title: Aerodynamic dose emission characteristics of dry powder inhalers using an Andersen Cascade Impactor with a mixing inlet: the influence of flow and volume.
abstract: An interaction between device resistance and inhalation flow provides the 'energy' to de-aggregate the metered dose of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Hence all dry powder inhalers demonstrate flow dependent dose emission but information on this at low flows is not available. We have adapted the compendial method for the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) to include a mixing inlet to determine the aerodynamic dose emission characteristics of a salbutamol Diskus(®) [DSK], Easyhaler(®) [EASY] and Clickhaler(®) [CLICK] and the terbutaline Turbuhaler(®) [TBH] using flows of 10-60 L/min and inhalation volumes of 2 and 4 L. All DPIs demonstrated flow dependent dose emission (p<0.001) but there was no difference in the measurements between 2 and 4 L. The flow dependent dose emission properties of each DPI started to plateau when the pressure change inside each device, during an inhalation, was between 1 and 1.5 kPa. This corresponds to inhalation flows of 40.1-49.1, 25.4-28.9, 23.6-28.9 and 29.7-36.3 L/min through DSK, CLICK, EASY and TBH. The adapted methodology allows measurements at low flows. The results highlight that the compendial methodology to use an inhaled volume of 4 L with the ACI could be replaced by 2 L and that the recommendation to make measurements using a pressure drop of 4kPa should be revised.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sani Ibn
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Yakubu
authors.forename: Khaled H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Assi
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chrystyn
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers; D012212:Rheology; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D013726:Terbutaline; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: Different volumes; Dose emission; Dry powder inhaler; Low flows