title: Late presentation of HIV infection: predictors of delayed diagnosis and survival in Eastern Sicily.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Across Europe, more than one third of patients are diagnosed with HIV infection late. Late presentation for care has been associated with higher risk of clinical progression and mortality. In the present study, we evaluated the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics and survival probability of patients with late and very late presentation, newly diagnosed with HIV infection in Catania, Italy, from 1985 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to the European Consensus definition, Late Presenters (LP) were defined as subjects presenting for care with a CD4+ T-cell count below 350 cells/µl or with an AIDS-defining event, regardless of CD4+ T-cell count; patients with advanced HIV disease (Very Late Presenters) (VLP) were those presenting with a CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/µl or with an AIDS-defining event, regardless of CD4+ T-cell count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  620 patients were included in the study. 345 (55.6%) subjects were LP, 35% of them were asymptomatic; 246 (39.7%) were VLP. In univariate analysis, late presentation was related to age (p < 0.001), to heterosexual exposure to HIV infection (70% of heterosexual subjects were LP) (p < 0.005) and to being diagnosed during the calendar period from 1991 to 2000 (p < 0.001). Very late presentation was related to age (p < 0.001), male sex (p < 0.01), heterosexual risk (p < 0.001) and to being diagnosed during the calendar period from 1991 to 2000 (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, age (p < 0.0001), being older than 50 years old (p = 0.02), years of diagnosis 1991-1995 (p < 0.005) and 1996-2000 (p < 0.05) in the subgroup of late presenters and age (p < 0.0001), being older than 50 years old (p < 0.005), male sex (p < 0.0001), years of diagnosis 1991-1995 (p < 0.05) and 1996-2000 (p < 0.005) in the subgroup of very late presenters maintained statistical significance. The survival probability within LP and VLP group was statistically lower than no LP/VLP (log rank test p < 0.0005 and p < 0.0001, respectively). For both LP (p < 0.002) and VLP (p < 0.0001), survival probability was significantly lower in the pre-HAART era, in comparison with the period of mono/dual therapy and the HAART era.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than fifty percent of patients in our setting were diagnosed late with HIV infection and, consequently, treated late. Late and very late presentation were associated with lower survival probability. The implementation of strategies focused on targeted prevention efforts and HIV testing programs appears fundamental to diagnose and treat HIV infection as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima, Catania, Italy. bmcelesia@tin.it  
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Celesia
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Castronuovo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinzone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellissimo
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mughini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lupo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Scarpino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gussio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cacopardo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nunnari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012802:Sicily / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors