title: Sonodynamically-induced anticancer effects by functionalized fullerenes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functionalized fullerenes, such as polyhydroxy fullerenes (PHF), have attracted particular attention due to their water solubility and their potential application in tumor imaging and therapy as carbon nanomaterials. In this study, the sonodynamically-induced antitumor effect of PHF was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sonodynamically-induced antitumor effects of PHF in combination with ultrasound were investigated using isolated sarcoma 180 cells and solid tumor from colon 26 carcinoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell damage induced by sonication was enhanced by two-fold in the presence of 80 μM PHF. Histidine significantly inhibited this enhancement. This inhibitory effect suggests that the sonodynamically-induced antitumor effect was mediated by sonodynamically-generated reactive oxygen species. The combined treatment of ultrasonic exposure with PHF suppressed the growth of implanted colon 26 tumors. The destruction of tumor tissue was observed with the ultrasonic treatment in combination with PHF, while neither the treatment with PHF alone nor that with ultrasound alone caused necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that PHF is a potential sonosensitizer for sonodynamic treatment of solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan. n.yumita@hamayaku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Nagahiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yumita
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakurazawa
authors.forename: Yuuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umemura
authors.forename: Fu-Shih
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Momose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012510:Sarcoma 180 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D037741:Fullerenes; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C039900:nitroxyl
keywords: Ultrasound; colon 26; fullerenes; nanomedicine; sarcoma 180; sonodynamic therapy