title: Risk factors and classifications of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumor represents more than 50% of all biliary tract cholangiocarcinomas. A wide range of risk factors have been identified among patients with Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma including advanced age, male gender, primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cysts, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, parasitic infection (Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis), inflammatory bowel disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, nonalcoholic cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis and metabolic syndrome. Various classifications have been used to describe the pathologic and radiologic appearance of cholangiocarcinoma. The three systems most commonly used to evaluate Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma are the Bismuth-Corlette (BC) system, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the TNM classification. The BC classification provides preoperative assessment of local spread. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering cancer center proposes a staging system according to three factors related to local tumor extent: the location and extent of bile duct involvement, the presence or absence of portal venous invasion, and the presence or absence of hepatic lobar atrophy. The TNM classification, besides the usual descriptors, tumor, node and metastases, provides additional information concerning the possibility for the residual tumor (R) and the histological grade (G). Recently, in 2011, a new consensus classification for the Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma had been published. The consensus was organised by the European Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association which identified the need for a new staging system for this type of tumors. The classification includes information concerning biliary or vascular (portal or arterial) involvement, lymph node status or metastases, but also other essential aspects related to the surgical risk, such as remnant hepatic volume or the possibility of underlying disease.
authors.affiliation: Miguel Angel Suarez-Munoz, Jose Luis Fernandez-Aguilar, Belinda Sanchez-Perez, Jose Antonio Perez-Daga, Beatriz Garcia-Albiach, Ysabel Pulido-Roa, Naiara Marin-Camero, Julio Santoyo-Santoyo, General Digestive and Transplantation Surgery Service, HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital Carlos Haya, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Suarez-Munoz
authors.forename: Jose Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Aguilar
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Perez
authors.forename: Jose Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Perez-Daga
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Garcia-Albiach
authors.forename: Ysabel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pulido-Roa
authors.forename: Naiara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marin-Camero
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santoyo-Santoyo
keywords: Bile duct cancer; Hilar cholangiocarcinoma; Klatskin tumor; Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
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