title: Characterization and genomic analysis of two Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages isolated from poultry/livestock farms.
abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens, causing various diseases in humans and animals. As methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly prevalent, controlling this pathogen with standard antibiotic treatment has become challenging. Bacteriophages (phages) have attracted interest as alternative antibacterial agents to control MRSA. In this study, we isolated six S. aureus phages from soils of poultry/livestock farms. Based on the results of host range determination with 150 S. aureus strains and restriction enzyme treatment of phage DNA, two phages, designated SP5 and SP6, were selected for further characterization and genome sequencing. Both SP5 and SP6 were classified as members of the family Siphoviridae. The genome of SP5 comprises 43 305 bp and contains 63 ORFs, while the SP6 genome comprises 42 902 bp and contains 61 ORFs. Although they have different host spectra, the phage genomes exhibit high nucleotide similarity to each other. Adsorption assay results suggested that the host range determinants of the two phages are involved in both adsorption and infection. Comparative genomic analyses of the two phages provided evidence that the lysogenic/lytic control module and tail proteins may be important for host specificity.
authors: Department of Food Technology and Services, College of Health Industry, Eulji university, Seongnam 461-713, Korea.
authors: Hyunjin
authors: H
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors: Jiae
authors: J
authors: Yun
authors: Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
authors: Jeong-A
authors: JA
authors: Lim
authors: Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
authors: Eunjung
authors: E
authors: Roh
authors: Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
authors: Kyu-Seok
authors: KS
authors: Jung
authors: Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors: Yoonjee
authors: Y
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
authors: Sangryeol
authors: S
authors: Ryu
authors: Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
authors: Sunggi
authors: S
authors: Heu
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D016679:Genome, Viral; D023281:Genomics; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008242:Lysogeny; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011200:Poultry; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017906:Siphoviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013204:Staphylococcus Phages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000821:virology*
references: J Wound Care. 2009 Jun;18(6):237-8, 240-3
references: 19661847
references: BMC Infect Dis. 2011 May 20;11:138
references: 21599908
references: Res Microbiol. 2008 Jun;159(5):400-5
references: 18541414
references: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008 Jul;284(1):9-16
references: 18462391
references: J Bacteriol. 2007 Oct;189(20):7520-4
references: 17693489
references: EMBO J. 2000 Jun 15;19(12):3028-37
references: 10856246
references: Chromosome Res. 1996 Aug;4(5):397-8
references: 8871829
references: J Bacteriol. 2006 Feb;188(4):1310-5
references: 16452413
references: Mol Gen Genet. 1976 May 7;145(2):207-13
references: 778586
references: J Clin Invest. 2009 Sep;119(9):2464-74
references: 19729844
references: J Bacteriol. 2012 Mar;194(6):1625-6
references: 22374956
references: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Dec;64(12):2631-43
references: 11210127
references: Bioinformatics. 2001 Dec;17(12):1123-30
references: 11751220
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Mar;77(6):2042-50
references: 21257810
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(24):7663-73
references: 19837832
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jul 1;33(Web Server issue):W686-9
references: 15980563
references: Bioinformatics. 2007 Mar 15;23(6):673-9
references: 17237039
references: Mol Microbiol. 2000 Nov;38(4):694-705
references: 11115106
references: J Mol Biol. 1996 May 24;258(5):726-31
references: 8637004
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Jun 15;29(12):2607-18
references: 11410670
references: Trends Biotechnol. 2010 Dec;28(12):591-5
references: 20810181
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jul 1;33(Web Server issue):W116-20
references: 15980438
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2009;501:69-76
references: 19066811
references: Science. 1985 Jul 12;229(4709):185-7
references: 3160112
references: Methods Mol Biol. 2009;501:81-5
references: 19066813
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1965 Jun;39(3):321-33
references: 4222155
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5174-9
references: 15788529
references: Gene. 2001 May 2;268(1-2):195-206
references: 11368915
references: J Bacteriol. 1994 Feb;176(4):941-7
references: 8106335
references: Epidemiol Infect. 2010 May;138(5):606-25
references: 20122300
references: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Aug;39(14):5866-78
references: 21450808
references: J Mol Biol. 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403-10
references: 2231712