title: Effects of body-color mutations on vitality: an attempt to establish easy-to-breed see-through medaka strains by outcrossing.
abstract: "See-through" strains of medaka are unique tools for experiments: their skin is transparent, and their internal organs can be externally monitored throughout life. However, see-through fish are less vital than normally pigmented wild-type fish, which allows only skilled researchers to make the most of their advantages. Expecting that hybrid vigor (heterosis) would increase the vitality, we outcrossed two see-through strains (SK(2) and STIII) with a genetically distant wild-type strain (HNI). Fish with the see-through phenotypes were successfully restored in the F2 generation and maintained as closed colonies. We verified that genomes of these hybrid see-through strains actually consisted of approximately 50% HNI and approximately 50% SK(2) or STIII alleles, but we could not obtain evidence supporting improved survival of larvae or fecundity of adults, at least under our breeding conditions. We also found that four of the five see-through mutations (b(g8), i-3, gu, and il-1 but not lf) additively decrease viability. Given that heterosis could not overwhelm the viability-reducing effects of the see-through mutations, easy-to-breed see-through strains will only be established by other methods such as conditional gene targeting or screening of new body-color mutations that do not reduce viability.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morimura
authors.forename: Chizuru
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiraga
authors.forename: Ritsuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komine
authors.forename: Tetsuaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukamachi
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D006823:Hybrid Vigor; D008136:Longevity; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009990:Oryzias / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins
keywords: guanineless; iridophoreless-1; leucophore free; medaka; oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (oca2); solute carrier family 45 member 2 (slc45a2)
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