Head anatomy of adult Sisyra terminalis (Insecta: Neuroptera: Sisyridae)--functional adaptations and phylogenetic implications.
The external and internal head anatomy of Sisyra terminalis is described in detail and compared with data from literature. A salivary pump consisting of a peculiar reservoir and a hitherto unknown muscle, M. ductus salivarii, is newly described for Neuroptera. The upward folded paraglossae form a secondary prolongation of the salivary system. These structures are discussed as functional adaptations for feeding on aphids and desiccated honeydew. In a phylogenetic analysis the basal position of the Sisyridae within Neuroptera is retrieved. The following new synapomorphies are postulated: (1) for Neuropterida, the presence of a M. submentomentalis and prepharyngeal ventral transverse muscles, and the absence of a M. submentopraementalis; (2) for Neuroptera and Sialidae, the presence of a mandibular gland; (3) for Neuroptera, the presence of four scapopedicellar muscles; (4) for Neuroptera exclusive Nevrorthidae and Sisyridae, the weakening of dorsal tentorial arms, the presence of a M. tentoriomandibularis medialis superior and the shifted origin of M. tentoriocardinalis.
Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: susanne.randolf@nhmwien.ac.at.
Susanne
S
Randolf
Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: dominique.zimmermann@nhm-wien.ac.at.
Dominique
D
Zimmermann
Natural History Museum Vienna, 2nd Zoological Department, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: ulrike.aspoeck@nhm-wien.ac.at.
Ulrike
U
Aspöck
D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D057506:Arthropod Antennae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010802:Phylogeny
Feeding adaptations; M. ductus salivarii (0hy15); M. oralis transversalis ventralis (0hy16); Musculature; Neuropterida; Phylogeny; Salivary reservoir