title: Versatility of lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal vessels and nerves: anatomical study and clinical application.
abstract: The use of the intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flap has recently become popular in reconstructions of the breast, upper arm and trunk. Lateral cutaneous branches (LCBs) are a group of the ICAPs that penetrate the fascia near the middle axillary line. However, reports on its precise anatomy and clinical applications are quite limited. We performed an anatomical study of LCBs using cadavers. Based on the findings, we developed novel clinical application methods as follows: (1) sensate superficial circumflex iliac perforator (SCIP) flap, (2) supercharged SCIP flap, (3) ICAP-based propeller flap (IBPF) and (4) free ICAP flap based on LCB. LCBs have the following advantages: (1) Long pedicles can be obtained in the supine position without risk of pneumothorax. (2) The neurovascular bundle is consistently available, allowing elevation of sensate flaps. (3) Donor-site morbidity is low. Therefore, we believe that LCBs offer a versatile option in reconstructive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. Electronic address: tiida7tky@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Mitsunaga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narushima
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshimatsu
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koshima
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002102:Cadaver; D005153:Facial Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061525:Perforator Flap / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D060053:Transplant Donor Site / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation
keywords: Intercostal artery perforator; Intercostal nerve; Lateral cutaneous branch; Superficial circumflex iliac perforator flap