title: Strategies for open reconstruction of upper ureteral strictures.
abstract: This article presents a review of the literature regarding surgical techniques and outcomes for reconstruction of strictures involving the upper ureter. The preoperative assessment for proximal ureteral stricture is briefly reviewed, followed by a discussion of ureteroureterostomy, transureteroureterostomy, ureterocalicostomy, bladder flaps, downward nephropexy, bowel interposition grafts, onlay or tubular grafting, renal autotransplantation, and nephrectomy. The future direction for reconstruction of the proximal ureter is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA. richard_b_knight@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hudak
authors.forename: Allen F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Morey
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D003106:Colon / Q000637:transplantation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000637:transplantation; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D011859:Radiography; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
keywords: Bladder flap; Ileal ureter; Reconstruction; Stricture; Ureter