title: Does restraining nitric oxide biosynthesis rescue from toxins-induced parkinsonism and sporadic Parkinson's disease?
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important inorganic molecule of the biological system owing to diverse physiological implications. NO is synthesised from a semi-essential amino acid L-arginine. NO biosynthesis is catalysed by a family of enzymes referred to as nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). NO is accused in many acute and chronic illnesses, which include central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, reproductive impairments, cancer and cardiovascular anomalies. Owing to very unstable nature, NO gets converted into nitrite, peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species that could lead to nitrosative stress in the nigrostriatal system. Nitrosative stress is widely implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), and its beneficial and harmful effects are demonstrated in in vitro, rodent and primate models of toxins-induced parkinsonism and in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and nigrostriatal tissues of sporadic PD patients. The current article updates the roles of NO and NOSs in sporadic PD and toxins-induced parkinsonism in rodents along with the scrutiny of how inhibitors of NOSs could open a new line of approach to moderately rescue from PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. The article also provides a perspective concerning the lack of ample admiration to such an approach and how to minimise the underlying lacunae.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Satya Prakash
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sharawan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Naveen Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.forename: Manindra Nath
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Sarad Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Mahendra Pratap
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000633:toxicity; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012402:Rotenone / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D012402:Rotenone; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008694:Methamphetamine; D016627:Oxidopamine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
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