title: Nutritional intake of pregnant women with gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Adequate intake of nutrients by pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is very important for appropriate weight gain and maintenance of normoglycemia without ketonuria. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake of pregnant women with GDM or T2DM who had not been provided with nutritional education regarding blood glucose management. Between June 2008 and May 2010, 125 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM or T2DM and had not received any nutrition education regarding glycemic control and proper diet during pregnancy were interviewed to collect data regarding background characteristics, health-related behaviors, and course of pregnancy and instructed to record their dietary intake using a 24-hour recall method for one day. Using the collected data, the index of nutritional quality, nutrient adequacy ratio, and mean adequacy ratio values of the subjects were calculated. Analysis of the values indicated that the majority of the subjects did not meet recommended intake levels for most micronutrients and consumed an undesirable ratio of macronutrients, specifically a higher percentage of total carbohydrates than the current recommendation level. The GDM and T2DM groups obtained 56.6% and 63.6%, respectively (p = 0.012), of their calories by carbohydrate intake, which exceeded the recommended levels (125.8% in GDM groups, 141.3% in T2DM groups).
authors.affiliation: The Catholic Institute of Ubiquitous Health Care, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Hyun-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Ae-Lan
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hun-Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yoon-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jae-Hyoung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kun-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Nutrient intake; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2000 Jan;23 Suppl 1:S77-9
references.pmid: 12017686
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul;30 Suppl 2:S251-60
references.pmid: 17596481
references.citation: Curr Diab Rep. 2004 Oct;4(5):377-86
references.pmid: 15461904
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2006 May;64(5 Pt 2):S19-23; discussion S72-91
references.pmid: 16770949
references.citation: J Hum Nutr Diet. 2002 Apr;15(2):145-56; quiz 157-9
references.pmid: 11972744
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2002 Jan;25(1):202-12
references.pmid: 11772917
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;33(10 Suppl):S347-53
references.pmid: 16215358
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;199(3):237.e1-9
references.pmid: 18674752
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27 Suppl 1:S36-46
references.pmid: 14693924
references.citation: Diabetes. 2009 Feb;58(2):453-9
references.pmid: 19011170
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):1991-2002
references.pmid: 18463375
references.citation: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009 Jun;85(6):523-30
references.pmid: 19180650
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2010 Sep;104(6):775-87
references.pmid: 20487576
references.citation: Postgrad Med J. 2003 Aug;79(934):454-7
references.pmid: 12954957
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5 Suppl):1218S-25S
references.pmid: 10799394
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27 Suppl 1:S88-90
references.pmid: 14693936
references.citation: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2008 Apr;133(17):893-8
references.pmid: 18415915
references.citation: Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Mar;43(1):127-39
references.pmid: 10694995