title: Doctoral programs to train future leaders in clinical and translational science.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has made extensive investments in educational programs related to clinical and translational science (CTS), there has been no systematic investigation of the number and characteristics of PhD programs providing training to future leaders in CTS. The authors undertook to determine the number of institutions that, having had received NIH-funded Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs), currently had or were developing PhD programs in CTS; to examine differences between programs developed before and after CTSA funding; and to provide detailed characteristics of new programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2012, CTS program leaders at the 60 CTSA-funded institutions completed a cross-sectional survey focusing on four key domains related to PhD programs in CTS: program development and oversight; students; curriculum and research; and milestones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two institutions had fully developed PhD programs in CTS, and 268 students were earning PhDs in this new field; 13 institutions were planning PhD programs. New programs were more likely to have fully developed PhD competencies and more likely to include students in medical school, students working only on their PhD, students working on a first doctoral degree, and students working in T1 translational research. They were less likely to include physicians and students working in clinical or T2 research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CTS PhD programs have similarities, they also vary in their characteristics and management of students. This may be due to diversity in translational science itself or to the relative infancy of CTS as a discipline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. switzerge@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Galen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.forename: Georgeanna F W B
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Wishwa N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005380:Financing, Government; D006801:Humans; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / Q000191:economics; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Aug;4(4):233-5
references.pmid: 21884508
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2011 Jul 6;3(90):90cm17
references.pmid: 21734173
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Sep;1(2):94-5, 98
references.pmid: 20443828
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2011 Oct;4(5):359-62
references.pmid: 22029809
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2012 Apr;5(2):132-7
references.pmid: 22507118
references.citation: Acad Med. 2010 Mar;85(3):457-62
references.pmid: 20182118
references.citation: Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):63-72
references.pmid: 14526066
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 13;353(15):1621-3
references.pmid: 16221788
references.citation: Acad Med. 2010 Mar;85(3):463-9
references.pmid: 20182119
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2010 Dec;3(6):270-1
references.pmid: 21207873