title: Neuritogenic effect of standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233 on human neuroblastoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to gain insight into neuroprotective effects of ECa 233, a standardized extract of Centella asiatica, previously demonstrated in animal models of memory impairment induced by transient global ischemia or intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid, the effect of ECa 233 on neurite outgrowth of human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cell line was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were seeded and incubated with various concentrations of ECa 233. Morphometric analysis was carried out by a measurement of the longest neurite growth of cells at 24 and 48 h. Contributing signaling pathways possibly involved were subsequently elucidated by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While ECa 233 had only limited effects on cell viability, it significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth of IMR-32 cells at the concentrations of 1-100 μg/ml. Western blot analysis revealed that ECa 233 significantly upregulated the level of activated ERK1/2 and Akt of the treated cells suggesting their involvement in the neuritogenic effect observed, which was subsequently verified by the finding that an addition of their respective inhibitors could reverse the effect of ECa 233 on these cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study clearly demonstrated neurite outgrowth promoting activity of ECa 233. ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways seemed to account for the neurotrophic effect observed. In conjunction with in vivo neuroprotective effect of ECa 233 previously reported, the results obtained support further development of ECa 233 for clinical use in neuronal injury or neurodegenerative diseases.
authors.forename: Oraphan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wanakhachornkrai
authors.forename: Varisa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pongrakhananon
authors.forename: Preedakorn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chunhacha
authors.forename: Aree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wanasuntronwong
authors.forename: Anusara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vattanajun
authors.forename: Boonyong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tantisira
authors.forename: Pithi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chanvorachote
authors.forename: Mayuree H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tantisira
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D028041:Centella / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C000591488:ECa 233 extract; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C535150:MAPK1 protein, human; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
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