title: Unusual symptoms and syndromes in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In multiple sclerosis (MS), symptoms vary widely from patient to patient. Certain events in MS are well recognized (eg, optic neuritis, brainstem and spinal cord relapses) and do not lead to much clinical confusion. However, other events that occur in MS may be less expected and may be underrecognized by some clinicians and may lead to an extensive and potentially unnecessary investigation for what is a known problem in MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article reviews Lhermitte sign, Pulfrich phenomenon, Uhthoff phenomenon, and the useless hand of Oppenheim, along with the underrecognized phenomena of transient neurologic events (including tonic spasms). Disorders of temperature regulation in MS (likely based on hypothalamic involvement) which can present with bizarre behavioral change and evade diagnosis, are also discussed. The article concludes with a review of epilepsy and sleep disorders in MS, both of which appear to occur at an increased frequency in the MS population and may have implications for therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article is meant to help clinicians recognize and treat this fascinating set of underrecognized phenomena in MS and perhaps save patients trips to the emergency department, extraneous testing, and ineffective intervention.
authors.affiliation: Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. rae-gra@ccf.org
authors.forename: Alexander D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rae-Grant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000150:complications; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000209:etiology; D007088:Illusions / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000150:complications; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D013577:Syndrome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult