title: Uptake and accumulation of four PPCP/EDCs in two leafy vegetables.
abstract: Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are present in reclaimed water, leading to concerns of human health risks from the consumption of food crops irrigated with reclaimed water. This study evaluated the potential for plant uptake and accumulation of four commonly occurring PPCP/EDCs, i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), diclofenac sodium (DCL), naproxen (NPX), and 4-nonylphenol (NP), by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and collards (Brassica oleracea) in hydroponic culture, using (14)C-labeled compounds. In both plant species, plant accumulation followed the order of BPA > NP > DCL > NPX and accumulation in roots was much greater than in leaves and stems. Concentrations of (14)C-PPCP/EDCs in plant tissues ranged from 0.22 ± 0.03 to 927 ± 213 ng/g, but nearly all (14)C-residue was non-extractable. PPCP/EDCs, particularly BPA and NP, were also extensively transformed in the nutrient solution. Dietary uptake of these PPCP/EDCs by humans was predicted to be negligible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: LDODG001@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Dodgen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001937:Brassica / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018545:Lactuca / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004008:Diclofenac; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010636:Phenols; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Non-extractable residue; Pharmaceuticals; Plant uptake; Reclaimed water
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