title: Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and validate a Japanese version of the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS-J).
  
  
  METHODS
  The AIS-J was created using a back-translation design. A total of 477 outpatients with chronic insomnia and 163 individuals from the general community were recruited. Participants were asked to complete the AIS-J along with two other insomnia scales - Japanese versions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Insomnia Severity Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AIS-J consisted of a two-factor structure: 'nocturnal sleep problem' (items 1-5) and 'daytime dysfunction' (items 6-8). Internal consistencycoefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.88. Correlations between the AIS-J and the aforementioned authorized scales were 0.81 and 0.85, respectively. Scores on the AIS-J were significantly higher for the insomnia group than for the control group. The AIS-J cut-off value for identifying pathological insomnia was estimated at 6 points or more, and the AIS-J-nocturnal cut-off value was estimated at 4 points or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AIS-J has sufficient validity and diagnostic utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Japan. okajima@somnology.com
authors.forename: Isa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okajima
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D044466:Asian People; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D014177:Translations
keywords: Athens Insomnia Scale; Japanese; insomnia; reliability; validation