title: Cardiovascular disease risk factors among HIV-infected Nigerians receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has become more accessible to Human immunodeficiency virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients worldwide. There is growing concern that the metabolic complications associated with HIV and HAART may increase cardiovascular risk and lead to cardiovascular diseases. We, therefore, set out to describe the cardiovascular risk profile of HIV/AIDS patients receiving HAART at a health facility in northern part of Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Consenting patients, who had been receiving HAART, were compared with age and sex matched HAART-naive subjects. Questionnaire interview, electrocardiography, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were conducted under standard conditions. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of plasma glucose, uric acid and lipid levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred subjects were studied, 100 were on HAART (group 1) and the other 100 (group 2) were HAART-naive. Subjects' mean age for all the participants was 32.5 (7.6) years. The prevalence of hypertension was 17% in group 1 and 2% in group 2 (P < 0.001). Similarly, 11% and 21% of group 1 subjects were obese or had metabolic syndrome compared with 2% and 9% of group 2 patients (P < 0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAART treatment was associated with significantly higher prevalences of hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sanusi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Mahmoud Umar
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Sani
authors.forename: Basil N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Okeahialam
keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors; Nigeria; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human immunodeficiency virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; metabolic syndrome
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421
references.pmid: 12485966
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Oct 19;15(15):2001-10
references.pmid: 11600829
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):132-7
references.pmid: 15616246
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jan;32(1):130-9
references.pmid: 11118392
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 Mar 26;338(13):853-60
references.pmid: 9516219
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Jun 10;19(9):953-60
references.pmid: 15905677
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854:1-452
references.pmid: 8594834
references.citation: AIDS. 2007 Nov 30;21(18):2445-53
references.pmid: 18025881
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Nov 28;352(9142):1725-30
references.pmid: 9848347
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2003 Jul;21(7):1377-82
references.pmid: 12817187
references.citation: Lancet. 1983 Apr 2;1(8327):767-8
references.pmid: 6188005
references.citation: East Afr Med J. 2008 Jan;85(1):10-7
references.pmid: 18543521
references.citation: Am J Med. 1947 Jul;3(1):125
references.pmid: 20343933
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Jun 19;353(9170):2093-9
references.pmid: 10382692
references.citation: AIDS. 2003 May 23;17(8):1179-93
references.pmid: 12819520
references.citation: AIDS. 1998 May 7;12(7):F51-8
references.pmid: 9619798
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003 Dec;22(12):731-6
references.pmid: 14610658
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1997 Jul;20(7):1183-97
references.pmid: 9203460
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Apr 24;20(7):1019-26
references.pmid: 16603854
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Dec 1;43(4):458-66
references.pmid: 16980905
references.citation: HIV Clin Trials. 2003 Nov-Dec;4(6):411-6
references.pmid: 14628284
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Nov;31(5):1216-24
references.pmid: 11073755
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Jun 11;289(22):2978-82
references.pmid: 12799406
references.citation: Acta Trop. 2002 Aug;83(2):151-8
references.pmid: 12088856
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Aug 1;45(4):426-31
references.pmid: 17514013