title: Comparison of methods for localization of impacted maxillary canines by panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare three methods for localization of impacted maxillary canines using only conventional panoramic radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The panoramic radiographs of 94 patients (102 impacted maxillary canines) were reviewed and evaluated using the methods magnification, angulation and superimposition. The actual positions of them were decided with cone beam CT images. The predicted positions of impacted canines from the magnification and angulation methods were compared using the McNemar χ(2) test. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive-likelihood ratio and negative-likelihood ratio were calculated. The canine-incisor index values and α angles of palatally and bucally non-rotated impacted canines were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the magnification and angulation methods (p < 0.01). Using the magnification method, 68.00% of buccal canines and 69.57% of palatal canines could be localized correctly. The results of the angulation method were 28.57% and 84.91%, respectively. The sensitivity of the angulation method for buccal canines was very low. In the superimposition method, 82.98% of the superimposing samples were palatal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnification and angulation methods were not reliable methods for locating the impacted canine with a single panoramic radiograph. Magnification was more successful than the angulation method. Further research is needed on the magnification method. The image superimposition method could be used as an adjunct to others.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. wangjunv@scu.edu.cn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: C-M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y-F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010159:Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011858:Radiographic Magnification; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: angulation; impacted canine; localization; magnification; panoramic radiograph
references.citation: Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42(1):29951683
references.pmid: 22933529
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 Feb;29(2):237-41
references.pmid: 5262845
references.citation: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 May;68(5):996-1000
references.pmid: 20138419
references.citation: Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1979;8(2):85-91
references.pmid: 296087
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1961 Oct;14:1165-9
references.pmid: 13883048
references.citation: Medicina (Kaunas). 2002;38(8):825-9
references.pmid: 12474755
references.citation: Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012 Jul;41(5):356-60
references.pmid: 22116130
references.citation: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1978;19(3):507-12
references.pmid: 696395
references.citation: Eur J Orthod. 2001 Feb;23(1):25-34
references.pmid: 11296508
references.citation: Indian J Dent Res. 2009 Jul-Sep;20(3):340-5
references.pmid: 19884720
references.citation: J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Apr;68(4):762-7
references.pmid: 20307762
references.citation: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1975 Sep;16(5):529-40
references.pmid: 1199790
references.citation: Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1967 Sep;18(1):25-33
references.pmid: 5235604
references.citation: Proc R Soc Med. 1910;3(Odontol Sect):87-90
references.pmid: 19974610
references.citation: Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006 Aug;41(8):483-5
references.pmid: 17074187
references.citation: Clin Orthod Res. 1999 Nov;2(4):194-9
references.pmid: 10806943
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Apr;59(4):420-5
references.pmid: 3858781
references.citation: Am J Orthod. 1982 Mar;81(3):236-9
references.pmid: 6960710
references.citation: N Y State Dent J. 2004 Dec;70(9):24-8
references.pmid: 15683219
references.citation: Br Dent J. 1995 Dec 9-23;179(11-12):416-20
references.pmid: 8534570
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 1968 May;26(2):145-68
references.pmid: 5247251
references.citation: J Oral Sci. 2009 Mar;51(1):37-45
references.pmid: 19325198
references.citation: Dent Pract Dent Rec. 1969 Feb;19(6):194-204
references.pmid: 5250475
references.citation: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Dec;124(6):651-5
references.pmid: 14666077