title: Childhood infections, but not early life growth, influence hearing in the Newcastle thousand families birth cohort at age 14 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While current research priorities include investigations of age-related hearing loss, there are concerns regarding effects on childhood hearing, for example through increased personal headphone use. By utilising historical data, it is possible to assess what factors may have increased hearing problems in children in the past, and this may be used to inform current public health policies to protect children against hearing loss and in turn reduce the long-term burden on individuals and services that may possible evolve. The aim of this study was to investigate which factors in early life significantly impacted on hearing level in childhood using existing data from the Newcastle Thousand Families Study, a 1947 birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on early life factors, including growth, socio-economic status and illness, and hearing at age 14 years were collated for a representative subset of individuals from the cohort (n = 147). Factors were assessed using linear regression analysis to identify associations with hearing thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males were found to have lower hearing thresholds at 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz. Main analyses showed no associations between hearing thresholds and early life growth or socio-economic indicators. An increasing number of ear infections from birth to age 13 years was associated with hearing thresholds at 250Hz (p = 0.04) and 500Hz (p = 0.03), which remained true for females (p = 0.050), but not males (p = 0.213) in sex-specific analysis. Scarlet fever and bronchitis were associated with hearing thresholds at 8 kHz. After adjustment for all significant predictors at each frequency, results remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no associations between childhood hearing thresholds and early life growth and socio-economic status. Consistent with other studies, we found associations between childhood infections and hearing thresholds. Current public health strategies aimed at reducing childhood infections may also have a beneficial effect upon childhood hearing.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Kay D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ; Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nedellec
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearce
keywords: Aetiology; Childhood hearing; Epidemiology; Fetal growth; Risk factors
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