title: Maternal insulin resistance, triglycerides and cord blood insulin in relation to post-natal weight trajectories and body composition in the offspring up to 2 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intrauterine metabolic environment might have a programming effect on offspring body composition. We aimed to explore associations of maternal variables of glucose and lipid metabolism during pregnancy, as well as cord blood insulin, with infant growth and body composition up to 2 years post-partum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of pregnant women and their infants came from a randomized controlled trial designed to investigate the impact of nutritional fatty acids on adipose tissue development in the offspring. Of the 208 pregnant women enrolled, 118 infants were examined at 2 years. In the present analysis, maternal fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and serum triglycerides measured during pregnancy, as well as insulin in umbilical cord plasma, were related to infant growth and body composition assessed by skinfold thickness measurements and abdominal ultrasonography up to 2 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at the 32nd week of gestation was significantly inversely associated with infant lean body mass at birth, whereas the change in serum triglycerides during pregnancy was positively associated with ponderal index at 4 months, but not at later time points. Cord plasma insulin correlated positively with birthweight and neonatal fat mass and was inversely associated with body weight gain up to 2 years after multiple adjustments. Subsequent stratification by gender revealed that this relationship with weight gain was stronger, and significant only in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cord blood insulin is inversely associated with subsequent infant weight gain up to 2 years and this seems to be more pronounced in girls.
authors.affiliation: Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hüttinger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Much
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heimberg
authors.forename: E-M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sedlmeier
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brüderl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kratzsch
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Amann-Gassner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides