title: Pulp Stone, Haemodialysis, End-stage Renal Disease, Carotid Atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the presence of pulp calcification and carotid artery calcification on the dental panoramic radiographs in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients who were on haemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 112 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients on who were haemodialysis participated in this study. The periapical and the panoramic radiographs for all the patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of the narrowing of the dental pulps and for pulp stones in the pulp chambers and the pulp canals. The panoramic radiographs were also evaluated to determine the carotid calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid calcifications were detected in none of the patients. 84 (74.99%) patients had dental pulp narrowing, and 38 (33.92%) patients had pulp stones. There was no statistical correlation between pulp narrowing and Carotid Artery Calcification (CAC) in the haemodialysis patient group. There was also no statistical correlation between pulp stones and CAC in the haemodialysis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  However, the incidental finding of CAC on a panoramic radiograph can provide life-saving information for the vascular disease patients, but in the present study, no significant relationship was found between the presence of the pulpal calcification and CAC in the ESRD patients who were on haemodialysis. Therefore, the presence of pulp calcification does not seem to serve as a diagnostic marker for carotid atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral medicine and radiology, Jodhpur Dental College, Jodhpur National University , Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinha
keywords: Carotid atherosclerosis; End-stage renal disease; Haemodialysis; Pulp stone
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