title: Presence of UV filters in surface water and the effects of phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following a chronic toxicity test.
abstract: UV filters belong to a group of compounds that are used by humans and are present in municipal waste-waters, effluents from sewage treatment plants and surface waters. Current information regarding UV filters and their effects on fish is limited. In this study, the occurrence of three commonly used UV filters - 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-3, BP-3) and 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid (benzophenone-4, BP-4) - in South Bohemia (Czech Republic) surface waters is presented. PBSA concentrations (up to 13μgL(-1)) were significantly greater than BP-3 or BP-4 concentrations (up to 620 and 390ngL(-1), respectively). On the basis of these results, PBSA was selected for use in a toxicity test utilizing the common model organism rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to three concentrations of PBSA (1, 10 and 1000µgL(-1)) for 21 and 42 days. The PBSA concentrations in the fish plasma, liver and kidneys were elevated after 21 and 42 days of exposure. PBSA increased activity of certain P450 cytochromes. Exposure to PBSA also changed various biochemical parameters and enzyme activities in the fish plasma. However, no pathological changes were obvious in the liver or gonads.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. grabicova@frov.jcu.cz
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grabicova
authors.forename: Ganna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fedorova
authors.forename: Viktoriia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burkina
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Posthaus
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zlabek
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kocour Kroupova
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabic
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D003580:Cytochromes / Q000378:metabolism; D018153:Czech Republic; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D003580:Cytochromes; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C499767:ensulizole
keywords: 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid; 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate; 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid; 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor; 4MBC; BP-3; BP-4; Chronic toxicity test; EHMC; OC; PBSA; PPCPs; Rainbow trout; Surface water; UV filters; benzophenone-3; benzophenone-4; octocrylene; pharmaceuticals and personal care products