title: Skin oxygen tension is improved by immersion in oxygen-enriched water.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The perceived health and physiologic functioning of skin depends on adequate oxygen availability. Economical and easily used therapeutic approaches to increase skin oxygenation could improve the subjective appearance of the skin as well as support the management of some cutaneous conditions related to chronic hypoxic ischaemia (e.g. ulcerative wounds). We have tested the hypothesis that the O2 partial pressure of skin (PskO2 ) increases during immersion in water enriched with high levels of dissolved oxygen.
  
  
  METHODS
  A commercially available device was used to produce water containing 45 to 65 mg L(-1) of dissolved O2 . Young adults (YA; n = 7), older adults (OA; n = 13) and older adults with diabetes (OAD; n = 11) completed different experiments that required them to immerse their feet in tap water (<2 mg L(-1) of O2 ; control) or O2 -enriched water (O2 -H2 O; experimental) for 30 min. Transcutaneous oximetry was used to measure PskO2 for 20 min pre- and post-immersion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-immersion mean (standard deviation) PskO2 on the plantar surface of the big toe was 75 (10), 67 (10) and 65 (10) mmHg in YA, OA and OAD, respectively. Post-immersion PskO2 was 244 (25), 193 (28) and 205 (28) mmHg for the same groups. We also show that post-immersion PskO2 varies by location and with advancing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water is an effective vehicle for transporting dissolved O2 across the skin surface and could be used as a basis for development of economical therapeutic approaches that improve skin oxygen tension to support skin health and function.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reading
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeomans
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Levesque
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: delivery; oxygen; skin barrier; skin physiology; tcPO2; water