title: Cudrania cochinchinensis attenuates amyloid β protein-mediated microglial activation and promotes glia-related clearance of amyloid β protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microglial inflammation may significantly contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. To examine the potential of Cudrania cochinchinensis to ameliorate amyloid β protein (Aβ)-induced microglia activation, BV-2 microglial cell line, and the ramified microglia in the primary glial mixed cultured were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), fibrillary Aβ (fAβ), or oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) were used to activate microglia. LPS and IFN-γ, but not Aβs, activated BV-2 cells to produce nitric oxide through an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression without significant effects on cell viability of microglia. fAβ, but not oAβ, enhanced the IFN-γ-stimulated nitric oxide production and iNOS expression.The ethanol/water extracts of Cudrania cochinchinensis (CC-EW) and the purified isolated components (i.e. CCA to CCF) effectively reduced the nitric oxide production and iNOS expression stimulated by IFN-γ combined with fAβ. On the other hand, oAβ effectively activated the ramified microglia in mixed glial culture by observing the morphological alteration of the microglia from ramified to amoeboid. CC-EW and CCB effectively prohibit the Aβ-mediated morphological change of microglia. Furthermore, CC-EW and CCB effectively decreased Aβ deposition and remained Aβ in the conditioned medium suggesting the effect of CC-EW and CCB on promoting Aβ clearance. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. and were analyzed by ANOVA with post-hoc multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The components of Cudrania cochinchinensis including CC-EW and CCB are potential for novel therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chien-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Huey-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: Feng-Yi
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Mine-Fong
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Young-Ji
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Shiao
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D029586:Moraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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