title: Pain and motives for use among non-treatment seeking individuals with prescription opioid dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with prescription opioid use disorders and co-occurring pain present a formidable challenge for healthcare providers, and little is known about patients with this dual diagnosis. This study examined the prevalence of pain and motives for use among individuals with prescription opioid dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 127) included 86 non-treatment seeking individuals with current prescription opioid dependence and 41 healthy controls. They were administered a battery of assessments to evaluate pain and substance use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with prescription opioid dependence were significantly more likely than controls to report current pain (62.2 vs. 12.2%), as well as higher levels of pain interference and severity. The most common source of prescription opioids was a physician (91.3%) and the most common motive for using prescription opioids, initially and currently, was to relieve pain (70.3% and 81.0%, respectively). Motivation for subsequent non-medical use of prescription opioids included to get high (73.8%), to increase energy (71.0%), to decrease anxiety (51.2%), and to improve sleep (35.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain is a significant comorbidity and motivator for the non-medical use of prescription opioids. Provider and patient education regarding the safe use of prescription opioids, as well as interventions targeting prescription opioid dependence, are needed.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. stephen@musc.edu
authors: Kelly S
authors: KS
authors: Barth
authors: Megan Moran-Santa
authors: MM
authors: Maria
authors: Katie
authors: K
authors: Lawson
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: Shaftman
authors: Kathleen T
authors: KT
authors: Brady
authors: Sudie E
authors: SE
authors: Back
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000523:psychology*
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