title: An overview of adjuvant formulations and delivery systems.
abstract: Adjuvants may promote immune responses: by recruiting professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the vaccination site, increasing the delivery of antigens to APCs, or by activating APCs to produce cytokines and by triggering T cell responses. Aluminium salts have been effective at promoting protective humoral immunity; however, they are not effective in generating cell-mediated immunity. A number of different approaches have been developed to potentiate immune response and they have been partially successful. Research has been conducted into vaccine delivery systems (VDS); enhancing cross-presentation by targeting antigens to (APCs). Antigen discovery has increased over the past decade, and consequently, it has accelerated vaccine development demanding a new generation of VDS that combines different types of adjuvants into specific formulations with greater activity. The new approaches offer a wide spectrum of opportunities in vaccine research with direct applications in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Juan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: De Sanctis
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D016882:ISCOMs / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008024:Ligands; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D016207:Cytokines; D004655:Emulsions; D016882:ISCOMs; D008024:Ligands; D008081:Liposomes; D012503:Saponins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Vaccines; adjuvants; aluminium salts; cytokines; delivery system; immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS); liposomes; nanoparticles; oil emulsions; saponin; toll-like receptors