title: Anaesthesia with medetomidine-ketamine-isoflurane with and without midazolam, in eight captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) premedicated with oral zuclopenthixol.
abstract: In 8 captive adult chimpanzees of various ages premedicated with oral zuclopenthixol anaesthesia was induced intramuscularly with a combination of medetomidine and ketamine (40 or 50 µg/kg and 5 mg/kg, IM, respectively), with and without midazolam (0.05 mg/kg), and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. At the end of the procedure, sedation was reversed with atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg, IM) and sarmazenil (0.005 mg/kg, IM) when midazolam had been administered. Oral zuclopenthixol resulted in tranquillization of the whole group and only one animal required a second dart injection to achieve adequately deep anaesthesia. Effective and reliable anaesthesia was achieved in all apes; the depth of hypnosis was stable and sudden arousal did not occur. Physiological parameters remained within normal ranges in the majority of the animals; however, manageable anaesthesia-related complications, namely apnoea after darting, hypotension, hypoventilation, hypoxemia and prolonged recovery, occurred in 6 out of 8 animals. The use of monitoring devices was essential to guarantee adequate management of these complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland. chiara.adami@vetsuisse.unibe.ch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wenker
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoby
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Morath
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergadano
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D003006:Clopenthixol; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007530:Isoflurane; D007649:Ketamine; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000502:physiology*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D003006:Clopenthixol; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam