title: Human milk galectin-3 binding protein and breast-feeding-associated HIV transmission.
abstract: Analysis of milk from 247 HIV-infected Zambian mothers showed that galectin-3 binding protein concentrations were significantly higher among HIV-infected mothers who transmitted HIV through breast-feeding (6.51 ± 2.12 μg/mL) than among nontransmitters but were also correlated with higher milk and plasma HIV RNA copies/mL and lower CD4+ cell counts. The association between galectin-3 binding protein and postnatal transmission was attenuated after adjustment for milk and plasma HIV load and CD4+ cell counts. This suggests that although milk galectin-3 binding protein is a marker of advanced maternal disease, it does not independently modify transmission risk.
authors.affiliation: From the *Divisions of Neonatology and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA; †Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; ‡Lusaka District Health Management Team; §University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; ¶Center for International Health & Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and ‖Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Hae-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Autran
authors.forename: Jae H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Chipepo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kankasa
authors.forename: Mwiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mwiya
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thea
authors.forename: Grace M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aldrovandi
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bode
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load; D015024:Zambia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; C081856:LGALS3BP protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins
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