title: Family criticism and depressive symptoms in older adult primary care patients: optimism and pessimism as moderators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a significant global public health burden, and older adults may be particularly vulnerable to its effects. Among other risk factors, interpersonal conflicts, such as perceived criticism from family members, can increase risk for depressive symptoms in this population. We examined family criticism as a predictor of depressive symptoms and the potential moderating effect of optimism and pessimism.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred five older adult, primary care patients completed self-report measures of family criticism, optimism and pessimism, and symptoms of depression. We hypothesized that optimism and pessimism would moderate the relationship between family criticism and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In support of our hypothesis, those with greater optimism and less pessimism reported fewer depressive symptoms associated with family criticism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic enhancement of optimism and amelioration of pessimism may buffer against depression in patients experiencing familial criticism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN. Electronic address: hirsch@etsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jameson K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN.
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, AT, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lyness
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Family criticism; depression symptoms; older adults; optimism; pessimism
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