
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2012 Feb 21;22(4):296-301
references.pmid: 22281223
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2001 Sep;12(9):2601-13
references.pmid: 11553702
references.citation: EMBO J. 1996 Jul 15;15(14):3611-20
references.pmid: 8670864
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2013 Mar 18;200(6):757-72
references.pmid: 23509068
references.citation: Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):483-95
references.pmid: 1868546
references.citation: Cell. 2008 May 2;133(3):427-39
references.pmid: 18455984
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13208-13
references.pmid: 10557299
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Sep;15(9):486-93
references.pmid: 16084093
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2012 Jul 15;318(12):1361-6
references.pmid: 22564894
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10397-401
references.pmid: 1660135
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2008 Nov 25;18(22):1785-91
references.pmid: 19026542
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9124-9
references.pmid: 10430906
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Apr 8;286(14):12016-23
references.pmid: 21317428
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 19;282(42):30553-61
references.pmid: 17728254
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2004 Nov 5;16(3):387-97
references.pmid: 15525512
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Jun;129(6):1601-15
references.pmid: 7790357
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Dec 1;127(5):969-82
references.pmid: 17129782
references.citation: Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):172-7
references.pmid: 19965387
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 2;108(31):12687-92
references.pmid: 21768332
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;14(1):54-9
references.pmid: 17195848
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1994 Dec;127(5):1301-10
references.pmid: 7962091
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Jul 12;146(1):13-28
references.pmid: 10402457
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):6918-23
references.pmid: 18460602
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000629
references.pmid: 19730685
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Apr 21;434(7036):987-94
references.pmid: 15846338
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Feb 22;15(4):353-9
references.pmid: 15723797
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jun;9(6):2544-50
references.pmid: 2668736
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2000 Jun;113 ( Pt 11):1903-12
references.pmid: 10806101
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Feb 15;21(4):420-35
references.pmid: 17322402
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Jan 15;21(1-2):181-93
references.pmid: 11782438
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Feb 8;21(3):214-20
references.pmid: 21256022
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Aug;6(8):784-91
references.pmid: 15247924
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2005 Feb 15;19(4):472-88
references.pmid: 15681610
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Sep 3;154(5):925-36
references.pmid: 11535616
references.citation: Cell. 1996 Jul 26;86(2):275-85
references.pmid: 8706132
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;15(12):6838-44
references.pmid: 8524250
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 1996 Aug;7(8):1195-208
references.pmid: 8856664
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Nov;14(11):4557-68
references.pmid: 13679521
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1998 Nov;2(5):571-80
references.pmid: 9844630
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Dec;7(12):4522-34
references.pmid: 2830498
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Jul;15(7):3366-78
references.pmid: 15090617
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2011 Jun 14;20(6):739-50
references.pmid: 21664573
references.citation: Cell. 1998 Sep 4;94(5):607-13
references.pmid: 9741625
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 30;110(18):7282-7
references.pmid: 23589891
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2012 Feb 20;196(4):469-82
references.pmid: 22331849
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2002 Sep;13(9):3029-41
references.pmid: 12221113
references.citation: EMBO J. 2010 Dec 15;29(24):4070-82
references.pmid: 21102558
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Sep;19(9):925-9
references.pmid: 22885327
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1995 Mar 1;9(5):573-86
references.pmid: 7698647
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1980 Mar;84(3):531-46
references.pmid: 7358791
references.citation: Genetics. 2012 Oct;192(2):753-6
references.pmid: 22851650
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;99(5):1559-68
references.pmid: 6092387
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 7;108(23):9367-71
references.pmid: 21606327
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Jul 28;19(14):1176-81
references.pmid: 19592249
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Sep;11(9):1116-20
references.pmid: 19684576
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 May 17;189(4):713-23
references.pmid: 20479468
references.citation: Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):519-31
references.pmid: 1651172
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Nov 16;131(4):730-43
references.pmid: 18022367
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2008 Jan 22;18(2):81-90
references.pmid: 18211850
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2008 Nov;15(5):645-55
references.pmid: 19000831
references.citation: Structure. 2006 Jun;14(6):1003-9
references.pmid: 16765893
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Feb 11;331(6156):499-504
references.pmid: 3340202
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Oct 28;4(10):e7640
references.pmid: 19893618
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2012 Mar 15;26(6):542-7
references.pmid: 22426531
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 7;110(19):7708-13
references.pmid: 23610433
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jun 5;284(23):15359-63
references.pmid: 19228686
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Sep 6;190(5):823-34
references.pmid: 20819936
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Mar 21;484(7393):208-13
references.pmid: 22437499
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Feb 8;15(3):214-25
references.pmid: 15694304
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Sep;11(9):1109-15
references.pmid: 19684577
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1993 May;121(3):503-12
references.pmid: 8486732
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1996 Jan;132(1-2):111-23
references.pmid: 8567717
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;53(2):313-25
references.pmid: 2081546
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Jun 23;101(7):763-75
references.pmid: 10892747
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Jan 27;7(1):e1001282
references.pmid: 21298086
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jan;25(2):767-78
references.pmid: 15632076
references.citation: Cell. 1982 Jun;29(2):305-17
references.pmid: 6288253
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Mar 8;21(5):399-405
references.pmid: 21353555
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Mar;17(3):1065-74
references.pmid: 16381814
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Dec 1;139(5):1271-80
references.pmid: 9382872
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 May;8(5):446-57
references.pmid: 16622420
references.citation: Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1045-7
references.pmid: 9461438
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Apr 5;145(1):15-28
references.pmid: 10189365
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 May 31;145(5):933-50
references.pmid: 10352012
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Jan;8(1):78-83
references.pmid: 16327780
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Dec 24;155(7):1137-45
references.pmid: 11756468
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Dec 24;155(7):1159-72
references.pmid: 11756470
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 Aug 8;16(15):1489-501
references.pmid: 16890524
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jun;41(11):5769-83
references.pmid: 23620291
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Nov 6;17(21):1837-46
references.pmid: 17980598
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Nov 12;40(3):455-64
references.pmid: 21070971
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2009 Sep;10(9):1022-8
references.pmid: 19680287
references.citation: Chromosoma. 1985;91(3-4):313-21
references.pmid: 2579778
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Aug;2(8):492-9
references.pmid: 10934469
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep;1786(1):32-40
references.pmid: 18549824
references.citation: Genetics. 2006 Jan;172(1):53-65
references.pmid: 16157669
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2002 Mar;13(3):755-66
references.pmid: 11907259
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2008 Jan;9(1):56-62
references.pmid: 18064045
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2004 Feb 16;164(4):535-46
references.pmid: 14769859