title: Nitrous oxide emissions in the Shanghai river network: implications for the effects of urban sewage and IPCC methodology.
abstract: Global nitrogen (N) enrichment has resulted in increased nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emission that greatly contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction, but little is known about the N(2)O emissions from urban river networks receiving anthropogenic N inputs. We examined N(2)O saturation and emission in the Shanghai city river network, covering 6300 km(2), over 27 months. The overall mean saturation and emission from 87 locations was 770% and 1.91 mg N(2)O-N m(-2) d(-1), respectively. Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) saturation did not exhibit a clear seasonality, but the temporal pattern was co-regulated by both water temperature and N loadings. Rivers draining through urban and suburban areas receiving more sewage N inputs had higher N(2)O saturation and emission than those in rural areas. Regression analysis indicated that water ammonium (NH(4)(+)) and dissolved oxygen (DO) level had great control on N(2)O production and were better predictors of N(2)O emission in urban watershed. About 0.29 Gg N(2)O-N yr(-1) N(2)O was emitted from the Shanghai river network annually, which was about 131% of IPCC's prediction using default emission values. Given the rapid progress of global urbanization, more study efforts, particularly on nitrification and its N(2)O yielding, are needed to better quantify the role of urban rivers in global riverine N(2)O emission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, School of Resources and Environment Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
authors.forename: Zhongjie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Huanguang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Dongqi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mingwu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yongjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Yangjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhenlou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shiyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009609:Nitrous Oxide
keywords: IPCC method; land use; nitrous oxide; river network; urban sewage