title: Nonmedical use of prescription ADHD stimulant medications among adults in a substance abuse treatment population: early findings from the NAVIPPRO surveillance system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine nonmedical use (NMU) of prescription ADHD stimulants among adults evaluated for substance abuse treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  147,816 assessments from the National Addictions Vigilance Intervention and Prevention Program (NAVIPPRO) system (10/01/2009 through 03/31/2012) examined NMU prevalence, routes of administration (ROA), and diversion sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past 30-day NMU for prescription stimulants (1.29%) was significantly lower than that of prescription opioids (19.79%) or sedatives (10.62%). For stimulant products, NMU for Adderall was 0.62, followed by Adderall XR (0.42), Ritalin (0.16), Vyvanse (0.12), and Concerta (0.08); product differences likely have limited clinical relevance given the low estimates (<1%). Higher NMU per prescriptions was for Adderall (4.92), Ritalin (4.68), and Adderall XR (3.18) compared with newer formulations (Vyvanse 1.26, Concerta 0.89). Diversion source was mainly family/friends with no differences between products; swallowing whole was the most frequent ROA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescription stimulant NMU was low compared with other prescription medications among individuals assessed for substance abuse problems, with little difference among specific products.
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, MA, USA tcassidy@inflexxion.com.
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.affiliation: Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sajan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varughese
authors.affiliation: Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zulueta
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D008774:Methylphenidate
keywords: ADHD; NAVIPPRO; nonmedical use; prescription stimulants; substance abuse