title: Linoleic acid: between doubts and certainties.
abstract: Linoleic acid is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in human nutrition and represents about 14 g per day in the US diet. Following the discovery of its essential functions in animals and humans in the early 1920's, studies are currently questioning the real requirement of linoleic acid. It seems now overestimated and creates controversy: how much linoleic acid should be consumed in a healthy diet? Beyond the necessity to redefine the dietary requirement of linoleic acid, many questions concerning the consequences of its excessive consumption on human health arise. Linoleic acid is a direct precursor of the bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites. It is also a precursor of arachidonic acid, which produces pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and endocannabinoids. A majority of the studies on linoleic acid and its derivatives show a direct/indirect link with inflammation and metabolic diseases. Many authors claim that a high linoleic acid intake may promote inflammation in humans. This review tries to (i) highlight the importance of reconsidering the actual requirement of linoleic acid (ii) point out the lack of knowledge between dietary levels of linoleic acid and the molecular mechanisms explaining its physiological roles (iii) demonstrate the relevance of carrying out further human studies on the single variable linoleic acid.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Choque
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Catheline
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rioux
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Legrand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D009751:Nutritional Requirements
chemical_list: D063388:Endocannabinoids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid
keywords: Excess; Inflammation; Linoleic acid; Metabolic diseases; Requirement