title: Cryptosporidium species from human immunodeficiency-infected patients with chronic diarrhea in Jakarta, Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic parasite that manifests as chronic and severe diarrhea in the immune-compromised subject. We investigated the species of Cryptosporidium to understand the epidemiology, mode of transmission, response to treatment, and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 18 S rRNA gene and sequencing were performed on 41 Cryptosporidium-positive stools from 36 patients with HIV AIDS, which comprised 36 pretreatment stools and 5 stools after treatment with Paromomycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. felis, and C. parvum were detected; 28 of 36 (77.7%) patients were infected with C. hominis and two (5.5%) patients with multiple species of Cryptosporidium. Treatment with Paromomycin resulted in different outcomes, perhaps because patients harbored other intestinal parasitic infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple infection with various Cryptosporidium species in the presence of other intestinal parasites occurs in patients with HIV AIDS suffering from chronic diarrhea who are severely immune-compromised. Common transmission of Cryptosporidium is anthroponotic.
authors: Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. Electronic address: akatmadja@yahoo.com.
authors: Agnes
authors: A
authors: Kurniawan
authors: Sri W
authors: SW
authors: Dwintasari
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Connelly
authors: Rosely A B
authors: RA
authors: Nichols
authors: Evy
authors: E
authors: Yunihastuti
authors: Teguh
authors: T
authors: Karyadi
authors: Samsuridjal
authors: S
authors: Djauzi
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010303:Paromomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010303:Paromomycin
keywords: Cryptosporidium sp.; HIV AIDS; Multiple species; Transmission