title: Schoolwork engagement and burnout among Finnish high school students and young adults: profiles, progressions, and educational outcomes.
abstract: Applying a person-centered approach, the primary aim of this study was to examine what profiles of schoolwork engagement and burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, inadequacy) can be identified in high school (N = 979) and among the same participants in young adulthood (ages ranging from 17 to 25). We also examined gender differences, group differences in academic and socioemotional functioning and long-term educational outcomes, and temporal stability in the group memberships. Latent profile analysis identified 4 groups of students in high school. Both engaged (44%) and engaged-exhausted (28%) students were engaged and doing well in school, although engaged-exhausted students were more stressed and preoccupied with possible failures. Cynical (14%) and burned-out (14%) students were less engaged, valued school less, and had lower academic achievement. Cynical students, however, were less stressed, exhausted, and depressed than burned-out students. Six years later, engaged students were more likely than predicted by chance to attend university. In young adulthood, 4 similar groups were identified. Configural frequency analysis indicated that it was typical for engaged students to stay in the engaged group and for engaged-exhausted students to move into a more disengaged group. The results on broadband stability from adolescence to young adulthood showed that 60% of the youth manifested stable engaged and 7% stable disengaged patterns, whereas 16% displayed emergent engagement and 17% emergent disengagement patterns. Overall, the findings demonstrate that adolescence is not a uniform time for either school engagement and well-being or disengagement and distress.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences.
authors.forename: Heta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tuominen-Soini
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki.
authors.forename: Katariina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salmela-Aro
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012574:Schools; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult