title: Dimethyl disulfide produced by the naturally associated bacterium bacillus sp B55 promotes Nicotiana attenuata growth by enhancing sulfur nutrition.
abstract: Bacillus sp B55, a bacterium naturally associated with Nicotiana attenuata roots, promotes growth and survival of wild-type and, particularly, ethylene (ET)-insensitive (35)S-ethylene response1 (etr1) N. attenuata plants, which heterologously express the mutant Arabidopsis thaliana receptor ETR1-1. We found that the volatile organic compound (VOC) blend emitted by B55 promotes seedling growth, which is dominated by the S-containing compound dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). DMDS was depleted from the headspace during cocultivation with seedlings in bipartite Petri dishes, and (35)S was assimilated from the bacterial VOC bouquet and incorporated into plant proteins. In wild-type and (35)S-etr1 seedlings grown under different sulfate (SO(4)(-2)) supply conditions, exposure to synthetic DMDS led to genotype-dependent plant growth promotion effects. For the wild type, only S-starved seedlings benefited from DMDS exposure. By contrast, growth of (35)S-etr1 seedlings, which we demonstrate to have an unregulated S metabolism, increased at all SO(4)(-2) supply rates. Exposure to B55 VOCs and DMDS rescued many of the growth phenotypes exhibited by ET-insensitive plants, including the lack of root hairs, poor lateral root growth, and low chlorophyll content. DMDS supplementation significantly reduced the expression of S assimilation genes, as well as Met biosynthesis and recycling. We conclude that DMDS by B55 production is a plant growth promotion mechanism that likely enhances the availability of reduced S, which is particularly beneficial for wild-type plants growing in S-deficient soils and for (35)S-etr1 plants due to their impaired S uptake/assimilation/metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorothea G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Meldau
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meldau
authors.forename: Long H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Underberg
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wünsche
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004220:Disulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004220:Disulfides; C494590:ETR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002734:Chlorophyll; C021181:dimethyl disulfide; D013455:Sulfur; D005978:Glutathione
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