title: Down-regulation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF expressions by citrus press-cakes in murine B16 F10 melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the suitability of citrus-press cakes, by-products of the juice industry as a source for the whitening agents for cosmetic industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethylacetate extracts of citrus-press cakes (CCE) were examined for their anti-melanogenic potentials in terms of the inhibition of melanin production and mechanisim of melanogenesis by using Western Blot analysis with tyrosinese, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) proteins. To apply the topical agents, citrus-press cakes was investigated the safety in human skin cell line. Finally flavonoid analysis of CCE was also determined by HPLC analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that CCE were shown to down-regulate melanin content in a dose-dependent pattern. The CCE inhibited tyrosinase, TRP-2, and MITF expressions in a dose-dependent manner. To test the applicability of CCE to human skin, we used MTT assay to assess the cytotoxic effects of CCE on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The CCE exhibited low cytotoxicity at 50 µg/mL. Characterization of the citrus-press cakes for flavonoid contents using HPLC showed varied quantity of rutin, narirutin, and hesperidin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the anti-melanogenic activity and human safety, CCE is considered as a potential anti-melanogenic agent and may be effective for topical application for treating hyperpigmentation disorders.
authors.affiliation: Cosmetic Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju 690756, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Suk
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min-Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Hun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Byung Kok
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwang Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Suk Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Nam Ho
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chang-Gu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D005419:Flavonoids; D008543:Melanins; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; C497235:Mitf protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010088:Oxidoreductases
keywords: Citrus-press cakes; MITF; Melanin; Melanogenesis; TRP-1; TRP-2; Tyrosinase
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