title: Insertion torque and orthodontic mini-implants: a systematic review of the artificial bone literature.
abstract: This article systematically reviewed the literature to (1) identify variables that were associated with maximum insertion torque values during the insertion of orthodontic mini-implants into artificial bone, (2) quantify such associations and (3) assess adverse effects of this procedure. Computerized and manual searches were conducted up to 24 February 2012. Selection criteria included studies that (1) recorded maximum insertion torque during the insertion of orthodontic mini-implants into artificial bone, (2) used sample sizes of five screws or more, (3) assessed maximum insertion torque with electronic torque sensors, and (4) used orthodontic mini-implants with a diameter smaller than 2.5 mm. ASTM Standards F543-07(ε1) and F1839-08(ε1) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews were used as guidelines for this systematic review. Quality assessments were rated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A total of 23 studies were selected, many of which were multiple publications of the same study. Many domains in the risk of bias assessments were scored as "high" or "unclear" risk of bias. A wide variety of implant, test block, and insertion procedure-related associations with maximum insertion torque were recorded. The quality of most outcomes was classified as "moderate." Outcomes could not be combined in a meta-analysis because of high risk of bias, poor standardization, high heterogeneity, or inconsistency in direction of outcomes within or between studies. Adverse effects were only assessed in one study. Future studies should control publication bias, consult existing standards for conducting torque tests, and focus on transparent reporting.
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Reint
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meursinge Reynders
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ronchi
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ladu
authors.forename: Faridi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Etten-Jamaludin
authors.forename: Shandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bipat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D003757:Dental Implantation; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Systematic review; artificial bone; insertion torque; mini-implant; orthodontics; publication bias; risk of bias; standardized test