title: A novel system of electrodes transparent to ultrasound for simultaneous detection of myoelectric activity and B-mode ultrasound images of skeletal muscles.
abstract: Application of two-dimensional surface electrode arrays can provide a means of mapping motor unit action potentials on the skin surface above a muscle. The resulting muscle tissue displacement can be quantified, in a single plane, using ultrasound (US) imaging. Currently, however, it is not possible to simultaneously map spatio-temporal propagation of activation and resulting tissue strain. In this paper, we developed and tested a material that will enable concurrent measurement of two-dimensional surface electromyograms (EMGs) with US images. Specific protocols were designed to test the compatibility of this new electrode material, both with EMG recording and with US analysis. Key results indicate that, for this new electrode material, 1) the electrode-skin impedance is similar to that of arrays of electrodes reported in literature; 2) the reflection of US at the electrode-skin interface is negligible; 3) the likelihood of observing missing contacts, short-circuits, and artifacts in EMGs is not affected by the US probe; 4) movement of tissues sampled by US can be tracked accurately. We, therefore, conclude this approach will facilitate multimodal imaging of muscle to provide new spatio-temporal information regarding electromechanical function of muscle. This is relevant to basic physiology-biomechanics of active and passive force transmission through and between muscles, of motor unit spatio-temporal activity patterns, of their variation with architecture and task-related function, and of their adaptation with aging, training-exercise-disuse, neurological disease, and injury.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare, Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Italy;
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Botter
authors.forename: T M M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Loram
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Hodson-Tole
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers
keywords: electrical stimulation; electrodes; medial gastrocnemius; surface EMG; ultrasound imaging
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