title: Cirrhosis as a moderator of outcomes in coronary artery bypass grafting and off-pump coronary artery bypass operations: a 12-year population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cirrhosis substantially affects morbidity and mortality in patients who undergo complex surgical procedures. However, cirrhosis is not included as a parameter in standardized perioperative cardiac risk assessment models. We sought to identify the impact of cirrhosis on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and off-pump CABG (OPCAB) outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the 1998 to 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases, we identified 3,046,709 patients who underwent CABG procedures, 744,636 (24.4%) of which were OPCAB; 6,448 (0.3%) had cirrhosis. Using hierarchical multivariable regression models, we analyzed the impact of cirrhosis on in-hospital outcomes: mortality, morbidity, length of stay, hospital charges, and disposition. Severity of liver dysfunction was assessed by the Deyo-Charlson comorbidity index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall CABG group, cirrhosis was independently associated with increased mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8 to 17), morbidity (AOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.0), length of stay (+1.2 days; p < 0.001), and hospital charges (+$22,491; p < 0.001). The prevalence of cirrhosis in the OPCAB group was 0.3% (n = 2,246); the OPCAB subgroup analysis revealed that the presence of cirrhosis did not affect mortality or morbidity unless there was severe liver dysfunction (mortality AOR 5.1, 95% CI 3.7 to 6.9; morbidity AOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.4). However, in the on-pump CABG patients, cirrhosis was associated with increased mortality and morbidity regardless of the severity of liver dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of cirrhosis on perioperative outcomes and health care costs is significant; CABG should be performed on carefully selected cirrhotic patients and, whenever possible, without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri. Electronic address: gopaldasr@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Raja R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gopaldas
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Heart & Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Lorraine D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Education-Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Tam K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.affiliation: Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: LeMaire
authors.affiliation: Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Coselli
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Faisal G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bakaeen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 23