Flattening filter removal for improved image quality of megavoltage fluoroscopy.
OBJECTIVE
Removal of the linear accelerator (linac) flattening filter enables a high rate of dose deposition with reduced treatment time. When used for megavoltage imaging, an unflat beam has reduced primary beam scatter resulting in sharper images. In fluoroscopic imaging mode, the unflat beam has higher photon count per image frame yielding higher contrast-to-noise ratio. The authors' goal was to quantify the effects of an unflat beam on the image quality of megavoltage portal and fluoroscopic images.


METHODS
6 MV projection images were acquired in fluoroscopic and portal modes using an electronic flat-panel imager. The effects of the flattening filter on the relative modulation transfer function (MTF) and contrast-to-noise ratio were quantified using the QC3 phantom. The impact of FF removal on the contrast-to-noise ratio of gold fiducial markers also was studied under various scatter conditions.


RESULTS
The unflat beam had improved contrast resolution, up to 40% increase in MTF contrast at the highest frequency measured (0.75 line pairs/mm). The contrast-to-noise ratio was increased as expected from the increased photon flux. The visualization of fiducial markers was markedly better using the unflat beam under all scatter conditions, enabling visualization of thin gold fiducial markers, the thinnest of which was not visible using the unflat beam.


CONCLUSIONS
The removal of the flattening filter from a clinical linac leads to quantifiable improvements in the image quality of megavoltage projection images. These gains enable observers to more easily visualize thin fiducial markers and track their motion on fluoroscopic images.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, USA. jchrist1@wpahs.org
James D
JD
Christensen
Alexander
A
Kirichenko
Olivier
O
Gayou
D005240:Feasibility Studies; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio