title: Fast-food consumers in Singapore: demographic profile, diet quality and weight status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the demographic profile of fast-food consumers among adult Singapore residents and ascertain whether fast-food consumption frequency is associated with diet quality and weight status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationally representative cross-sectional survey including an FFQ and anthropometric measures. Participants were grouped based on their fast-food consumption frequency as non-consumer, occasional consumer or regular consumer, with regular defined as at least once per week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals living in the community in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singapore residents (n 1627) aged 18-69 years of Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proportions of regular fast-food consumers were higher in younger age groups, higher income groups and middle education level groups. Mean daily energy intake was positively associated with fast-food consumption frequency (non-consumers 9636 kJ (2303 kcal); occasional consumers 11 159 kJ (2667 kcal); regular consumers 13 100 kJ (3131 kcal); P for trend < 0·001). Fast-food consumers were more likely to exceed the RDA for energy, fat and saturated fat, and less likely to meet wholegrain and fruit recommendations. Both regular consumers (OR = 1·24; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·51) and occasional consumers (OR = 1·52; 95 % CI 1·32, 1·77) were more likely to have a waist:hip ratio indicating abdominal obesity. Occasional consumers were more likely to have a BMI ≥ 23·0 kg/m2 (OR = 1·19; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·37), whereas regular consumers were less likely (OR = 0·76; 95 % CI 0·64, 0·91) to have an 'at-risk' BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fast-food consumption is most prevalent in young adults, high income and middle education level groups. Frequent fast-food consumption in Singapore is associated with unfavourable dietary and nutrient profiles and abdominal obesity.
authors.affiliation: 1Research and Evaluation Department,Research and Strategic Planning Division,Health Promotion Board,3 Second Hospital Avenue,Singapore168937.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitton
authors.affiliation: 1Research and Evaluation Department,Research and Strategic Planning Division,Health Promotion Board,3 Second Hospital Avenue,Singapore168937.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 2Centre of Excellence (Nutrition),Adult Health Division,Health Promotion Board,Singapore.
authors.forename: Amber Carla
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.affiliation: 1Research and Evaluation Department,Research and Strategic Planning Division,Health Promotion Board,3 Second Hospital Avenue,Singapore168937.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fen Chan
authors.affiliation: 3Research and Strategic Planning Division,Health Promotion Board,Singapore.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chew
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology*; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
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