title: Impact of diabetes mellitus on arterial stiffness in a representative sample of an urban Brazilian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Independent of other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, increased arterial stiffness has been established as a predictor of morbidity and mortality. The main aim of this study was to investigate the impact of diabetes on arterial stiffness in a representative sample of an urban Brazilian population plus Amerindians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,415 individuals from the general population were randomly selected plus 588 Amerindians from a native community in Brazil. In addition, a sub-sample of 380 individuals from the general population had 5-year follow-up data. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured with a non-invasive automatic device (Complior, Colson; Garges les Gonesses, France) and increased arterial stiffness was defined as PWV ≥ 12 m/s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the overall group, diabetic individuals had higher frequencies of increased arterial stiffness and hypertension. They also had higher values of PWV, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared to non-diabetic individuals (p < 0.01). In an analysis stratified by hypertension, PWV values and increased arterial stiffness frequency were higher in diabetic individuals in both groups (hypertensive and non-hypertensive) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, higher risk for increased arterial stiffness was observed in the diabetic individuals from the overall group (OR = 2.27; CI = 1.47-3.52, p < 0.001) and from the hypertensive group (OR = 2.70; CI = 1.58-4.75, p < 0.001), adjusted for covariates. Regarding the ethnic stratification, diabetic individuals from Amerindian, White, and Mulatto (mixed-race) groups had higher PWV values and a greater frequency of increased arterial stiffness compared to non-diabetic individuals. Both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals had higher PWV values after 5 years. There was no significant difference in the 5-year PWV progression in diabetic compared to non-diabetic individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm, in a sample of Brazilian population, that the presence of diabetes is associated with increased arterial stiffness and it may contribute in part to increased cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients.
authors: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: de Oliveira Alvim
authors: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Caleb Junior Lima
authors: PCJL
authors: Santos
authors: Department of Medicine, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors: Mariane Manso
authors: MM
authors: Musso
authors: Department of Physiology, Espirito Santo Federal University, Espirito Santo, ES, Brazil.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: de Sá Cunha
authors: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
authors: José Eduardo
authors: JE
authors: Krieger
authors: Department of Physiology, Espirito Santo Federal University, Espirito Santo, ES, Brazil.
authors: José Geraldo
authors: JG
authors: Mill
authors: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
authors: Alexandre Costa
authors: AC
authors: Pereira
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