Near-unity nuclear polarization with an open-source 129Xe hyperpolarizer for NMR and MRI.
The exquisite NMR spectral sensitivity and negligible reactivity of hyperpolarized xenon-129 (HP(129)Xe) make it attractive for a number of magnetic resonance applications; moreover, HP(129)Xe embodies an alternative to rare and nonrenewable (3)He. However, the ability to reliably and inexpensively produce large quantities of HP(129)Xe with sufficiently high (129)Xe nuclear spin polarization (P(Xe)) remains a significant challenge--particularly at high Xe densities. We present results from our "open-source" large-scale (∼1 L/h) (129)Xe polarizer for clinical, preclinical, and materials NMR and MRI research. Automated and composed mostly of off-the-shelf components, this "hyperpolarizer" is designed to be readily implementable in other laboratories. The device runs with high resonant photon flux (up to 200 W at the Rb D1 line) in the xenon-rich regime (up to 1,800 torr Xe in 500 cc) in either single-batch or stopped-flow mode, negating in part the usual requirement of Xe cryocollection. Excellent agreement is observed among four independent methods used to measure spin polarization. In-cell P(Xe) values of ∼90%, ∼57%, ∼50%, and ∼30% have been measured for Xe loadings of ∼300, ∼500, ∼760, and ∼1,570 torr, respectively. P(Xe) values of ∼41% and ∼28% (with ∼760 and ∼1,545 torr Xe loadings) have been measured after transfer to Tedlar bags and transport to a clinical 3 T scanner for MR imaging, including demonstration of lung MRI with a healthy human subject. Long "in-bag" (129)Xe polarization decay times have been measured (T1 ∼38 min and ∼5.9 h at ∼1.5 mT and 3 T, respectively)--more than sufficient for a variety of applications.
Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Panayiotis
P
Nikolaou
Aaron M
AM
Coffey
Laura L
LL
Walkup
Brogan M
BM
Gust
Nicholas
N
Whiting
Hayley
H
Newton
Scott
S
Barcus
Iga
I
Muradyan
Mikayel
M
Dabaghyan
Gregory D
GD
Moroz
Matthew S
MS
Rosen
Samuel
S
Patz
Michael J
MJ
Barlow
Eduard Y
EY
Chekmenev
Boyd M
BM
Goodson
D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*
D014979:Xenon Isotopes
hyperpolarization; laser-polarized xenon; lung imaging; optical pumping