Correlating the amount of urea, creatinine, and glucose in urine from patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the risk of developing renal lesions by means of Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis.
Patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension (HT) diseases are predisposed to kidney diseases. The objective of this study was to identify potential biomarkers in the urine of diabetic and hypertensive patients through Raman spectroscopy in order to predict the evolution to complications and kidney failure. Urine samples were collected from control subjects (CTR) and patients with diabetes and HT with no complications (lower risk, LR), high degree of complications (higher risk, HR), and doing blood dialysis (DI). Urine samples were stored frozen (-20°C) before spectral analysis. Raman spectra were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer (830-nm, 300-mW power, and 20-s accumulation). Spectra were then submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) followed by discriminant analysis. The first PCA loading vectors revealed spectral features of urea, creatinine, and glucose. It has been found that the amounts of urea and creatinine decreased as disease evoluted from CTR to LR/HR and DI (PC1, p<0.05), and the amount of glucose increased in the urine of LR/HR compared to CTR (PC3, p<0.05). The discriminating model showed better overall classification rate of 70%. These results could lead to diagnostic information of possible complications and a better disease prognosis.
Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco-UNICASTELO, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Estr. Dr. Altino Bondesan, 500, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12247-015, Brazil.
Jeyse Aliana Martins
JA
Bispo
Elzo Everton
EE
de Sousa Vieira
Landulfo
L
Silveira
Adriana Barrinha
AB
Fernandes
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014508:Urea / Q000652:urine*
D015415:Biomarkers; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine