title: Dietary quality in a sample of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ireland; a cross-sectional case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of dietary quality indices (DQIs) have been developed to assess the quality of dietary intake. Analysis of the intake of individual nutrients does not reflect the complexity of dietary behaviours and their association with health and disease. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary quality of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a variety of validated DQIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional analysis of 111 Caucasian adults, 65 cases with T2DM were recruited from the Diabetes Day Care Services of St. Columcille's and St. Vincent's Hospitals, Dublin, Ireland. Forty-six controls did not have T2DM and were recruited from the general population. Data from 3-day estimated diet diaries were used to calculate 4 DQIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with T2DM had a significantly lower score for consumption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern compared to the control group, measured using the Mediterranean Diet Score (Range 0-9) and the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (Range 0-9) (mean ± SD) (3.4 ± 1.3 vs 4.8 ± 1.8, P < 0.001 and 3.3 ± 1.5 vs 4.2 ± 1.8, P = 0.02 respectively). Participants with T2DM also had lower dietary quality than the control population as assessed by the Healthy Diet Indicator (Range 0-9) (T2DM; 2.6 ± 2.3, control; 3.3 ± 1.1, P = 0.001). No differences between the two groups were found when dietary quality was assessed using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index. Micronutrient intake was assessed using the Micronutrient Adequacy Score (Range 0-8) and participants with T2DM had a significantly lower score than the control group (T2DM; 1.6 ± 1.4, control; 2.3 ± 1.4, P = 0.009). When individual nutrient intakes were assessed, no significant differences were observed in macronutrient intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these findings demonstrate that T2DM was associated with a lower score when dietary quality was assessed using a number of validated indices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Aoibheann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McMorrow
authors.forename: Eamonn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mac Ananey
authors.forename: Donal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egaña
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lithander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy*; D015930:Diet Records; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018977:Micronutrients; D014280:Triglycerides
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov 8;164(20):2235-40
references.pmid: 15534160
references.citation: J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12):3355-61
references.pmid: 15570037
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;916:i-viii, 1-149, backcover
references.pmid: 12768890
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):329-36
references.pmid: 20016015
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2011 Apr 26;104(9):1493-9
references.pmid: 21468044
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;76(2):390-8
references.pmid: 12145012
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 Mar;27(3):663-9
references.pmid: 14988282
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6
references.pmid: 15383514
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31 Suppl 1:S61-78
references.pmid: 18165339
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3230-6
references.pmid: 14633807
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;45(12):569-81
references.pmid: 1810719
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1392-8
references.pmid: 10805824
references.citation: BMJ. 1995 Dec 2;311(7018):1457-60
references.pmid: 8520331
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2599-608
references.pmid: 12826634
references.citation: Nutrition. 2005 Mar;21(3):411-8
references.pmid: 15797686
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Dec;29(12):2726-7
references.pmid: 17130213
references.citation: BMJ. 2008 Jun 14;336(7657):1348-51
references.pmid: 18511765
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jan;73(1):61-7
references.pmid: 11124751
references.citation: J Vasc Surg. 1996 Jan;23(1):104-15
references.pmid: 8558725
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2007 May;10(5):454-63
references.pmid: 17411465
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106(8):1253-62
references.pmid: 21736839
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Feb 1;161(3):219-27
references.pmid: 15671254
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 29;205(10):2409-17
references.pmid: 18809715
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):163-73
references.pmid: 16002815
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Aug 31;360(3):560-5
references.pmid: 17618604
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):86-93
references.pmid: 18156409
references.citation: BMJ. 1995 Oct 14;311(7011):986-9
references.pmid: 7580640
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2013 Dec 14;110(11):2047-57
references.pmid: 23656860
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2000 Sep;3(3):357-65
references.pmid: 10979155
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1029-35
references.pmid: 15447916
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1261-71
references.pmid: 12450892
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Aug;109(8):1367-75
references.pmid: 19631042
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2008 Mar;99(3):632-8
references.pmid: 17761016
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 May;15(5):1061-7
references.pmid: 17495180
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1119-30
references.pmid: 11033980
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2007 Jun;97(6):1169-76
references.pmid: 17433123
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):247-53
references.pmid: 21613557
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Oct;12(10):1091-4
references.pmid: 14578148
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Sep;92(3):620-5
references.pmid: 20631204
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2006 Feb;9(1A):152-7
references.pmid: 16512963
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Aug;26(8):2288-93
references.pmid: 12882850
references.citation: BMJ. 1997 Jul 5;315(7099):13-7
references.pmid: 9233319
references.citation: Transl Res. 2011 Nov;158(5):276-81
references.pmid: 22005267
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Mar 3;119(8):1093-100
references.pmid: 19221219
references.citation: Curr Diabetes Rev. 2012 Jan;8(1):42-7
references.pmid: 22414057
references.citation: Curr Diabetes Rev. 2009 Nov;5(4):221-7
references.pmid: 19531025
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253
references.pmid: 11234459
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2001 Nov;44(11):2038-43
references.pmid: 11719836
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct;25(10):1722-8
references.pmid: 12351468
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2007 Feb;97(2):219-31
references.pmid: 17298689
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Feb;30(2):350-8
references.pmid: 16231028
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34(5):1150-6
references.pmid: 21464460