title: Models for open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.
abstract: The nature of the pharmaceutical industry is such that the main driver for its growth is innovation. In view of the vast challenges that the industry has been facing for several years and, in particular, how to manage stagnating research and development (R&D) productivity, pharmaceutical companies have opened their R&D organizations to external innovation. Here, we identify and characterize four new types of open innovator, which we call 'knowledge creator', 'knowledge integrator', 'knowledge translator' and 'knowledge leverager', and which describe current open R&D models.
authors.affiliation: Reutlingen University, School of Applied Chemistry, Alteburgstrasse 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.schuhmacher@reutlingen-university.de.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuhmacher
authors.forename: Paul-Georg
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Germann
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trill
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gassmann
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012106:Research / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical