title: Effects of nutrition label format and product assortment on the healthfulness of food choice.
abstract: This study aims to find out whether front-of-pack nutrition label formats influence the healthfulness of consumers' food choices and important predictors of healthful choices, depending on the size of the choice set that is made available to consumers. The predictors explored were health motivation and perceived capability of making healthful choices. One thousand German and Polish consumers participated in the study that manipulated the format of nutrition labels. All labels referred to the content of calories and four negative nutrients and were presented on savoury and sweet snacks. The different formats included the percentage of guideline daily amount, colour coding schemes, and text describing low, medium and high content of each nutrient. Participants first chose from a set of 10 products and then from a set of 20 products, which was, on average, more healthful than the first choice set. The results showed that food choices were more healthful in the extended 20-product (vs. 10-product) choice set and that this effect is stronger than a random choice would produce. The formats colour coding and texts, particularly colour coding in Germany, increased the healthfulness of product choices when consumers were asked to choose a healthful product, but not when they were asked to choose according to their preferences. The formats did not influence consumers' motivation to choose healthful foods. Colour coding, however, increased consumers' perceived capability of making healthful choices. While the results revealed no consistent differences in the effects between the formats, they indicate that manipulating choice sets by including healthier options is an effective strategy to increase the healthfulness of food choices.
authors.affiliation: MAPP Centre for Research on Customer Relations in the Food Sector, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 10, Building 1323-321, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: jeaw@asb.dk.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aschemann-Witzel
authors.forename: Klaus G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Grunert
authors.forename: Hans C M
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Trijp
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bialkova
authors.forename: Monique M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Raats
authors.forename: Charo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hodgkins
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wasowicz-Kirylo
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koenigstorfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D005518:Food Preferences; D058870:Food, Organic; D005858:Germany; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011044:Poland; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Choice; Consumer research; Guideline daily amount; Health; Nutrition label; Traffic light colour coding