title: Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between coffee consumption and mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study representing 43,727 participants with 699,632 person-years of follow-up were included. Baseline data were collected by an in-person interview on the basis of standardized questionnaires and a medical examination, including fasting blood chemistry analysis, anthropometry, blood pressure, electrocardiography, and a maximal graded exercise test, between February 3, 1971, and December 30, 2002. Cox regression analysis was used to quantify the association between coffee consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 17-year median follow-up, 2512 deaths occurred (804 [32%] due to cardiovascular disease). In multivariate analyses, coffee intake was positively associated with all-cause mortality in men. Men who drank more than 28 cups of coffee per week had higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40). However, after stratification based on age, younger (<55 years old) men and women showed a significant association between high coffee consumption (>28 cups per week) and all-cause mortality after adjusting for potential confounders and fitness level (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.30-1.87 for men; and HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.26-3.59 for women).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large cohort, a positive association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality was observed in men and in men and women younger than 55 years. On the basis of these findings, it seems appropriate to suggest that younger people avoid heavy coffee consumption (ie, averaging >4 cups per day). However, this finding should be assessed in future studies of other populations.
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia. Electronic address: LIU272@email.sc.edu.
authors: Junxiu
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Sui
authors: Carl J
authors: CJ
authors: Lavie
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Hebert
authors: Conrad P
authors: CP
authors: Earnest
authors: Jiajia
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Steven N
authors: SN
authors: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: ACLS; Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study; BMI; CRF; CVD; body mass index; cardiorespiratory fitness; cardiovascular disease
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