title: African American English-speaking students: a longitudinal examination of style shifting from kindergarten through second grade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this longitudinal study was twofold: to examine shifting from African American English (AAE) to mainstream American English (MAE) across the early elementary grades, when students are first exposed to formal instruction in reading; and to examine how metalinguistic and cognitive variables influenced the students' dialectal adaptations from AAE to MAE in a literacy context with higher expectations for MAE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 102 typically developing AAE-speaking students enrolled in public schools in the northern Midwest. They were enrolled in the project at kindergarten and tested 3 times a year, for 3 years. Approximately half were male and half female, and two-thirds were from low socioeconomic status homes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A style shifting coefficient (SSC) was created to measure amounts of dialect change between contexts and over time by individuals. Some students shifted to MAE in literacy contexts, and shifting was not related to grade. Metalinguistic skills and SSC predicted reading, and metalinguistic skills predicted the SSC at 2nd grade. The findings indicated that cognitive executive functions may contribute to the SSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide strong support for the dialect shifting-reading achievement hypothesis and indicated that metalinguistic and perhaps executive functioning are important influences on this linguistic adaptation.
authors.forename: Holly K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Giselle E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Kolenic
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hensel
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology*; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007804:Language Development; D007807:Language Tests; D008037:Linguistics; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D010700:Phonetics; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014825:Vocabulary