Proposal of a Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) model.
Marshall and Brown (2006) proposed a Traits as Situational Sensitivities (TASS) Model, which implies a systematic person × situation interaction. We review this model and show that it suffers from several limitations. We extend and modify the model in order to obtain a symmetric pattern of levels and effects for both person and situation factors. Our suggestions result in a general Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model. The NIPS model bears striking similarities to the Rasch model. Based on the symmetric nature of the NIPS model, we generalize the concept of weak and strong situations to individuals and propose the concepts of weak and strong persons. Finally, we discuss psychological mechanisms that might explain the NIPS pattern and offer ideas for future research.
Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau Landau, Germany.
Manfred
M
Schmitt
Mario
M
Gollwitzer
Anna
A
Baumert
Gabriela
G
Blum
Tobias
T
Gschwendner
Wilhelm
W
Hofmann
Tobias
T
Rothmund
Rasch model; interactionism; person × situation interaction; strong persons; strong situations; weak persons; weak situations