title: When work calls-associations between being contacted outside of regular working hours for work-related matters and health.
abstract: Boundaries between work and private life are diminishing, but little is known on how this influences worker health. Therefore, we examined the association between work-related contacts outside of regular working hours by e-mail or phone and self-reported health in a representative sample of European employees (n = 23 760). The risk of reporting ≥1 health problem(s) was increased in workers contacted sometimes (odds ratio [OR]: 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.27) or often (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.12-1.34) as compared with never, controlling for several demographic and workplace characteristics. Further research is needed to quantify work and nonwork patterns and their health effects.
authors.affiliation: Gesellschaft für Arbeits-, Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologische Forschung (GAWO) e.V. , Oldenburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arlinghaus
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nachreiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D034742:Electronic Mail; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013689:Telephone; D014937:Work; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace