title: Metagenomic natural product discovery in lichen provides evidence for a family of biosynthetic pathways in diverse symbioses.
abstract: Bacteria are a major source of natural products that provide rich opportunities for both chemical and biological investigation. Although the vast majority of known bacterial metabolites derive from free-living organisms, increasing evidence supports the widespread existence of chemically prolific bacteria living in symbioses. A strategy based on bioinformatic prediction, symbiont cultivation, isotopic enrichment, and advanced analytics was used to characterize a unique polyketide, nosperin, from a lichen-associated Nostoc sp. cyanobacterium. The biosynthetic gene cluster and the structure of nosperin, determined from 30 μg of compound, are related to those of the pederin group previously known only from nonphotosynthetic bacteria associated with beetles and marine sponges. The presence of this natural product family in such highly dissimilar associations suggests that some bacterial metabolites may be specific to symbioses with eukaryotes and encourages exploration of other symbioses for drug discovery and better understanding of ecological interactions mediated by complex bacterial metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Kekule Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kampa
authors.forename: Andrey N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Gagunashvili
authors.forename: Tobias A M
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gulder
authors.forename: Brandon I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Morinaka
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daolio
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godejohann
authors.forename: Vivian P W
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piel
authors.forename: Ólafur  S
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Andrésson
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D057225:Data Mining; D040461:Gene Components; D007055:Iceland; D008011:Lichens / Q000235:genetics*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D054892:Metagenome / Q000235:genetics*; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D048630:Polyketide Synthases
keywords: 13C nuclear magnetic resonance; Peltigera membranacea; biosynthesis; trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthase
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