Using solar-powered refrigeration for vaccine storage where other sources of reliable electricity are inadequate or costly.
Large areas of many developing countries have no grid electricity. This is a serious challenge that threatens the continuity of the vaccine cold chain. The main alternatives to electrically powered refrigerators available for many years--kerosene- and gas-driven refrigerators--are plagued by problems with gas supply interruptions, low efficiency, poor temperature control, and frequent maintenance needs. There are currently no kerosene- or gas-driven refrigerators that qualify under the minimum standards established by the World Health Organization (WHO) Performance, Quality, and Safety (PQS) system. Solar refrigeration was a promising development in the early 1980s, providing an alternative to absorption technology to meet cold chain needs in remote areas. Devices generally had strong laboratory performance data; however, experience in the field over the years has been mixed. Traditional solar refrigerators relied on relatively expensive battery systems, which have demonstrated short lives compared to the refrigerator. There are now alternatives to the battery-based systems and a clear understanding that solar refrigerator systems need to be designed, installed, and maintained by technicians with the necessary knowledge and training. Thus, the technology is now poised to be the refrigeration method of choice for the cold chain in areas with no electricity or extremely unreliable electricity (less than 4h per average day) and sufficient sunlight. This paper highlights some lessons learned with solar-powered refrigeration, and discusses some critical factors for successful introduction of solar units into immunization programs in the future including: •Sustainable financing mechanisms and incentives for health workers and technicians are in place to support long-term maintenance, repair, and replacement parts. •System design is carried out by qualified solar refrigerator professionals taking into account the conditions at installation sites. •Installation and repair are conducted by well-trained technicians. •Temperature performance is continuously monitored and protocols are in place to act on data that indicate problems.
Solar Electric Light Fund, 1612 K Street, NW Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006, USA. Electronic address: steve@self.org.
Steve
S
McCarney
Joanie
J
Robertson
Juliette
J
Arnaud
Kristina
K
Lorenson
John
J
Lloyd
D004560:Electricity; D006801:Humans; D012034:Refrigeration / Q000379:methods*; D012993:Solar Energy; D014612:Vaccines / Q000600:supply & distribution*
D014612:Vaccines
Absorption refrigeration; Cold chain technology; Low electrification; PATH; PQS; Performance Quality and Safety; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health; Rural health care delivery; Solar refrigeration; UNICEF; United Nations Children's Fund; Vaccine cold chain; WHO; World Health Organization