title: Honeybees prefer warmer nectar and less viscous nectar, regardless of sugar concentration.
abstract: The internal temperature of flowers may be higher than air temperature, and warmer nectar could offer energetic advantages for honeybee thermoregulation, as well as being easier to drink owing to its lower viscosity. We investigated the responses of Apis mellifera scutellata (10 colonies) to warmed 10% w/w sucrose solutions, maintained at 20-35°C, independent of low air temperatures, and to 20% w/w sucrose solutions with the viscosity increased by the addition of the inert polysaccharide Tylose (up to the equivalent of 34.5% sucrose). Honeybee crop loads increased with nectar temperature, as did the total consumption of sucrose solutions over 2 h by all bees visiting the feeders. In addition, the preference of marked honeybees shifted towards higher nectar temperatures with successive feeder visits. Crop loads were inversely proportional to the viscosity of the artificial nectar, as was the total consumption of sucrose solutions over 2 h. Marked honeybees avoided higher nectar viscosities with successive feeder visits. Bees thus showed strong preferences for both warmer and less viscous nectar, independent of changes in its sugar concentration. Bees may benefit from foraging on nectars that are warmer than air temperature for two reasons that are not mutually exclusive: reduced thermoregulatory costs and faster ingestion times due to the lower viscosity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. swnicolson@zoology.up.ac.za
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Veer
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Christian W W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pirk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006358:Hot Temperature; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D013019:South Africa; D013395:Sucrose / Q000032:analysis*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar; D013395:Sucrose
keywords: Apis mellifera scutellata; crop load; floral microclimate; nectar temperature; nectar viscosity
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