title: Cost-effectiveness of a cardiovascular disease primary prevention programme in a primary health care setting. Results of the Polish part of the EUROACTION project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Well designed cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programmes appear to be generally applicable and effective in reducing exposure to risk factors and the incidence of disease. However, introducing them broadly into clinical practice would have a significant impact on the healthcare budget, and requires careful consideration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this health economic analysis was to assess the potential cost-effectiveness of the model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme which was prepared and introduced in the EUROACTION project, in high-risk patients in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was developed to assess the long-term costs of preventive intervention. The health states modelled were: event-free (all patients at the beginning of observation), stable angina first year, acute myocardial infarction, stable angina subsequent year, myocardial infarction subsequent year, CVD death, and other causes of death. Health benefits from the reduction in risk factors were estimated based on Framingham risk function assuming the probability of defined health states according to British registers. The time horizon of the analysis was ten years, and one Markov cycle length was one year. The analysis was prepared from the healthcare payer's perspective. A willingness to pay threshold of three gross domestic product (GDP) per capita / quality-adjusted life years (QALY) was used. Univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results were presented as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) expressed as an incremental cost per QALY.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Poland, EUROACTION intervention resulted mainly in reductions in the prevalence of smoking (by 14%) and high blood pressure (by 7%). Intervention on other risk factors, including blood lipids, was found to be less effective. Estimated ICERs were 19,524 PLN for men and 82,262 PLN for women. The programme was even more cost-effective in smokers i.e. estimated ICERs were 12,377 PLN in men and 53,471 PLN in women. The results were most sensitive to variations in health states utilities and cost value range as well as the duration of treatment effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model nurse-led, comprehensive CVD primary prevention programme developed in the EUROACTION project appears to be potentially highly cost-effective for high-risk male patients in Poland (below 1 GDP per capita per QALY). For women, the cost-effectiveness was less but still below the acceptable threshold (below three GDP per capita per QALY), although the sensitivity analysis showed that results were a subject of some uncertainty.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland. mxpkawal@cyf-kr.edu.pl
authors.forename: Nevena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sović
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pająk
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duenas
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawecka-Jaszcz
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolfshaut-Wolak
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kawalec
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D011044:Poland; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics*; D012307:Risk Factors