title: Tumor necrosis factor-308 polymorphism increases the embryo implantation rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Do TNF-308 and -238 polymorphisms impact the embryo implantation rate after in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women without female infertility factor?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the TNF-308A allele is associated with high implantation and multiple pregnancy rates in women without known infertility factors after ovarian hyperstimulation with exogenous FSH.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Multiple pregnancies are frequent after the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Single embryo transfer (SET) has been proposed as a simple way to prevent these risks. However, the extension of SET indications to patients not selected based on specific criteria is controversial because of reduced pregnancy rates. To date, the predictive value of the parameters used for SET (age, gynecological history of the patient and uterine characteristics) allows a pregnancy rate of ~30%.
  
  
  METHODS
  The potential predictive value of TNF polymorphisms (-308, rs1800629 and -238, rs361525) on implantation rate was evaluated in 424 women requiring IVF due to male fertility factors. This cohort retrospective study was conducted over 4 years in University-affiliated hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The entire patient group included 424 women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) due to male fertility factors without the contribution of any female factor. From among this group, a selected patient group included 120 women with a normal karyotype, age under 38 years, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (Day-3 FSH) levels below 10 IU/l, a long agonist desensitization protocol associated with recombinant FSH treatment and a Caucasian background.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TNF-238 polymorphism was not associated with implantation rate. In contrast, the presence of the TNF-308A allele was associated with increased Day 3-E2 levels as well as higher implantation and multiple pregnancy rates after fresh embryo transfer in women from the entire and selected patient groups. Moreover, in the selected patient group, the presence of the TNF-308A allele was also associated with a decrease in the miscarriage rate. The benefit of the TNF-308A allele in predicting implantation rates was not observed after the use of frozen embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future studies are needed to evaluate whether the TNF-308A allele might also be a biomarker in women with infertility factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNF-308A allele may represent a good candidate for a potential predictive, non-invasive biomarker in the SET strategy. However, its impact should be evaluated in prospective studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted with financial support from the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Organon France for a FARO (Fond d'Aide à la Recherche Organon) fellowship (to V.T.) and CHU Nice PHRC (PHRC 09-279).There are no competing interests.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 5, Nice, F-06204, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vialard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Sirkasi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tronchon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boudjenah
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molina-Gomes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergere
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mauduit
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wainer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000235:genetics*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: eSET; implantation; polymorphism; predictive biomarker; tumor necrosis factor