title: Effects of music on physiological and behavioral responses of premature infants: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite persuasive theories about the beneficial effects of music and singing in developmental care for premature infants, few small studies are available in this regard. We conducted this study to investigate the physiological and behavioral responses of premature infants to recorded lullaby music and silence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized controlled trial, 90 premature infants in the neonatal care unit of a hospital in Qom (Iran) were randomly allocated to intervention (lullaby and silence) or control groups. Lullaby music was played via headphones at a volume of 50-60 dB. In the silence group, headphones were placed on the infants' ears while no music was played. The three groups were surveyed for physiological responses including oxygen saturation, respiratory and heart rates, and behavioral states every five minutes before, during, and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three groups were not significantly different in terms of mean values of respiratory and heart rates, oxygen saturation, and behavioral states of infants. Similarly, no significant within group differences in respiratory and heart rates, oxygen saturation, and behavioral states were observed at different times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings did not support the beneficial effects of music for premature infants. However, music is a noninvasive, non-pharmaceutical, and relatively low-cost intervention that can be implemented at infants' bedside. Thus further research is warranted to determine whether the effects noted in previous studies can be consistently replicated in diverse settings and with diverse groups of preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alipour
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eskandari
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmari Tehran
authors.forename: Seyed Kamal
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Eshagh Hossaini
authors.forename: Sareh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangi
mesh_terms: D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009147:Music Therapy; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011181:Postnatal Care; D012119:Respiration; D063346:Singing; D013016:Sound; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Behavioral states; Complement therapy; Lullaby music; Neonatal intensive care unit; Physiological responses; Premature infant