title: Predicting the risk of bone metastasis in prostate cancer.
abstract: The ability to identify prostate cancer patients at 'high risk' for bone metastasis development could allow early selection of those most likely to benefit from interventions to prevent or delay bone metastasis. This review is aimed to identify potential predictors of risk for bone metastasis in newly diagnosed patients and in those who have already received treatment. At diagnosis, established predictors of prostate cancer aggressiveness (e.g. PSA level, clinical stage, Gleason score) can identify patients at risk for bone metastasis. Following treatment of the disease, increasing evidence suggests that absolute PSA levels and other measures of PSA kinetics are useful to aid prediction of bone metastasis risk in patients both with and without a history of ADT. However, which PSA parameter most accurately predicts risk and the cut-off values that should be employed are unclear. Inclusion of PSA parameters to identify a high risk population may be beneficial in whom bone-modifying treatments are being considered. Other novel (but unvalidated) biomarkers that potentially predict the development of bone metastases have been identified, although it is unclear whether they will have value as independent markers or when combined with other parameters (e.g. measures of PSA kinetics). Further prospective studies of PSA kinetics and other predictive markers are, therefore, required to define the optimal criteria for identifying patients at high risk of bone metastases and those who are most likely to benefit from intensive monitoring and therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Vita Salute University San-Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: briganti.alberto@hsr.it.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Nazareno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suardi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdollah
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novara
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ficarra
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Bone metastasis; Gleason score; PSA kinetics; PSA level; Prostate cancer; Risk factor