title: Temporal trends in percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes among older patients in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) device technologies are often rapidly adopted into clinical practice, yet few studies have examined the overall impact of these new technologies on patient outcomes in community practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In hopes of determining temporal trends in PCI outcomes, we used data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Service's Chronic Condition Warehouse (n = 3,250,836) by comparing patient characteristics and rates of 3-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) across the balloon angioplasty (POBA) era (01/1991-09/1995), the bare metal stent (BMS) era (02/1998-04/2003), and the drug-eluting stent (DES) era (05/2004-10/2006). The adjusted association between era and outcomes was determined with Cox proportional hazards modeling (POBA era as reference).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the POBA era, patients undergoing PCI were significantly older and had more medical comorbidities, and the risk for 3-year MACE was significantly lower during the BMS and DES eras (BMS vs. POBA adjusted HR [95% CI]: 0.930 [0.926-0.935]; DES vs. BMS: 0.831 [0.827-0.835]). Compared with males, the adjusted risk for 3-year MACE among females was lower during the POBA era, but slightly higher during the BMS and DES eras. Across all three eras, patients ≥75 years of age had higher adjusted risk for MACE compared with younger patients, and the risk for revascularization was lower for both females and older patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite its application in older and sicker Medicare beneficiaries, there has been a significant decrease in post-PCI MACE over time. The risk for death or myocardial infarction is higher among females and older patients compared with males and younger patients; therefore, future studies should focus on improving clinical outcomes in these high-risk subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. sunil.rao@duke.edu
authors.forename: Sunil V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Connie N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Pamela S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D019233:Retreatment; D012737:Sex Factors; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
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