title: MicroRNA-mediated regulation of T helper cell differentiation and plasticity.
abstract: CD4(+) T helper (TH) cells regulate appropriate cellular and humoral immune responses to a wide range of pathogens and are central to the success of vaccines. However, their dysregulation can cause allergies and autoimmune diseases. The CD4(+) T cell population is characterized not only by a range of distinct cell subsets, such as TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells, regulatory T cells and T follicular helper cells--each with specific functions and gene expression programmes--but also by plasticity between the different TH cell subsets. In this Review, we discuss recent advances and emerging ideas about how microRNAs--small endogenously expressed oligonucleotides that modulate gene expression--are involved in the regulatory networks that determine TH cell fate decisions and that regulate their effector functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baumjohann
authors.forename: K Mark
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ansel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs
references.citation: BMC Pulm Med. 2011 May 23;11:29
references.pmid: 21605405
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2011 May 9;208(5):1001-13
references.pmid: 21518797
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2013 Aug;14(8):840-8
references.pmid: 23812098
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):185-97
references.pmid: 23550647
references.citation: Nat Med. 2012 Oct;18(10):1518-24
references.pmid: 23023500
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2013 Feb 11;210(2):417-32
references.pmid: 23382546
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:531-64
references.pmid: 22224781
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Nov;10(11):1162-9
references.pmid: 19801983
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jan 9;136(1):26-36
references.pmid: 19135886
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2011 Jun 20;12(7):597-606
references.pmid: 21685955
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Oct;19(10):1742-51
references.pmid: 19713549
references.citation: Am J Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Nov 30;1(2):70-89
references.pmid: 23304658
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 1;205(9):2005-17
references.pmid: 18725527
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Sep 17;142(6):914-29
references.pmid: 20850013
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 1;205(9):1993-2004
references.pmid: 18725526
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 31;108(22):9184-9
references.pmid: 21576471
references.citation: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 May 01;8(6):337-47
references.pmid: 22549246
references.citation: Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1488-92
references.pmid: 19286559
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Feb 22;445(7130):936-40
references.pmid: 17237761
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov 15;186(10):965-74
references.pmid: 22955319
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Jan;19(1):92-105
references.pmid: 18955434
references.citation: Immunity. 2011 Aug 26;35(2):169-81
references.pmid: 21820330
references.citation: Blood. 2010 Jan 14;115(2):265-73
references.pmid: 19965651
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2009 Aug 3;206(8):1643-6
references.pmid: 19635860
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Jan;11(1):7-13
references.pmid: 20016504
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Mar 19;140(6):777-83
references.pmid: 20303868
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2012 Apr 19;1(4):385-91
references.pmid: 22570807
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2011 Jul 24;12(9):861-9
references.pmid: 21785411
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Oct 15;179(8):5099-108
references.pmid: 17911595
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Apr;10(4):225-35
references.pmid: 20336151
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):479-86
references.pmid: 19536157
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Dec;134(Pt 12):3578-89
references.pmid: 22088562
references.citation: Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1001-5
references.pmid: 19628815
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Oct 30;203(11):2519-27
references.pmid: 17060477
references.citation: Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):604-8
references.pmid: 17463289
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Dec 14;48(5):760-70
references.pmid: 23142080
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2008 Apr;9(4):405-14
references.pmid: 18327259
references.citation: J Clin Immunol. 2010 May;30(3):347-57
references.pmid: 20393792
references.citation: Immunity. 2011 Oct 28;35(4):583-95
references.pmid: 22018468
references.citation: Immunity. 2010 Jun 25;32(6):828-39
references.pmid: 20605486
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2003 Jul;4(7):616-23
references.pmid: 12830136
references.citation: J Autoimmun. 2012 Feb;38(1):39-48
references.pmid: 22225602
references.citation: J Immunol. 2012 Jun 15;188(12):6238-46
references.pmid: 22586040
references.citation: Immunity. 2013 May 23;38(5):984-97
references.pmid: 23623381
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Nov 17;118(20):5487-97
references.pmid: 21972292
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Jun 05;19(6):586-93
references.pmid: 22664986
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2011 Aug 07;29(9):840-5
references.pmid: 21822254
references.citation: Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):608-11
references.pmid: 17463290
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36684
references.pmid: 22629323
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):53-64
references.pmid: 23550638
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):5-11
references.pmid: 23550634
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:621-63
references.pmid: 21314428
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):82-96
references.pmid: 23550640
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Sep 15;187(6):3362-73
references.pmid: 21849676
references.citation: Science. 2010 Feb 26;327(5969):1098-102
references.pmid: 20185720
references.citation: J Immunol. 2012 Aug 15;189(4):1567-76
references.pmid: 22772450
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24:607-56
references.pmid: 16551261
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 4;192(11):1553-62
references.pmid: 11104798
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2012 Dec;24(6):686-91
references.pmid: 22902047
references.citation: Immunity. 2011 Dec 23;35(6):919-31
references.pmid: 22195747
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul;128(1):160-167.e4
references.pmid: 21571357
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Aug;10(8):578-85
references.pmid: 19609263
references.citation: J Immunol. 1986 Apr 1;136(7):2348-57
references.pmid: 2419430
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2009 Dec;10(12):1252-9
references.pmid: 19838199
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 24;285(39):30139-49
references.pmid: 20630862
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 Mar;252(1):89-103
references.pmid: 23405897
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Jan 16;30(1):80-91
references.pmid: 19144316
references.citation: Science. 2009 Aug 21;325(5943):1006-10
references.pmid: 19608860
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2005 Jul 18;202(2):261-9
references.pmid: 16009718
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov;128(5):1077-85.e1-10
references.pmid: 21616524
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Oct 1;187(7):3578-86
references.pmid: 21880981
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 15;109(20):E1248-57
references.pmid: 22517757
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1057-62
references.pmid: 20935646
references.citation: Immunity. 2011 Jun 24;34(6):932-46
references.pmid: 21636296
references.citation: Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1172-87
references.pmid: 22424228
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2010 Jan;40(1):225-31
references.pmid: 19877012
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2013 Feb;43(2):510-20
references.pmid: 23129528
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Sep;11(9):597-610
references.pmid: 20661255
references.citation: Nature. 2005 May 26;435(7041):452-8
references.pmid: 15917799
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Nov 8;450(7167):299-303
references.pmid: 18172933
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Feb 22;445(7130):931-5
references.pmid: 17237765
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2012 Mar 11;13(4):405-11
references.pmid: 22406686
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Feb;10(2):111-22
references.pmid: 20098459
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Apr 15;182(8):4994-5002
references.pmid: 19342679
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 19;109(25):9965-70
references.pmid: 22665768
references.citation: RNA. 2013 Apr;19(4):527-38
references.pmid: 23431331
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Jun;23(3):368-73
references.pmid: 21353514
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Feb;9(2):91-105
references.pmid: 19151746
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:707-31
references.pmid: 22224760
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 1;205(9):1983-91
references.pmid: 18725525
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2010;79:351-79
references.pmid: 20533884
references.citation: Immunity. 2010 Aug 27;33(2):241-53
references.pmid: 20691615
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 Sep 18;31(3):457-68
references.pmid: 19631565
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Jan;11(3):174-9
references.pmid: 21621006
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Sep 1;187(5):2089-92
references.pmid: 21804014
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2012 Apr 29;13(6):587-95
references.pmid: 22544395
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Dec 4;192(11):1545-52
references.pmid: 11104797
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Apr 2;141(1):129-41
references.pmid: 20371350
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Jun 29;129(7):1401-14
references.pmid: 17604727
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Jan 23;136(2):215-33
references.pmid: 19167326
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1999 Oct 18;190(8):1123-34
references.pmid: 10523610
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2011 Jun 26;12(8):796-803
references.pmid: 21706005
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Apr 6;129(1):147-61
references.pmid: 17382377
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:485-517
references.pmid: 19132915
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 2013 Jul;54(3-4):435-42
references.pmid: 23416424
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D163-9
references.pmid: 21071411
references.citation: J Immunol. 2013 Mar 15;190(6):2682-91
references.pmid: 23408835
references.citation: Immunity. 2009 May;30(5):646-55
references.pmid: 19464987
references.citation: Annu Rev Pathol. 2013 Jan 24;8:477-512
references.pmid: 23157335
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 27;39(4):493-506
references.pmid: 20797623
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2008 Jun;20(3):281-7
references.pmid: 18554884
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):65-81
references.pmid: 23550639
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Aug;11(8):725-33
references.pmid: 20639877
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(8):e1002855
references.pmid: 22916024
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2011 Jan;12(1):96-104
references.pmid: 21151104
references.citation: Immunity. 2010 Oct 29;33(4):607-19
references.pmid: 20888269
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Sep 1;187(5):2213-21
references.pmid: 21788439
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2013 May;253(1):40-52
references.pmid: 23550637
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2005;6(8):R71
references.pmid: 16086853
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1169-74
references.pmid: 20924405
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Nov;32(21):4432-44
references.pmid: 22927641
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2012 Aug 27;209(9):1655-70
references.pmid: 22891274
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2012 Jun;24(3):297-302
references.pmid: 22341735
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 May 2;368(18):1685-94
references.pmid: 23534542
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 30;110(18):7407-12
references.pmid: 23589855
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2010 Aug;11(8):674-80
references.pmid: 20644573
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:745-63
references.pmid: 15032595
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Jun;11(6):375-88
references.pmid: 21610741
references.citation: J Immunol. 2013 Aug 15;191(4):1594-605
references.pmid: 23858035
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 3;106(44):18704-9
references.pmid: 19843690
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2012 Aug;42(8):2100-8
references.pmid: 22585398
references.citation: Immunity. 2013 Jan 24;38(1):13-25
references.pmid: 23352221
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D152-7
references.pmid: 21037258
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 20;29(6):747-54
references.pmid: 21079135
references.citation: Immunity. 2013 Mar 21;38(3):596-605
references.pmid: 23499493
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1643-7
references.pmid: 18566288
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2012 Dec 27;2(6):1697-709
references.pmid: 23200854
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2010;28:445-89
references.pmid: 20192806