title: Rumination prospectively predicts executive functioning impairments in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study tested the resource allocation hypothesis, examining whether baseline rumination or depressive symptom levels prospectively predicted deficits in executive functioning in an adolescent sample. The alternative to this hypothesis was also evaluated by testing whether lower initial levels of executive functioning predicted increases in rumination or depressive symptoms at follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community sample of 200 adolescents (ages 12-13) completed measures of depressive symptoms, rumination, and executive functioning at baseline and at a follow-up session approximately 15 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with higher levels of baseline rumination displayed decreases in selective attention and attentional switching at follow-up. Rumination did not predict changes in working memory or sustained and divided attention. Depressive symptoms were not found to predict significant changes in executive functioning scores at follow-up. Baseline executive functioning was not associated with change in rumination or depression over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings partially support the resource allocation hypothesis that engaging in ruminative thoughts consumes cognitive resources that would otherwise be allocated towards difficult tests of executive functioning. Support was not found for the alternative hypothesis that lower levels of initial executive functioning would predict increased rumination or depressive symptoms at follow-up. Our study is the first to find support for the resource allocation hypothesis using a longitudinal design and an adolescent sample. Findings highlight the potentially detrimental effects of rumination on executive functioning during early adolescence.
authors: Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States. Electronic address: samantha.connolly@temple.edu.
authors: Samantha L
authors: SL
authors: Connolly
authors: Clara A
authors: CA
authors: Wagner
authors: Benjamin G
authors: BG
authors: Shapero
authors: Laura L
authors: LL
authors: Pendergast
authors: Lyn Y
authors: LY
authors: Abramson
authors: Lauren B
authors: LB
authors: Alloy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014888:Wechsler Scales
keywords: Adolescence; Depression; Executive functioning; Rumination
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