title: Methamphetamine and other substance use trends among street-recruited men who have sex with men, from 2008 to 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is particularly important to survey substance use trends in populations most impacted by the consequences of substance use. Men who have sex with men (MSM) exhibit rates of methamphetamine and other substance use that exceeds those observed among other populations in the United States. Such substance use has been associated with numerous negative health sequelae.
  
  
  METHODS
  An outreach program performed street encounters with 5599 unique substance-using MSM from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2011 to collect data on self-reported sociodemographics and recent substance use. Data were aggregated into six-month cohorts for comparisons of recent substance use patterns across time
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants averaged 33 years of age (SD=8), most were Caucasian/white (47%) or Hispanic/Latino (32%), and the self-reported HIV seroprevalence rate was 13.4%. Across cohorts, reported use of alcohol (range=91-93%), marijuana (range=36-46%), and/or methamphetamine (range=23-27%) was common; prevalence of amyl nitrite (max=14%), ecstasy (max=12%), powder cocaine (max=8%) and/or crack cocaine (max=4%) use, although less common, were still elevated relative to the United States general population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methamphetamine and other substance use remained common among substance-using MSM, demonstrating the need for continued substance use interventions geared toward this high-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90028, United States; University of California at Los Angeles, Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. Electronic address: reback@friendsresearch.org.
authors.forename: Cathy J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Reback
authors.forename: Jesse B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoptaw
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Grella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: HIV; MSM; Methamphetamine; Street outreach; Substance use
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