title: Comparison of physical activity measures using mobile phone-based CalFit and Actigraph.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies on physical activity often lack inexpensive, objective, valid, and reproducible tools for measuring physical activity levels of participants. Novel sensing technologies built into smartphones offer the potential to fill this gap.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to validate estimates of physical activity and determine the usability for large population-based studies of the smartphone-based CalFit software.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 36 participants from Barcelona, Spain, wore a smartphone with CalFit software and an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer for 5 days. The ease of use (usability) and physical activity measures from both devices were compared, including vertical axis counts (VT) and duration and energy expenditure predictions for light, moderate, and vigorous intensity from Freedson's algorithm. Statistical analyses included (1) Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test for usability measures, (2) Spearman correlation and linear regression for VT counts, (3) concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and (4) Bland-Altman plots for duration and energy expenditure measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 64% (23/36) of participants were women. Mean age was 31 years (SD 8) and mean body mass index was 22 kg/m(2) (SD 2). In total, 25/36 (69%) participants recorded at least 3 days with at least 10 recorded hours of physical activity using CalFit. The linear association and correlations for VT counts were high (adjusted R(2)=0.85; correlation coefficient .932, 95% CI 0.931-0.933). CCCs showed high agreement for duration and energy expenditure measures (from 0.83 to 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CalFit system had lower usability than the Actigraph GT3X because the application lacked a means to turn itself on each time the smartphone was powered on. The CalFit system may provide valid estimates to quantify and classify physical activity. CalFit may prove to be more cost-effective and easily deployed for large-scale population health studies than other specialized instruments because cell phones are already carried by many people.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donaire-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Nazelle
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerrett
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: accelerometry; cellular phone; global positioning systems; monitoring; motor activity; physiologic
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