title: A green approach toward quinoxalines and bis-quinoxalines and their biological evaluation against A431, human skin cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to develop a practical green procedure to synthesize quinoxalines and bis-quinoxalines and evaluate their inhibitory effects on the viability of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of quinoxaline and bis-quinoxaline derivatives have been designed and synthesized following a microwave-assisted and bismuth nitrate-catalyzed eco-friendly route. A detailed comparison has been made between microwave-induced protocol with the reactions occurred at room temperature. The structure of the compounds have been elucidated by various spectroscopic methods and finally confirmed by x-ray crystallographic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two quinoxaline derivatives, compounds 6 and 12 have demonstrated inhibitory effects on the viability of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells when compared with HaCaT nontumorigenic human keratinocyte cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Notably, compound 6 inhibits Stat3 phosphorylation/activation in A431 skin cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, USA.
authors.forename: Debasish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Liza D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Hadi D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Arman
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cuate
authors.forename: Young S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bimal K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: Dae J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D008872:Microwaves; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D011810:Quinoxalines; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C065545:bismuth nitrate; D001729:Bismuth