title: Cone beam CT guidance provides superior accuracy for complex needle paths compared with CT guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of cone beam CT (CBCT) guidance and CT guidance in reaching small targets in relation to needle path complexity in a phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  CBCT guidance combines three-dimensional CBCT imaging with fluoroscopy overlay and needle planning software to provide real-time needle guidance. The accuracy of needle positioning, quantified as deviation from a target, was assessed for inplane, angulated and double angulated needle paths. Four interventional radiologists reached four targets along the three paths using CBCT and CT guidance. Accuracies were compared between CBCT and CT for each needle path and between the three approaches within both modalities. The effect of user experience in CBCT guidance was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracies for CBCT were significantly better than CT for the double angulated needle path (2.2 vs 6.7 mm, p<0.001) for all radiologists. CBCT guidance showed no significant differences between the three approaches. For CT, deviations increased with increasing needle path complexity from 3.3 mm for the inplane placements to 4.4 mm (p=0.007) and 6.7 mm (p<0.001) for the angulated and double angulated CT-guided needle placements, respectively. For double angulated needle paths, experienced CBCT users showed consistently higher accuracies than trained users [1.8 mm (range 1.2-2.2) vs 3.3 mm (range 2.1-7.2) deviation from target, respectively; p=0.003].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In terms of accuracy, CBCT is the preferred modality, irrespective of the level of user experience, for more difficult guidance procedures requiring double angulated needle paths as in oncological interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accuracy of CBCT guidance has not been discussed before. CBCT guidance allows accurate needle placement irrespective of needle path complexity. For angulated and double-angulated needle paths, CBCT is more accurate than CT guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. w.busser@rad.umcn.nl
authors.forename: W M H
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Busser
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Braak
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fütterer
authors.forename: M J L
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Strijen
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hoogeveen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schultze Kool
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009339:Needles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
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