title: Polyethylene glycol-drug ester conjugates for prolonged retention of small inhaled drugs in the lung.
abstract: Typically, inhaled drugs are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, which results in systemic side effects and a brief residence time in the lungs. PEGylation was evaluated as a novel strategy for prolonging the retention of small inhaled molecules in the pulmonary tissue. Hydrolysable ester conjugates of PEG₁₀₀₀, PEG₂₀₀₀, ₂₀₀₀, PEG₃₄₀₀ and prednisolone, a model drug cleared from the lungs within a few minutes, were synthesised and thoroughly characterised. The conjugates were stable in buffers with hydrolysis half-lives ranging from 1h to 70 h, depending on the pH and level of substitution. With the exception of PEG₃₄₀₀-prednisolone, conjugates did not induce a significant lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Calu-3 cells after a 20 h exposure. Following nebulisation to isolated perfused rat lungs (IPRL), the PEG₂₀₀₀ and mPEG₂₀₀₀ conjugates reduced the maximum prednisolone concentration in the perfusate (Cmax) by 3.0 and 2.2 fold, respectively. Moreover, while prednisolone was undetectable in the perfusion solution beyond 20 min when the free drug was administered, prednisolone concentrations were still quantifiable after 40 min following delivery of the conjugates. This study is the first to demonstrate hydrolysable PEG drug ester conjugates are a promising approach for optimising the pharmacokinetic profile of small drugs delivered by inhalation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Doctoral Training in Targeted Therapeutics and Formulation Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: F J C
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bayard
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thielemans
authors.forename: D I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bäckman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ewing
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosquillon
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004952:Esters; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004952:Esters; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011239:Prednisolone
keywords: Pharmacokinetic; Polyethylene glycol; Polymer conjugation; Pro-drug; Pulmonary delivery