title: Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its total non-digestible fraction influence the expression of genes involved in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats.
abstract: The influence of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its total non-digestible fraction (TNDF) on the expression of genes involved in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in Sprague Dawley rats was analyzed. The dose used in the animal model was two tablespoons of flaxseed per day, which is the dose recommended for humans. Flaxseed significantly decreased the crypt multiplicity (10.50 ± 3.5) compared with the AOM treatment (34.00 ± 11.0), which suggests that flaxseed exhibits a preventive effect against colon cancer. Both treatments (flaxseed and TNDF) influence the overexpression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis: p53, p21, bcl-2, bax and caspase-3. Flaxseed induced the expression of p53 and p21, whereas TNDF triggered the p21-independent expression of p53. This finding suggests that both of these treatments induced cell cycle arrest. In addition, TNDF induced mitochondrial apoptosis because the TNDF + AOM group exhibited the expression of caspase-3, decreased bcl-2 expression and increased bax expression. These results suggest that the expression of the analyzed genes is associated with the presence of dietary antioxidants linked to the cell wall of flaxseed.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, México.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Salazar
authors.forename: Ramón G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Guevara-González
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cruz-Hernández
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guevara-Olvera
authors.forename: Luis Arturo
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bello-Pérez
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castaño-Tostado
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loarca-Piña
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001397:Azoxymethane; D002273:Carcinogens; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000235:genetics; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004063:Digestion; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D013634:Tannins; D001397:Azoxymethane
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 24;56(18):8737-44
references.pmid: 18754663
references.citation: Cytobios. 1993;73(293):73-88
references.pmid: 8319499
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(2):276-83
references.pmid: 19235044
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2002 Feb;9(2):179-88
references.pmid: 11840168
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jan;45(1):153-9
references.pmid: 17045379
references.citation: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011 Sep;66(3):270-4
references.pmid: 21766213
references.citation: Oncogene. 2004 Oct 21;23(49):8128-34
references.pmid: 15377995
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1998 Oct;19(10):1815-9
references.pmid: 9806164
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Jan 12;59(1):43-9
references.pmid: 21142013
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1987 Oct 30;37(2):147-51
references.pmid: 3677050
references.citation: J Pathol. 2012 Jan;226(2):352-64
references.pmid: 21990031
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2005 May-Jun;25(3B):2269-76
references.pmid: 16158974
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jul 28;52(15):4669-74
references.pmid: 15264898
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2006;54(2):216-22
references.pmid: 16898866
references.citation: Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2013 Mar;68(1):24-30
references.pmid: 23224443
references.citation: Food Addit Contam. 2002 Jan;19(1):62-9
references.pmid: 11811767
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2001;39(2):155-69
references.pmid: 11759275
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1970 Nov;20(5):715-9
references.pmid: 4320862
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2007 May 2;6(9):1006-10
references.pmid: 17457049
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 2000 Mar 15;112-113:395-402
references.pmid: 10720758
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 21;14(43):6632-5
references.pmid: 19034964
references.citation: Food Funct. 2010 Dec;1(3):294-300
references.pmid: 21776479
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 17;55(21):8423-9
references.pmid: 17880163