title: Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with permethrin, deltamethrin and bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in the south-north transect Benin, West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticide resistance monitoring is essential to help national programmers to implement more effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. The current study aimed at an exploring the involvement of detoxifying enzymes in the insecticide phenotype resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l.from Benin, in order to guide future malaria vector control interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Oueme, Atacora and Alibori provinces. CDC susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC bioassays were performed with stock solutions of permethrin (21.5 μg per bottle), deltamethrin (12.5 μg per bottle) and bendiocarb (12.5 μg per bottle). CDC biochemical assays using synergists were also conducted to assess the metabolic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae Agbalilame and Kandi populations to permethrin and deltamethrin respectively, increased significantly when synergized by PBO, suggesting an implication of mono-oxygenases in resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to pyrethroid. Esterases may play a role in bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae Tanguieta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synergists partially restored susceptibility to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides and might help mitigate the impact of vector resistance in Anopheles gambiae Agbalilame, Kandi and Tanguieta populations. However, additional vector control tools are needed to further impact on malaria transmission in such settings.This will improve the implementation and management of future control programs against this important malaria vector in Benin and in Africa in general.
authors.forename: Nazaire
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aïzoun
authors.forename: Rock
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aïkpon
authors.forename: Gil Germain
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Padonou
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oussou
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oké-Agbo
authors.forename: Virgile
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gnanguenon
authors.forename: Razaki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ossè
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbéto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D026023:Permethrin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D004950:Esterases; C007725:bendiocarb
references.citation: Trop Biomed. 2004 Dec;21(2):145-51
references.pmid: 16493407
references.citation: Insect Mol Biol. 2000 Oct;9(5):491-7
references.pmid: 11029667
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2013 May 20;6:147
references.pmid: 23688233
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Oct 29;353(1376):1701-5
references.pmid: 10021770
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2004 Dec;18(4):372-7
references.pmid: 15642004
references.citation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998 Jun;14(2):159-64
references.pmid: 9673916
references.citation: Acta Trop. 2007 Mar;101(3):207-16
references.pmid: 17359927
references.citation: J Econ Entomol. 2000 Aug;93(4):1269-75
references.pmid: 10985042
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Apr 21;5(4):e10270
references.pmid: 20422013
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Feb;78(2):298-302
references.pmid: 18256433
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Apr 10;5:72
references.pmid: 22490146
references.citation: Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006 Oct;99(4):278-82
references.pmid: 17111979
references.citation: Trop Biomed. 2005 Jun;22(1):45-52
references.pmid: 16880753
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2000 Mar;14(1):81-8
references.pmid: 10759316
references.citation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1987 Jun;3(2):302-3
references.pmid: 3333059
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Dec;9(12):1267-73
references.pmid: 15598258
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2000 Mar;14(1):1-5
references.pmid: 10759305
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Dec;67(6):617-22
references.pmid: 12518852
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 Sep 12;10:261
references.pmid: 21910856
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2011 Apr;16(4):492-500
references.pmid: 21324051
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2008 Apr;13(4):476-86
references.pmid: 18248566
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(3):230-4
references.pmid: 10212513
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 1999 Jul;13(3):239-44
references.pmid: 10514048
references.citation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006 Dec;22(4):672-7
references.pmid: 17304936
references.citation: Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:371-91
references.pmid: 10761582
references.citation: Malar J. 2006 Mar 24;5:22
references.pmid: 16563153
references.citation: Med Vet Entomol. 2003 Mar;17(1):19-25
references.pmid: 12680920