title: Experimental pain phenotype profiles in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine patterns of interindividual variability in experimental pain responses emerging from multiple experimental pain measures in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of healthy adults and to examine the association between the derived phenotype profiles with demographic, psychological, and health-related measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and ninety-one participants underwent heat, cold, pressure, and ischemic pain assessments, and completed several psychological and health-related assessments. The experimental pain measures were subjected to a principal component analysis and factor scores were used to compute Pain Sensitivity Index scores. The scores were subsequently submitted to a cluster analysis to identify patterns of pain sensitivity across experimental pain modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was equally composed of non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanic whites. Sensitivity scores were computed for heat pain, pressure pain, cold pain, ischemic pain, and temporal summation of heat pain. Five distinct clusters were characterized by high heat pain sensitivity, low ischemic pain sensitivity, low cold pain sensitivity, low pressure pain sensitivity, and high temporal summation. Cluster membership was significantly different by sex as well as somatic reactivity and catastrophizing, although cluster differences were most pronounced between the heat pain-sensitive individuals vs the cold pain-insensitive individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the importance of phenotyping individuals to account for interindividual differences in pain responses. Our findings also replicate previously reported pain phenotypes, which are not solely related to demographic, psychosocial, or health-related factors in our healthy participants. Future studies designed to elucidate the biological underpinnings of pain sensitivity profiles would be of substantial value.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Community Dentistry & Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Yenisel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cruz-Almeida
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fillingim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010641:Phenotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cluster Analysis; Experimental Pain; Factor Analysis; Pain Phenotypes; Pain Profiles
references.citation: Eur J Pain. 2011 Apr;15(4):376-83
references.pmid: 20932788
references.citation: Pain. 2005 Apr;114(3):315-319
references.pmid: 15777856
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 Jan;34(1):109-49
references.pmid: 22131304
references.citation: Eur J Pain. 2002;6(6):475-84
references.pmid: 12413436
references.citation: Pain. 1994 Oct;59(1):45-53
references.pmid: 7854801
references.citation: Pain. 1999 Dec;83(3):419-425
references.pmid: 10568849
references.citation: Pain Med. 2012 Apr;13(4):522-40
references.pmid: 22390201
references.citation: Pain. 2005 Jan;113(1-2):20-6
references.pmid: 15621360
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;67(6):948-56
references.pmid: 16314600
references.citation: Br J Health Psychol. 2005 Sep;10(Pt 3):329-58
references.pmid: 16238852
references.citation: Pain. 1994 Sep;58(3):403-411
references.pmid: 7838590
references.citation: Pain. 2008 Jul 15;137(2):245-256
references.pmid: 17942227
references.citation: Pain. 1996 Aug;66(2-3):133-44
references.pmid: 8880834
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(12):e1003095
references.pmid: 23284290
references.citation: J Pain. 2009 May;10(5):447-85
references.pmid: 19411059
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2010 Apr;112(4):957-69
references.pmid: 20234307
references.citation: Clin J Pain. 2006 Oct;22(8):730-7
references.pmid: 16988570
references.citation: Pain. 2008 Aug 31;138(2):286-291
references.pmid: 18243556
references.citation: J Pain. 2006 Jul;7(7):459-68
references.pmid: 16814685
references.citation: Pain. 2005 Dec 15;119(1-3):26-37
references.pmid: 16298062
references.citation: J Pain. 2008 Aug;9(8):739-49
references.pmid: 18486556
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2011 Jun;48(6):762-73
references.pmid: 21039586
references.citation: J Aging Health. 2012 Feb;24(1):168-87
references.pmid: 21693669
references.citation: J Pain. 2010 May;11(5):443-453.e2
references.pmid: 20439057
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2004 Jan;100(1):115-9; discussion 5A
references.pmid: 14695732
references.citation: J Pain. 2004 Aug;5(6):304-16
references.pmid: 15336635
references.citation: Eur J Pain. 2013 Jul;17(6):903-15
references.pmid: 23165778
references.citation: J Pain. 2005 May;6(5):338-9
references.pmid: 15890636
references.citation: J Pain. 2009 Dec;10(12):1187-204
references.pmid: 19944378
references.citation: Pain. 2001 Nov;94(2):133-137
references.pmid: 11690726
references.citation: Pain. 2008 May;136(1-2):21-9
references.pmid: 17692462
references.citation: Pain. 2007 May;129(1-2):177-84
references.pmid: 17296267
references.citation: Pain. 2005 Aug;116(3):227-237
references.pmid: 15964682
references.citation: J Pain. 2005 Sep;6(9):604-11
references.pmid: 16139779
references.citation: Pain. 2011 May;152(5):1146-1155
references.pmid: 21396782
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1999 May-Jun;61(3):346-54
references.pmid: 10367615
references.citation: Pain. 2008 Mar;135(1-2):7-10
references.pmid: 18215466
references.citation: J Pain. 2003 Mar;4(2):82-90
references.pmid: 14622719
references.citation: Pain. 2002 Dec;100(3):291-298
references.pmid: 12468000