title: Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: results from the Shanghai Men's Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The observed associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk of colorectal cancer have been inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk of colorectal cancer among Chinese men.
  
  
  METHODS
  61,274 male participants aged 40-74 years were included. A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered to collect information on usual dietary intake, including 8 fruits and 38 vegetables commonly consumed by residents of Shanghai. Follow-up for diagnoses of colon or rectal cancer was available through 31 December 2010. Dietary intakes were analyzed both as categorical and continuous variables. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 390,688 person-years of follow-up, 398 cases of colorectal cancer (236 colon and 162 rectal) were observed in the cohort. Fruit consumption was inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (fifth vs. first quintile HR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.48, 0.95; p trend = 0.03), whereas vegetable intake was not significantly associated with risk. The associations for subgroups of fruits and legumes, but not other vegetable categories, were generally inversely associated with the risk of colon and rectal cancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fruit intake was generally inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, whereas vegetable consumption was largely unrelated to risk among middle-aged and older Chinese men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogtmann
authors.forename: Yong-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Hong-Lan
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Waterbor
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Qi-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Xiao-Ou
authors.initials: XO
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
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