title: Effect of nitrous oxide inhalation on pain after propofol and rocuronium injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to determine the efficacy of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in alleviating the pain that followed sequential injection of propofol and rocuronium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 205 adult patients (age, 18-68 years) received one of the following combinations: NaCl and 100 % O(2) (group C); 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine and 100 % O(2) (group L); NaCl and a mixture of 67 % N(2)O/O(2) (group N); or 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine and a mixture of 67 % N(2)O/O(2) (group LN). Vein occlusion was released after 1 min, and 5 ml propofol was injected over 10 s. Pain was evaluated on a visually enlarged, laminated, numeric rating (0-10) scale. The remainder of the induction dose of propofol (with a 3-ml bolus of normal saline and 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium) was then injected. The response to the rocuronium injection was assessed with a four-point scale (0-3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence and severity of pain from the propofol injection in groups L, N, and LN were significantly lower than those in group C (P < 0.001). Frequency and intensity of the withdrawal response were significantly less in groups N and LN than in groups C and L (no response, P < 0.001; severe response, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with inhaled N(2)O can reduce the pain associated with propofol and rocuronium injection. Moreover, N(2)O (with or without lidocaine) is more effective than lidocaine alone in reducing rocuronium-related withdrawal reactions associated with sequential injection of propofol and rocuronium.
authors: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-739, Korea, eunsookim@pusan.ac.kr.
authors: Eunsoo
authors: E
authors: Kim
authors: Cheul Hong
authors: CH
authors: Kim
authors: Hae Kyu
authors: HK
authors: Kim
authors: Jae Young
authors: JY
authors: Kwon
authors: Do Won
authors: DW
authors: Lee
authors: Hee Young
authors: HY
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000732:Androstanols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077123:Rocuronium
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D000077123:Rocuronium; D015742:Propofol
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