title: Childhood economic strains in predicting substance use in emerging adulthood: mediation effects of youth self-control and parenting practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of childhood economic strains on substance use in young adulthood and to assess the mediating roles of self-control as well as positive parenting during adolescence in a nationally representative longitudinal cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included data from participants (n = 1,285) in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement, and Transition to Adult. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the associations among risk factors during childhood and adolescence that predicted substance use in early adulthood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditions of economic strains, especially poverty, during childhood were associated with an increased likelihood of regular smoking in adulthood, which was partially mediated by poorer self-control during adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-control is negatively affected by economic strains and serves as a mediator between poverty and risk of regular smoking. Additional research is needed to better understand how economic strains effect the development of self-control.
authors.affiliation: PhD, MPH, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 104006, Durham, NC 27710, USA. bernard.fuemmeler@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Chien-Ti
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prybol
authors.forename: Bernard F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Fuemmeler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: adolescents; alcohol use; drug abuse and exposure; parent stress; parenting; tobacco use
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