title: Oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations following controlled smoked cannabis in chronic frequent and occasional smokers.
abstract: Oral fluid (OF) is an alternative biological matrix for monitoring cannabis intake in drug testing, and drugged driving (DUID) programs, but OF cannabinoid test interpretation is challenging. Controlled cannabinoid administration studies provide a scientific database for interpreting cannabinoid OF tests. We compared differences in OF cannabinoid concentrations from 19 h before to 30 h after smoking a 6.8% THC cigarette in chronic frequent and occasional cannabis smokers. OF was collected with the Statsure Saliva Sampler™ OF device. 2D-GC-MS was used to quantify cannabinoids in 357 OF specimens; 65 had inadequate OF volume within 3 h after smoking. All OF specimens were THC-positive for up to 13.5 h after smoking, without significant differences between frequent and occasional smokers over 30 h. Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) had short median last detection times (2.5-4 h for CBD and 6-8 h for CBN) in both groups. THCCOOH was detected in 25 and 212 occasional and frequent smokers' OF samples, respectively. THCCOOH provided longer detection windows than THC in all frequent smokers. As THCCOOH is not present in cannabis smoke, its presence in OF minimizes the potential for false positive results from passive environmental smoke exposure, and can identify oral THC ingestion, while OF THC cannot. THC ≥ 1 μg/L, in addition to CBD ≥ 1 μg/L or CBN ≥ 1 μg/L suggested recent cannabis intake (≤13.5 h), important for DUID cases, whereas THC ≥ 1 μg/L or THC ≥ 2 μg/L cutoffs had longer detection windows (≥30 h), important for workplace testing. THCCOOH windows of detection for chronic, frequent cannabis smokers extended beyond 30 h, while they were shorter (0-24 h) for occasional cannabis smokers.
authors: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
authors: Sebastien
authors: S
authors: Anizan
authors: Garry
authors: G
authors: Milman
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Desrosiers
authors: Allan J
authors: AJ
authors: Barnes
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Gorelick
authors: Marilyn A
authors: MA
authors: Huestis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002188:Cannabis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Feb;272(2):560-9
references: 7853169
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2006 Sep;30(7):413-8
references: 16959132
references: J Chromatogr A. 2007 Sep 7;1163(1-2):318-27
references: 17640656
references: Clin Chem. 2010 Aug;56(8):1261-9
references: 20530732
references: Ther Drug Monit. 2006 Jun;28(3):447-53
references: 16778732
references: J Chromatogr A. 2013 Jul 5;1297:123-30
references: 23726246
references: Carcinogenesis. 2001 Mar;22(3):481-8
references: 11238190
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2010 May;34(4):216-21
references: 20465868
references: J Chromatogr A. 2010 Feb 26;1217(9):1513-21
references: 20083251
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2005 Jun 10;150(2-3):143-50
references: 15944054
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2004 Sep;28(6):394-9
references: 15516285
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Sep;32(7):470-7
references: 18713514
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Jul;58(7):1101-9
references: 22532594
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;202(2):140-50
references: 15629189
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2012 Mar;36(2):75-80
references: 22337775
references: J Anal Toxicol. 1992 Sep-Oct;16(5):276-82
references: 1338215
references: Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Oct 10;212(1-3):227-30
references: 21763088
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2007 May;31(4):187-94
references: 17555641
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Oct;29(7):607-15
references: 16419389
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Aug;401(2):599-607
references: 21637933
references: Clin Chem. 2011 Oct;57(10):1406-14
references: 21836075
references: Drug Test Anal. 2012 Feb;4(2):83-8
references: 22362574
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Jan;402(2):851-9
references: 22120041
references: Clin Chem. 2011 Aug;57(8):1127-36
references: 21677094
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2007 Jun;31(5):288-93
references: 17579974
references: Anal Chem. 2012 Sep 18;84(18):7643-7
references: 22900543
references: Clin Chem. 2011 Jun;57(6):805-10
references: 21350039
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Sep;405(23):7269-79
references: 23831756
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2001 Jul-Aug;25(5):289-303
references: 11499881
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2012 Jul;36(6):413-7
references: 22532488
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2006 Sep;30(7):409-12
references: 16959131
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Jun 1;130(1-3):68-76
references: 23146820
references: Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Apr 11;413(7-8):765-70
references: 22285315
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Mar;220(2):309-18
references: 21922170
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Apr;58(4):748-56
references: 22273566
references: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Jul;405(18):6019-27
references: 23681203
references: Clin Chem. 2011 Nov;57(11):1597-606
references: 21875944
references: Clin Chem. 2009 Nov;55(11):1910-31
references: 19745062
references: J Anal Toxicol. 2006 Nov-Dec;30(9):645-50
references: 17137523
references: Clin Chem. 2013 Mar;59(3):519-26
references: 23449702
references: NIDA Res Monogr. 1990;99:42-62
references: 2176276
references: Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Aug;18(8):1138-41
references: 8535411