title: Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding.
abstract: To manage and conserve biodiversity, one must know what is being lost, where, and why, as well as which remedies are likely to be most effective. Metabarcoding technology can characterise the species compositions of mass samples of eukaryotes or of environmental DNA. Here, we validate metabarcoding by testing it against three high-quality standard data sets that were collected in Malaysia (tropical), China (subtropical) and the United Kingdom (temperate) and that comprised 55,813 arthropod and bird specimens identified to species level with the expenditure of 2,505 person-hours of taxonomic expertise. The metabarcode and standard data sets exhibit statistically correlated alpha- and beta-diversities, and the two data sets produce similar policy conclusions for two conservation applications: restoration ecology and systematic conservation planning. Compared with standard biodiversity data sets, metabarcoded samples are taxonomically more comprehensive, many times quicker to produce, less reliant on taxonomic expertise and auditable by third parties, which is essential for dispute resolution.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
authors.forename: Yinqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pedley
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitching
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dolman
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: Felicity A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Trond H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Suzan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedick
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wilcove
authors.forename: Catharine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Taal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lott
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000502:physiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D019295:Computational Biology; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Biodiversity; DNA barcoding; climate change; heathland; restoration ecology; surveillance monitoring; systematic conservation planning; targeted monitoring; tropical forest