title: Stroke mimics under the drip-and-ship paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggested better outcomes associated with the drip-and-ship paradigm for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with thrombolysis. We hypothesized that a higher rate of stroke mimics (SM) among AIS treated in nonspecialized stroke centers that are transferred to comprehensive centers is responsible for such outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients treated with thrombolysis according to the admission criteria were reviewed in a single comprehensive stroke center over 1 academic year (July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2012). Information on the basic demographic, hospital complications, psychiatric diagnoses, and discharge disposition was collected. We identified those patients who were treated at a facility and then transferred to the tertiary center (ie, drip-and-ship paradigm). In addition to comparative and adjusted analysis to identify predictors for SM, a stratified analysis by the drip-and-ship status was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty patients were treated with thrombolysis for AIS included in this analysis; 20 (16.7%) were discharged with the final diagnosis of SM; 14 of those had conversion syndrome and 6 patients had other syndromes (seizures, migraine, and hypoglycemia). Patients with SM were younger (55.6 ± 15.0 versus 69.4 ± 14.9, P = .0003) and more likely to harbor psychiatric diagnoses (45% versus 9%; P ≤ .0001). Eighteen of 20 SM patients (90%) had the drip-and-ship treatment paradigm compared with 65% of those with AIS (P = .02). None of the SM had hemorrhagic complications, and all were discharged to home. Predictors of SM on adjusted analysis included the drip-and-ship paradigm (odds ratio [OR] 12.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78, 92.1) and history of any psychiatric illness (OR 12.08; 95% CI 3.14, 46.4). Eighteen of 83 drip-and-ship patients (21.7%) were diagnosed with SM compared with 2 of 37 patients (5.4%) presented directly to the hub hospital (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The drip-and-ship paradigm and any psychiatric history predict the diagnosis of SM. None of the SM had thrombolysis-related complications, and all were discharged to home. These findings may explain the superior outcomes associated with the drip-and-ship paradigm in the treatment for AIS.
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: smehta13@slu.edu.
authors: Sonal
authors: S
authors: Mehta
authors: Riverside Radiology Associates, Columbus, Ohio.
authors: Nirav
authors: N
authors: Vora
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Randall C
authors: RC
authors: Edgell
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Hesham
authors: H
authors: Allam
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Aws
authors: A
authors: Alawi
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Koehne
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Abhay
authors: A
authors: Kumar
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Eliahu
authors: E
authors: Feen
authors: Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Cruz-Flores
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, St Louis University Hospital, St Louis, Missouri.
authors: Amer
authors: A
authors: Alshekhlee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D010351:Patient Discharge; D010360:Patient Transfer; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents
keywords: Stroke; acute ischemic stroke; conversion disorder; drip-and-ship; stroke mimics; tPA; thrombolysis