title: Effect of childhood maltreatment on brain structure in adult patients with major depressive disorder and healthy participants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood maltreatment has been found to play a crucial role in the development of psychiatric disorders. However, whether childhood maltreatment is associated with structural brain changes described for major depressive disorder (MDD) is still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with MDD and a history of childhood maltreatment display more structural changes than patients without childhood maltreatment or healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with MDD and healthy controls with and without childhood maltreatment experience were investigated using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 37 patients with MDD and 46 controls. Grey matter volume was significantly decreased in the hippocampus and significantly increased in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in participants who had experienced childhood maltreatment compared with those who had not. Patients displayed smaller left OFC and left DMPFC volumes than controls. No significant difference in hippocampal volume was evident between patients with MDD and healthy controls. In regression analyses, despite effects from depression, age and sex on the DMPFC, OFC and hippocampus, childhood maltreatment was found to independently affect these regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retrospective assessment of childhood maltreatment; the natural problem that patients experienced more childhood maltreatment than controls; and the restrictions, owing to sample size, to investigating higher order interactions among factors are discussed as limitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that early childhood maltreatment is associated with brain structural changes irrespective of sex, age and a history of depression.Thus, the study highlights the importance of childhood maltreatment when investigating brain structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin 24, University Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Aisling
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin 24, University Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carballedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin 24, University Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amico
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Centre of Advanced Medical Imaging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin 24, University Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skokauskas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Centre of Advanced Medical Imaging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin 24, University Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, and Department of Radiology, Centre of Advanced Medical Imaging, St. James Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frodl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
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