title: Interventions for infantile esotropia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile esotropia (IE) is the inward deviation of the eye. Various aspects of the clinical management of IE are unclear; mainly, the most effective type of intervention and the age at intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of various surgical and non-surgical interventions for IE and to determine the significance of age at treatment with respect to outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 5), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE, (January 1950 to June 2013), EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2013), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to June 2013), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 10 June 2013. We manually searched the conference proceedings of the European Strabismological Association (ESA) (1975 to 1997, 1999 to 2002), International Strabismological Association (ISA) (1994) and American Academy of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus meeting (AAPOS) (1995 to 2003). Efforts were made to contact researchers who are active in the field for information about further published or unpublished studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised trials comparing any surgical or non-surgical intervention for infantile esotropia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each review author independently assessed study abstracts identified from the electronic and manual searches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No studies were found that met our selection criteria and therefore none were included for analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main body of literature on interventions for IE are either retrospective studies or prospective cohort studies. It has not been possible through this review to resolve the controversies regarding type of surgery, non-surgical intervention and age of intervention. There is clearly a need for good quality trials to be conducted in these areas to improve the evidence base for the management of IE.
authors.affiliation: OphthalmologyDepartment, Salisbury Health Care NHS Trust, Salisbury, UK. sue.elliott@salisbury.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Ayad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafiq
mesh_terms: D004948:Esotropia / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jan;133(1):109-18
references.pmid: 11755846
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2010 Apr;14(2):111-6
references.pmid: 20451851
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 1985 Dec 15;100(6):798-801
references.pmid: 4073176
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1995 Dec;102(12):2041-5
references.pmid: 9098315
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 1984 Jul 15;98(1):50-61
references.pmid: 6377903
references.citation: Strabismus. 2010 Sep;18(3):87-97
references.pmid: 20843185
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2006 Oct;10(5):409-13
references.pmid: 17070474
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990 May-Jun;27(3):115-8; discussion 119
references.pmid: 2366122
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Aug;49(8):3432-7
references.pmid: 18441299
references.citation: Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007 Sep;11(5):285-91
references.pmid: 17403610
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 2012 Mar;153(3):560-3
references.pmid: 21996305
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1983 Feb;90(2):132-5
references.pmid: 6856250
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2010 Dec;14(6):558; author reply 559-60
references.pmid: 21168085
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1990 Nov;97(11):1434-8
references.pmid: 2255516
references.citation: Strabismus. 2005 Dec;13(4):169-99
references.pmid: 16361188
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2012 Jun;16(3):269-73
references.pmid: 22681945
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Aug;82(8):934-8
references.pmid: 9828781
references.citation: J AAPOS. 1998 Dec;2(6):325-8; discussion 329
references.pmid: 10532717
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2008 Apr;12(2):136-40
references.pmid: 18083593
references.citation: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1992;90:361-7; discussion 367-71
references.pmid: 1494828
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD004917
references.pmid: 15674970
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 Jul;83(7):783-7
references.pmid: 10381663
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1989 Jul;96(7):935-43
references.pmid: 2771360
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Jul;93(7):954-7
references.pmid: 19336428
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1993 Jun;100(6):945-8
references.pmid: 8510910
references.citation: J AAPOS. 2008 Feb;12(1):66-8
references.pmid: 18160320
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 1994 Jul;112(7):913-9
references.pmid: 8031270
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1980 Jul-Aug;17(4):261-7
references.pmid: 7411341
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1980 Oct;87(10):1044-9
references.pmid: 7243198
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1995 Jul-Aug;32(4):231-5
references.pmid: 7494159
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1994 Jul-Aug;31(4):214-9
references.pmid: 7807296
references.citation: J Med Libr Assoc. 2006 Apr;94(2):130-6
references.pmid: 16636704
references.citation: Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;31(6):509-16
references.pmid: 14641159
references.citation: Can J Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct;39(6):639-49
references.pmid: 15559650
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1976 May;13(3):129-31
references.pmid: 1018189