title: Two-color fluorescent (near-infrared and visible) triphasic perfluorocarbon nanoemuslions.
abstract: Design and development of a new formulation as a unique assembly of distinct fluorescent reporters with nonoverlapping fluorescence spectra and a F19 magnetic resonance imaging agent into colloidally and optically stable triphasic nanoemulsion are reported. Specifically, a cyanine dye-perfluorocarbon (PFC) conjugate was introduced into the PFC phase of the nanoemulsion and a near-infrared dye was introduced into the hydrocarbon (HC) layer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a triphasic nanoemulsion system where each oil phase, HC, and PFC are fluorescently labeled and formulated into an optically and colloidally stable nanosystem. Having, each oil phase separately labeled by a fluorescent dye allows for improved correlation between in vivo imaging and histological data. Further, dual fluorescent labeling can improve intracellular tracking of the nanodroplets and help assess the fate of the nanoemulsion in biologically relevant media. The nanoemulsions were produced by high shear processing (microfluidization) and stabilized with biocompatible nonionic surfactants resulting in mono-modal size distribution with average droplet size less than 200 nm. Nanoemulsions demonstrate excellent colloidal stability and only moderate changes in the fluorescence signal for both dyes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of macrophages exposed to nanoemulsions shows the presence of both fluorescence agents in the cytoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Duquesne University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Sravan Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Jelena M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Janjic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004987:Ethers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D061848:Optical Imaging; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D004655:Emulsions; D004987:Ethers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C089187:cyanine dye 3; C078113:perfluoropolyether
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