title: Induction of autophagy during in vitro maturation improves the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes.
abstract: While a critical role of autophagy in mammalian early embryogenesis has been demonstrated, few studies have been conducted regarding the role of autophagy in in vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes. In the present study we investigated the effect of rapamycin, a chemical autophagy inducer, on the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes. Rapamycin treatment led to increased expression of LC3-II, an autophagy marker. Compared with the control group, as well as the 5 and 10nM rapamycin treatment groups, the rate of MII oocyte production was higher in the 1nM rapamycin treatment group, indicating improvement in nuclear maturation. In the analyses of cytoplasmic maturation, we found that the level of p34(cdc2), a cytoplasmic maturation marker, and the monospermic fertilisation rate were higher in the 1nM rapamycin treatment group than in the other groups. Moreover, the beneficial effect of 1nM rapamycin on cytoplasmic maturation of MII oocytes was further evidenced by increases in blastocyst formation rate, total cell number and cell survival. In the blastocyst embryos, anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL transcript levels were elevated in the 1nM rapamycin-treated group, whereas pro-apoptotic Bax transcript levels were decreased. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of autophagy during IVM contributes to enhancement of the nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes.
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bong-Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Woong
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Bin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seon-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Rae
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Uk
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D003593:Cytoplasm; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000662:veterinary; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000662:veterinary; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009865:Oocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D020123:Sirolimus; C526109:Anxa3 protein, rat; C548796:Cdk1 protein, rat