title: Osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being regarded as a heterogeneous disease with clinically significant pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as emphysema, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and, consequently, an increased risk of fracture. Fractures resulting from osteoporosis might contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in COPD patients. The high prevalence of osteoporosis in COPD patients is assumed to be due to common risk factors, such as older age and tobacco smoking, and COPD-specific risk factors, such as systemic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency and the use of oral or inhaled corticosteroids. This review provides a state-of-the-art summary of the prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, risk factors and treatment of osteoporosis in COPD patients. It also discusses potential mechanisms linking COPD with osteoporosis.
authors: Catharina Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands. lisette.romme@catharinaziekenhuis.nl
authors: Elisabeth A P M
authors: EA
authors: Romme
authors: Frank W J M
authors: FW
authors: Smeenk
authors: Erica P A
authors: EP
authors: Rutten
authors: Emiel F M
authors: EF
authors: Wouters
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones