title: Implicit versus explicit measures of self-concept of self-control and their differential predictive power for spontaneous trait-relevant behaviors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low trait self-control constitutes a core criterion in various psychiatric disorders. Personality traits such as low self-control are mostly indexed by self-report measures. However, several theorists emphasized the importance of differentiating between explicit and implicit indices of personality traits, Therefore, the present study examined the unique predictive validity of an implicit measure of trait self-control for spontaneous dysfunctional behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a measure of implicit trait self-control, we used an irrelevant feature task: a speeded reaction time task comprising a task-relevant stimulus feature (i.e., capital vs. lower case letter type) and a task-irrelevant feature (high vs. low self-control word type). The irrelevant feature had to be ignored, while participants (n = 34) responded to the relevant stimulus feature. However, their response was either congruent or incongruent with the irrelevant stimulus feature, resulting in facilitated or deteriorated task performance. As indicators of trait-related spontaneous dysfunctional behavior, we included indices of frustration tolerance and the preference for short-term reward over meeting long-term goals. We also included two explicit measures of trait self-control: a self-report questionnaire and an explicit self-relevance rating of the implicit task stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specifically the implicit measure of trait self-control showed predictive validity for the target self-control behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The predictive validity of implicit measures of personality traits requires further study in larger, non-student samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As predicted, the implicit measure of trait self-control showed superior predictive power for spontaneous trait-related behavior. This finding points to the relevance of complementing the routinely used self-report measures with implicit measures of trait self-control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: R.J.C.Huntjens@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Rafaële J C
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Huntjens
authors.forename: Marleen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rijkeboer
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krakau
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dual processing; Implicit measures; Self-control