title: Vaccination enhances early immune responses in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after secondary exposure to Vibrio alginolyticus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent work suggested that the presence of specific memory or some form of adaptive immunity occurs in insects and shrimp. Hypervariable pattern recognition molecules, known as Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules, are able to mount specific recognition, and immune priming in invertebrates. In the present study, we attempted to understand the immune response pattern of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei which received primary (PE) and secondary exposure (SE) to Vibrio alginolyticus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune parameters and proliferation of haematopoietic tissues (HPTs) of shrimp which had received PE and SE to V. alginolyticus were measured. In the PE trial, the immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of shrimp that received heat-killed V. alginolyticus (HVa) and formalin-inactivated V. alginolyticus (FVa) were measured. Mortality, immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to HVa after 7 days) and 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to FVa after 7 days) following SE to live V. alginolyticus (LVa) were measured. Phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency were examined for the 7∼35-day-HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HVa-receiving shrimp showed an earlier increase in the immune response on day 1, whereas FVa-receiving shrimp showed a late increase in the immune response on day 5. The 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed enhancement of immunity when encountering SE to LVa, whereas 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp showed a minor enhancement in immunity. 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed higher proliferation and an HPT mitotic index. Both phagocytic activity and clearance maintained higher for both HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp after 28 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HVa- and FVa-receiving shrimp showed the bacteria agglutinated prior to being phagocytised. FVa functions as a vaccine, whereas HVa functions as an inducer and can be used as an immune adjuvant. A combined mixture of FVa and HVa can serve as a "vaccine component" to modulate the immunity of shrimp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jiann-Chu
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wan Zabidii W
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Morni
authors.forename: Dedi Fazriansyah
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Putra
authors.forename: Chien-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chang-Che
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jen-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000276:immunology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D008938:Mitosis / Q000276:immunology; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005557:Formaldehyde
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