A novel approach to mammographic breast compression: Improved standardization and reduced discomfort by controlling pressure instead of force.
OBJECTIVE
In x-ray mammography, flattening of the breast improves image quality and reduces absorbed dose. Current mammographic compression guidelines are based on applying a standardized force to each breast. Because breast size is not taken into consideration, this approach leads to large variations in applied pressure (force applied per unit contact area). It is the authors' hypothesis that a pressure-controlled compression protocol, which takes contact area into account, (1) improves standardization across the population in terms of physiological conditions in the compressed breast (blood pressure), and (2) reduces discomfort and pain, particularly the number of severe pain complaints, (3) with limited effects on image quality and absorbed glandular dose (AGD).


METHODS
A prospective observational study including 291 craniocaudal (CC) and 299 mediolateral oblique (MLO) breast compressions in 196 women following the authors' hospital's standard compression protocol with 18 decanewton (daN) target force was performed. Breast thickness, applied force, area of contact between breast and compression paddle, and mean pressure were recorded during the entire compression. Pain scores before and after breast compressions were obtained using an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS). Scores of 7 and higher were considered to indicate severe pain. The authors analyzed differences between the CC and MLO compressions, correlation coefficients (ρ) between compression parameters, and odds-ratios (OR) for all parameters as possible predictors for experiencing severe pain using multivariate logistic regression. The observed data were used in two models to estimate what breast thickness, required force, and pain score would be for pressure-controlled compression protocols with target pressures ranging from 4 to 28 kilopascal (kPa). For a selection of 79 mammograms having a 10% or more thickness difference with respect to the prior mammogram, the authors performed a retrospective observer study to assess whether such thickness differences have significant effects on image quality or AGD.


RESULTS
In a standard 18 daN force-controlled compression protocol, the authors observed an average pressure of 21.3 kPa±54% standard deviation for CC compressions and 14.2 kPa±32% for MLO compressions. Women with smaller breasts endured higher pressures and experienced more pain, as indicated by a significant negative correlation (ρ=-0.19, p<0.01) between contact area and pain score. Multivariate regression showed that contact area is a strong and significant predictor for severe pain (ORNRS≥7 (CC)=0.10/dm2, p<0.05), as is the case with any pain already present before compression (ORNRS≥7 (CC)=1.61 per NRS-point, p<0.05). Model estimations showed that mammographic breast compression with a standardized pressure of 10 kPa, corresponding with normal arterial blood pressure, may significantly reduce the number of severe pain complaints with an average increase in breast thickness of 9% for small breasts and 2% for large breasts. For an average 16.5% thickness difference in prior-current mammogram pairs, the authors found no differences in image quality and AGD CONCLUSIONS: Model estimations and an observer study showed that pressure-controlled mammographic compression protocols may improve standardization and reduce discomfort with limited effects on image quality and AGD.
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jerry.degroot@sigmascreening.com
J E
JE
de Groot
M J M
MJ
Broeders
W
W
Branderhorst
G J
GJ
den Heeten
C A
CA
Grimbergen
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001940:Breast; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011312:Pressure; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012015:Reference Standards