title: Coexpression patterns indicate that GPI-anchored non-specific lipid transfer proteins are involved in accumulation of cuticular wax, suberin and sporopollenin.
abstract: The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP) are unique to land plants. The nsLTPs are characterized by a compact structure with a central hydrophobic cavity and can be classified to different types based on sequence similarity, intron position or spacing between the cysteine residues. The type G nsLTPs (LTPGs) have a GPI-anchor in the C-terminal region which attaches the protein to the exterior side of the plasma membrane. The function of these proteins, which are encoded by large gene families, has not been systematically investigated so far. In this study we have explored microarray data to investigate the expression pattern of the LTPGs in Arabidopsis and rice. We identified that the LTPG genes in each plant can be arranged in three expression modules with significant coexpression within the modules. According to expression patterns and module sizes, the Arabidopsis module AtI is functionally equivalent to the rice module OsI, AtII corresponds to OsII and AtIII is functionally comparable to OsIII. Starting from modules AtI, AtII and AtIII we generated extended networks with Arabidopsis genes coexpressed with the modules. Gene ontology analyses of the obtained networks suggest roles for LTPGs in the synthesis or deposition of cuticular waxes, suberin and sporopollenin. The AtI-module is primarily involved with cuticular wax, the AtII-module with suberin and the AtIII-module with sporopollenin. Further transcript analysis revealed that several transcript forms exist for several of the LTPG genes in both Arabidopsis and rice. The data suggests that the GPI-anchor attachment and localization of LTPGs may be controlled to some extent by alternative splicing.
authors.affiliation: IFM, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Monika M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Edstam
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eklöf
authors.forename: Uno
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wennergren
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edqvist
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000502:physiology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000502:physiology*; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000378:metabolism; D014885:Waxes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017261:Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; D008055:Lipids; D018749:RNA, Plant; D014885:Waxes; C030363:lipid transfer protein; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids; C065875:suberin
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2005 May;37(5):501-6
references.pmid: 15806101
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2011 Nov;4(6):947-64
references.pmid: 21486996
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2009 Jun 29;10:288
references.pmid: 19563678
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2004 May;42(5):355-65
references.pmid: 15191737
references.citation: Mol Cells. 2008 Apr 30;25(2):279-88
references.pmid: 18414008
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Dec;133(4):1605-16
references.pmid: 14681527
references.citation: EMBO J. 1994 Jan 1;13(1):128-37
references.pmid: 8306956
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2001 May;46(2):131-41
references.pmid: 11442054
references.citation: Genome Res. 2004 Jun;14(6):1085-94
references.pmid: 15173114
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2002 Mar;14(3):559-74
references.pmid: 11910004
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Sep 26;419(6905):399-403
references.pmid: 12353036
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Jul;40(4):699-709
references.pmid: 10480393
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1994 May;105(1):35-45
references.pmid: 8029357
references.citation: FEBS J. 2007 Jan;274(2):335-45
references.pmid: 17229141
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2005 Jun;138(2):923-34
references.pmid: 15923337
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Jun;31(3):539-52
references.pmid: 8790287
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2007 Nov 1;23(21):2947-8
references.pmid: 17846036
references.citation: Structure. 1995 Feb 15;3(2):189-99
references.pmid: 7735835
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004 Jan;16(1):229-40
references.pmid: 14671020
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1998 Oct 15;257(2):443-8
references.pmid: 9826191
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 May;5(3):545-53
references.pmid: 22230762
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2008 Jul;1(4):599-610
references.pmid: 19825565
references.citation: Development. 1998 May;125(9):1647-57
references.pmid: 9521903
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2008;59(12):3485-99
references.pmid: 18687588
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Jul;132(3):1249-59
references.pmid: 12857807
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Oct 06;3(10):e3337
references.pmid: 18836531
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2007;2(4):953-71
references.pmid: 17446895
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2008 Jan;1(1):58-67
references.pmid: 20031914
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):9957-73
references.pmid: 3697087
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D883-7
references.pmid: 17145706
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2008 Oct;46(10):918-27
references.pmid: 18595724
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1984 Mar 1;139(2):411-6
references.pmid: 6698022
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2001 Jan 19;488(3):145-8
references.pmid: 11163761
references.citation: Plant J. 1997 Jun;11(6):1237-51
references.pmid: 9225465
references.citation: Plant Sci. 2011 Mar;180(3):399-413
references.pmid: 21421386
references.citation: J Membr Biol. 2002 Sep 1;189(1):35-43
references.pmid: 12202950
references.citation: Plant J. 1998 Nov;16(4):433-42
references.pmid: 9881163
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1995 Nov;7(11):1773-85
references.pmid: 8535134
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2000 Dec;26(4):403-10
references.pmid: 11101835
references.citation: Plant J. 2008 Aug;55(3):526-42
references.pmid: 18419781
references.citation: Immunology. 2003 Oct;110(2):258-68
references.pmid: 14511240
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1998 Nov 1;38(4):551-64
references.pmid: 9747801
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2004 Jun;135(2):745-55
references.pmid: 15173566
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2010 Oct;15(10):546-53
references.pmid: 20655799
references.citation: Plant J. 1995 Apr;7(4):589-601
references.pmid: 7742856
references.citation: Cell Res. 2004 Feb;14(1):8-15
references.pmid: 15040885
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2000 Jan;12(1):151-64
references.pmid: 10634914
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2012 Aug;53(8):1391-403
references.pmid: 22891199
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2005 May 1;21(9):2104-5
references.pmid: 15647292
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2009 Feb;21(2):581-94
references.pmid: 19223515
references.citation: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2003 Dec;2(12):1261-70
references.pmid: 14517339
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2005 Jan;46(1):23-47
references.pmid: 15659435
references.citation: Plant J. 2007 Apr;50(2):347-63
references.pmid: 17376166
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2011;62:437-60
references.pmid: 21275644
references.citation: Genome Res. 2003 Nov;13(11):2498-504
references.pmid: 14597658
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2006 Jan;140(1):176-83
references.pmid: 16361524
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Aug 08;2(8):e718
references.pmid: 17684564
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4305-10
references.pmid: 10660599
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704
references.pmid: 14530136
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2008 Sep 23;9:392
references.pmid: 18811934
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Feb;30(3):493-504
references.pmid: 8605301
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14131-7
references.pmid: 10571986
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2005 Aug 15;21(16):3448-9
references.pmid: 15972284
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2008 Feb 21;9:86
references.pmid: 18291034
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2004 Apr;134(4):1718-32
references.pmid: 15084732
references.citation: Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):880-3
references.pmid: 11486091
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Jan;23(1):130-46
references.pmid: 21282527
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jan 1;31(1):224-8
references.pmid: 12519987
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1991 Sep;3(9):907-21
references.pmid: 1822991
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):568-77
references.pmid: 12805588
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2012 Jan;63(1):293-304
references.pmid: 21940717
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2009 May;150(1):42-54
references.pmid: 19321705
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2009 Apr;21(4):1230-8
references.pmid: 19366900
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2008 Sep;17(9):1522-30
references.pmid: 18552128
references.citation: FEBS J. 2008 Jun;275(11):2965-76
references.pmid: 18445040
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1992 Mar 30;300(2):167-70
references.pmid: 1563517
references.citation: Planta. 2002 May;215(1):41-50
references.pmid: 12012240
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2010 Sep;61(14):3947-57
references.pmid: 20826506
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1997 Oct;9(10):1859-68
references.pmid: 9368419
references.citation: J Plant Res. 1997 Mar;110(1):131-9
references.pmid: 27520053
references.citation: Science. 1990 Apr 27;248(4954):471-4
references.pmid: 2330508
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Nov 11;22(22):4673-80
references.pmid: 7984417
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):21024-31
references.pmid: 12646570
references.citation: Peptides. 2004 Aug;25(8):1235-42
references.pmid: 15350690
references.citation: New Phytol. 2006;171(3):469-99
references.pmid: 16866954
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403-10
references.pmid: 2231712
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1997 Oct 20;416(2):130-4
references.pmid: 9369197
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2008 May;13(5):236-46
references.pmid: 18440267
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2003 Mar;51(5):719-29
references.pmid: 12678559
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Sep 25;1730(3):173-86
references.pmid: 16140404