title: Vulnerability to extreme heat and climate change: is ethnicity a factor?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With a warming climate, it is important to identify sub-populations at risk of harm during extreme heat. Several international studies have reported that individuals from ethnic minorities are at increased risk of heat-related illness, for reasons that are not often discussed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to investigate the underpinning reasons as to why ethnicity may be associated with susceptibility to extreme heat, and how this may be relevant to Australia's population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drawing upon literary sources, the authors provide commentary on this important, yet poorly understood area of heat research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social and economic disparities, living conditions, language barriers, and occupational exposure are among the many factors contributing to heat-susceptibility among minority ethnic groups in the United States. However, there is a knowledge gap about socio-cultural influences on vulnerability in other countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research needs to be undertaken to determine the effects of heat on tourists, migrants, and refugees who are confronted with a different climatic environment. Thorough epidemiological investigations of the association between ethnicity and heat-related health outcomes are required, and this could be assisted with better reporting of nationality data in health statistics. Climate change adaptation strategies in Australia and elsewhere need to be ethnically inclusive and cognisant of an upward trend in the proportion of the population who are migrants and refugees.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. alana.hansen@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saniotis
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nitschke
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D057231:Climate Change; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Australia; barriers; climate change; ethnicity; heat-susceptibility; migrants
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