title: Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.
abstract: A tight control of magnesium homeostasis seems to be crucial for bone health. On the basis of experimental and epidemiological studies, both low and high magnesium have harmful effects on the bones. Magnesium deficiency contributes to osteoporosis directly by acting on crystal formation and on bone cells and indirectly by impacting on the secretion and the activity of parathyroid hormone and by promoting low grade inflammation. Less is known about the mechanisms responsible for the mineralization defects observed when magnesium is elevated. Overall, controlling and maintaining magnesium homeostasis represents a helpful intervention to maintain bone integrity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan I-20157, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castiglioni
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cazzaniga
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Albisetti
authors.forename: Jeanette A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D008274:Magnesium
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1984 Jul;108(1):188-93
references.pmid: 6375330
references.citation: Clin Kidney J. 2012 Feb;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14
references.pmid: 26069819
references.citation: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011 Jan 1;12(1):42-53
references.pmid: 20932259
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1232S-1239S
references.pmid: 15883457
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;91(12):4866-72
references.pmid: 17018656
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6):701S-3S
references.pmid: 15637218
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Feb;26(2):229-38
references.pmid: 21254230
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Aug;22(8):1280-8
references.pmid: 17451371
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Dec;15(12):710-6
references.pmid: 15607643
references.citation: Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3(5):673-89
references.pmid: 18078019
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Feb;138(2):415S-418S
references.pmid: 18203913
references.citation: Clin Kidney J. 2012 Feb;5(Suppl 1):i39-i51
references.pmid: 26069820
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Nov 3;127(3):469-80
references.pmid: 17081971
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1972 Dec 10;247(23):7528-32
references.pmid: 4404596
references.citation: Isr J Med Sci. 1981 Dec;17(12):1123-5
references.pmid: 7327911
references.citation: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Jul;118(1):1-9
references.pmid: 17848724
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;85(4):1068-74
references.pmid: 17413107
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Oct;23(10):1224-9
references.pmid: 22209000
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov;61(5):933-40
references.pmid: 3840173
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Aug;24(8):1488-98
references.pmid: 23517915
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1973 Dec;52(12):3019-27
references.pmid: 4584344
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 1999 Jul;82(1):63-71
references.pmid: 10655958
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1992 Nov;10(6):774-83
references.pmid: 1403290
references.citation: Magnes Res. 2009 Mar;22(1):37-43
references.pmid: 19441273
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2010 Mar;86(3):187-91
references.pmid: 20226604
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1013-21
references.pmid: 16596461
references.citation: Magnes Res. 1999 Dec;12(4):257-67
references.pmid: 10612083
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):727-36
references.pmid: 10197575
references.citation: Biomed Mater. 2010 Aug;5(4):045005
references.pmid: 20571183
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2013 Mar;24(3):771-86
references.pmid: 23152094
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Jan;72(1):32-41
references.pmid: 12370796
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(1):131-6
references.pmid: 19116883
references.citation: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;19(10):1225-30
references.pmid: 17172083
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan;98(1):207-17
references.pmid: 23162100
references.citation: Magnes Res. 2012 Jul-Sep;25(3):120-5
references.pmid: 23015157
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Feb 1;458(1):48-56
references.pmid: 16712775
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(6):532-5
references.pmid: 10624461
references.citation: J Bone Miner Metab. 2012 Jul;30(4):400-7
references.pmid: 22065237
references.citation: Semin Dial. 2009 Jan-Feb;22(1):37-44
references.pmid: 19250445
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008 Feb;4(2):80-9
references.pmid: 18227801
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Jul 27;475(7357):471-6
references.pmid: 21796205
references.citation: Eur J Intern Med. 2004 Apr;15(2):97-107
references.pmid: 15172024
references.citation: Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Jul;22(7):716-721
references.pmid: 21143536
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1991 Feb;118(2):220-5
references.pmid: 1993948
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2012 May;122(9):397-407
references.pmid: 22248353
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 Feb;33(2):304-10
references.pmid: 19903755
references.citation: Arch Osteoporos. 2011;6:59-155
references.pmid: 22886101
references.citation: Magnes Res. 2011 Mar;24(1):1-6
references.pmid: 21421455
references.citation: Clin Kidney J. 2012 Feb;5(Suppl 1):i25-i38
references.pmid: 26069818
references.citation: Lancet. 2011 Apr 9;377(9773):1276-87
references.pmid: 21450337
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2010 Aug 05;6(8):
references.pmid: 20700443
references.citation: J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Apr;28(2):131-41
references.pmid: 19828898
references.citation: Magnes Res. 2011 Dec;24(4):156-62
references.pmid: 22198525
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2012 Mar;70(3):153-64
references.pmid: 22364157
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 1979 Nov;29(1):15-20
references.pmid: 116739
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 1994 Mar;8(1):55-8
references.pmid: 8059619
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Jul;23(4):389-95
references.pmid: 21532485
references.citation: Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:1773-81
references.pmid: 23674891
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1990 Mar;85(3):632-9
references.pmid: 2312718
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Nov;53(11):1875-80
references.pmid: 16274367
references.citation: Arch Med Sci. 2012 May 9;8(2):270-6
references.pmid: 22662000