title: A post hoc pooled analysis of exacerbations among US participants in randomized controlled trials of tiotropium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exacerbations are a defining outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We evaluated the effect of tiotropium on COPD exacerbations and related hospitalizations among patients from the USA enrolled in clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (6 to ≥ 12 months' duration) of tiotropium in patients with COPD. Exacerbations were defined retrospectively as an increase in or new onset of >1 respiratory symptom lasting for ≥ 3 days and requiring treatment with systemic corticosteroids and/or antibiotics. Time to first exacerbation or hospitalization and exacerbation rates were analyzed at 6 months, and at 1 year for studies ≥ 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 4355 patients (tiotropium, 2268, placebo, 2087; mean age 66.5 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] 1.03 L [35.5% predicted]) were analyzed at 6 months and 2455 at 1 year (tiotropium 1317, placebo 1138; mean age 65.5 years; FEV1 1.03 L [37.0% predicted]). Tiotropium delayed time to first exacerbation or first hospitalized exacerbation at 6 months (hazard ratios [HRs], 0.80, 0.65, respectively; p < 0.001 vs placebo) and 1 year (HRs, 0.73 and 0.55; p < 0.001 vs placebo) and reduced exacerbation rates and hospitalization rates (6 months: HRs, 0.79, 0.64; 1 year: HRs, 0.78, 0.56, respectively; all p < 0.01 vs placebo). Tiotropium significantly reduced exacerbations, irrespective of inhaled corticosteroid use at baseline. Tiotropium was not associated with an increased risk of cardiac-related events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tiotropium significantly reduced the risk and rates of exacerbations and hospitalizations among US patients with COPD.
authors: Pulmonary/Critical Care, University of Texas Health Science Center, 111E, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Electronic address: anzueto@uthscsa.edu.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Anzueto
authors: Dennis E
authors: DE
authors: Niewoehner
authors: Inge
authors: I
authors: Leimer
authors: Fee
authors: F
authors: Rühmkorf
authors: Bartolome R
authors: BR
authors: Celli
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Decramer
authors: Donald P
authors: DP
authors: Tashkin
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide
keywords: COPD; Cardiac; Exacerbation; Hospitalization; Tiotropium