title: Annexin A6 is down-regulated through promoter methylation in gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling such as Ras/MAPK signaling is a frequent event in human cancers. In addition to genetic changes, epigenetic silencing of inhibitors in Ras/MAPK signaling contributes to the activation of Ras/MAPK signaling. Recently, ANXA6 has been shown to interact with Ras-GAP1 and inhibit Ras activation in human breast cancer. However, whether and how it is involved in human cancers remain unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time PCR was used to determine ANXA6 expression in gastric cancer cells and primary gastric carcinomas. Next, we explored the methylation of ANXA6 promoter in cell lines and tumor tissues with methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. We also investigated the function of ANXA6 in gastric cancer cells with colony formation assay and western blotting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ANXA6 was down-regulated in gastric cancer cells and primary gastric carcinomas. Ectopic ANXA6 expression inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells and the activity of Ras/MAPK signaling. Its expression was restored after pharmaceutical demethylation. ANXA6 promoter was methylated in gastric cancer cell lines (6/6) and primary gastric carcinoma tissues (29/156). Interestingly, the knockdown of oncoprotein Yin Yang 1 (YY1) also restored ANXA6 expression and promoted the demethylation of ANXA6 promoter. However, ANXA6 methylation was not associated with clinical parameters such as differentiation, and TNM staging. Neither Kaplan-Meier Curve nor Cox regression analysis revealed a significant role of ANXA methylation to predict the survival of gastric cancer patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We firstly reported that ANXA6 is epigenetically silenced through promoter methylation in human cancers and YY1 is important to initiate or maintain ANXA6 promoter methylation in gastric cancer cells. ANXA6 functions as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer cells through the inhibition of Ras/MAPK signaling. ANXA6 methylation is not a prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
authors: Xian
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Shengjie
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: Jianbin
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Lam
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Sun
authors: Lifeng
authors: L
authors: Feng
authors: Haiqi
authors: H
authors: Lu
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Yu
authors: Hongchuan
authors: H
authors: Jin
keywords: ANXA6; Ras signaling; gastric cancer; methylation
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