title: In-vivo quantitative T2 mapping of carotid arteries in atherosclerotic patients: segmentation and T2 measurement of plaque components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries can be characterized in-vivo by multicontrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), which has been thoroughly validated with histology. However, the non-quantitative nature of multicontrast CMR and the need for extensive post-acquisition interpretation limit the widespread clinical application of in-vivo CMR plaque characterization. Quantitative T2 mapping is a promising alternative since it can provide absolute physical measurements of plaque components that can be standardized among different CMR systems and widely adopted in multi-centre studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of in-vivo T2 mapping for atherosclerotic plaque characterization by performing American Heart Association (AHA) plaque type classification, segmenting carotid T2 maps and measuring in-vivo T2 values of plaque components.
  
  
  METHODS
  The carotid arteries of 15 atherosclerotic patients (11 males, 71 ± 10 years) were imaged at 3 T using the conventional multicontrast protocol and Multiple-Spin-Echo (Multi-SE). T2 maps of carotid arteries were generated by mono-exponential fitting to the series of images acquired by Multi-SE using nonlinear least-squares regression. Two reviewers independently classified carotid plaque types following the CMR-modified AHA scheme, one using multicontrast CMR and the other using T2 maps and time-of-flight (TOF) angiography. A semi-automated method based on Bayes classifiers segmented the T2 maps of carotid arteries into 4 classes: calcification, lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), fibrous tissue and recent IPH. Mean ± SD of the T2 values of voxels classified as LRNC, fibrous tissue and recent IPH were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 37 images of carotid arteries from 15 patients, AHA plaque type classified by multicontrast CMR and by T2 maps (+ TOF) showed good agreement (76% of matching classifications and Cohen's κ = 0.68). The T2 maps of 14 normal arteries were used to measure T2 of tunica intima and media (T2 = 54 ± 13 ms). From 11865 voxels in the T2 maps of 15 arteries with advanced atherosclerosis, 2394 voxels were classified by the segmentation algorithm as LRNC (T2 = 37 ± 5 ms) and 7511 voxels as fibrous tissue (T2 = 56 ± 9 ms); 192 voxels were identified as calcification and one recent IPH (236 voxels, T2 = 107 ± 25 ms) was detected on T2 maps and confirmed by multicontrast CMR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This carotid CMR study shows the potential of in-vivo T2 mapping for atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Agreement between AHA plaque types classified by T2 maps (+TOF) and by conventional multicontrast CMR was good, and T2 measured in-vivo in LRNC, fibrous tissue and recent IPH demonstrated the ability to discriminate plaque components on T2 maps.
authors: Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. luca.biasiolli@cardiov.ox.ac.uk
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Biasiolli
authors: Alistair C
authors: AC
authors: Lindsay
authors: Joshua T
authors: JT
authors: Chai
authors: Robin P
authors: RP
authors: Choudhury
authors: Matthew D
authors: MD
authors: Robson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D015588:Observer Variation; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
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