title: Proteasome inhibition by bortezomib increases IL-8 expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells: the role of IKKα.
abstract: Expression of the proinflammatory and proangiogenic chemokine IL-8, which is regulated at the transcriptional level by NF-κB, is constitutively increased in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. Inhibition of NF-κB-dependent transcription was used as an anticancer strategy for the development of the first clinically approved 26S proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BZ). Even though BZ has shown remarkable antitumor activity in hematological malignancies, it has been less effective in prostate cancer and other solid tumors; however, the mechanisms have not been fully understood. In this article, we report that proteasome inhibition by BZ unexpectedly increases IL-8 expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells, whereas expression of other NF-κB-regulated genes is inhibited or unchanged. The BZ-increased IL-8 expression is associated with increased in vitro p65 NF-κB DNA binding activity and p65 recruitment to the endogenous IL-8 promoter. In addition, proteasome inhibition induces a nuclear accumulation of IκB kinase (IKK)α, and inhibition of IKKα enzymatic activity significantly attenuates the BZ-induced p65 recruitment to IL-8 promoter and IL-8 expression, demonstrating that the induced IL-8 expression is mediated, at least partly, by IKKα. Together, these data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the gene-specific increase of IL-8 expression by proteasome inhibition in prostate cancer cells and suggest that targeting both IKKα and the proteasome may increase BZ effectiveness in treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manna
authors.forename: Bipradeb
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singha
authors.forename: Sai Aung
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Phyo
authors.forename: Himavanth Reddy
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gatla
authors.forename: Tzu-Pei
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanacora
authors.forename: Sitharam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramaswami
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vancurova
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000187:drug effects*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011719:Pyrazines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000069286:Bortezomib; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
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