title: Estrogens and neuropeptides in postmenopausal women: un update.
abstract: Menopause is characterized by depletion of ovarian follicles, a reduction of ovarian hormones to castrate levels and elevated levels of serum gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland. Although this process has significant repercussions throughout the body and affects a large proportion of our society, the neuroendocrine control mechanisms that accompany menopause are poorly understood. This review aims to examine rigorously the most accredited literature to provide an update about our current understanding of the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the onset of and transition into female reproductive senescence, focusing on the role of some specific neuropeptides in regulating the HPG axis and on their effects on several menopausal symptoms, especially referring to the cardiovascular risk, to open up new horizons for new therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics& Gynecology, University of Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buonomo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palatucci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Ml
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Spiezio Sardo
keywords: estrogens; kisspeptin; menopause; neurokinin B; neuropetide Y
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2001 May;13(5):421-4
references.pmid: 11328451
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1991 May;128(5):2239-47
references.pmid: 1708331
references.citation: J Laryngol Otol. 1988 Apr;102(4):314-8
references.pmid: 2838559
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Aug;142(8):3324-31
references.pmid: 11459774
references.citation: Maturitas. 1996 Oct;25(2):107-14
references.pmid: 8905601
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 23;349(17):1614-27
references.pmid: 14573733
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2297-302
references.pmid: 11994380
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1996;866:1-107
references.pmid: 8942292
references.citation: Menopause. 2004 Jul-Aug;11(4):447-55
references.pmid: 15243283
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(15):1863-87
references.pmid: 19442151
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2000 Nov;141(11):4218-25
references.pmid: 11089556
references.citation: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007 Nov;29(11):887-902
references.pmid: 17977492
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;191(1):129-36
references.pmid: 17065396
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Dec;142(12):5294-302
references.pmid: 11713229
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2002 Nov;143(11):4366-74
references.pmid: 12399433
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Jul 22;29(29):9390-5
references.pmid: 19625529
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 Dec;283(6):C1567-91
references.pmid: 12419707
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Sep 23;29(38):11859-66
references.pmid: 19776272
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 16;4(12):e8334
references.pmid: 20016824
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Apr;146(4):1835-42
references.pmid: 15650077
references.citation: J Laryngol Otol. 1981 Dec;95(12):1237-47
references.pmid: 7320619
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6):R1780-5
references.pmid: 10600926
references.citation: Gerontologia. 1964-1965;10:65-75
references.pmid: 14312531
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 13;355(2):125-37
references.pmid: 16837676
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977 Mar 15;127(6):581-4
references.pmid: 402812
references.citation: Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:131-50
references.pmid: 18348708
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Jul;146(7):2976-84
references.pmid: 15831567
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2003 Sep;80(3):669-71
references.pmid: 12969725
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):R639-51
references.pmid: 12571072
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2000 Sep 4;424(4):679-88
references.pmid: 10931489
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2007 Mar;148(3):1150-7
references.pmid: 17185374
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Dec 7;25(49):11349-56
references.pmid: 16339030
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2005 Aug 29;489(3):372-86
references.pmid: 16025449
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2290-6
references.pmid: 11994378
references.citation: Peptides. 2009 Jan;30(1):103-10
references.pmid: 18619506
references.citation: Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Feb;45(1):20-4
references.pmid: 15730360
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007 Jul;23(7):404-9
references.pmid: 17701772
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jan;284(1):E13-7
references.pmid: 12485808
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2010 Aug;151(8):3479-89
references.pmid: 20501670
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2008 Dec;20(12):1376-81
references.pmid: 19094085
references.citation: J Laryngol Otol. 1982 Jul;96(7):613-26
references.pmid: 7086277
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Feb;26(2):274-6
references.pmid: 11850761
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2010 Aug;151(8):3783-94
references.pmid: 20519367
references.citation: Laryngorhinootologie. 2001 Apr;80(4):182-6
references.pmid: 11383118
references.citation: Hypertension. 2004 Dec;44(6):789-95
references.pmid: 15477384
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006 Sep 15;141(4):1731-45
references.pmid: 16809008
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Jul;71(1):79-85
references.pmid: 2370302
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jul 3;401(3):225-30
references.pmid: 16621281
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1997 Oct;134(4):764-71
references.pmid: 9351746
references.citation: J Otolaryngol. 1986 Aug;15(4):228-30
references.pmid: 3747017
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 24;30(8):3124-32
references.pmid: 20181609
references.citation: Hum Reprod. 2002 Dec;17(12):3065-71
references.pmid: 12456604
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2744-50
references.pmid: 17488799
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Mar;177(3):237-45
references.pmid: 12608994
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Oct;83(10):3501-6
references.pmid: 9768654
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008 Apr;192(4):471-85
references.pmid: 18294339
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 2007 Jul;88(1):95-9
references.pmid: 17336972
references.citation: Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Aug;26(4):293-6
references.pmid: 16135994
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2006 Oct 10;498(5):712-26
references.pmid: 16917850
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Sep;146(9):3686-92
references.pmid: 15919741
references.citation: Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2004 Sep;43(9):679-81
references.pmid: 15500781
references.citation: J Midlife Health. 2010 Jan;1(1):5-8
references.pmid: 21799630
references.citation: Climacteric. 2008 Oct;11(5):364-72
references.pmid: 18781480
references.citation: Curr Drug Metab. 2010 Oct;11(8):693-714
references.pmid: 21189141
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Jun;145(6):2959-67
references.pmid: 14988383
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Dec;137(6):664-9
references.pmid: 9437234
references.citation: Reproduction. 2006 Apr;131(4):623-30
references.pmid: 16595713
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):5160-7
references.pmid: 12414887
references.citation: Endocrinology. 1992 May;130(5):2978-84
references.pmid: 1572305
references.citation: Brain. 1966 Sep;89(3):589-614
references.pmid: 5921130
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Oct;86(4 Pt 2):620-7
references.pmid: 2229824
references.citation: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004 Dec;33(4):637-59
references.pmid: 15501638
references.citation: J Laryngol Otol. 1984 Jan;98(1):43-51
references.pmid: 6693803
references.citation: Peptides. 2009 Jan;30(1):111-22
references.pmid: 18614256
references.citation: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995 Mar;121(3):354
references.pmid: 7873156
references.citation: Maturitas. 2008 Sep-Oct;61(1-2):78-84
references.pmid: 19434881
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2004 Oct;145(10):4653-9
references.pmid: 15231708
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2003 Apr;144(4):1542-8
references.pmid: 12639939
references.citation: Maturitas. 2008 Dec 20;61(4):323-9
references.pmid: 19010618
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2004 Feb;16(2):146-53
references.pmid: 14764001
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Feb;147(2):804-10
references.pmid: 16293663
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2009 Oct;30(6):713-43
references.pmid: 19770291
references.citation: Fertil Steril. 1972 Aug;23(8):535-42
references.pmid: 5065232
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1994 Dec 5;182(2):193-6
references.pmid: 7715808
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3540-6
references.pmid: 8855798
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:429-58
references.pmid: 11283317
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Jul 24;104(4):499-503
references.pmid: 11468217
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Aug;28(16):2028-40
references.pmid: 17644507
references.citation: BJOG. 2010 Mar;117(4):488-92
references.pmid: 20105164
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Mar 17;166(2):680-97
references.pmid: 20038444
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):10972-6
references.pmid: 12944565
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2006 Nov;326(2):583-98
references.pmid: 16847638
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2010 Jan;22(1):1-12
references.pmid: 19912479
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2007 Dec;148(12):5752-60
references.pmid: 17823266
references.citation: J Pathol Bacteriol. 1967 Oct;94(2):409-16
references.pmid: 6066486
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2010 Jan;151(1):312-21
references.pmid: 19966188
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Aug;110(2 Pt 1):230-40
references.pmid: 17666595
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2007 Jun;19(6):432-8
references.pmid: 17504437