title: Association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development: a hospital-based prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between antenatal depression and infant development after controlling for confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hospital-based prospective cohort study (Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health) was conducted between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan. Of 309 mothers who delivered at Sapporo Toho Hospital during the study period and who agreed with the clinical assessment of depression, 154 mother-infant pairs were eligible for analysis. Antenatal depression was assessed between the second and third trimesters using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and infant development was assessed at 6 months by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II). Data on potential confounders, including socioeconomic status, birth complications, postnatal depression and child care environment, were obtained from medical records and self-administered questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted in which the EPDS score was entered as an independent variable and the BSID-II scores as a dependent variable, adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the antenatal EPDS score tended to be related to the BSID-II score in the univariable analysis, this correlation was lost in the multivariable analysis. However, based on a series of linear regression analyses, antenatal depression was found to be significantly related to shorter gestational age (β = -0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI) [-1.20, -0.17]), and shorter gestational age was significantly related to a lower BSID-II (mental development) score (β = 0.23, 95 % CI [0.00, 0.00]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational age is an important confounder in the association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development. A delay in infant development may be related to a shorter gestational period caused by maternal depression during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental and Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan, yukotakey@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otake
authors.forename: Sonomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.forename: Shizue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Seiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Tamiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeno
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 1998;30(1):21-4
references.pmid: 9507508
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2001 Sep-Oct;63(5):830-4
references.pmid: 11573032
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;68(6):938-46
references.pmid: 17079701
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Jan;180(1 Pt 3):S242-6
references.pmid: 9914625
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Dec;203(6):563.e1-7
references.pmid: 20833384
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2008 Apr;84(4):249-56
references.pmid: 17761394
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2004 Sep;56(3):400-10
references.pmid: 15240860
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May;114(5):773-8
references.pmid: 16675436
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2001 Dec;65(5):427-51
references.pmid: 11689280
references.citation: Child Dev. 2006 May-Jun;77(3):573-87
references.pmid: 16686789
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6
references.pmid: 3651732
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5 Pt 1):1071-83
references.pmid: 16260528
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;41(12):1470-7
references.pmid: 12447034
references.citation: Peptides. 2006 Jun;27(6):1457-63
references.pmid: 16309788
references.citation: Int J Dev Neurosci. 1994 Nov;12(7):651-9
references.pmid: 7900547
references.citation: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2000 Apr;16(4):197-202
references.pmid: 10933751
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1986 Apr;108(4):624-6
references.pmid: 3958839
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1977 Dec;5(4):417-23
references.pmid: 75219
references.citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001 Mar;80(3):251-5
references.pmid: 11207491
references.citation: BJOG. 2008 Jul;115(8):1043-51
references.pmid: 18651886
references.citation: Child Dev. 1982 Oct;53(5):1371-81
references.pmid: 7140436
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2005 Jan-Feb;17(1):55-65
references.pmid: 15611979
references.citation: Nat Med. 1995 May;1(5):460-3
references.pmid: 7585095
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Sep;30(8):724-43
references.pmid: 15919579
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;47(9):1063-72
references.pmid: 18665002
references.citation: Am J Ment Defic. 1977 Mar;81(5):417-20
references.pmid: 66872
references.citation: BMJ. 1999 Jan 16;318(7177):153-7
references.pmid: 9888905
references.citation: Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006 May;9(3):121-30
references.pmid: 16547826
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997 Jul;44(3):235-41
references.pmid: 9266103
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1977;5(1):79-91
references.pmid: 845332
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2009 Jan;85(1):65-70
references.pmid: 18723301
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2008 May;97(5):568-73
references.pmid: 18394101
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;35(5):935-48
references.pmid: 7962249
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1993 Nov;92(5):658-65
references.pmid: 7692381
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;31(5):863-7
references.pmid: 1400118
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 1985;9(3):335-40
references.pmid: 4052839
references.citation: BMJ. 2001 Aug 4;323(7307):257-60
references.pmid: 11485953
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2001 Feb;13(2):113-28
references.pmid: 11168837