title: Intramedullary nailing of humeral diaphyseal fractures. Is distal locking really necessary?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distal interlocking is regarded as an inherent part of the antegrade humeral nailing technique, but it exposes both the patient and surgeon to radiation, is time consuming, and has a potential risk of damaging neurovascular structures. We have presented our technique of diaphyseal humeral nailing without any distal interlocking in this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have presented a series of 64 consecutive patients (33 male and 31 female, mean age: 41.5 years) with humeral shaft fractures treated with antegrade rigid intramedullary nailing without distal interlocking following a strict intra and postoperative protocol. According to the AO classification, there were 36 type A fractures, 22 type B, and 6 type C. Nails were inserted unreamed or by using limited proximal reaming and they were fitted as snuggly as possible into the medullary canal. After impaction of the nail into the fossa, we carefully tested rotational stability of fixation by checking any potential external rotation when the arm was slightly turned externally and left to the gravity forces. We were ready to add distal screws, but that was not required in these cases. Follow-up assessment included fracture union, complications and failures, and the final clinical outcome at minimum 2-year follow-up using the parameters of the constant score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fractures, except two, united between the 4(th) and 5(th) postoperative month. In one case, nail was exchanged with plate, and, in another, a larger nail was used at a second surgery. Shoulder function according to constant score, at a minimum of 2-year follow-up, was excellent or very good in 93.7% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provided that some technical issues are followed, the method reduces intraoperative time and radiation exposure and avoids potential damage to neurovascular structures.
authors: Department of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece.
authors: Minos
authors: M
authors: Tyllianakis
authors: Pantelis
authors: P
authors: Tsoumpos
authors: Kostas
authors: K
authors: Anagnostou
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Konstantopoulou
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Panagopoulos
keywords: Distal interlocking; humeral fractures; humeral nailing
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