Predictors of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected tuberculosis in HIV co-infected patients in South Africa.
METHODS
In South Africa, the majority of tuberculosis (TB) patients are co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and delays in diagnosis and treatment likely exacerbate morbidity and mortality.


OBJECTIVE
To determine predictors of delays in the diagnosis and treatment of hospitalised suspected pulmonary TB patients co-infected with HIV.


METHODS
Post-analysis of data collected in a three-centre prospective cohort of in-patients clinically diagnosed with active TB in three hospitals in South Africa between 2006 and 2009 during the first 24 h of admission. Delay was assessed by asking time of first symptoms and any prior health-seeking behaviour for this episode of illness.


RESULTS
Data from a total of 891 participants with a median age of 36 years and a CD4 count of 67 cells/mm(3) were analysed. Median patient, system and total delays were respectively 28, 1 and 28 days. Unemployment, treatment at Tshepong Hospital, alcohol consumption, crowding index, seeking prior treatment, cotrimoxazole treatment and WHO Stage 4 disease predicted prolonged total delay.


CONCLUSIONS
Patient delay in seeking care for TB in this high HIV prevalence setting is substantial. Factors identified with delay could be used to develop interventions to improve care seeking and earlier diagnosis of TB.
Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Tshepong Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. otwombek@phru.co.za
K N
KN
Otwombe
E
E
Variava
C B
CB
Holmes
R E
RE
Chaisson
N
N
Martinson
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D060085:Coinfection; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
D000995:Antitubercular Agents