title: Topography of brain sodium accumulation in progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sodium accumulation is involved in neuronal injury occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to assess sodium accumulation in progressive MS, known to suffer from severe neuronal injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D-(23)Na-MRI was obtained on a 3T-MR-scanner in 20 progressive MS patients [11 primary-progressive (PPMS) and nine secondary-progressive (SPMS)] and 15 controls. Total sodium concentrations (TSC) within grey matter (GM), normal-appearing white matter (WM) and lesions were extracted. Statistical mapping analyses of TSC abnormalities were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive MS patients presented higher GM-TSC values (48.8 ± 3.1 mmol/l wet tissue vol, p < 0.001) and T2lesions-TSC values (50.9 ± 2.2 mmol/l wet tissue vol, p = 0.01) compared to GM and WM of controls. Statistical mapping analysis showed TSC increases in PPMS patients confined to motor and somatosensory cortices, prefrontal cortices, pons and cerebellum. In SPMS, TSC increases were associated with areas involving: primary motor, premotor and somatosensory cortices; prefrontal, cingulate and visual cortices; the corpus callosum, thalami, brainstem and cerebellum. Anterior prefrontal and premotor cortices TSC were correlated with disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium accumulation is present in progressive MS patients, more restricted to the motor system in PPMS and more widespread in SPMS. Local brain sodium accumulation appears as a promising marker to monitor patients with progressive MS.
authors.affiliation: CRMBM, UMR 7339, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maarouf
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Audoin
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstandin
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soulier
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Troter
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Confort-Gouny
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cozzone
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guye
authors.forename: Lothar R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schad
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ranjeva
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zaaraoui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D012964:Sodium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
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