A Canadian study of the cost-effectiveness of apixaban compared with enoxaparin for post-surgical venous thromboembolism prevention.
BACKGROUND
Occurrence of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery who are not given thromboprophylactic therapy presents considerable danger to patient medical outcomes and a significant economic burden to the health care system at large. Apixaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been shown in clinical trial use to safely reduce the composite of VTE and mortality rates in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, the cost-effectiveness of apixaban treatment in Canadian settings has not been studied. Our study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of apixaban compared with enoxaparin as VTE preventive therapy in patients undergoing elective THA or TKA in Canada.


METHODS
An economic model, including both a decision-tree component and a Markov model, was created. The decision tree considered VTE, bleeding, and mortality incidence that occurred in patients within 90 days post-surgery using data from the Apixaban Versus Enoxaparin for Thromboprophylaxis After Knee or Hip Replacement (ADVANCE) trials, which compared apixaban therapy with 30-mg twice daily and 40-mg daily enoxaparin treatment. The Markov model provided the option to simulate events that may occur over the long term, such as recurrent VTE and post-thrombotic syndrome. Outcomes during the short-term phase directly impact the risk of events occurring during the long-term phase (5 years post-surgery).


RESULTS
The results of our analysis indicated that apixaban is dominant (ie, more effective and less expensive) than enoxaparin in treating patients undergoing THA and TKA. There were fewer occurrences of VTEs, bleeding events, recurrent VTEs, and post-thrombotic syndrome events in the TKA population with apixaban therapy. Similar results were seen in patients undergoing THA, with the exception of bleeding events, which were more common with apixaban treatment. Savings of $180 to $270 per patient are expected with apixaban treatment compared with enoxaparin treatment, and health outcomes in general are better with apixaban use. Sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results across the THA and TKA populations.


CONCLUSIONS
: This is the first economic evaluation of apixaban use for VTE thromboprophylaxis in the Canadian setting, and our study results show apixaban to be a cost-effective treatment alternative to preventive treatment with enoxaparin.
Modeling and Simulation, Evidera, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom. nikhil.revankar@unitedbiosource.com
Nikhil
N
Revankar
John
J
Patterson
Ananth
A
Kadambi
Vincent
V
Raymond
Wissam
W
El-Hadi
D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002170:Canada; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011728:Pyridones / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; C522181:apixaban