title: Associations between arterial oxygen saturation, body size and limb measurements among high-altitude Andean children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relative influences of hypoxia and other environmental stressors on growth at altitude remain unclear. Previous work demonstrated an association between peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (Sp O2 ) and anthropometry (especially tibia length) among Tibetan and Han children at altitude. We investigated whether similar associations exist among Andeans, and the patterning of associations between Sp O2 and anthropometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stature, head-trunk height, total upper and lower limb lengths, zeugopod (ulna and tibia) and autopod (hand and foot) lengths were measured in Peruvian children (0.5-14 years) living at >3000 m altitude. Sp O2 was measured by pulse oximetry. Anthropometry was converted to internal z scores. Correlation and multiple regression were used to examine associations between anthropometry z scores and Sp O2 , altitude, or Sp O2 adjusted for altitude since altitude is a major determinant of variation in Sp O2 .
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sp O2 and altitude show weak, significant correlations with zeugopod length z scores and still weaker significant correlations with total upper and lower limb length z scores. Correlations with z scores for stature, head-trunk height, or autopod lengths are not significant. Adjusted for altitude, there is no significant association between anthropometry and Sp O2 .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between Sp O2 or altitude and total limb and zeugopod length z scores exist among Andean children. However, the relationships are relatively weak, and while the relationship between anthropometry and altitude may be partly mediated by Sp O2, other factors that covary with altitude (e.g., socioeconomic status, health) are likely to influence anthropometry. The results support suggestions that zeugopod lengths are particularly sensitive to environmental stressors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pomeroy
authors.forename: Jay T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: J Jaime
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Jonathan C K
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000531:Altitude; D000886:Anthropometry; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010568:Peru; D060726:Torso / Q000033:anatomy & histology
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000 Oct;113(2):169-81
references.pmid: 11002203
references.citation: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;18(2):175-7
references.pmid: 11530003
references.citation: Am J Dis Child. 1966 Nov;112(5):402-7
references.pmid: 5917973
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Apr 1;540(Pt 1):351-66
references.pmid: 11927692
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Feb 1;587(3):611-24
references.pmid: 19103677
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2011 Jul-Aug;23(4):509-16
references.pmid: 21538651
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 1998;Suppl 27:25-64
references.pmid: 9881522
references.citation: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jul;16(1):6-8
references.pmid: 11084958
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 1980;32(1):69-76
references.pmid: 6775781
references.citation: Stat Med. 1992 Jul;11(10):1305-19
references.pmid: 1518992
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999 Sep;110(1):57-67
references.pmid: 10490468
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2008 Sep-Oct;20(5):592-7
references.pmid: 18449923
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 15;104 Suppl 1:8655-60
references.pmid: 17494744
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Nov 22;414(6862):411-2
references.pmid: 11719794
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 2003 Mar 7;221(1):143-61
references.pmid: 12634051
references.citation: High Alt Med Biol. 2003 Summer;4(2):141-56
references.pmid: 12855048
references.citation: J Dev Physiol. 1984 Feb;6(1):11-9
references.pmid: 6707438
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 28;101(39):14300-4
references.pmid: 15353580
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 6;104(45):17593-8
references.pmid: 17971439
references.citation: Hum Biol. 1997 Oct;69(5):597-604
references.pmid: 9299881
references.citation: JAMA. 1988 Jun 17;259(23):3427-32
references.pmid: 3373680
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;19(5):703-10
references.pmid: 17657724
references.citation: High Alt Med Biol. 2006 Summer;7(2):116-24
references.pmid: 16764525
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2005 Aug;58(2):179-84
references.pmid: 16006424
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;19(5):662-8
references.pmid: 17636531
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51795
references.pmid: 23272169
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 1981 Nov;56(3):209-16
references.pmid: 7325220
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994 Nov;95(3):271-6
references.pmid: 7856765
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1998 Jul;12 Suppl 1:96-113
references.pmid: 9690276
references.citation: Evolution. 2005 Dec;59(12):2691-704
references.pmid: 16526515
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2001 Apr;49(4):490-4
references.pmid: 11264431
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1990 Jan;44(1):45-60
references.pmid: 2354692
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 1985 May;37(3):312-7
references.pmid: 3926282
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2009 Jan;94(1):6-10
references.pmid: 18829620
references.citation: J Hand Surg Am. 1986 May;11(3):375-82
references.pmid: 3711611
references.citation: Evol Dev. 2008 Jan-Feb;10(1):15-28
references.pmid: 18184354
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963 Oct;45:1423-38
references.pmid: 14069781
references.citation: Reprod Fertil Dev. 2000;12(7-8):443-56
references.pmid: 11545184
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2009 Oct;94(10):806-11
references.pmid: 19066173
references.citation: J Anat. 1973 Feb;114(Pt 2):201-19
references.pmid: 4719657
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Oct;128(4):740-52
references.pmid: 21930554
references.citation: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1977 Mar;66(2):205-9
references.pmid: 842342
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 1990;2(6):613-626
references.pmid: 28520125
references.citation: Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007 Sep;92(5):F372-7
references.pmid: 17329275
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008 Jul;35(7):730-43
references.pmid: 18498533
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):e617-27
references.pmid: 15173545
references.citation: Heart Lung. 1998 Nov-Dec;27(6):387-408
references.pmid: 9835670
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 1960 Jul;49:488-96
references.pmid: 13808744
references.citation: High Alt Med Biol. 2011 Spring;12(1):89-92
references.pmid: 21452970
references.citation: Clin Phys Physiol Meas. 1986 May;7(2):117-23
references.pmid: 3720200
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1990 Jul;18(7):725-7
references.pmid: 2364712
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1979 Dec;237(6):H724-9
references.pmid: 517672
references.citation: Can J Vet Res. 1986 Jan;50(1):96-100
references.pmid: 3742365
references.citation: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007 Sep 30;158(2-3):298-306
references.pmid: 17588504
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1976 Aug;89(2):225-30
references.pmid: 940016
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Feb;288(2):R360-7
references.pmid: 15528396
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2010 Jan-Feb;22(1):1-17
references.pmid: 19844897
references.citation: Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1955;20:1-92
references.pmid: 14375899
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 Apr 1;508 ( Pt 1):281-7
references.pmid: 9490852
references.citation: Hum Biol. 1977 Dec;49(4):611-28
references.pmid: 590958
references.citation: Ann Hum Biol. 2008 Sep-Oct;35(5):518-34
references.pmid: 18821329
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1992 Jul;35(7):595-601
references.pmid: 1644236
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2003 Jul-Aug;15(4):533-46
references.pmid: 12820195
references.citation: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Mar;7(3):1047-75
references.pmid: 20617018
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Sep-Oct;21(5):606-13
references.pmid: 19322886
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):R1564-75
references.pmid: 19244584
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2002 Nov-Dec;14(6):753-61
references.pmid: 12400036