title: An open simulation approach to identify chances and limitations for vulnerable road user (VRU) active safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is commonly agreed that active safety will have a significant impact on reducing accident figures for pedestrians and probably also bicyclists. However, chances and limitations for active safety systems have only been derived based on accident data and the current state of the art, based on proprietary simulation models. The objective of this article is to investigate these chances and limitations by developing an open simulation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article introduces a simulation model, incorporating accident kinematics, driving dynamics, driver reaction times, pedestrian dynamics, performance parameters of different autonomous emergency braking (AEB) generations, as well as legal and logical limitations. The level of detail for available pedestrian accident data is limited. Relevant variables, especially timing of the pedestrian appearance and the pedestrian's moving speed, are estimated using assumptions. The model in this article uses the fact that a pedestrian and a vehicle in an accident must have been in the same spot at the same time and defines the impact position as a relevant accident parameter, which is usually available from accident data. The calculations done within the model identify the possible timing available for braking by an AEB system as well as the possible speed reduction for different accident scenarios as well as for different system configurations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation model identifies the lateral impact position of the pedestrian as a significant parameter for system performance, and the system layout is designed to brake when the accident becomes unavoidable by the vehicle driver. Scenarios with a pedestrian running from behind an obstruction are the most demanding scenarios and will very likely never be avoidable for all vehicle speeds due to physical limits. Scenarios with an unobstructed person walking will very likely be treatable for a wide speed range for next generation AEB systems.
authors.affiliation: Federal Highway Research Institute, Bruderstrasse 53, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. seiniger@bast.de
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seiniger
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wisch
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011336:Probability; D012449:Safety; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*