Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department.
BACKGROUND
Group A Streptococcal (GAS) necrotizing fasciitis is a critical emergency. Patients with necrotizing fasciitis principally present to emergency departments (EDs), but most studies are focused on hospitalized patients.


OBJECTIVE
An ED patient-based retrospective study was conducted to investigate the clinical characteristics, associated factors, and outcomes of GAS necrotizing fasciitis in the ED.


METHODS
Patients visiting the ED from January 2005 through December 2011 with the diagnosis of GAS necrotizing fasciitis were enrolled. All patients with the diagnosis of noninvasive skin and soft-tissue infections caused by GAS were included as the control group.


RESULTS
During the study period, 75 patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis were identified. Males accounted for 84% of patients. The most prevalent underlying disease was diabetes mellitus (45.3%). Bullae were recognized in 37.3% of patients. One third of cases were complicated by bacteremia. Polymicrobial infections were found in 30.7% of patients. Overall mortality rate for GAS necrotizing fasciitis was 16%. Patients aged >60 years with diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and gout were considerably more likely to have GAS necrotizing fasciitis than noninvasive infections. Patients presenting with bacteremia, shock, duration of symptoms/signs <5 days, low white blood cell count, low platelet count, and prolonged prothrombin time were associated with increased mortality. Surgery is a significantly negative factor for mortality of patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis (odds ratio = 0.16; 95% confidence interval 0.002-0.16; p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
A better understanding of the associated factors and initiation of adequate treatments will allow for improved survival after GAS necrotizing fasciitis.
Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Jiun-Nong
JN
Lin
Lin-Li
LL
Chang
Chung-Hsu
CH
Lai
Hsi-Hsun
HH
Lin
Yen-Hsu
YH
Chen
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D001768:Blister / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D019115:Fasciitis, Necrotizing / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010976:Platelet Count; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012769:Shock / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
Streptococcus pyogenes; associated factors; emergency department; group A Streptococcus; necrotizing fasciitis