title: Late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia in children: the experience of single institution in Korea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) beyond the neonatal period is rare and often misdiagnosed, with delayed treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed our experience with late-presenting CDH over 30 years at a single institution to determine the characteristics of late-presenting CDH for early diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients had operations due to late-presenting CHD in our institution over 30 years. The patients' ages ranged from 2.5 months to 16 years. There were six boys and one girl. Five hernias were left-sided, one was right-sided and one was a retrosternal hernia. All patients had normal intestinal rotation. Non-specific gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms and signs were usually presented. Intestinal malrotations were absent; therefore, only organs adjacent to the defect or relatively movable organs such as the small bowel and transverse colon were herniated. Two cases were accompanied by stomach herniation with the volvulus and liver, respectively. The duration from presentation to diagnosis varied from 5 days to 1 year. Diagnoses were made by chest X-ray, upper gastrointestinal series and chest computed tomography. All patients underwent primary repair with interrupted non-absorbable sutures by a transabdominal approach. None had postoperative complications. The follow-up period in six patients ranged from 4 months to 20 years (median 3.8 years). There was no recurrence in any of the patients on follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high index of suspicion is important for the diagnosis of late-presenting CDH because it can be a life-threatening condition such as CDH with a gastric volvulus. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can lead to a good prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 10 63-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-713, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; late-presentation
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