title: Molecular targets on the horizon for kidney and urothelial cancer.
abstract: As whole-genome sequencing technology rapidly advances, the insights gained from deciphering cancer genomes are shifting the paradigm in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer with the promise of individualized treatment for each patient. Information gained in this way is extensive for certain cancers, but fairly limited in renal cell carcinomas and urothelial carcinoma. Mutations in multiple, potentially druggable genes have been identified in urothelial carcinomas; however, the association between molecular alterations and clinical outcome has not yet been robustly demonstrated. Data in this area are emerging in renal cell carcinoma, leading to the development of targeted agents that have improved overall survival. Unfortunately, these treatments rarely yield complete responses, are not curative, and development of resistance ensues. This Review will focus on the biology of non-hormonally driven urological cancers. We discuss how approaches using whole-genome sequencing can facilitate the discovery of biomarkers of drug sensitivity in both renal cell carcinomas and urothelial carcinomas. For renal cell carcinomas, we will describe how genomic and epigenomic mining has uncovered novel genes and pathways involved in tumorigenesis, tumour classification and mechanisms of resistance in the various subsets of this disease and the potential for exploiting these discoveries in the clinic.
authors: Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA and Hospital del Mar-IMIM-IMAS, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Bellmunt
authors: Bin T
authors: BT
authors: Teh
authors: Giampaolo
authors: G
authors: Tortora
authors: Jonathan E
authors: JE
authors: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
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