title: Increased incidence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in esophageal atresia patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Around half of patients with esophageal atresia (EA) have additional congenital anomalies. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) in these patients is less known, with only 36 cases reported in the past literature. This retrospective study aimed to establish the incidence and clinical presentation of EA patients in combination with HPS in our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was based on the medical histories from all patients with EA who underwent surgical repair in our hospital from 1988 through 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 267 patients with EA, 20 also developed HPS (7.5%). The latter group showed male predominance, 90 versus 60% in the EA without HPS group. The first symptoms of HPS were mostly vomiting and/or feeding intolerance (n = 19). The diagnosis was mostly delayed, with a median of 6 days (range, 1-21 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the high incidence of HPS in a large series of EA patients. The incidence found is 30 times higher than that in the normal population. HPS should be considered when patients show recurrent or persisting vomiting and feeding intolerance after surgery. The reason for the higher incidence should be further investigated.
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Nicole Wilhelmina Gerarda
authors: NW
authors: van Beelen
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Daphne S
authors: DS
authors: Mous
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Erwin
authors: E
authors: Brosens
authors: Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Annelies
authors: A
authors: de Klein
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Cornelis P
authors: CP
authors: van de Ven
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Vlot
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Hanneke
authors: H
authors: Ijsselstijn
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Rene
authors: R
authors: Wijnen
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D046248:Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011708:Pylorus / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors