title: Association between urinary levels of bisphenol-A and estrogen metabolism in Korean adults.
abstract: Bisphenol-A (BPA) possesses estrogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Humans experience a long-term and cumulative exposure to BPA. BPA was detectable in 97.3% of 1904 urine specimens from Korean adults. We investigated urinary estrogen concentrations in subjects with low and high BPA concentrations and its possible association with estrogen metabolism. Urine samples were collected from a high BPA concentration group (BPA-H; n=100, 11.05 ± 20.47 μg/g creatinine) and a low BPA concentration group (BPA-L; n=100, 0.70 ± 0.22 μg/g creatinine) from Korea Biomonitoring Program of Hazardous Materials Survey 2009-2010. Urinary estrogens were enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted, and then derivatized for quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Estrogen levels were higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group. Concentrations of estrone, 17β-estradiol, and their hydroxylated metabolites in both men and women were significantly higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group (p<0.04). Furthermore, in the BPA-H group, estrogen metabolism to 4-hydroxy-estrone and 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol was more active than that to 2-hydroxy-estrone and 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol. Although single measurement and/or single spot urine samples limit the measurement of long-term exposure to BPA, we found significant differences of estrogen metabolism in the BPA-H and the BPA-L groups. The increase of hydroxyestrogens, especially 4-hydroxyestrogens, can be an important factor resulting negative effects of prolonged exposure to BPA.
authors: Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eun Jee
authors: EJ
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Dongho
authors: D
authors: Lee
authors: Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors: Bong Chul
authors: BC
authors: Chung
authors: Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors: Heesoo
authors: H
authors: Pyo
authors: Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: frans@kist.re.kr.
authors: Jeongae
authors: J
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: 16-epi-E3; 16-epiestriol; 16keto-17β-estradiol&16α-hydroxyestrone; 16keto-E2&16α-OH-E1; 17-epi-E3; 17-epiestriol; 17α-E2; 17α-estradiol; 17β-estradiol; 2-MeO-E1; 2-MeO-E2; 2-OH-E1; 2-OH-E2; 2-OH-E3; 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol; 2-hydroxyestriol; 2-hydroxyestrone; 2-methoxy-17β-estradiol; 2-methoxyestrone; 4-MeO-E1; 4-MeO-E2; 4-OH-E1; 4-OH-E2; 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol; 4-hydroxyestrone; 4-methoxy-17β-estradiol; 4-methoxyestrone; BPA; Bisphenol-A; E1; E2; E3; EDCs; Estrogen metabolism; GC–MS; Hydroxylase; Steroid hormone; Urine; bisphenol-A; endocrine disrupting chemicals; estriol; estrone; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry