title: The prevalence and mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: a review.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance, is highly prevalent in individuals with schizophrenia and conveys significant cardiovascular risk and mortality. Associated risk factors are female sex, some ethnic groups, advanced age, long duration of illness, smoking and exposure to antipsychotic agents. The prevalence of MetS varies across countries and psychiatric populations, and its development can be very rapid. Regular monitoring of all features of MetS is the cornerstone of its early detection and management. Future research needs to focus more on genetic determinants of MetS in the context of schizophrenic illness. This review aims to update the reader with the latest knowledge about the prevalence of MetS in schizophrenia and what might be the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
authors: CSI Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, KCL, De Crespigny Park, PO63, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Papanastasiou
keywords: antipsychotic-induced weight gain; cardiovascular risk factors; diabetes; dyslipidaemia; hypertension; incidence; metabolic syndrome; obesity; prevalence; schizophrenia
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;70(1):59-63
references: 21414605
references: Schizophr Res. 2011 Feb;125(2-3):187-93
references: 21050724
references: Psychol Med. 2012 Jan;42(1):125-47
references: 21846426
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Feb;99(1-3):23-8
references: 18063343
references: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;11(2 Pt 2):262-7
references: 20218791
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;64(10):1123-31
references: 17909124
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jan 10;36(1):205-10
references: 22037178
references: Schizophr Res. 2004 Sep 1;70(1):1-17
references: 15246458
references: Schizophr Res. 2010 Aug;121(1-3):193-8
references: 20547447
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1045-55
references: 17685741
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 May;64(5):575-9
references: 12755662
references: PLoS One. 2010 Aug 04;5(8):e11961
references: 20694148
references: Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;6(2):74-77
references: 15254600
references: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Oct 18;8(2):114-26
references: 22009159
references: Circulation. 2008 Feb 12;117(6):743-53
references: 18212285
references: Diabetes. 2011 Apr;60(4):1329-39
references: 21386085
references: Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Sep 12;10:21
references: 21910863
references: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Mar;21(2):93-8
references: 16421460
references: Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jun 27;2:14
references: 16803620
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Jan;26(1):137-41
references: 11791159
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Apr;101(1-3):266-72
references: 18262771
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 Jan;119(1):4-14
references: 19133915
references: Lancet. 2011 Feb 12;377(9765):557-67
references: 21295846
references: Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822
references: 18971485
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;67(4):575-83
references: 16669722
references: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Feb;261(1):69-78
references: 20517698
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;69(2):316-22
references: 18251625
references: Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):638-45
references: 18372903
references: BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 23;7:14
references: 17448257
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;163(7):1273-6
references: 16816234
references: Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 1;71(2-3):195-212
references: 15474892
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 Oct;120(4):274-80
references: 19426161
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Apr;101(1-3):273-86
references: 18258416
references: Nat Genet. 2010 Nov;42(11):937-48
references: 20935630
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;191:23-9
references: 17602121
references: Schizophr Bull. 2013 Mar;39(2):295-305
references: 22927670
references: Circulation. 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5
references: 19805654
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Nov;116(5):317-33
references: 17919153
references: Schizophr Res. 2009 May;110(1-3):1-23
references: 19328655
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;162(6):1217-21
references: 15930076
references: Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(1):103-12
references: 18624022
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Jun;41(6):677-87
references: 19430479
references: Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):216-9
references: 20889854
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Sep 15;17(18):2894-9
references: 18596051
references: Schizophr Res. 2007 Jan;89(1-3):91-100
references: 17070017
references: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;41(7):606-10
references: 17558623
references: Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62(5):342-5
references: 18752109
references: Lancet. 2011 Feb 12;377(9765):568-77
references: 21295844
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Aug;103(1-3):110-3
references: 18514487
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Jan;98(1-3):302-6
references: 18031995
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):559-63
references: 15889940
references: Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1037-42
references: 19244091
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;65(4):557-64
references: 15119921
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;68(10):1510-6
references: 17960964
references: Pharmacogenomics. 2012 Jun;13(8):843-6
references: 22676185
references: Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;17(3):173-80
references: 16194788
references: Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;49(11):753-60
references: 15633853
references: Int J Psychiatry Med. 2009;39(4):451-62
references: 20391865
references: CNS Drugs. 2005;19 Suppl 1:1-93
references: 15998156
references: Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011 May;5(2):108-14
references: 21470374
references: Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;23(2):100-8
references: 17904825
references: Bipolar Disord. 2004 Aug;6(4):314-8
references: 15225149
references: BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Nov 01;11:173
references: 22044502
references: Nature. 2010 Aug 5;466(7307):707-13
references: 20686565
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Mar;35(3):373-7
references: 20838400
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 May;194(5):434-8
references: 19407273
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;69(8):1319-27
references: 18681750
references: Schizophr Res. 2011 May;128(1-3):179-81
references: 21303730
references: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;35(5):1273-8
references: 21513765
references: Schizophr Res. 2010 Nov;123(2-3):244-50
references: 20850274
references: Schizophr Res. 2005 Dec 1;80(1):19-32
references: 16137860
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;70(7):1041-50
references: 19653979
references: Lancet. 2011 Feb 12;377(9765):578-86
references: 21295847
references: Schizophr Bull. 2013 Mar;39(2):306-18
references: 22207632
references: CNS Drugs. 2012 Sep 1;26(9):733-59
references: 22900950
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;164(10):1557-60
references: 17898347
references: Schizophr Res. 2007 Sep;95(1-3):247
references: 17644311
references: Schizophr Res. 2005 Dec 1;80(1):9-18
references: 16125372
references: Schizophr Res. 2006 Mar;83(1):87-93
references: 16481149
references: Schizophr Res. 2007 Feb;90(1-3):162-73
references: 17123783
references: Schizophr Res. 2008 Apr;101(1-3):295-303
references: 18299188
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Aug;27(4):338-43
references: 17632216
references: Nat Genet. 2009 Jun;41(6):666-76
references: 19430483
references: Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2008 Summer;19(2):124-32
references: 18561044
references: N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 20;358(12):1240-9
references: 18354102
references: J Postgrad Med. 2011 Oct-Dec;57(4):272-7
references: 22120854
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):16-20
references: 19142101
references: Braz J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;29(4):330-6
references: 18200397
references: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Jun;101(6):416-32
references: 10868465
references: Bipolar Disord. 2008 Nov;10(7):788-97
references: 19032710
references: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Aug;29(4):399-402
references: 19593188
references: World Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;8(1):15-22
references: 19293950
references: Br J Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;192(6):406-11
references: 18515889
references: J Psychiatr Pract. 2006 Jan;12(1):5-10
references: 16432440
references: Braz J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;29(4):346-9
references: 17992359
references: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010 Dec;19(4):195-210
references: 20683849
references: Schizophr Res. 2010 Aug;121(1-3):199-202
references: 20538429