title: A highly divergent Encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from nonhuman primates in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2001 and 2002, fatal myocarditis resulted in the sudden deaths of four, two adult and two juvenile, orang utans out of a cohort of 26 in the Singapore Zoological Gardens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the four orang utans that underwent post-mortem examination, virus isolation was performed from the tissue homogenates of the heart and lung obtained from the two juvenile orang utans in Vero cell cultures. The tissue culture fluid was examined using electron microscopy. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-specific primers targeting the gene regions of VP3/VP1 and 3D polymerase (3Dpol) confirmed the virus genus and species. The two EMCV isolates were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the virus genes performed. Serological testing on other animal species in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electron microscopy of the two EMCV isolates, designated Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02, revealed spherical viral particles of about 20 to 30 nm, consistent with the size and morphology of members belonging to the family Picornaviridae. In addition, infected-Vero cells showed positive immunoflorescence staining with antiserum to EMCV. Sequencing of the viral genome showed that the two EMCV isolates were 99.9% identical at the nucleotide level, indicating a similar source of origin. When compared with existing EMCV sequences in the VP1 and 3Dpol gene regions, the nucleotide divergence were at a maximum of 38.8% and 23.6% respectively, while the amino acid divergence were at a maximum of 33.9% and 11.3% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 and 3Dpol genes further grouped the Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates to themselves, away from existing EMCV lineages. This strongly suggested that Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates are highly divergent variants of EMCV. Apart from the two deceased orang utans, a serological survey conducted among other zoo animals showed that a number of other animal species had neutralizing antibodies to Sing-M105-02 isolate, indicating that the EMCV variant has a relatively wide host range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiological agent responsible for the fatal myocarditis cases among two of the four orang utans in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was a highly divergent variant of EMCV. This is the first report of an EMCV infection in Singapore and South East Asia.
authors.forename: Dawn Su-Yin
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Jing Er
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Charlene J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Yueh-Nuo
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jasper Chin-Wen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Moi-Lien
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.forename: Elizabeth Ai-Sim
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Kwai-Peng
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Mah-Lee
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Hwee-Cheng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Eng-Eong
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.forename: Boon-Huan
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006321:Heart / Q000821:virology; D008168:Lung / Q000821:virology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D057079:Pongo / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D012846:Singapore; D014709:Vero Cells; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014771:Virion / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014776:Virus Cultivation
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
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