title: Organophosphate urinary metabolite levels during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum in women living in agricultural areas in Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides can lead to developmental neurotoxicity. A longitudinal birth cohort was established to investigate pesticide exposures from different agricultural activities. Maternal urinary organophosphate metabolites were measured at 28 weeks of pregnancy (n=86), delivery (n=67) and 2 months postpartum (n=51).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were interviewed with questionnaires about work, home and behavioral factors potentially associated with pesticide exposures, and spot urine samples were also collected. The urine samples were analyzed for dimethyl phosphate (DMP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) and diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP), using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urinary DMP and dialkyl phosphate (DAP) concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy and delivery were not significantly different, but the DMP and DAP concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy and DAP concentrations at delivery were significantly different (p<0.05) from those at 2 months postpartum. The factors influencing the urinary DAP concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy included insecticide used in the home, living close to agricultural farmland, frequency of agricultural field visits during the first and second trimesters of pregnancies, occupation of subjects, pesticide used and other agricultural activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The urinary organophosphate metabolites, DMP, DEP, DETP, DEDTP, total DEP and DAPs, at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum fluctuated depending on their pesticide exposures both at home and in agricultural fields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University.
authors.forename: Pornpimol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kongtip
authors.forename: Noppanun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nankongnab
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woskie
authors.forename: Akkarat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phamonphon
authors.forename: Prapin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tharnpoophasiam
authors.forename: Kitsiluck
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilaiwan
authors.forename: Punnee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srasom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000652:urine; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012423:Rural Health; D013785:Thailand; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010755:Organophosphates; D010575:Pesticides
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 1999 Jan;56(1):10-3
references.pmid: 10341740
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Dec;113(12):1802-7
references.pmid: 16330368
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Oct 20;843(1):34-41
references.pmid: 16766234
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun;114(6):961-8
references.pmid: 16760001
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2008 Dec 15;407(1):655-68
references.pmid: 18954893
references.citation: Neurotoxicology. 2005 Mar;26(2):199-209
references.pmid: 15713341
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun;108 Suppl 3:511-33
references.pmid: 10852851
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Aug;119(8):1189-95
references.pmid: 21507776
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2007 May;115(5):792-8
references.pmid: 17520070