title: Chloroquine: modes of action of an undervalued drug.
abstract: For more than two decades, chloroquine (CQ) was largely and deliberately used as first choice drug for malaria treatment. However, worldwide increasing cases of resistant strains of Plasmodium have hampered its use. Nevertheless, CQ has recently been tested as adjunct therapy in several inflammatory situations, such as rheumatoid arthritis and transplantation procedures, presenting intriguing and promising results. In this review, we discuss recent findings and CQ mechanisms of action vis-à-vis its use as a broad adjunct therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas--UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil. rodolfo.thome@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomé
authors.forename: Stefanie Costa Pinto
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Fabio Trindade Maranhão
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verinaud
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014180:Transplantation; D014181:Transplantation Immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D002738:Chloroquine
keywords: Autoimmunity; Chloroquine; Malaria; Transplantation