title: Association between depressive symptoms and bone stiffness index in young adults: the Kangwha study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Young adulthood is an important period for both bone and mental health. This study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and bone density in apparently healthy Korean men and women aged 29-32 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data from 123 men and 133 women who completed follow-up examinations of the Kangwha study in 2010-2011. Bone stiffness index (SI) was measured at the os calcis using a quantitative ultrasound device. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI) and classified as normal (K-BDI <10), mild (K-BDI 10-15), and moderate to severe (K-BDI ≥16).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate to severe depressive symptoms were prevalent among 11.4% of men and 19.6% of women. Higher K-BDI scores were significantly correlated to SI in men, before (ρ = -0.286, p = 0.001) and after (ρ = -0.228, p = 0.013) adjustment for covariates. Men with depressive symptoms tended to have a lower SI; multivariate-adjusted mean SI in men with normal, mild, and moderate to severe depressive symptoms was 104.1±3.1, 100.9±5.9, and 94.1±7.8, respectively (p for trend = 0.021). In contrast, no significant correlations were identified in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with lower SI in men, but not in women. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of depression on developing osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Hyeon Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Song Vogue
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Dong Phil
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Il
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2005 Jun;16(6):610-5
references.pmid: 15448988
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 1998 Jan;18(1):3-17
references.pmid: 9545615
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2013 Feb;62(3):324-9
references.pmid: 23306210
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2266-74
references.pmid: 9661593
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Nov 28;135(5):825-37
references.pmid: 19041748
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;4(4):317-27
references.pmid: 10483047
references.citation: Gend Med. 2005 Mar;2(1):41-56
references.pmid: 16115597
references.citation: Drugs Aging. 2004;21(6):361-76
references.pmid: 15084139
references.citation: Yonsei Med J. 1999 Aug;40(4):383-7
references.pmid: 10487143
references.citation: J Bone Miner Metab. 2013 Mar;31(2):144-52
references.pmid: 23247282
references.citation: Metabolism. 2000 Oct;49(10):1255-60
references.pmid: 11079812
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(12):985-1009
references.pmid: 11256898
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2011 Oct;69(10):584-98
references.pmid: 21967159
references.citation: Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar 30;10:9
references.pmid: 21450092
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Mar;1192:170-5
references.pmid: 20392233
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71
references.pmid: 13688369
references.citation: Bone. 2010 Jan;46(1):13-7
references.pmid: 19664737
references.citation: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 May;112(5):693-8
references.pmid: 22709773
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;921:1-164, back cover
references.pmid: 15293701
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Nov;151(11):1691-3
references.pmid: 7943462
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2007 Oct;18(10):1319-28
references.pmid: 17566815
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jan 15;128(2):127-37
references.pmid: 9441573
references.citation: Maturitas. 2012 Feb;71(2):142-6
references.pmid: 22153349
references.citation: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;22(11):1087-94
references.pmid: 17407107
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 2010 Jun;42(7):467-82
references.pmid: 20455194
references.citation: J Natl Med Assoc. 2005 Mar;97(3):329-33
references.pmid: 15779496
references.citation: J Prev Med Public Health. 2007 Sep;40(5):411-7
references.pmid: 17917490
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2011 Jun;131(1-3):164-71
references.pmid: 21211851
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2003 Mar 25;117(3):271-5
references.pmid: 12686369
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66(4):533-7
references.pmid: 15272099
references.citation: J Clin Densitom. 2008 Jan-Mar;11(1):163-87
references.pmid: 18442758
references.citation: Sleep. 2008 Nov;31(11):1579-85
references.pmid: 19014078
references.citation: Bone. 2006 Feb;38(2 Suppl 1):S4-9
references.pmid: 16455317
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 7;103(45):16876-81
references.pmid: 17075068
references.citation: Yonsei Med J. 2002 Feb;43(1):101-8
references.pmid: 11854939
references.citation: Bone. 2000 Jul;27(1):139-43
references.pmid: 10865221
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Oct;90(4):1084-95
references.pmid: 19710191
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2010 Apr;27(4):351-64
references.pmid: 20037917
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40894
references.pmid: 22848407
references.citation: Bone. 2008 Mar;42(3):582-90
references.pmid: 18226593
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 4:55-65
references.pmid: 9554322
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 5;360(10):957-9
references.pmid: 19264685
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2009 Aug;20(8):1309-20
references.pmid: 19343469
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1994;4 Suppl 1:7-13
references.pmid: 8081064
references.citation: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2011 Mar;81(2-3):134-42
references.pmid: 22139564
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2008 Jan;19(1):1-12
references.pmid: 17763997
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1976 Feb;6(1):43-50
references.pmid: 935296