title: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of community and hospital acquired Staphylococcus aureus strains prevailing in Shenyang, Northeastern China.
abstract: In order to obtain adequate information for the treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, it is crucial to identify trends in epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance patterns of local S. aureus strains. Community and hospital acquired S. aureus isolates (n=202) were characterized using staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, spa typing and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. The prevalence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidine (pvl) and several antibiotic resistance genes among the isolates were also detected by PCR. All of the S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. Three hospital isolates were resistant to teicoplanin while 14 showed intermediate resistance to teicoplanin. The resistance patterns of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolates to other antimicrobials were similar to those of hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) isolates except for clindamycin and gentamicin. There was excellent correlation between phenotypes and genotypes in the determination of S. aureus resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The SCCmec type II and SCCmec type IV were the predominant types detected in hospital and community isolates, respectively. The most frequently encountered spa types were t002 and t030 both in HA- and CA-MRSA isolates. Pulsotype A was the most predominant pulsotype identified among the isolates tested, followed by pulsotype B. Seventy-two hospital isolates (19 HA-MRSA and 53 HA-MSSA) and 10 CA-MRSA were positive for the pvl gene. This study shows that the combination of susceptibility testing and various molecular methods has provided useful information on the antibiotic resistance and molecular diversity of S. aureus in a specific region of China. The high proportion of pvl positive MSSA and MRSA isolates observed in this study indicates that adequate measures are needed to curtail the spread of those MRSA and MSSA clones prevailing both in hospital and the community.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan Dan
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiao Xue
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Long Zhu
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus
keywords: CA- and HA-MRSA; PFGE; SCCmec; pvl gene; spa
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(4):e1002454
references.pmid: 22511854
references.citation: Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2011 Mar;25(1):155-79
references.pmid: 21315999
references.citation: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Mar;69(3):320-5
references.pmid: 21353960
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Dec;44(12):4515-27
references.pmid: 17050818
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jan;55(1):402-4
references.pmid: 20956590
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Dec 10;290(22):2976-84
references.pmid: 14665659
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Mar;50(3):1001-12
references.pmid: 16495263
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jun;11(6):973-6
references.pmid: 15963301
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Feb;48(2):531-8
references.pmid: 20007386
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2010 Sep;59(Pt 9):1084-1088
references.pmid: 20538891
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Mar;292(1):141-8
references.pmid: 19187210
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;27(7):545-55
references.pmid: 18274796
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Jul;48(7):2637-51
references.pmid: 15215121
references.citation: Microb Drug Resist. 2001 Winter;7(4):349-61
references.pmid: 11822775
references.citation: J Am Board Fam Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;23(6):714-9
references.pmid: 21057066
references.citation: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 May;70(1):22-30
references.pmid: 21513841
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Apr;46(4):1147-52
references.pmid: 11897611
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Apr;13(4):594-600
references.pmid: 17553275
references.citation: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Aug;30(2):143-9
references.pmid: 17531446
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 15;51(10):1138-46
references.pmid: 20946065
references.citation: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007 Aug;34(2):182-7
references.pmid: 17481929
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 7;352(14):1485-7
references.pmid: 15814886
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Mar;11(3):453-6
references.pmid: 15757564
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 May;66(5):1061-9
references.pmid: 21393157
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2000 Apr;40(2):193-8
references.pmid: 10699675
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Feb;44(2):619-21
references.pmid: 16455927
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2011 May 05;11:92
references.pmid: 21545717
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30394
references.pmid: 22291948
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Apr;14(4):381-4
references.pmid: 18190580
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Jun;45(6):763-70
references.pmid: 10837427
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Mar;44(3):1141-4
references.pmid: 16517915
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Feb;53(2):512-8
references.pmid: 19029328
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Feb;44(2):231-8
references.pmid: 10639342
references.citation: BMC Res Notes. 2011 Oct 27;4:453
references.pmid: 22032892
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33032
references.pmid: 22427935
references.citation: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2004 Dec;57(6):288-91
references.pmid: 15623960
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Sep;33(9):2233-9
references.pmid: 7494007
references.citation: Microbiol Immunol. 2007;51(6):627-32
references.pmid: 17579274
references.citation: Braz J Infect Dis. 2010 Nov-Dec;14(6):564-8
references.pmid: 21340296
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Oct;46(10):3246-58
references.pmid: 18685010
references.citation: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Feb;51(2):119-25
references.pmid: 15698717
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Feb;53(2):531-40
references.pmid: 19064897
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Sep;39(9):3115-21
references.pmid: 11526138