title: Microwave assisted preparation of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) for orthopedic applications: a novel solution to the exothermicity problem.
abstract: There are two interesting features of this paper. First, we report herein a novel microwave assisted technique to prepare phosphate based orthopedic cements, which do not generate any exothermicity during setting. The exothermic reactions during the setting of phosphate cements can cause tissue damage during the administration of injectable compositions and hence a solution to the problem is sought via microwave processing. This solution through microwave exposure is based on a phenomenon that microwave irradiation can remove all water molecules from the alkaline earth phosphate cement paste to temporarily stop the setting reaction while preserving the active precursor phase in the formulation. The setting reaction can be initiated a second time by adding aqueous medium, but without any exothermicity. Second, a special emphasis is placed on using this technique to synthesize magnesium phosphate cements for orthopedic applications with their enhanced mechanical properties and possible uses as drug and protein delivery vehicles. The as-synthesized cements were evaluated for the occurrences of exothermic reactions, setting times, presence of Mg-phosphate phases, compressive strength levels, microstructural features before and after soaking in (simulated body fluid) SBF, and in vitro cytocompatibility responses. The major results show that exposure to microwaves solves the exothermicity problem, while simultaneously improving the mechanical performance of hardened cements and reducing the setting times. As expected, the cements are also found to be cytocompatible. Finally, it is observed that this process can be applied to calcium phosphate cements system (CPCs) as well. Based on the results, this microwave exposure provides a novel technique for the processing of injectable phosphate bone cement compositions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. Huan.Zhou@rockets.utoledo.edu
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Anand K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Sarit B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhaduri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000187:drug effects; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008872:Microwaves; D009985:Orthopedics; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010710:Phosphates / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C030781:magnesium phosphate; C020243:calcium phosphate
keywords: Bone cement; Magnesium phosphate; Microwave; Non-exothermic phosphate cement setting