title: SPARCL1 suppresses metastasis in prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metastasis, the main cause of death from cancer, remains poorly understood at the molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a pattern of reduced expression in human prostate cancer tissues and tumor cell lines, a candidate suppressor gene (SPARCL1) was identified. We used in vitro approaches to determine whether overexpression of SPARCL1 affects cell growth, migration, and invasiveness. We then employed xenograft mouse models to analyze the impact of SPARCL1 on prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SPARCL1 expression did not inhibit tumor cell proliferation in vitro. By contrast, SPARCL1 did suppress tumor cell migration and invasiveness in vitro and tumor metastatic growth in vivo, conferring improved survival in xenograft mouse models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first in vivo data suggesting that SPARCL1 suppresses metastasis of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0275, USA; Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China. Electronic address: yuzhuxiang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuzhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Qingchao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.forename: Bojana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DeGraff
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Dina A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Yousif
authors.forename: Christine Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virostko
authors.forename: Xiusheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Xunbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Simon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Matusik
authors.forename: Alfred L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C503126:SPARCL1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: CaP; GFP-positive PC3-Luc cells expressing empty control vector; GFP-positive PC3-Luc cells overexpressing SPARCL1; Gene expression signature; H.E.; IC; IHC; IVIS; Immunohistochemistry; Intracardiac; Meta-analysis; Metastasis; OX; PC3-Luc; PC3-luc/EV; PC3-luc/SPARCL1; Prostate cancer; SCID; SPARCL1; SPARCL1 function in vivo; Severe combined immunodeficient; cancer of the prostate gland; hematoxylin and eosin; in vivo Imaging System; orthotopic xenografting; secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1; the bioluminescent human prostate carcinoma cell line
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