title: Animal category-preferential gamma-band responses in the lower- and higher-order visual areas: intracranial recording in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined where and when category-preferential augmentation of gamma activity took place during naming of animal or non-animal pictures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 41 patients with focal epilepsy who underwent measurement of naming-related gamma-augmentation at 50-120 Hz during extraoperative electrocorticography. The assigned task consisted of naming of a visually-presented object classified as either 'animal' or 'non-animal'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within 80 ms following the onset of picture presentation, regardless of stimulus type, gamma-activity in bilateral occipital regions began to be augmented compared to the resting period. Initially in the occipital poles (at 140 ms and after) and subsequently in the lateral, inferior and medial occipital regions (at 320 ms and after), the degree of gamma-augmentation elicited by 'animal naming' became larger (by up to 52%) than that by 'non-animal naming'. Immediately prior to the overt response, left inferior frontal gamma-augmentation became modestly larger during 'animal naming' compared to 'non-animal naming'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animal category-preferential gamma-augmentation sequentially involved the lower- and higher-order visual areas. Relatively larger occipital gamma-augmentation during 'animal naming' can be attributed to the more attentive analysis of animal stimuli including the face. Animal-preferential gamma-augmentation in the left inferior frontal region could be attributed to a need for selective semantic retrieval during 'animal naming'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A specific program of cortical processing to distinguish an animal (or face) from other objects might be initiated in the lower-order visual cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Erik C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.forename: Eishi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D058256:Brain Waves; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009275:Names; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058067:Wavelet Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epilepsy; Gamma activity; High-frequency oscillations (HFOs); Intracranial ECoG recording; Ripples
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