title: SL-01, an oral derivative of gemcitabine, inhibited human breast cancer growth through induction of apoptosis.
abstract: SL-01 is an oral derivative of gemcitabine that was synthesized by introducing the moiety of 3-(dodecyloxycarbonyl) pyrazine-2-carbonyl at N4-position on cytidine ring of gemcitabine. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of SL-01 on human breast cancer growth. SL-01 significantly inhibited MCF-7 proliferation as estimated by colorimetric assay. Flow cytometry assay indicated the apoptotic induction and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. SL-01 modulated the expressions of p-ATM, p53 and p21 and decrease of cyclin D1 in MCF-7 cells. Further experiments were performed in a MCF-7 xenografts mouse model. SL-01 by oral administration strongly inhibited MCF-7 xenografts growth. This effect of SL-01 might arise from its roles in the induction of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry assay showed the increase of TUNEL staining cells. Western blotting indicated the modulation of apoptotic proteins in SL-01-treated xenografts. During the course of study, there was no evidence of toxicity to mice. In contrast, the decrease of neutrophil cells in peripheral and increase of AST and ALT levels in serum were observed in the gemcitabine-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SL-01 possessed similar activity against human breast cancer growth with gemcitabine, whereas, with lower toxicity to gemcitabine. SL-01 is a potent oral agent that may supplant the use of gemcitabine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi-Zhuo
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Rui-Qi
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Bao
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xian-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015195:Drug Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C575292:dodecyl-3-((1-(3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl)carbamoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxylate; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine
keywords: Apoptosis; Gemcitabine; Human breast cancer; Inhibitory effect; Oral derivative; Toxicity