title: Where on the obsessive impulsive-compulsive spectrum does hair-pulling disorder belong?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hair-pulling disorder (HPD) is a putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, but proper categorization is challenging. Distinct subgroups of HPD may exist, depending on the primary motivation in the act of pulling. Two notable proposed subgroups are "relief pullers" (pulling primarily to reduce anxiety- a "compulsive" subgroup) and "pleasure/gratification pullers" (pulling primarily for reward- an "impulsive" subgroup) which we sought to examine in order to contribute to conversations on the categorization of HPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 111 HPD subjects (mean age 33.7 ± 10.7 [range 18-61] years; 87.4% female) were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between subgroups (pleasure: n = 51; relief: n = 60); and cognitive performance where data were available (n = 29 per group) and 32 matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant demographic differences were noted between groups. Pleasure pullers were significantly more conscious of their pulling. Response inhibition and set shifting deficits were noted in HPD versus controls; however, pleasure and relief pullers did not differ significantly from each other on neurocognitive measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest common clinical features and associated neural dysfunction between relief and pleasure/gratification pullers, rather than supporting their existence as discrete clinical entities. Selection of appropriate treatment may focus on other aspects of hair pulling, including family history and comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Brian Lawrence
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Odlaug
authors.forename: Samuel Robin
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Liana Renee Nelson
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Jon Edgar
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000145:classification; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014256:Trichotillomania / Q000145:classification* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult