An overview and categorization of dynamic arm supports for people with decreased arm function.
BACKGROUND
Assistive devices that augment arm function were already introduced during the polio era. Devices are still being developed, but a review has not been performed thus far.


OBJECTIVE
To create an overview and categorize assistive devices facilitating arm function in activities of daily living for people with decreased arm function.


METHODS
Literature review.


METHODS
A systematic review in three scientific literature databases. Conference proceedings, assistive technology databases, and references were searched and experts consulted. This resulted in a database of dynamic arm supports. Product information was added, and the devices were categorized.


RESULTS
A total of 104 dynamic arm supports were found. These could be categorized as nonactuated devices (N = 39), passively actuated devices (N = 24), actively actuated devices (N = 34), or devices using the functional electrical stimulation principle (N = 7). Functionality analysis resulted in second-level categorization: tremor suppression, facilitation of anti-gravity movement, and assistance of specific joint motion.


CONCLUSIONS
All devices could be ordered in a categorization of low complexity. Many have been developed; most have disappeared and have been succeeded by similar devices. Limitations of the devices found mainly concern interfacing and the range of motion facilitated. Future devices could make use of whatever residual strength is available in the users' arm for control.


CONCLUSIONS
The provided overview of devices in this article and the classification developed is relevant for practitioners seeking assistive solutions for their clients as it makes the range of developed solutions both accessible and comprehensible.
Research Centre for Technology in Care, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands loek.vanderheide@zuyd.nl.
Loek A
LA
Van der Heide
Department of Electrical Engineering, Electromechanics and Power Electronics Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Bob
B
van Ninhuijs
Nijmegen Centre of Evidence Based Practice, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Arjen
A
Bergsma
Research Centre for Technology in Care, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
Gert Jan
GJ
Gelderblom
Focal Meditech BV, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
Dick J
DJ
van der Pijl
Research Centre for Technology in Care, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, Heerlen, The Netherlands School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Luc P
LP
de Witte
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001132:Arm; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011482:Protective Devices; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation; D012656:Self-Help Devices
Dynamic arm support; orthotic devices; self-help devices