title: Access to HIV counseling and testing among people who inject drugs in Central Asia: strategies for improving access and linkages to treatment and care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a population profoundly affected by the HIV epidemic and in critical need of linkages to HIV treatment and care, PWID in Central Asia remain largely underserved. This paper provides an overview of the current state of HIV testing and counseling in Central Asia for PWID, identifies main barriers leading to gaps in service delivery, and discusses implications for improving strategies that promote HIV testing for PWID.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a number of sources for this paper including unpublished government reports, published papers, and Ministries of Health of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan country progress reports to the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS) for 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 29 and 65% of PLWH in some Central Asian countries have been tested for HIV in the last 12 months. The rates have been increasing in the recent years but still are relatively low. Stigma, discrimination, human rights violations, and repressive legislation are barriers to HTC for people who inject drugs (PWID).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of innovative evidence-based HTC models, such as community mobile-vans, self-testing at home, and rapid HIV testing among PWID in Central Asia are discussed and recommendations given regarding amendments in legislation and scaling up of existing community-based pilot projects to support HIV testing among PWID in CA.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, Kazakhstan. Electronic address: at2024@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Assel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terlikbayeva
authors.forename: Baurzhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhussupov
authors.forename: Sholpan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Primbetova
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Nurmat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Atabekov
authors.forename: Gusal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giyasova
authors.forename: Murodali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruziev
authors.forename: Alijon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soliev
authors.forename: Daniiar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saliev
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Bassel
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003376:Counseling; D058872:Epidemics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D012306:Risk; D057545:Social Stigma; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Central Asia; HIV; HIV testing; PWID; Rapid tests
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