Detection of VEGF-A(xxx)b isoforms in human tissues.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) can be generated as multiple isoforms by alternative splicing. Two families of isoforms have been described in humans, pro-angiogenic isoforms typified by VEGF-A165a, and anti-angiogenic isoforms typified by VEGF-A165b. The practical determination of expression levels of alternative isoforms of the same gene may be complicated by experimental protocols that favour one isoform over another, and the use of specific positive and negative controls is essential for the interpretation of findings on expression of the isoforms. Here we address some of the difficulties in experimental design when investigating alternative splicing of VEGF isoforms, and discuss the use of appropriate control paradigms. We demonstrate why use of specific control experiments can prevent assumptions that VEGF-A165b is not present, when in fact it is. We reiterate, and confirm previously published experimental design protocols that demonstrate the importance of using positive controls. These include using known target sequences to show that the experimental conditions are suitable for PCR amplification of VEGF-A165b mRNA for both q-PCR and RT-PCR and to ensure that mispriming does not occur. We also provide evidence that demonstrates that detection of VEGF-A165b protein in mice needs to be tightly controlled to prevent detection of mouse IgG by a secondary antibody. We also show that human VEGF165b protein can be immunoprecipitated from cultured human cells and that immunoprecipitating VEGF-A results in protein that is detected by VEGF-A165b antibody. These findings support the conclusion that more information on the biology of VEGF-A165b isoforms is required, and confirm the importance of the experimental design in such investigations, including the use of specific positive and negative controls.
Microvascular Research Laboratories, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. David.Bates@nottingham.ac.uk
David O
DO
Bates
Athina
A
Mavrou
Yan
Y
Qiu
James G
JG
Carter
Maryam
M
Hamdollah-Zadeh
Shaney
S
Barratt
Melissa V
MV
Gammons
Ann B
AB
Millar
Andrew H J
AH
Salmon
Sebastian
S
Oltean
Steven J
SJ
Harper
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000918:Antibody Specificity / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005784:Gene Amplification; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D051379:Mice; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012015:Reference Standards; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D000906:Antibodies; D017931:DNA Primers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A