title: The relationship between maternal-fetal attachment and cigarette smoking over pregnancy.
abstract: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is one of the most preventable causes of infant morbidity and mortality, yet 80 % of women who smoked prior to pregnancy continue to smoke during pregnancy. Past studies have found that lower maternal-fetal attachment predicts smoking status in pregnancy, yet past research has not examined whether maternal-fetal attachment predicts patterns or quantity of smoking among pregnant smokers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal-fetal attachment and patterns of maternal smoking among pregnant smokers. We used self-reported and biochemical markers of cigarette smoking in order to better understand how maternal-fetal attachment relates to the degree of fetal exposure to nicotine. Fifty-eight pregnant smokers participated in the current study. Women completed the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, reported weekly smoking behaviors throughout pregnancy using the Timeline Follow Back interview, and provided a saliva sample at 30 and 35 weeks gestation and 1 day postpartum to measure salivary cotinine concentrations. Lower maternal-fetal attachment scores were associated with higher salivary cotinine at 30 weeks gestation and 1 day postpartum. As well, women who reported lower fetal attachment reported smoking a greater maximum number of cigarettes per day, on average, over pregnancy. Lower maternal-fetal attachment is associated with greater smoking in pregnancy. Future research might explore whether successful smoking cessation programs improve maternal assessments of attachment to their infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, Susanna_Magee@mhri.org.
authors.forename: Susanna R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: Margaret H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bublitz
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orazine
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brush
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.forename: Laura R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Stroud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D033261:Maternal-Fetal Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D057566:Self Report; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine
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