title: Association between low cortical bone mineral density, soft-tissue calcification, vascular calcification and chondrocalcinosis: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between bone mineral density (BMD), soft-tissue calcification, vascular calcification and chondrocalcinosis (CC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study within the Genetics of Osteoarthritis and Lifestyle (GOAL) database (n=3170). All GOAL participants completed a questionnaire self-reporting current and early adult life exposures. Radiographs of knees, hands and pelvis were scored for osteoarthritis (OA), CC, pelvic vascular calcification, peri-articular knee calcification and metacarpal index (MCI-measure of cortical BMD). Calcaneal dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed. Cases had radiographic CC, while controls did not have CC at any radiographed site. OR, 95% CI were used to measure association between risk factors and CC. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding and to estimate the adjusted OR (aOR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low MCI (aOR (95%) for CC in 1st tertile 1.41 (1.06 to 1.89), with 3rd tertile referent), soft-tissue calcification (aOR (95%) for CC 1.81 (1.36 to 2.42)), and vascular calcification (aOR (95%) for CC 1.76 (1.13 to 2.75)) independently associated with CC. There was a negative association between body mass index and CC (aOR (95%) for CC in 2nd and 3rd tertiles 0.68 (0.53 to 0.89), and 0.67 (0.51 to 0.88) respectively with 1st tertile referent). Age and OA associated with CC. However, only age and low MCI independently associated with CC at >1 joint. Self-reported meniscectomy, low cortical BMD, vascular calcification, and soft-tissue calcification independently associated with knee CC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies several novel associations of CC including low cortical BMD. The association between vascular calcification, soft-tissue calcification, and CC suggests a generalised constitutional predisposition to calcium crystal formation.
authors.affiliation: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abhishek
authors.affiliation: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: Respiratory and Inflammation iMed, AstraZeneca, MoIndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maciewicz
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.affiliation: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002805:Chondrocalcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Chondrocalcinosis; Epidemiology; Osteoarthritis