title: Relationships and health among emerging adults with and without Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study's goal was to examine the impact of parent and peer relationships on health behaviors and psychological well-being of those with and without Type 1 diabetes over the transition to emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood is an understudied developmental period and a high-risk period--especially for those with Type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth with (n = 117) and without Type 1 diabetes (n = 122) completed questionnaires during their senior year of high school and 1 year later. Measures included supportive and problematic aspects of parent and peer relationships, health behaviors, psychological well-being, and, for those with diabetes, self-care behavior and glycemic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective multiple and logistic regression analysis revealed that friend conflict was a more potent predictor than friend support of changes in health behaviors and psychological well-being. Parent support was associated with positive changes in psychological well-being and decreases in smoking, whereas parent control was related to increases in smoking and depressive symptoms. There was some evidence of cross-domain buffering such that supportive relationships in one domain buffered adverse effects of problematic relationships in the other domain on health outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal study showed that parent relationships remain an important influence on, and peer relationships continue to influence, the health behaviors and psychological well-being of emerging adults with and without Type 1 diabetes. Parent relationships also have the potential to buffer the adverse effects of difficulties with peers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Vicki S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Helgeson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Dianne K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Palladino
authors.affiliation: Rand Association.
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Dorothy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siminerio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
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