Genetic analyses of the human eye colours using a novel objective method for eye colour classification.
In this study, we present a new objective method for measuring the eye colour on a continuous scale that allows researchers to associate genetic markers with different shades of eye colour. With the use of the custom designed software Digital Iris Analysis Tool (DIAT), the iris was automatically identified and extracted from high resolution digital images. DIAT was made user friendly with a graphical user interface. The software counted the number of blue and brown pixels in the iris image and calculated a Pixel Index of the Eye (PIE-score) that described the eye colour quantitatively. The PIE-score ranged from -1 to 1 (brown to blue). The software eliminated the need for user based interpretation and qualitative eye colour categories. In 94% (570) of 605 analyzed eye images, the iris region was successfully extracted and a PIE-score was calculated. A very high correlation between the PIE-score and the human perception of eye colour was observed. The correlations between the PIE-scores and the six IrisPlex SNPs (HERC2 rs12913832, OCA2 rs1800407, SLC24A4 rs12896399, TYR rs1393350, SLC45A2 rs16891982 and IRF4 rs12203592) were analyzed in 570 individuals. Significant differences (p<10(-6)) in the PIE-scores of the individuals typed as HERC2 rs12913832 G (PIE=0.99) and rs12913832 GA (PIE=-0.71) or A (PIE=-0.87) were observed. We adjusted for the effect of HERC2 rs12913832 and showed that the quantitative PIE-scores were significantly associated with SNPs with minor effects (OCA2 rs1800407, SLC24A4 rs12896399 and TYR rs1393350) on the eye colour. We evaluated the two published prediction models for eye colour (IrisPlex [1] and Snipper[2]) and compared the predictions with the PIE-scores. We found good concordance with the prediction from individuals typed as HERC2 rs12913832 G. However, both methods had difficulties in categorizing individuals typed as HERC2 rs12913832 GA because of the large variation in eye colour in HERC2 rs12913832 GA individuals. With the use of the DIAT software and the PIE-score, it will be possible to automatically compare the iris colour of large numbers of iris images obtained by different studies and to perform large meta-studies that may reveal loci with small effects on the eye colour.
Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. jeppe.dyrbergandersen@forensic.ku.dk
Jeppe D
JD
Andersen
Peter
P
Johansen
Stine
S
Harder
Susanne R
SR
Christoffersen
Mikaela C
MC
Delgado
Sarah T
ST
Henriksen
Mette M
MM
Nielsen
Erik
E
Sørensen
Henrik
H
Ullum
Thomas
T
Hansen
Anders L
AL
Dahl
Rasmus R
RR
Paulsen
Claus
C
Børsting
Niels
N
Morling
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D017920:Antiporters / Q000235:genetics; D005127:Eye Color / Q000235:genetics*; D053803:Forensic Genetics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012984:Software; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D017920:Antiporters; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D000099218:Interferon Regulatory Factor-4; C489600:OCA2 protein, human; C470570:SLC24A4 protein, human; C510061:SLC45A2 protein, human; C118566:HERC2 protein, human
Eye colour; Forensic phenotyping; Genetics; Pigmentation