title: Methylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in combination with platinum treatment in patients with advanced malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of DNA methylation inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors is synergistic in gene expression activation and may overcome platinum resistance. Sequential treatment with azacitidine and valproic acid (VPA) in combination with carboplatin may overcome resistance to platinum-based therapy, and we conducted a phase I trial to assess safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and clinical correlates. Experimental Design Patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy were eligible. In cohorts of escalating doses, patients received azacitidine for 5 days from days 1 to 5, VPA for 7 days from days 5 to 11, and carboplatin starting in the second cycle on days 3 and 10. Clinical correlates included evaluation of epigenetic changes, methylation patterns, and histone acetylation levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients were treated. The MTD was 75 mg/m(2) azacitidine, 20 mg/kg VPA, and AUC 3.0 carboplatin. Minor responses or stable disease lasting ≥ 4 months were achieved by six patients (18.8 %), including three with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer. The most common adverse events grade ≥ 3 were fatigue (81 %) and neutropenia (69 %). Dose-limiting toxicity occurred in six patients (18.8 %), including four patients with grade 3 altered mental status. Death receptor 4 (DR4) methylation was shown to decrease in a subset of patients, but there was no relationship with tumor response or number of cycles received.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of azacitidine, VPA, and carboplatin demonstrates decreased DR4 methylation and modest evidence of antitumor activity in patients with heavily treated advanced malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 455, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA, gfalchoo@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Falchook
authors.forename: Siqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Aung
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moulder
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wheler
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bustinza-Linares
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Parkhurst
authors.forename: Razelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D053220:Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C105190:TNFRSF10A protein, human; D014635:Valproic Acid; D016190:Carboplatin; D001374:Azacitidine
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