title: A novel concept for detoxification: complexation between aconitine and liquiritin in a Chinese herbal formula ('Sini Tang').
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sini Tang (SNT) is a traditional Chinese herbal formulation consisting of three different herbs: Aconitum carmichaelii (Fuzi), Zingiber officinale (Ganjiang), and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gancao). For this study, we modified this mixture by adding the bark of Cinnamomum cassia (Rougui, ). Aconitum carmichaelii contains aconitine and its derivatives, all of which are highly toxic alkaloids. These compounds are commonly detoxified with pyrolytic and hydrolytic pretreatments, such as Heishunpian, which requires repeated soaking in salt water, boiling until the roots turn black, and drying in the oven. We now demonstrate that Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which is often used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for detoxification, reduces the concentration of free aconitine in decoctions by forming a complex between liquiritin and aconitine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous extracts of SNT, each individual herb or herbal mixture, and methanolic extracts of individual herbs were tested for free aconitine by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector. A detected complex was investigated by NMR and UV/vis spectroscopy. The continuous variations method and (1)H-NMR titrations provided the complex stoichiometry and binding constant. A 2D-ROESY experiment was performed to obtain the structural details of the formed complex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A fast and simple HPLC method was developed to determine the amounts of aconitine and its derivatives found in herbal extracts. The Heishunpian pretreatment led to nearly complete pyrolysis and hydrolysis of the toxic compounds. However, in some batches, considerable amounts of aconitine remained. The addition of Glycyrrhiza uralensis to Aconitum carmichaelii, or liquiritin to free aconitine, led to a complexation with aconitine. The complex possessed a 1:1 stoichiometry and a binding constant of ca. 3000 L/mol to 4000 L/mol in mixtures of aqueous methanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new HPLC based method allows the concentration of toxic aconitine and other diester diterpene alkaloids in herbal extracts to be rapidly determined. This method provides a starting point for the development of routine quality control procedures. The complexation of free aconitine by adding an excess of Glycyrrhiza uralensis or free liquiritin to SNT formulations will make these formulations safer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karoline
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schinnerl
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Felsinger
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brecker
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Breiteneder
authors.forename: Riurong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000157:Aconitine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D031841:Aconitum; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D032904:Cinnamomum aromaticum; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000737:chemistry*; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D029882:Glycyrrhiza uralensis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D044950:Flavanones; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C478756:sini tang; C512196:liquiritin; D000157:Aconitine
keywords: Aconitine; Complex formation; Decoction; Herbal interaction; Liquiritin; Sini Tang