title: Effects of inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms on warfarin maintenance doses in Korean patients with mechanical cardiac valves.
abstract: Cytokines that are involved in inflammation are related to blood coagulation, which could indirectly affect warfarin dose requirements. This study aimed to examine the effects of inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements for Korean patients with mechanical heart valves. In total, 191 patients with mechanical heart valves who were on warfarin anticoagulation therapy and maintained INR levels of 2-3 for three consecutive occasions were retrospectively followed up. In addition to vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 polymorphisms, the interferon-γ, interleukin-1β (IL1B), interleukin-6, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1), tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein genotypes were determined. The predictive contribution of age, VKORC1, and CYP2C9 to variability was 46.0 %. The addition of IL1B and TGFB1 polymorphisms increased the R (2) to 48.8 % for stable dose requirements, and significantly higher doses were found, especially when the TGFB1 CC genotype was combined with the IL1B TT genotype. Based on the results, it was concluded that inflammatory cytokine genes, such as TGFB1 and IL1B, can be predictive variables for stable warfarin doses in Korean patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Korea.
authors.forename: In Kyung
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yun Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Byung Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kyung Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rhie
authors.forename: Byung Koo
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hye Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gwak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014859:Warfarin