title: Length and volume of morphologically normal kidneys in korean children: ultrasound measurement and estimation using body size.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric measurements and renal length and volume measured with ultrasound in Korean children who have morphologically normal kidneys, and to create simple equations to estimate the renal sizes using the anthropometric measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 794 Korean children under 18 years of age including a total of 394 boys and 400 girls without renal problems. The maximum renal length (L) (cm), orthogonal anterior-posterior diameter (D) (cm) and width (W) (cm) of each kidney were measured on ultrasound. Kidney volume was calculated as 0.523 × L × D × W (cm(3)). Anthropometric indices including height (cm), weight (kg) and body mass index (m(2)/kg) were collected through a medical record review. We used linear regression analysis to create simple equations to estimate the renal length and the volume with those anthropometric indices that were mostly correlated with the US-measured renal sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal length showed the strongest significant correlation with patient height (R(2), 0.874 and 0.875 for the right and left kidneys, respectively, p < 0.001). Renal volume showed the strongest significant correlation with patient weight (R(2), 0.842 and 0.854 for the right and left kidneys, respectively, p < 0.001). The following equations were developed to describe these relationships with an estimated 95% range of renal length and volume (R(2), 0.826-0.884, p < 0.001): renal length = 2.383 + 0.045 × Height (± 1.135) and = 2.374 + 0.047 × Height (± 1.173) for the right and left kidneys, respectively; and renal volume = 7.941 + 1.246 × Weight (± 15.920) and = 7.303 + 1.532 × Weight (± 18.704) for the right and left kidneys, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scatter plots between height and renal length and between weight and renal volume have been established from Korean children and simple equations between them have been developed for use in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Hwee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myung-Joon
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sok Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D012016:Reference Values; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Body size; Child; Kidney; Organ size; Ultrasonography
references.citation: Radiology. 1999 Jun;211(3):623-8
references.pmid: 10352583
references.citation: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan;6(1):107-13
references.pmid: 20884775
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 1994;24(2):101-6
references.pmid: 8078709
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 Jul;161(1):157-60
references.pmid: 8390789
references.citation: Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Oct;24(10):2023-7
references.pmid: 19475431
references.citation: Pediatr Nephrol. 2001 Apr;16(4):366-70
references.pmid: 11354783
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 May;196(5):W592-7
references.pmid: 21512050
references.citation: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1985 Jan-Feb;26(1):85-91
references.pmid: 3883699
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1990 Apr;65(4 Spec No):361-4
references.pmid: 2186707
references.citation: Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Nov;149(2):94-5
references.pmid: 2686999
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 1985;15(1):38-43
references.pmid: 3881724
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Dec;145(6):1289-91
references.pmid: 3904372
references.citation: J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Jun;46(6):310-5
references.pmid: 20665930
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 1983;13(4):212-4
references.pmid: 6888992
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 1980 Apr;9(3):153-60
references.pmid: 7393670
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Sep;145(3):611-6
references.pmid: 3895872
references.citation: Pediatr Radiol. 1997 Aug;27(8):663-6
references.pmid: 9252431
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Feb;194(2):509-15
references.pmid: 20093617
references.citation: Eur J Pediatr. 1986 Dec;145(6):532-8
references.pmid: 3816856
references.citation: BMC Urol. 2009 Dec 23;9:19
references.pmid: 20030823