title: In vitro fenestration of aortic stent-grafts: implications of puncture methods for in situ fenestration durability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the quality of stent-graft fenestrations created in vitro using different needle puncture and balloon dilation angles in different commercial endografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fenestrations were made in a standardized fashion in 3 different endograft types: Talent monofilament twill woven polyester, Zenith multifilament tubular woven polyester, and Endofit thin-walled expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Punctures were made at 30°, 60°, and 90° angles using a 20-G needle and dilated using 6-mm standard and 7-mm cutting balloons; at least 6 fenestrations were made at each angle with standard balloons and at least 6 with cutting balloons. The 137 fenestrations were examined under light microscopy; quantitative and qualitative digital image analysis was performed to determine size, shape, and fenestration quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTFE grafts were easier to puncture/dilate, resulting in larger, elliptical fenestrations with overall better quality than the Dacron grafts; however, the puncture/dilation angle made an impact on the shape and quality of fenestrations. A significant number of fabric tears were observed in PTFE fabric at <90° puncture/dilation angles compared to Dacron grafts. In Dacron grafts, fenestration quality was significantly higher with 90° puncture/dilation angles (higher in Talent grafts). Cutting balloon use resulted in significantly more fabric tears and poor quality fenestrations in all graft types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different endografts behave significantly differently when fenestrations are fashioned. Optimum puncture/dilation is important when considering in vivo fenestration techniques. Improvements in instrumentation, materials, and techniques are required to make this a reliable and reproducible endovascular option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. c.riga@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Celia V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Riga
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bicknell
authors.forename: Melvinder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basra
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamady
authors.forename: Nicholas J W
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cheshire
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D008422:Materials Testing; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011677:Punctures; D015607:Stents