title: The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research.
abstract: The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively isolated region of the body. Although these adult-onset focal dystonias are most prevalent, knowledge of their etiologies and pathogenesis has lagged behind some of the rarer generalized dystonias, in which the identification of genetic defects has facilitated both basic and clinical research. This summary provides a brief review of the clinical manifestations of the adult-onset focal dystonias, focusing attention on less well understood clinical manifestations that need further study. It also provides a simple conceptual model for the similarities and differences among the different adult-onset focal dystonias as a rationale for lumping them together as a class of disorders while at the same time splitting them into subtypes. The concluding section outlines some of the most important research questions for the future. Answers to these questions are critical for advancing our understanding of this group of disorders and for developing novel therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. hjinnah@emory.edu
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jinnah
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berardelli
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Comella
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
authors.forename: Mahlon R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Delong
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Factor
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Galpern
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ludlow
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
authors.forename: Ami R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rosen
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
keywords: blepharospasm; cervical dystonia; focal dystonia; focal hand dystonia; spasmodic dysphonia
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