A multistep algorithm for processing and calibration of microdialysis continuous glucose monitoring data.
BACKGROUND
The deviation of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CGM) data from reference blood glucose measurements is substantial, and adequate signal processing is required to reduce the discrepancy between subcutaneous glucose and blood glucose values. The purpose of this study was to develop a multistep algorithm for the processing and calibration of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring data with high accuracy and short delay. Algorithm


METHODS
The algorithm comprises three steps: rate-limiting filtering, selective smoothing, and robust calibration. Initially, the algorithm detects nonphysiological glucose rate-of-change and corrects it with a weighted local polynomial. Noisy signal parts that require smoothing are then detected based on zero crossing count of the sensor signal first-order differences, and an exponentially weighted moving average smooths the noisy parts of the signal afterward. Finally, calibration is performed using a first-order polynomial as the conversion function, with coefficients being estimated using robust regression with a bi-square weight function. ALGORITHM PERFORMANCE: The performance of the algorithm was evaluated on 16 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. To compare the algorithm with state-of-the-art CGM data denoising and calibration, the rate-limiting filter and selective smoothing were replaced with an adaptive Kalman filter, and the calibration method was replaced with the calibration algorithm presented in one of the Medtronic (Northridge, CA) CGM patents. The median (mean) of the absolute relative deviation (ARD) of the sensor glucose values processed by the newly developed algorithm from capillary reference blood glucose measurements was 14.8% (22.6%), 10.6% (14.6%), and 8.9% (11.7%) in hypoglycemia, euglycemia, and hyperglycemia, respectively, whereas for the alternative algorithm, the median (mean) was 22.2% (26.9%), 12.1% (15.9%), and 8.8 (11.3%), respectively. The median (mean) ARD in all ranges was 10.3% (14.7%) for the new algorithm and 11.5% (15.8%) for the alternative algorithm. The new algorithm had an average delay of 2.1 min across the patients, and the alternative algorithm had an average delay of 2.9 min.


CONCLUSIONS
The presented algorithm may increase the accuracy of CGM data.
1 Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark .
Zeinab
Z
Mahmoudi
Mette
M
Dencker Johansen
Jens Sandahl
JS
Christiansen
Ole Kristian
OK
Hejlesen
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002138:Calibration; D003718:Denmark; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
D001786:Blood Glucose