title: Biocompatible evaluation of barium titanate foamed ceramic structures for orthopedic applications.
abstract: The potential of barium titanate (BT) to be electrically active makes it a material of interest in regenerative medicine. To enhance the understanding of this material for orthopedic applications, the in vitro biocompatibility of porous BT fabricated using a direct foaming technique was investigated. Characterization of the resultant foams yielded an overall porosity between 50 and 70% with average pore size in excess of 30 µm in diameter. A mouse osteoblast (7F2) cell line was cultured with the BT to determine the extent of the foams' toxicity using a LDH assay. After 72 h, BT foams showed a comparable cytotoxicity of 6.4 ± 0.8% to the 8.4 ± 1.5% of porous 45S5 Bioglass®. The in vitro inflammatory response elicited from porous BT was measured as a function of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secreted from a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). Results indicate that the BT foams do not cause a significant inflammatory response, eliciting a 9.4 ± 1.3 pg of TNF-α per mL of media compared with 20.2 ± 2.3 pg/mL from untreated cells. These results indicate that porous BT does not exhibit short term cytotoxicity and has potential for orthopedic tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.
authors.forename: Jordan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Brittnee A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mound
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nino
authors.forename: Josephine B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017609:Barium Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002516:Ceramics; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009985:Orthopedics; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C024547:barium titanate(IV); D014025:Titanium
keywords: barium titanate; biomaterials; ceramic foams; orthopedic; porous materials