title: Zeaxanthin production by novel marine isolates from coastal sand of India and its antioxidant properties.
abstract: Zeaxanthin carotenoids are class of commercially important natural products and diverse biomolecules produced by plants and many microorganisms. Bacteria often produce a cocktail of polar and nonpolar carotenoids limiting their industrial applications. Marine members of the family Flavobacteriaceae are known to produce potential carotenoids such as astaxanthin and zeaxanthin. A few bacterial species have been reported for the predominant production zeaxanthin. Here, we report the molecular identification of the zeaxanthin as a major carotenoid produced by two novel bacteria (YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45) isolated from sandy beaches of South West Coast of India and the effect of carbon sources on the production of zeaxanthin. The strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing as a member of genus Muricauda. The closest relatives of YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 were Muricauda aquimarina (JCM 11811(T)) (98.9 %) and Muricauda olearia (JCM 15563(T)) (99.2 %), respectively, indicating that both of these strains might represent a novel species. The highest level of zeaxanthin production was achieved (YUAB-SO-11, 1.20 ± 0.11 mg g(-1)) and (YUAB-SO-45, 1.02 ± 0.13 mg g(-1)) when cultivated in marine broth supplemented with 2 % NaCl (pH 7) and incubated at 30 °C. Addition of 0.1 M glutamic acid, an intermediate of citric acid cycle, enhanced the zeaxanthin production as 18 and 14 % by the strains YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 respectively. The zeaxanthin showed in vitro nitric oxide scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl scavenging activities higher than the commercial zeaxanthin. The results of this study suggest that two novel strains YUAB-SO-11 and YUAB-SO-45 belonging to genus Muricauda produce zeaxanthin as a predominant carotenoid, and higher production of zeaxanthin was achieved on glutamic acid supplementation. The pigment showed good in vitro antioxidant activity, which can be exploited further for commercial applications.
authors.affiliation: Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Road Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka State, India.
authors.forename: Sudharshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rekha
authors.forename: Chiu-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: Shih-Yao
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Arun
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D041965:Flavobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007194:India; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000378:metabolism*; D065146:Zeaxanthins
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D012822:Silicon Dioxide