title: Genetic variants of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ are associated with gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are implicated in pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cancers of the digestive system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PPAR δ and γ with gastric cancer and explored interactions with risk factors of gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted our analysis in a case-control study of 196 gastric cancer patients and 397 controls residing in the Taixing region of Jiangsu, China. Six SNPs in the PPARδ (rs2076167, rs3734254) and PPARγ genes (rs10865710, rs1801282, rs3856806, rs13306747) were genotyped. We employed logistic regression to evaluate the association between each genotype and gastric cancer and tested for gene-environment interaction with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, smoking status, and meat and salt intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the G/G variant rs2076167, in tight linkage disequilibrium with rs3734254 (R (2) = 0.97), was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in a recessive model (OR 2.20, 95 % CI 1.12, 4.32). The association between G/G variant of rs2016167 and gastric cancer was particularly strong among those with higher salt intake (OR 5.11, 95 % CI 1.11, 23.5), but did not vary by H. pylori infection or smoking status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that genetic variants of PPARδ were associated with gastric cancer. If the association is confirmed in larger studies, it may implicate a role for PPARδ activators, such as insulin-sensitizing agents, in prevention of gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., SCCT 1S33, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA, cyjeon@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Shen-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.forename: Jinkou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jian-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Qing-Yi
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000235:genetics*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D047494:PPAR delta; D047495:PPAR gamma; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
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