title: [Vesico-ureteral reflux, endoscopic management].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract and is distinguished in primary and secondary. It is present in 25-70% of children who have a urinary tract infection (UTI) associated with pyelonephritis, the association between UTI and VUR predisposes children to have renal scarring with consequent alteration of the functionality until chronic renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We realized a review of the literature on the endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux analyzing the different techniques, materials used for endoscopic injection, indications and complications described in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 100 articles we found on the endoscopic treatment of reflux with indications, complications and outcomes in the short, medium and long term. Of these we selected the most recent and current European and American Guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic treatment of reflux has become gradually the technique of choice for the primary treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux associated with pyelonephritis or urinary tract infections and permits to delay the use of open surgery.
authors.affiliation: Fundaciò Puigvert, carrer Cartagena, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. doccosentino@gmail.com
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caffaratti
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bujons
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garat
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Villavicencio
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery*