title: Competency-based education: the essential basis of pre-service education for the professional midwifery workforce.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  many articles published in the decade since promulgation of the Millennium Development Goals have acknowledged the distinct advantages to maternal and newborn health outcomes that can be achieved as a result of expanding access to skilled birth attendant (including midwifery) services. However, these advantages are often predicated on the assumption that the midwifery workforce shares a common definition and identity. Regrettably, a clear delineation of midwifery competencies is rarely addressed. A core set of midwifery competencies is essential to providing the high quality services that lead to the desirable health outcomes described in that body of research. Attribution of improved outcomes to access to midwifery cannot be made without a common understanding of a defined set of services provided to standard by the midwifery workforce across the inter-conceptional and childbearing time frame. The International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) has developed a clear list of competencies that delineate the domains of practice for the fully qualified, professional midwife. These domains frame the educational outcomes that must be conveyed within competency-based education programmes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  this article explores the concept of competency-based education for midwives; first exploring the concept of competency itself, then providing examples of what is already known about competency-based approaches to curriculum design, teacher preparation, teacher support and assessment of student learning. These concepts are linked to the ICM competencies as the unifying construct for education of individuals who share a common definition and identity as midwives.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, 7717 Canyon Point Lane, San Diego, CA 92126, USA. Electronic address: jfullerton@san.rr.com.
authors.forename: Judith T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: Joyce B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Competency-based education; Midwifery education; Midwifery workforce