title: Fatty acid oxidation products ('green odour') released from perennial ryegrass following biotic and abiotic stress, potentially have antimicrobial properties against the rumen microbiota resulting in decreased biohydrogenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this experiment, we investigated the effect of 'green odour' products typical of those released from fresh forage postabiotic and biotic stresses on the rumen microbiota and lipid metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid (HP), a combination of salicylic and jasmonic acid (T), and a combination of both (HPT) were incubated in vitro in the presence of freeze-dried ground silage and rumen fluid, under rumen-like conditions. 16S rRNA (16S cDNA) HaeIII-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism-based (T-RFLP) dendrograms, canonical analysis of principal coordinates graphs, peak number and Shanon-Weiner diversity indices show that HP, T and HPT likely had antimicrobial effects on the microbiota compared to control incubations. Following 6 h of in vitro incubation, 15.3% of 18:3n-3 and 4.4% of 18:2n-6 was biohydrogenated in control incubations, compared with 1.3, 9.4 and 8.3% of 18:3n-3 for HP, T and HPT treatments, respectively, with negligible 18:2n-6 biohydrogenation seen. T-RFLP peaks lost due to application of HP, T and HPT likely belonged to as yet uncultured bacteria within numerous genera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid, T and HPT released due to plant stress potentially have an antimicrobial effect on the rumen microbiota, which may explain the decreased biohydrogenation in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that these volatile chemicals may be responsible for the higher summer n-3 content of bovine milk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Huws
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: J K S
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tweed
authors.forename: M R F
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000737:chemistry; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008129:Lolium / Q000737:chemistry*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D009812:Odorants; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000737:chemistry; D010802:Phylogeny; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D012820:Silage; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D054883:Oxylipins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C060746:9-hydroperoxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; C011006:jasmonic acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: bacteria; biohydrogenation; fatty acid; green odour; hydroperoxides; jasmonic acid; rumen; salicylic acid