title: Observation charts with overlapping blood pressure and heart rate graphs do not yield the performance advantage that health professionals assume: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether overlapping blood pressure and heart rate graphs improve chart-users' ability to recognize derangements in these vital signs on hospital observation charts.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many health professionals prefer blood pressure and heart rate graphs to overlap. One justification is the use of a visual cue called the 'Seagull Sign' to detect physiological abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 3 × 2 × 2 mixed-design experiment, with three independent variables: participant group, graph format (separate vs. overlapping) and alerting system (integrated colour-based track-and-trigger system present vs. absent).
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 64 experimental trials, 'Seagull-trained' nurses and novices randomly assigned to receive 'Seagull training' or remain untrained, viewed sequences of blood pressure and heart rate observations recorded on four different chart design extracts. The designs represented a crossing of the graph format and alerting system variables. For each design, eight cases contained normal data and eight contained an abnormal systolic blood pressure or heart rate observation (half of which yielded a Seagull Sign on overlapping plots). Participants (tested between January-May 2011) judged whether observations were physiologically normal or abnormal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all cases, participants from all groups responded faster and made fewer errors when blood pressure and heart rate observations were graphed separately, especially when a track-and-trigger system was present. Even for 'Seagull-trained' participants viewing 'Seagull Sign available' cases, no advantage of overlapping graphs was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that overlapping graphs do not yield the performance advantage that many health professionals assume, either for novices or experienced nurses, even when the Seagull Sign is used.
authors: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Melany J
authors: MJ
authors: Christofidis
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Hill
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Horswill
authors: Marcus O
authors: MO
authors: Watson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Seagull Sign; deterioration; human factors; nursing; observation chart; shock index