title: Occurrence and exposure assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides from homemade baby food in Korea.
abstract: Data on the residue levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in baby food samples are scarce. This is the first study to explore current contamination status and exposure assessment of organochlorines (OCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in baby food from Korea. In this study, the concentrations of OCs were determined in homemade baby food samples (n=100) collected from 6-, 9-, 12- and 15-month-old infant groups. The average concentrations of PCBs, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and chlordanes (CHLs) in baby food samples were 37.5, 96.6, 26.0, and 13.2 pg/g fresh weight, respectively. The major compounds were CBs 28, 153, 52, and 33 for PCBs and p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and β-HCH for OCPs. The contribution of DDTs to the total OC concentrations increased from 30% (6-month-old infants) to 67% (15-month-old infants) with increasing infant age, while the concentrations of PCBs, HCHs and CHLs gradually decreased with increasing infant age, suggesting that highest priority for risk reduction of DDTs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of OCs in Korean infants from baby food consumption were lower than the thresholds proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Health Canada, implying limited potential health risks. However, considering simultaneous exposure from baby food and breast milk consumption, chlordanes and heptachlor epoxide posed potential health risks. Considering the importance of early development and the vulnerability of infants, it is essential to perform systematic monitoring and management programs of OCs in baby food for risk reduction in Korean infants.
authors: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yunsun
authors: Y
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sunggyu
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sunmi
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Deuk
authors: SD
authors: Choi
authors: College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeongim
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hai-Joong
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeong Jae
authors: JJ
authors: Lee
authors: College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Gyuyeon
authors: G
authors: Choi
authors: College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sooran
authors: S
authors: Choi
authors: College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sungjoo
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Su Young
authors: SY
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young Don
authors: YD
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Geumjoon
authors: G
authors: Cho
authors: College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eunsook
authors: E
authors: Suh
authors: College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung Koo
authors: SK
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: So-Hee
authors: SH
authors: Eun
authors: College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Soyong
authors: S
authors: Eom
authors: College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seunghyo
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Gun-Ha
authors: GH
authors: Kim
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyungho
authors: K
authors: Choi
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sungkyoon
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hbmoon@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors: Hyo-Bang
authors: HB
authors: Moon
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Baby food; Daily intake; Organochlorine; POPs; Risk; Threshold