title: History of sterile compounding in U.S. hospitals: learning from the tragic lessons of the past.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evolution of sterile compounding in the context of hospital patient care, the evolution of related technology, past incidents of morbidity and mortality associated with preparations compounded in various settings, and efforts over the years to improve compounding practices are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tightened United States Pharmacopeial Convention standards (since 2004) for sterile compounding made it difficult for hospitals to achieve all of the sterile compounding necessary for patient care. Shortages of manufactured injections added to the need for compounding. Non-hospital-based compounding pharmacies increased sterile compounding to meet the needs. Gaps in federal and state laws and regulations about compounding pharmacies led to deficiencies in their regulation. Lapses in sterility led to injuries and deaths. Perspectives offered include potential actions, including changes in practitioner education, better surveillance of sterile compounding, regulatory reforms, reexamination of the causes of drug shortages, and the development of new technologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the years, there have been numerous exhortations for voluntary better performance in sterile compounding. In addition, professional leadership has been vigorous and extensive in the form of guidance, publications, education, enforceable standards, and development of various associations and organizations dealing with safe compounding practices. Yet problems continue to occur. We must engage in diligent learning from the injuries and tragedies that have occurred. Assuming that we are already doing all we can to avoid problems would be an abdication of the professional mission of pharmacists. It would be wrong thinking to assume that the recent problems in large-scale compounding pharmacies are the only problems that warrant attention. It is time for a systematic assessment of the nature and the dimensions of the problems in every type of setting where sterile compounding occurs. It also is time for some innovative thinking about ensuring safety in sterile compounding.
authors.affiliation: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD, USA. cem299@gmail.com
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006761:Hospitals / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D013242:Sterilization / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence