title: Effect of gravity and capillarity on human saliva penetration in coronally unsealed obturated root canals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of gravity and capillarity on penetration of human salivary bacteria into the entire length of obturated root canals, and to demonstrate the dye penetration configuration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty single-rooted premolars were decoronated, prepared to a standardized length of 15 mm, instrumented, and randomly divided into two groups (A and B) of 25 teeth each. Each group consisted of experimental (15 samples) and negative and positive controls (five samples each). The experimental groups were obturated with gutta-percha and root canal sealer. The positive control groups were obturated with a single cone of gutta-percha and root canal sealer. The outer surfaces (except for the apical 2 mm) were covered with two layers of nail varnish. An apparatus containing Brain Heart Infusion broth was designed, in which the teeth were placed. The samples in Group A were placed upside down, while Group B was placed normally. The coronal portions of the samples were placed in contact with fresh saliva. The number of days required for bacteria to penetrate the entire length of canals was determined. The samples were then immersed in India ink to determine the dye penetration configuration. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of dye penetration was significantly greater in Group B compared to Group A, and they were in a pattern rather than linear form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gravity and capillarity insignificantly affected bacterial leakage. Although gravity and capillarity did not affect bacterial penetration when applied to the coronal access of endodontically treated teeth, it seems that they can promote penetration of India ink into the canal after the bacterial test on the same tooth.
authors: Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Kasra
authors: K
authors: Karamifar
authors: Akbar
authors: A
authors: Khayat
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Mogharrabi
authors: Yasaman
authors: Y
authors: Rajaei
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Saghiri
keywords: Bacterial leakage; Capillarity; Dye penetration; Gravity; Obturated root canal
references: J Endod. 1990 Dec;16(12):566-9
references: 2094758
references: Int Endod J. 1996 Mar;29(2):76-83
references: 9206428
references: J Endod. 1993 Sep;19(9):458-61
references: 8263453
references: Int Endod J. 1999 Sep;32(5):370-5
references: 10551110
references: Int Endod J. 1997 Sep;30(5):297-306
references: 9477818
references: Int Endod J. 1990 Jan;23(1):13-9
references: 2118124
references: Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995 Dec;11(6):264-9
references: 8617160
references: Quintessence Int Dent Dig. 1983 Oct;14(10):981-98
references: 6580672
references: J Endod. 1996 Sep;22(9):471-3
references: 9198428
references: J Endod. 1994 Apr;20(4):155-8
references: 8035152
references: Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995 Apr;11(2):90-4
references: 7641623
references: J Endod. 1991 Jul;17(7):324-31
references: 1779218
references: J Endod. 1987 Mar;13(3):109-12
references: 3471832
references: J Endod. 1987 Feb;13(2):56-9
references: 3470424
references: J Endod. 2001 May;27(5):347-50
references: 11485254
references: J Endod. 1996 Sep;22(9):459-62
references: 9198425
references: J Prosthet Dent. 2002 Jun;87(6):674-8
references: 12131891