title: First trimester dietary intake, biochemical measures, and subsequent gestational hypertension among nulliparous women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between first-trimester dietary factors and biochemical measures and subsequent risk of gestational hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This pilot study used a prospective design utilizing a convenience sample of nulliparous women enrolled at their first prenatal visit. A total of 57 women completed the study. Participants were divided into 2 groups for data analysis: normotensive pregnancy and gestational hypertension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly one-quarter of study participants (22.8%) developed gestational hypertension, of whom 84.6% had significant proteinuria meeting the criteria for preeclampsia. There were no significant differences in micronutrient or macronutrient dietary intakes between groups. Serum iron and zinc levels were lower for the gestational hypertension group compared with the normotensive pregnancy group (P ≤ .01). Low serum zinc levels were related to a risk of developing gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, 0.930; 95% confidence interval, 0.872-0.992).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ensuring adequate intake of zinc and monitoring serum zinc levels in nulliparous pregnant women may help to prevent or contribute to early detection of gestational hypertension.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, 430 Oxford Street, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9025, USA.
authors.forename: Desiree L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tande
authors.forename: Jody L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ralph
authors.forename: LuAnn K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scheett
authors.forename: Bonita S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hoverson
authors.forename: Cindy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011295:Prenatal Care; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc
keywords: nutrition; preeclampsia; pregnancy; questionnaires