title: Childhood invasive pneumococcal disease caused by non-7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) serotypes under partial immunization in Taiwan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging non-7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes have replaced PCV7 serotypes in childhood invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). This study was designed to describe the IPD caused by non-PCV7 serotypes under partial PCV7 immunization in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children <18 years of age diagnosed with IPD at National Cheng Kung University Hospital from 1998 to 2010 were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory information was collected. Pneumococcal isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and interpreted using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (2008). Serotypes were determined using the capsular swelling method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and five patients with IPD were identified, including 75 PCV7 and 30 non-PCV7 isolates. Pneumonia (63.3%) was the leading clinical manifestation of non-PCV7 IPDs and 78.9% of pneumonia cases were associated with necrotizing pneumonia or empyema. Children with non-PCV7 IPDs had longer febrile days, required longer intensive care unit stays, and had a higher C-reactive protein level than those with PCV7 IPDs (p < 0.05). Serotype 3 is the most common non-PCV7 serotype (46.7%) and possesses the highest potential for pulmonary complications (p < 0.05, odds ratio: 0.114; 95% confidence interval, 0.013 - 0.973).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changing epidemiology of IPDs following the introduction of PCV7 has been noted. Expanded serotype coverage of the vaccine is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Shih-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kuan-Hsien
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tzong-Shiann
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Ching-Chuan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D012703:Serotyping
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae; conjugate pneumococcal vaccine; epidemiology; invasive pneumococcal disease