title: Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors.
abstract: Source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. However, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (water and salt stress, mineral deficiency, CO2, light, temperature, air, and soil pollutants) and biotic (mutualistic and pathogenic microbes, viruses, aphids, and parasitic plants) factors. Concerning abiotic constraints, alteration of the distribution of sugar among sinks is often reported, with some sinks as roots favored in case of mineral deficiency. Many of these constraints impair the transport function of the phloem but the exact mechanisms are far from being completely known. Phloem integrity can be disrupted (e.g., by callose deposition) and under certain conditions, phloem transport is affected, earlier than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inhibition could result from the increase in sugar concentration due to phloem transport decrease. Biotic interactions (aphids, fungi, viruses…) also affect crop plant productivity. Recent breakthroughs have identified some of the sugar transporters involved in these interactions on the host and pathogen sides. The different data are discussed in relation to the phloem transport pathways. When possible, the link with current knowledge on the pathways at the molecular level will be highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Remi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Camera
authors.forename: Rossitza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atanassova
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dédaldéchamp
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allario
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pourtau
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bonnemain
authors.forename: Maryse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laloi
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coutos-Thévenot
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maurousset
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faucher
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Girousse
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemonnier
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parrilla
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durand
keywords: Phloem; abiotic factors; biotic factors; source/sink; sugar transport
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