title: Comparison of microscopic and endoscopic approaches to the cerebellopontine angle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of the endoscope as an adjunct to the operating microscope in defining the surgical anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical anatomy of the CPA was examined in cadaveric CPAs through a retrosigmoid approach. The upper, middle, and lower neurovascular complexes and the individual segments of the cerebellar arteries in the CPA were examined with the surgical microscope and 0° and 45° rigid endoscopes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microscope provided satisfactory views of the posterior surface of the neural and vascular structures in the central part of the CPA cistern. The endoscope provided superior views of the nerves' junction with the brainstem, their dural exit, and their vascular relationships. The endoscope also provided superior views of the individual segments of the cerebellar arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of endoscopic and microsurgical techniques aids in achieving optimal exposure in CPA surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Fukuoka Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tooru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Electronic address: rhoton@neurosurgery.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rhoton
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002530:Cerebellopontine Angle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cerebellar arteries; Cerebellopontine angle; Cranial nerves; Endoscopy; Microsurgery