title: The soft tissue immunologic response to hydroxyapatite-coated transmucosal implant surfaces: a study in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the soft tissue response in humans immunologically and histologically after placement of mini-implants coated with or without nano-size hydroxyapatite coatings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially pure (cp) titanium mini-implants (n = 13) or nano-hydroxyapatite-coated ones (n = 12) were randomly placed into partially edentulous jaws. Crevicular fluid was sampled 1 week after placement and subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to explore the inflammatory markers. After 8 weeks, implants and surrounding soft and hard tissue were trephined, and undecalcified ground sections were prepared. Inflammatory cell accumulation within a defined region of interest in the soft tissue was quantified histomorphometrically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences in immunological response to the different implant surfaces were found for IL-6 (p = .438), TGF-β2 (p = .467), MMP-8 (p = .758), CCL-3 (p = .758), IL-8 (p = .771), and IL-1β (0.771). Histomorphometric evaluation presented no statistically significant difference between the two mini-implant surfaces with regards to number of inflammatory cells (p = .669).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nano-hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces in the transmucosal region yielded similar inflammatory response and is suggested to be as biocompatible as commercially pure titanium surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisabeth A W J
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: De Wilde
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wennerberg
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coucke
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bryington
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandeweghe
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Bruyn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001706:Biopsy; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D017886:Durapatite / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium
keywords: dental implant; gene expression; human; hydroxyapatite; nanotopography; osseointegration