title: Evidence-based guideline: treatment of tardive syndromes: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To make evidence-based recommendations regarding management of tardive syndromes (TDS), including tardive dyskinesias (TDD), by addressing 5 questions: 1) Is withdrawal of dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) an effective TDS treatment? 2) Does switching from typical to atypical DRBAs reduce TDS symptoms? 3) What is the efficacy of pharmacologic agents in treating TDS? 4) Do patients with TDS benefit from chemodenervation with botulinum toxin? 5) Do patients with TDS benefit from surgical therapy?
  
  
  METHODS
  PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched (1966-2011). Articles were classified according to a 4-tiered evidence-rating scheme; recommendations were tied to the evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonazepam probably improves TDD and ginkgo biloba probably improves TDS (both Level B); both should be considered as treatment. Risperidone may improve TDS but cannot be recommended as treatment because neuroleptics may cause TDS despite masking symptoms. Amantadine and tetrabenazine might be considered as TDS treatment (Level C). Diltiazem should not be considered as TDD treatment (Level B); galantamine and eicosapentaenoic acid may not be considered as treatment (Level C). Data are insufficient to support or refute use of acetazolamide, bromocriptine, thiamine, baclofen, vitamin E, vitamin B6, selegiline, clozapine, olanzapine, melatonin, nifedipine, fluperlapine, sulpiride, flupenthixol, thiopropazate, haloperidol, levetiracetam, quetiapine, ziprasidone, sertindole, aripiprazole, buspirone, yi-gan san, biperiden discontinuation, botulinum toxin type A, electroconvulsive therapy, α-methyldopa, reserpine, and pallidal deep brain stimulation as TDS treatments (Level U). Data are insufficient to support or refute TDS treatment by withdrawing causative agents or switching from typical to atypical DRBA (Level U).
authors.affiliation: Chulalongkorn Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Roongroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhidayasiri
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahn
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gronseth
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zesiewicz
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes / Q000592:standards; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D058028:Research Report / Q000592:standards; D056737:Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals / Q000379:methods; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists