title: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS)--a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition is a novel mode of treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin lowered blood glucose, blood pressure, and body weight, with increased risk of urogenital infections in Phase 2 studies. Effects on macrovascular complications of diabetes remain to be determined. CANVAS is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the effects of canagliflozin on the risk of cardiovascular disease and to assess safety and tolerability in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM and increased cardiovascular risk. The first of 2 planned phases randomized 4,330 individuals to placebo, canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg (1:1:1) with planned follow-up of about 2 years to substantiate potential cardiovascular protection by assessing key biomarkers and to achieve initial safety objectives. By the end of mid-September 2012, a total of 7174 patient-years of follow-up were accrued. Mean baseline age was 62 years, duration of diabetes 13 years; hemoglobin A1c 8.2%, fasting plasma glucose 9.3 mmol/L, and body mass index 32 kg/m(2). Of the participants, 34% are female and 57% had a history of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Participants will be followed up to achieve primary safety and tolerability objectives and to investigate secondary outcomes. The planned second phase will not be undertaken. CANVAS will define the effects of canagliflozin on biomarkers and provide data on cardiovascular safety against established regulatory parameters.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. bneal@georgeinstitute.org.au
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: Vlado
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perkovic
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Mahaffey
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fulcher
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Mehul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vercruysse
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meininger
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000068896:Canagliflozin; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012107:Research Design; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005960:Glucosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068896:Canagliflozin