title: A history of low birth weight alters recovery following a future head injury: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low birth weight (LBW; below 2500 grams) is a general risk factor for a variety of neurodevelopmental difficulties. However, these children may remain more vulnerable to neurologic and environmental insults occurring years later. This prospective case series reports on children who sustained a mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in middle childhood but who had also been born with birth weights below 2500 grams.
  
  
  METHODS
  PARTICIPANTS were 14 children with mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), 5 of whom had birth weights under 2500 grams (LBW) and 9 children with normal birth weight (NBW). All participants were drawn from a larger study on the long-term cognitive and behavioral impact of pediatric TBI and were matched on age, estimated socioeconomic status (SES), and severity of TBI (with NBW children actually having a slightly worse overall injury severity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, both groups exhibited similar scores on WJ-R Letter Word Identification and Calculations, Tower of London number solved, and CVLT-C total correct. Baseline group differences were observed on the CELF-III Formulated Sentences (NBW > LBW) and on the VABS Adaptive Behavior Composite and Socialization subdomain (LBW > NBW). Over 2 years, relative to the NBW group, the LBW group evidenced declines on both WJ-R subtests, CVLT-C total correct, CELF-III Formulated Sentences, and VABS Adaptive Behavior Composite and Socialization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although preliminary in nature due to small sample size, findings suggest a history of LBW influences the recovery trajectory following childhood TBI. Academic and adaptive functioning and verbal memory appeared particularly affected.
authors: a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and University of Texas-Houston Medical School , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors: Adam T
authors: AT
authors: Schmidt
authors: Xiaoqi
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Zhang-Rutledge
authors: Gerri R
authors: GR
authors: Hanten
authors: Harvey S
authors: HS
authors: Levin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002140:California; D002648:Child; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009864:Ontario; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011932:Reading; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018401:Sample Size; D013060:Speech; D013781:Texas; D014706:Verbal Learning
keywords: Academic functioning; Adaptive functioning; Children; Development; Language; Low birth weight; Reading skills; Social adaptation; Traumatic brain injury; Verbal memory
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