title: Evaluation of a subject specific dual-transmit approach for improving B1 field homogeneity in cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3T.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency (RF) shading artifacts degrade image quality while performing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at higher field strengths. In this article, we sought to evaluate the effect of local RF (B1 field) shimming by using a dual-source-transmit RF system for cardiac cine imaging and to systematically evaluate the effect of subject body type on the B1 field with and without local RF shimming.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained cardiac images from 37 subjects (including 11 patients) by using dual-transmit 3T CMR. B1 maps with and without subject-specific local RF shimming (exploiting the independent control of transmit amplitude and phase of the 2 RF transmitters) were obtained. Metrics quantifying B1 field homogeneity were calculated and compared with subject body habitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local RF shimming across the region encompassed by the heart increased the mean flip angle (μ) in that area (88.5 ± 15.2% vs. 81.2 ± 13.3%; P = 0.0014), reduced the B1 field variation by 42.2 ± 13%, and significantly improved the percentage of voxels closer to μ (39% and 82% more voxels were closer to ± 10% and ± 5% of μ, respectively) when compared with no RF shimming. B1 homogeneity was independent of subject body type (body surface area [BSA], body mass index [BMI] or anterior-posterior/right-left patient width ratio [AP/RL]). Subject specific RF (B1) shimming with a dual-transmit system improved local RF homogeneity across all body types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With or without RF shimming, cardiac B1 field homogeneity does not depend on body type, as characterized by BMI, BSA, and AP/RL. For all body types studied, cardiac B1 field homogeneity was significantly improved by performing local RF shimming with 2 independent RF-transmit channels. This finding indicates the need for subject-specific RF shimming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Heart Institute at St, Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6720 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ramkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.forename: Amol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pednekar
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouwenhoven
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muthupillai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001830:Body Surface Area; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
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