Putative miRNAs for the diagnosis of dyslexia, dyspraxia, and specific language impairment.
Disorders of human communication abilities can be classified into speech and language disorders. Speech disorders (e.g., dyspraxia) affect the sound generation and sequencing, while language disorders (e.g., dyslexia and specific language impairment, or SLI) are deficits in the encoding and decoding of language according to its rules (reading, spelling, grammar). The diagnosis of such disorders is often complicated, especially when a patient presents more than one disorder at the same time. The present review focuses on these challenges. We have combined data available from the literature with an in silico approach in an attempt to identify putative miRNAs that may have a key role in dyspraxia, dyslexia and SLI. We suggest the use of new miRNAs, which could have an important impact on the three diseases. Further, we relate those miRNAs to the axon guidance pathway and discuss possible interactions and the role of likely deregulated proteins. In addition, we describe potential differences in expressional deregulation and its role in the improvement of diagnosis. We encourage experimental investigations to test the data obtained in silico.
Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Urbino University ''Carlo Bo''; Urbino, Italy.
Alexander
A
Rudov
Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Urbino University ''Carlo Bo''; Urbino, Italy.
Marco Bruno Luigi
MB
Rocchi
Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Urbino University ''Carlo Bo''; Urbino, Italy.
Augusto
A
Accorsi
Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Fondamenti; Urbino University ''Carlo Bo''; Urbino, Italy.
Giorgio
G
Spada
Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona, Italy.
Antonio Domenico
AD
Procopio
Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona, Italy.
Fabiola
F
Olivieri
Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Università Politecnica delle Marche; Ancona, Italy.
Maria Rita
MR
Rippo
Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Urbino University ''Carlo Bo''; Urbino, Italy.
Maria Cristina
MC
Albertini
D001072:Apraxias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
D035683:MicroRNAs
SLI; dyslexia; dyspraxia; in silico analysis; miRNA