title: Determination of the inheritance, cross-resistance and detoxifying enzyme levels of a laboratory-selected, spiromesifen-resistant population of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neoseiulus californicus of the family Phytoseiidae is an effective predatory mite species that is used to control pest mites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LC50 and LC60 values of spiromesifen were determined on N. californicus using a leaf-disc method and spraying tower. A laboratory selection population designated SPR13 was found to have a 52.08-fold resistance to spiromesifen following 13 selection cycles. This population developed low resistance to hexythiazox and moderate cross-resistance to propargite, clofentezine, spirodiclofen, etoxazole and milbemectin. PBO, IBP and DEM synergised resistance 3.75-, 2.54- and 1.93-fold respectively. Crossing experiments revealed that spiromesifen resistance in the SPR13 population was intermediately dominant and monogenic. In addition, detoxifying enzyme activities were increased 2.74-fold for esterase, 3.09-fold for glutathione S-transferase and 2.17-fold for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in the SPR13 population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection for spiromesifen under laboratory conditions resulted in the development of spiromesifen resistance in the predatory mite N. californicus. Predatory mites that are resistant to pesticides are considered valuable for use in resistance management programmes within integrated pest control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yorulmaz-Salman
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ay
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007814:Larva; D008297:Male; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C521569:spiromesifen
keywords: Neoseiulus californicus; detoxification enzymes; inheritance; resistance; spiromesifen; synergist