title: Distinctive sodium and calcium regulation associated with sex differences in atrial electrophysiology of rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex and sodium/calcium regulation play critical roles in cardiac electrophysiology and atrial arrhythmogenesis. We investigated whether sodium and calcium contributed to sex differences in atrial electrophysiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-cell patch clamp techniques and the indo-1 fluorometric ratio technique were used to investigate the ionic current and intracellular calcium in single isolated male and female rabbit myocytes from the left atrium posterior wall (LAPW) and right atrium (RA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female LAPW (n=95) and RA (n=49) myocytes had larger cell widths (15.1±0.4 vs. 13.8±0.4 μm, p<0.05; 14.9±0.6 vs. 13.5±0.4 μm, p<0.05) than male LAPW (n=142) and RA (n=57) myocytes. Male LAPW myocytes (n=26) had a higher incidence (57 vs. 16%, p<0.05) of delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) than female LAPW myocytes (n=24) but there were similar incidences (20 vs. 20%, p>0.05) of DADs in male and female RA myocytes. The late sodium current, calcium transients, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium contents were larger in male than female LAPW myocytes but were similar in male and female RA myocytes. However, the ICa-L and nickel-sensitive sodium/calcium exchanger currents were similar between two groups. Different from those in female myocytes, ouabain (10 μM) only induced repeated atrial beats (0 to 45%, p<0.05) in male myocytes (n=11). Moreover, ranolazine (3 μM) perfusion (4.5±0.6 vs. 1 min, p<0.05) was required to decrease the amplitude of DADs in male but not female LAPW myocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased late sodium currents and calcium contents may contribute to higher arrhythmogenesis in male LAPW myocytes.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Chin
authors: WC
authors: Tsai
authors: Yao-Chang
authors: YC
authors: Chen
authors: Yu-Hsun
authors: YH
authors: Kao
authors: Yen-Yu
authors: YY
authors: Lu
authors: Shih-Ann
authors: SA
authors: Chen
authors: Yi-Jen
authors: YJ
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011817:Rabbits; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Calcium; Left atrium posterior wall; Sex; Sodium