title: Anxiety and depressive symptoms and affective patterns of tobacco withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complex concordance and discordance across and within anxiety and depressive symptoms complicates understanding of the relation between emotional symptoms and manifestations of tobacco withdrawal. The goal of this study was to parse the broad variation in anxiety and depressive symptoms into conceptually discrete components and explore their relative predictive influence on affective patterns of acute tobacco withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a within-participant experimentally manipulated tobacco abstinence design involving: (i) a baseline visit at which past-week depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed and (ii) two counterbalanced experimental visits-one after ad lib smoking and one after 16-h of tobacco abstinence-at which state affect was assessed. Participants were community-dwelling adults (N=187) smoking 10+ cig/day for at least two years without an active mood disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety-related general distress symptoms (e.g., tension, nervousness) predicted greater abstinence-induced increases in various negative affective states but not changes in positive affect (βs .17-.33). Depression-related general distress symptoms (e.g., sadness, worthlessness) predicted greater abstinence-induced increases in acute depressed affect only (βs .24-.25). Anhedonic symptoms (e.g., diminished interest, lack of pleasure) predicted larger abstinence-induced decreases in acute positive affect only (βs .17-.20). Anxious Arousal symptoms (e.g., shakiness, heart racing) predicted larger abstinence-induced increases in fatigue and depressive affect (βs .15-.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different components of anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with unique affective patterns of acute tobacco withdrawal. These results provide insight into the affective mechanisms underlying tobacco dependence and could inform smoking cessation treatment approaches tailored to individuals with emotional distress.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: adam.leventhal@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ameringer
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.forename: Kirsten J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Langdon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D059445:Anhedonia; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Nicotine withdrawal; Smoking; Tobacco abstinence
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