title: A model of persistent learned nonuse following focal ischemia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After hemiplegic stroke, people often rely on their unaffected limb to complete activities of daily living. A component of residual motor dysfunction involves learned suppression of movement, termed learned nonuse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To date, no rodent stroke model of persistent learned nonuse has been described that can facilitate understanding of this phenomenon and test interventions to overcome it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were trained in the staircase skilled-reaching and limb use asymmetry (cylinder) tasks. Endothelin-1 was injected into the cortex and striatum to create focal ischemia. Starting 7 days poststroke, half of the rats (ipsilateral training; n = 15) were trained to reach for food reward pellets in the tray-reaching task with the ipsilateral forelimb. Training lasted 20 days. Rats in the control group (control; n = 15) did not receive training. All rats then remained in their home cages for an additional 30 days. Performance on the cylinder and staircase tasks was assessed ~2 months poststroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia caused significant functional impairments in all rats. Significant contralateral forelimb skilled-reaching recovery was evident in the control group at 2 months but not the ipsilateral training group. There was no difference in performance in the cylinder task. Similarly, the volume of brain injury (~66 mm(3)) was similar between groups. Ipsilateral forelimb training reduced poststroke motor recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rodent model of persistent nonuse after stroke may be used to further understand mechanisms of learned nonuse as well as to evaluate pharmacological and rehabilitation treatments to overcome it.
authors.affiliation: 1University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: MacLellan
authors.forename: Kristopher D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Langdon
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botsford
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corbett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000633:toxicity; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1
keywords: animal model; learned nonuse; recovery; rehabilitation; skilled reaching; stroke