title: Carbamazepine-mediated pro-oxidant effects on the unicellular marine algal species Dunaliella tertiolecta and the hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: This study investigates the pro-oxidant behavior of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ) on the marine algal species Dunaliella tertiolecta and the immune defense-related hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. A phytotoxicity test, performed in a first step, showed a significant inhibition of the growth rate and the chlorophyll alpha (Chl-α) content in algae after exposure for 24 h to different concentrations of CBZ (1-200 mg L(-1)). On the other hand, the increased levels of lipid peroxidation products, such as MDA, measured in 24 h CBZ-treated cells were attenuated with time (48-96 h), followed by a significant recovery of both the algal growth rate and the Chl-α content in all cases. The latter could be related to the concomitant enhancement of total carotenoids in CBZ-treated algae with time, which in turn could protect algal growth and survival against CBZ-induced oxidative stress. On the other hand, the increased levels of cell death, superoxide anions ((·)O2 (-)), nitric oxides (NO, in terms of nitrites, NO2 (-)) and MDA content observed in mussel hemocytes exposed to environmentally relevant (0.01-1 μg L(-1)) and/or higher (10 and 100 μg L(-1)) concentrations of the drug, clearly indicate the ability of CBZ to induce oxidative effects on cells of non-target species, such as mussels, affecting thus their overall health status. The significant relationships occurred among the tested biological parameters in both bioassays, further reinforce CBZ-mediated pro-oxidant effects on species, widely used in ecotoxicological and toxicological studies and provide a more comprehensive view on its environmental fate and ecotoxicological risk evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Pinelopi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsiaka
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsarpali
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ntaikou
authors.forename: Maria N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kostopoulou
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyberatos
authors.forename: Stefanos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dailianis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013481:Superoxides; D002734:Chlorophyll; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002220:Carbamazepine; D002338:Carotenoids; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
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