title: A novel animal model of dysphagia following stroke.
abstract: Patients who have an ischemic stroke are at high risk of swallowing disorders. Aspiration due to swallowing disorders, specifically delayed trigger of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing, predisposes such patients to pneumonia. In the present study, we evaluated swallowing reflex in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), which is one of the most common experimental animal models of cerebral ischemia, in order to develop a novel animal model of dysphagia following ischemic stroke. A swallowing reflex was elicited by a 10-s infusion of distilled water (DW) to the pharyngolaryngeal region in the tMCAO rat model. Swallowing reflex was estimated using the electromyographic activity of the mylohyoid muscle from 1 to 3 weeks after surgery. Two weeks after tMCAO, the number of swallows significantly decreased and the onset latency of the first swallow was prolonged compared with that of the sham group. The number of swallows in rats significantly increased by infusions of 10 mM citric acid and 0.6 μM capsaicin to the pharyngolaryngeal region compared with the number from infusion of DW. It has been reported that sensory stimulation of the pharyngolaryngeal region with citric acid, capsaicin, and L-menthol ameliorates hypofunction of pharyngeal-stage swallowing in dysphagia patients. Therefore, the tMCAO rat model may show some of the symptoms of pharyngeal-stage swallowing disorders, similar to those in patients with ischemic stroke. This rat tMCAO model has the potential to become a novel animal model of dysphagia following stroke that is useful for development of therapeutic methods and drugs.
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Section, Industrial Research Institute of Shizuoka Prefecture, 2078 Makigaya, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, 421-1298, Japan, naoto@iri.pref.shizuoka.jp.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Yukitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasamura
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakade
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okawa
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
references.citation: Dysphagia. 2000 Spring;15(2):51-7
references.pmid: 10758186
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 2004;51(3):162-7
references.pmid: 15073441
references.citation: Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19(3):171-8
references.pmid: 15644630
references.citation: Brain Res. 1990 Aug 6;524(2):196-202
references.pmid: 2292002
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):929-69
references.pmid: 11274347
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Jul;39(1):106-20
references.pmid: 9764193
references.citation: Dysphagia. 1993;8(3):195-202
references.pmid: 8359039
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2002 Nov;77(2-3):321-5
references.pmid: 12419408
references.citation: J Oral Sci. 2009 Jun;51(2):167-71
references.pmid: 19550082
references.citation: Clin Imaging. 1995 Oct-Dec;19(4):240-3
references.pmid: 8564866
references.citation: Dysphagia. 1988;3(1):11-7
references.pmid: 3248391
references.citation: Stroke. 1986 May-Jun;17(3):472-6
references.pmid: 3715945
references.citation: Am Fam Physician. 2000 Apr 15;61(8):2453-62
references.pmid: 10794585
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2009 Jan 23;158(2):665-72
references.pmid: 19032975
references.citation: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Aug 15;295(6595):411-4
references.pmid: 3115478
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2004 Sep 13;164(16):1761-8
references.pmid: 15364669
references.citation: J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996 Sep-Oct;6(1):30-4
references.pmid: 17894962
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1996 Mar;59(3):487-94
references.pmid: 8700951
references.citation: Folia Phoniatr Logop. 1995;47(3):140-64
references.pmid: 7640720
references.citation: Stroke. 2005 Sep;36(9):1972-6
references.pmid: 16109909
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Dec;74(12):1295-300
references.pmid: 8259895
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996 Mar;16(2):195-201
references.pmid: 8594050
references.citation: J Speech Hear Res. 1995 Jun;38(3):556-63
references.pmid: 7674647
references.citation: Stroke. 2001 Jun;32(6):1279-84
references.pmid: 11387487
references.citation: Dysphagia. 1997 Fall;12(4):188-93
references.pmid: 9294937
references.citation: J Pharmacol Sci. 2011;115(2):99-104
references.pmid: 21258172
references.citation: Stroke. 1996 Sep;27(9):1616-22; discussion 1623
references.pmid: 8784138
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1982 Jan;62(1):129-84
references.pmid: 7034008
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:464701
references.pmid: 21331357