Alterations in the antioxidant defense system in prepubertal children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction.
OBJECTIVE
The role of oxidative stress is well known in the pathogenesis of acquired malnutrition. Intrauterine growth restriction has been associated with an imbalance in oxidative stress/antioxidant system. Therefore, early postnatal environment and, consequently, extrauterine growth restriction might be associated with alterations in the antioxidant defense system, even in the prepubertal stage.


METHODS
This is a descriptive, analytical, and observational case-control study. The study included two groups; 38 Caucasian prepubertal children born prematurely and with a history of extrauterine growth restriction as the case group, and 123 gender- and age-matched controls. Plasma exogenous antioxidant (retinol, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol) concentrations were measured by HPLC; antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were determined in lysed erythrocytes by spectrophotometric techniques.


RESULTS
Catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations were significantly lower in extrauterine growth restriction children than in controls (P < 0.001). Lower plasma retinol concentrations were found in the case group (P = 0.029), while concentrations of β-carotene and α-tocopherol were higher (P < 0.001) in extrauterine growth restriction prepubertal children as compared with controls. After correction by gestational age, birth weight, and length, statistically significant differences were also found, except for retinol.


CONCLUSIONS
Prepubertal children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction present alterations in their antioxidant defense system. Knowing these alterations may be important in establishing pharmacological and nutritional treatments as this situation might be associated with higher metabolic disorders in adulthood.
Unit of Metabolism and Pediatric Investigation, Department of Pediatrics, University Reina Sofia Hospital, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
M
M
Ortiz-Espejo
M
M
Gil-Campos
M D
MD
Mesa
C E
CE
García-Rodríguez
M C
MC
Muñoz-Villanueva
J L
JL
Pérez-Navero
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol