title: In vitro evaluation of TiO2 nanotubes as cefuroxime carriers on orthopaedic implants for the prevention of periprosthetic joint infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevention of periprosthetic joint infections requires an antibiotic prophylactic therapy, which could be delivered locally using titanium dioxide nanotubes as novel reservoirs created directly on the orthopaedic implant titanium surface.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the influence of several parameters that could impact the use of titanium dioxide nanotubes as cefuroxime carriers was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cefuroxime loading and release was studied for 90 min with three nano-topography conditions (nano-smooth, nano-rugged and nano-tubular), two cefuroxime loading solution concentrations (150 mg/mL and 25mg/mL) and two nano-tubular crystalline structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all tested conditions, maximum amount of cefuroxime was obtained within 2 min. For both cefuroxime loading solution concentrations, nano-smooth samples released the least cefuroxime, and the nano-tubular samples released the most, and a six-fold increase in the concentration of the cefuroxime loading increased the amount of cefuroxime quantified by more than seven times, for all tested nano-topographies. However, the nano-tubes' crystalline structure did not have any influence on the amount of cefuroxime quantified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that the surface nano-topography and loading solution concentration influence the efficiency of titanium dioxide nanotubes as cefuroxime carriers and need to be optimized for use as novel reservoirs for local delivery of cefuroxime to prevent periprosthetic infections.
authors.affiliation: EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France. pchennell@chu-clermontferrand.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chennell
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Feschet-Chassot
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devers
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Awitor
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sautou
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D002444:Cefuroxime
keywords: Cefuroxime; Drug delivery systems; Nanotubes; Periprosthetic joint infections; Titanium dioxide