title: Evaluation of lead levels in biological samples of mentally retarded children in different stages using advanced extraction method.
abstract: In present study the lead (Pb) levels has been assessed by analyzing the scalp hair and blood samples of mentally retarded/intellectual disabled (MR/ID) children of both genders, age ranged 3-8 years. For comparative purpose, healthy age matched children were also selected. The cloud point extraction of Pb from digested biological samples was carried out by complexed with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. The complexed analyte was subsequently isolated from the aqueous matrix in the micelles of a non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114). Dilution of the surfactant-rich phase with acidified ethanol was performed after phase separation, and the Pb content was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Factors affecting the cloud point extraction were evaluated and optimized. The proposed procedure allowed the determination of lead in certified standard and real samples with detection limits of 0.834μgL(-) and enhancement factor 55. The results were compared with those of healthy children have same age, socioeconomic status and residential areas.
authors: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: tgkazi@yahoo.com.
authors: Tasneem Gul
authors: TG
authors: Kazi
authors: Faheem
authors: F
authors: Shah
authors: Hassan Imran
authors: HI
authors: Afridi
authors: Moina Akhtar
authors: MA
authors: Mughal
authors: Naeemullah
authors: Sadaf Sadia
authors: SS
authors: Arain
authors: Mohammad Balal
authors: MB
authors: Arain
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D020264:Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D012307:Risk Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007854:Lead
keywords: APDC; BLL; Blood; CRM; Cloud point extraction; FAAS; Lead exposure; MR/ID; MR1; MR2; Mentally retarded children; Pb; SH; Scalp hair; Triton X-114; blood Pb levels; certified reference material; flame atomic absorption spectrometry; lead; mentally retarded/intellectual disabled; moderate mental retardation; octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol; pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate; scalp hair; severe mental retardation