title: Modeling complexity of EMA data: time-varying lagged effects of negative affect on smoking urges for subgroups of nicotine addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) are increasingly used in studies of smoking behavior. Through EMA, examination of lagged relationships is particularly useful for establishing a temporal order of events and for identifying types and timing of risk factors. The time-varying effect model (TVEM) handles EMA data challenges and addresses unique questions about the time-varying effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generalized TVEM was applied to EMA data from a smoking cessation study to investigate a "time-varying lagged" effect of negative affect on high smoking urges. Participants included 224 smokers with a smoking history of 23.1 years (SD = 9.8) smoking 27.3 cigarettes per day (SD = 10.7), which provided 11,394 EMAs following a quit attempt and prior to a smoking lapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of negative affect was found to vary as a function of a time lag, with stronger immediate effects: estimated odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 for the lower nicotine-dependence group (time to first morning cigarette > 5 min, 57.6%) and OR of 2.4 for the higher nicotine-dependence group (≤ 5 min). The magnitude of the effect persisted up to 7 hr while decreasing over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis confirmed the importance of negative affect as a precursor of smoking urges while showing that the magnitude of the effect varies over time. An assumption of a constant lagged effect may bias estimates of the relationships and fail to provide a comprehensive outlook of the relational dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA;
authors.forename: Mariya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiyko
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naab
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiffman
authors.forename: Runze
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011600:Psychopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
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