Parental tobacco and alcohol use and risk of hepatoblastoma in offspring: a report from the children's oncology group.
BACKGROUND
Hepatoblastoma is a rare pediatric liver tumor that has significantly increased in incidence over the last several decades. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recently classified hepatoblastoma as a tobacco-related cancer. Parental alcohol use has shown no association. We examined associations between parental tobacco and alcohol use around the time of pregnancy and hepatoblastoma in a large case-control study.


METHODS
Maternal interviews were completed for 383 cases diagnosed in the United States during 2000-2008. Controls (n = 387) were identified through U.S. birth registries and frequency-matched to cases on birth weight, birth year, and region of residence. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between parental smoking and maternal drinking and offspring hepatoblastoma.


RESULTS
We found no association between hepatoblastoma and maternal smoking at any time (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7-1.4), within the year before pregnancy (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.6), early in pregnancy (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7-1.6), or throughout pregnancy (OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5-1.6). We observed marginally positive associations between hepatoblastoma and paternal smoking in the year before pregnancy (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-2.0) and during pregnancy (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9-2.0). Maternal alcohol use was not associated with hepatoblastoma.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results do not provide evidence for an etiologic relationship between maternal smoking or drinking and hepatoblastoma, and only weak evidence for an association for paternal smoking in the year before pregnancy.


CONCLUSIONS
Our study provides limited support for hepatoblastoma as a tobacco-related cancer; however, it remains wise to counsel prospective parents on the merits of smoking cessation.
Authors' Affiliations: The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Division of Epidemiology/Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Children's Hospital & Research Center of Oakland, Oakland, California.
Kimberly J
KJ
Johnson
Katherine S
KS
Williams
Julie A
JA
Ross
Mark D
MD
Krailo
Gail E
GE
Tomlinson
Marcio H
MH
Malogolowkin
James H
JH
Feusner
Logan G
LG
Spector
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D018197:Hepatoblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult