title: The Protective Effects of Cobra Venom from Naja naja atra on Acute and Chronic Nephropathy.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) on acute and chronic nephropathy in rats. Rats received 6 mg/kg adriamycin (ADR) once to evoke the chronic nephropathy or 8 ml/kg 50% v/v glycerol to produce acute renal failure (ARF). The NNAV was given orally once a day starting five days prior to ADR or glycerol injection and continued to the end of experiments. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for 24 h for urine collection for urinary protein determination. The kidney function-related biochemical changes and index of oxidative stress were determined with automatic biochemistry analyzer or colorimetric enzyme assay kits. The pathomorphological changes were observed using light and transmission electron microcopies. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and NF- κ B activation were determined using ELISA kits, Western blot analysis, or immunofluorescence. The results showed that NNAV relieved ADR-induced chronic nephropathy and glycerol-triggered acute renal failure syndromes including proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, serum electrolyte unbalance, renal oxidative stress, and pathological damages. NNAV reduced kidney levels of TNF- α and IL-1 β , but it increased the levels of I κ B- α and inhibited NF- κ B p65 nuclear localization. These findings suggest that NNAV may be a valuable therapeutic drug for acute and chronic kidney diseases.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
authors: Shu-Zhi
authors: SZ
authors: Wang
authors: He
authors: H
authors: He
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Han
authors: Jia-Li
authors: JL
authors: Zhu
authors: Jian-Qun
authors: JQ
authors: Kou
authors: Xiao-Lan
authors: XL
authors: Ding
authors: Zheng-Hong
authors: ZH
authors: Qin
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Jan;37(1):79-83
references: 11136171
references: J Young Pharm. 2012 Apr;4(2):78-81
references: 22754258
references: Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Jan;129(2):231-4
references: 10694226
references: Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010 Jul;17(4):308-19
references: 20610358
references: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 15;6(4):e18398
references: 21525989
references: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 1993 Jul-Sep;4(3):213-28
references: 8679517
references: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:920932
references: 22919442
references: Toxicon. 2010 Dec 15;56(7):1198-222
references: 20417224
references: Exp Mol Pathol. 2010 Aug;89(1):51-7
references: 20493835
references: Toxicon. 1995 Nov;33(11):1425-31
references: 8744982
references: Kidney Int. 2000 Oct;58(4):1797-804
references: 11012915
references: Chromatographia. 2012 May;75(9-10):433-440
references: 22593603
references: Inflamm Res. 2006 Sep;55(9):359-63
references: 17122956
references: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011 Oct;32(10):1233-8
references: 21841815
references: Cancer Biol Ther. 2011 Jun 15;11(12):1008-16
references: 21464611
references: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:237482
references: 22675377
references: N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1066-71
references: 9091804
references: J Virol. 2002 Jul;76(13):6800-14
references: 12050393
references: Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:465897
references: 22577546
references: Kidney Int. 1993 Apr;43(4):918-27
references: 8479130
references: Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 14;44(23):8326-36
references: 15938622
references: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 Sep-Oct;7(9-10):1258-60
references: 16115030
references: Neth J Med. 2009 Oct;67(9):272-83
references: 19841484
references: Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 16;130(6):461-70
references: 10075613
references: Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1993;19(3):149-64
references: 8232102
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Nov 30;56(23):1937-8
references: 21109117
references: Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Sep-Oct;44(5):566-70
references: 23112414
references: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:616241
references: 23634171
references: Age Ageing. 2010 Sep;39(5):542-8
references: 20716584
references: Toxicon. 1993 Oct;31(10):1257-65
references: 8303720
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38904
references: 22719981
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 May;16(5):1404-12
references: 15788478
references: Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;43(5):551-6
references: 22021999
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jun;21(6):933-42
references: 20299353
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Nov;17(11):2974-84
references: 17035611
references: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Sep;6(9):2132-40
references: 21841064
references: Int J Exp Pathol. 2002 Aug;83(4):165-72
references: 12485461
references: BMC Neurosci. 2009 Sep 23;10:120
references: 19775433
references: Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013 Mar;10(2):169-78
references: 22906862
references: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001 Sep;16(9):1870-8
references: 11522872
references: Clin Nephrol. 1991 Sep;36(3):127-33
references: 1934668
references: Int J Med Sci. 2008;5(6):366-70
references: 19015744
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jun;19(6):1092-105
references: 18417722
references: Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Feb;296(2):F298-305
references: 19073636
references: J Clin Invest. 2001 Dec;108(11):1583-7
references: 11733553
references: Biochimie. 2000 Sep-Oct;82(9-10):927-36
references: 11086222
references: Kidney Int Suppl. 2004 Nov;(92):S76-89
references: 15485426
references: J Neurosci. 2000 May 1;20(9):3415-24
references: 10777804
references: J Theor Biol. 2004 May 21;228(2):195-215
references: 15094015
references: Br J Haematol. 2006 Oct;135(2):254-63
references: 17010049
references: Br J Pharmacol. 1986 May;88(1):205-12
references: 3708216
references: Ups J Med Sci. 2011 Mar;116(1):39-46
references: 21067456
references: Cell. 2008 Feb 8;132(3):344-62
references: 18267068