title: [Heart failure and anemia].
abstract: Chronic heart failure has an age-dependent prevalence of 2% and is therefore one of the most frequent diseases in western societies. A reduced hemoglobin concentration according to the definition of the World Health Organization is a common comorbidity affecting more than half of all heart failure patients. Elderly patients, patients suffering from renal impairment and women are more likely to develop anemia but a definitive etiology of anemia is only identified in the minority of cases. Anemia is associated with a poor clinical status and a greater risk of hospitalization and is a predictive factor for increased mortality. The incidence of anemia appears to increase with a poorer functional class. Intravenous iron therapy improves the exercise capacity in patients with systolic heart failure and iron deficiency and is currently being recommended for patients with persistent symptoms despite optimal medical and device therapy. However, erythropoietin-stimulating agents as a treatment for anemia in chronic heart failure have failed to improve clinical outcome in a large randomized trial. In patients with heart failure but with maintained ejection fraction, anemia is also associated with a poor prognosis. Specific therapeutic recommendations for these patients are still not available.
authors.affiliation: Klinik II für Innere Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Österreich, sara.reda@pmu.ac.at.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Motloch
authors.forename: U C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Hoppe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007501:Iron / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007501:Iron
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2006 Dec;152(6):1096.e9-15
references.pmid: 17161060
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 15;51(2):103-12
references.pmid: 18191732
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jul 26;58(5):474-80
references.pmid: 21777743
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2S-2):676S-688S; discussion 688S-690S
references.pmid: 11160598
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2013 Mar;34(11):827-34
references.pmid: 23178646
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2001 Apr;84 Suppl 1:31-7
references.pmid: 11308272
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Sep 19;48(6):1225-7
references.pmid: 16979010
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jun 13;165(11):1304-9
references.pmid: 15956012
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Sep 2;52(10):818-27
references.pmid: 18755344
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 19;361(21):2019-32
references.pmid: 19880844
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jun;35(7):1737-44
references.pmid: 10841219
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2010 Aug;31(15):1872-80
references.pmid: 20570952
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Oct 23;50(17):1657-65
references.pmid: 17950147
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jan 15;101(2):223-30
references.pmid: 18178411
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jul 3;50(1):40-7
references.pmid: 17601544
references.citation: Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Sep;12(9):936-42
references.pmid: 20525985
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2007 Sep;28(18):2208-16
references.pmid: 17681958
references.citation: Circulation. 2010 Jan 19;121(2):245-51
references.pmid: 20048213
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jan 21;107(2):294-9
references.pmid: 12538431
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 May 23;113(20):2454-61
references.pmid: 16717164
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Jul 15;82(2):156-66
references.pmid: 21501595
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Aug 12;52(7):501-11
references.pmid: 18687241
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):1011-23
references.pmid: 15758012
references.citation: Eur J Heart Fail. 2009 Nov;11(11):1084-91
references.pmid: 19875408
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):986-94
references.pmid: 16476847
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 28;368(13):1210-9
references.pmid: 23473338
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Feb 20;49(7):753-62
references.pmid: 17306703
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 17;361(25):2436-48
references.pmid: 19920054
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2012 Jul;33(14):1787-847
references.pmid: 22611136
references.citation: Heart Fail Clin. 2010 Jul;6(3):295-304
references.pmid: 20630404
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(21):2232-7
references.pmid: 15987710