title: Subjective satiety and other experiences of a Paleolithic diet compared to a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We found marked improvement of glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes given advice to follow a Paleolithic diet, as compared to a diabetes diet. We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meal times and participants' other experiences of the two diets from the same study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes (3 women and 10 men), were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, and a diabetes diet designed in accordance with dietary guidelines, during two consecutive 3-month periods. In parallel with a four-day weighed food record, the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety. Satiety quotients were calculated as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during a meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal. All participants answered the same three open-ended questions in a survey following each diet: "What thoughts do you have about this diet?", "Describe your positive and negative experiences with this diet" and "How do you think this diet has affected your health?".
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants were equally satiated on both diets. The Paleolithic diet resulted in greater satiety quotients for energy per meal (p = 0.004), energy density per meal (p = 0.01) and glycemic load per meal (p = 0.02). The distribution of positive and negative comments from the survey did not differ between the two diets, and the comments were mostly positive. Among comments relating to recurring topics, there was no difference in distribution between the two diets for comments relating to tastelessness, but there was a trend towards more comments on the Paleolithic diet being satiating and improving blood sugar values, and significantly more comments on weight loss and difficulty adhering to the Paleolithic diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Paleolithic diet was seen as instrumental in weight loss, albeit it was difficult to adhere to.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Tommy.Jonsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Tommy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Granfeldt
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindeberg
authors.forename: Ann-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hallberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004531:Eggs; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005638:Fruit; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012527:Satiation; D014675:Vegetables; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Dec;14(6):373-94
references.pmid: 15853122
references.citation: Nutrition. 2005 Mar;21(3):411-8
references.pmid: 15797686
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-1807
references.pmid: 17583796
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8
references.pmid: 16002798
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2004 Aug;92 Suppl 1:S3-14
references.pmid: 15384315
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1283-90
references.pmid: 15303109
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Oct;98(10):1155-8
references.pmid: 9787722
references.citation: Appetite. 1996 Apr;26(2):153-74
references.pmid: 8737167
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2009 Mar;67(3):179-83
references.pmid: 19239633
references.citation: Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Nov 30;7:85
references.pmid: 21118562
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Apr 1;169(7):893-900
references.pmid: 19224977
references.citation: Eat Behav. 2009 Dec;10(4):237-46
references.pmid: 19778754
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2009 Jul 14;97(5):609-15
references.pmid: 19303887
references.citation: Prev Med. 2002 Feb;34(2):109-18
references.pmid: 11817903
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;49(9):675-90
references.pmid: 7498104
references.citation: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 16;8:35
references.pmid: 19604407