title: Integrated electronic prescribing and robotic dispensing: a case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To quantify the benefits of electronic prescribing directly linked to a robotic dispensing machine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative case study analysis is used on a single case. Hospital A (1,000 beds) has used an integrated electronic prescribing system for 10 years, and in 2009 linked two robotic dispensing machines to the system. The impact on dispensing error rates (quality) and efficiency (costs) were assessed.
  The implementation delivered staff efficiencies above expectation. For the out-patient department, this was 16% more than the business case had suggested. For the in-patients dispensary, four staff were released for re-deployment. Additionally, £500,000 in stockholding efficiency above that suggested by the business case was identified. Overall dispensing error rates were not adversely affected and products dispensed by the electronic prescribing - robot system produced zero dispensing errors. The speed of dispensing increased also, as the electronic prescribing - robot combination permitted almost instantaneous dispensing from the point of a doctor entering a prescription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was significant that the combination of electronic prescribing and a robot eliminated dispensing errors. Any errors that did occur were not as a result of the electronic prescribing - robotic system (i.e. the product was not stocked within the robot). The direct linking of electronic prescribing and robots as a dispensing system together produces efficiencies and improves the quality of the dispensing process.
authors: Pharmacy Department, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Kayll Road, Sunderland, SR4 7TP UK ; School of Pharmacy, University of Sunderland, Chester Road, Sunderland, SR1 3SD UK.
authors: Roderick J
authors: RJ
authors: Beard
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Smith
keywords: Automated dispensing robot; Benefits; Electronic prescribing
references: Clin Med (Lond). 2002 Sep-Oct;2(5):452-7
references: 12448595