title: Control measures for slug and snail hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, with special reference to the semi-slug Parmarion martensi.
abstract: Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda) are the obligate intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis. This nematode is the causative agent of human angiostrongyliasis and the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Humans can become infected by accidental consumption of slugs or snails and possibly flatworms (or a portion of one of these animals) in fresh produce, but the slime from these animals can contain nematodes and may also constitute a disease risk. Gastropod carriers in Hawa'i include, among other species, giant African snails, veronicellid slugs, and the semi-slug Parmarion martensi. This latter species was first discovered on the island of Hawa'i in 2004 and is now common in the area where the majority of the state's documented cases of human angiostrongyliasis occurred between 2005 and 2011. This species is considered a high risk carrier of A. cantonensis because of its climbing behavior, abundance around human dwellings, and high worm burdens. One individual collected from east Hawa'i Island contained >6,800 infective third stage A. cantonensis larvae. Common and efficient control methods for slugs and snails include sanitation (eg, removal of objects that serve as hiding places) and the use of poison food baits, such as those containing metaldehyde and iron. An iron-containing bait that is relatively safe to non-target organisms was effective in controlling semi-slugs in cage experiments, although it killed more slowly than a metaldehyde-containing bait and the majority of slugs affected did not die until 1-2 weeks following ingestion.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA. robert.hollingsworth@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jarvi
mesh_terms: D017185:Angiostrongylus cantonensis; D000818:Animals; D004199:Disease Vectors; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000469:parasitology*; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008975:Molluscacides; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D012499:Sanitation; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D008975:Molluscacides
keywords: Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Hawaii; Iron phosphate; Parmarion martensi; Rat lungworm; Semi-slug; Slug baits
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