title: Go with the flow.
abstract: Thermodilution using a pulmonary artery catheter is considered the gold standard in measuring cardiac output. however, drawbacks associated with the technique have prompted clinicians to seek less invasive options. but these alternatives have their own limitations. we examine the evidence on four devices that measure cardiac output using minimally invasive and noninvasive techniques.
mesh_terms: D002302:Cardiac Output; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D011651:Pulmonary Artery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000295:instrumentation*