title: Hemostasis disorders caused by polymer coated iron oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are inorganic nanomaterials gaining strong clinical interest due to their increasing number of biological and medical applications. The stabilization of SPIONs in a biocompatible stable suspension (bioferrofluid) is generally achieved by an adequate polymeric coating. As many applications using these materials are intended for clinical use through intravenous injection, it is of outmost importance to evaluate their hemostatic behaviour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to evaluate the hemocompatibility of selected polymer coated bioferrofluids and of their separated components by observing the effects of the bioferrofluid on: the coagulation process--by measuring the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)--, the complete blood count (CBC)--Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Platelets, Hemoglobin and hematocrit--and the hemolysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A SPIONs/bioferrofluid model consisting of a magnetic core of iron oxide nanoparticles embedded within poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) and all coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been selected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By increasing the concentration of the bioferrofluids an inhibitory effect on the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation is observed, as indicated by significant increase in aPTT in vitro while PT values stay normal. The effect of the coating components on the inhibition of blood coagulation process shows that PEG has no effect on the process while the P4VP-g-PEG copolymer coating has a strong anticoagulant effect indicating that P4VP is at the origin of such effects. The studied bioferrofluids have no effect on the CBC neither they show in vitro hemolytic effect on blood.
authors.affiliation: instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC - Universidad de Zaragoza, and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Lamiaa M A
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cornudella
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piñol
authors.forename: Lierni
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gabilondo
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millán
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palacio
mesh_terms: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D003911:Dextrans / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D020141:Hemostatic Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols