title: Lupus, still a mystery: a comparison of clinical features of Pakistani population living in suburbs of Karachi with other Asian countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the presenting features of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at a private hospital in Karachi, and to compare the features with those of other Asian populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The retrospective study comprised records of all lupus cases meeting the revised American Rheumatism Association criteria at the time of presentation at Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi, from May 2008 to June 2011. Demographic and clinical data was analysed using SPSS 11.5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 105 cases in the study, there were 6 (5.7%) males and 99 (94.3%) females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:16 and a mean age of 31.6+/-10.5 years. Clinical manifestations included: constitutional symptoms in (n=69; 65.7%), arthropathy (n=81; 77%), cutaneous involvement (n=39; 37%), lupus nephritis (n=24; 22.8%), pleurisy (n=9; 8.6%), Raynaud's phenomenon (n=24; 22.8%), and vasculitis (n=18; 17%). One (0.95%) patient presented with mononeuritis multiplex, and 1 (0.95%) with acute pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diversity in clinical presentation appeared to be a reflection of the great variability that exists among Asian countries with regards to their genetic, environmental and socio-demographic backgrounds. The differences also existed in our own population, suggesting some unknown etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishaq
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nazir
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.forename: Saera Sohail
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kidwai
authors.forename: Wahid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haroon
authors.forename: Shaista
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012424:Rural Population