title: Differential diagnosis for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: literature review.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify case series that have been confused with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) to develop a comprehensive differential diagnosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Myelopathy can be caused by a number of different etiologies. In those patients with CSM, the presentation is not always clear. Distinct radiographical and clinical characteristics, which are not always obvious, aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search was done to identify reports written in English describing conditions that may present in a manner similar to CSM to differentiate them from CSM. Material from review articles and relevant textbooks was also considered. Information regarding the number of patients, the specific diagnosis presenting as myelopathy, the diagnostic findings, and the method(s) for distinguishing CSM from the initial diagnosis was abstracted from included articles. Salient features of the conditions were summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 35 citations (totaling 474 patients) that reported on diagnoses confused with CSM based on clinical presentation were included. All were case reports or small case series. The differential diagnoses were organized into 7 categories: congenital/anatomic, degenerative, neoplastic, inflammatory/autoimmune, idiopathic, circulatory, and metabolic. The primary conditions in the differential included amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, syringomyelia, and spinal tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the vast majority of cases, magnetic resonance imaging was an invaluable tool in determining the correct diagnosis. Electrodiagnostic studies, cerebrospinal fluid profile, unique symptomatology, and consideration of patient demographics can also aid in the diagnosis. Bilateral sensory complaints in the hands are suspicious for cervical cord pathology and MR imaging of the same should be done even if the electromyography/nerve conduction studies (NCS) suggest bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: Physical exam findings are not always consistent with severity of disease in CSM; therefore, correlation to plain radiographs, MRI, and patient symptomatology is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis. In some cases where these studies are still equivocal, use of other studies should be considered including electrodiagnostic studies as well as cerebrospinal fluid examination.
authors: *Spine and Scoliosis Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY †Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ‡Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada §University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, KS ¶Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, WA; and ‖Department of Cervical Spine Surgery, Washington University Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors: Han Jo
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Lindsay A
authors: LA
authors: Tetreault
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Massicotte
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Arnold
authors: Andrea C
authors: AC
authors: Skelly
authors: Erika D
authors: ED
authors: Brodt
authors: K Daniel
authors: KD
authors: Riew
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011859:Radiography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000175:diagnosis*