title: Formulation optimization of palm kernel oil esters nanoemulsion-loaded with chloramphenicol suitable for meningitis treatment.
abstract: Palm kernel oil esters nanoemulsion-loaded with chloramphenicol was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), a multivariate statistical technique. Effect of independent variables (oil amount, lecithin amount and glycerol amount) toward response variables (particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and osmolality) were studied using central composite design (CCD). RSM analysis showed that the experimental data could be fitted into a second-order polynomial model. Chloramphenicol-loaded nanoemulsion was formulated by using high pressure homogenizer. The optimized chloramphenicol-loaded nanoemulsion response values for particle size, PDI, zeta potential and osmolality were 95.33nm, 0.238, -36.91mV, and 200mOsm/kg, respectively. The actual values of the formulated nanoemulsion were in good agreement with the predicted values obtained from RSM. The results showed that the optimized compositions have the potential to be used as a parenteral emulsion to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) for meningitis treatment.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Siti Hajar
authors: SH
authors: Musa
authors: Mahiran
authors: M
authors: Basri
authors: Hamid Reza Fard
authors: HR
authors: Masoumi
authors: Roghayeh Abedi
authors: RA
authors: Karjiban
authors: Emilia Abd
authors: EA
authors: Malek
authors: Hamidon
authors: H
authors: Basri
authors: Ahmad Fuad
authors: AF
authors: Shamsuddin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D054709:Lecithins / Q000737:chemistry; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D054709:Lecithins; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Blood-brain barrier (BBB); Central composite design (CCD); Chloramphenicol; Meningitis; Nanoemulsion; Response surface methodology (RSM)