title: Enzymatic degradation of poly(L-lactide) nanoparticles followed by the release of octenidine and their bactericidal effects.
abstract: The enzyme-triggered release of the antimicrobial agent octenidine out of poly(l-lactide)-based nanoparticles (PLLA-NPs) and their in vitro antibacterial activities in the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are presented. The formation of the nanoparticles was achieved using a combination of the solvent evaporation and the miniemulsion approach. For the stabilization of the polymeric nanoparticles, non-ionic polymers (polyvinylalcohol [PVA], hydroxyethyl starch [HES], human serum albumin [HSA]) were successfully used for enzymatic degradation; ionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride inhibited the enzymatic degradation. The change in pH, size, size distribution and morphology during the degradation process of PLLA-NPs and the release of the antimicrobial agent was studied. The influence of the different amounts of octenidine and of the different stabilizers on the NPs' stability, size, size distribution, morphology, zeta potential and on the surface group's density is discussed. Fluorescently labeled HES-stabilized PLLA-NPs are immobilized by colloidal electrospinning. The observed data from HPLC measurements show that octenidine is released out of PLLA-NPs which are stabilized with PVA, HES or HSA. In bacteria tests the PLLA nanoparticles showed a greater ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article discusses the enzyme-triggered release and antibacterial effects of octenidine from poly(l-lactide)-based nanoparticles demonstrating the viability of this approach for potential future antibacterial therapy.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Grit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baier
authors.affiliation: Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friedemann
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glasser
authors.affiliation: Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Krasimir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vasilev
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: landfester@mpip-mainz.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Landfester
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007097:Imines; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007097:Imines; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011725:Pyridines; C033616:poly(lactide); C034213:octenidine
keywords: Bactericidal effects; Octenidine; Poly(l-lactide) nanoparticles