title: Evaluation of anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potential of andrographolide and echiodinin isolated from callus culture of Andrographis paniculata Nees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of andrographolide (AND) and echiodinin (ECH) of Andrographis paniculata.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of isolated AND and ECH by broth micro-dilution method and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. Structure elucidation was determined by electro-spray ionization-MSD, NMR ((1)H and (13)C) and IR spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AND was effective against most of the strains tested including Mycobacterium smegmatis, showing broad spectrum of growth inhibition activity with Minimum inhibitory concentration values against Staphylococcus aureus (100 µg/mL), Streptococcus thermophilus (350 µg/mL) Bacillus subtilis (100 µg/mL), Escherichia coli (50 µg/mL), Mycobacterium smegmatis (200 µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumonia (100 µg/mL), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (200 µg/mL). ECH showed specific anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration higher than 225 µg/mL. Both AND and ECH were not effective against the two yeast strains, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tested in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study showed promising anti-bacterial activity and moderate free radical scavenging activity of AND and ECH, and it may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folklore medicines.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Campus Jeli, Locked Bag No. 100, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia. arifullahmd@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mohmmed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arifullah
authors.forename: Nima Dandu
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Namsa
authors.forename: Manabendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Kishore Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chiruvella
authors.forename: Paritala
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vikrama
authors.forename: Ghanta Rama
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gopal
mesh_terms: D035685:Andrographis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D058503:Mesophyll Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D004224:Diterpenes; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; C030419:andrographolide
keywords: Andrographolides; Disk diffusion method; Folklore medicine; King of bitters; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Phenolic compounds
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