title: Lead dependent tricuspid dysfunction: Analysis of the mechanism and management in patients referred for transvenous lead extraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lead-dependent tricuspid dysfunction (LDTD) is one of important complications in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. However, this phenomenon is probably underestimated because of an improper interpretation of its clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify LDTD mechanisms and management in patients referred for transvenous lead extraction (TLE) due to lead-dependent complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 940 patients undergoing TLE in a single center from 2009 to 2011 were assessed and 24 patients with LDTD were identifi ed. The general indications for TLE, pacing system types and lead dwell time in both study groups were comparatively analyzed. The radiological and clinical effi cacy of TLE procedure was also assessed in both groups with precision estimation of clinical status patients with LDTD (before and after TLE). Additionally, mechanisms, concomitant lead-dependent complications and degree (severity) of LDTD before and after the procedure were evaluated. Telephone follow-up of LDTD patients was performed at the mean time 1.5 years after TLE/replacement procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main indications for TLE in both groups were similar (apart from isolated LDTD in 45.83% patients from group I). Patients with LDTD had more complex pacing systems with more leads (2.04 in the LDTD group vs. 1.69 in the control group; p = 0.04). There were more unnecessary loops of lead in LDTD patients than in the control group (41.7% vs. 5.24%; p = 0.001). There were no signifi cant differences in average time from implantation to extraction and the number of preceding procedures. Signifi cant tricuspid regurgitation (TR-grade III-IV) was found in 96% of LDTD patients, whereas stenosis with regurgitation in 4%. The 10% frequency of severe TR (not lead dependent) in the control group patients was observed. The main mechanism of LDTD was abnormal leafl et coaptation caused by: loop of the lead (42%), septal leafl et pulled toward the interventricular septum (37%) or too intensive lead impingement of the leafl ets (21%). LDTD patients were treated with TLE and reimplantation of the lead to the right ventricle (87.5%) or to the cardiac vein (4.2%), or surgery procedure with epicardial lead placement following ineffective TLE (8.3%). The radiological and clinical effi cacy of TLE procedure was very high and comparable between the groups I and II (91.7% vs. 94.2%; p = 0.6 and 100% vs. 98.4%; p = 0.46, respectively). Repeated echocardiography showed reduced severity of tricuspid valve dysfunction in 62.5% of LDTD patients. The follow- -up interview confi rmed clinical improvement in 75% of patients (further improvement after cardiosurgery in 2 patients was observed).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LDTD is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The main reason for LDTD was abnormal leafl et coaptation caused by lead loop presence, or propping, or impingement the leafl ets by the lead. Probably, TLE with lead reimplantation is a safe and effective option in LDTD management. An alternative option is TLE with omitted tricuspid valve reimplantation. Cardiac surgery with epicardial lead placement should be reserved for patients with ineffective previous procedures.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Clinical Cardiology Department, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Center, Kielce, Poland. annapolewczyk@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polewczyk
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutarski
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brzozowski
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czajkowski
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polewczyk
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janion
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D020878:Device Removal; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011044:Poland; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014264:Tricuspid Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*