title: Adding lipoprotein(a) levels to the GRACE score to predict prognosis in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are known to be a cardiovascular risk factor associated with premature coronary artery disease. In predicting the long term prognosis in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the relationship between Lp(a) and risk scoring systems remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether adding Lp(a) to the GRACE scoring system has an incremental value in predicting prognosis in ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  115 patients (mean age 64 ± 11 years) with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS) were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were categorised into quartiles according to the Lp(a) levels. Statistically significant variables in the univariate analysis (haemoglobin, creatinine, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, previous myocardial infarction (MI) history, Killip class) were included in the multivariate analysis to determine the independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes (mortality, rehospitalisation) with and without Lp(a) quartiles for one year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous MI history and Lp(a) quartile were detected as independent predictors of combined cardiovascular events (OR: 2.969 [95% CI 1.413-6.240] and OR: 6.279 [95% Cl 1.363-28.927] respectively). Lp(a) quartile also remained as an independent predictor for prognosis when added to a model based on GRACE risk score (OR: 2.589 [95% CI 1.402-4.780]). Serum Lp(a) levels were moderately correlated with GRACE risk score (r = 0.371; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lipoprotein(a) has an additional prognostic value over GRACE risk score in predicting one-year adverse outcomes in NSTE-ACS. The combination of serum Lp(a) with GRACE risk score could provide enhanced risk stratification in patients with ACS.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Clinic, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.forename: Cetin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gecmen
authors.forename: Gamze Babur
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: Hicaz Zencirkiran
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Agus
authors.forename: Hac Murat
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gunes
authors.forename: Ulankhuu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Batgerel
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elveran
authors.forename: Ali Metin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Esen
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D017270:Lipoprotein(a)