title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and the risk of lung cancer: a pilot nested case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a pilot nested case-control study to prospectively evaluate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress on lung carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients with lung cancer and 140 age- and sex-matched controls were selected from a sub-cohort of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort. PAH metabolites (1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol), oxidative stress markers, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed using urine samples collected at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of urinary PAH metabolites and oxidative stress were not different between cases and controls. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol levels were significantly associated with urinary oxidative stress markers only in lung cancer cases. Individuals with low urinary TAC and high urinary oxidative stress levels had significantly higher risk of lung cancer compared to those with high urinary TAC and low urinary oxidative stress levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress induced by PAH exposure and TAC may be important determinants for the susceptibility to lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudong-ro, Heungdok-gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.forename: Dong-Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Sun In
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Jong-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.forename: Hyo-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Hyeong Chan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Jae Jeong
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sue K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Keun-Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Hyeong Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kun-Sei
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Soung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yong-Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Heon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene; 2-naphthol; 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; antioxidant capacity; cotinine; lung cancer; nested case–control study; oxidative stress; thiobarbituric acid