title: Elucidating the temporal and spatial dynamics of Biomphalaria glabrata genetic diversity in three Brazilian villages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata is the principal intermediate host for the parasite Schistosoma mansoni within Brazil. We assessed the potential effects of snail population dynamics on parasite transmission dynamics via population genetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled snail populations located within the confines of three schistosome-endemic villages in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Snails were collected from individual microhabitats following seasonal periods of flood and drought over the span of 1 year. Snail spatio-temporal genetic diversity and population differentiation of 598 snails from 12 sites were assessed at seven microsatellite loci.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average genetic diversity was relatively low, ranging from 4.29 to 9.43 alleles per locus, and overall, subpopulations tended to exhibit heterozygote deficits. Genetic diversity was highly spatially partitioned among subpopulations, while virtually, no partitioning was observed across temporal sampling. Comparison with previously published parasite genetic diversity data indicated that S. mansoni populations are significantly more variable and less subdivided than those of the B. glabrata intermediate hosts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within individual Brazilian villages, observed distributions of snail genetic diversity indicate temporal stability and very restricted gene flow. This is contrary to observations of schistosome genetic diversity over the same spatial scale, corroborating the expectation that parasite gene flow at the level of individual villages is likely driven by vertebrate host movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corrêa-Oliveira
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gazzinelli
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Minchella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001700:Biomphalaria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D001938:Brazil; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth
keywords: Biomphalaria glabrata; Brazil; Schistosoma mansoni; gene flow; microsatellite; population genetics
references.citation: Parasitology. 2002;125 Suppl:S51-9
references.pmid: 12622328
references.citation: Acta Trop. 2002 May;82(2):139-46
references.pmid: 12020886
references.citation: Infect Genet Evol. 2010 May;10(4):433-43
references.pmid: 20176142
references.citation: Genetics. 1997 Apr;145(4):1219-28
references.pmid: 9093870
references.citation: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2001 Mar;95(2):203-14
references.pmid: 11299127
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99(5 Suppl 1):13-9
references.pmid: 15486629
references.citation: Parasitology. 2001 May;122(Pt 5):545-54
references.pmid: 11393828
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001;96 Suppl:57-66
references.pmid: 11586427
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93 Suppl 1:37-50
references.pmid: 9921322
references.citation: Evolution. 2003 Feb;57(2):288-96
references.pmid: 12683525
references.citation: Evolution. 2005 Aug;59(8):1633-8
references.pmid: 16329237
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004 Nov;99(7):673-81
references.pmid: 15654420
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2005 Jul;14(8):2611-20
references.pmid: 15969739
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010 Jul;105(4):587-97
references.pmid: 20721512
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 1999 Dec;8(12):2149-51
references.pmid: 10632870
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2008 Mar;38(3-4):389-99
references.pmid: 17825305
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2001 Aug;87(4):762-9
references.pmid: 11534639
references.citation: Genetics. 1995 Nov;141(3):1007-14
references.pmid: 8582607
references.citation: Parasitology. 2010 Nov;137(13):1937-49
references.pmid: 20561396
references.citation: Am Nat. 2002 Dec;160(6):741-55
references.pmid: 18707462
references.citation: Genetics. 1996 Dec;144(4):1933-40
references.pmid: 8978076
references.citation: Evolution. 2006 Nov;60(11):2399-402
references.pmid: 17236430
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2002 Oct;89(4):258-65
references.pmid: 12242641
references.citation: Evol Bioinform Online. 2007 Feb 23;1:47-50
references.pmid: 19325852
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2005 Oct;14(12):3889-902
references.pmid: 16202103
references.citation: Evolution. 1989 Jan;43(1):223-225
references.pmid: 28568501
references.citation: Acta Trop. 2006 Jan;97(1):31-41
references.pmid: 16212926
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2000 May-Jun;33(3):303-8
references.pmid: 10967599
references.citation: Evolution. 2004 Jan;58(1):198-202
references.pmid: 15058733
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Jan;2(1):12-3
references.pmid: 15035004
references.citation: Genetics. 2000 Jun;155(2):945-59
references.pmid: 10835412
references.citation: J Parasitol. 1995 Jun;81(3):395-403
references.pmid: 7776124
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 1999 Sep;83 ( Pt 3):253-9
references.pmid: 10504422
references.citation: Evolution. 1984 Nov;38(6):1358-1370
references.pmid: 28563791
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2000 May-Jun;95(3):287-94
references.pmid: 10800185
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2002 May;11(5):879-89
references.pmid: 11975704
references.citation: Evolution. 2005 Feb;59(2):296-303
references.pmid: 15807416
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Sep;101 Suppl 1:79-85
references.pmid: 17308751
references.citation: Genetics. 2003 Aug;164(4):1567-87
references.pmid: 12930761