title: A comparison of retinyl palmitate and red palm oil β-carotene as strategies to address Vitamin A deficiency.
abstract: Vitamin A deficiency continues to be an international public health problem with several important health consequences including blindness and overall increased rates of morbidity and mortality. To address this widespread issue, a series of strategies have been put into place from dietary diversification to supplementation and fortification programs. Retinyl palmitate has been used successfully for decades as a supplement as well as a way to fortify numerous foods, including vegetable oil, rice, monosodium glutamate, cereal flours and sugar. Recently, there has been rising interest in using a natural source of carotenoids, β-carotene from red palm oil (RPO), for fortification. Although RPO interventions have also been shown to effectively prevent Vitamin A deficiency, there are numerous challenges in using beta-carotene from RPO as a fortification technique. β-Carotene can induce significant changes in appearance and taste of the fortified product. Moreover, costs of fortifying with beta-carotene are higher than with retinyl palmitate. Therefore, RPO should only be used as a source of Vitamin A if it is produced and used in its crude form and regularly consumed without frying. Furthermore, refined RPO should be fortified with retinyl palmitate, not β-carotene, to ensure that there is adequate Vitamin A content.
authors: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors: Ellie
authors: E
authors: Souganidis
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Laillou
authors: Magali
authors: M
authors: Leyvraz
authors: Regina
authors: R
authors: Moench-Pfanner
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004224:Diterpenes; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D010938:Plant Oils; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate; D000073878:Palm Oil
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