title: Cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis and cartilage repair procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to review the current literature on cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic searches in PubMed were performed to identify relevant studies about T2 relaxation time measurements as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage repair procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial osteoarthritic changes include proteoglycan loss, deterioration of the collagen network, and increased water content within the articular cartilage and menisci. T2 relaxation time measurements are affected by these pathophysiological processes. It was demonstrated that cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time values were significantly increased in subjects with compared to those without radiographic OA and focal knee lesions, respectively. Subjects with OA risk factors such as overweight/obesity showed significantly greater cartilage T2 values than normal controls. Elevated cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation times were found in subjects with vs without knee pain. Increased cartilage T2 at baseline predicted morphologic degeneration in the cartilage, meniscus, and bone marrow over 3 years. Furthermore, cartilage repair tissue could be non-invasively assessed by using T2 mapping. Reproducibility errors for T2 measurements were reported to be smaller than the T2 differences in healthy and diseased cartilage indicating that T2 relaxation time may be a reliable discriminatory biomarker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cartilage and meniscal T2 mapping may be suitable as non-invasive biomarker to diagnose early stages of knee OA and to monitor therapy of OA.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany. Electronic address: thbaum@gmx.de.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Karampinos
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jungmann
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000473:pathology*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time; Knee; Magnetic resonance imaging; Osteoarthritis
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1995 Dec;96(6):2859-69
references.pmid: 8675657
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Nov;26(9):1215-20
references.pmid: 18502073
references.citation: Radiology. 2010 Oct;257(1):175-84
references.pmid: 20713608
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59769
references.pmid: 23555775
references.citation: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 Oct;8(10):622-30
references.pmid: 22782003
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Nov;18(11):1408-16
references.pmid: 20696262
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Jan;21(1):69-76
references.pmid: 23059757
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Aug;63(8):2248-56
references.pmid: 21538328
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2013 Apr;42(4):511-20
references.pmid: 23053200
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 May;16(5):584-90
references.pmid: 18337129
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Mar;18(3):358-64
references.pmid: 19948266
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Apr 15;61(4):459-67
references.pmid: 19333985
references.citation: Radiology. 2008 Nov;249(2):591-600
references.pmid: 18936315
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 May;21(5):710-20
references.pmid: 23376528
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Jan;21(1):86-93
references.pmid: 23047010
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2005 May;53(5):993-8
references.pmid: 15844163
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Nov;193(5):W411-5
references.pmid: 19843720
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Dec;18(12):1557-63
references.pmid: 20950693
references.citation: Radiology. 2005 Jan;234(1):245-9
references.pmid: 15550376
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 Aug;19(8):984-9
references.pmid: 21515391
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2006 Nov;19(7):765-80
references.pmid: 17075960
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Jun;59(6):1472-7
references.pmid: 18506807
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Sep;18(9):1211-7
references.pmid: 20633680
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2010 Jun;20(6):1532-8
references.pmid: 20013272
references.citation: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Mar;20(3):450-66
references.pmid: 22113219
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2006 Mar;24(3):366-74
references.pmid: 16479569
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1695-702
references.pmid: 23364897
references.citation: Radiology. 1997 Nov;205(2):546-50
references.pmid: 9356643
references.citation: Radiology. 2010 Feb;254(2):509-20
references.pmid: 20019141
references.citation: Knee. 2012 Oct;19(5):652-7
references.pmid: 22018879
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2012 Mar;41(3):287-92
references.pmid: 21499976
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Sep;50(9):2820-8
references.pmid: 15457450
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Oct;16(10):1150-9
references.pmid: 18387828
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Aug;17(8):988-94
references.pmid: 19332176
references.citation: Invest Radiol. 2008 Sep;43(9):619-26
references.pmid: 18708855
references.citation: Radiology. 2011 Jul;260(1):257-64
references.pmid: 21460030
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2004 Mar;12(3):177-90
references.pmid: 14972335
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Feb;63(2):465-72
references.pmid: 19918905
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;2005:3043-6
references.pmid: 17282885
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2009 Jul;27(7):957-63
references.pmid: 19133648
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Apr;17(4):440-4
references.pmid: 12655583
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Jul;20(7):727-35
references.pmid: 22503812
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Aug;68(2):588-94
references.pmid: 22213239
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2004 May;22(3):557-64
references.pmid: 15099635
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Jun;42(6):511-20
references.pmid: 22402583
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Oct;28(4):979-86
references.pmid: 18821633
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Mar;19(3):323-8
references.pmid: 14994301
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Sep;17(9):1219-27
references.pmid: 19409295
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(5):R153
references.pmid: 21933394
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 1994 Aug 1;28(5):385-97
references.pmid: 7919526
references.citation: Radiology. 2008 Apr;247(1):154-61
references.pmid: 18372466
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2011 Jul;39(7):1557-68
references.pmid: 21730207
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2010 Mar;73(3):622-8
references.pmid: 19181469
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 May;20(5):357-363
references.pmid: 22353692
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Sep;56(3):527-34
references.pmid: 16894587
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2010 May;38(5):934-42
references.pmid: 20335510
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Jul;26(1):109-17
references.pmid: 17659569
references.citation: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Aug;53(8):924-9
references.pmid: 7629621
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R139
references.pmid: 20626854
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Nov;52(11):3528-35
references.pmid: 16255024
references.citation: Clin Geriatr Med. 2010 Aug;26(3):355-69
references.pmid: 20699159
references.citation: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):248-55
references.pmid: 22012846
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Feb;35(2):370-8
references.pmid: 21987496
references.citation: Eur Cell Mater. 2007 May 15;13:76-86
references.pmid: 17506024
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2011 Sep;79(3):421-7
references.pmid: 20638209
references.citation: Am J Sports Med. 2010 Nov;38(11):2273-80
references.pmid: 20631252
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2010 Jun;20(6):1515-23
references.pmid: 19937329
references.citation: Radiology. 2013 Mar;266(3):831-41
references.pmid: 23238155
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Dec;17(12):1576-82
references.pmid: 19737529
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Dec;17(12):1589-97
references.pmid: 19577672
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Dec;16(12):1433-41
references.pmid: 18786841
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan;58(1):26-35
references.pmid: 18163497
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Mar;17(3):358-64
references.pmid: 12594727
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Jun 07;14(3):212
references.pmid: 22682469
references.citation: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008 Aug;34(3):623-43
references.pmid: 18687276
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 19;105(7):2266-70
references.pmid: 18268341
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1998 May;39(5):697-701
references.pmid: 9581599
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Oct;54(4):929-36
references.pmid: 16155867
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Mar 12-18;365(9463):965-73
references.pmid: 15766999
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Nov;26(9):1236-43
references.pmid: 18467063
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007 Jul;15(7):789-97
references.pmid: 17307365
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Jul;14(1):50-5
references.pmid: 11436214
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun;58(6):1727-30
references.pmid: 18512778
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Jan;63(1):181-93
references.pmid: 19859960
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Jan;17(1):114-21
references.pmid: 12500280
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Nov;14(11):1087-90
references.pmid: 16901724
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2009 May;38(5):459-65
references.pmid: 19089419
references.citation: Med Phys. 2009 Sep;36(9):4059-67
references.pmid: 19810478
references.citation: Radiology. 2013 May;267(2):503-13
references.pmid: 23297335
references.citation: Radiology. 2011 Mar;258(3):832-42
references.pmid: 21212364
references.citation: Radiology. 2000 Jan;214(1):259-66
references.pmid: 10644134
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2008 Mar;26(3):281-91
references.pmid: 17876836
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Oct;14(10):1033-40
references.pmid: 16713310
references.citation: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013 Jan;65(1):23-33
references.pmid: 22623435
references.citation: Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jun;40(6):725-35
references.pmid: 21052658
references.citation: Radiology. 2011 Aug;260(2):332-54
references.pmid: 21778451
references.citation: Radiographics. 2011 Jan-Feb;31(1):37-61
references.pmid: 21257932
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Jan;21(1):110-6
references.pmid: 23092792
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 May;19(5):557-88
references.pmid: 21396463