title: Targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain of Cryptococcus through antifungal chemosensitization: a model for control of non-fermentative pathogens.
abstract: Enhanced control of species of Cryptococcus, non-fermentative yeast pathogens, was achieved by chemosensitization through co-application of certain compounds with a conventional antimicrobial drug. The species of Cryptococcus tested showed higher sensitivity to mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) inhibition compared to species of Candida. This higher sensitivity results from the inability of Cryptococcus to generate cellular energy through fermentation. To heighten disruption of cellular MRC, octyl gallate (OG) or 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2,3-DHBA), phenolic compounds inhibiting mitochondrial functions, were selected as chemosensitizers to pyraclostrobin (PCS; an inhibitor of complex III of MRC). The cryptococci were more susceptible to the chemosensitization (i.e., PCS + OG or 2,3-DHBA) than the Candida with all Cryptococcus strains tested being sensitive to this chemosensitization. Alternatively, only few of the Candida strains showed sensitivity. OG possessed higher chemosensitizing potency than 2,3-DHBA, where the concentration of OG required with the drug to achieve chemosensitizing synergism was much lower than that required of 2,3-DHBA. Bioassays with gene deletion mutants of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that OG or 2,3-DHBA affect different cellular targets. These assays revealed mitochondrial superoxide dismutase or glutathione homeostasis plays a relatively greater role in fungal tolerance to 2,3-DHBA or OG, respectively. These findings show that application of chemosensitizing compounds that augment MRC debilitation is a promising strategy to antifungal control against yeast pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA. jongheon.kim@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Jong H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Haff
authors.forename: Natália C G
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Maria de L
authors.initials: Mde L
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Bruce C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology; D003454:Cryptococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D002396:Catechols; D010636:Phenols; C067077:2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
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