title: Efficient sweat reduction of three different antiperspirant application forms during stress-induced sweating.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stress sweating can occur in everyday situations independently of thermally-induced perspiration. It is triggered by emotionally challenging situations and leads to underarm wetness and a characteristic unpleasant malodor. In this study, we aimed to determine the long-term efficacy of three unperfumed antiperspirant (AP) formulas for different application forms (roll-on, stick, aerosol) against stress-induced sweating and malodor formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized the widely accepted Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to induce psychosocial stress in female and male volunteers (18 - 40 years) and determined physiological stress parameters. To additionally assess the efficacy of the test AP roll-on against thermally-induced sweating, a hot room study was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing heart rates and an augmentation of saliva cortisol levels during the TSST indicated a substantial stress reaction which was paralleled by a pronounced sweat production in the untreated axillae of both males and females. Forty-eight hours after application, all three test APs significantly decreased the amount of sweat in the treated axillae independent of gender. With respect to AP effects on malodor production, trained sniffers assessed sweat samples collected during the TSST from the untreated axillae as significantly more malodorous than comparable samples from the AP-treated axillae. Also, independent of gender the test AP roll-on significantly decreased the thermally-induced sweat in the AP-treated axilla.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show for the first time a highly effective reduction of emotionally-induced axillary sweating and malodor production for three different application forms 48 h after the last product use. The specially developed roll-on, stick, and aerosol AP provide long-term protection against stress-induced sweat which is of high relevance in everyday life.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, 20245, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Rose
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lehmbeck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bürger
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Windisch
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keyhani
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D051520:Antiperspirants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013546:Sweating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051520:Antiperspirants; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: aluminium salts; antiperspirant; axillary malodour; emotional sweating; stress; trier social stress test