Effect of dietary advanced glycation end products on postprandial appetite, inflammation, and endothelial activation in healthy overweight individuals.
OBJECTIVE
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formed in food during high-heat cooking may induce overeating and inflammation. We investigated whether AGE contents in a single meal affect postprandial appetite and markers of inflammation, endothelial activation, and oxidative stress.


METHODS
In total, 19 healthy overweight individuals completed a crossover meal test with two meals of identical ingredients prepared by roasting (H-AGE) or steaming (L-AGE), respectively. Postprandial blood samples were analysed for N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), appetite-regulating gut hormones, glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation. Subjective appetite ratings and subsequent food intake were also assessed, and urine was analysed for CML, methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1), and F2-isoprostanes.


RESULTS
CML content of the H- and L-AGE meals was 5.0 and 2.8 mg, respectively. Plasma CML and urinary CML and MG-H1 tended to be higher after the H-AGE meal. There was no change in subsequent food intake, appetite sensations, or appetite hormone responses between meals, except for the overall ghrelin response, which was higher after the H-AGE meal compared with the L-AGE meal (p = 0.016). There was an increased glycaemic response to the H-AGE meal (p = 0.027) compared with the L-AGE meal. Inflammatory and endothelial activation markers did not differ between meals, but there was an overall effect on endothelial activation (p = 0.021) and on the oxidative marker, F2-isoprostanes, in urine (p = 0.013).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study did not show any pronounced effects of AGEs on appetite and markers of inflammation, but did indicate that AGEs may affect postprandial ghrelin, oxidative stress, and glucose responses.
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Malene W
MW
Poulsen
Monika J
MJ
Bak
Jeanette M
JM
Andersen
Rastislav
R
Monošík
Anne C
AC
Giraudi-Futin
Jens J
JJ
Holst
John
J
Nielsen
Lotte
L
Lauritzen
Lesli H
LH
Larsen
Susanne
S
Bügel
Lars O
LO
Dragsted
D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004727:Endothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D013227:Steam; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
D001786:Blood Glucose; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D054439:Ghrelin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007328:Insulin; D013227:Steam; D014280:Triglycerides; D019894:Peptide YY; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D008239:Lysine