title: Enzymatic formation of β-citraurin from β-cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 in the flavedo of citrus fruit.
abstract: In this study, the pathway of β-citraurin biosynthesis, carotenoid contents and the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in two varieties of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Yamashitabeni-wase, which accumulates β-citraurin predominantly, and Miyagawa-wase, which does not accumulate β-citraurin. The results suggested that CitCCD4 (for Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4) was a key gene contributing to the biosynthesis of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 increased rapidly from September, which was consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Miyagawa-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 remained at an extremely low level during the ripening process, which was consistent with the absence of β-citraurin. Functional analysis showed that the CitCCD4 enzyme exhibited substrate specificity. It cleaved β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at the 7,8 or 7',8' position. But other carotenoids tested in this study (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin) were not cleaved by the CitCCD4 enzyme. The cleavage of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin by CitCCD4 led to the formation of β-citraurin. Additionally, with ethylene and red light-emitting diode light treatments, the gene expression of CitCCD4 was up-regulated in the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase. These increases in the expression of CitCCD4 were consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin in the two treatments. These results might provide new strategies to improve the carotenoid contents and compositions of citrus fruits.
authors: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Ma
authors: Lancui
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Asami
authors: A
authors: Matsuta
authors: Kazuki
authors: K
authors: Matsutani
authors: Kazuki
authors: K
authors: Yamawaki
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Yahata
authors: Anung
authors: A
authors: Wahyudi
authors: Reiko
authors: R
authors: Motohashi
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Kato
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005030:Ethylenes; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D024341:Xanthophylls; D065146:Zeaxanthins; C428343:citraurin; D019207:beta Carotene; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D002338:Carotenoids; C036216:ethylene; D049308:Dioxygenases
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