title: Inflammatory cytokine levels and breast cancer risk factors: racial differences of healthy Caucasian and African American women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine racial differences in inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-6 and interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]) and breast cancer (BC) risk factors between healthy Caucasian and African American women; to examine differences in relationships of inflammatory cytokine levels with BC risk factors between these groups of women; and to determine the independent contribution of race to IL-6 and IFN-γ after controlling for relevant covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and correlational descriptive design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community surrounding a state university health system in the southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  113 healthy women (65 Caucasians and 48 African Americans) aged 20 years or older and not pregnant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of data collected from self-report questionnaires and blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammatory cytokine levels, BC risk factors (age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, family history of BC, breast biopsy, breastfeeding history and duration, body mass index, and physical activity), and race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant racial differences were noted in IL-6 and IFN-γ levels, reproductive or hormonal and lifestyle BC risk factors, and relationships between African American and Caucasian women. Controlling for all other effects, race appeared to be a significant predictor for IL-6 and IFN-γ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial differences in inflammatory cytokines and BC risk factors may provide partial evidence for existing racial disparities in BC for African American and Caucasian women. Additional studies are needed to confirm that potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional biobehavioral research in racial disparities in BC may help to inform nurses to target race-specific modifications of lifestyle and behavioral factors to reduce BC health disparity between African American and Caucasian women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being an African American woman predicted a higher level of inflammatory cytokine production after controlling for selected BC risk factors. Great potential exists for inflammatory responses as one of the underlying biologic mechanisms for existing BC disparity and for culturally tailored lifestyle or behavioral modification interventions for reducing BC risk and racial disparity.
authors: School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.
authors: Na-Jin
authors: NJ
authors: Park
authors: Duck-Hee
authors: DH
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000451:nursing; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007774:Lactation; D008875:Middle Aged; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007371:Interferon-gamma