title: Lifestyle, dietary factors, and antibody levels to oral bacteria in cancer-free participants of a European cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiota play a pivotal role in chronic diseases, in addition to the well-established role in periodontal disease. Moreover, recent studies suggest that oral bacteria may also be involved in carcinogenesis; periodontal disease has been linked to several cancers. In this study, we examined whether lifestyle factors have an impact on antibody levels to oral bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions were obtained at the time of blood sample collection. For the current analysis, we measured antibody levels to 25 oral bacteria in 395 cancer-free individuals using an immunoblot array. Combined total immunoglobin G (IgG) levels were obtained by summing concentrations for all oral bacteria measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IgG antibody levels were substantially lower among current and former smokers (1,697 and 1,677 ng/mL, respectively) than never smokers (1,960 ng/mL; p trend = 0.01), but did not vary by other factors, including body mass index, diabetes, physical activity, or by dietary factors, after adjusting for age, sex, education, country, and smoking status. The highest levels of total IgG were found among individuals with low education (2,419 ng/mL).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings on smoking are consistent with previous studies and support the notion that smokers have a compromised humoral immune response. Moreover, other major factors known to be associated with inflammatory markers, including obesity, were not associated with antibody levels to a large number of oral bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Box G-S121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA, Dominique_Michaud@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Dominique S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izard
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Marie Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dossus
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Verena A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Androniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.forename: Giana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziara
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grioni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Siersema
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barricarte
authors.forename: José-María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina-Montes
authors.forename: Miren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorronsoro
authors.forename: J Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duell
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeppsson
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lif
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freisling
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte-Salles
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stepien
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
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