title: A national probabilistic study of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish from US lakes and reservoirs.
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals that are present in air, water, soil, sediment, and biota (including fish). Most previous studies of PBDEs in fish were spatially focused on targeted waterbodies. National estimates were developed for PBDEs in fish from lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous US (excluding the Laurentian Great Lakes) using an unequal probability design. Predator (fillet) and bottom-dweller (whole-body) composites were collected during 2003 from 166 lakes selected randomly from the target population of 147,343 lakes. Both composite types comprised nationally representative samples that were extrapolated to the sampled population of 76,559 and 46,190 lakes for predators and bottom dwellers, respectively. Fish were analyzed for 34 individual PBDE congeners and six co-eluting congener pairs representing a total of 46 PBDEs. All samples contained detectable levels of PBDEs, and BDE-47 predominated. The maximum aggregated sums of congeners ranged from 38.3 ng/g (predators) to 125 ng/g (bottom dwellers). Maximum concentrations in fish from this national probabilistic study exceeded those reported from recent targeted studies of US inland lakes, but were lower than those from Great Lakes studies. The probabilistic design allowed the development of cumulative distribution functions to quantify PBDE concentrations versus the cumulative number of US lakes from the sampled population.
authors.affiliation: OW/Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 4305), Washington, DC, 20460, USA, stahl.leanne@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Leanne L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Blaine D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Lynn S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism*; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011336:Probability; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Jan 15;36(2):146-51
references.pmid: 11827047
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):583-624
references.pmid: 11999784
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 1;243(2):217-24
references.pmid: 19835901
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 May 15;38(10):2779-84
references.pmid: 15212250
references.citation: Toxicology. 2002 Aug 15;177(2-3):227-43
references.pmid: 12135626
references.citation: Mar Pollut Bull. 2009 Aug;58(8):1217-1224
references.pmid: 19376538
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001 Oct;41(3):339-44
references.pmid: 11503071
references.citation: Toxicology. 2007 Dec 5;242(1-3):80-90
references.pmid: 17964054
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2000 May-Jun;40(9-11):1111-23
references.pmid: 10739053
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2004 Aug;56(8):767-75
references.pmid: 15251291
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Jan;118(1):155-60
references.pmid: 20056574
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2008 Apr;71(8):1422-31
references.pmid: 18313722
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2000 May-Jun;40(9-11):977-85
references.pmid: 10739035
references.citation: Ecotoxicology. 2010 Apr;19(4):751-60
references.pmid: 20033485
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct;114(10):1515-20
references.pmid: 17035135
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Aug 1;39(15):5612-9
references.pmid: 16124294
references.citation: Environ Res. 2007 Jan;103(1):46-54
references.pmid: 16769049
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Jun 15;42(12):4331-7
references.pmid: 18605551
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Oct 15;40(20):6247-54
references.pmid: 17120549
references.citation: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Feb;52(2):266-72
references.pmid: 18040989
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2002 Nov;49(7):731-7
references.pmid: 12431009
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2001 Jul 25;275(1-3):1-17
references.pmid: 11482396
references.citation: Environ Int. 2003 Sep;29(6):717-24
references.pmid: 12850091
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2008 May;116(5):A202-8
references.pmid: 18470295
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2009 Mar;150(1-4):3-19
references.pmid: 19067201
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Dec 1;40(23):7263-9
references.pmid: 17180976
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010 Feb;58(2):403-14
references.pmid: 19771462
references.citation: Environ Int. 2003 Sep;29(6):841-53
references.pmid: 12850100
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Oct 15;38(20):5306-11
references.pmid: 15543730
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 1;45(19):8254-61
references.pmid: 21863854
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2009 Mar;150(1-4):91-100
references.pmid: 19052884
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Nov;111(14):1723-9
references.pmid: 14594622
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Sep 1;42(17):6755-61
references.pmid: 18800560
references.citation: Arch Toxicol. 2011 Aug;85(8):965-74
references.pmid: 21113805
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008 Mar;27(3):576-82
references.pmid: 17988181
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2010 Sep;81(4):541-7
references.pmid: 20609460
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Feb 15;38(4):945-56
references.pmid: 14998004
references.citation: Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Jan;61(1):1-12
references.pmid: 18774282
references.citation: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;18(1):2-19
references.pmid: 17426733
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2002 Feb;46(5):625-33
references.pmid: 11999785
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):1667-74
references.pmid: 15074673
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2008 Aug 1;400(1-3):425-36
references.pmid: 18571221
references.citation: Environ Int. 2003 Sep;29(6):771-9
references.pmid: 12850095
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):112-9
references.pmid: 14740725
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Apr 1;42(7):2334-41
references.pmid: 18504962
references.citation: Acta Biomed. 2008 Dec;79(3):172-83
references.pmid: 19260376
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Mar 15;35(6):1072-7
references.pmid: 11347916
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Dec;116(12):1635-41
references.pmid: 19079713
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Oct 1;38(19):4945-9
references.pmid: 15506184
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Jul 1;37(13):2847-54
references.pmid: 12875385
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Dec 1;35(23):4585-91
references.pmid: 11770759