title: The role of nerve monitoring to predict postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve function in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the role and efficacy of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) stimulation in the prediction of early and permanent postoperative nerve function in thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of thyroid and parathyroid surgeries was performed with calculation of sensitivity and specificity of the response of intraoperative stimulation for different pathological groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal electromyography (EMG) response with 0.5 mAmp stimulation was considered a positive stimulation response with postoperative function determined by laryngoscopy. No EMG response at >1-2 mAmps was considered a negative response. The rates of early and permanent paralysis, as well as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for postoperative nerve function were calculated for separate pathological groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of nerves at risk analyzed was 909. The overall early and permanent paralysis rates were 3.1% and 1.2%, respectively, with the highest rate being for Grave's disease cases. The overall sensitivity was 98.4%. The specificity was lower at 62.5% but acceptable in thyroid carcinoma and Grave's disease patients. The majority of nerves with a positive stimulation result and postoperative paralysis on laryngoscopy recovered function in 3 to 12 weeks, showing positive stimulation to be a good predictor of eventual recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulation of the RLN during thyroid and parathyroid surgery is a useful tool in predicting postoperative RLN function. The sensitivity of stimulation is high, showing positive stimulation to be an excellent predictor of normal nerve function. Negative stimulation is more predictive of paralysis in cases of thyroid carcinoma and Grave's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.forename: Randal A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Otto
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000601:surgery; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring; D010279:Parathyroid Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D016105:Parathyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061226:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Nerve monitoring; parathyroid surgery; recurrent laryngeal nerve; thyroid surgery