title: Early responses measured in the brachyuran crab Carcinus maenas exposed to carbamazepine and novobiocin: application of a 2-tier approach.
abstract: One of the main consequences of the constant input of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment is that biota might develop unknown chronic effects, thus affecting their health even at low concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the health status of Carcinus maenas employing a 2-tier approach, after 28 days of exposure to carbamazepine (CBZ) and novobiocin (NOV) at 0.1, 1, 10 and 50µgL(-1). Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) is employed in tier 1. In tier 2 was applied a battery of biomarkers of exposure and effect (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), dibenzyl flourescein dealkylase (DBF), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA adducts) measured in gill, hepatopancreas, muscle and gonad tissues. Results show a dose-dependent effect. LMS in crabs exposed to environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals was significantly lower compared to controls (p<0.05), indicating their stressed status. EROD activity was induced significantly (p<0.05) in all tissues by NOV (10-50µgL(-1)). DBF activity was induced significantly (p<0.05) in gill and hepatopancreas tissues by CBZ (10-50µgL(-1)). GST activity was activated in all tissues of crabs exposed to the highest concentrations tested (p<0.05). All tissues showed induction of GPX activity after exposure to selected drugs (p<0.05). LPO was activated in gill and hepatopancreas tissues by the pharmaceuticals at 50µgL(-1) (p<0.05). Crabs exposed to NOV (50µgL(-1)) presented DNA damage in gill and hepatopancreas tissues (p<0.05). Environmental concentrations of these pharmaceuticals have a measurable effect on the biomarkers studied. The 2-tier approach applied might be a suitable tool for the assessment of sublethal responses in crabs exposed to pharmaceuticals in the marine environment.
authors.affiliation: Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WiCop, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510, P. Real, Cádiz, Spain; Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: gabriela.aguirre@uca.es.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Martínez
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Del Valls
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Martín-Díaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003386:Brachyura / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009675:Novobiocin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004798:Enzymes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009675:Novobiocin; D002220:Carbamazepine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Bioassay; Biomarkers; Enzymatic activity; Hepatopancreas; Lysosomal membrane stability; Pharmaceuticals