title: Intraoperative risk factors associated with postoperative pressure ulcers in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The risk for pressure ulcers is rarely identified in the perioperative period, and the influence of this period on risk factors has not been as rigorously studied as the postoperative period. We hypothesized that intraoperative risk factors exist, which increase the likelihood of a postoperative new-onset pressure ulcer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large midwestern U.S. quaternary care institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,695 adult surgical patients underwent operative procedures and received care in one of three ICUs using an electronic documentation application.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome was hospital-acquired pressure ulcer categorized as stages II, III, and IV; deep tissue injury; or unstageable. Univariate analyses comparing patients with and without the outcome of pressure ulcers were conducted for each preoperative characteristic or comorbidity. Patients were matched using the logit of the propensity score based solely on their preoperative comorbidities. Adjusted associations between development of pressure ulcers and intraoperative characteristics were determined in the postmatch cohort. We identified seven independent preoperative patients' characteristics and comorbidities in our adult surgical patient sample: American Society of Anesthesiologists risk classification 4 or 5, underweight body mass index, noncardiac surgery, history of congestive heart failure, renal disease, existing airway present prior to arrival in the operating room, and age. The only significant association in the matched dataset accounting for patient preoperative variability is the use of intraoperative blood products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative pressure ulcers developed in 10.7% of critically ill patients in our study. Only intraoperative use of blood products, not operative case length, hypotension, or vasopressor use, was associated with postoperative pressure ulcer development on adjusted analysis.
authors: 1Department of Operating Rooms/PACU, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor, MI. 2School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 3Department of Anesthesiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 4College of Nursing & Health, Madonna University, Livonia, MI.
authors: Denise D
authors: DD
authors: O'Brien
authors: Amy M
authors: AM
authors: Shanks
authors: AkkeNeel
authors: A
authors: Talsma
authors: Phyllis S
authors: PS
authors: Brenner
authors: Satya Krishna
authors: SK
authors: Ramachandran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006401:Hematologic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D065227:Transfusion Reaction
chemical_list: D006401:Hematologic Agents