title: Dendritic cell based vaccines for HIV infection: the way ahead.
abstract: Dendritic cells have a central role in HIV infection. On one hand, they are essential to induce strong HIV-specific CD4⁺ helper T-cell responses that are crucial to achieve a sustained and effective HIV-specific CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte able to control HIV replication. On the other hand, DCs contribute to virus dissemination and HIV itself could avoid a correct antigen presentation. As the efficacy of immune therapy and therapeutic vaccines against HIV infection has been modest in the best of cases, it has been hypothesized that ex vivo generated DC therapeutic vaccines aimed to induce effective specific HIV immune responses might overcome some of these problems. In fact, DC-based vaccine clinical trials have yielded the best results in this field. However, despite these encouraging results, functional cure has not been reached with this strategy in any patient. In this Commentary, we discuss new approaches to improve the efficacy and feasibility of this type of therapeutic vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clinic-HIVACAT; IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Climent
authors.forename: Agathe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gatell
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gallart
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines
keywords: HIV; T cell responses; dendritic cells; functional cure; therapeutic vaccine
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2011 Jan;89(1):127-36
references.pmid: 20959412
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(21):13239-49
references.pmid: 16227247
references.citation: Vaccine. 2011 Sep 2;29(38):6454-63
references.pmid: 21791232
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2003;276:261-75
references.pmid: 12797452
references.citation: J Virol. 2003 Aug;77(16):8719-28
references.pmid: 12885891
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jul 19;412(6844):334-8
references.pmid: 11460164
references.citation: Nature. 2005 May 5;435(7038):108-14
references.pmid: 15829920
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Jul 21;198(2):361-7
references.pmid: 12874266
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2009 Jun;131(3):374-84
references.pmid: 19237318
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2007 Apr;9(4):536-43
references.pmid: 17350307
references.citation: Vaccine. 2009 Oct 9;27(43):6088-94
references.pmid: 19450647
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Oct;79(20):12952-60
references.pmid: 16188997
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9583-8
references.pmid: 15983379
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 15;203(4):473-8
references.pmid: 21233310
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Nov;82(5):1143-6
references.pmid: 17684038
references.citation: Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1301
references.pmid: 21127221
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 28;366(26):2455-65
references.pmid: 22658128
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Jun 15;174(12):7524-30
references.pmid: 15944251
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Mar 19;392(6673):245-52
references.pmid: 9521319
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Feb;15(2):284-92
references.pmid: 17942609
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 Jan 2;5(166):166ra2
references.pmid: 23283367
references.citation: Immunity. 2002 Aug;17(2):211-20
references.pmid: 12196292
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51287
references.pmid: 23240012
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1998 Mar 26;338(13):853-60
references.pmid: 9516219
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):861-6
references.pmid: 12835706
references.citation: AIDS. 2012 Feb 20;26(4):F1-12
references.pmid: 22156965
references.citation: Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):263-5
references.pmid: 12690179
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 Mar 20;5(177):177ra38
references.pmid: 23515080
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Dec 15;198(12):1773-7
references.pmid: 14676292
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 28;366(26):2443-54
references.pmid: 22658127
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2006 Jun;78(6):711-8
references.pmid: 16628588
references.citation: Blood. 2003 Jun 1;101(11):4505-11
references.pmid: 12576311
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Feb 25;5(2):e9436
references.pmid: 20195543
references.citation: Nat Med. 2004 Dec;10(12):1359-65
references.pmid: 15568033
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;109(12):1519-26
references.pmid: 12070296
references.citation: Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012 May;8(5):569-81
references.pmid: 22634436
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jun;9(6):727-8
references.pmid: 12754504
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 15;198(10):1482-90
references.pmid: 18808335
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2009 Nov-Dec;87(8):634-9
references.pmid: 19668260
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006 Jan;13(1):26-32
references.pmid: 16425996
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Mar 12;458(7235):206-10
references.pmid: 19078956
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 3;361(23):2209-20
references.pmid: 19843557
references.citation: Vaccine. 2007 Oct 23;25(43):7491-501
references.pmid: 17904700
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2000 Jul 14;477(1-2):123-8
references.pmid: 10899322
references.citation: Vaccine. 2009 Aug 20;27(38):5284-91
references.pmid: 19450633
references.citation: Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):205-8
references.pmid: 15247470
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Jul 17;23(11):1329-40
references.pmid: 19528789
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Mar 19;113(12):2732-41
references.pmid: 18945959
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Aug 12;19(12):1321-3
references.pmid: 16052088
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19644
references.pmid: 21625608
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2010 Feb;134(2):140-7
references.pmid: 19889582
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1109-18
references.pmid: 8145033
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 26;108(17):7131-6
references.pmid: 21467219
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2010 Nov;31(33):8749-58
references.pmid: 20832111
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 May 1;168(9):4796-801
references.pmid: 11971031
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2012 Mar;142(3):252-68
references.pmid: 22177848
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4256
references.pmid: 19165342
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2000;18:767-811
references.pmid: 10837075
references.citation: Nat Med. 2003 Jan;9(1):27-32
references.pmid: 12496959
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Nov;6(11):859-68
references.pmid: 17063186
references.citation: JAMA. 2000 Nov 1;284(17):2193-202
references.pmid: 11056590
references.citation: Immunology. 2009 Nov;128(3):393-404
references.pmid: 20067539
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jul 3;424(6944):99-103
references.pmid: 12808466
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2005 May 15;191(10):1680-5
references.pmid: 15838795
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 May 1;14(7):551-60
references.pmid: 9591709
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Dec 25;203(13):2887-93
references.pmid: 17145955
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Apr 1;72(7):1661-71
references.pmid: 22337996
references.citation: AIDS. 2011 Jan 2;25(1):27-36
references.pmid: 21076273