title: Perinatal pathologic examination of nonintact, second-trimester fetal demise specimens: the value of standardization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of second-trimester intrauterine fetal demise via dilation and evacuation results in nonintact specimens for pathologic examination. Surgical pathology examination is often mandated; however, evidence on expected findings and specimen evaluation guidelines are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess pathologic findings of nonintact, second-trimester fetal demise specimens, through comparison of anatomic abnormalities identified on standardized perinatal examination to individualized general pathology examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single institution, retrospective chart review of 14- to 24-week gestational size fetal demise cases was conducted from May 2006 to October 2010. Suspected abnormalities, chromosomal and pathologic diagnoses were collected. A general surgical pathology examination occurred between May 2006 and October 2008, while a perinatal pathologist examined specimens between October 2008 and October 2010. Statistical analysis consisted of t tests and χ(2) tests by Stata/SE 12.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighteen specimens were included and mean gestational size was 16.0 weeks (standard deviation, 1.6 weeks). Perinatal pathologic evaluation diagnosed significantly more abnormalities than did general pathologic examination (77.3% [34 of 44] versus 9.5% [7 of 75], P < .001). Forty-eight abnormalities were identified: 77.0% (n = 37) were placental and 23.0% (n = 11) were fetal. Chromosomal analysis was done on 73.7% (n = 87 of 118) with 12.6% (n = 11 of 87) showing abnormalities. Among aneuploid specimens, the perinatal pathologist confirmed abnormalities in 66.7% (n = 4 of 6) of cases while general pathologists confirmed abnormalities in 0% (n = 0 of 5) (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic surgical pathology examination of nonintact, second-trimester fetal demise specimens yields increased information on fetal or placental abnormalities, which may be clinically useful. Institutions with high-risk obstetrical practices and dilation and evacuation providers should consider integrating a standardized perinatal checklist into educational and practice guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Section of Family Planning and Contraception, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. lorigawron@gmail.com
authors.forename: Lori M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gawron
authors.forename: Cassing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ernst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000002:abnormalities; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult