title: Prescribing trends of antipsychotics in youth receiving income assistance: results from a retrospective population database study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prescribing of antipsychotics (AP) to young people has increased in the last decade internationally. We aimed to characterize AP prescribing in a population of low-income youth in Nova Scotia, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population database study of AP prescription claims and health services utilization by young people aged 25 years and younger receiving drug benefits through the publicly funded Pharmacare program between October 1, 2000 to September 30, 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four percent (1715/43888) of youth receiving Pharmacare benefits filled AP prescriptions. The use of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in all age groups except 0-5 year olds, whereas first generation antipsychotic use significantly decreased. Pharmacare beneficiaries aged 21-25 years represented 45.2% of AP users. The majority (66%) of youth filling AP prescriptions had 2 or more psychiatric diagnoses. Most youth (76%) filled prescriptions for only one type of AP during the study period. Psychotic disorders were the most common indication for AP use except with risperidone, in which ADHD was the most likely reason for use. Co-prescribing of psychotropics was prevalent with antidepressants and mood stabilizers prescribed in 42% and 27% of AP users, respectively. General practitioners (GPs) prescribed incident APs most often (72%) followed by psychiatrists (16%). The age- and gender-adjusted rate of death was higher in AP users as compared to the age-matched general population of Nova Scotia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGA use increased significantly over seven years in a cohort of 0 to 25 years olds receiving Pharmacare benefits. Off-label use of APs was prevalent with ADHD and other non-psychotic disorders being common reasons for AP use. GPs initiated most AP prescriptions. Co-prescribing of other psychotropics, especially antidepressants and mood stabilizers, was prevalent even in younger age strata. This study raises further questions about AP prescribing in those 25 years of age and under, especially given the range of diagnoses and psychotropic co-prescribing.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kisely
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Stan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kutcher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada; D016208:Databases, Factual; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000639:trends*; D011570:Psychiatry; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
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