Measuring governance at health facility level: developing and validation of simple governance tool in Zambia.
BACKGROUND
Governance has been cited as a key determinant of economic growth, social advancement and overall development. Achievement of millennium development goals is partly dependant on governance practices. In 2007, Health Systems 20/20 conducted an Internet-based survey on the practice of good governance. The survey posed a set of good practices related to health governance and asked respondents to indicate whether their experience confirmed or disconfirmed those practices. We applied the 17 governance statements in rural health facilities of Zambia. The aim was to establish whether the statements were reliable and valid for assessing governance practices at primary care level.


METHODS
Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. We first applied the governance statements developed by the health system 20/20 and then conducted focus group discussion and In-depth interviews to explore some elements of governance including accountability and community participation. The target respondents were the health facility management team and community members. The sample size include 42 health facilities. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and Nvivo version 9.


RESULTS
The 95% one-sided confidence interval for Cronbach's alpha was between 0.69 and 0.74 for the 16 items.The mean score for most of the items was above 3. Factor analysis yielded five principle components: Transparency, community participation, Intelligence & vision, Accountability and Regulation & oversight. Most of the items (6) clustered around the transparency latent factor. Chongwe district performed poorly in overall mean governance score and across the five domains of governance. The overall scores in Chongwe ranged between 51 and 94% with the mean of 80%. Kafue and Luangwa districts had similar overall mean governance scores (88%). Community participation was generally low. Generally, it was noted that community members lacked capacity to hold health workers accountable for drugs and medical supplies.


CONCLUSIONS
The study successfully validated and applied the new tool for evaluating health system governance at health facility level. The results have shown that it is feasible to measure governance practices at health facility level and that the adapted tool is fairly reliable with the 95% one-sided confidence interval for Cronbach's alpha laying between 0.69 and 0.74 for the 16 items. Caution should be taken when interpreting overall scores as they tended to mask domain specific variations.
Department of community Medicine, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia. wmutale@yahoo.com
Wilbroad
W
Mutale
Margaret Tembo
MT
Mwanamwenge
Dina
D
Balabanova
Neil
N
Spicer
Helen
H
Ayles
D054976:Clinical Governance; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000592:standards; D000078329:Workforce; D015024:Zambia