Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to the development of co-existing non-small cell lung cancer with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Previous studies have identified a mixed-phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with co-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although NSCLC and COPD share a common risk factor in smoking, whether and how smoking may contribute to the coexistence of NSCLC with COPD (NSCLC-COPD) is unclear. Our study suggests that cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for the development of NSCLC-COPD, especially in females and among patients with squamous cell carcinoma subtype.
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Rihong
R
Zhai
Xiaojin
X
Yu
Yongyue
Y
Wei
Li
L
Su
David C
DC
Christiani
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
cigarette smoking; co-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; non-small cell lung cancer; risk; smoking cessation