title: Surgical management of bladder stones: literature review.
abstract: Bladder stones are rare and most cases occur in adult men with bladder outlet obstruction. Currently, there are few data on the best treatment of this disease. The aim of this review is to discuss some aspects of pathogenesis and treatment approaches for bladder lithiasis. A comprehensive search of the database of the "National Library of Medicine" /pubmed was conducted with the following key words and descriptors: "bladder" or "vesical" associated with "calculus", "stone" or "lithiasis", and "cistolithotripsy ". One hundred and seventy-one articles were identified. The articles were independently assessed by two reviewers with expertise in urolithiasis. They were included in the study when the results, complications and follow-up were clearly reported. In the end, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Several options for the treatment of bladder lithiasis are available, but no randomized trials comparing them. Different rates of calculus-free patients are described in each of them, as follows: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (75-100%), transurethral cistolithotripsy (63-100%), percutaneous cistolithotripsy (89-100%) and open surgery (100 %). The percutaneous approach has lower morbidity, with similar results to the transurethral treatment, while extracorporeal lithotripsy has the lowest rate of elimination of calculi and is reserved for patients at high surgical risk.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. fabio_torri@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Fabio Cesar Miranda
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Torricelli
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzucchi
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danilovic
authors.forename: Rafael Ferreira
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods