title: Clinical examination results in individuals with functional ankle instability and ankle-sprain copers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Why some individuals with ankle sprains develop functional ankle instability and others do not (ie, copers) is unknown. Current understanding of the clinical profile of copers is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To contrast individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI), copers, and uninjured individuals on both self-reported variables and clinical examination findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports medicine research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants consisted of 23 individuals with a history of 1 or more ankle sprains and at least 2 episodes of giving way in the past year (FAI: Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool [CAIT] score = 20.52 ± 2.94, episodes of giving way = 5.8 ± 8.4 per month), 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (copers: CAIT score = 27.74 ± 1.69), and 23 individuals with no history of ankle sprain and no instability (uninjured: CAIT score = 28.78 ± 1.78).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported disability was recorded using the CAIT and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for Activities of Daily Living and for Sports. On clinical examination, ligamentous laxity and tenderness, range of motion (ROM), and pain at end ROM were recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire scores for the CAIT, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for Activities of Daily Living and for Sports, ankle inversion and anterior drawer laxity scores, pain with palpation of the lateral ligaments, ankle ROM, and pain at end ROM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with FAI had greater self-reported disability for all measures (P < .05). On clinical examination, individuals with FAI were more likely to have greater talar tilt laxity, pain with inversion, and limited sagittal-plane ROM than copers (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in both self-reported disability and clinical examination variables distinguished individuals with FAI from copers at least 1 year after injury. Whether the deficits could be detected immediately postinjury to prospectively identify potential copers is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Whitworth University, Spokane, WA.
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Brent L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ketchum
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ericksen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pidcoe
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
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