title: Combined enzymatic and physical deinking methodology for efficient eco-friendly recycling of old newsprint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development in the deinking process has made recycled fiber a major part of the raw material for pulp and paper industry. Enzymes have revolutionized the deinking process obtaining brightness levels surpassing conventional deinking processes. This study explores the deinking efficiencies of bacterial alkalophilic laccase (L) and xylanase (X) enzymes along with physical deinking methods of microwaving (MW) and sonication (S) for recycling of old newsprint (ONP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The operational parameters viz. enzyme dose, pH and treatment time for X and L deinking were optimized statistically using Response Surface Methodology. Laccase did not require any mediator supplementation for deinking. Deinking of ONP pulp with a combination of xylanase and laccase enzymes was investigated, and fiber surface composition and morphological changes were studied using X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the pulp deinked with xylanase (47.9%) or laccase (62.2%) individually, the percentage reduction of effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) was higher for the combined xylanase/laccase-deinked pulp (65.8%). An increase in brightness (21.6%), breaking length (16.5%), burst factor (4.2%) tear factor (6.9%), viscosity (13%) and cellulose crystallinity (10.3%) along with decrease in kappa number (22%) and chemical consumption (50%) were also observed. Surface appeared more fibrillar along with changes in surface functional groups. A combination of physical and enzymatic processes (S-MW-XL) for deinking further improved brightness (28.8%) and decreased ERIC (73.9%) substantially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on deinking of ONP with laccase without any mediator supplementation. XL pretreatment resulted in marked improvement in paper quality and a new sequence being reported for deinking (S-MW-XL) will contribute further in decreasing chemical consumption and making the process commercially feasible.
authors: Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors: Antar Puneet
authors: AP
authors: Virk
authors: Minakshi
authors: M
authors: Puri
authors: Vijaya
authors: V
authors: Gupta
authors: Neena
authors: N
authors: Capalash
authors: Prince
authors: P
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D007281:Ink; D042845:Laccase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010209:Paper; D011327:Printing / Q000379:methods*; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D042845:Laccase; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases
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