Charting a moral life: the influence of stigma and filial duties on marital decisions among Chinese men who have sex with men.
BACKGROUND
Stigma constitutes a critical challenge to the rising rates of HIV among Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM). It reduces willingness to disclose one's sexual orientation and can lead to concurrent sexual partnerships. Disclosure decisions are also affected by cultural norms that place pressures on sons to marry. In this manuscript, we characterize how stigma and cultural factors influenced Chinese MSM's decisions around disclosure and marriage. We seek to show that MSM's actions were motivated by moral considerations, even when those choices posed HIV transmission risks.


METHODS
We conducted qualitative interviews with 30 MSM in Beijing, China. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English for analysis. Transcripts were coded using a procedure that allowed for themes to emerge organically.


RESULTS
Participants struggled with feelings of shame and believed that others possessed stigmatizing attitudes about homosexuality. They had experienced relatively little discrimination because they infrequently disclosed their MSM status. In response to marital pressures, participant had to reconcile same-sex attractions with filial expectations. Their choices included: not being involved with women; putting on the appearance of a heterosexual relationship by marrying a lesbian; or fulfilling family expectations by marrying a heterosexual woman. Regardless of the decision, many rooted the justifications for their choices in the considerations they had given to others' needs.


CONCLUSIONS
The growing epidemic among MSM in China requires action from the public health community. As programs are scaled up to serve these men, it is critical to remember that MSM, who often fear social sanction if they were to reveal their sexual orientation, continue to face the same pressures from culturally normative social duties as heterosexual men. Interventions must find ways to help men navigate a balance between their own needs and the responsibilities they feel toward their parents and others.
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. wayne.steward@ucsf.edu
Wayne T
WT
Steward
Pierre
P
Miège
Kyung-Hee
KH
Choi
D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D030881:Disclosure / Q000941:ethics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D057545:Social Stigma