title: Sources of variation on the mini-mental state examination in a population-based sample of centenarians.
abstract: Centenarians represent a rare but rapidly growing segment of the oldest-old. This study presents item-level data from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a cross-sectional, population-based sample of 244 centenarians and near-centenarians (aged 98-108, 16% men, 21% African-American, 38% community dwelling) from the Georgia Centenarian Study (2001-2008) according to age, education, sex, race, and residential status. Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause (MIMIC) models were used to identify systematic domain-level differences in MMSE scores according to demographic characteristics in this age group. Indirect effects of age, educational attainment, race, and residential status were found on MMSE scores. Direct effects were limited to concentration for education and race and orientation for residential status. Mean levels of cognitive functioning in centenarians were low, with mean values below most commonly-used cutoffs. Overall scores on the MMSE differed as a function of age, education, race, and residential status, with differences in scale performance limited primarily to concentration and orientation and no evidence of interactions between centenarian characteristics. Adjusting for education was not sufficient to account for differences according to race, and adjusting for residential status was not sufficient to account for differences according to age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological, Organizational, and Leadership Studies in Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Woodard
authors.forename: Lloyd Stephen
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gondo
authors.forename: Seock-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Leonard W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Poon
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011304:Presbycusis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: Mini-Mental State Examination; centenarians; neuropsychological tests; sources of variation
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