title: Mutant prevention concentration and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), time above the MPC and mutant selection window for 10 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi and to determine if the combination of a macrolide with rifampin would decrease emergence of resistant mutants. Antimicrobial agents investigated (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, rifampin, amikacin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, vancomycin, imipenem, and doxycycline) were selected based on in vitro activity and frequency of use in foals or people infected with R. equi. Each antimicrobial agent or combination of agents was evaluated against four virulent strains of R. equi. MPC were determined using an agar plate assay. Pharmacodynamic parameters were calculated using published plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetic variables. There was a significant (P<0.001) effect of the type of antimicrobial agent on the MPC. The MPC of clarithromycin (1.0 μg/ml) was significantly lower and the MPC of rifampin and amikacin (512 and 384 μg/ml, respectively) were significantly higher than that of all other antimicrobial agents tested. Combining erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin with rifampin resulted in a significant (P≤0.005) decrease in MPC and MPC/MIC ratio. When MIC and MPC were combined with pharmacokinetic variables, only gentamicin and vancomycin were predicted to achieve plasma concentrations above the MPC for any given periods of time. Only clarithromycin and the combination clarithromycin-rifampin were predicted to achieve concentrations in bronchoalveolar cells and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid above the MPC for the entire dosing interval. In conclusion, the combination of a macrolide with rifampin considerably decreases the emergence of resistant mutants of R. equi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Londa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.forename: Steeve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giguère
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guldbech
mesh_terms: D000193:Actinomycetales Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006736:Horses; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D016929:Rhodococcus equi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D018942:Macrolides; D004917:Erythromycin; D014640:Vancomycin; D017963:Azithromycin; D017291:Clarithromycin; D012293:Rifampin
keywords: Antimicrobial; Mutant prevention concentration; Rhodococcus equi