title: Application of a high surface area solid-phase microextraction air sampling device: collection and analysis of chemical warfare agent surrogate and degradation compounds.
abstract: This work examines a recently improved, dynamic air sampling technique, high surface area solid-phase microextraction (HSA-SPME), developed for time-critical, high-volume sampling and analysis scenarios. The previously reported HSA-SPME sampling device, which provides 10-fold greater surface area compared to commercially available SPME fibers, allowed for an increased analyte uptake per unit time relative to exhaustive sampling through a standard sorbent tube. This sampling device has been improved with the addition of a type-K thermocouple and a custom heater control circuit for direct heating, providing precise (relative standard deviation ∼1%) temperature control of the desorption process for trapped analytes. Power requirements for the HSA-SPME desorption process were 30-fold lower than those for conventional sorbent-bed-based desorption devices, an important quality for a device that could be used for field analysis. Comparisons of the HSA-SPME device when using fixed sampling times for the chemical warfare agent (CWA) surrogate compound, diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), demonstrated that the HSA-SPME device yielded a greater chromatographic response (up to 50%) relative to a sorbent-bed method. Another HSA-SPME air sampling approach, in which two devices are joined in tandem, was also evaluated for very rapid, low-level, and representative analysis when using discrete sampling times for the compounds of interest. The results indicated that subparts per billion by volume concentration levels of DIMP were detectable with short sampling times (∼15 s). Finally, the tandem HSA-SPME device was employed for the headspace sampling of a CWA degradation compound, 2-(diisopropylaminoethyl) ethyl sulfide, present on cloth material, which demonstrated the capability to detect trace amounts of a CWA degradation product that is estimated to be less volatile than sarin. The rapid and highly sensitive detection features of this device may be beneficial in decision making for law enforcement, military, and civilian emergency organizations and responders, providing critical information in a contaminated environment scenario when time is of the essence.
authors.affiliation: Visiting Scientist Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory , Quantico, Virginia 22135, United States.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tipple
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Mustacich
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Eckenrode
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D060166:Capillary Tubing; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C023477:diisopropyl methylphosphonate