title: Sarcopenic obesity as an independent risk factor of hypertension.
abstract: Low muscle mass has been associated with arterial stiffness. The aim of the study was to determine whether sarcopenic obesity is associated with hypertension. Subjects consisted of 6832 adults who participated in the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were classified as normal, sarcopenic, obese, or sarcopenic-obese based on the following measures: waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by weight (ASM/Wt). The sarcopenic-obese group had systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels that were ≈12 mm Hg and 5 mm Hg higher, respectively, than those in the normal group. Compared with the normal group, the odds ratio (OR) of having hypertension for the sarcopenic, obese, and sarcopenic-obese groups were 2.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89-6.16), 3.15 (95% CI, 2.76-3.59), and 6.42 (95% CI, 4.85-8.48) times higher, respectively. When waist circumference and ASM/Wt were used as continuous variables in the same regression model, ASM/Wt was a significant predictor of hypertension (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98). Sarcopenic obesity is associated with hypertension, while low muscle mass is also correlated with hypertension, independent of abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity and sarcopenia may potentiate each other to induce hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Military Nursing Research Center, Armed Forces Nursing Academy, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Pil Sang
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Kie
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Seol
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Kuk
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hang Jea
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Goo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyong Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea. Electronic address: jo1216@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Doo il
authors.initials: Di
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik-Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017678:Sex Distribution
keywords: Sarcopenia; abdominal obesity; muscle mass