title: The Prevalence of the Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Is Greater in the Progressive Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of the risk factors for atherosclerosis, other than diabetes mellitus, among type 2 diabetic patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) determined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of ten risk factors (age ≥65 years, history of smoking, male gender, obesity, albuminuria, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and anemia) was determined in 2,107 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with different stages of CKD (six stages according to GFR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk factors for age ≥65 years and male gender were found in 49 and 62% of the study subjects, respectively. The percentages of subjects with a current history of smoking, obesity, albuminuria, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and anemia were 35, 44, 47, 70, 61, 13, 21 and 26%, respectively. The prevalence of age ≥65 years, male gender, albuminuria, hypertension, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hyperuricemia and anemia was greater in the later stages of GFR, whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and obesity did not differ between stages. The prevalence of a current history of smoking was lower in the later stages of GFR. The cumulative number of risk factors increased from 3.1 to 6.8 in the later stages of GFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among type 2 diabetic patients with CKD, the total number of risk factors increases with the progression of renal dysfunction. It is important to pay attention to newly recognized risk factors for hyperuricemia and anemia, in addition to hypertension, albuminuria and hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, in monitoring diabetic patients with later stages of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antoku
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Mizuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mifune
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Togane
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanaka
keywords: Anemia; Atherosclerosis; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetic nephropathy; Hyperuricemia
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