title: Rising threat of terrorist bomb blasts in Karachi--a 5-year study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the frequency of injuries and fatalities associated with terrorist bomb explosions in the city of Karachi from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2011. Moreover, this study is aimed to determine age and sex vulnerability among the victims of blast explosion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out at mortuaries and medicolegal sections at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Civil Hospital and Abbasi-Shaheed Hospital Karachi, the three main hospitals, which cater to all these cases of Karachi.
  The study included all bomb blast victims examined and autopsied from January 2007 to December 2011 at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Civil Hospital and Abbassi Shaheed Hospital Karachi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Details of 1142 cases were collected for those medicolegal deaths and injured persons, identified to be the victims of bomb blasts from January 2007 to December 2011. Data were collected on a preformed proforma from the mortuaries and medicolegal sections of these three public sector hospitals. The variables investigated include age, gender, year-wise distribution of the injured and the dead along with the cause of death and body parts injured in survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total 11,109 autopsies during the study period, 249 (2.24%) were carried out on deaths due to bomb blasts. Similarly, 135,065 injury cases were reported during the study period out of which 893 (0.66%) cases were due to bomb blasts. An initial peak in the year 2007, followed by a decline in 2008 and since then a steady rise of bomb blast incidences with casualties and fatalities, has been observed. The highest numbers of injured victims were reported in the year 2010 and fatalities in 2007. Among 1142 cases, 95.18% were male and 4.82% female with a male to female ratio of 19.76:1. Persons of ages between 15 and 45 years were chiefly involved. Shock due to multiple injuries was the leading cause of death, followed by head injury with or without haemorrhage. The lower extremities sustained the highest number of injuries in survivors, followed by the upper extremities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatalities and casualties due to explosions are increasing each year. The pattern of injuries indicates open-air bombing in Karachi. Males of the age group 15-45 years are the main victims. The forensic speciality needs to understand their role of correct certification, helpful to law enforcement agencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. captdrmirza@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Farhat Hussain
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: Hamid Ali
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Parhyar
authors.forename: Syed Zubair Ahmed
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Tirmizi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000401:mortality*; D054042:Bombs; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012769:Shock / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D023481:Terrorism; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bomb blast; Casualties; Explosion; Fatalities