title: Use of music to reduce anxiety during office hysteroscopy: prospective randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of music on anxiety and perception of pain during office hysteroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized trial (Canadian Task Force classification I).
  
  
  METHODS
  Major university medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred fifty-six patients were enrolled between July 2012 and January 2013. Hysteroscopy was performed in a dedicated ambulatory room, using vaginoscopy and without any type of anesthesia. A Bettocchi hysteroscope 5 mm in diameter was used. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon, a gynecologist with special interest in hysteroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data collected included age, body mass index, number of vaginal deliveries, educational achievement level, and history of endometrial surgery (curettage and/or hysteroscopy). For each patient, vital parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded 15 minutes before the procedure and during hysteroscopy after traversing the cervix. Wait time before surgery and the duration of the procedure were also recorded. A completed Italian version of the state anxiety questionnaire (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and a visual analog scale (VAS) were administered to each patient before and after the procedure. The t test and Mann-Whitney U test was used when appropriate to compare the 2 groups. Statistical significance was accepted at p = .05. During surgery, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in the music group compared with the no music group. Women in the music group experienced significantly lower anxiety after hysteroscopy and less pain during the procedure, and a significant decrease in both anxiety and pain scores after hysteroscopy. Postoperative State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y1 and VAS scores were significantly lower in the music group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Music can be useful as a complementary method to control anxiety and reduce perception of pain. The patient is more relaxed and experiences less discomfort.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy. Electronic address: r.angioli@unicampus.it.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Angioli
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: De Cicco Nardone
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Plotti
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Ester Valentina
authors: EV
authors: Cafà
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Nella
authors: N
authors: Dugo
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Patrizio
authors: P
authors: Damiani
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Ricciardi
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Linciano
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Rome "Campus Bio-Medico," Rome, Italy.
authors: Corrado
authors: C
authors: Terranova
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002584:Cervix Uteri; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020702:Hysteroscopes; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; Music; Office hysteroscopy; Pain; STAI; VAS