title: Adjunct effect of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to an association of non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment in modulation of gene expression: a human study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study has evaluated the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) used in conjunction with non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment (PT) in modulating gene expression during periodontal wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis, presenting bilaterally lower molars with class III furcation lesions and scheduled for extraction, were selected. In initial therapy, scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed in the Control Group (CG), while SRP+aPDT were performed in the Test Group (TG). 45days later, flap surgery plus SRP, and flap surgery plus SRP+aPDT were performed in the CG and TG, respectively. At 21days post-surgery, the newly formed granulation tissue was collected, and Real-time PCR evaluated the expression of the genes: tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were statistically significant differences between the groups in relation to mRNA levels for MMP-2 (TG=3.26±0.89; CG=4.23±0.97; p=0.01), TIMP-2/MMP-2 ratio (TG=0.91±0.34; CG=0.73±0.32; p=0.04), OPG (TG=0.84±0.45; CG=0.30±0.26; p=0.001), and OPG/RANKL ratio (TG=0.60±0.86; CG=0.23±0.16; p=0.04), favoring the TG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest that the aPDT associated to nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy may modulate the extracellular matrix and bone remodeling by up regulating the TIMP- 2/MMP-2 and OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio, but the clinical relevance needs to be evaluated in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bucco-Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Traumatology and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Gustavo P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Garlet
authors.forename: João S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Patrícia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milanezi
authors.forename: Arthur B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Novaes
authors.forename: Daniela B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Palioto
authors.forename: Marcio F M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grisi
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.forename: Sérgio L S
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000150:complications; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D010778:Photochemotherapy
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Gene expression; Periodontal surgery; Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; Scaling and root planing