title: Divergent immunomodulatory effects of extracts and phenolic compounds from the fern Osmunda japonica Thunb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study possible immunobiological potential of Osmunda japonica Thunb.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunomodulatory effects of ethanol extracts prepared from rhizomes of O. japonica and phenolic compounds isolated from the extracts were investigated under the in vitro conditions using the rat peritoneal cells (2×10(6)/mL; 24 h culture). Biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) was assayed by Griess reagent, production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and secretion of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracts activated dose dependently, with the onset at 2.5-5 μmol/L concentrations, the high output NO production, and secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Mild enhancement of NO was produced by the aldehyde-type phenolics 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. In contrasts, the acetone-type phenolics 4-hydroxybenzalacetone and 3,4-hydroxybenzalacetone inhibited production of immune mediators including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), NO, and PGE2. The 3,4-hydroxybenzalacetone was more effective than 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The IC50s estimates ranged within the interval of 5-10 μmol/L. No signs of cytotoxicity were observed up to the 50 μmol/L concentration of the compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenolic compounds contained in medicinal herb Osmunda japonica possess distinct immunomodulatory activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-xin
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yu-jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kmonickova
authors.forename: Xiao-gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zdeněk
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zídek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D029624:Ferns / Q000737:chemistry*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C066229:prolinedithiocarbamate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011392:Proline; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011112:Polymyxin B; D015232:Dinoprostone
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