title: Critical comparison of intravenous injection of TiO2 nanoparticles with waterborne and dietary exposures concludes minimal environmentally-relevant toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.
abstract: A critical comparison of studies that have investigated tissue accumulation and toxicity of TiO2-NPs in fish is necessary to resolve inconsistencies. The present study used identical TiO2-NPs, toxicological endpoints, and fish (juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) as previous studies that investigated waterborne and dietary toxicity of TiO2-NPs, and conducted a critical comparison of results after intravenous caudal-vein injection of 50 μg of TiO2-NPs and bulk TiO2. Injected TiO2-NPs accumulated only in kidney (94% of measured Ti) and to a lesser extent in spleen; and injected bulk TiO2 was found only in kidney. No toxicity of TiO2 was observed in kidney, spleen, or other tissues. Critical comparison of these data with previous studies indicates that dietary and waterborne exposures to TiO2-NPs do not lead to Ti accumulation in internal tissues, and previous reports of minor toxicity are inconsistent or attributable to respiratory distress resulting from gill occlusion during waterborne exposure.
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK. Electronic address: david.boyle@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Genan A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Al-Bairuty
authors.forename: Theodore B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Handy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D005880:Gills; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007668:Kidney; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bioavailability; Nanoparticles; Rainbow trout; Titanium dioxide; Toxicity