title: Occurrence of patulin in organic and conventional apple-based food marketed in Catalonia and exposure assessment.
abstract: In the last years, consumption of organic foods has become increasingly popular. Nevertheless, safety of organic foods is still unclear, and needs to be thoroughly evaluated. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly present in rotten apples and apple-based products. The aim of this study is to analyse the content of patulin in apple juices and purees derived from organic and conventional production systems, in order to assess the risk to consumers, particularly in children. A total of 93 apple-based products marketed in Catalonia were analysed, 49 of which were derived from conventional and 44 from organic farming. The results showed higher incidence of positive samples and higher concentration of patulin in organic apple purees when comparing with conventional ones. In the case of juices, significant differences were found between conventional and organic samples, but applying a multivariate analysis the type of agriculture did not seem to have a relevant contribution to patulin occurrence, being cloudiness the main factor involved. The estimated daily intake of patulin for infants and young children (0-3 years old), children (4-18 years old) and adults (19-66 years old), were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 0.4 μg/kg bw in all scenarios considered.
authors.affiliation: GRET-CERETOX and Toxicology Unit, Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain. Electronic address: esterpique@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piqué
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vargas-Murga
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gómez-Catalán
authors.forename: Joaquin de
authors.initials: Jd
authors.lastname: Lapuente
authors.forename: Joan Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Llobet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D010365:Patulin / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D010365:Patulin
keywords: AOAC; Apple juice; Apple puree; Association of Analytical Communities; Exposure assessment; HPLC; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; IARC; International Agency for Research on Cancer; JECFA; Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives; Organic food; PMTDI; Patulin; Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake