title: Abbreviated psychologic questionnaires are valid in patients with hand conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) can help hand surgeons identify opportunities for psychologic support, but they are time consuming. If easier-to-use tools were available and valid, they might be widely adopted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the validity of shorter versions of the PCS and SHAI, the PCS-4 and the SHAI-5, by assessing: (1) the difference in mean scaled scores of the short and long questionnaires; (2) floor and ceiling effects between the short and long questionnaires; (3) correlation between the short questionnaires and the outcome measures (an indication of construct validity); and (4) variability in disability and pain, between the short and long questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred sixty-four new or followup adult patients in one hand surgery clinic completed the SHAI-18, SHAI-5, PCS-13, PCS-4, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, PHQ-2, DASH, and QuickDASH questionnaires, and an ordinal pain scale, as part of a prospective cross-sectional study. Mean scores for the short and long questionnaires were compared with paired t-tests. Floor and ceiling effects were calculated. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the correlation between the short and long questionnaires and with outcome measures. Regression analyses were performed to find predictors of pain and disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were small, but significant differences between the mean scores for the DASH and QuickDASH (QuickDASH higher), SHAI-18 and SHAI-5 (SHAI-18 higher), and PCS-13 and PCS-4 (PCS-4 higher), but not the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2. Floor effects ranged between 0% and 65% and ceiling effects between 0% and 3%. There were greater floor effects for the PHQ-2 than for the PHQ-9, but floor and ceiling effects were otherwise comparable for the other short and long questionnaires. All questionnaires showed convergent and divergent validity and criterion validity was shown in multivariable analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Content validity, construct convergent validity, and criterion validity were established for the short versions of the PCS and SHAI. Using shorter forms creates small differences in mean values that we believe are unlikely to affect study results and are more efficient and advantageous because of the decreased responder burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Arjan G J
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.forename: Stéphanie J E
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: C Niek
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.forename: Ana-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vranceanu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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