Patterns of polymorphism and divergence in the VP1 gene of enterovirus 71 circulating in the Asia-Pacific region between 1994 and 2013.
Enterovirus 71 has been implicated in several outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The present study aimed to achieve comprehensive evolutionary dynamic aspects of EV71 during 1994-2013, based on phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 sequences. The results indicated that 4 genotypes, namely C4, C1, C2 and B4 are the predominant strains, especially in Southeast Asian countries. No common ancestor was shared in different countries. Fourteen sites of substitutions were detected in the VP1 gene sequences; including the most common sites related to neutralization at position V249I [47.1% (189/401)] and A289T [42.6% (171/401)]. However, the sites Q22H and Q22R associated with increased virulence were recognized only in 13.7% (55/401) and 18% (72/401), respectively. None of the above mutations seemed to become fixed because the ratio of Ka/Ks was greater than 1.0. Mutations K43E, A58T, S184T, and T240S could possibly change the spatial structure. Two mutations, G145E and T240S, could obviously affect the hydrophobicity of VP1 and thus alter the EV71 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, the VP1 gene of EV71 strains circulating in the Asia-Pacific region during 1994-2013, showed polymorphisms and divergence with very slow evolution rate, which may be one of the reasons for periodic outbreaks in this area.
Department of Orthopaedics & Trauma Center of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China. Electronic address: wjs1288@163.com.
Jun-Song
JS
Wu
Na
N
Zhao
Hao
H
Pan
Cheng-Min
CM
Wang
Bin
B
Wu
Hong-Mei
HM
Zhang
Hong-Xuan
HX
He
Dan
D
Liu
Said
S
Amer
She-Lan
SL
Liu
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011487:Protein Conformation; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
D015678:Viral Structural Proteins
EV71; Evolution; Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD); VP1 gene