title: Oral Candida carriage among individuals chewing betel-quid with and without tobacco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to assess oral Candida carriage among individuals chewing betel-quid (BQ) with and without tobacco.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective and comparative study of oral Candida carriage among individuals chewing BQ with and without tobacco. Oral yeast samples were collected from 103 BQ-chewers (52 chewing BQ with tobacco and 51 chewing BQ without tobacco) and 100 non-chewers. Candida strains were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar and identified using the API 32-C System and polymerase chain reaction-DNA sequencing. Tongue lesions were clinically identified and numbers of missing teeth were recorded. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral Candida species were isolated from 72.7% BQ-chewers (73.1% in individuals chewing BQ with tobacco and 72.4% in individuals chewing BQ without tobacco) and 61% non-chewers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chewing BQ (with or without tobacco) does not influence oral Candida carriage.
authors: Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, 3D Imaging and Biomechanical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: fawjav@gmail.com.
authors: Fawad
authors: F
authors: Javed
authors: Maha
authors: M
authors: Yakob
authors: Hameeda Bashir
authors: HB
authors: Ahmed
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al-Hezaimi
authors: Lakshman P
authors: LP
authors: Samaranayake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000453:epidemiology*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004245:DMF Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology