title: Self-efficacy and fear avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain patients: coexistence and associated factors.
abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted with the objective to assess the coexistence of self-efficacy and fear avoidance beliefs and establish the associated factors. Data collection was performed (215 individuals with lower back pain at three health services and two industries). The following instruments were used: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Beck's Depression Inventory, Piper's Fatigue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale. Wilks' lambda test was performed, followed by MANOVA model to assess the effect of self-efficacy beliefs and fear avoidance on independent variables. Most subjects were women (65.1%), 45 years of age or younger (50.7%), with a family income between $450 and $1,350 per month (49.3%). Depression was present in 21.4%, fatigue in 29.3%, and disability in 68%. The average (standard deviation) of self-efficacy was 180.8 (60.4), and fear avoidance was 42.0 (11.5). A significant negative correlation was observed between the total score of both beliefs. The Wilks' lambda test showed that gender, income, depression, disability, and fatigue were significant and were included in the model. In the Manova analysis, low self-efficacy was associated with lower income, fatigue, depression, and level of disability (p < .001). High fear avoidance was associated to the male gender, lower income, depression, and level of disability (p < .001). The analysis of the confidence areas showed that a reduced self-efficacy and increased fear avoidance are related to an increased level of disability (p < .001). Specific intervention strategies must be implemented change these beliefs.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: enfermeira_erica@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Erica Brandão
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: de Moraes Vieira
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Góes Salvetti
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Petri
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cibele Andrucioli
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Mattos Pimenta
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires