title: ADHD and learning disabilities in former late preterm infants: a population-based birth cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggest that former late preterm infants are at increased risk for learning and behavioral problems compared with term infants. These studies have primarily used referred clinical samples of children followed only until early school age. Our objective was to determine the cumulative incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD) in former late preterm versus term infants in a population-based birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included all children born 1976 to 1982 in Rochester, MN who remained in the community after 5 years. This study focused on the comparison of subjects in 2 subgroups, late preterm (34 to <37 weeks) and term (37 to <42 weeks). School and medical records were available to identify individuals who met research criteria for ADHD and LD in reading, written language, and math. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of each condition by 19 years of age. Cox models were fit to evaluate the association between gestational age group and condition, after adjusting for maternal education and perinatal complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of ADHD or LD between the late preterm (N = 256) versus term (N = 4419) groups: ADHD (cumulative incidence by age 19 years, 7.7% vs 7.2%; P = .84); reading LD (14.2% vs 13.1%; P = .57); written language LD (13.5% vs 15.7%; P = .36), and math LD (16.1% vs 15.5%; P = .89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data from a population-based birth cohort indicate that former late preterm infants have similar rates of LD and ADHD as term infants.
authors: Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. harris.malinda@mayo.edu
authors: Malinda N
authors: MN
authors: Harris
authors: Robert G
authors: RG
authors: Voigt
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Barbaresi
authors: Gretchen A
authors: GA
authors: Voge
authors: Jill M
authors: JM
authors: Killian
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Weaver
authors: Christopher E
authors: CE
authors: Colby
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Carey
authors: Slavica K
authors: SK
authors: Katusic
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008910:Minnesota; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ADHD; late preterm; learning disability; mathematics disorder; neurodevelopmental outcome; prematurity; reading disorder; written language disorder
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2011 May 1;173(9):1059-68
references: 21430193
references: J Pediatr. 2009 Feb;154(2):169-76
references: 19081113
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Mar;71(3):266-74
references: 8594285
references: Early Hum Dev. 2009 Dec;85(12):751-4
references: 19879072
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Sep;79(9):1124-31
references: 15357033
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Feb;87(2):151-60
references: 22305027
references: J Learn Disabil. 1993 May;26(5):295-310
references: 8492048
references: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012 Aug;54(8):704-9
references: 22616920
references: Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):109-13
references: 19117868
references: Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):1124-31
references: 21098151
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 May;49(5):453-63.e1
references: 20431465
references: Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(6):1390-401
references: 18055691
references: Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):e605-12
references: 21859915
references: Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;123(4):e622-9
references: 19336353
references: Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(1):74-95
references: 21253992
references: BJOG. 2011 Nov;118(12):1446-54
references: 21883872
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Nov;76(11):1081-92
references: 11702896
references: J Learn Disabil. 1993 May;26(5):282-94
references: 8492047
references: Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012 May;16(3):243-7
references: 21944394
references: Biometrics. 1983 Jun;39(2):499-503
references: 6354290
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2012 Nov;121(4):991-1010
references: 22612200
references: JAMA. 2002 Aug 14;288(6):728-37
references: 12169077
references: Pediatrics. 2010 Aug;126(2):e311-9
references: 20603259
references: Sci Am. 1981 Oct;245(4):54-63
references: 7027437
references: Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Apr;21(2):123-8
references: 18317268
references: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009 Apr;30(2):122-30
references: 19322106
references: Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Jul;15(6):430-7
references: 15967390
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Nov 1;154(9):787-94
references: 11682360
references: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):1306-13
references: 19403496
references: Pediatrics. 2009 Aug;124(2):717-28
references: 19651588
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Oct;205(4):374.e1-9
references: 21864824
references: Pediatrics. 2011 May;127(5):858-65
references: 21502231
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 1998 Nov;73(11):1053-61
references: 9818038
references: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Mar;156(3):217-24
references: 11876664
references: Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001 Jul;85(1):F23-8
references: 11420317
references: Semin Perinatol. 2006 Apr;30(2):54-60
references: 16731277
references: Semin Perinatol. 2006 Apr;30(2):61-8
references: 16731278
references: Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;14(6):503-7
references: 20207178
references: Ambul Pediatr. 2005 Sep-Oct;5(5):281-9
references: 16167851
references: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Jun;164(6):525-32
references: 20530302
references: N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):262-73
references: 18635431
references: JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):843-9
references: 10938173