title: Meat intake and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of Asian prospective cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total or red meat intake has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of mortality in Western populations, but little is known of the risks in Asian populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined temporal trends in meat consumption and associations between meat intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used ecological data from the United Nations to compare country-specific meat consumption. Separately, 8 Asian prospective cohort studies in Bangladesh, China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan consisting of 112,310 men and 184,411 women were followed for 6.6 to 15.6 y with 24,283 all-cause, 9558 cancer, and 6373 cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. We estimated the study-specific HRs and 95% CIs by using a Cox regression model and pooled them by using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Red meat consumption was substantially lower in the Asian countries than in the United States. Fish and seafood consumption was higher in Japan and Korea than in the United States. Our pooled analysis found no association between intake of total meat (red meat, poultry, and fish/seafood) and risks of all-cause, CVD, or cancer mortality among men and women; HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality from a comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile were 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) in men and 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ecological data indicate an increase in meat intake in Asian countries; however, our pooled analysis did not provide evidence of a higher risk of mortality for total meat intake and provided evidence of an inverse association with red meat, poultry, and fish/seafood. Red meat intake was inversely associated with CVD mortality in men and with cancer mortality in women in Asian countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dale F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McLerran
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vedanthan
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Habibul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahsan
authors.forename: Yoon-Ok
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Wen-Harn
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.forename: Keun-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Faruque
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parvez
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shao-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Waka
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ohishi
authors.forename: Sue K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ziding
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thornquist
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D002417:Cattle; D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D011200:Poultry; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
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