Adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients: results and reliability of a comprehensive and structured identification strategy.
BACKGROUND
Older patients are at high risk for experiencing Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) during hospitalization. To be able to reduce ADEs in these vulnerable patients, hospitals first need to measure the occurrence of ADEs, especially those that are preventable. However, data on preventable ADEs (pADEs) occurring during hospitalization in older patients are scarce, and no 'gold standard' for the identification of ADEs exists.


METHODS
The study was conducted in three hospitals in the Netherlands in 2007. ADEs were retrospectively identified by a team of experts using a comprehensive and structured patient chart review (PCR) combined with a trigger-tool as an aid. This ADE identification strategy was applied to a cohort of 250 older hospitalized patients. To estimate the intra- and inter-rater reliabilities, Cohen's kappa values were calculated.


RESULTS
In total, 118 ADEs were detected which occurred in 62 patients. This ADE yield was 1.1 to 2.7 times higher in comparison to other ADE studies in older hospitalized patients. Of the 118 ADEs, 83 (70.3%) were pADEs; 51 pADEs (43.2% of all ADEs identified) caused serious patient harm. Patient harm caused by ADEs resulted in various events. The overall intra-rater agreement of the developed strategy was substantial (κ = 0.74); the overall inter-rater agreement was only fair (κ = 0.24).


CONCLUSIONS
The ADE identification strategy provided a detailed insight into the scope of ADEs occurring in older hospitalized patients, and showed that the majority of (serious) ADEs can be prevented. Several strategy related aspects, as well as setting/study specific aspects, may have contributed to the results gained. These aspects should be considered whenever ADE measurements need to be conducted. The results regarding pADEs can be used to design tailored interventions to effectively reduce harm caused by medication errors. Improvement of the inter-rater reliability of a PCR remains challenging.
Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. j.e.klopotowska@amc.nl
Joanna E
JE
Klopotowska
Peter C
PC
Wierenga
Clementine C M
CC
Stuijt
Lambertus
L
Arisz
Marcel G W
MG
Dijkgraaf
Paul F M
PF
Kuks
Henk
H
Asscheman
Sophia E
SE
de Rooij
Loraine
L
Lie-A-Huen
Susanne M
SM
Smorenburg
D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies