title: Is the relationship between early-onset cannabis use and educational attainment causal or due to common liability?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that early cannabis use is correlated with poor educational performance including high school drop-out. The predominant explanation for this relationship is that cannabis use causes disengagement from education. Another explanation is that the association between early cannabis use and educational attainment is not causal, but the result of overlapping risk factors that increase the likelihood of both early cannabis use and disengagement from education. These confounding factors could be of genetic and/or environmental origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we use data from a large community-based sample of adult twins (N=3337) who completed a comprehensive semi-structured telephone interview. We first apply the classical twin-design to determine whether genetic and/or environmental influences underlie the relationship between early-onset cannabis use (prior to age 18) and early school leaving. Next, with a co-twin control design we investigate whether the relationship between the two variables is more likely due to direct causality or overlapping risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find a significant phenotypic correlation between early-onset cannabis use and early school leaving (r=0.26), which could be explained by familial influences (of genetic and/or shared environmental origin). The pattern of odds ratios found in the co-twin control design is not consistent with direct causation, but rather suggests that the association is due to shared environmental factors influencing both variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the relationship between early-onset cannabis use and school leaving is due to shared environmental risk factors influencing both the risk of early-onset cannabis use and early school leaving.
authors: VU University, Department of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: karin.verweij@vu.nl.
authors: Karin J H
authors: KJ
authors: Verweij
authors: Anja C
authors: AC
authors: Huizink
authors: Arpana
authors: A
authors: Agrawal
authors: Nicholas G
authors: NG
authors: Martin
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Lynskey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013332:Student Dropouts; D014427:Twins; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cannabis; Education; Environment; Genetics; School drop-out; Twin research
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