title: Effects of ammonia and urea in vitro on mRNA of candidate bovine endometrial genes.
abstract: Large amounts of protein intake are associated with elevated ammonia and urea concentrations in both plasma and uterine fluid in dairy cows. These increased concentrations affect successful embryo development and subsequent pregnancy establishment. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of ammonia and urea on the expression of some candidate genes in the endometrium of mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle of dairy cows. Endometrial explants were cultured and treated with 0, 75, 150, 300, 600μM of ammonium chloride or 0, 4, 8, 12, 16mM of urea. After the RNA extraction and reverse transcription, real time PCR was performed to assess the treatment effects on relative amounts of mRNA of candidate genes. BCL2 mRNA was greater in explants treated with 150μM of ammonium chloride compared to explants treated with 0, 75 and 300μM. Relative amounts of IGFBP1 mRNA were less in explants treated with 600μM of ammonium chloride when compared with other concentrations. Relative FGF2 gene expression was less in explants treated with a greater concentration (600μM) of ammonium chloride or urea (16mM) when compared with lesser concentrations. Expression of HSPA1A, IGFBP3 and SERPINA14 genes was greater in explants exposed to lesser concentrations (150μM) of ammonium chloride or urea (4mM). Relative amounts of IGF1 and BAX mRNA were not affected by any of the ammonium chloride or urea concentrations tested. In conclusion, greater concentrations of ammonia and urea have negative effects on some endometrial gene expression, while moderate concentrations have positive effects.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunaretnam
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pretheeban
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajamahendran
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003470:Culture Media; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea
keywords: Ammonia; Dairy cows; Endometrial genes; Urea; mRNA expression