title: Virus occupational exposure in solid waste processing facilities.
abstract: It is well known that workers involved in the management of solid waste are at risk of exposure to bioaerosol, which is generally studied in relation to bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins. However, to date, there have been no reports on the incidence of work-related infectious diseases. To determine if occupational exposure to viruses occurs upon exposure to waste-related activities, monitoring was carried out in a landfill, a waste recycling plant, an incineration plant, and a waste collection vehicles. Air and surfaces were sampled and analyzed for torque teno virus (TTV), human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus, rotavirus, and enterovirus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques. Positivity was confirmed by sequencing and quantification with real-time PCR; infectivity was also tested for culturable viruses. Samples were analyzed in parallel for mean total bacterial and fungi counts in both the summer and winter. In total, 30% (12/40) of air and 13.5% (5/37) of surface samples collected in plants were positive for HAdV and TTV. Among the eight HAdV-positive samples, six (75%), revealed in landfill and recycling plant air and in incinerator and waste vehicles surfaces, were able to replicate in cell culture and were subsequently confirmed as infective. The frequency of detection of virus-positive samples was similar in both seasons, but with evident differences in the type of virus detected: TTV and HAdV were more frequently detected in the summer and winter, respectively. The area of highest viral contamination was the paper selection landfill. Fungi and bacterial contamination did not correlate with viral presence or concentration. In conclusion, we evidence that working with solid and liquid waste can lead to infectious viruses, included in Group 2 of the European Directive 90/679/CEE pathogens list; thus, further investigation on the sources and routes of contamination is needed in order to assess the occupational risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hygiene and Environmental Virology Laboratory, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalaura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Federigi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verani
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014780:Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004279:DNA, Viral; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: biological monitoring; occupational exposure; viruses; waste collection