title: A social ecology of rectal microbicide acceptability among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With HIV-incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bangkok among the highest in the world, a topical rectal microbicide would be a tremendous asset to prevention. Nevertheless, ubiquitous gaps between clinical trial efficacy and real-world effectiveness of existing HIV preventive interventions highlight the need to address multi-level factors that may impact on rectal microbicide implementation. We explored the social ecology of rectal microbicide acceptability among MSM and transgender women in Chiang Mai and Pattaya, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a qualitative approach guided by a social ecological model. Five focus groups were conducted in Thai using a semi-structured interview guide. All interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim in Thai and translated into English. We conducted thematic analysis using line-by-line and axial coding and a constant comparative method. Transcripts and codes were uploaded into a customized database programmed in Microsoft Access. We then used content analysis to calculate theme frequencies by group, and Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test to compare themes by sexual orientation/gender expression and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participant's (n=37) mean age was 24.8 years (SD=4.2). The majority (70.3%) self-identified as gay, 24.3% transgender women. Product-level themes (side effects, formulation, efficacy, scent, etc.) accounted for 42%, individual (increased sexual risk, packaging/portability, timing/duration of protection) 29%, interpersonal (trust/communication, power/negotiation, stealth) 8% and social-structural (cost, access, community influence, stigma) 21% of total codes, with significant differences by sexual orientation/gender identity. The intersections of multi-level influences included product formulation and timing of use preferences contingent on interpersonal communication and partner type, in the context of constraints posed by stigma, venues for access and cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intersecting influence of multi-level factors on rectal microbicide acceptability suggests that social-structural interventions to ensure widespread access, low cost and to mitigate stigma and discrimination against gay and other MSM and transgender women in the Thai health care system and broader society will support the effectiveness of rectal microbicides, in combination with other prevention technologies, in reducing HIV transmission. Education, outreach and small-group interventions that acknowledge differences between MSM and transgender women may support rectal microbicide implementation among most-at-risk populations in Thailand.
authors.affiliation: Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. p.newman@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Surachet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roungprakhon
authors.forename: Suchon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tepjan
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018890:Chemoprevention / Q000379:methods*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013785:Thailand; D063106:Transgender Persons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: HIV prevention; Thailand; acceptability of healthcare; gay men; qualitative research; rectal microbicide; social ecological model; transgender women
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