title: Writing to dictation and handwriting performance among Chinese children with dyslexia: relationships with orthographic knowledge and perceptual-motor skills.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between writing to dictation, handwriting, orthographic, and perceptual-motor skills among Chinese children with dyslexia. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 45 third graders with dyslexia were assessed. Results of stepwise multiple regression models showed that Chinese character naming was the only predictor associated with word dictation (β=.32); handwriting speed was related to deficits in rapid automatic naming (β=-.36) and saccadic efficiency (β=-.29), and visual-motor integration predicted both of the number of characters exceeded grid (β=-.41) and variability of character size (β=-.38). The findings provided support to a multi-stage working memory model of writing for explaining the possible underlying mechanism of writing to dictation and handwriting difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Manulife Center for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities, Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; The Joint PekingU-PolyU Center for Child Development and Learning, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng-Lai
authors.forename: Cecilia W P
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Li-Tsang
authors.forename: Alan H L
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Amy G W
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading
keywords: Chinese; Dictation; Dyslexia; Handwriting; Orthographic; Perceptual-motor skills