title: The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small fat droplets infused into the gut reduce food intake and hunger more than bigger ones, at levels as low as 6 g, and these effects are hypothesized to occur via satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin. It is, however, unknown whether the effect of droplet size would persist after oral consumption. It is also unknown whether an even smaller droplet size can affect hunger and food intake and at what minimum amount of fat. Therefore, the aim of the study was to test the effect of very fine fat droplets on satiety and food intake in two different quantities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a balanced-order 4-way crossover design, 24 volunteers consumed a fat-free meal replacement drink with either 5 or 9 g oil (rapeseed) and either 3 or 0.1 μm droplet size. Appetite scores and plasma cholecystokinin levels (in n = 12 subset) were measured for 180 min, when food intake was assessed during an ad libitum meal. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, followed by Dunnett's test and paired t test. The behavior of the emulsions was also characterized in a simulated gastrointestinal model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite faster in vitro lipolysis of the smallest droplets, neither droplet size nor fat amount affected satiety or food intake. From t = 45-150 min, cholecystokinin response was 50% higher (P < 0.05) after the 0.1 versus 3 μm, but only with 9 g fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When this particular fat at these amounts is delivered in a meal replacement drink, droplet size does not influence appetite or food intake. This effect is independent of the amount of fat or plasma cholecystokinin changes.
authors: Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier Van Noortlaan 120, P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands, harry.peters@unilever.com.
authors: Harry P F
authors: HP
authors: Peters
authors: Elisabeth C M
authors: EC
authors: Bouwens
authors: Ewoud A H
authors: EA
authors: Schuring
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Haddeman
authors: Krassimir P
authors: KP
authors: Velikov
authors: Sergey M
authors: SM
authors: Melnikov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004063:Digestion; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004655:Emulsions; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005260:Female; D019648:Foods, Specialized / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012528:Satiety Response; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004655:Emulsions; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D002766:Cholecystokinin
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