title: Photodynamic biofilm inactivation by SAPYR--an exclusive singlet oxygen photosensitizer.
abstract: Prevention and control of biofilm-growing microorganisms are serious problems in public health due to increasing resistances of some pathogens against antimicrobial drugs and the potential of these microorganisms to cause severe infections in patients. Therefore, alternative approaches that are capable of killing pathogens are needed to supplement standard treatment modalities. One alternative is the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB). The lethal effect of PIB is based on the principle that visible light activates a photosensitizer, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species, e.g., singlet oxygen, which induces phototoxicity immediately during illumination. SAPYR is a new generation of photosensitizers. Based on a 7-perinaphthenone structure, it shows a singlet oxygen quantum yield ΦΔ of 99% and is water soluble and photostable. Moreover, it contains a positive charge for good adherence to cell walls of pathogens. In this study, the PIB properties of SAPYR were investigated against monospecies and polyspecies biofilms formed in vitro by oral key pathogens. SAPYR showed a dual mechanism of action against biofilms: (I) it disrupts the structure of the biofilm even without illumination; (II) when irradiated, it inactivates bacteria in a polymicrobial biofilm after one single treatment with an efficacy of ≥ 99.99%. These results encourage further investigation on the potential of PIB using SAPYR for the treatment of localized infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: cieplik@me.com.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cieplik
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: andreas.spaeth@chemie.uni-regensburg.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Späth
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: johannes.regensburger@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Regensburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: anita.gollmer@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gollmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: laura.tabenski@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tabenski
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: karl-anton.hiller@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Karl-Anton
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.baeumler@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bäumler
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: tim.maisch@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Electronic address: gottfried.schmalz@ukr.de.
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalz
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D026082:Singlet Oxygen
keywords: (1)O(2); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridino)-porphyrin tetra-(p-toluenesulfonate); 7-perinaphthenone, phenalen-1-one; AN; Actinomyces naeslundii; BA; Blood agar; CFU; CS; Colony-forming units; Complete saliva medium; Con A; Concanavalin A; EF; EPS; Enterococcus faecalis; Extracellular polymeric substance; FN; Fusobacterium nucleatum; H(2)O(2); HO; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydroxyl radical; ICG; Indocyanine green; MHA; Mueller-Hinton-agar; O(2)(−); OD; Optical density; PBS; PIB; PN; PNS; PS; Perinaphthenone; Perinaphthenone-2-sulfonic acid, phenalen-1-one-2-sulfonic acid; Phosphate-buffered saline; Photodynamic; Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria; Photosensitizer; Polymicrobial biofilm; ROS; Reactive oxygen species; Singlet oxygen; Singlet oxygen quantum yield; TMPyP; superoxide ion; Φ(Δ)