title: Invisible orthodontics part 2: lingual appliance treatment.
abstract: The aim of this second article of the three part series is to sum up the current developments in lingual orthodontics. This article attempts to review the development, advantages and disadvantages, bonding techniques, bracket mechanics, patient factors and types of lingual appliance systems available. In addition, the article shows examples of treated cases with lingual appliances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lingual appliances are a useful addition to the armamentarium of invisible orthodontic appliances, with significant developments over the last few years. Clinicians need to be aware of the advances and predictable results achievable with lingual appliances.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester Dental Hospital, Manchester M23 ODF.
authors.forename: Ailbhe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMullin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Ovais
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001840:Dental Bonding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult