title: Proximal nephron.
abstract: The kidney plays a fundamental role in maintaining body salt and fluid balance and blood pressure homeostasis through the actions of its proximal and distal tubular segments of nephrons. However, proximal tubules are well recognized to exert a more prominent role than distal counterparts. Proximal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of filtered load and most, if not all, of filtered amino acids, glucose, solutes, and low molecular weight proteins. Proximal tubules also play a key role in regulating acid-base balance by reabsorbing approximately 80% of filtered bicarbonate. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives into current understanding of proximal tubules of nephrons, with an emphasis on the ultrastructure, molecular biology, cellular and integrative physiology, and the underlying signaling transduction mechanisms. The review is divided into three closely related sections. The first section focuses on the classification of nephrons and recent perspectives on the potential role of nephron numbers in human health and diseases. The second section reviews recent research on the structural and biochemical basis of proximal tubular function. The final section provides a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives in the physiological regulation of proximal tubular transport by vasoactive hormones. In the latter section, attention is particularly paid to new insights and perspectives learnt from recent cloning of transporters, development of transgenic animals with knockout or knockin of a particular gene of interest, and mapping of signaling pathways using microarrays and/or physiological proteomic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA. jzhuo@umc.edu
authors.forename: Jia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.forename: Xiao C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D017920:Antiporters / Q000502:physiology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D027981:Symporters / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017920:Antiporters; D006728:Hormones; D027981:Symporters; D012964:Sodium; D004298:Dopamine
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Jan;250(1 Pt 2):F66-9
references.pmid: 2934992
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1980 May;65(5):1192-201
references.pmid: 7364945
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1989 Jul;36(1):2-12
references.pmid: 2681925
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 May 15;97(10):2283-8
references.pmid: 8636408
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 25;269(47):29704-9
references.pmid: 7961960
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1991 Aug 5;287(1-2):23-6
references.pmid: 1652463
references.citation: Hypertension. 1998 Nov;32(5):886-95
references.pmid: 9822449
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1977;39:159-84
references.pmid: 322596
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Sep;245(3):F279-94
references.pmid: 6351634
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 1;278(31):28719-26
references.pmid: 12759348
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Jul;269(1 Pt 1):C134-40
references.pmid: 7631740
references.citation: Hypertension. 2001 Sep;38(3):297-302
references.pmid: 11566894
references.citation: Hypertension. 2004 Sep;44(3):352-9
references.pmid: 15262908
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1968 May;214(5):943-54
references.pmid: 5647198
references.citation: J Nephrol. 2006 Mar-Apr;19 Suppl 9:S3-S10
references.pmid: 16736438
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1996 Apr;76(2):425-536
references.pmid: 8618962
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Jul;247(1 Pt 2):F117-29
references.pmid: 6331196
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 3;285(36):27869-78
references.pmid: 20584908
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Aug;245(2):F247-53
references.pmid: 6881340
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1996;3:S147-54
references.pmid: 8993855
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Nov;283(5):F1142-50
references.pmid: 12372791
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 2):F669-75
references.pmid: 2801964
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1975 Aug 10;250(15):6032-9
references.pmid: 1150669
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1993 Jul;42:S59-63
references.pmid: 8361131
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 14;278(7):5317-24
references.pmid: 12458206
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):F538-45
references.pmid: 12429556
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1990 Nov;30:S87-91
references.pmid: 2175373
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Jun;107(12):1563-9
references.pmid: 11413164
references.citation: Clin Exp Hypertens. 1998 May;20(4):465-80
references.pmid: 9607407
references.citation: Hypertension. 2006 Jun;47(6):1117-24
references.pmid: 16618840
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1997 Jan;77(1):51-74
references.pmid: 9016300
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7457-61
references.pmid: 2120700
references.citation: Curr Hypertens Rep. 1999 Apr-May;1(2):151-7
references.pmid: 10981059
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(12):2212-8
references.pmid: 16672906
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):F379-83
references.pmid: 3017127
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2009 May;458(1):189-201
references.pmid: 18752000
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Mar;41(3):465-73
references.pmid: 1312214
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Jan;256(1):309-17
references.pmid: 1846421
references.citation: Hypertension. 2001 May;37(5):1329-35
references.pmid: 11358949
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2012 Aug 1;303(3):F386-95
references.pmid: 22552936
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):F283-9
references.pmid: 3740275
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1979 May;236(5):F478-87
references.pmid: 375749
references.citation: Mol Cell. 1999 May;3(5):555-63
references.pmid: 10360172
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Jun;280(6):F980-8
references.pmid: 11352837
references.citation: J Physiol. 1989 May;412:309-20
references.pmid: 2532253
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):397-404
references.pmid: 8282810
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1959 Apr;196(4):927-36
references.pmid: 13637248
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996 Apr;23(4):337-44
references.pmid: 8717071
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Jan;282(1):F19-25
references.pmid: 11739108
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1985 Jun;75(6):1983-9
references.pmid: 2989338
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1987 Aug;65(8):1517-21
references.pmid: 2825937
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1988 Nov;15(11):845-55
references.pmid: 2976327
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Oct;301(4):R1067-77
references.pmid: 21753145
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2007 Mar;71(5):407-16
references.pmid: 17228367
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Nov 14;180(3):1265-72
references.pmid: 1719979
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2005 May;115(5):1275-80
references.pmid: 15841207
references.citation: J Microsc. 1984 May;134(Pt 2):127-36
references.pmid: 6737468
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1981 Dec;59(12):1278-9
references.pmid: 7337882
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 Mar;12(3):440-449
references.pmid: 11181791
references.citation: Hypertension. 1993 Mar;21(3):364-72
references.pmid: 8386702
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1998 Aug 1;102(3):493-8
references.pmid: 9691085
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1998 May;251(1):66-71
references.pmid: 9605222
references.citation: Arch Histol Cytol. 2008 Sep;71(2):77-87
references.pmid: 18974600
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Aug;273(2 Pt 2):F289-99
references.pmid: 9277590
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Jun;240(6):F536-44
references.pmid: 6264796
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1986 Apr;45(5):1431-7
references.pmid: 3514280
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010 Mar;19(2):134-9
references.pmid: 20051851
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1994 Jun;93(6):2572-7
references.pmid: 8200994
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011 Jan;20(1):7-15
references.pmid: 21099687
references.citation: Nature. 1985 Aug 22-28;316(6030):691-5
references.pmid: 2993903
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Sep;301(3):F574-9
references.pmid: 21697239
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4):C938-45
references.pmid: 10199826
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1962-6
references.pmid: 3126501
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;89(8):527-31
references.pmid: 21671768
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Mar;41(3 Pt 2):724-9
references.pmid: 12623987
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1997 Dec;52(6):1458-68
references.pmid: 9407491
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2006 Nov;54(11):1193-203
references.pmid: 16835394
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jul 15;178(1):248-55
references.pmid: 1648908
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2001 Jan;81(1):345-418
references.pmid: 11152761
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2006 Jun;69(12):2148-54
references.pmid: 16641927
references.citation: Ren Physiol Biochem. 1992 Sep-Oct;15(5):231-9
references.pmid: 1279763
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1982 Aug;12:S78-81
references.pmid: 6182339
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Sep;281(3):F531-45
references.pmid: 11502602
references.citation: Circ Res. 2006 Sep 1;99(5):494-500
references.pmid: 16902178
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Nov;247(5 Pt 2):F822-6
references.pmid: 6496748
references.citation: Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere. 1966;292(2):118-28
references.pmid: 4293061
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Apr;246(4 Pt 2):F447-56
references.pmid: 6720901
references.citation: Peptides. 2010 May;31(5):903-8
references.pmid: 20206222
references.citation: J Gen Physiol. 1974 Nov;64(5):582-607
references.pmid: 4443793
references.citation: Hypertension. 1985 Jul-Aug;7(4):469-82
references.pmid: 2989170
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Jan;280(1):F10-8
references.pmid: 11133510
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Oct;287(4):F713-21
references.pmid: 15161602
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:179-97
references.pmid: 9558460
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000 Jul;27(7):465-73
references.pmid: 10874500
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1980 Jun;17(6):732-48
references.pmid: 7191026
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1994 Jun;45(6):1668-72
references.pmid: 7933814
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;986:669-77
references.pmid: 12763917
references.citation: Tohoku J Exp Med. 1992 Jan;166(1):41-56
references.pmid: 1412446
references.citation: Experientia. 1982 Sep 15;38(9):1071-3
references.pmid: 7128752
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Jan;256(1 Pt 2):F179-86
references.pmid: 2521430
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2001 Dec;60(6):2311-7
references.pmid: 11737604
references.citation: Hypertension. 1990 Jun;15(6 Pt 2):748-52
references.pmid: 2351427
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1972 Dec;33(12):2447-50
references.pmid: 4641201
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 23;273(4):2035-43
references.pmid: 9442041
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2006 Jul;70(1):104-10
references.pmid: 16723986
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Mar;274(3):F628-33
references.pmid: 9530281
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Jan;10 Suppl 11:S178-83
references.pmid: 9892160
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1994 Sep;46(3):627-38
references.pmid: 7996786
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1994 Oct;74(4):993-1026
references.pmid: 7938229
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2007 Sep;59(3):251-87
references.pmid: 17878513
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1982 Nov;243(5):C293-8
references.pmid: 7137338
references.citation: Am J Med. 1973 Mar;54(3):281-9
references.pmid: 4571744
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2004 Apr;65(4):1320-6
references.pmid: 15086471
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Mar;250(3 Pt 2):F425-9
references.pmid: 3953822
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 Aug;24(8):2428-33
references.pmid: 19297355
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1968;304(1):90-103
references.pmid: 5748572
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 8;270(49):29365-71
references.pmid: 7493971
references.citation: Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):18-28
references.pmid: 18514988
references.citation: Biochem J. 1979 Mar 15;178(3):549-57
references.pmid: 454364
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1130-2
references.pmid: 22677556
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Oct;16(10):3102-9
references.pmid: 16107583
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1978 Aug;235(2):F142-50
references.pmid: 686177
references.citation: Nature. 1986 May 22-28;321(6068):429-31
references.pmid: 3012356
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 2007 Aug;(106):S27-35
references.pmid: 17653207
references.citation: J Physiol. 1992;453:1-13
references.pmid: 1464825
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2005 Jun;450(3):137-44
references.pmid: 15742180
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1997 May 15;99(10):2375-85
references.pmid: 9153279
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 1984 May;66(5):541-4
references.pmid: 6368101
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1985 Mar 14;813(2):282-6
references.pmid: 2982403
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):F445-52
references.pmid: 15494545
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987 Jun;14(6):489-502
references.pmid: 3315334
references.citation: Hypertension. 1998 Aug;32(2):187-97
references.pmid: 9719042
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1971 Jan;50(1):69-76
references.pmid: 5543883
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Feb;252(2):689-95
references.pmid: 2313594
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1973 Sep;89(1):116-25
references.pmid: 4761515
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):34-42
references.pmid: 19892839
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2007 Aug;72(3):265-8
references.pmid: 17495859
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2):F218-27
references.pmid: 9950952
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1988 Jan;33(1):1-7
references.pmid: 3352156
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008 May;17(3):258-65
references.pmid: 18408476
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1988 Nov;255(5 Pt 2):F907-10
references.pmid: 2973245
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 May 15;89(10):4769-73
references.pmid: 1374913
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 2):F374-80
references.pmid: 7573486
references.citation: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1948 Sep;24(9):586-606
references.pmid: 18879167
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 1987 Aug;73(2):143-50
references.pmid: 2958206
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 May;298(5):H1472-83
references.pmid: 20173044
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1957 Feb;23(2):394-401
references.pmid: 13412736
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Apr;298(4):R851-61
references.pmid: 20106993
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Nov;263(5 Pt 2):F833-40
references.pmid: 1279986
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):C367-78
references.pmid: 17428839
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2001 May;19(5):983-92
references.pmid: 11393683
references.citation: Hypertension. 1997 Sep;30(3 Pt 2):725-9
references.pmid: 9323013
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Jul;253(1 Pt 2):F188-96
references.pmid: 3605348
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Jun;260(6 Pt 2):F913-20
references.pmid: 2058711
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 17;103(3):803-8
references.pmid: 16407144
references.citation: Semin Nephrol. 1997 Sep;17(5):412-22
references.pmid: 9316209
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1968 Jun;47(6):1358-74
references.pmid: 5653214
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1961 Jul;40:1093-112
references.pmid: 13730807
references.citation: Biochem J. 2007 Sep 15;406(3):365-82
references.pmid: 17716241
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1986 Apr;13(4):277-81
references.pmid: 3015459
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1986 Aug;78(2):502-10
references.pmid: 3016029
references.citation: Clin Nephrol. 1986 Apr;25(4):207-11
references.pmid: 3698353
references.citation: Circulation. 1997 Nov 18;96(10):3795-6
references.pmid: 9396499
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7447-51
references.pmid: 1323837
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 20;99(17):11470-5
references.pmid: 12169661
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1976 Apr;57(4):818-25
references.pmid: 947954
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1972 Aug;50(8):774-83
references.pmid: 5053789
references.citation: Hypertension. 2007 Mar;49(3):625-30
references.pmid: 17190872
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1991 Aug;88(2):456-61
references.pmid: 1650793
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Nov;253(5 Pt 2):F880-3
references.pmid: 2961275
references.citation: J Physiol. 1983 Jan;334:133-40
references.pmid: 6864555
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1978 Oct 25;253(20):7158-62
references.pmid: 701240
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 2001 Sep;173(1):59-66
references.pmid: 11678727
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Jan;260(1 Pt 2):F19-26
references.pmid: 1992777
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Dec 25;261(36):16788-91
references.pmid: 3023364
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Apr;252(4 Pt 2):F573-84
references.pmid: 3551629
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1979 Aug;237(2):F114-20
references.pmid: 223456
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1964 Apr;206:687-93
references.pmid: 14166158
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2007 Jul;87(3):825-72
references.pmid: 17615390
references.citation: Ren Physiol. 1982;5(5):209-21
references.pmid: 6753068
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Oct;14(10):2662-8
references.pmid: 14514746
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 5;268(22):16369-77
references.pmid: 8393860
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2011 Sep;80(6):620-32
references.pmid: 21697807
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4):C930-7
references.pmid: 10199825
references.citation: J Physiol. 1988 Aug;402:29-42
references.pmid: 2976822
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2009 Jun;75(12):1272-1277
references.pmid: 19357717
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Aug;301(2):F364-70
references.pmid: 21593187
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 5;268(16):11925-8
references.pmid: 7685026
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 May;298(5):F1205-13
references.pmid: 20181665
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):13052-6
references.pmid: 7528931
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 2009 Aug;22(8):877-83
references.pmid: 19390510
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Nov;277(5):F773-8
references.pmid: 10564242
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1987 Jan;79(1):1-6
references.pmid: 3025255
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987 Mar;14(3):169-74
references.pmid: 2959417
references.citation: Nature. 1987 Apr 16-22;326(6114):697-8
references.pmid: 2951600
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2006 Sep;70(6):1072-9
references.pmid: 16850019
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1996 Nov;50(5):1496-505
references.pmid: 8914015
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1998 Jul;19(3):282-5
references.pmid: 9662405
references.citation: Circ Res. 1975 Jul;37(1):101-10
references.pmid: 1149180
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991 Jul;2(1):57-69
references.pmid: 1655094
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):H1829-37
references.pmid: 7771534
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Dec;1802(12):1259-67
references.pmid: 20153824
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2004 Jul;448(4):402-10
references.pmid: 15007650
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Jul;269(1 Pt 1):G1-11
references.pmid: 7631785
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1982 Sep;60(9):1149-52
references.pmid: 7151010
references.citation: Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1988;14(1):40-7
references.pmid: 3279295
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(20):7917-20
references.pmid: 2172967
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1972 Feb;1(2):67-77
references.pmid: 4671222
references.citation: Hypertension. 2006 Mar;47(3):537-44
references.pmid: 16380540
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1979 Jun 12;380(2):159-63
references.pmid: 573443
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Jan;280(1):F34-42
references.pmid: 11133512
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Oct 15;188(1):108-13
references.pmid: 1384475
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1994 Apr;266(4 Pt 2):F658-66
references.pmid: 8184900
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Dec;16(12):3535-42
references.pmid: 16221869
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 15;88(8):3185-9
references.pmid: 1849646
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2010 Feb;27(2):136-42
references.pmid: 20546255
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1971 Jan;50(1):77-89
references.pmid: 5543884
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1988 Sep;255(3 Pt 2):F434-7
references.pmid: 2970798
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1971 Feb;50(2):336-49
references.pmid: 5540173
references.citation: Hypertension. 2002 Nov;40(5):707-12
references.pmid: 12411466
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1978 May;61(5):1320-9
references.pmid: 659594
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Jun;278(6):F894-904
references.pmid: 10836977
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 31;177(1):34-9
references.pmid: 1710450
references.citation: Science. 2012 Jul 27;337(6093):421-2
references.pmid: 22837515
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1986 Dec 16;25(25):8125-32
references.pmid: 3028470
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Nov;297(5):F1324-9
references.pmid: 19726543
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1992 Apr;19(4):213-22
references.pmid: 1516268
references.citation: Physiologist. 1968 May;11(2):103-14
references.pmid: 5655971
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;19(1):714-23
references.pmid: 9858594
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Nov;275(5):F742-51
references.pmid: 9815131
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2004 Dec;52(12):1647-55
references.pmid: 15557219
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008 May;51(5):437-42
references.pmid: 18398380
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):F530-8
references.pmid: 15522984
references.citation: Nephron. 1969;6(3):437-56
references.pmid: 5791286
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1977 Jan 17;367(3):295-7
references.pmid: 556854
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987;10 Suppl 7:S1-8
references.pmid: 2485038
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Nov;247(5 Pt 2):F863-6
references.pmid: 6238539
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 2):F221-6
references.pmid: 1877647
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Feb;53(2):338-43
references.pmid: 19075092
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1976 Nov;58(5):1110-8
references.pmid: 993334
references.citation: Hypertension. 1997 Sep;30(3 Pt 2):535-41
references.pmid: 9322978
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1979;41:211-27
references.pmid: 373589
references.citation: Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003 Apr;5(2):135-43
references.pmid: 12642013
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996 Jun-Jul;23(6-7):524-31
references.pmid: 8800578
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Apr;10(4):714-20
references.pmid: 10203354
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Nov 24;24(47):10693-701
references.pmid: 15564586
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Sep;241(3):F322-32
references.pmid: 7282931
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 1;286(26):22806-13
references.pmid: 21555512
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1991 Jul;18(7):509-15
references.pmid: 1655320
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1978 Sep;14(3):263-9
references.pmid: 723152
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 5;268(16):11917-24
references.pmid: 7685025
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Jan;298(1):F177-86
references.pmid: 19864301
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Dec;299(6):F1496-506
references.pmid: 20926631
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993;22 Suppl 8:S177-80
references.pmid: 7509937
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1979 Jun;236(6):F505-12
references.pmid: 375753
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1995 May;430(1):137-44
references.pmid: 7545278
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 1979 Aug;57(2):173-9
references.pmid: 477254
references.citation: Cell. 1989 Jan 27;56(2):271-80
references.pmid: 2536298
references.citation: J Membr Biol. 2006;212(1):1-15
references.pmid: 17206513
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Jul;263(1 Pt 2):F135-43
references.pmid: 1322054
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Aug 15;567(Pt 1):27-32
references.pmid: 15932893
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1982 Apr;242(4):F340-5
references.pmid: 7065244
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2011 Apr;91(2):733-94
references.pmid: 21527736
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):F467-73
references.pmid: 12409279
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Oct;281(4):F718-27
references.pmid: 11553519
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000 Jun;278(6):F1030-3
references.pmid: 10836992
references.citation: J Anat. 1980 May;130(Pt 3):595-602
references.pmid: 7410201
references.citation: Hypertension. 2010 Jul;56(1):31-3
references.pmid: 20516396
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2):F259-67
references.pmid: 9486220
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2005 Jan;67(1):227-36
references.pmid: 15610246
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2005 May;67(5):1868-77
references.pmid: 15840034
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2005 May;67(5):1844-54
references.pmid: 15840032
references.citation: Jpn J Physiol. 1987;37(1):81-91
references.pmid: 2956445
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1965 Apr;35:601-19
references.pmid: 14269712
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1948 Mar;7(1 Pt 1):132
references.pmid: 18934659
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):C927-34
references.pmid: 16987995
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1992 Sep;90(3):1043-8
references.pmid: 1522212
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Mar 15;97(6):1454-62
references.pmid: 8617878
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Nov;976:1-10
references.pmid: 12502528
references.citation: Hypertension. 2010 Jan;55(1):166-71
references.pmid: 19948986
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Dec;245(6):F647-59
references.pmid: 6318566
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2004 Nov;22(11):2185-92
references.pmid: 15480104
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1982 Jan;69(1):185-98
references.pmid: 7054238
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 1988 Oct;1(4 Pt 1):335-47
references.pmid: 3063284
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1990 Apr;258(4 Pt 2):F927-33
references.pmid: 2330986
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;31 Suppl 1:S207-11
references.pmid: 9595439
references.citation: News Physiol Sci. 1998 Aug;13:170-176
references.pmid: 11390784
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009 Sep;18(5):412-20
references.pmid: 19654544
references.citation: Hypertension. 1988 Feb;11(2 Pt 2):I69-74
references.pmid: 2894359
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1994 Nov;267(5 Pt 2):F845-52
references.pmid: 7977789
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Jun;268(6 Pt 2):F1185-97
references.pmid: 7611459
references.citation: Exp Nephrol. 2002;10(1):26-33
references.pmid: 11803202
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 14;280(2):1561-72
references.pmid: 15522866
references.citation: Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere. 1968;301(2):162-81
references.pmid: 5243255
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1993 May;121(3):579-86
references.pmid: 8387529
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1988 Aug;82(2):601-7
references.pmid: 2841357
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Sep;277(3):F447-53
references.pmid: 10484528
references.citation: J Biochem. 1986 Aug;100(2):389-97
references.pmid: 2430951
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Aug;295(2):F478-87
references.pmid: 18524856
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Jun;262(6 Pt 2):F1105-9
references.pmid: 1621815
references.citation: J Nephrol. 2002 Mar-Apr;15 Suppl 5:S75-87
references.pmid: 12027224
references.citation: Organogenesis. 2010 Jul-Sep;6(3):189-94
references.pmid: 21197222
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1991 Feb;39(2):253-8
references.pmid: 2002639
references.citation: J Gen Physiol. 1961 Mar;44:679-87
references.pmid: 13784944
references.citation: J Physiol. 1991 Feb;433:25-39
references.pmid: 1841941
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Jun;250(6 Pt 2):F953-62
references.pmid: 3521326
references.citation: J Gen Physiol. 1967 Sep;50(8):2061-83
references.pmid: 6066064
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Dec;263(6 Pt 1):C1141-6
references.pmid: 1335686
references.citation: Am J Kidney Dis. 2009 May;53(5):875-83
references.pmid: 19324482
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1990;591:63-5
references.pmid: 2145724
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1989 Jan 24;160(1):193-4
references.pmid: 2540991
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 May;290(5):F1024-33
references.pmid: 16380463
references.citation: Hypertension. 2012 Aug;60(2):396-403
references.pmid: 22710646
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Mar;252(3 Pt 2):F374-81
references.pmid: 2950772
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1973 Jul;4(1):6-11
references.pmid: 4723996
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1985 Feb;75(2):769-73
references.pmid: 3156153
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Apr;250(4 Pt 2):F710-4
references.pmid: 2938484
references.citation: Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere. 1965 Sep 15;285(4):360-72
references.pmid: 5221328
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1994 Nov;46(5):1315-21
references.pmid: 7853789
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1976 Sep;10(3):221-8
references.pmid: 972442
references.citation: EMBO J. 1991 Aug;10(8):1957-67
references.pmid: 1712287
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002 Jan;11(1):87-92
references.pmid: 11753092
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1990 Jan;70(1):79-114
references.pmid: 2404291
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1992 Oct;270(1):37-45
references.pmid: 1423523
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2007 Jan;71(2):103-15
references.pmid: 17164835
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 May 16;584(3):507-19
references.pmid: 454678
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Aug;265(2 Pt 2):F327-32
references.pmid: 8368343
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Apr 11;14(7):2833-44
references.pmid: 3008098
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2007 Sep;16(5):484-90
references.pmid: 17693766
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1993 Jul;42:S40-6
references.pmid: 8361127
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):C396-404
references.pmid: 16971495
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1970 Jan;218(1):46-55
references.pmid: 5409892
references.citation: Am J Med. 1964 May;36:643-69
references.pmid: 14141446
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1988 Apr;254(4 Pt 2):F527-32
references.pmid: 3354685
references.citation: Semin Nephrol. 1991 Mar;11(2):86-97
references.pmid: 2034928
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Jul;25(7):2225-31
references.pmid: 20124214
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Feb;264(2 Pt 2):F280-5
references.pmid: 8447437
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:511-35
references.pmid: 12045105
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 1993 Nov;44(5):1041-5
references.pmid: 8246907
references.citation: J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008 Jul-Aug;2(4):210-26
references.pmid: 19746200
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Mar 31;332(6163):411-5
references.pmid: 2451132
references.citation: Circ Res. 1987 Jul;61(1):63-9
references.pmid: 2955951
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1995 Oct;48(4):1206-15
references.pmid: 8569082
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 May 28;274(22):15701-5
references.pmid: 10336468
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1967 Sep;213(3):809-18
references.pmid: 6036804
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Mar;246(3 Pt 2):F349-58
references.pmid: 6703068
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 1996 Oct;10(10):633-9
references.pmid: 9004086
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Mar;268(3 Pt 2):F435-46
references.pmid: 7900843
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 2):F411-8
references.pmid: 8160789
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1989 Sep;36(3):403-11
references.pmid: 2687567
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1962 Oct;203:667-70
references.pmid: 13930952
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 1988 Aug;75(2):151-7
references.pmid: 2970361
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1983 Dec;399(4):266-70
references.pmid: 6664829
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Jun;300(6):F1454-7
references.pmid: 21411479
references.citation: Hypertension. 2012 Feb;59(2):437-45
references.pmid: 22203736
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2007 Jun;112(12):583-97
references.pmid: 17492945
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1993;55:289-304
references.pmid: 8385434
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1985 Dec;28(6):899-913
references.pmid: 3003443
references.citation: Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 1974;70:33-82
references.pmid: 4618920
references.citation: Hypertension. 2012 Aug;60(2):387-95
references.pmid: 22689743
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Jan;240(1):F54-62
references.pmid: 6779638
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006 Sep;15(5):530-6
references.pmid: 16914967
references.citation: Life Sci. 1981 Jan 5;28(1):89-94
references.pmid: 7219045
references.citation: Hypertension. 1989 Dec;14(6):666-73
references.pmid: 2555304
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2004 May;121(5):417-26
references.pmid: 15147760
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Jul 31;178(2):656-63
references.pmid: 1713452
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991 Apr;1(10):1146-52
references.pmid: 1662990
references.citation: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1978 Feb;38(1):7-17
references.pmid: 415348
references.citation: Histochemistry. 1992 Oct;98(3):183-97
references.pmid: 1333463
references.citation: Science. 1990 Oct 26;250(4980):562-5
references.pmid: 1700476
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):F688-92
references.pmid: 12527554
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Oct;277(4):H1338-49
references.pmid: 10516168
references.citation: J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007 Mar;8(1):23-33
references.pmid: 17487823
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1973 Sep;4(3):236-8
references.pmid: 4750914
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Oct;241(4):F348-55
references.pmid: 7315960
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):9110-4
references.pmid: 8415663
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 12;274(7):4377-82
references.pmid: 9933641
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 20;271(51):32749-52
references.pmid: 8955109
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9660-4
references.pmid: 9689137
references.citation: Hypertension. 1990 May;15(5):493-6
references.pmid: 2185151
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2003 Jun;63(6):2113-22
references.pmid: 12753298
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1982 Apr;242(4):F406-14
references.pmid: 6278960
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1969 Oct;217(4):992-7
references.pmid: 4309978
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1971 Dec;50(12):2745-50
references.pmid: 5129322
references.citation: J Physiol. 1979 Mar;288:1-31
references.pmid: 381634
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1970 Dec;219(6):1714-6
references.pmid: 5485689
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Apr;116(4):1110-6
references.pmid: 16557296
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1973 Apr;52(4):843-9
references.pmid: 4693649
references.citation: Hypertension. 1997 Nov;30(5):1238-46
references.pmid: 9369282
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2):F298-302
references.pmid: 10444585
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Nov;297(5):F1342-52
references.pmid: 19726542
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1968 Sep;47(9):2016-24
references.pmid: 4300070
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1979 Mar;63(3):410-8
references.pmid: 429562
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1969;308(3):260-76
references.pmid: 5813954
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):F1117-25
references.pmid: 18701625
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 Jun 2;467(2):185-91
references.pmid: 18176
references.citation: J Gen Physiol. 1961 Mar;44:659-78
references.pmid: 13705146
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1992 Jul;42(1):18-24
references.pmid: 1321928
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):R1009-22
references.pmid: 21228342
references.citation: Nature. 1990 Dec 20-27;348(6303):730-2
references.pmid: 2175396
references.citation: Am J Med Sci. 1984 Nov;288(4):158-61
references.pmid: 6496561
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Sep;263(3 Pt 2):F488-95
references.pmid: 1329535
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1965 Jul;44:1160-70
references.pmid: 14328393
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1998 May;163(1):1-2
references.pmid: 9648616
references.citation: Hypertension. 2011 Jan;57(1):11-7
references.pmid: 21098313
references.citation: Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp. 1973 Jul-Sep;62(3):281-91
references.pmid: 4794446
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1986 Jul;30(1):16-9
references.pmid: 2943930
references.citation: Gen Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;34(6):409-15
references.pmid: 11483290
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 1990 Jun;3(6 Pt 2):82S-86S
references.pmid: 2200437
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1991 Sep;88(3):783-8
references.pmid: 1653275
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1985 Oct;249(4 Pt 2):F603-9
references.pmid: 2931997
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 20;273(8):4296-9
references.pmid: 9468475
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):216-26
references.pmid: 15200428
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1998 Nov;54(5):1626-36
references.pmid: 9844139
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2011 Jan;91(1):1-77
references.pmid: 21248162
references.citation: Circ Res. 1975 Jun;36(6 Suppl 1):107-18
references.pmid: 805670
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1987 May;20:S81-8
references.pmid: 3298806
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1986 Mar;406(3):273-8
references.pmid: 2938076
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 12;274(7):4383-8
references.pmid: 9933642
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2008 Sep 17;35(1):30-5
references.pmid: 18647879
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2009 Jan;195(1):171-86
references.pmid: 18983444
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1984 Apr;25(4):708-16
references.pmid: 6482175
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1985 Apr;27(4):607-15
references.pmid: 2989607
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Oct;265(4 Pt 2):F542-50
references.pmid: 8238383
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):F1382-90
references.pmid: 16380461
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2009 Aug;76(4):366-70
references.pmid: 19471322
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Dec;14(12):3188-96
references.pmid: 14638917
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1986 Dec;45(13):2878-84
references.pmid: 3536584
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan;22(1):113-23
references.pmid: 21209254
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Feb;246(2 Pt 2):F167-74
references.pmid: 6696118
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1980 Jul;60(3):864-917
references.pmid: 6248909
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Apr;250(4 Pt 2):F753-7
references.pmid: 3008578
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1989 Jul;136(3):443-54
references.pmid: 2473601
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2001 Feb;59(2):792-6
references.pmid: 11168963
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1989 Sep;36(3):392-402
references.pmid: 2687566
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1984 Feb;73(2):507-15
references.pmid: 6699174
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Sep;17(9):2368-82
references.pmid: 16914536
references.citation: J Hypertens. 1998 Dec;16(12 Pt 2):2027-37
references.pmid: 9886893
references.citation: Peptides. 2005 Jun;26(6):901-32
references.pmid: 15911062
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Nov;257(5 Pt 2):F907-11
references.pmid: 2556043
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2005 Jun;1(6):358-60
references.pmid: 16054084
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jul;23(7):1181-9
references.pmid: 22518004
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1994;56:649-69
references.pmid: 8010754
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1974;351(1):35-48
references.pmid: 4472834
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1971;327(3):234-60
references.pmid: 4254961
references.citation: Nature. 1962 Jan 27;193:347-8
references.pmid: 13882705
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 20;276(29):26906-15
references.pmid: 11328806
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2):F290-9
references.pmid: 9486224
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 May;290(5):F1177-86
references.pmid: 16332932
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991 Nov;2(5):976-82
references.pmid: 1662089
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1971 Apr;50(4):796-800
references.pmid: 5547276
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1966 Apr;45(4):590-602
references.pmid: 5937030
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):227-41
references.pmid: 15200429
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Jun;240(6):F558-68
references.pmid: 6787932
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Jul 16;16(14):4250-60
references.pmid: 9250668
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 Nov;299(5):F1158-63
references.pmid: 20810615
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12564-8
references.pmid: 7809078
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2005 Apr;115(4):1092-9
references.pmid: 15841186
references.citation: Internist (Berl). 1971 Mar;12(3):69-76
references.pmid: 4927713
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Nov;10(11):2412-25
references.pmid: 10541303
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1974 Dec;54(6):1428-36
references.pmid: 4436441
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1999 Jul;79(3):763-854
references.pmid: 10390518
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 18;313(3):139-45
references.pmid: 3925334
references.citation: Hypertension. 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):504-10
references.pmid: 9931156
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Mar;290(3):R524-8
references.pmid: 16467499
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1989 Feb;16(2):97-107
references.pmid: 2523767
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1974 Apr;53(4):971-9
references.pmid: 4815088
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2005 Sep;14(5):495-501
references.pmid: 16046910
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1980;212(1):17-28
references.pmid: 6254659
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991 Jul 22;1066(2):201-7
references.pmid: 1906751
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1976 Aug;231(2):627-37
references.pmid: 961916
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994 Oct;5(4):1153-8
references.pmid: 7849257
references.citation: Hypertension. 2007 Oct;50(4):596-9
references.pmid: 17785634
references.citation: Nature. 1990 Dec 20-27;348(6303):732-5
references.pmid: 2175397
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1984 Aug;27(2):189-92
references.pmid: 6489654
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Jul;247(1 Pt 2):F93-102
references.pmid: 6331203
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):F110-20
references.pmid: 17356125
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1987 May;20:S57-63
references.pmid: 3298804
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):R706-14
references.pmid: 17082352
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 May 5;267(13):9331-9
references.pmid: 1577762
references.citation: Nephron. 1984;37(4):217-23
references.pmid: 6379482
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994 Oct;5(4):1133-8
references.pmid: 7849254
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1976 Dec;35(14):2583-8
references.pmid: 992110
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1971 Jan;220(1):227-32
references.pmid: 5538656
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):F577-85
references.pmid: 17018843
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Mar;288(3):R685-91
references.pmid: 15550620
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2010 May;298(5):F1095
references.pmid: 20147369
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1985 May;248(5 Pt 2):F621-30
references.pmid: 3887946
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Nov;265(5 Pt 2):F736-42
references.pmid: 8238556
references.citation: Am J Nephrol. 2011;33 Suppl 1:15-20
references.pmid: 21659730
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):C1494-503
references.pmid: 12917102
references.citation: Am J Med Sci. 1975 May-Jun;269(3):349-63
references.pmid: 1171618
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2003 Dec;64(6):2133-41
references.pmid: 14633135
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 May;264(5 Pt 2):F827-32
references.pmid: 8498535
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1965 Aug;44:1410-6
references.pmid: 14322045
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1990 Jul;259(1 Pt 2):F72-9
references.pmid: 2165360
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 Apr;300(4):F957-65
references.pmid: 21228110
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):F1076-88
references.pmid: 21307128
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Dec;54(6):1291-7
references.pmid: 19805644
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1963 Jun-Jul;58:236-42
references.pmid: 13930368
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1969 May-Jun;76(1):213-35
references.pmid: 5823382
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Dec;19(12):2272-5
references.pmid: 18322161
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:731-59
references.pmid: 17002597
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1986 Aug;30(2):152-65
references.pmid: 3531672
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12952-6
references.pmid: 7809153
references.citation: Kidney Int. 1981 Nov;20(5):580-7
references.pmid: 7343708
references.citation: Contrib Nephrol. 1991;95:216-21
references.pmid: 1807911
references.citation: Arzneimittelforschung. 1993 Feb;43(2A):214-21
references.pmid: 8498967
references.citation: Peptides. 2011 Jul;32(7):1551-65
references.pmid: 21699940
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2004 Aug 11;18(3):290-8
references.pmid: 15306694
references.citation: Hypertens Res. 2007 Jan;30(1):93-101
references.pmid: 17460376
references.citation: J Membr Biol. 1996 Jul;152(2):101-10
references.pmid: 9139121
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Aug;23(8):2492-5
references.pmid: 18332065
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Jul;289(1):G36-41
references.pmid: 15731506
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Mar 15;589(Pt 6):1273-81
references.pmid: 20724370
references.citation: Fortschr Med. 1978 Dec 7;96(46):2337
references.pmid: 721009
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Apr;244(4):F355-66
references.pmid: 6340526
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1995;64:375-401
references.pmid: 7574487
references.citation: Hypertension. 1988 Aug;12(2):177-83
references.pmid: 3410526
references.citation: Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):767-70
references.pmid: 2932797
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 Suppl 6:S55-8
references.pmid: 2473352
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1964 Dec;62:436-48
references.pmid: 14252578
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2002 Jun;61(6):2111-8
references.pmid: 12028451
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Mar;282(3):F492-500
references.pmid: 11832431
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1987 Feb 19;316(8):485-6
references.pmid: 2949153
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;986:489-96
references.pmid: 12763869
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Oct;257(4 Pt 2):F531-8
references.pmid: 2679143
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Aug;291(2):F375-83
references.pmid: 16478976
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Jun;250(6 Pt 2):F963-6
references.pmid: 2940876
references.citation: Q Rev Biophys. 1974 May;7(2):239-74
references.pmid: 4281090
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 May 5;267(13):9340-6
references.pmid: 1374392
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 1998 Sep;67:S22-8
references.pmid: 9736248
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1992 Nov;263(5 Pt 2):F945-50
references.pmid: 1443182
references.citation: Biochem J. 1976 Mar 15;154(3):597-604
references.pmid: 942389
references.citation: Clin Sci. 1961 Oct;21:249-58
references.pmid: 13884596
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:621-47
references.pmid: 10845105
references.citation: Am J Kidney Dis. 1987 Jul;10(1 Suppl 1):2-6
references.pmid: 2886045
references.citation: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):F1190-8
references.pmid: 12582007
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 May;244(5):F461-71
references.pmid: 6303131
references.citation: Kidney Blood Press Res. 2000;23(6):360-5
references.pmid: 11070415
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Dec;241(6):F597-604
references.pmid: 7325231
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Jan;27(1):100-7
references.pmid: 21642513
references.citation: J Hypertens. 1998 Aug;16(8):1081-98
references.pmid: 9794709
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1978 Aug 10;253(15):5531-5
references.pmid: 670213
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 2005 Aug;(97):S68-77
references.pmid: 16014104
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1975 Sep;66(3):586-608
references.pmid: 125760
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1976 Nov 5;366(2-3):277-9
references.pmid: 1033531
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 1982 Dec;395(4):271-6
references.pmid: 7155801
references.citation: Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011 Jan;20(1):31-6
references.pmid: 21099685
references.citation: Hypertension. 1990 May;15(5):451-8
references.pmid: 2185149
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Nov;54(5):1070-6
references.pmid: 19752292
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan;22(1):104-12
references.pmid: 20616166
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2752-6
references.pmid: 6405388
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):27973-8
references.pmid: 7961730
references.citation: Nature. 1982 Sep 9;299(5879):161-3
references.pmid: 7110335
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):25141-51
references.pmid: 17580307
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2011 Apr 6;13(4):469-475
references.pmid: 21459331
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 28;276(52):49221-7
references.pmid: 11641397