title: Indoor exposure to particulate matter and the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections among children: a birth cohort study in urban Bangladesh.
abstract: Approximately half of all children under two years of age in Bangladesh suffer from an acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) each year. Exposure to indoor biomass smoke has been consistently associated with an increased risk of ALRI in young children. Our aim was to estimate the effect of indoor exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 ) on the incidence of ALRI among children in a low-income, urban community in Bangladesh. We followed 257 children through two years of age to determine their frequency of ALRI and measured the PM2.5 concentrations in their sleeping space. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between ALRI and the number of hours per day that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 100 μg/m(3) , adjusting for known confounders. Each hour that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 100 μg/m(3) was associated with a 7% increase in incidence of ALRI among children aged 0-11 months (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14), but not in children 12-23 months old (adjusted IRR 1.00, 95% CI 0.92-1.09). Results from this study suggest that reducing indoor PM2.5 exposure could decrease the frequency of ALRI among infants, the children at highest risk of death from these infections.
authors.affiliation: icddr,b (formerly known as International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gurley
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Homaira
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salje
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Petri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bresee
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azziz-Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011247:Pregnancy; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Bangladesh; Incidence; Indoor air pollution; Particulate matter; Respiratory infection
references.citation: Lancet. 2010 Jun 5;375(9730):1969-87
references.pmid: 20466419
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2007 Jan;19(1):67-106
references.pmid: 17127644
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1988 Oct 27;319(17):1112-7
references.pmid: 3173442
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2008 May;86(5):390-398C
references.pmid: 18545742
references.citation: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2006 Jun;56(6):789-99
references.pmid: 16805403
references.citation: Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Mar-Apr;3(2):246-53
references.pmid: 7020043
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2001 Jun 15;183(12):1787-93
references.pmid: 11372032
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD003517
references.pmid: 11869667
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Mar;29(3):216-21
references.pmid: 20190613
references.citation: J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2000 Sep-Oct;10(5):437-45
references.pmid: 11051534
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4 Suppl):1037-43
references.pmid: 15060197
references.citation: J Trop Pediatr. 2001 Apr;47(2):98-105
references.pmid: 11336143
references.citation: Environ Res. 2012 Aug;117:100-11
references.pmid: 22726801
references.citation: J Trop Pediatr. 1997 Jun;43(3):133-7
references.pmid: 9231631
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Jun 28;361(9376):2226-34
references.pmid: 12842379
references.citation: Indoor Air. 2006 Dec;16(6):426-44
references.pmid: 17100664
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2010 Oct 19;10:622
references.pmid: 20955627
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3):309-20
references.pmid: 10479192
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2003 Nov;143(5 Suppl):S118-26
references.pmid: 14615710
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Sep 10;116(1):3-15
references.pmid: 15294360
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(10):717-25
references.pmid: 14758431
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Jan 19;371(9608):243-60
references.pmid: 18207566
references.citation: J Health Popul Nutr. 2008 Sep;26(3):273-9
references.pmid: 18831224
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1991 Nov;88(5):934-42
references.pmid: 1945634
references.citation: Environ Int. 2011 Feb;37(2):498-516
references.pmid: 21112090
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):443-50
references.pmid: 14749452
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995 Mar;149(3):283-7
references.pmid: 7858688
references.citation: Thorax. 2000 Jun;55(6):518-32
references.pmid: 10817802
references.citation: Environ Res. 2013 Feb;121:11-6
references.pmid: 23127494
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2000 Sep;12(9):863-900
references.pmid: 10989367