title: Profile and behavior of antiviral drugs in aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta, China.
abstract: Occurrence and behavior of six antiviral pharmaceuticals (acyclovir, ganciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, stavudine and zidovudine) and one active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate were investigated in wastewater, landfill leachate, river water, reservoir and well water in the vicinity of municipal landfills in the Pearl River Delta, China. Acyclovir was the only antiviral detected in the wastewater at 177-406 (mean=238) and 114-205 (mean=154) ng L(-1) in the influent and final effluent, respectively. Aerobic biodegradation appeared to be the main process for the elimination of acyclovir in the wastewater. Acyclovir was also the only antiviral quantitatively detected in the Pearl River and its tributaries, with a maximum concentration up to 113 ng L(-1). Treated wastewater was a major source of acyclovir in the rivers. The highest concentration of acyclovir was observed in winter in the river water and the dilution effect by precipitation was suggested to be the dominant factor impacting the seasonal pattern of acyclovir in the rivers. No antivirals were quantitatively detected in the well water whereas acyclovir was frequently detected in the reservoirs at a maximal concentration of 33.6 ng L(-1) in the vicinity of the municipal landfills. However, source identification and fate of acyclovir in the reservoirs pend on further research.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. Electronic address: pengx@gig.ac.cn.
authors: Xianzhi
authors: X
authors: Peng
authors: Chunwei
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Kun
authors: K
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhifang
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Qiuxin
authors: Q
authors: Huang
authors: Yiyi
authors: Y
authors: Yu
authors: Weihui
authors: W
authors: Ou
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acyclovir; Antiviral pharmaceuticals; Groundwater; Surface water; The Pearl River Delta; Wastewater