title: Associations of vitamin D intake with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight and racially/ethnically diverse US children.
abstract: Overweight children and minorities are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Little information exists on whether overweight children and minorities who do not meet dietary vitamin D recommendations are at risk for low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) status. Vitamin D intake from foods and dietary supplements was estimated in 3,310 children/adolescents who were examined as part of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Weight status was dichotomized into healthy weight or overweight/obese. Parent-reported race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other. Adjusted logistic regression was used to determine whether children who did not achieve the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were at increased risk for inadequate 25OHD. Nearly 75% of children failed to meet the EAR. Overall, not meeting the EAR was associated with inadequate 25OHD (odds ratio=2.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.5). However, this association differed by weight status (P=0.02) and race/ethnicity (P=0.02). Overweight/obese children who failed to meet the EAR were five times more likely to be at risk for inadequate 25OHD than overweight/obese children who met it (95% CI 2.0 to 12.7; P<0.001). Non-Hispanic blacks with intakes below the EAR were nearly four times more likely to be at risk for inadequate 25OHD than those who met the EAR (95% CI 1.5 to 9.7; P<0.01). The majority of US children failed to meet current vitamin D recommendations. Overweight/obese and non-Hispanic black children were especially likely to be at risk for inadequate 25OHD when not consuming the EAR.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Gail T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Johanna T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sacheck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D044383:Black People; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood*; D044469:Racial Groups; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Children; Ethnically diverse; Obesity; Vitamin D intake
references.citation: Nutr J. 2011 Oct 02;10:103
references.pmid: 21962086
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2006 Oct;106(10):1575-87
references.pmid: 17000190
references.citation: Nutr Res. 2011 Aug;31(8):579-85
references.pmid: 21925342
references.citation: J Nutr. 2010 Apr;140(4):817-22
references.pmid: 20181782
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):690-3
references.pmid: 10966885
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81
references.pmid: 17634462
references.citation: J Nutr. 2005 Oct;135(10):2478-85
references.pmid: 16177216
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Jan;16(1):90-5
references.pmid: 18223618
references.citation: Nutrition. 2011 Sep;27(9):868-79
references.pmid: 21704500
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Aug;67(2):373-8
references.pmid: 2839537
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul;94(1):128-35
references.pmid: 21593503
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb 1;88(2):296-307
references.pmid: 12520530
references.citation: Nutr Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):48-54
references.pmid: 21310306
references.citation: J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2594-9
references.pmid: 16988132
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Nov;124(5):1404-10
references.pmid: 19951983
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30
references.pmid: 21646368
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2012 Nov;15(11):2047-53
references.pmid: 22857261
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):18-28
references.pmid: 16825677