title: A method to convert MRI images of temperature change into images of absolute temperature in solid tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During hyperthermia (HT), the therapeutic response of tumours varies substantially within the target temperature range (39-43 °C). Current thermometry methods are either invasive or measure only temperature change, which limits the ability to study tissue responses to HT. This study combines manganese-containing low temperature sensitive liposomes (Mn-LTSL) with proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) thermometry to measure absolute temperature in tumours with high spatial and temporal resolution using MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Liposomes were loaded with 300 mM MnSO(4). The phase transition temperature (T(m)) of Mn-LTSL samples was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The release of manganese from Mn-LTSL in saline was characterised with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. A 2T GE small animal scanner was used to acquire dynamic T1-weighted images and temperature change images of Mn-LTSL in saline phantoms and fibrosarcoma-bearing Fisher-344 rats receiving hyperthermia after Mn-LTSL injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The T(m) of Mn-LTSL in rat blood was 42.9 ± 0.2 °C (DSC). For Mn-LTSL samples (0.06 mM-0.5 mM Mn(2+) in saline) heated monotonically from 30 °C to 50 °C, a peak in the rate of MRI signal enhancement occurred at 43.1° ± 0.3 °C. The same peak in signal enhancement rate was observed during heating of fibrosarcoma tumours (N = 3) after injection of Mn-LTSL, and the peak was used to convert temperature change images into absolute temperature. Accuracies of calibrated temperature measurements were in the range 0.9-1.8 °C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The release of Mn(2+) from Mn-LTSL affects the rate of MR signal enhancement which enables conversion of MRI-based temperature change images to absolute temperature.
authors: Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Ryan M
authors: RM
authors: Davis
authors: Benjamin L
authors: BL
authors: Viglianti
authors: Pavel
authors: P
authors: Yarmolenko
authors: Ji-Young
authors: JY
authors: Park
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Stauffer
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Needham
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Dewhirst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D005260:Female; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D008345:Manganese
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