title: Effects of short-term inpatient treatment on sensitivity to a size contrast illusion in first-episode psychosis and multiple-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Ebbinghaus illusion, a shape appears larger than its actual size when surrounded by small shapes and smaller than its actual size when surrounded by large shapes. Resistance to this visual illusion has been previously reported in schizophrenia, and linked to disorganized symptoms and poorer prognosis in cross-sectional studies. It is unclear, however, when in the course of illness this resistance first emerges or how it varies longitudinally with illness phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We addressed these issues by having first-episode psychosis patients, multiple-episode schizophrenia patients and healthy controls complete a psychophysical task at two different time points, corresponding to hospital admission and discharge for patients. The task required judging the relative size of two circular targets centered on either side of the screen. Targets were presented without context (baseline), or were surrounded by shapes that made the size judgment harder or easier (misleading and helpful contexts, respectively). Context sensitivity was operationalized as the amount of improvement relative to baseline in the helpful condition minus the amount of decrement relative to baseline in the misleading condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At hospital admission, context sensitivity was lower in the multiple-episode group than in the other groups, and was marginally less in the first episode than in the control group. In addition, schizophrenia patients were significantly more and less accurate than the other groups in the misleading and helpful conditions, respectively. At discharge, all groups exhibited similar context sensitivity. In general, poorer context sensitivity was related to higher levels of disorganized symptoms, and lower level of depression, excitement, and positive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance to the Ebbinghaus illusion, as a characteristic of the acute phase of illness in schizophrenia, increases in magnitude after the first episode of psychosis. This suggests that visual context processing is a state-marker in schizophrenia and a biomarker of relapse and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, and Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silverstein
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Yushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Deepthi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mikkilineni
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paterno
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Papathomas
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Feigenson
keywords: biomarker; cognition; context; disorganization symptoms; perception; schizophrenia; state marker; vision
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