title: Pelvic girdle pain after childbirth: the impact of mode of delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During pregnancy or postpartum period, several women experience some degree of pelvic girdle pain (PGP). In India, information is lacking about the prevalence and possible risk factors of PGP evaluated during postpartum period. This study aims to determine the prevalence of PGP in postpartum women who underwent vaginal or caesarean mode of delivery and to estimate possible associated factors with or without PGP in both modes of deliveries.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 284 postpartum women answered questionnaires and underwent clinical examinations. Clinical examination included pain provocation tests for the pelvis as well as the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test. Probable associated factors were studied using non-parametric tests and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study of 284 women, 41% reported pain in the pelvic girdle during postpartum period. Overall, 33% of the women experienced PGP after caesarean delivery as compared with 8.3% of women after vaginal delivery. Low back pain (LBP) before pregnancy, parity, active straight leg raise test score ≥ 4, bilateral P4 test, and sitting position during breast-feeding were significantly associated with vaginal delivery group and caesarean delivery group during postpartum period. In both modes of delivery, the association of PGP with these common factors remained after adjustment for other study factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found high prevalence of PGP in women who had caesarean delivery than those who had a vaginal delivery. Our finding suggests that, during postpartum period, LBP before pregnancy, parity, ASLR test score ≥ 4, bilateral P4 test, and sitting position during breast-feeding were significantly associated with increased risk of PGP in both vaginal and caesarean modes of deliveries, but further studies are needed for definitive conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of S.D.M College of Physiotherapy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. drprashantmb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mukkannavar
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Umasankar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.forename: Vijeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Parvatikar
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karwa
authors.forename: Sneha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daiwajna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult