In vitro accuracy evaluation of image-guided robot system for direct cochlear access.
OBJECTIVE
A previously developed image-guided robot system can safely drill a tunnel from the lateral mastoid surface, through the facial recess, to the middle ear, as a viable alternative to conventional mastoidectomy for cochlear electrode insertion.


BACKGROUND
Direct cochlear access (DCA) provides a minimally invasive tunnel from the lateral surface of the mastoid through the facial recess to the middle ear for cochlear electrode insertion. A safe and effective tunnel drilled through the narrow facial recess requires a highly accurate image-guided surgical system. Previous attempts have relied on patient-specific templates and robotic systems to guide drilling tools. In this study, we report on improvements made to an image-guided surgical robot system developed specifically for this purpose and the resulting accuracy achieved in vitro.


METHODS
The proposed image-guided robotic DCA procedure was carried out bilaterally on 4 whole head cadaver specimens. Specimens were implanted with titanium fiducial markers and imaged with cone-beam CT. A preoperative plan was created using a custom software package wherein relevant anatomical structures of the facial recess were segmented, and a drill trajectory targeting the round window was defined. Patient-to-image registration was performed with the custom robot system to reference the preoperative plan, and the DCA tunnel was drilled in 3 stages with progressively longer drill bits. The position of the drilled tunnel was defined as a line fitted to a point cloud of the segmented tunnel using principle component analysis (PCA function in MatLab). The accuracy of the DCA was then assessed by coregistering preoperative and postoperative image data and measuring the deviation of the drilled tunnel from the plan. The final step of electrode insertion was also performed through the DCA tunnel after manual removal of the promontory through the external auditory canal.


RESULTS
Drilling error was defined as the lateral deviation of the tool in the plane perpendicular to the drill axis (excluding depth error). Errors of 0.08 ± 0.05 mm and 0.15 ± 0.08 mm were measured on the lateral mastoid surface and at the target on the round window, respectively (n =8). Full electrode insertion was possible for 7 cases. In 1 case, the electrode was partially inserted with 1 contact pair external to the cochlea.


CONCLUSIONS
The purpose-built robot system was able to perform a safe and reliable DCA for cochlear implantation. The workflow implemented in this study mimics the envisioned clinical procedure showing the feasibility of future clinical implementation.
ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. brett.bell@artorg.unibe.ch
Brett
B
Bell
Nicolas
N
Gerber
Tom
T
Williamson
Kate
K
Gavaghan
Wilhelm
W
Wimmer
Marco
M
Caversaccio
Stefan
S
Weber
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D003051:Cochlea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D057188:Workflow