title: Comparison of heart rate variability response in children undergoing elective endotracheal intubation with and without neuromuscular blockade: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The routine use of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD) for endotracheal intubation in children is the subject of much controversy. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) can reveal information about the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if HRV elucidates differences in the sympathovagal balance of children undergoing elective endo-tracheal intubation with and without neuromuscular blockade (NMB).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, 38 children (2-6 years) scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomized into two groups to receive fentanyl 2 μg·kg(-1) and propofol 4 mg·kg(-1) , with either mivacurium 0.25 mg·kg(-1) (NMB group) or saline solution (NoNMB group) for anesthesia induction. The same experienced, blinded anesthesiologist performed endotracheal intubation. Heart rate variability, RR intervals, ECG as well as an electroencephalogram were recorded with HRV and BIS XP monitors, respectively. Heart rate variability was analyzed in the frequency domain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in HRV changes immediately after mivacurium administration compared with an administration of saline. The groups were comparable for the bispectral index value (NMB 35 [33-41] vs NoNMB 34 [32-42]) during endotracheal intubation. Changes in both the low-frequency power and the low-/high-frequency ratio immediately after endotracheal intubation compared with the unstimulated state before laryngoscopy were significantly higher without NMB (P = 0.015 and P = 0.006, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference with respect to the high-frequency power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stress response during endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients represented by the frequency domain analysis of HRV was found to be higher without NMB. When mivacurium was added to a propofol-fentanyl induction regimen, the ANS alterations during endotracheal intubation decreased significantly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janda
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bajorat
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kudlik
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nöldge-Schomburg
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofmockel
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056805:Consciousness Monitors; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008297:Male; D000077590:Mivacurium; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000379:methods*; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007546:Isoquinolines; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D003473:Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; D000077590:Mivacurium
keywords: analgesia; children; heart rate variability; intubation; neuromuscular blocking drugs; stress response