title: Prevalence of persistent superior vena cava and association with congenital heart anomalies.
abstract: A contralateral persistent superior vena cava (PSVC) can occur in a normal child or in association with congenital heart defects (CHDs). Its prevalence has been demonstrated in relatively small cohorts. We aim to assess the frequency of a PSVC in a large cohort of children with and without CHDs. To estimate its significance, we have searched for a PSVC in all children referred for echocardiography in our institution during a 16.5-year period. A group of 17,219 children comprised 8,140 children with a structural heart anomaly and 9,079 children with a structurally normal heart. Association between a PSVC and specific classes of CHD were looked for. A total of 288 children (1.7%) had a PSVC; 0.56% (51 of 9,079) in the normal heart group and 2.9% (237 of 8,140) in the congenital heart anomalies group. Odds ratio for having heart anomaly in the presence of PSVC was 5.2 (95% confidence interval 3.7 to 7.0). A PSVC was above all associated with atrioventricular septal defects, conotruncal malformations, and left-sided defects. The odds ratio of having PSVC in the aforementioned malformations compared with the normal heart group was 23.8, 13.6, and 11.0, respectively. In conclusion, although present in normal subjects, PSVC was more often associated with congenital heart and other anomalies, especially with atrioventricular septal defects, conotruncal malformations, and left-sided defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: zperles@hadassah.org.il.
authors.forename: Zeev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Perles
authors.forename: Amiram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nir
authors.forename: Sagui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gavri
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golender
authors.forename: Asaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tashma
authors.forename: Zivanit
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ergaz
authors.forename: Azaria J J T
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rein
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology