title: Association between edentulism and angina pectoris in Mexican adults aged 35 years and older: a multivariate analysis of a population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The possible association between oral infection and chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk has been studied intensively. The present study is designed to determine the strength of association between edentulism and angina pectoris in Mexican adults aged 35 years and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the tools and sampling strategies of the World Health Survey of the World Health Organization, cross-sectional data were collected in Mexico in the National Performance Assessment Survey (probabilistic, multistage, and cluster sampling). Dental information was available for 20 of the 32 states of Mexico. Angina and edentulism are self-reported in this study. Statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression adjusting for complex samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13,966 participants, representing a population of 29,853,607 individuals, were included. Of the complete study population, 3,052,263 (10.2%) were completely toothless, and 673,810 (2.3%) were diagnosed with angina pectoris. After adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, body mass index, and sex, the effect of edentulism on angina was modified by age (interaction), being more marked in the younger age group (odds ratio [OR] = exp(2.5597) =12.93) than in the older individuals surveyed (OR = exp(2.5597 + (-0.0334)) =12.51). Additionally, low physical activity (OR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.22) and higher socioeconomic status (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.90) were more likely to be associated with angina pectoris.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results of this study, conducted in a representative sample of Mexican adults, suggest that an association exists between edentulism and angina pectoris. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanism for this association.
authors.affiliation: Academic Area of Dentistry of Health Sciences Institute at Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlo Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Medina-Solís
authors.forename: América Patricia
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pontigo-Loyola
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Campos
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández-Cruz
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ávila-Burgos
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kowolik
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maupomé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009066:Mouth, Edentulous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data