title: Gender differences in heterosexual college students' conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: implications for contemporary sexual assault prevention education.
abstract: Because sexual assault is often defined in terms of nonconsent, many prevention efforts focus on promoting the clear communication of consent as a mechanism to reduce assault. Yet little research has specifically examined how sexual consent is being conceptualized by heterosexual college students. In this study, 185 Midwestern U.S. college students provided responses to open-ended questions addressing how they define, communicate, and interpret sexual consent and nonconsent. The study aimed to assess how college students define and communicate consent, with particular attention to gender differences in consent. Results indicated no gender differences in defining consent. However, there were significant differences in how men and women indicated their own consent and nonconsent, with women reporting more verbal strategies than men and men reporting more nonverbal strategies than women, and in how they interpreted their partner's consent and nonconsent, with men relying more on nonverbal indicators of consent than women. Such gender differences may help to explain some misunderstandings or misinterpretations of consent or agreement to engage in sexual activity, which could partially contribute to the occurrence of acquaintance rape; thus, a better understanding of consent has important implications for developing sexual assault prevention initiatives.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation , University of Arkansas.
authors.forename: Kristen N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Jozkowski
authors.forename: Zoë D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reece
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology*; D011902:Rape / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult