title: Monitoring motor capacity changes of children during rehabilitation using body-worn sensors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rehabilitation services use outcome measures to track motor performance of their patients over time. State-of-the-art approaches use mainly patients' feedback and experts' observations for this purpose. We aim at continuously monitoring children in daily life and assessing normal activities to close the gap between movements done as instructed by caregivers and natural movements during daily life. To investigate the applicability of body-worn sensors for motor assessment in children, we investigated changes in movement capacity during defined motor tasks longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a longitudinal study over four weeks with 4 children (2 girls; 2 diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy and 2 with stroke, on average 10.5 years old) undergoing rehabilitation. Every week, the children performed 10 predefined motor tasks. Capacity in terms of quality and quantity was assessed by experts and movement was monitored using 10 ETH Orientation Sensors (ETHOS), a small and unobtrusive inertial measurement unit. Features such as smoothness of movement were calculated from the sensor data and a regression was used to estimate the capacity from the features and their relation to clinical data. Therefore, the target and features were normalized to range from 0 to 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We achieved a mean RMS-error of 0.15 and a mean correlation value of 0.86 (p < 0.05 for all tasks) between our regression estimate of motor task capacity and experts' ratings across all tasks. We identified the most important features and were able to reduce the sensor setup from 10 to 3 sensors. We investigated features that provided a good estimate of the motor capacity independently of the task performed, e.g. smoothness of the movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that children's task capacity can be assessed from wearable sensors and that some of the calculated features provide a good estimate of movement capacity over different tasks. This indicates the potential of using the sensors in daily life, when little or no information on the task performed is available. For the assessment, the use of three sensors on both wrists and the hip suffices. With the developed algorithms, we plan to assess children's motor performance in daily life with a follow-up study.
authors.affiliation: Wearable Computing Lab., ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich, Switzerland. strohrmann@ife.ee.ethz.ch
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strohrmann
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Labruyère
authors.forename: Corinna N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Hubertus J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Hedel
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnrich
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tröster
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation
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