title: Population ancestry and genetic risk for diabetes and kidney, cardiovascular, and bone disease: modifiable environmental factors may produce the cures.
abstract: Variable rates of disease observed between members of different continental population groups may be mediated by inherited factors, environmental exposures, or their combination. This article provides evidence in support of differential allele frequency distributions that underlie the higher rates of nondiabetic kidney disease in the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis spectrum of disease and lower rates of coronary artery calcified atherosclerotic plaque and osteoporosis in populations of African ancestry. With recognition that these and other common complex diseases are affected by biological factors comes the realization that targeted manipulation of environmental exposures and pharmacologic treatments will have different effects based on genotype. The present era of precision medicine will couple one's genetic makeup with specific therapies to reduce rates of disease based on the presence of disease-specific alleles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Center for Human Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Electronic address: bfreedma@wakehealth.edu.
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.forename: Nicholette D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D000483:Alleles; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D018703:Founder Effect; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: APOL1; Ancestry; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; genetics; kidney disease
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