Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: a review.
There is a bidirectional and complex relationship between the heart and kidneys. This interaction is physical, chemical as well as biological and is also reflected in a strong connection between renal and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4) is characterized by primary chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to an impairment of cardiac function, with ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The incidence of CKD is increasing, and CRS type 4 is becoming a major public health problem associated with a high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we briefly review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CRS type 4, the role of biomarkers in its early identification, and its management.
Anna
A
Clementi
Grazia Maria
GM
Virzì
Ching Yan
CY
Goh
Dinna N
DN
Cruz
Antonio
A
Granata
Girogio
G
Vescovo
Claudio
C
Ronco
Biomarkers; Cardiorenal syndrome type 4; Cardiovascular events; Chronic kidney disease