title: Fractional flow reserve-guided coronary artery bypass grafting: can intraoperative physiologic imaging guide decision making?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fractional flow reserve-guided coronary artery bypass grafting is emerging in cardiac surgery, in which the nature (anatomic and functional characteristics) of the target vessel epicardial coronary artery stenosis is important in graft site selection. The nature of the stenosis might determine a different physiologic response to bypass grafting. We report our recent experience using near infrared fluorescence complex angiography and perfusion analysis to identify the nature of stenoses in the target vessel by imaging the physiologic response to grafting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 167 patients who underwent consecutive multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting cases (63% off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting) with traditional anatomy-based revascularization, we imaged and analyzed 359 grafts (53% arterial). This platform provides angiographic data of both the target vessel epicardial coronary artery and graft simultaneously (to assess the imaged competitive flow); and because a change in fluorescence intensity is proportional to the change in blood flow and perfusion, the quantified change (if any) in regional myocardial perfusion surrounding the grafted target vessel epicardial coronary artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient outcomes in our series were excellent. All 359 grafts were widely patent by angiography, and 24% of the arterial and 22% of the saphenous vein grafts showed no regional myocardial perfusion change in response to bypass grafting. In 165 in situ internal mammary artery grafts to the left anterior descending artery (>70% stenosis), 40 had no change in regional myocardial perfusion, and 32 of the 40 had competitive flow imaged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An important number of angiographically patent bypass grafts demonstrated no change in regional myocardial perfusion, suggesting anatomic, but nonfunctional, stenoses in those target vessel epicardial coronary arteries. In in situ arterial grafts, imaged competitive flow is associated with nonfunctional stenoses in the target vessel epicardial coronary artery. Imaging these physiologic responses to target vessel revascularization might be useful in the emerging fractional flow reserve-guided era.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Electronic address: fergusont@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: T Bruce
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Babb
authors.forename: Jimmy T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Efird
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daggubati
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D014654:Vascular Patency
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: 17; 23.1; 23.2; 36; CABG; CAPA; COURAGE; CPB; Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation; FAME; FFR; FREEDOM; Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Disease; Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Otpimal Management of Multivessel Disease; ICF; ICG; IDAP; IDS; IMA; NIRF; OPCAB; PCI; PREVENT-IV; Project of Ex-vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection IV; RA; RMP; SVG; SYNTAX; Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery; TVECA; cardiopulmonary bypass; complex angiography and perfusion analysis; coronary artery bypass grafting; fractional flow reserve; image data acquisition protocol; image data sequence (34 seconds); image-described competitive flow; indocyanine green; internal mammary artery; near-infrared fluorescence; off-pump CABG; percutaneous coronary intervention; radial artery; regional myocardial perfusion; saphenous vein graft; target vessel epicardial coronary artery