Improving evidence-based primary care for chronic kidney disease: study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial for translating evidence into practice (TRANSLATE CKD).
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are steadily increasing in prevalence in the United States. While there is reasonable evidence that specific activities can be implemented by primary care physicians (PCPs) to delay CKD progression and reduce mortality, CKD is under-recognized and undertreated in primary care offices, and PCPs are generally not familiar with treatment guidelines. The current study addresses the question of whether the facilitated TRANSLATE model compared to computer decision support (CDS) alone will lead to improved evidence-based care for CKD in primary care offices.


METHODS
This protocol consists of a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) followed by a process and cost analysis. Only practices providing ambulatory primary care as their principal function, located in non-hospital settings, employing at least one primary care physician, with a minimum of 2,000 patients seen in the prior year, are eligible. The intervention will occur at the cluster level and consists of providing CKD-specific CDS versus CKD-specific CDS plus practice facilitation for all elements of the TRANSLATE model. Patient-level data will be collected from each participating practice to examine adherence to guideline-concordant care, progression of CKD and all-cause mortality. Patients are considered to meet stage three CKD criteria if at least two consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements at least three months apart fall below 60 ml/min. The process evaluation (cluster level) will determine through qualitative methods the fidelity of the facilitated TRANSLATE program and find the challenges and enablers of the implementation process. The cost-effectiveness analysis will compare the benefit of the intervention of CDS alone against the intervention of CDS plus TRANSLATE (practice facilitation) in relationship to overall cost per quality adjusted years of life.


CONCLUSIONS
This study has three major innovations. First, this study adapts the TRANSLATE method, proven effective in diabetes care, to CKD. Second, we are creating a generalizable CDS specific to the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines for CKD. Additionally, this study will evaluate the effects of CDS versus CDS with facilitation and answer key questions regarding the cost-effectiveness of a facilitated model for improving CKD outcomes. The study is testing virtual facilitation and Academic detailing making the findings generalizable to any area of the country.


BACKGROUND
Registered as NCT01767883 on clinicaltrials.gov
Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York - University at Buffalo, 77 Goodell St, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. chetfox@gmail.com
Chester H
CH
Fox
Bonnie M
BM
Vest
Linda S
LS
Kahn
L Miriam
LM
Dickinson
Hai
H
Fang
Wilson
W
Pace
Kim
K
Kimminau
Joseph
J
Vassalotti
Natalia
N
Loskutova
Kevin
K
Peterson
D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical