title: Harzianic acid: a novel siderophore from Trichoderma harzianum.
abstract: Agriculture-relevant microorganisms are considered to produce secondary metabolites during processes of competition with other micro- and macro-organisms, symbiosis, parasitism or pathogenesis. Many different strains of the genus Trichoderma, in addition to a direct activity against phytopathogens, are well-known producers of secondary metabolites and compounds that substantially affect the metabolism of the host plant. Harzianic acid is a Trichoderma secondary metabolite, showing antifungal and plant growth promotion activities. This report demonstrates the ability of this tetramic acid to bind with a good affinity essential metals such as Fe(3+) , which may represent a mechanism of iron solubilisation that significantly alters nutrient availability in the soil environment for other microorganisms and the host plant.
authors.affiliation: CNR - Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP-CNR), Portici, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vinale
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: Krishnapillai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sivasithamparam
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flematti
authors.forename: Emilio L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ghisalberti
authors.forename: Michelina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruocco
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varlese
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanzuise
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Sheridan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorito
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017262:Siderophores / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D011758:Pyrroles; D017262:Siderophores; C088506:harzianic acid; D007501:Iron
keywords: Trichoderma; harzianic acid; iron(III); secondary metabolites; siderophores