title: Single-trial analysis of the neural correlates of speech quality perception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing speech quality perception is a challenge typically addressed in behavioral and opinion-seeking experiments. Only recently, neuroimaging methods were introduced, which were used to study the neural processing of quality at group level. However, our electroencephalography (EEG) studies show that the neural correlates of quality perception are highly individual. Therefore, it became necessary to establish dedicated machine learning methods for decoding subject-specific effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effectiveness of our methods is shown by the data of an EEG study that investigates how the quality of spoken vowels is processed neurally. Participants were asked to indicate whether they had perceived a degradation of quality (signal-correlated noise) in vowels, presented in an oddball paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that the P3 amplitude is attenuated with increasing noise. Single-trial analysis allows one to show that this is partly due to an increasing jitter of the P3 component. A novel classification approach helps to detect trials with presumably non-conscious processing at the threshold of perception. We show that this approach uncovers a non-trivial confounder between neural hits and neural misses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of EEG signals and machine learning methods results in a significant 'neural' gain in sensitivity (in processing quality loss) when compared to standard behavioral evaluation; averaged over 11 subjects, this amounts to a relative improvement in sensitivity of 35%.
authors.affiliation: Machine Learning Laboratory, Berlin Institute of Technology, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. DFG Research Training Group 'Sensory Computation in Neural Systems' (GRK 1589/1), D-10587 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Porbadnigk
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Treder
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Blankertz
authors.forename: Jan-Niklas
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Antons
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Curio
authors.forename: Klaus-Robert
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000465:Algorithms; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004585:Electrooculography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013672:Technology / Q000592:standards