title: Molecular signatures of epithelial ovarian cancer: analysis of associations with tumor characteristics and epidemiologic risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six gene expression subtypes of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were recently defined using microarrays by Tothill and colleagues. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project subsequently replicated these subtypes and identified a signature predictive of survival in high-grade serous (HGS) cancers. We previously validated these signatures for use in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these signatures are associated with specific ovarian cancer risk factors, which would add to the evidence that they reflect the heterogeneous etiology of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modeled signature-specific tumor characteristics and epidemiologic risk factor relationships using multiple regression and multivariate response multiple regression models in 193 patients from a case-control study of epithelial ovarian cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed associations between the Tothill gene expression subtype signatures and both age at diagnosis (P = 0.0008) and race (P = 0.008). Although most established epidemiologic risk factors were not associated with molecular signatures, there was an association between breast feeding (P = 0.024) and first-degree family history of breast or ovarian cancer (P = 0.034) among the 106 HGS cases. Some of the above associations were validated using gene expression microarray data from the TCGA project. Weak associations were seen with age at menarche and duration of oral contraceptive use and the TCGA survival signature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the potential for genomic characterization to elucidate the etiologic heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that molecular signatures may augment the ability to define etiologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Community and Family Medicine, Statistical Science, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Pathology, and Surgery, Duke Cancer Institute, and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Joellen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schildkraut
authors.forename: Edwin S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Akushevich
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Rex C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berchuck
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
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