title: On the accuracy of the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System used in football helmets.
abstract: On-field measurement of head impacts has relied on the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System, which uses helmet mounted accelerometers to determine linear and angular head accelerations. HIT is used in youth and collegiate football to assess the frequency and severity of helmet impacts. This paper evaluates the accuracy of HIT for individual head impacts. Most HIT validations used a medium helmet on a Hybrid III head. However, the appropriate helmet is large based on the Hybrid III head circumference (58 cm) and manufacturer's fitting instructions. An instrumented skull cap was used to measure the pressure between the head of football players (n=63) and their helmet. The average pressure with a large helmet on the Hybrid III was comparable to the average pressure from helmets used by players. A medium helmet on the Hybrid III produced average pressures greater than the 99th percentile volunteer pressure level. Linear impactor tests were conducted using a large and medium helmet on the Hybrid III. Testing was conducted by two independent laboratories. HIT data were compared to data from the Hybrid III equipped with a 3-2-2-2 accelerometer array. The absolute and root mean square error (RMSE) for HIT were computed for each impact (n=90). Fifty-five percent (n=49) had an absolute error greater than 15% while the RMSE was 59.1% for peak linear acceleration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jadischke
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Viano
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dau
authors.forename: Albert I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D005538:Football; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D011312:Pressure; D019876:Sports Equipment / Q000592:standards*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Football helmets; HIT system; Head acceleration; Head/helmet contact pressure; Hybrid III dummy; Measurement errors; Volunteer testing