title: Antiphase light and temperature cycles affect PHYTOCHROME B-controlled ethylene sensitivity and biosynthesis, limiting leaf movement and growth of Arabidopsis.
abstract: In the natural environment, days are generally warmer than the night, resulting in a positive day/night temperature difference (+DIF). Plants have adapted to these conditions, and when exposed to antiphase light and temperature cycles (cold photoperiod/warm night [-DIF]), most species exhibit reduced elongation growth. To study the physiological mechanism of how light and temperature cycles affect plant growth, we used infrared imaging to dissect growth dynamics under +DIF and -DIF in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that -DIF altered leaf growth patterns, decreasing the amplitude and delaying the phase of leaf movement. Ethylene application restored leaf growth in -DIF conditions, and constitutive ethylene signaling mutants maintain robust leaf movement amplitudes under -DIF, indicating that ethylene signaling becomes limiting under these conditions. In response to -DIF, the phase of ethylene emission advanced 2 h, but total ethylene emission was not reduced. However, expression analysis on members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase ethylene biosynthesis gene family showed that ACS2 activity is specifically suppressed in the petiole region under -DIF conditions. Indeed, petioles of plants under -DIF had reduced ACC content, and application of ACC to the petiole restored leaf growth patterns. Moreover, acs2 mutants displayed reduced leaf movement under +DIF, similar to wild-type plants under -DIF. In addition, we demonstrate that the photoreceptor PHYTOCHROME B restricts ethylene biosynthesis and constrains the -DIF-induced phase shift in rhythmic growth. Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into how fluctuating temperature cycles regulate plant growth.
authors: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Bours
authors: Martijn
authors: M
authors: van Zanten
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Pierik
authors: Harro
authors: H
authors: Bouwmeester
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: van der Krol
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D017440:Photoperiod; D051939:Phytochrome B / Q000378:metabolism*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; C497952:PHYB protein, Arabidopsis; D051939:Phytochrome B; C036216:ethylene
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