title: T4 phage and its head surface proteins do not stimulate inflammatory mediator production.
abstract: Viruses are potent activators of the signal pathways leading to increased cytokine or ROS production. The effects exerted on the immune system are usually mediated by viral proteins. Complementary to the progress in phage therapy practice, advancement of knowledge about the influence of bacteriophages on mammalian immunity is necessary. Particularly, the potential ability of phage proteins to act like other viral stimulators of the immune system may have strong practical implications for the safety and efficacy of bacteriophage therapy. Here we present studies on the effect of T4 phage and its head proteins on production of inflammatory mediators and inflammation-related factors: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40/p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIG, RANTES, GCSF, GM-CSF and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plasma cytokine profiles in an in vivo mouse model and in human blood cells treated with gp23*, gp24*, Hoc and Soc were evaluated by cytokine antibody arrays. Cytokine production and expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II molecules were also investigated in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells treated with whole T4 phage particle or the same capsid proteins. The influence of T4 and gp23*, gp24*, Hoc and Soc on reactive oxygen species generation was examined in blood cells using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. In all performed assays, the T4 bacteriophage and its capsid proteins gp23*, gp24*, Hoc and Soc did not affect production of inflammatory-related cytokines or ROS. These observations are of importance for any medical or veterinary application of bacteriophages.
authors: Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors: Paulina
authors: P
authors: Miernikiewicz
authors: Krystyna
authors: K
authors: Dąbrowska
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Piotrowicz
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Owczarek
authors: Justyna
authors: J
authors: Wojas-Turek
authors: Jagoda
authors: J
authors: Kicielińska
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Rossowska
authors: Elżbieta
authors: E
authors: Pajtasz-Piasecka
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Hodyra
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Macegoniuk
authors: Kamila
authors: K
authors: Rzewucka
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Kopciuch
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Majka
authors: Andrey
authors: A
authors: Letarov
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Kulikov
authors: Henryk
authors: H
authors: Maciejewski
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Górski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017122:Bacteriophage T4 / Q000737:chemistry*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; C108525:HOC protein, T4 phage; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C074187:gene 24 protein, Enterobacteria phage T4; C064517:gp23 protein, Bacteriophage T4; C103392:small outer capsid protein, bacteriophage T4
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