title: SIV infection of rhesus macaques differentially impacts mononuclear phagocyte responses to virus-derived TLR agonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the ability of innate mononuclear phagocytes to function when responding to the invading pathogen has yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) oligonucleotides from the infecting strain of virus and utilized them to stimulate mononuclear phagocytes from blood and lymph nodes of naïve and SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soon after infection and continuing through to chronic disease, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), monocytes, and macrophages from SIV-infected macaques were less able to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to virus-derived toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. In contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) became hyper-responsive during acute and stable chronic infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages may not instigate continued immune activation by recognizing the single-stranded RNA from SIV as they are left dysfunctional after infection. Conversely, mDC functionality may be beneficial as their hyper-responsiveness is related to slowed disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wonderlich
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barratt-Boyes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012157:Mononuclear Phagocyte System / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000494:pharmacology; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: HIV/AIDS; innate immunity; non-human primate
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