Nursing interventions for smoking cessation.
BACKGROUND
Healthcare professionals, including nurses, frequently advise people to improve their health by stopping smoking. Such advice may be brief, or part of more intensive interventions.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness of nursing-delivered smoking cessation interventions.


METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized Register and CINAHL in June 2013.


METHODS
Randomized trials of smoking cessation interventions delivered by nurses or health visitors with follow-up of at least six months.


METHODS
Two authors extracted data independently. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where statistically and clinically appropriate, we pooled studies using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model and reported the outcome as a risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).


RESULTS
Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooling 35 studies (over 17,000 participants) comparing a nursing intervention to a control or to usual care, we found the intervention to increase the likelihood of quitting (RR 1.29; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.39). In a subgroup analysis the estimated effect size was similar for the group of seven studies using a particularly low intensity intervention but the confidence interval was wider. There was limited indirect evidence that interventions were more effective for hospital inpatients with cardiovascular disease than for inpatients with other conditions. Interventions in non-hospitalized adults also showed evidence of benefit. Eleven studies comparing different nurse-delivered interventions failed to detect significant benefit from using additional components. Six studies of nurse counselling on smoking cessation during a screening health check or as part of multifactorial secondary prevention in general practice (not included in the main meta-analysis) found nursing intervention to have less effect under these conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate the potential benefits of smoking cessation advice and/or counselling given by nurses, with reasonable evidence that intervention is effective. The evidence for an effect is weaker when interventions are brief and are provided by nurses whose main role is not health promotion or smoking cessation. The challenge will be to incorporate smoking behaviour monitoring and smoking cessation interventions as part of standard practice so that all patients are given an opportunity to be asked about their tobacco use and to be given advice and/or counselling to quit along with reinforcement and follow-up.
College of Nursing, Wayne State University, 5557 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 48202.
Virginia Hill
VH
Rice
Jamie
J
Hartmann-Boyce
Lindsay F
LF
Stead
D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009732:Nursing Care; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention