title: Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals a temporal cascade of task-related and default-mode activations during a simple target detection task.
abstract: Focused attention continuously and inevitably fluctuates, and to completely understand the mechanisms responsible for these modulations it is necessary to localize the brain regions involved. During a simple visual oddball task, neural responses measured by electroencephalography (EEG) modulate primarily with attention, but source localization of the correlates is a challenge. In this study we use single-trial analysis of simultaneously-acquired scalp EEG and functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) data to investigate the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) correlates of modulations in task-related attention, and we unravel the temporal cascade of these transient activations. We hypothesize that activity in brain regions associated with various task-related cognitive processes modulates with attention, and that their involvements occur transiently in a specific order. We analyze the fMRI BOLD signal by first regressing out the variance linked to observed stimulus and behavioral events. We then correlate the residual variance with the trial-to-trial variation of EEG discriminating components for identical stimuli, estimated at a sequence of times during a trial. Post-stimulus and early in the trial, we find activations in right-lateralized frontal regions and lateral occipital cortex, areas that are often linked to task-dependent processes, such as attentional orienting, and decision certainty. After the behavioral response we see correlates in areas often associated with the default-mode network and introspective processing, including precuneus, angular gyri, and posterior cingulate cortex. Our results demonstrate that during simple tasks both task-dependent and default-mode networks are transiently engaged, with a distinct temporal ordering and millisecond timescale.
authors: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC8904, 530 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Walz
authors: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC8904, 530 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors: Robin I
authors: RI
authors: Goldman
authors: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC8904, 530 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Carapezza
authors: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC8904, 530 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors: Jordan
authors: J
authors: Muraskin
authors: Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors: Truman R
authors: TR
authors: Brown
authors: Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 351 Engineering Terrace, MC8904, 530 West 120th St., New York, NY 10027, USA. Electronic address: psajda@columbia.edu.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Sajda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention modulation; Default-mode network; EEG; Multi-modal imaging; Single-trial variability; fMRI
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