title: Glutathione transferase theta in apical ciliary tuft regulates mechanical reception and swimming behavior of Sea Urchin Embryos.
abstract: An apical tuft, which is observed in a wide range of embryos/larvae of marine invertebrates, is composed of a group of cilia that are longer and less motile than the abundant lateral cilia covering the rest of the embryonic surface. Although the apical tuft has been thought to function as a sensory organ, its molecular composition and roles are poorly understood. Here, we identified a glutathione transferase theta (GSTT) as an abundant and specific component of the apical tuft in sea urchin embryos. The expression of GSTT mRNA increases and becomes limited to the animal plate of the mesenchyme blastula, gastrula, and prism larva. Electron microscopy and tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the apical tuft contains almost every axonemal component for ciliary motility. Low concentrations of an inhibitor of glutathione transferase bromosulphophthalein (BSP) induce bending of apical tuft, suggesting that GSTT regulates motility of apical tuft cilia. Embryos treated with BSP swim with normal velocity and trajectories but show less efficiency of changing direction when they collide with an object. These results suggest that GSTT in the apical tuft plays an important role in the mechanical reception for the motility regulation of lateral motile cilia in sea urchin embryos.
authors.affiliation: Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan.
authors.forename: Yinhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaguchi
authors.forename: Kogiku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.forename: Lixy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yaguchi
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: apical tuft; axonemal dyneins; ciliogenesis; glutathione transferase; primary cilia; sea urchin embryo
references.citation: ACS Chem Biol. 2008 Feb 15;3(2):95-100
references.pmid: 18278850
references.citation: Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):941-52
references.pmid: 17095691
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2011 Oct 1;103(10):449-66
references.pmid: 21732910
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2011 Oct;28(10):2731-9
references.pmid: 21546353
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Jun 15;22(12):2042-53
references.pmid: 21508313
references.citation: Bioessays. 1995 Apr;17(4):331-40
references.pmid: 7741725
references.citation: Rev Reprod. 1997 Jan;2(1):48-54
references.pmid: 9414465
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2009 Feb;101(2):91-103
references.pmid: 18620543
references.citation: Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2011;3:453-70
references.pmid: 21329213
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2011 May;13(5):630-2
references.pmid: 21478860
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1981 Dec;91(3 Pt 2):107s-124s
references.pmid: 6459326
references.citation: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2004 Jan;57(1):8-17
references.pmid: 14648553
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 5;173(5):743-54
references.pmid: 16754958
references.citation: Hear Res. 2002 Jan;163(1-2):1-11
references.pmid: 11788194
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2007;8(5):R85
references.pmid: 17506889
references.citation: Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):629-33
references.pmid: 16888132
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 22;110(4):1187-92
references.pmid: 23297240
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Apr;66(4):1199-210
references.pmid: 10729113
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2009;60(4):1207-18
references.pmid: 19174456
references.citation: Biol Cell. 2004 Dec;96(9):691-6
references.pmid: 15567523
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2010 Dec 1;348(1):67-75
references.pmid: 20875818
references.citation: Science. 1966 Nov 18;154(3751):913-5
references.pmid: 4886827
references.citation: Biochem J. 2004 Sep 1;382(Pt 2):703-9
references.pmid: 15147239
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Nov 15;35(10):1271-85
references.pmid: 14607526
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 13;104(11):4413-8
references.pmid: 17360538
references.citation: Development. 1999 Jan;126(2):345-57
references.pmid: 9847248
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1972 May;72(1):115-39
references.pmid: 5025396
references.citation: Mol Reprod Dev. 2011 Jul;78(7):529-49
references.pmid: 21710637
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 Aug 8;16(15):R604-14
references.pmid: 16890522
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Apr 1;12 Spec No 1:R27-35
references.pmid: 12668594
references.citation: Biochem J. 2001 Nov 15;360(Pt 1):1-16
references.pmid: 11695986
references.citation: Mol Hum Reprod. 2011 Aug;17(8):524-38
references.pmid: 21586547
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:321-37
references.pmid: 18947299
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2000 Oct;463(3):247-83
references.pmid: 11018744
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Aug 11;275(32):24798-806
references.pmid: 10783391
references.citation: Biochem J. 1997 Dec 15;328 ( Pt 3):929-35
references.pmid: 9396740
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Mar 17;1496(1):60-75
references.pmid: 10722877
references.citation: Hear Res. 2002 Dec;174(1-2):55-63
references.pmid: 12433396
references.citation: Zoolog Sci. 2003 Sep;20(9):1043-56
references.pmid: 14578564
references.citation: Biochem J. 1996 Aug 15;318 ( Pt 1):297-303
references.pmid: 8761485
references.citation: Gene Expr Patterns. 2004 Jul;4(4):449-56
references.pmid: 15183312
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):3241-52
references.pmid: 17283055
references.citation: Arch Biol (Liege). 1955;66(1):75-102
references.pmid: 14388782
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 Nov 27;151(5):F37-42
references.pmid: 11086017
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2010 Jan 1;337(1):42-62
references.pmid: 19835854
references.citation: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2006 Oct;63(10):591-603
references.pmid: 16847897
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11280-4
references.pmid: 21690384
references.citation: Biochem J. 1998 Nov 1;335 ( Pt 3):619-30
references.pmid: 9794803
references.citation: Curr Top Dev Biol. 2008;85:371-427
references.pmid: 19147012
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 3;284(14):9402-10
references.pmid: 19193647
references.citation: Evol Dev. 2004 Mar-Apr;6(2):95-104
references.pmid: 15009122
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1978 Jul 27;191(2):233-47
references.pmid: 679266
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Sep 8;138(5):1009-22
references.pmid: 9281580
references.citation: J Hirnforsch. 1991;32(2):159-64
references.pmid: 1791297
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Apr;1101:506-26
references.pmid: 17363437
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Feb;14(2):774-85
references.pmid: 12589069
references.citation: J Morphol. 1979 Jun;160(3):275-297
references.pmid: 30200683