title: Preterm infant linear growth and adiposity gain: trade-offs for later weight status and intelligence quotient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trade-offs between cognitive outcome and overweight/obesity in preterm-born infants at school age and young adulthood in relation to weight gain and linear growth during infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 945 participants in the Infant Health and Development Program, an 8-center study of preterm (≤37 weeks gestational age), low birth weight (≤2500 g) infants from birth to age 18 years. Adjusting for maternal and child factors in logistic regression, we estimated the odds of overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile at age 8 or ≥25 kg/m(2) at age 18) and in separate models, low IQ (<85) per z-score changes in infant length and BMI from term to 4 months, from 4 to 12 months, and from 12 to 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More rapid linear growth from term to 4 months was associated with lower odds of IQ <85 at age 8 years (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96), but higher odds of overweight/obesity (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.53). More rapid BMI gain in all 3 infant time intervals was also associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity, and BMI gain from 4-12 months was associated with lower odds of IQ <85 at age 8. Results at age 18 were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these preterm, low birth weight infants born in the 1980s, faster linear growth soon after term was associated with better cognition, but also with a greater risk of overweight/obesity at age 8 years and 18 years. BMI gain over the entire 18 months after term was associated with later risk of overweight/obesity, with less evidence of a benefit for IQ.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Electronic address: mandy.belfort@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Mandy B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Buka
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormick
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007360:Intelligence; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: BMI; Body mass index; IHDP; Infant Health and Development Program; NICU; Neonatal intensive care unit; SGA; Small for gestational age
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Apr;121(4):766-76
references.pmid: 18381542
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1078-86
references.pmid: 16951001
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Sep;92(3):585-93
references.pmid: 20592132
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;60(1):48-57
references.pmid: 16132057
references.citation: Adv Data. 2000 Jun 8;(314):1-27
references.pmid: 11183293
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2006 Dec;60(6):751-8
references.pmid: 17065570
references.citation: J Perinatol. 2012 Feb;32(2):91-6
references.pmid: 21660083
references.citation: JAMA. 2012 Feb 1;307(5):483-90
references.pmid: 22253364
references.citation: BMJ. 2005 Oct 22;331(7522):929
references.pmid: 16227306
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2009 Jun;85(6):349-52
references.pmid: 19162413
references.citation: Arch Pediatr. 2009 Jan;16(1):47-53
references.pmid: 19036567
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1993 Oct;123(4):527-33
references.pmid: 7692028
references.citation: JAMA. 1990 Jun 13;263(22):3035-42
references.pmid: 2188023
references.citation: Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Oct;50(10):957-62
references.pmid: 21856965
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):480-7
references.pmid: 15699238
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):146-57
references.pmid: 21173001
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 May;111(5 Pt 1):986-90
references.pmid: 12728076
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1979 Nov;95(5 Pt 1):769-74
references.pmid: 490248
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Apr;38(4):407-13
references.pmid: 15085019
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3):935S-937S
references.pmid: 11238789
references.citation: BMC Pediatr. 2003 Jul 8;3:6
references.pmid: 12848901
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Dec;161(12):1154-61
references.pmid: 18056560
references.citation: JAMA. 2011 Jul 27;306(4):394-401
references.pmid: 21791688
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;185(2):463-7
references.pmid: 11518910
references.citation: Epidemiology. 2010 May;21(3):332-9
references.pmid: 20220525
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2005 Nov;37(5):371-5
references.pmid: 16227121
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Jul 1;176(1):32-42
references.pmid: 22562661
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):771-80
references.pmid: 16510657
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011 Sep;53(3):333-8
references.pmid: 21602717
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2006 Aug;95(8):904-8
references.pmid: 16882560
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):e30-8
references.pmid: 12837903
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;123(4):1177-83
references.pmid: 19336378
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Sep;122(3):e689-95
references.pmid: 18762504
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2010 Jun;125(6):e1419-26
references.pmid: 20478940
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Oct;128(4):e899-906
references.pmid: 21949135
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2008 Jun;84(6):409-16
references.pmid: 18096332
references.citation: JAMA. 1997 Jan 8;277(2):126-32
references.pmid: 8990337
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2009 Aug;98(8):1269-73
references.pmid: 19594474
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):1258-65
references.pmid: 19047243
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 1997 Feb 20;47(3):305-25
references.pmid: 9088797
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec;30(6):1325-30
references.pmid: 11821340
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1999 Aug;104(2 Pt 1):280-9
references.pmid: 10429008