title: Device localization and dynamic scan plane selection using a wireless magnetic resonance imaging detector array.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prototype wireless guidance device using single sideband amplitude modulation (SSB) is presented for a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The device contained three fiducial markers each mounted to an independent receiver coil equipped with wireless SSB technology. Acquiring orthogonal projections of these markers determined the position and orientation of the device, which was used to define the scan plane for a subsequent image acquisition. Device localization and scan plane update required approximately 30 ms, so it could be interleaved with high temporal resolution imaging. Since the wireless device is used for localization and does not require full imaging capability, the design of the SSB wireless system was simplified by allowing an asynchronous clock between the transmitter and receiver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When coupled to a high readout bandwidth, the error caused by the lack of a shared frequency reference was quantified to be less than one pixel (0.78 mm) in the projection acquisitions. Image guidance with the prototype was demonstrated with a phantom where a needle was successfully guided to a target and contrast was delivered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility of active tracking with a wireless detector array is demonstrated. Wireless arrays could be incorporated into devices to assist in image-guided procedures.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Riffe
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yutzy
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Twieg
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wesley D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gilson
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sunshine
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Flask
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duerk
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulani
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Griswold
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059015:Wireless Technology
keywords: magnetic resonance imaging; microcoil tracking; single sideband amplitude modulation; wireless link
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