title: Developmental continuity of oppositional defiant disorder subdimensions at ages 8, 10, and 13 years and their distinct psychiatric outcomes at age 16 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the developmental continuity, interrelationships, and predictive associations of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) subdimensions of irritable, headstrong, and hurtful.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from 6,328 mother-child pairs participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (United Kingdom).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Developmental continuity for each subdimension was strong and interrelationships indicated that headstrong was associated mainly with irritable, whereas irritable did not cross associate with other ODD subdimensions; and hurtful was associated with lower levels of headstrong. With regard to associations at age 16 years, irritable at age 13 years was associated with depression, whereas headstrong at 13 was associated with delinquency and callous attitude; at age 13, hurtful failed to associate with any of the 3 age 16 outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the ODD headstrong and irritable subdimensions are developmentally distinct, with small cross-over (i.e., headstrong to irritable), and are associated with unique outcomes. Hurtful does not appear to be associated with future maladjustment in children.
authors: Birkbeck, University of London.
authors: Yvonne M
authors: YM
authors: Whelan
authors: Argyris
authors: A
authors: Stringaris
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Maughan
authors: Edward D
authors: ED
authors: Barker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004645:Empathy; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010553:Personality Development
keywords: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC); callous traits; conduct problems; depression; oppositional defiant disorder
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