title: Transcatheter embolization for the management of acute active inferior epigastric artery hemorrhages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a retrospective review of all patients who were admitted to the interventional radiology unit at our hospital for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of an acute active hemorrhage of the inferior epigastric artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1996 to 2012, 52 consecutive patients (26 men; mean age 63±15 years) with hemodynamically relevant active abdominal wall hematoma were admitted for TAE of the inferior epigastric artery. Of these, 19 patients had spontaneous hemorrhage due to use of anticoagulants, 18 due to abdominal trauma, and 15 due to an iatrogenic complication. All superselective embolizations were performed using a coaxial catheter technique with a 0.018-inch microcatheter introduced through the diagnostic macrocatheter. Various embolization methods, alone or in combination, were applied, including primarily microcoils and polyvinyl alcohol particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary technical success was achieved in 47/52 (90%) patients; the remainder needed a second embolization session (secondary success 100%). The mean puncture-to-hemostasis time was 65.4±35 minutes. No patient developed a large hematoma or pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site. The 30-day mortality was 19% (n=10) and the total cumulative mortality rate was 23% (n=12). Over a mean 67-month follow-up of 39/40 survivors (1 lost to follow-up), no complications from the embolization procedure, such as abdominal wall ischemia, were observed. There were no differences in outcomes based on etiology of the hemorrhage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In selected patients with acute active hemorrhage of the IEA in the anterior abdominal wall, TAE is a fast, safe, minimally invasive, and reliable method with a high technical success rate and no long-term complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria. marius.wick@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: Marius C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grundtman
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaschke
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Chemelli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002404:Catheterization; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D019074:Epigastric Arteries; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies