title: Paper-based electroanalytical devices with an integrated, stable reference electrode.
abstract: This paper describes the development of a referenced Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Device (rEPAD) comprising a sample zone, a reference zone, and a connecting microfluidic channel that includes a central contact zone. We demonstrated that the rEPADs provide a simple system for direct and accurate voltammetric measurements that are referenced by an electrode with a constant, well-defined potential. The performance of the rEPADs is comparable to commercial electrochemical cells, and the layout can be easily integrated into systems that permit multiplexed analysis and pipette-free sampling. The cost of this portable device is sufficiently low that it could be for single-use, disposable applications, and its method of fabrication is compatible with that used for other paper-based systems.
authors: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu.
authors: Wen-Jie
authors: WJ
authors: Lan
authors: E Jane
authors: EJ
authors: Maxwell
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Parolo
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Bwambok
authors: Anand Bala
authors: AB
authors: Subramaniam
authors: George M
authors: GM
authors: Whitesides
mesh_terms: D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D004566:Electrodes / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D010209:Paper; D012015:Reference Standards; D018511:Systems Integration; D013997:Time Factors