title: Adaptation of the osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii to an osmotic environment through copy number amplification of FLO11D.
abstract: Copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to the adaptation process in two possible ways. First, they may have a direct role, in which a certain number of copies often provide a selective advantage. Second, CNVs can also indirectly contribute to adaptation because a higher copy number increases the so-called "mutational target size." In this study, we show that the copy number amplification of FLO11D in the osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii promotes its further adaptation to a flor-formative environment, such as osmostress static culture conditions. We demonstrate that a gene, which was identified as FLO11D, is responsible for flor formation and that its expression is induced by osmostress under glucose-free conditions, which confer unique characteristics to Z. rouxii, such as osmostress-dependent flor formation. This organism possesses zero to three copies of FLO11D, and it appears likely that the FLO11D copy number increased in a branch of the Z. rouxii tree. The cellular hydrophobicity correlates with the FLO11D copy number, and the strain with a higher copy number of FLO11D exhibits a fitness advantage compared to a reference strain under osmostress static culture conditions. Our data indicate that the FLO gene-related system in Z. rouxii has evolved remarkably to adapt to osmostress environments.
authors.affiliation: Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation, 2-10-1, Araoicho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0056, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mogi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020068:Zygosaccharomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C110690:FLO11 protein, S cerevisiae; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
keywords: adaptation; biofilm; copy number variations (CNVs); flor; yeast
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