title: Optimal dietary calcium intake in HIV treated patients: no femoral osteoporosis but higher cardiovascular risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a cross-sectional study on adult HIV-infected patients, on HAART, without calcium or vitamin D supplementation to evaluate if the cardiovascular risk or the presence of osteoporosis may be predictive factors of an optimal daily calcium intake (DCI>1000 mg/day).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, measured biochemical parameters and compiled a validated questionnaire for the assessment of DCI. Osteoporosis (OP) was defined according to the WHO classification at either the vertebral spine or femoral neck. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the 10-year Framingham cardiovascular risk score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  200 HIV-infected patients evaluated: 171 (86%) males with a median age of 48.1 (42.3-53.8) years and 10.6 (4.3-13.6) years of HAART exposure. DCI was 889 (589-1308) mg/day and 79 (40%) patients had an optimal DCI. Framingham risk>20% was found in 13 (6.7%) patients and femoral OP was diagnosed in 12 (6%) pts. By multivariate analysis, optimal DCI was more likely in patients with a Framingham risk>20% [OR = 5.547, 95% CI:1.337, p = 0.025] and less likely in patients with femoral osteoporosis [OR = 0.159, 95% CI: 0.018-0.790, p = 0.047].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that an optimal dietary calcium intake was more likely in patients with high cardiovascular risk and no femoral osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: galli.laura@hsr.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubinacci
authors.affiliation: Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cocorullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salpietro
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spagnuolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bigoloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vinci
authors.affiliation: Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mignogna
authors.affiliation: Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sirtori
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castagna
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Dietary calcium intake; HIV-infected patients; Osteoporosis