title: An overview of the Charcot foot pathophysiology.
abstract: Charcot arthropathy of the foot is a rare but devastating complication of diabetes that remains to be a challenging issue for the foot and ankle surgeons. Charcot foot fails to be an obvious diagnostic option that comes to mind, even in a pathognomonic clinical appearance. The rarity of the disorder, more common pathologies that mimic the condition, and the self-limiting prognosis deviate the clinician from the right diagnosis. The clinical challenges in the diagnosis of Charcot foot require in-depth investigations of its enigmatic nature to establish useful guidelines. Yet, this goal seems to be beyond reach, without a holistic view of the immense literature concerning the pathophysiology of the disorder. The primary objective of this article is to put together and review the recent advancements about the etiology and intrinsic mechanisms of diabetic Charcot foot.
authors.affiliation: Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaynak
authors.forename: Olgar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Birsel
authors.forename: Mehmet Fatih
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oğüt
keywords: Charcot foot; diabetes mellitus; neuropathy; neuropeptides; pathophysiology
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2011 Feb;28(2):168-74
references.pmid: 21219424
references.citation: J Clin Rheumatol. 2012 Jun;18(4):207-8
references.pmid: 22647866
references.citation: J Diabetes Complications. 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):77-82
references.pmid: 18280436
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2012 Jun;29(6):771-5
references.pmid: 21913967
references.citation: Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2005 Sep;4(3):133-7
references.pmid: 16100093
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan;86(1):450-3
references.pmid: 11232040
references.citation: World J Diabetes. 2011 May 15;2(5):59-65
references.pmid: 21691556
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(3):319-36
references.pmid: 16341622
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Dec;26(12):2153-2155
references.pmid: 17541499
references.citation: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2008 Jan;25(1):29-42, vi
references.pmid: 18165109
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1996 Nov;39(11):1377-84
references.pmid: 8933008
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 May-Jun;24 Suppl 1:S40-4
references.pmid: 18442183
references.citation: J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011 Nov-Dec;50(6):648-53
references.pmid: 21705241
references.citation: J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2011 Sep;13(1):1-13
references.pmid: 22361621
references.citation: Foot Ankle Int. 1999 Sep;20(9):564-7
references.pmid: 10509683
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 May-Jun;24 Suppl 1:S58-61
references.pmid: 18442182
references.citation: J Diabetes Complications. 1998 May-Jun;12(3):147-53
references.pmid: 9618070
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Sep;80(9):1314-9
references.pmid: 9759816
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2002 Jul 15;58(2):85-90
references.pmid: 12203707
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1694-7
references.pmid: 19502537
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Dec 10;366(9502):2058-61
references.pmid: 16338454
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 2006 Jun;38(6):361-7
references.pmid: 16823717
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2002 Jul 15;58(2):61-9
references.pmid: 12203704
references.citation: Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2010;44(4):328-36
references.pmid: 21252611
references.citation: J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2005 Dec;10(4):375-81
references.pmid: 16279987
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2002 Aug;45(8):1085-96
references.pmid: 12189438
references.citation: Bone. 2010 May;46(5):1369-79
references.pmid: 19962460
references.citation: Diabet Foot Ankle. 2012;3:
references.pmid: 22396834
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Dec;30(12):3077-9
references.pmid: 17804679
references.citation: Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 May;6(5):280-3
references.pmid: 15151367
references.citation: Peptides. 2000 Apr;21(4):559-64
references.pmid: 10822112
references.citation: Iowa Orthop J. 2004;24:123-32
references.pmid: 15296219
references.citation: J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 Sep;17(9):562-71
references.pmid: 19726740
references.citation: Transplantation. 2012 Sep 27;94(6):642-5
references.pmid: 22929593
references.citation: Menopause. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):913-8
references.pmid: 17667143
references.citation: Diabetes. 2011 Aug;60(8):2187-96
references.pmid: 21659498
references.citation: Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012 Jul;15(3):202-4
references.pmid: 22919194
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 Feb;33(2):350-5
references.pmid: 19880584
references.citation: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1997 Jun;87(6):272-8
references.pmid: 9198348
references.citation: J Immunol. 1991 Mar 1;146(5):1541-6
references.pmid: 1993844
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2008 Dec;25(12):1469-72
references.pmid: 19046247
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1235-6
references.pmid: 15111556
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1214-5
references.pmid: 15855594
references.citation: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010 Mar;30(2):130-4
references.pmid: 20089075
references.citation: Orthopedics. 1993 Oct;16(10):1133-6
references.pmid: 8255808
references.citation: Foot Ankle Int. 2006 Oct;27(10):797-800
references.pmid: 17054880
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2123-9
references.pmid: 21868781
references.citation: Nitric Oxide. 2009 Aug;21(1):27-36
references.pmid: 19389479
references.citation: Nucl Med Commun. 2006 Sep;27(9):745-9
references.pmid: 16894330
references.citation: Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006 Mar;114(3):118-23
references.pmid: 16636977
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2010 Jul;27(7):844-7
references.pmid: 20636967
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Feb;20(2):257-67
references.pmid: 15647820
references.citation: J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008 Sep-Oct;47(5):424-9
references.pmid: 18725122
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 May 16;369(4):1150-4
references.pmid: 18339304
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2008 Jun;51(6):1035-40
references.pmid: 18389210
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 May-Jun;24 Suppl 1:S62-5
references.pmid: 18393327
references.citation: J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998 Sep-Oct;37(5):437-9; discussion 449
references.pmid: 9798177
references.citation: Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2011 Mar;10(1):16-32
references.pmid: 21444607
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2006 Oct;19(5):481-6
references.pmid: 16969158
references.citation: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;73(3):348-62
references.pmid: 21988193