title: Improving antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial from Norwegian general practice (prescription peer academic detailing (Rx-PAD) study).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of a multifaceted educational intervention in Norwegian general practice aiming to reduce antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory tract infections and to reduce the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomised controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing continuing medical education groups were recruited and randomised to intervention or control.
  
  
  METHODS
  79 groups, comprising 382 general practitioners, completed the interventions and data extractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention groups had two visits by peer academic detailers, the first presenting the national clinical guidelines for antibiotic use and recent research evidence on acute respiratory tract infections, the second based on feedback reports on each general practitioner's antibiotic prescribing profile from the preceding year. Regional one day seminars were arranged as a supplement. The control arm received a different intervention targeting prescribing practice for older patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescription rates and proportion of non-penicillin V antibiotics prescribed at the group level before and after the intervention, compared with corresponding data from the controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an adjusted, multilevel model, the effect of the intervention on the 39 intervention groups (183 general practitioners) was a reduction (odds ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 0.84) in prescribing of antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections compared with the controls (40 continuing medical education groups with 199 general practitioners). A corresponding reduction was seen in the odds (0.64, 0.49 to 0.82) for prescribing a non-penicillin V antibiotic when an antibiotic was issued. Prescriptions per 1000 listed patients increased from 80.3 to 84.6 in the intervention arm and from 80.9 to 89.0 in the control arm, but this reflects a greater incidence of infections (particularly pneumonia) that needed treating in the intervention arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention led to improved antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in a representative sample of Norwegian general practitioners, and the courses were feasible to the general practitioners.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical trials NCT00272155.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P O Box 1130, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. svein.gjelstad@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.forename: Sigurd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Høye
authors.forename: Jørund
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Straand
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dalen
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindbæk
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D009664:Norway; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010404:Penicillin V / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010404:Penicillin V
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