title: Identification of microbial populations assimilating nitrogen from RDX in munitions contaminated military training range soils by high sensitivity stable isotope probing.
abstract: The leaching of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) from particulates deposited in live-fire military training range soils contributes to significant pollution of groundwater. In situ microbial degradation has been proposed as a viable method for onsite containment of RDX. However, there is only a single report of RDX degradation in training range soils and the soil microbial communities involved in RDX degradation were not identified. Here we demonstrate aerobic RDX degradation in soils taken from a target area of an Eglin Air Force Base bombing range, C52N Cat's Eye, (Eglin, Florida U.S.A.). RDX-degradation activity was spatially heterogeneous (found in less than 30% of initial target area field samples) and dependent upon the addition of exogenous carbon sources to the soils. Therefore, biostimulation (with exogenous carbon sources) and bioaugmentation may be necessary to sustain timely and effective in situ microbial biodegradation of RDX. High sensitivity stable isotope probing analysis of extracted soils incubated with fully labeled (15)N-RDX revealed several organisms with (15)N-labeled DNA during RDX-degradation, including xplA-bearing organisms. Rhodococcus was the most prominent genus in the RDX-degrading soil slurries and was completely labeled with (15)N-nitrogen from the RDX. Rhodococcus and Williamsia species isolated from these soils were capable of using RDX as a sole nitrogen source and possessed the genes xplB and xplA associated with RDX-degradation, indicating these genes may be suitable genetic biomarkers for assessing RDX degradation potential in soils. Other highly labeled species were primarily Proteobacteria, including: Mesorhizobium sp., Variovorax sp., and Rhizobium sp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , 201 More Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andeer
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lillis
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D000192:Actinomycetales / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D018628:Gene Dosage; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D009573:Nitrites; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D009584:Nitrogen; C009160:cyclonite