title: Local and systemic neutrophilic inflammation in patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent investigations suggest that neutrophils play an important role in the immune response to lung cancer as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of neutrophils and markers of their activity in lung cancer and COPD and in coexistence of these two diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 267 persons were included in the study: 139 patients with lung cancer, 55 patients with lung cancer and COPD, 40 patients with COPD, and 33 healthy subjects. Peripheral blood and BAL fluid samples were obtained for cell count analysis and determination of NE, MPO levels and ROS production. NE and MPO levels in the serum and BAL fluid were determined by ELISA. ROS production was analyzed by flow cytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage, cell count of neutrophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with or without COPD compared to COPD patients or healthy individuals (P < 0.05). The percentage and cell count of neutrophils in BAL fluid were significantly lower in patients with lung cancer with or without COPD than in patients with COPD (P < 0.05). However, BAL fluid and serum levels of both NE and MPO were significantly higher in patients with lung cancer than COPD patients or healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Neutrophils produced higher amounts of ROS in patients with lung cancer with or without COPD compared with COPD patients or healthy individuals (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study demonstrate higher degree of local and systemic neutrophilic inflammation in patients with lung cancer (with or without COPD) than in patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, Kaunas LT-50028, Lithuania. neringa.vaguliene@gmail.com
authors.forename: Neringa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vaguliene
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zemaitis
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavinskiene
authors.forename: Skaidrius
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miliauskas
authors.forename: Raimundas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakalauskas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000097:blood; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009195:Peroxidase; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;35(2):165-74
references.pmid: 16543607
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2009 Jul;45(11):1950-8
references.pmid: 19231158
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep 15;176(6):532-55
references.pmid: 17507545
references.citation: Mutagenesis. 2010 Jul;25(4):389-95
references.pmid: 20418356
references.citation: Clin Transl Oncol. 2012 Nov;14(11):864-9
references.pmid: 22855161
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 1999 Aug;14(2):245-8
references.pmid: 10515395
references.citation: Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993 Mar;16:5-40
references.pmid: 8499054
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 5;321(14):924-8
references.pmid: 2779614
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Jul 15;254(2):86-99
references.pmid: 21296097
references.citation: Am J Clin Oncol. 1982 Dec;5(6):649-55
references.pmid: 7165009
references.citation: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011;6:83-8
references.pmid: 21407820
references.citation: Respir Med. 2007 Aug;101(8):1670-6
references.pmid: 17449234
references.citation: Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2011;52(1):21-7
references.pmid: 21424028
references.citation: Respir Med. 2007 May;101(5):888-95
references.pmid: 17098408
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Sep;291(3):L407-16
references.pmid: 16632517
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Jul;6(7):541-50
references.pmid: 16799473
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 2008 Jul;45(12):3321-9
references.pmid: 18533267
references.citation: Respir Res. 2011 Aug 23;12:110
references.pmid: 21861887
references.citation: Int Arch Med. 2012 Jan 26;5(1):2
references.pmid: 22281066
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 14;107(50):21248-55
references.pmid: 21081700
references.citation: Treat Respir Med. 2005;4(3):175-200
references.pmid: 15987234
references.citation: BMC Cancer. 2011 Jun 07;11:226
references.pmid: 21649887
references.citation: Respiration. 2003 Jan-Feb;70(1):43-8
references.pmid: 12584390
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Aug;126(2):241-7
references.pmid: 6285785
references.citation: Lung Cancer. 2010 Jan;67(1):108-13
references.pmid: 19423183
references.citation: Int J Mol Imaging. 2011;2011:581406
references.pmid: 21941648
references.citation: Nat Med. 2010 Feb;16(2):219-23
references.pmid: 20081861
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009 Feb;137(2):425-8
references.pmid: 19185164
references.citation: Oncol Lett. 2011 Jul;2(4):735-740
references.pmid: 22848258
references.citation: Pharmacogenetics. 2003 Dec;13(12):729-39
references.pmid: 14646692
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Nov;4(11):850-60
references.pmid: 15516958
references.citation: Med Oncol. 2011 Dec;28(4):1447-52
references.pmid: 20676804
references.citation: Respir Res. 2007 Nov 14;8:81
references.pmid: 18001475
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):436-44
references.pmid: 18650914
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct;134(10):1143-9
references.pmid: 18347812
references.citation: BMC Cancer. 2010 May 20;10:220
references.pmid: 20487543
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2009 Aug;34(2):380-6
references.pmid: 19196816
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Jan;152(1):83-92
references.pmid: 9422526
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2000 Jun;15(6):1079-86
references.pmid: 10885427
references.citation: Thorax. 2005 Jul;60(7):538-44
references.pmid: 15994259