title: Nicotinic receptor gene variants interact with attention deficient hyperactive disorder symptoms to predict smoking trajectories from early adolescence to adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CHRNB3 (rs13280604) and CHRNA6 (rs892413) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in predicting smoking patterns from early adolescence to adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort of 1137 unrelated youths from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health provided responses to four surveys from Waves I to IV, and a genetic sample in Wave III. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify smoking patterns and to assess the effects of the two SNPs and ADHD symptoms on cigarette use over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant main effects of ADHD symptoms and CHRNA6 variants in predicting the number of cigarettes smoked and the pattern of use over time, respectively. There were no main effects of the CHRNB3 variants. However, a significant CHRNB3 variant×ADHD symptom interaction was observed, such that individuals with elevated ADHD symptoms and a particular CHRNB3 variant were at increased risk of cigarette use over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that a SNP in a nicotinic receptor gene may interact with ADHD symptoms to link with increased cigarette use across adolescence and young adulthood. Unique associations between specific variants and patterns of ADHD symptoms were identified which may be useful for targeting prevention efforts to individuals at greatest risk for cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychology Neuroscience, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Chien-Ti
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bernard F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Fuemmeler
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashley-Koch
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063588:National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C470410:CHRNA6 protein, human; C539371:CHRNB3 protein, human; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic
keywords: ADHD; Smoking development; nAChR SNPs
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