title: Sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation rate is associated with differential protein expression and enriched functions in human seminal plasma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the proteomic profile of seminal plasma with the aim of identifying the proteins and post-genomic pathways associated with sperm DNA fragmentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study including 89 subjects from a human reproduction service was carried out. All semen samples were assessed for sperm DNA fragmentation using a comet assay. Results from 60 sperm were analysed using Komet 6.0.1 software and the 'Olive tail moment' variable was used to stratify these into low and high sperm DNA fragmentation groups. Seminal plasma proteins from the two groups were pooled and used for proteomic analysis. Quantitative data were used for functional enrichment studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two proteins were identified or quantified in seminal plasma. Of these, nine were differentially expressed in the low group and 21 in the high group. Forty-two proteins were conserved between these groups. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that sperm DNA fragmentation was related to functions such as lipoprotein particle remodelling and regulation, fatty acid binding and immune response. Proteins found exclusively in the low group may be involved in correcting spermatogenesis and/or improving sperm function. Proteins in the high group were associated with increased innate immune response, sperm motility and/or maturation and inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein expression and post-genomic pathways of seminal plasma differ according to the rate of sperm DNA integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Human Reproduction Section, Sao Paulo Federal University.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Intasqui
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Paula T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Del Giudice
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Spaine
authors.forename: Valdemir M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Karina H M
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zylbersztejn
authors.forename: Ricardo P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bertolla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012661:Semen / Q000378:metabolism*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029589:Seminal Plasma Proteins; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA fragmentation; biomarkers; proteomics; seminal plasma