title: Preliminary investigations on intradiscal pressures during daily activities: an in vivo study using the merino sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, no studies exist, which attest the suitability of the ovine intervertebral disc as a biomechanical in vivo model for preclinical tests of new therapeutic strategies of the human disc. By measuring the intradiscal pressure in vivo, the current study attempts to characterize an essential biomechanical parameter to provide a more comprehensive physiological understanding of the ovine intervertebral disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intradiscal pressure (IDP) was measured for 24 hours within the discs L2-L3 and L4-L5 via a piezo-resistive pressure sensor in one merino sheep. The data were divided into an activity and a recovery phase and the corresponding average pressures for both phases were determined. Additionally, IDPs for different static and dynamic activities were analyzed and juxtaposed to human data published previously. After sacrificing the sheep, the forces corresponding to the measured IDPs were examined ex vivo in an axial compression test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The temporal patterns of IDP where pressure decreased during activity and increased during rest were comparable between humans and sheep. However, large differences were observed for different dynamic activities such as standing up or walking. Here, IDPs averaged 3.73 MPa and 1.60 MPa respectively, approximately two to four times higher in the ovine disc compared to human. These IDPs correspond to lower ex vivo derived axial compressive forces for the ovine disc in comparison to the human disc. For activity and rest, average ovine forces were 130 N and 58 N, compared to human forces of 400-600 N and 100 N, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo IDPs were found to be higher in the ovine than in the human disc. In contrast, axial forces derived ex vivo were markedly lower in comparison to humans. Both should be considered in future preclinical tests of intradiscal therapies using the sheep. The techniques used in the current study may serve as a protocol for measuring IDP in a variety of large animal models.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. sandra.reitmaier@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitmaier
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ihler
authors.forename: Tugrul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignatius
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D012756:Sheep / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
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