title: Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists.
abstract: Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.
authors: Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece. Electronic address: argyteo@ath.forthnet.gr.
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Fragkaki
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Georgakopoulos
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sterk
authors: M W F
authors: MW
authors: Nielen
mesh_terms: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002417:Cattle; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015363:Quinolones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015198:Designer Drugs; D004983:Ethanolamines; D006133:Growth Substances; D007211:Indoles; D015363:Quinolones; D013449:Sulfonamides
keywords: AAF; Beta-agonists; CAS; COMT; COPD; Catechol-O-MethylTransferase; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Court of Arbitration for Sport; Designer drugs; Detection methods; Doping control; ELISA; EU; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; European Union; FDA; Food and Drug Administration; HP-TLC; HRMS; High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography; High Resolution Mass Spectrometry; IAC; ICS; ImmunoAffinity Chromatography; Inhaled Corticosteroid; LABA; LAMA; LC–MS; LOD; Limit of Detection; Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry; Long-Acting anti-Muscarinic Agent; Long-Acting β(2)-Agonist; MIP; MRPL; Minimum Required Performance Limit; Molecular Imprinted Polymer; MonoAmine Oxidase; PCI; Positive Chemical Ionization; RIA; RadioImmunoAssay; SABA; SPE; SPR; Short-Acting β(2)-Agonist; Solid Phase Extraction; Surface Plasmon Resonance; TLC; TOF; Thin Layer Chromatography; Time-of-Flight; UPLC; UV; Ultra Pressure (or Performance) Liquid Chromatography; Ultraviolet; Veterinary drugs; WADA; World Anti-Doping Agency; adverse analytical finding; ΜΑΟ