title: Multiplex real-time PCR for detecting and typing Clostridium botulinum group III organisms and their mosaic variants.
abstract: Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease that can occur in all warm-blooded animals, birds, and fishes. The disease in animals is mainly caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum strains belonging to group III, although outbreaks due to toxins produced by group I and II organisms have been recognized. Group III strains are capable of producing botulinum toxins of type C, D, and C/D and D/C mosaic variants. Definitive diagnosis of animal botulism is made by combining clinical findings with laboratory investigations. Detection of toxins in clinical specimens and feed is the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis. Since toxins may be degraded by organisms contained in the gastrointestinal tract or may be present at levels below the detection limit, the recovery of C. botulinum from sick animal specimens is consistent for laboratory confirmation. In this article we report the development and in-house validation of a new multiplex real-time PCR for detecting and typing the neurotoxin genes found in C. botulinum group III organisms. Validation procedures have been carried out according to ISO 16140, using strains and samples recovered from cases of animal botulism in Italy and France.
authors: Fabrizio
authors: F
authors: Anniballi
authors: Bruna
authors: B
authors: Auricchio
authors: Cédric
authors: C
authors: Woudstra
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Fach
authors: Alfonsina
authors: A
authors: Fiore
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Skarin
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Bano
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Segerman
authors: Rickard
authors: R
authors: Knutsson
authors: Dario
authors: D
authors: De Medici
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C096325:botulinum toxin type D; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C
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