title: Risk of spina bifida and maternal cigarette, alcohol, and coffee use during the first month of pregnancy.
abstract: This study was conducted to assess the association between the risks of spina bifida (SB) in relation to cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption by women during the first month of pregnancy. Between 1988-2012, this multi-center case-control study interviewed mothers of 776 SB cases and 8,756 controls about pregnancy events and exposures. We evaluated cigarette smoking, frequency of alcohol drinking, and caffeine intake during the first lunar month of pregnancy in relation to SB risk. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Levels of cigarette smoking (1-9 and ≥10/day), alcohol intake (average ≥4 drinks/day) and caffeine intake (<1, 1, and ≥2 cups/day) were not likely to be associated with increased risk of SB. Further, results were similar among women who ingested less than the recommended amount of folic acid (400 μg/day).
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA. cbenedum@bu.edu
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Benedum
authors.forename: Mahsa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yazdy
authors.forename: Allen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Werler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine; D005492:Folic Acid
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