title: Human papillomavirus infection and spontaneous abortion: a case-control study performed in Mexico.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if HPV cervical infection is associated with spontaneous abortion in a Mexican population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study including 281 women from two Social Security Hospitals in Merida, Mexico. Cases were women with spontaneous abortion attending for curettage, and controls were pregnant women at term who attended for delivery. HPV molecular detection and typing of HPV 16, 18, 58 and 6/11 was performed on cervical samples, and TORCH serology IgM tests (against T. gondii, CMV, HSV) were performed on cases. Data were analyzed using Chi square, odds ratio and linear regression tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV global prevalence was 19.8% (24.4% in cases and 15.2% in controls). HPV types 16 and 58 were the most frequently detected in both groups. Multiple HPV types concurrent infection were found in 31.4% of typified samples. Amongst cases 27.3% of HPV positive women reported at least one previous pregnancy loss; compared to 17.43% amongst HPV negative women. Nevertheless, HPV was not significantly associated with spontaneous or to repetitive abortion. Cases were 60.2% positive to any TORCH agent, although it was not significantly associated to referred miscarriage history. Spontaneous abortion was associated to a previous pregnancy loss and to women's age older than 35 years old. HPV infection was significantly associated to alcohol intake before pregnancy and to multiple sexual partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV cervical infection was not associated with spontaneous abortion. HPV in spontaneous abortion and other adverse pregnancy outcomes merits further study.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. Electronic address: laura.conde@uady.mx.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conde-Ferráez
authors.forename: Alberto de A
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Chan May
authors.forename: Jorge R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Martínez
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayora-Talavera
authors.forename: María del Refugio
authors.initials: Mdel R
authors.lastname: González-Losa
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002577:Uterine Cervical Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HPV; Pregnancy; Spontaneous abortion; Young women