title: Chronic airway-induced allergy in mice modifies gene expression in the brain toward insulin resistance and inflammatory responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic systemic inflammation affects brain functionality and may negatively influence the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Allergy is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting more than 20% of the Western population. Little is known regarding the influence of allergy on brain functions. The aim of the present study was to obtain a global overview of the genes that drive the effects of peripheral inflammation associated with chronic airway-induced allergy in the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Airway allergy was induced in C57B/6J mice using ovalbumin as the allergen. Microarray analysis was performed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in association with Affymetrix. For the data analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal to latent structures discriminant analysis followed by pathway analysis were used. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein analysis by Western blotting were performed for the validation of microarray results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis showed low-grade changes in gene expression in the brain induced by airway-associated allergy. Changes in expression were observed for genes involved in antigen processing and presentation, cytokine-cytokine interaction, Toll-like receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, as determined by pathway analysis. We confirmed a reduction of insulin-degrading enzyme at the protein level and a decrease in insulin receptor phosphorylation in the brains of allergic mice. Other allergy-induced gene expression changes were confirmed by qPCR, including increased levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 23 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Airway-associated allergy induces changes in brain gene expression toward induction of insulin resistance and inflammatory responses with potential implications for neurodegenerative disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurodegeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Floor 5, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. Heela.Sarlus@ki.se
authors.forename: Heela
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarlus
authors.forename: Xiuzhe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cedazo-Minguez
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schultzberg
authors.forename: Mircea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oprica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000235:genetics*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
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