title: Mexican immigration to the U.S., the occurrence of violence and the impact of mental disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study immigration, U.S. nativity, and return migration as risk factors for violence among people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys in the United States (2001-2003; n=1,213) and Mexico (2001-2002; n=2,362). Discrete time survival models were used. The reference group was Mexicans living in Mexico without migrant experience or a migrant relative.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mexican immigrants in the U.S. have lower risk for any violence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.5, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.4-0.7). U.S.-born Mexican-Americans were at higher risk for violence victimization of a sexual nature (for sexual assault, HR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.7-3.7). Return migrants were at increased risk for being kidnapped or held hostage (HR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.1-7.1). Compared to those without a mental disorder, those with a mental disorder were more likely to suffer any violence (HR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.9-2.7), regardless of the migrant experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of immigration on the occurrence of violence is more complex than usually believed. Return migrants are more likely to suffer violence such as being held hostage or beaten by someone other than a partner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Models for Intervention, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico. guibor@imp.edu.mx
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rafful
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tancredi
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Gaxiola
authors.forename: Maria-Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Medina-Mora
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Breslau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
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