title: Grandparental education, parental education and child height: evidence from Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adult height is the sum of growth during fetal, infancy, childhood, and puberty, controlled by different biological factors. In long-term developed Western populations, height is positively associated with socioeconomic position, but less clearly so in recently developing populations. We aimed to elucidate socioeconomic influences on height at different growth phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the associations of parents' education and grandparents' education with birth weight and height gain z-scores during infancy (birth to <2 years), childhood (2 to <8 years), and puberty (8 to <14 years) adjusted for parents' height using generalized estimating equations in Hong Kong's "Children of 1997" birth cohort (n = 8264).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents' education, but not grandparents', was positively associated with birth weight (z-score, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.12 for grade ≥12 compared with grade ≤9) and height gain during infancy (0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.18), adjusted for gender, gestational age, initial size, parity, parents' age, parents' birthplace, and parents' height. Conversely, similarly adjusted, grandparents' education, but not parents', was associated with height gain during childhood (0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental education was associated with fetal and infant, but not childhood, linear growth, suggesting the mechanism underlying socioeconomic influences on height at different growth phases may be contextually specific.
authors.affiliation: Life Course and Lifestyle Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Man Ki
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Gabriel M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Shirley S L
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: C Mary
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schooling
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Child; Cohort studies; Education; Growth; Height; Socioeconomic position