title: ACE2 - from the renin-angiotensin system to gut microbiota and malnutrition.
abstract: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex network that regulates blood pressure, electrolyte and fluid homeostasis, as well as the function of several organs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as an enzyme that negatively regulates the RAS by converting Ang II, the main bioactive molecule of the RAS, to Ang 1-7. Thus, ACE2 counteracts the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which generates Ang II from Ang I. ACE and ACE2 have been implicated in several pathologies such as cardiovascular and renal disease or acute lung injury. In addition, ACE2 has functions independent of the RAS: ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS coronavirus and ACE2 is essential for expression of neutral amino acid transporters in the gut. In this context, ACE2 modulates innate immunity and influences the composition of the gut microbiota, which can explain diarrhea and intestinal inflammation observed in Hartnup disorder, Pellagra, or under conditions of severe malnutrition. Here we review and discuss the diverse functions of ACE2 and its relevance to human pathologies.
authors: IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Perlot
authors: Josef M
authors: JM
authors: Penninger
mesh_terms: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral / Q000378:metabolism*; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D044342:Malnutrition; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism*; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
keywords: Amino acid transport; Malnutrition; Microbiota; Renin–angiotensin system; Virus receptor
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