title: The importance of alcohol abuse and smoking in the evolution of glaucoma disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diagnosing glaucoma by clinical and paraclinical selection, monitoring the patients who present glaucoma, smoke and consume high quantities of alcohol. We wish to demonstrate the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on the progression of glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The paper represents a clinical prospective observational and interventional study within a period of 11 months (September 2011- August 2012), which includes 214 patients diagnosed with glaucoma, by clinical and paraclinical examination, and, who were administrated prostaglandin analogues. The group was divided into 4 homogeneous subgroups according to age, without ocular and systemic associated pathology: Group A- patients diagnosed with glaucoma who do not smoke or drink alcohol (witness group). Group B- patients diagnosed with glaucoma who smoke but do not drink alcohol. Group C- patients diagnosed with glaucoma who drink alcohol but do not smoke. Group D- patients diagnosed with glaucoma who smoke and drink alcohol. The patients in the 4 groups were supervised by monthly periodical examinations in the first 3 months, then at 3 months by clinical examination (anterior pole examination, eye background) and paraclinical examination (gonioscopy, aplanotonometry Goldman, pachymetry, retinography, computerized perimetry, optical coherence tomography - OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tensional variations in all the 4 groups under treatment were between (+2;-2mmHg). Retinography failed to point out significant changes from the enrolment to the moment of the paper presentation. The visual field has registered important changes in groups B and D and has not registered significant changes in groups A and C. OCT changes were registered particularly in group D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progression of the glaucoma disease is more influenced by smoking than by alcohol consumption. The association between smoking and alcohol consumption certainly represents an agent of major risk in the progression of glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Nicolae Malaxa Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania. chiotoroiu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Chiotoroiu
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pop de Popa
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Ştefăniu
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Secureanu
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Purcărea
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: alcohol abuse; glaucoma disease; smoking
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