title: Controlled penetration of ceramides into and across the stratum corneum using various types of microemulsions and formulation associated toxicity studies.
abstract: Several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion or disturbance of stratum corneum (SC) lipids such as ceramides (CERs), free fatty acids and cholesterol. Studies suggested that replenishment of these lipids might help to treat diseased, affected or aged skin. With this premises in mind, there are some formulations in the market that contain SC lipids and currently, to facilitate permeation of the lipids deep into the SC, various CERs, and other SC lipid microemulsions (MEs) were developed and characterised using lecithin or TEGO® CARE PL 4 (TCPL4) as base surfactants. However, to date, there are no reports that involve the permeability of SC lipids into and across the SC, and therefore, the penetration of CER [NP] as a model ceramide from various formulations was investigated ex vivo using Franz diffusion cell. Besides, the toxicity of the MEs was assessed using hen's egg test chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). The results of the study showed that CER [NP] could not permeate into deeper layers of the SC from a conventional hydrophilic cream. Unlike the cream, CER [NP] permeated into the deeper layers of the SC from both type of MEs, where permeation of the CER was more and into deeper layers from droplet type and lecithin-based MEs than bicontinuous (BC) type and TCPL4 based MEs, respectively. The CER also permeated into deeper layers from ME gels which was, however, shallow and to a lesser extent when compared with the MEs. The results of HET-CAM showed that both MEs are safe to be used topically, with lecithin-based MEs exhibiting better safety profiles than TCPL4 based MEs. Concluding, the study showed that the MEs are safe to be used on the skin for the controlled penetration of CER [NP] deep into the SC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Fitsum F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Sahle
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wohlrab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany. Electronic address: reinhard.neubert@pharmazie.uni-halle.de.
authors.forename: Reinhard H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Neubert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002518:Ceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D002645:Chickens; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D004531:Eggs; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D054709:Lecithins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D054709:Lecithins; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Ceramide; HET-CAM; Microemulsion; Permeation; Stratum corneum; Toxicity