Psychiatric disorders and quality of life in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the literature with regard to psychiatric disorders and quality of life in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.


METHODS
Research was conducted in 3 databases (ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO) using the terms implantable, cardioverter, defibrillator, quality of life, psych *, anxiety, and depression.


METHODS
The search yielded 1,399 references. Non-English and repeated references were excluded. After abstract analysis, 42 references were recovered for full-text reading, and 25 articles were selected for this review.


METHODS
Research took place in April 2012, and no time restriction was placed on any of the database searches. Review or theoretical articles were excluded, and only clinical trials and epidemiologic studies were selected for this review.


RESULTS
A systematic review of the literature revealed mostly observational prospective cohort studies followed by cross-sectional observational studies and randomized clinical trials. Few studies included in the review were observational retrospective cohort or case-control studies. There are prominent signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Disorders include phobic anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, somatoform disorder, agoraphobia, and depression. Quality of life in the physical, social, and psychological domains is affected and is related to the intensity and the frequency of the device's electrical discharge.


CONCLUSIONS
Work regarding psychiatric comorbidity in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator has shown that anxiety and depression are common. The patients and their families should be informed by their doctors that the presence of the device minimizes risk of sudden death and allows them to have a normal life.
Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry (Drs Soares-Filho and Silva and Mss Ornelas Maia and Pereira) and National Institute for Science and Technology, Translational Medicine (Drs Nardi and Silva), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; and National Institute for Science and Technology, Translational Medicine, Federal University Fluminense (Dr Silva), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ana Claudia C
AC
de Ornelas Maia
Gastão
G
Soares-Filho
Valeska
V
Pereira
Antonio Egidio
AE
Nardi
Adriana Cardoso
AC
Silva