title: Lessons learned about human stem cell responses to ionizing radiation exposures: a long road still ahead of us.
abstract: Human stem cells (hSC) possess several distinct characteristics that set them apart from other cell types. First, hSC are self-renewing, capable of undergoing both asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions. Second, these cells can be coaxed to differentiate into various specialized cell types and, as such, hold great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent progresses in hSC biology fostered the characterization of the responses of hSC to genotoxic stresses, including ionizing radiation (IR). Here, we examine how different types of hSC respond to IR, with a special emphasis on their radiosensitivity, cell cycle, signaling networks, DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. We show that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess unique characteristics in how they react to IR that clearly distinguish these cells from all adult hSC studied thus far. On the other hand, a manifestation of radiation injuries/toxicity in human bodies may depend to a large extent on hSC populating corresponding tissues, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC), neural hSC, intestine hSC, etc. We discuss here that hSC responses to IR differ notably across many types of hSC which may represent the distinct roles these cells play in development, regeneration and/or maintenance of homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. sokolovm@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Mykyta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000528:radiation effects; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D057890:Epigenomics; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*
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