title: Raised serum lactate: a marker of necrotizing fasciitis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from non-necrotizing soft-tissue infections remains a difficult clinical judgement call, with a paucity of diagnostic aids to the clinician. The aim of this study was to assess raised serum lactate as a point-of-care test to aid in differentiating necrotizing from non-necrotizing soft tissue infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a post-hoc analysis of a prospectively compiled database. All patients referred to a single surgeon (A.P.A.) as suspected cases of necrotizing fasciitis at one hospital between September 2000 and September 2010 were included. Serum lactate at presentation was recorded, along with demographic and outcome data. Using histological evidence of tissue necrosis as the 'gold standard', patients were divided into those with or without necrotizing fasciitis, and their serum lactate at presentation compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty three patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty eight had histologically proven necrosis, 25 did not. Serum lactate (mean±SD) was 4.1±1.62 mmol/l in the necrotizing fasciitis group and 1.8±0.46 mmol/l in the non-necrotizing fasciitis group (p≤0.0001). A serum lactate level above 2.0 mmol/l had a sensitivity of 1.00 and a specificity of 0.76 for necrotizing fasciitis in this series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series of patients with suspected necrotizing soft tissue infection, serum lactate levels above 2.0 mmol/l at presentation were strongly associated with the presence of tissue necrosis. Although no test can be relied upon in isolation, our results suggest that serum lactate is a promising adjunct to the diagnosis of necrotizing infection, which could help to expedite appropriate management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Wexham Park Hospital, Slough, London, UK. Electronic address: gmurphy@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markeson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choa
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Cellulitis; Hospital gangrene; Necrotizing fasciitis; Serum lactate