title: Cocoa flavonoid-enriched diet modulates systemic and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis in adult Lewis rats.
abstract: Previous studies have reported that a diet containing 10% cocoa, a rich source of flavonoids, has immunomodulatory effects on rats and, among others effects, is able to attenuate the immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in both systemic and intestinal compartments. The purpose of the present study was focused on investigating whether these effects were attributed exclusively to the flavonoid content or to other compounds present in cocoa. To this end, eight-week-old Lewis rats were fed, for two weeks, either a standard diet or three isoenergetic diets containing increasing proportions of cocoa flavonoids from different sources: one with 0.2% polyphenols from conventional defatted cocoa, and two others with 0.4% and 0.8% polyphenols, respectively, from non-fermented cocoa. Diet intake and body weight were monitored and fecal samples were obtained throughout the study to determine fecal pH, IgA, bacteria proportions, and IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum samples collected during the study were quantified. At the end of the dietary intervention no clear changes of serum IgG or IgM concentrations were quantified, showing few effects of cocoa polyphenol diets at the systemic level. However, in the intestine, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets attenuated the age-related increase of both fecal IgA and IgA-coated bacteria, as well as the proportion of bacteria in feces. As these effects were not dependent on the dose of polyphenol present in the diets, other compounds and/or the precise polyphenol composition present in cocoa raw material used for the diets could be key factors in this effect.
authors: Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària-INSA-UB, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors: Malen
authors: M
authors: Massot-Cladera
authors: Angels
authors: A
authors: Franch
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Castellote
authors: Margarida
authors: M
authors: Castell
authors: Francisco J
authors: FJ
authors: Pérez-Cano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D059808:Polyphenols
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 May;55 Suppl 1:S56-66
references: 21462334
references: J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Dec;47(12):4821-4
references: 10606537
references: Inflamm Res. 2003 Mar;52(3):101-6
references: 12755373
references: Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):144-55
references: 23147032
references: J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Aug;19(8):555-65
references: 18061430
references: J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Feb;47(2):490-6
references: 10563922
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):62-72
references: 21068351
references: Br J Nutr. 2012 Feb;107(3):378-87
references: 21762542
references: Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 Nov;59 Suppl 1:i21-7
references: 11053081
references: Nutrition. 2005 May;21(5):594-601
references: 15850966
references: J Physiol. 2011 Sep 15;589(Pt 18):4615-31
references: 21788351
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 May 16;55(10):3926-35
references: 17439235
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Feb;50(2):211-7
references: 16404708
references: J Nat Prod. 2000 Jul;63(7):1035-42
references: 10924197
references: Phytother Res. 2010 Nov;24(11):1614-9
references: 21031617
references: Eur J Nutr. 2014 Feb;53(1):149-58
references: 23494741
references: Mutat Res. 2005 Dec 11;591(1-2):237-46
references: 16293270
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 May 31;54(11):4057-61
references: 16719534
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 Dec;55(12):1829-40
references: 22058071
references: J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Jul;23(7):838-44
references: 21840190
references: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Nov 15;527(2):105-12
references: 22663919
references: Res Microbiol. 2006 Nov;157(9):876-84
references: 16962743
references: J Med Food. 2009 Feb;12(1):1-7
references: 19298189
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(4):991-1000
references: 15752346
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2011 May 25;59(10):5305-11
references: 21495725
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 14;56(9):3111-7
references: 18412367
references: Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):802-9
references: 16815494
references: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Mar;23(3):160-8
references: 23149072
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 3;51(25):7292-5
references: 14640573
references: Mol Aspects Med. 2013 Feb;34(1):39-58
references: 23159341
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Mar;53(3):389-97
references: 18925611
references: Nutrition. 2011 Jun;27(6):617-23
references: 21367579
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 27;56(16):6985-93
references: 18620409
references: Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Apr 17;3(4):213-23
references: 18407065
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jul 22;57(14):6156-62
references: 19537788
references: J Nutr. 2000 Aug;130(8S Suppl):2057S-72S
references: 10917925
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 2007 Sep;149(3):535-42
references: 17565606
references: J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Nov;20(11):876-81
references: 18993046
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Apr;37(4):584-92
references: 22641065
references: J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Mar;21(3):196-205
references: 19195869
references: J Mass Spectrom. 2003 Jan;38(1):35-42
references: 12526004
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 27;104(48):18937-40
references: 18024588
references: Lancet. 1999 Nov 20;354(9192):1825
references: 10577676
references: Eur J Nutr. 2009 Feb;48(1):54-61
references: 19043659
references: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Apr;49(4):299-312
references: 19234942
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011 May;55 Suppl 1:S44-55
references: 21294250