title: Robotic anesthesia - a vision for the future of anesthesia.
abstract: This narrative review describes a rationale for robotic anesthesia. It offers a first classification of robotic anesthesia by separating it into pharmacological robots and robots for aiding or replacing manual gestures. Developments in closed loop anesthesia are outlined. First attempts to perform manual tasks using robots are described. A critical analysis of the delayed development and introduction of robots in anesthesia is delivered.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, Canada University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hemmerling
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taddei
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehbe
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: Shantale
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.forename: Cedrick
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zaouter
keywords: McSleepy; anesthesia; closed loop; robot
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