title: Trypanosoma cruzi Entrance through Systemic or Mucosal Infection Sites Differentially Modulates Regional Immune Response Following Acute Infection in Mice.
abstract: Acute Chagas disease is characterized by a systemic infection that leads to the strong activation of the adaptive immune response. Outbreaks of oral contamination by the infective protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi are frequent in Brazil and other Latin American countries, and an increased severity of clinical manifestations and mortality is observed in infected patients. These findings have elicited questions about the specific responses triggered after T. cruzi entry via mucosal sites, possibly modulating local immune mechanisms, and further impacting regional and systemic immunity. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of differential lymphoid organ responses in experimental models of acute T. cruzi infection.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Meis
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barreto de Albuquerque
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Silva Dos Santos
authors.forename: Désio Aurélio
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Farias-de-Oliveira
authors.forename: Luiz Ricardo
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Berbert
authors.forename: Vinícius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cotta-de-Almeida
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Savino
keywords: T cell activation; Trypanosoma cruzi; cytokine; lymph nodes; spleen
references.citation: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007 Jan;101(1):31-50
references.pmid: 17244408
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Oct 14;401(6754):708-12
references.pmid: 10537110
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Apr 15;168(8):3965-73
references.pmid: 11937553
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Aug 1;187(3):1358-68
references.pmid: 21715689
references.citation: Front Immunol. 2011 Nov 24;2:60
references.pmid: 22566849
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Apr;107(8):985-93
references.pmid: 11306602
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3932-7
references.pmid: 9108082
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 Aug;6(8):890-7
references.pmid: 10932226
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 24;280(25):24085-94
references.pmid: 15843370
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2007 Feb-Apr;18(1-2):107-24
references.pmid: 17339126
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2006 Nov;99(6):663-8
references.pmid: 16721600
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2010 Nov-Dec;43(6):751-3
references.pmid: 21181041
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(1):77-83
references.pmid: 3140446
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2007 Mar;37(3):738-46
references.pmid: 17295391
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Aug;65(2):152-8
references.pmid: 11508392
references.citation: Parasite Immunol. 2001 Nov;23(11):581-6
references.pmid: 11703809
references.citation: Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997 May;83(2):165-72
references.pmid: 9143377
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 1999 Oct;85(10):800-8
references.pmid: 10494805
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2012 Jul 30;209(8):1437-44
references.pmid: 22778390
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Jun;56(6):588-95
references.pmid: 9230784
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2002 Mar;14(3):299-308
references.pmid: 11867566
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Apr;173(1-2):12-22
references.pmid: 16494952
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 7;103(6):1705-10
references.pmid: 16446443
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2007 Aug;28(8):366-72
references.pmid: 17625971
references.citation: Hum Pathol. 2007 Aug;38(8):1256-64
references.pmid: 17490721
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Mar;54(6):845-52
references.pmid: 22238161
references.citation: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010 Jun;94(6):147-9
references.pmid: 20625638
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2010 Jul;107(2):439-42
references.pmid: 20502919
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Oct;105(10):543-9
references.pmid: 21803389
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 2007 Aug-Sep;66(2-3):137-42
references.pmid: 17635791
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 1997 Sep;87(1):58-64
references.pmid: 9287958
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58480
references.pmid: 23520515
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 1993 Dec;77(4):405-13
references.pmid: 8253154
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2000 Jun;68(6):3574-80
references.pmid: 10816514
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2003 Jun;193:70-81
references.pmid: 12752672
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 2006 Dec;82(974):788-98
references.pmid: 17148699
references.citation: Lancet. 1995 Nov 18;346(8986):1370-1
references.pmid: 7475804
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2011 Jan-Feb;43(1):220-4
references.pmid: 21335192
references.citation: Int Immunol. 1991 May;3(5):427-33
references.pmid: 1911532
references.citation: Parasitol Int. 2008 Jun;57(2):105-9
references.pmid: 18234547
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Mar 30;220(1-2):64-8
references.pmid: 20116865
references.citation: Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):856-9
references.pmid: 17289999
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Mar 02;4(3):e613
references.pmid: 20209152
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1349-56
references.pmid: 19168740
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Mar;48(3):348-57
references.pmid: 8470772
references.citation: Acta Trop. 2013 Jan;125(1):23-31
references.pmid: 22982466
references.citation: Future Microbiol. 2007 Aug;2(4):365-7
references.pmid: 17683271
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Nov 25;368(9550):1865-6
references.pmid: 17126708
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(7):e1689
references.pmid: 22802973
references.citation: Lancet. 1996 Sep 28;348(9031):891-2
references.pmid: 8826826
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1996 Jul;64(7):2861-6
references.pmid: 8698526
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 1986 Dec;24(6):669-79
references.pmid: 3099380
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2007 Dec;4(12):e332
references.pmid: 18162039
references.citation: Pathol Biol (Paris). 1991 Feb;39(2):91-7
references.pmid: 1901987
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 1974 Dec;4(6):585-8
references.pmid: 4214794
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2012 Jun;19(6):915-25
references.pmid: 22281706
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Jan 15;160(2):763-9
references.pmid: 9551911
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009 Jul 07;3(7):e417
references.pmid: 19582140
references.citation: Int Immunol. 1996 Jan;8(1):13-22
references.pmid: 8671585
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1999 May 25;100(2):163-72
references.pmid: 10391378
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Feb 12;110(7):2599-604
references.pmid: 23349374
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 1988 Nov;28(5):553-61
references.pmid: 2463663
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1981 Feb;31(2):524-9
references.pmid: 6783543
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2010 Feb;78(2):810-22
references.pmid: 19917711
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Dec;70(12):6715-25
references.pmid: 12438346
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;18(4):157-64
references.pmid: 18314333
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2011 Nov;13(12-13):1002-5
references.pmid: 21726660
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Oct;59(4):563-70
references.pmid: 9790431
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003 May-Jun;97(3):308-9
references.pmid: 15228249
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 May;156(5):1805-9
references.pmid: 10793092
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 Feb;70(2):210-20
references.pmid: 14993635
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1995 Jul-Aug;90(4):521-2
references.pmid: 8551957
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2006 Oct;74(10):5549-60
references.pmid: 16988230
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2007 Dec;8(12):1353-62
references.pmid: 17982458
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Aug;73(8):4934-40
references.pmid: 16041007
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2006 Jan;8(1):36-44
references.pmid: 16153873
references.citation: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1967 Mar;61(1):62-7
references.pmid: 6051540
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2006 Jan;8(1):221-31
references.pmid: 16239119
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):83-9
references.pmid: 19935657
references.citation: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2002 Mar-Apr;44(2):97-103
references.pmid: 12048547
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003 May-Jun;36(3):401-7
references.pmid: 12908042
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2001 Sep-Oct;34(5):413-9
references.pmid: 11600906
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 1999;17:221-53
references.pmid: 10358758
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1996 Feb;131(2):301-7
references.pmid: 8579025
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 May 15;174(10):6314-21
references.pmid: 15879131
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1996 Sep;64(9):3800-10
references.pmid: 8751932
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1999 Jan;67(1):403-9
references.pmid: 9864242
references.citation: Cell Mol Immunol. 2004 Jun;1(3):186-92
references.pmid: 16219166
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jan;38(1):139-46
references.pmid: 18085669
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1996 Dec;149(6):2153-9
references.pmid: 8952547
references.citation: Vaccine. 1998 Apr;16(6):608-12
references.pmid: 9569472
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):480-6
references.pmid: 10395865
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1977 Jul 1;146(1):157-71
references.pmid: 327012
references.citation: Cardiovasc Pathol. 1993 Apr-Jun;2(2):101-6
references.pmid: 25990604
references.citation: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005 Dec;85(6):379-81
references.pmid: 16429196
references.citation: Parasitology. 2013 Feb;140(2):147-59
references.pmid: 23010131
references.citation: Br J Haematol. 2012 Apr;157(1):1
references.pmid: 22329435
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 Sep;103(6):528-34
references.pmid: 18949320
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Apr;81(4):942-51
references.pmid: 17261545