title: Injectable tissue-engineered cartilage using commercially available fibrin glue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To achieve injectable tissue-engineered cartilage using a commercially available fibrin sealant, and to determine the most suitable fibrin glue concentration, cartilage source, and cultured chondrocyte concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 immunocompetent New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups. The cultured chondrocytes from different anatomical sources carried in fibrin glue with and without aprotinin in different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin (Tisseell), were injected into forehead and interocular regions of the rabbits. The new tissue formation was harvested at 8 weeks and analyzed through gross and histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new tissue formations were found in round, elliptical, and flat forms. The mean value of Tisseell and cell suspension was 0.8 cc in all of the rabbits' injection regions, but the mean volume of the samples in which immature cartilage matrix and mature cartilage was 0.1 cc. In the 20 of the 55 injection regions of rabbits (36, 36%), mature and/or immature cartilage formation were observed. We observed inflammatory reactions, abscess formation, and foreign body reactions around the new cartilage tissue of tissue-engineered cartilage. The comparison of results using different cartilage sources, chondrocyte concentrations, or different fibrin glue concentrations did not show any significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that changing the concentrations of ingredients of commercially available fibrin glue, the source of the cartilage, or the cultured chondrocyte concentration did not have significant effect on neocartilage formation.
authors.affiliation: Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine-Otolaryngology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cakmak
authors.forename: Seda T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Babakurban
authors.forename: Hatice G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Akkuzu
authors.forename: Selcuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilgi
authors.forename: Ercüment
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ovalı
authors.forename: Merve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kongur
authors.forename: Hande
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altintas
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilezikçi
authors.forename: Zerrin Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Mustafa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yakicier
authors.forename: Feride I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000637:transplantation*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000637:transplantation; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007267:Injections; D011817:Rabbits; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; D014014:Tissue Adhesives
keywords: Issue engineering; cartilage; fibrin glue; immunocompromised