title: Emerging families of biomarkers for coronary artery disease: inflammatory mediators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. C-reactive protein is an established nonspecific prognostic inflammatory biomarker for patients with acute coronary syndrome in the medical literature. This has led to a concerted effort to identify circulating inflammatory biomarkers to facilitate predicting the risk for and diagnosing coronary artery disease in at-risk subjects. The objective of this study was to search after novel inflammatory biomarkers reported as useful for diagnosing coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for reports published from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2012 of novel circulating biomarkers for coronary artery disease in addition to the established biomarker, C-reactive protein. The search terms used were "infarction", "biomarkers", and "markers", and only original articles describing clinical trials that were written in English were included. All published articles were separately examined carefully after novel inflammatory markers for acute coronary syndrome. All irrelevant publications without content pertaining to inflammatory biomarkers for acute coronary syndrome were excluded from this study. Our results reflect all articles concerning biomarkers in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PubMed search yielded 4,415 research articles. After further analysis, all relevant published original articles examining 53 biomarkers were included in this review, which identified 46 inflammation biomarkers useful for detecting coronary artery disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence of diverse novel biomarkers for coronary artery disease has provided insight into the varied pathophysiology of this disease. Inflammatory biomarkers have tremendous potential in aiding the prediction of acute coronary syndrome and recurrent ischemic episodes, and will eventually help improve patient care and management.
authors: Department of internal Medicine, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany. josef.yayan@hotmail.com
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Yayan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: arteriosclerosis; biomarkers; coronary artery disease; inflammation; markers; myocardial infarction
references: Am Heart J. 2012 Jan;163(1):57-65.e2
references: 22172437
references: Circulation. 1999 Feb 23;99(7):855-60
references: 10027805
references: Circulation. 1998 May 26;97(20):2007-11
references: 9610529
references: Circulation. 2006 May 16;113(19):2335-62
references: 16702488
references: Circulation. 2005 Aug 9;112(6):812-8
references: 16061745
references: Int Heart J. 2011;52(4):224-8
references: 21828948
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Oct;84(10):917-38
references: 19797781
references: Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Oct;101(10):645-51
references: 19056071
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Jan;58(1):298-302
references: 21933901
references: Am Heart J. 2008 Jan;155(1):49-55
references: 18082488
references: Heart. 2011 Apr;97(8):632-40
references: 21345844
references: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2010 Jul;20(5):153-64
references: 21742271
references: Cytokine. 2011 Nov;56(2):153-6
references: 21795063
references: Tissue Antigens. 2011 Dec;78(6):438-41
references: 21981268
references: Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(4):339-44
references: 16916777
references: Circ J. 2005 Oct;69(10):1186-91
references: 16195614
references: Korean Circ J. 2010 Aug;40(8):370-6
references: 20830250
references: N Engl J Med. 2000 Oct 19;343(16):1139-47
references: 11036119
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Jan;58(1):246-56
references: 22057876
references: Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr;221(2):461-6
references: 22310063
references: Eur Heart J. 2000 Oct;21(19):1614-20
references: 10988014
references: Circulation. 2004 Feb 17;109(6):726-32
references: 14970107
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39484
references: 22761804
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Apr;29(4):594-9
references: 19164811
references: Circulation. 2003 Sep 23;108(12):1440-5
references: 12952835
references: Am J Med. 2011 Aug;124(8):724-30
references: 21787901
references: Circulation. 2002 Feb 19;105(7):800-3
references: 11854118
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Jun;32(6):1505-12
references: 22499993
references: Acute Card Care. 2008;10(1):30-6
references: 17924232
references: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2012 Apr;38(1):9-13
references: 22545344
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Feb;58(2):441-9
references: 22205695
references: Cardiovasc Res. 1999 Apr;42(1):240-5
references: 10435016
references: Tohoku J Exp Med. 2011;223(4):277-83
references: 21467783
references: Biomarkers. 2010 Jun;15(4):325-31
references: 20214413
references: Eur Heart J. 2008 May;29(9):1096-102
references: 18339606
references: Vasc Med. 2011 Aug;16(4):247-52
references: 21708876
references: Clin Cardiol. 2010 Aug;33(8):508-15
references: 20734449
references: Clin Chem. 2005 May;51(5):810-24
references: 15774573
references: Circ J. 2011;75(6):1433-9
references: 21467660
references: J Intern Med. 2010 Jul;268(1):50-8
references: 20141563
references: BMC Med Genomics. 2011 Dec 05;4:83
references: 22136666
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 May 1;22(5):e10-4
references: 12006411
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2011 Mar;120(6):231-8
references: 20942801
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 May;35(6):1535-42
references: 10807457
references: Stroke. 2004 May;35(5):1147-52
references: 15017013
references: Circulation. 2003 Jul 22;108(3):250-2
references: 12876133
references: Clin Chem. 2003 Apr;49(4):537-9
references: 12651803
references: Am Heart J. 2012 Feb;163(2):274-9
references: 22305847
references: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:337-66
references: 15771574
references: Heart Vessels. 2007 Nov;22(6):376-82
references: 18043994
references: J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012 Jul;34(1):106-13
references: 22307842
references: J Intern Med. 2005 May;257(5):423-9
references: 15836658
references: Circulation. 2000 Aug 8;102(6):636-41
references: 10931803
references: N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26
references: 9887164
references: N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 18;331(7):417-24
references: 7880233
references: Blood Rev. 2011 Nov;25(6):239-45
references: 21652129
references: J Int Med Res. 2010 Jan-Feb;38(1):52-61
references: 20233513
references: Heart. 2008 Jun;94(6):724-9
references: 17690160
references: Circulation. 2004 Oct 19;110(16):2349-54
references: 15477419
references: J Intern Med. 2012 Nov;272(5):484-91
references: 22530956
references: Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):506-12
references: 10335721
references: Heart. 2011 Jul;97(13):1061-6
references: 21558475
references: Indian J Med Res. 2010 Nov;132:627-33
references: 21150016
references: Lancet. 1997 Feb 15;349(9050):462-6
references: 9040576
references: Cardiology. 2010;116(2):123-9
references: 20588021
references: Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011 Oct-Dec;24(4):905-13
references: 22230397
references: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Dec;219(2):907-12
references: 22024276
references: Am J Med. 2011 Jun;124(6):534-42
references: 21507368
references: J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Aug;9(8):1452-9
references: 21696538
references: Clin Lab. 2012;58(1-2):125-31
references: 22372355
references: Am J Cardiol. 1990 Jan 15;65(3):168-72
references: 2296885
references: J Emerg Med. 2011 Nov;41(5):524-30
references: 20813483
references: Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):992-7
references: 11524391
references: Am Fam Physician. 2000 Nov 1;62(9):2053-60
references: 11087187
references: Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):499-511
references: 12551878
references: J Proteomics. 2011 Dec 10;75(1):229-36
references: 21767674
references: Clin Chem. 2012 Apr;58(4):757-67
references: 22291141
references: Acta Med Indones. 2011 Apr;43(2):82-7
references: 21785169
references: Eur Cytokine Netw. 2005 Sep;16(3):177-85
references: 16266856
references: J Pak Med Assoc. 2011 Jan;61(1):51-4
references: 22368903
references: N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 28;344(26):1959-65
references: 11430324
references: Circ J. 2009 Jun;73(6):1097-104
references: 19372622
references: Clin Biochem. 2010 Jul;43(10-11):851-7
references: 20388505
references: Ital Heart J. 2005 Apr;6(4):315-22
references: 15902930
references: Br Heart J. 1982 Mar;47(3):239-43
references: 7059401
references: J Intern Med. 2010 Oct;268(4):348-58
references: 21050287
references: Cytokine. 2005 Jul 21;31(2):127-34
references: 15919214
references: Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012;8:219-23
references: 22536077
references: Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2009 Apr;9(2):75-83
references: 19357047
references: N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 23;349(17):1595-604
references: 14573731
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jul 24;60(4):332-8
references: 22813612
references: Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011 Nov;61(2):443-8
references: 21594636
references: N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 23;326(4):242-50
references: 1727977
references: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2011 Feb;71(1):52-62
references: 21108561
references: Rom J Intern Med. 2010;48(1):65-72
references: 21180243
references: Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Jan;17(1):27-35
references: 20078436
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Oct;31(10):2338-44
references: 21757655
references: Korean J Lab Med. 2011 Jul;31(3):172-8
references: 21779191
references: Vasc Med. 2003;8(3):211-6
references: 14989564
references: Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Dec;58(8):443-9
references: 21113894
references: N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 23;342(12):836-43
references: 10733371
references: Circ J. 2007 Feb;71(2):186-90
references: 17251664
references: Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2009 Nov;9(4):301-6
references: 20001996
references: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Mar 19;41(6):916-24
references: 12651034
references: Circulation. 2010 Nov 23;122(21):2183-200
references: 21098459
references: Am J Cardiol. 2007 Apr 1;99(7):890-5
references: 17398178
references: Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Sep 15;144(6):537-47
references: 8797513
references: Kardiol Pol. 2010 Apr;68(4):431-7
references: 20425705
references: Clin Cardiol. 2005 Apr;28(4):193-6
references: 15869054
references: Am Heart J. 2011 Jun;161(6):1163-70
references: 21641364