A digital signal processing-based bioinformatics approach to identifying the origins of HIV-1 non B subtypes infecting US Army personnel serving abroad.
Two HIV-1 non B isolates, 98US_MSC5007 and 98US_MSC5016, which have been identified amongst the US Army personnel serving abroad, are known to have originated from other nations. Notwithstanding, they are categorized as American strains. This is because their countries of origin are unknown. American isolates are basically B subtype. 98US_MSC5007 belongs to Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF02_AG) while 98US_MSC5016 is of the C clade. Both sub-groups are recognized to have originated from African and Asian continents. It has become necessary to properly determine the countries of origin of microbes and viruses. This is because diversity and cross-subtyping have been found to mitigate the designing and development of vaccine and therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study therefore is to identify the countries of origin of the two American isolates found amongst US Army personnel serving abroad. A Digital Signal Processing-based Bioinformatics technique called Informational Spectrum Method (ISM) has been engaged. ISM entails translating the amino acids sequences of the protein into numerical sequences (signals) by means of one biological parameter (Amino Acids Scale). The signals are then processed using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in order to uncover and present the embedded biological information as Informational Spectra (IS). Spectral Position of Maximum Binding Interaction (SPMBI) is used. Several approaches including Phylogeny have preliminarily been employed in the determination of evolutionary trends of organisms and viruses. SPMBI has preliminarily been used to re-establish the semblance and common originality that exist between human and Chimpanzee, evolutionary roadmaps in the Influenza and HIV viruses. The results disclosed that 98US_MSC5007 shared same semblance and originality with a Nigeria isolate (92NG083) while 98US_MSC5016 with the Zairian isolates (ELI, MAL, and Z2/CDC-34). These results appear to demonstrate that the American soldiers harboring these strains may have been infected by isolates from Nigeria and Zaire, respectively. This is because 98US_MSC5007 and the Nigerian isolate share SPMBI at position 44. Additionally, 98US_MSC5016, which has SPMBI at position 148, may have come from Zaire as it has similar SPMBI with the Zairian isolates at 150. SPMBI is a demonstration of Bio-functionality arising from maximum affinity by the proteins from different sources to a common protein. To help validate the findings, the experiment was further repeated using ISM-based Phylogenetic technique. The outcome appears not to be in complete accord with the results obtained in this study. It is therefore recommended that the countries in which these US Army personnel are deployed be identified and where the findings made and the locations of the Army personnel appropriately correlate, this novel procedure be engaged in the identification of the nations of origins of all other such HIV isolates across all clades and nations.
De Montfort University, Leicester, C/O Sir David Offodum, No 15 Ben Anyaeze Street, Awada, Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. nobatn@gmail.com.
Norbert
N
Nwankwo
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015704:CD4 Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel; D009549:Nigeria; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014481:United States
D015704:CD4 Antigens; D010446:Peptide Fragments