title: Lumbopelvic manipulation in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent clinical prediction rule (CPR) identified characteristics that may predict an immediate reduction in pain following lumbopelvic manipulation in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The purpose of this single-arm cohort study was to replicate the proposed CPR in a different population and investigate changes in self-reported pain, hip range of motion, strength, and function immediately following lumbopelvic manipulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four subjects (63·6% female; mean age 27·4 years) met inclusion criteria. Hip internal rotation range of motion, lower extremity strength using a handheld dynamometer, and single/triple hop tests were assessed prior to and immediately following a spinal manipulation. A global rating of change questionnaire was administered after testing and telephonically at 1 week. Paired t-tests compared pre- and post-manipulation range of motion, strength, and hop test limb symmetry indices (α = 0·05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven percent of subjects had a successful outcome measured by the numerical pain rating scale immediately following manipulation. Twenty-five of subjects experienced a successful outcome as measured by the global rating of change questionnaire at 1 week. No single individual or combination of predictor variables predicted a positive outcome immediately following the lumbopelvic manipulation (+likelihood ratio 0·7 with three of five predictor variables present). Statistically significant differences (P<0·05) were found in hip extension and abduction strength and hip internal rotation symmetry post-manipulation, but do not appear to be clinically meaningful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The previously identified CPR was not able to be replicated and no clinically meaningful changes in range of motion, strength, or function were apparent. Future research should focus on a comprehensive impairment-based treatment approach in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
authors.affiliation: US Army-Baylor University Doctoral Fellowship in Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA ; Tuttle Army Health Clinic, Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Crowell
authors.forename: Nancy H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Wofford
keywords: Anterior knee pain; Manipulation; Patellofemoral pain syndrome; Rehabilitation
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