title: Inhibiting biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 using an iron antagonizing molecule and a bacteriophage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Success of biofilm dwelling bacteria in causing persistent and chronic infections is attributed to their resistance towards antibiotics and immune defences. Free iron is critical for the growth of biofilm associated bacteria. Therefore in the present study, the effect of limiting iron levels by addition of divalent Co[II] ions in combination with a bacteriophage was used for preventing/disrupting Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher reduction (p < 0.005) in bacterial numbers in the younger as well as older biofilms treated with Co[II] and depolymerase producing phage in combination was observed in comparison to when either of the agents was used alone. The role of phage borne depolymerase was confirmed, as an insignificant eradication of biofilm by non-depolymerase producing bacteriophage in combination with cobalt ions was observed. The results of viable count were further confirmed by visual examination of biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the study it can be concluded, that iron antagonizing molecules and bacteriophages can be used as adjunct therapy for preventing biofilm development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences (BMS) Block, Panjab University, 160014 Chandigarh, India. sanjaychhibber8@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chhibber
authors.forename: Deepika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nag
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bansal
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000254:growth & development*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000378:metabolism*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D003035:Cobalt; D007501:Iron
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