title: Practice patterns for lower respiratory tract infections in hospital patients with particular focus on bacteriological examinations and injection antibiotics use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various types of medical institutions perform treatments for lower respiratory tract infections. However, few studies have assessed and compared practice patterns across different medical institutions in Japan. To assess practice patterns for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections among patients who needed hospitalization, we examined the use of injection antibiotics and the implementation of bacteriological examinations, and compared these across medical institutions. We then evaluated whether bacteriological examinations were being adequately implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted using a database of health insurance claims. Subjects were patients (≥16 years old) who received injection antibiotics to treat lower respiratory tract infections, and who were listed among 2004-2007 insurance claims data. For each type of antibiotic, we obtained the dose prescribed, the number of patients treated, and the frequency of bacteriological examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1649 patients were evaluated. The implementation rate of Gram stain and sputum culture was 14% at clinics (<20 beds), approximately 30% at small hospitals (20-99 beds), and 40%-45% at medium-sized (100-499 beds) and large hospitals (≥500 beds). As a whole, beta-lactams were most frequently used, accounting for 80% of all antibiotics used. Among beta-lactams, penicillins comprised 25% of the total amount of drugs used at hospitals with ≥300 beds, but approximately 13% at clinics and small hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practice patterns varied depending on the size of the medical institution. The implementation rate of bacteriological examinations was not high enough, especially at clinics and small hospitals.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine, Fukuchiyama City Hospital, Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikeda
keywords: health insurance claims; medical institution size; treatment pattern; variability
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