title: Susceptibility of multispecies biofilm to photodynamic therapy using Photodithazine®.
abstract: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the multispecies biofilm of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans. Standardized fungal and bacterial suspensions were cultivated appropriately for each species and inoculated in 96-well microtiter plates for mix-biofilm formation. After 48 h of incubation, the biofilms were submitted to PDT (P + L+) using Photodithazine® (PDZ) at 100, 150, 175, 200, or 250 mg/mL for 20 min and 37.5 J/cm(2) of light-emitting diode (LED) (660 nm). Additional samples were treated only with PDZ (P + L-) or LED (P-L+), or neither (control, P-L-). Afterwards, the biofilms were evaluated by quantification of colonies (CFU/mL), metabolic activity (XTT reduction assay), total biomass (crystal violet staining), and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, PDT promoted a significant reduction in colonies viability of the three species evaluated with 175 and 200 mg/mL of PDZ. PDT also significantly reduced the metabolic activity of the biofilms compared with the control, despite the PDZ concentration. However, no significant difference was found in the total biomass of samples submitted or not to PDT. For all analysis, no significant difference was verified among P-L-, P + L-, and P-L+. CSLM showed a visual increase of dead cells after PDT. PDT-mediated PDZ was effective in reducing the cell viability of multispecies biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, CEP: 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane Campos Costa
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quishida
authors.forename: Juliana Cabrini
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carmello
authors.forename: Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Mima
authors.forename: Vanderlei Salvador
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pavarina
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D041221:Candida glabrata / Q000187:drug effects; D005840:Gentian Violet; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C047635:N-methylglucosamine; D005840:Gentian Violet; D005944:Glucosamine
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011 Nov;112(5):602-8
references.pmid: 21862363
references.citation: J Photochem Photobiol B. 1994 Mar;22(3):211-7
references.pmid: 8014753
references.citation: Caries Res. 2012;46(6):549-54
references.pmid: 22922473
references.citation: Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Feb;28(2):391-8
references.pmid: 22358772
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33(3):161-8
references.pmid: 12949945
references.citation: Mycoses. 2009 Nov;52(6):467-75
references.pmid: 19486299
references.citation: Mikrobiologiia. 2002 May-Jun;71(3):349-53
references.pmid: 12138756
references.citation: Lasers Med Sci. 2013 Feb;28(2):479-86
references.pmid: 22467011
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2004 May 01;9:1267-77
references.pmid: 14977543
references.citation: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010 Aug;59(3):493-503
references.pmid: 20608978
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Jun;57(6):1227-30
references.pmid: 16549510
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998 Jul;42(1):13-28
references.pmid: 9700525
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2011 Jun;75(2):213-67
references.pmid: 21646428
references.citation: Rev Iberoam Micol. 2001 Dec;18(4):163-70
references.pmid: 15496122
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Mar;109(3):392-401
references.pmid: 20060338
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Dec;28(12):2621-6
references.pmid: 2279992
references.citation: Lasers Med Sci. 2012 Mar;27(2):445-52
references.pmid: 21769639
references.citation: Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Mar-Apr;81(2):342-51
references.pmid: 15623318
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2008 Feb;72(2):157-65
references.pmid: 18155789
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2010 Oct;55(10):763-70
references.pmid: 20667522
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2009 Nov;47(7):681-9
references.pmid: 19888800
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Oct;18(10):E380-8
references.pmid: 22731617
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004 Jul;98(1):53-9
references.pmid: 15243471
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 2012 Sep;44(7):588-96
references.pmid: 22847720
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2009 Dec;44(6):751-9
references.pmid: 19602126
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2009 Nov;8(11):1658-64
references.pmid: 19717744
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):6918-25
references.pmid: 16269726
references.citation: Br J Dermatol. 2001 Feb;144(2):274-8
references.pmid: 11251558
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 2011 Nov;43(9):927-34
references.pmid: 22006736
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2007 Mar;86(3):204-15
references.pmid: 17314251
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Feb;58(2):200-10
references.pmid: 23153629
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 2007 Feb;115(1):77-80
references.pmid: 17305720
references.citation: Photochem Photobiol. 2008 Sep-Oct;84(5):1141-8
references.pmid: 18248505
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Feb;20(1):70-5
references.pmid: 22437681
references.citation: Lasers Med Sci. 2012 Jan;27(1):161-8
references.pmid: 21484454
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 2007 Jan;39(1):59-66
references.pmid: 17066481
references.citation: J Prosthodont. 2010 Jun;19(4):252-7
references.pmid: 20113395
references.citation: J Hosp Infect. 2002 Apr;50(4):243-60
references.pmid: 12014897
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 1998 Dec;85 Suppl 1:13S-18S
references.pmid: 21182688
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2001 Mar;80(3):903-8
references.pmid: 11379893
references.citation: Lasers Med Sci. 2011 May;26(3):341-8
references.pmid: 21069408
references.citation: Microbiol Res. 2008;163(1):1-12
references.pmid: 18037279
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:240-55
references.pmid: 12013344
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2008 Aug;53(8):755-64
references.pmid: 18395698