title: Application of gallium nitride nanostructures and nitrogen doped carbon spheres as supports for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.
abstract: This paper reports on the synthesis and use of nanostructures of gallium nitride (GaN NSs) and nitrogen doped carbon spheres (NCSs) as support materials for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. This study provides the first investigation of GaN as a catalyst support in hydrogenation reactions. The GaN NSs were synthesized via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) in a double stage furnace (750 degrees C) while NCSs were made by CVD in a single stage furnace (950 degrees C) respectively. TEM analysis revealed that the GaN NSs were rod-like with average diameters of 200 nm, while the NCSs were solid with smoother surfaces, and with diameters of 450 nm. Pd nanoparticles (1 and 3% loadings) were uniformly dispersed on acid functionalized GaN NSs and NCS. The Pd nanoparticles had average diameters that were influenced by the type of support material used. The GaN NSs and NCSs were tested for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde in isopropanol at 40 and 60 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. A comparative study of the activity of the nanostructured materials revealed that the order of catalyst activity was 3% Pd/GaN > 3% Pd/NCSs > 1% Pd/NCSs > 1% Pd/GaN. However, 100% selectivity to hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCALD) was obtained with 1% Pd/GaN at reasonable conversion rates.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Thobeka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kente
authors.forename: Sibongile M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dube
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Coville
authors.forename: Sabelo D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mhlanga
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry*; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D006865:Hydrogenation; D008422:Materials Testing; D054118:Nanospheres / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: C473348:gallium nitride; D002244:Carbon; D000171:Acrolein; D006859:Hydrogen; D005708:Gallium; D009584:Nitrogen; C012843:cinnamaldehyde