title: Detection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by mass spectrometry procedures in doping controls.
abstract: Uncovering manipulation of athletic performance via small interfering (si)RNA is an emerging field in sports drug testing. Due to the potential to principally knock down every target gene in the organism by means of the RNA interference pathway, this facet of gene doping has become a realistic scenario. In the present study, two distinct model siRNAs comprising 21 nucleotides were designed as double strands which were perfect counterparts to a sequence of the respective messenger RNA coding the muscle regulator myostatin of Rattus norvegicus. Several modified nucleotides were introduced in both the sense and the antisense strand comprising phosphothioates, 2'-O-methylation, 2'-fluoro-nucleotides, locked nucleic acids and a cholesterol tag at the 3'-end. The model siRNAs were applied to rats at 1 mg/kg (i.v.) and blood as well as urine samples were collected. After isolation of the RNA by means of a RNA purification kit, the target analytes were detected by liquid chromatography - high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Analytes were detected as modified nucleotides after alkaline hydrolysis, as intact oligonucleotide strands (top-down) and by means of denaturing SDS-PAGE analysis. The gel-separated siRNA was further subjected to in-gel hydrolysis with different RNases and subsequent identification of the fragments by untargeted LC-HRMS analysis (bottom-up, 'experimental RNomics'). Combining the results of all approaches, the identification of several 3'-truncated urinary metabolites was accomplished and target analytes were detected up to 24 h after a single administration. Simultaneously collected blood samples yielded no promising results. The methods were validated and found fit-for-purpose for doping controls.
authors.affiliation: Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walpurgis
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delahaut
authors.forename: Maxie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schänzer
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thevis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: genetic doping; mass spectrometry; sport; urine