Less is more in antidepressant clinical trials: a meta-analysis of the effect of visit frequency on treatment response and dropout.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated how the number of follow-up visits affects response rates and dropout among patients in antidepressant trials for major depressive disorder (MDD).


METHODS
MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed were searched to identify trials contrasting antidepressants to placebo or active comparator in adults with depression. The index terms depression-drug therapy, depressive disorder-drug therapy, and antidepressant agents, in addition to the classes and individual generic names of all antidepressants, were combined using the "or" operator. Results were limited to (1) English-language articles, (2) publication year 1985 or later, (3) age group ≥ 18 years, and (4) publication types including clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, meta-analysis, multicenter study, randomized controlled trial, or review.


METHODS
Included articles reported trials of approved antidepressant medications for MDD in outpatients aged 18-65 years, were 6-12 weeks in duration, and had response rates specified using a standardized measure. Trials were excluded for enrolling inpatients, pregnant women, psychotic subjects, or those with treatment-resistant depression. These criteria allowed 9,189 articles identified in the literature review to be narrowed to 111 reports.


METHODS
Demographic characteristics, the number of study visits planned in each treatment cell, duration of active treatment, attrition rates, and response rates to medication and placebo were entered into a database.


RESULTS
In a multilevel meta-analysis, active medication versus placebo (OR = 1.96, P < .001), active comparator versus placebo-controlled study design (OR = 1.82, P < .001), and longer versus shorter duration (OR = 1.87, P < .001) were associated with significantly increased odds of treatment response. After controlling for these variables, the number of study visits did not significantly influence response rates (OR = 0.97, P = .877). The odds of dropout were significantly decreased for active comparator versus placebo-controlled trials (OR = 0.67, P = .002) and longer versus shorter duration trials (OR = 0.54, P = .035), while increasing numbers of study visits significantly increased the odds of participant dropout (OR = 2.77, P < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
Visit schedules that are much more frequent than are commonly practiced in the community treatment of depression may increase the expense of clinical trials and make them less generalizable to standard clinical treatment.
New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Box 98, New York, NY 10032, USA. brr8@columbia.edu
Bret R
BR
Rutherford
Timothy M
TM
Cooper
Amanda
A
Persaud
Patrick J
PJ
Brown
Joel R
JR
Sneed
Steven P
SP
Roose
D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001071:Appointments and Schedules; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000928:Antidepressive Agents