title: Experimental and clinical usefulness of crossmodal paradigms in psychiatry: an illustration from emotional processing in alcohol-dependence.
abstract: Crossmodal processing (i.e., the construction of a unified representation stemming from distinct sensorial modalities inputs) constitutes a crucial ability in humans' everyday life. It has been extensively explored at cognitive and cerebral levels during the last decade among healthy controls. Paradoxically however, and while difficulties to perform this integrative process have been suggested in a large range of psychopathological states (e.g., schizophrenia and autism), these crossmodal paradigms have been very rarely used in the exploration of psychiatric populations. The main aim of the present paper is thus to underline the experimental and clinical usefulness of exploring crossmodal processes in psychiatry. We will illustrate this proposal by means of the recent data obtained in the crossmodal exploration of emotional alterations in alcohol-dependence. Indeed, emotional decoding impairments might have a role in the development and maintenance of alcohol-dependence, and have been extensively investigated by means of experiments using separated visual or auditory stimulations. Besides these unimodal explorations, we have recently conducted several studies using audio-visual crossmodal paradigms, which has allowed us to improve the ecological validity of the unimodal experimental designs and to offer new insights on the emotional alterations among alcohol-dependent individuals. We will show how these preliminary results can be extended to develop a coherent and ambitious research program using crossmodal designs in various psychiatric populations and sensory modalities. We will finally end the paper by underlining the various potential clinical applications and the fundamental implications that can be raised by this emerging project.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maurage
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campanella
keywords: alcohol-dependence; crossmodal; emotion; face; social cognition; voice
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Oct;166(3-4):559-71
references.pmid: 16028028
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2007 Apr 7;52(7):1783-800
references.pmid: 17374911
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:193-201
references.pmid: 17347351
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2009 Feb;107(2-3):286-93
references.pmid: 18986799
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2003 Dec;25(4):287-92
references.pmid: 14693258
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2003 Oct;7(10):460-7
references.pmid: 14550494
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 1;37(4):1445-56
references.pmid: 17659885
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 21;31(38):13635-43
references.pmid: 21940454
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2009 Mar;69(2):269-78
references.pmid: 18809234
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Jul;31(7):1138-47
references.pmid: 17488322
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 2003 Jul-Aug;44(4):349-52
references.pmid: 12923714
references.citation: Clin Neurosci. 1995;3(2):89-97
references.pmid: 7583624
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):970-81
references.pmid: 10509180
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Dec;47(14):3059-66
references.pmid: 19596021
references.citation: Emotion. 2003 Dec;3(4):315-26
references.pmid: 14674826
references.citation: Neuropsychol Rev. 2007 Sep;17(3):239-57
references.pmid: 17874302
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):106-14
references.pmid: 12063134
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008 Mar;33(2):111-22
references.pmid: 18330457
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1999 Aug 20;10(12):2619-23
references.pmid: 10574380
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Apr 1;55(7):766-71
references.pmid: 15039007
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1997 Aug;79(4):983-98
references.pmid: 9219961
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):714-9
references.pmid: 15342844
references.citation: Addiction. 2008 May;103(5):726-35
references.pmid: 18412750
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 2005 Nov;66(6):825-32
references.pmid: 16459944
references.citation: Cortex. 2011 Mar;47(3):367-76
references.pmid: 20444445
references.citation: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Mar;26(3):251-7
references.pmid: 17439928
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Aug;37(9):2067-75
references.pmid: 22510722
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Mar;27(3):432-9
references.pmid: 12658108
references.citation: Autism Res. 2010 Oct;3(5):214-25
references.pmid: 20717952
references.citation: Nature. 1976 Dec 23-30;264(5588):746-8
references.pmid: 1012311
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 23;393(1):40-4
references.pmid: 16213656
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2009 Sep-Oct;44(5):476-85
references.pmid: 19535496
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 1;61(11):1306-9
references.pmid: 17306772
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2003 Feb;73(3):283-7
references.pmid: 12547298
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2010 Jun;203(2):381-9
references.pmid: 20390256
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009 Mar;34(2):111-8
references.pmid: 19270761
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 May;123(5):892-901
references.pmid: 22055841
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Nov;121(11):1855-62
references.pmid: 20434394
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2004 Apr;89(2):273-85
references.pmid: 15056272
references.citation: Br J Psychol. 1997 Feb;88 ( Pt 1):143-56
references.pmid: 9061895
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;58(12):1152-8
references.pmid: 11735844
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:45-56
references.pmid: 23507387
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Mar;29(3):317-25
references.pmid: 15770105
references.citation: Cortex. 2006 Jul;42(5):705-10
references.pmid: 16909630
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2005 Jan 1;24(1):224-34
references.pmid: 15588614
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(4):376-89
references.pmid: 11164876
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 May;31(5):745-54
references.pmid: 17386068
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2004 Oct 14;369(2):132-7
references.pmid: 15450682
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Mar 1;114(1):12-7
references.pmid: 20933344
references.citation: Clin EEG Neurosci. 2007 Apr;38(2):74-7
references.pmid: 17515171
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Summer;14(3):321-8
references.pmid: 12154157
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Sep;29(9):1590-600
references.pmid: 16205359
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2007 Nov 5;45(14):3315-23
references.pmid: 17765932
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Apr;32(4):600-6
references.pmid: 18241315
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Sep;32(3):1465-71
references.pmid: 16872844
references.citation: Am J Addict. 2009 Mar-Apr;18(2):157-61
references.pmid: 19283568
references.citation: Phys Life Rev. 2010 Sep;7(3):291-2; discussion 295-8
references.pmid: 20667795
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Mar;118(3):633-44
references.pmid: 17208045
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2011 Feb;32(2):229-39
references.pmid: 20842749
references.citation: Cortex. 2005 Feb;41(1):49-59
references.pmid: 15633706
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2004 Nov-Dec;39(6):514-9
references.pmid: 15456691
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Sep;31(9):1490-504
references.pmid: 17624997
references.citation: Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1994 Nov;404:4-6
references.pmid: 7841634
references.citation: J Physiol Paris. 2004 Jan-Jun;98(1-3):265-79
references.pmid: 15477038
references.citation: Cortex. 2005 Apr;41(2):189-94
references.pmid: 15714901
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2010 Dec;48(14):4142-7
references.pmid: 20951709
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Mar;31(3):404-10
references.pmid: 17295724
references.citation: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997 Apr;40(2):453-63
references.pmid: 9130213
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2011 Mar-Apr;46(2):105-12
references.pmid: 21169612
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 May 18;25(20):5004-12
references.pmid: 15901781
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 15;54(2):1654-61
references.pmid: 20832486
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;23(2):97-102
references.pmid: 20051859
references.citation: J Drug Educ. 2003;33(4):391-8
references.pmid: 15237864
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2007 Nov-Dec;42(6):552-9
references.pmid: 17878215
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009 May;15(3):459-70
references.pmid: 19402932
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2000 Nov-Dec;37(5-6):403-12
references.pmid: 10871692
references.citation: Hear Res. 2011 May;275(1-2):120-9
references.pmid: 21167924
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Oct;118(10):2128-48
references.pmid: 17573239
references.citation: Compr Psychiatry. 2009 Mar-Apr;50(2):186-92
references.pmid: 19216897
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2006 Sep 30;89(2):261-9
references.pmid: 16857218
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004 Jun;20(1):81-91
references.pmid: 15130592
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Apr 6;1323:139-48
references.pmid: 20153297
references.citation: Seeing Perceiving. 2011;24(4):351-67
references.pmid: 21864459
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2010 May;31(10):1818-27
references.pmid: 20584186
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Feb;32(2):429-38
references.pmid: 17047671
references.citation: Cortex. 2013 Jun;49(6):1610-26
references.pmid: 22658706
references.citation: Przegl Lek. 2004;61(4):287-91
references.pmid: 15521585
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1996 Mar;57(2):136-43
references.pmid: 8683962
references.citation: Front Integr Neurosci. 2011 Jan 05;4:129
references.pmid: 21258617
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2006 Sep;27(9):707-14
references.pmid: 16411179
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2009 May;110(1-3):111-8
references.pmid: 19303257
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Feb;24(2):149-54
references.pmid: 10698365
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23190
references.pmid: 21858026
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 2008 Aug;38(7):1349-58
references.pmid: 18307027
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010 May;35(3):185-94
references.pmid: 20420769
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;75 Suppl 3:iii16-21
references.pmid: 15316040
references.citation: J Psychophysiol. 2010 Jan 1;24(4):240-248
references.pmid: 21765575
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2007 Feb;86(2):263-83
references.pmid: 17116324
references.citation: JAMA. 1997 Oct 22-29;278(16):1357-62
references.pmid: 9343468
references.citation: West J Med. 1990 May;152(5):531-7
references.pmid: 2190421
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1997 May;41(5):590-8
references.pmid: 9153520
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2005 Jul;69(3):333-52
references.pmid: 15925034
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol Suppl. 2002 Mar;(14):129-39
references.pmid: 12022718
references.citation: Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Jul-Aug;37(4):394-400
references.pmid: 12107044
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58928
references.pmid: 23520543
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2013 Feb 28;205(3):232-40
references.pmid: 22995039
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2011 Sep;88(1):28-36
references.pmid: 21718751
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;5(1):73-8
references.pmid: 15661629
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Dec;11(12):535-43
references.pmid: 17997124
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2002 Dec 15;113(1-2):161-71
references.pmid: 12467955
references.citation: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2004 Feb;15(1):133-61
references.pmid: 15029903
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2005 Jan 1;72(2-3):195-203
references.pmid: 15560964
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 Jan;18(1):156-68
references.pmid: 12507452
references.citation: Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(4):554-60
references.pmid: 21319499
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2001 Aug;14(2):427-38
references.pmid: 11467916
references.citation: Lang Speech. 2010;53(Pt 1):3-30
references.pmid: 20415000
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Sep 28;25(39):8903-7
references.pmid: 16192380
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Nov 1;53(2):746-56
references.pmid: 20627130
references.citation: Prev Med. 2005 Jan;40(1):23-32
references.pmid: 15530577
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jan 29;260(2):133-6
references.pmid: 10025717
references.citation: Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(2):125-33
references.pmid: 15303622
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Mar;26(2):128-48
references.pmid: 16412541
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990 Jun;14(3):383-93
references.pmid: 2378422
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2011 Sep;21(9):929-34
references.pmid: 21049490
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2004 Feb 3;14(3):257-62
references.pmid: 14761661
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2006;156:345-61
references.pmid: 17015090
references.citation: Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison. 1991 Oct;26(5):331-40
references.pmid: 1772373
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 May;123(5):937-46
references.pmid: 22119176
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2009 Nov;35(6):1117-31
references.pmid: 19793796
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2009 Sep;198(2-3):153-64
references.pmid: 19533111
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(7):773-82
references.pmid: 12631528
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2007 Feb 28;150(1):33-41
references.pmid: 17267048
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):99-105
references.pmid: 12063133
references.citation: Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2002 May;153(3 Suppl):1S51-60
references.pmid: 12218885
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Apr;28(4):667-75
references.pmid: 15100620
references.citation: Nurs Diagn. 1999 Oct-Dec;10(4):158-68
references.pmid: 10786556
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Aug 14;98(17):10006-10
references.pmid: 11493699
references.citation: J Commun Disord. 2009 Nov-Dec;42(6):381-96
references.pmid: 19464698
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 Sep;35(9):1662-8
references.pmid: 21599717
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2001 Jul 24;102(3):235-48
references.pmid: 11440774
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Feb 1;54(3):2257-66
references.pmid: 20974266
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2011 Dec 30;190(2-3):375-8
references.pmid: 21742383
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001 Feb;42(2):241-51
references.pmid: 11280420
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2000 Oct 19;10(20):R731-5
references.pmid: 11069095
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 29;377(2):115-20
references.pmid: 15740848
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Jul;31(7):979-91
references.pmid: 19937724
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1993 Feb;46(2):175-99
references.pmid: 8483976
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jul;33(4):955-70
references.pmid: 17363840
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2005 Oct;166(3-4):289-97
references.pmid: 15988597
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2000 Apr 27;11(6):1329-33
references.pmid: 10817616
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Apr;100(4):719-37
references.pmid: 21280963
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 May 1;60(4):2346-56
references.pmid: 22487549
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2004 Mar;27(3):120-3; discussion 123-4
references.pmid: 15046082
references.citation: Addiction. 2007 Feb;102(2):232-40
references.pmid: 17222277
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1992 Sep;53(5):514-8
references.pmid: 1405646
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006 Aug;30(8):1355-62
references.pmid: 16899038
references.citation: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2000 Aug;12(4):336-40
references.pmid: 10943813
references.citation: Am J Otolaryngol. 2006 Jul-Aug;27(4):225-8
references.pmid: 16798396
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):885-92
references.pmid: 3204198
references.citation: Rev Neurosci. 2009;20(2):111-31
references.pmid: 19774789
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1981 Dec;8(4):317-35
references.pmid: 7338186
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Mar 1;47(5):434-49
references.pmid: 10704955
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1996 May 15;39(10):873-81
references.pmid: 9172708
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Jun;23(6):1031-8
references.pmid: 10397287
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Nov;33(11):1880-92
references.pmid: 19673745
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Jul;31(7):1169-78
references.pmid: 17511749
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Jul 17;39(2):375-86
references.pmid: 12873392
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1977 Nov;165(5):348-55
references.pmid: 915495
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Feb;37(2):339-47
references.pmid: 23136931
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 1;60(1):1-10
references.pmid: 16368076
references.citation: J Autism Dev Disord. 2007 Nov;37(10):2014-9
references.pmid: 17273934
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005 Mar;29(3):453-64
references.pmid: 15770122
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2008 Oct;70(1):50-62
references.pmid: 18577404
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 Jun;22(2):948-55
references.pmid: 15193626
references.citation: Soc Neurosci. 2011;6(5-6):537-47
references.pmid: 21777157
references.citation: J Stud Alcohol. 1996 Jan;57(1):29-33
references.pmid: 8747498
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2005 Dec;89(1-3):195-9
references.pmid: 16256204
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Apr;28(4):550-7
references.pmid: 15100605
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001 Mar;25(3):362-9
references.pmid: 11290846
references.citation: Addiction. 2013 Jan;108(1):80-8
references.pmid: 22725253
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 May;116(5):993-1018
references.pmid: 15826840
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Jan 1;39(1):423-35
references.pmid: 17920933
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):316-21
references.pmid: 17108956
references.citation: Emotion. 2012 Jun;12(3):529-39
references.pmid: 22251048
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2007 May;21(3):346-62
references.pmid: 17484598
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 29;6(4):e19165
references.pmid: 21559468
references.citation: Arch Otolaryngol. 1980 Apr;106(4):224-9
references.pmid: 7362522
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1991 Nov;100(4):427-48
references.pmid: 1757657
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2011 Nov;21(11):2461-70
references.pmid: 21427167