title: Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia.
abstract: The emergence of human and animal rabies in Bali since November 2008 has attracted local, national and international interest. The potential origin and time of introduction of rabies virus to Bali is described. The nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus from dog brain and human clinical specimens was sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer. Phylogenetic inference with Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis using the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) v. 1.7.5 software confirmed that the outbreak of rabies in Bali was caused by an Indonesian lineage virus following a single introduction. The ancestor of Bali viruses was the descendant of a virus from Kalimantan. Contact tracing showed that the event most likely occurred in early 2008. The introduction of rabies into a large unvaccinated dog population in Bali clearly demonstrates the risk of disease transmission for government agencies and should lead to an increased preparedness and efforts for sustained risk reduction to prevent such events from occurring in future.
authors: The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: G N K
authors: GN
authors: Mahardika
authors: Disease Investigation Center, Directorate General Livestock and Animal Health, Jl Sesetan, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Dibia
authors: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Budayanti
authors: Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: N M
authors: NM
authors: Susilawathi
authors: Bali Provincial Health Office, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Subrata
authors: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: A E
authors: AE
authors: Darwinata
authors: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors: F S
authors: FS
authors: Wignall
authors: Kansas State University, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Richt
authors: Orion Integrated Biosciences Inc., New Rochelle, NY, USA.
authors: W A
authors: WA
authors: Valdivia-Granda
authors: Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.
authors: A A R
authors: AA
authors: Sudewi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000235:genetics*
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