title: Safety of intravenous equine F(ab')2: insights following clinical trials involving 1534 recipients of scorpion antivenom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The technology of antivenom production has gradually changed since the earliest production of antisera around the turn of the 20th century. Use of early antisera was associated with frequent acute adverse reactions and serum sickness. New F(ab')2 products, manufactured using pepsin degradation of immunoglobulin together with precipitation of unwanted protein and albumin serum fractions, should in concept cause fewer immune reactions in clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A linked set of five prospective clinical trials of an equine F(ab')2 antivenom, together with one historical control study, were completed during development of the product for a Biological License Application through the US FDA. Adverse events were recorded and categorized, with particular attention to the frequency of immune reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1534 patients ages 0.1-90.5 years received antivenom, in Arizona and in Mexico, for treatment of scorpion envenomation. Total dosing ranged from 1 to 5 vials except for one outlier who received 10 vials. Estimated protein exposure was 12-275 mg per patient (outlier, up to 550 mg). Three patients (0.2%) had acute reactions to antivenom infusion (one urticaria, one urticaria and dyspnea, and one panic attack). Eight (0.5%) had rashes suggestive of Type 3 immune reactions, although none had the full syndrome of serum sickness. Two women were treated for envenomation during the first trimester of pregnancy, one of whom subsequently experienced a spontaneous abortion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of immune reaction to this product were two orders of magnitude lower than the range (up to 75% for early and 81% for late reactions) historically reported with use of minimally refined whole immunoglobulin products against a variety of infections and envenomations. Lower protein dose, greater purity of the active component, lack of the immunogenic Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecule, and slow intravenous infusion are likely to be the reason for this. Clinical implications of a safer product include that it can be employed in settings where antivenom was once considered too dangerous to use, such as primary care clinics and remote rural areas.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: boyer@viper.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Degan
authors.forename: Anne-Michelle
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ruha
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallie
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mangin
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alagón
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D065008:Scorpion Stings / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012713:Serum Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments
keywords: Adverse events; Antivenom; Safety; Scorpion