title: An observational study reveals that neonatal vitamin D is primarily determined by maternal contributions: implications of a new assay on the roles of vitamin D forms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy are measured to diagnose states of insufficiency or deficiency. The aim of this study is to apply accurate assays of vitamin D forms [single- hydroxylated [25(OH)D₂, 25(OH)D₃], double-hydroxylated [1α,25(OH)₂D₂, 1a25(OH)₂D₃], epimers [3-epi-25(OH)D₂, 3-epi-25(OH)D₃] in mothers (serum) and neonates (umbilical cord) to i) explore maternal and neonatal vitamin D biodynamics and ii) to identify maternal predictors of neonatal vitamin D concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  All vitamin D forms were quantified in 60 mother- neonate paired samples by a novel liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Maternal characteristics [age, ultraviolet B exposure, dietary vitamin D intake, calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone] were recorded. Hierarchical linear regression was used to predict neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers had similar concentrations of 25(OH)D₂ and 25(OH)D₃ forms compared to neonates (17.9 ± 13.2 vs. 15.9 ± 13.6 ng/mL, p=0.289) with a ratio of 1:3. The epimer concentrations, which contribute approximately 25% to the total vitamin D levels, were similar in mothers and neonates (4.8 ± 7.8 vs. 4.5 ± 4.7 ng/mL, p=0.556). No correlation was observed in mothers between the levels of the circulating form (25OHD₃) and its active form. Neonatal 25(OH)D₂ was best predicted by maternal characteristics, whereas 25(OH)D₃ was strongly associated to maternal vitamin D forms (R²=0.253 vs. 0.076 and R2=0.109 vs. 0.478, respectively). Maternal characteristics explained 12.2% of the neonatal 25(OH)D, maternal 25(OH)D concentrations explained 32.1%, while epimers contributed an additional 11.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By applying a novel highly specific vitamin D assay, the present study is the first to quantify 3-epi-25(OH)D concentrations in mother-newborn pairs. This accurate assay highlights a considerable proportion of vitamin D exists as epimers and a lack of correlation between the circulating and active forms. These results highlight the need for accurate measurements to appraise vitamin D status. Maternal characteristics and circulating forms of vitamin D, along with their epimers explain 56% of neonate vitamin D concentrations. The roles of active and epimer forms in the maternal-neonatal vitamin D relationship warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyridon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Karras
authors.forename: Iltaf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petroczi
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Goulis
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bili
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: Vikentia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harizopoulou
authors.forename: Basil C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tarlatzis
authors.forename: Declan P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Naughton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D
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