title: Estimated dietary intakes and sources of flavanols in the German population (German National Nutrition Survey II).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data from intervention studies suggest a beneficial effect of flavanols on vascular health. However, insufficient data on their intake have delayed the assessment of their health benefits. The aim of this study was to estimate intake of flavanols and their main sources among people living in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from diet history interviews of the German National Nutrition Survey II for 15,371 people across Germany aged 14-80 years were analyzed. The FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition Database was compiled using the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer Databases and expanded to include recipes and retention factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean intake of total flavanols, flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins (PA), and theaflavins in Germany was 386, 120, 196, and 70 mg/day, respectively. Women had higher intakes of total flavanols (399 mg/day) than men (372 mg/day) in all age groups, with the exception of the elderly. Similar results were observed for monomers (108 mg/day for men, 131 mg/day for women) and PA (190 mg/day; 203 mg/day), although intake of theaflavins was higher in men (74 mg/day; 66 mg/day). There was an age gradient with an increase in total flavanols, monomers, and theaflavins across the age groups. The major contributor of total flavanols in all subjects was pome fruits (27%) followed by black tea (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated age- and sex-related variations in the intake and sources of dietary flavanols in Germany. The current analysis will provide a valuable tool in clarifying and confirming the potential health benefits of flavanols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogiatzoglou
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Marleen A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Gunter G C
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kuhnle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005638:Fruit; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013662:Tea
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D005419:Flavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013662:Tea; C056068:theaflavin; C404987:flavan-3-ol; D002392:Catechin; C062669:epicatechin gallate
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