title: Neuronavigation in minimally invasive spine surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parallel advancements in image guidance technology and minimal access techniques continue to push the frontiers of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). While traditional intraoperative imaging remains widely used, newer platforms, such as 3D-fluoroscopy, cone-beam CT, and intraoperative CT/MRI, have enabled safer, more accurate instrumentation placement with less radiation exposure to the surgeon. The goal of this work is to provide a review of the current uses of advanced image guidance in MISS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors searched PubMed for relevant articles concerning MISS, with particular attention to the use of image-guidance platforms. Pertinent studies published in English were further compiled and characterized into relevant analyses of MISS of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two studies were included for review. These describe the use of the iso-C system for 3D navigation during C1-2 transarticular screw placement, the use of endoscopic techniques in the cervical spine, and the role of navigation guidance at the occipital-cervical junction. The authors discuss the evolving literature concerning neuronavigation during pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbar spine in the setting of infection, trauma, and deformity surgery and review the use of image guidance in transsacral approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refinements in image-guidance technologies and minimal access techniques have converged on spinal pathology, affording patients the ability to undergo safe, accurate operations without the associated morbidities of conventional approaches. While percutaneous transpedicular screw placement is among the most common procedures to benefit from navigation, other areas of spine surgery can benefit from advances in neuronavigation and further growth in the field of image-guided MISS is anticipated.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ziev B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Rory R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Kretzer
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.forename: Ziya L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gokaslan
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baaj
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted