Malaria prevalence, spatial clustering and risk factors in a low endemic area of Eastern Rwanda: a cross sectional study.
BACKGROUND
Rwanda reported significant reductions in malaria burden following scale up of control intervention from 2005 to 2010. This study sought to; measure malaria prevalence, describe spatial malaria clustering and investigate for malaria risk factors among health-centre-presumed malaria cases and their household members in Eastern Rwanda.


METHODS
A two-stage health centre and household-based survey was conducted in Ruhuha sector, Eastern Rwanda from April to October 2011. At the health centre, data, including malaria diagnosis and individual level malaria risk factors, was collected. At households of these Index cases, a follow-up survey, including malaria screening for all household members and collecting household level malaria risk factor data, was conducted.


RESULTS
Malaria prevalence among health centre attendees was 22.8%. At the household level, 90 households (out of 520) had at least one malaria-infected member and the overall malaria prevalence for the 2634 household members screened was 5.1%. Among health centre attendees, the age group 5-15 years was significantly associated with an increased malaria risk and a reported ownership of ≥4 bednets was significantly associated with a reduced malaria risk. At the household level, age groups 5-15 and >15 years and being associated with a malaria positive index case were associated with an increased malaria risk, while an observed ownership of ≥4 bednets was associated with a malaria risk-protective effect. Significant spatial malaria clustering among household cases with clusters located close to water- based agro-ecosystems was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Malaria prevalence was significantly higher among health centre attendees and their household members in an area with significant household spatial malaria clustering. Circle surveillance involving passive case finding at health centres and proactive case detection in households can be a powerful tool for identifying household level malaria burden, risk factors and clustering.
University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, National University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
Stephen
S
Rulisa
Fredrick
F
Kateera
Jean Pierre
JP
Bizimana
Steven
S
Agaba
Javier
J
Dukuzumuremyi
Lisette
L
Baas
Jean
J
de Dieu Harelimana
Petra F
PF
Mens
Kimberly R
KR
Boer
Peter J
PJ
de Vries
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D057147:Mosquito Nets / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D055815:Young Adult