title: Coaxially sighted corneal light reflex versus entrance pupil center centration of moderate to high hyperopic corneal ablations in eyes with small and large angle kappa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether centering ablations on the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (CSCLR) in eyes with large angle kappa leads to poor visual outcomes when compared to patients with eyes with negligible angle kappa that by default would be centered on the entrance pupil. In eyes with no angle kappa, the CSCLR coincides with the entrance pupil center, whereas eyes with large angle kappa possess an offset between the CSCLR and the entrance pupil center.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective case series of consecutive patients treated by hyperopic LASIK using the MEL80 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). All ablations were centered on the CSCLR using the standard non-wavefront-guided ablation profile. Angle kappa was classified according to pupil offset defined as the distance in the corneal plane between the entrance pupil center and the corneal vertex. Eyes were divided into two discrete groups according to the pupil offset: small angle kappa for pupil offset of 0.25 mm or less (n = 30) and large angle kappa for pupil offset of 0.55 mm or greater (n = 30). Safety, accuracy, cylinder vector analysis, contrast sensitivity, vertex centered corneal aberrations, entrance pupil centered whole eye aberrometry, and night vision disturbances were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in safety, accuracy, induced astigmatism, contrast sensitivity, or night vision disturbances between the two groups. There was also no statistically significant difference between groups for vertex centered corneal aberrations; however, as expected, coma was higher in the large angle kappa group for entrance pupil centered aberrometry because the treatment had been centered on the CSCLR rather than the entrance pupil center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refractive outcomes of high hyperopic LASIK were not found to be worse for eyes where ablation was centered more than 0.55 mm from the entrance pupil as determined by CSCLR in eyes with large angle kappa. The absence of poor quality visual outcomes in cases, which by entrance pupil centration are considered significantly "decentered," supports the notion that centration relative to the CSCLR may be preferable. This provides evidence that refractive corneal ablation should not be systematically aligned with the entrance pupil center.
authors.affiliation: London Vision Clinic, London, UK. dzr@londonvisionclinic.com
authors.forename: Dan Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Reinstein
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbe
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Archer
mesh_terms: D057128:Aberrometry / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019781:Corneal Topography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011680:Pupil; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014792:Visual Acuity