title: Enzyme-activatable imaging probe reveals enhanced neutrophil elastase activity in tumors following photodynamic therapy.
abstract: We demonstrate the use of an enzyme-activatable fluorogenic probe, Neutrophil Elastase 680 FAST (NE680), for in vivo imaging of neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tumors subjected to photodynamic therapy (PDT). NE protease activity was assayed in SCC VII and EMT6 tumors established in C3H and BALB/c mice, respectively. Four nanomoles of NE680 was injected intravenously immediately following PDT irradiation. 5 h following administration of NE680, whole-mouse fluorescence imaging was performed. At this time point, levels of NE680 fluorescence were at least threefold greater in irradiated versus unirradiated SCC VII and EMT6 tumors sensitized with Photofrin. To compare possible photosensitizer-specific differences in therapy-induced elastase activity, EMT6 tumors were also subjected to 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-PDT. NE levels measured in HPPH-PDT-treated tumors were twofold higher than in unirradiated controls. Ex vivo labeling of host cells using fluorophore-conjugated antibodies and confocal imaging were used to visualize Gr1+ cells in Photofrin-PDT-treated EMT6 tumors. These data were compared with recently reported analysis of Gr1+ cell accumulation in EMT6 tumors subjected to HPPH-PDT. The population density of infiltrating Gr1+ cells in treated versus unirradiated drug-only control tumors suggests that the differential in NE680 fold enhancement observed in Photofrin versus HPPH treatment may be attributed to the significantly increased inflammatory response induced by Photofrin-PDT. The in vivo imaging of NE680, which is a fluorescent reporter of NE extracellular release caused by neutrophil activation, demonstrates that PDT results in increased NE levels in treated tumors, and the accumulation of the cleaved probe tracks qualitatively with the intratumor Gr1+ cell population.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Imaging Sciences, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. soumya.mitra@rochester.edu
authors.forename: Soumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Kshitij D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017323:Dihematoporphyrin Ether; D019272:Leukocyte Elastase
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