title: An institutional series and literature review of pial arteriovenous fistulas in the pediatric population: clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are a rare form of cerebrovascular disease that tend to be overrepresented in the pediatric population. There have been limited studies of the clinical features and outcomes in this group of patients. Here, the authors attempt to better delineate this clinical entity with institutional cases and a review of the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of cases at our institution was performed to identify all pediatric patients treated for a PAVF between 2000 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients treated for a PAVF were identified. Patients had a mean age of 1.9 years at diagnosis, and the most common presenting symptoms were seizure and macrocephaly. Patients were treated primarily with embolization, and 3 patients required both N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue and coiling. Four of the patients had complete obliteration of the PAVF and had a pediatric overall performance category score of either 1 (n = 3) or 2 (n = 1) at follow-up. There was 1 death due to heart failure. Analysis of the literature review suggested that a younger age or presence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or congestive heart failure (CHF) at presentation likely predicts a worse prognosis. Older patients presented more often with ICH, whereas younger patients presented significantly more often in CHF. The majority of pediatric patients reported on in the literature were treated with endovascular embolization, most commonly with NBCA glue alone. Most patients (65.4%) in the literature had an excellent outcome without neurological deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pial AVFs represent a serious yet rare form of cerebrovascular disease. Pediatric patients with ICH or CHF at presentation or those who are very young are likely to have a worse prognosis. Endovascular management of these patients has greatly changed the natural history of this disease, but the complication and mortality rates suggest the need for continued insights and advances in treatment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.forename: Shih-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pisapia
authors.forename: Phillip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Heuer
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D058627:Megalencephaly / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate