title: Fetal endocrinology.
abstract: Successful outcome of pregnancy depends upon genetic, cellular, and hormonal interactions, which lead to implantation, placentation, embryonic, and fetal development, parturition and fetal adaptation to extrauterine life. The fetal endocrine system commences development early in gestation and plays a modulating role on the various physiological organ systems and prepares the fetus for life after birth. Our current article provides an overview of the current knowledge of several aspects of this vast field of fetal endocrinology and the role of endocrine system on transition to extrauterine life. We also provide an insight into fetal endocrine adaptations pertinent to various clinically important situations like placental insufficiency and maternal malnutrition.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Medwin Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Sunil Kumar
authors: SK
authors: Kota
authors: Kotni
authors: K
authors: Gayatri
authors: Sruti
authors: S
authors: Jammula
authors: Lalit Kumar
authors: LK
authors: Meher
authors: Siva Krishna
authors: SK
authors: Kota
authors: S V S
authors: SV
authors: Krishna
authors: Kirtikumar D
authors: KD
authors: Modi
keywords: Endocrinology; fetal; hypothalamic; pituitary
references: Pediatr Res. 1998 Jun;43(6):783-90
references: 9621988
references: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004 Apr;229(4):291-302
references: 15044712
references: Reproduction. 2004 Sep;128(3):331-9
references: 15333784
references: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1982 Apr;169(4):458-62
references: 7071059
references: Brain Res. 2005 Feb 21;1035(1):13-23
references: 15713272
references: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Nov;3(3):689-705
references: 2698151
references: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;287(3):E405-13
references: 15138153
references: J Dev Physiol. 1979 Apr;1(2):161-78
references: 233377
references: Endocrinology. 1979 Jan;104(1):34-9
references: 221169
references: Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Mar;35(1):173-91, viii
references: 16310648
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978 Dec 1;132(7):758-65
references: 717488
references: J Pediatr. 1974 Mar;84(3):444-51
references: 4204569
references: Endocrinology. 1996 Aug;137(8):3394-400
references: 8754766
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2734-42
references: 11397879
references: Reproduction. 2001 Jun;121(6):853-62
references: 11373171
references: Endocr Rev. 2003 Aug;24(4):466-87
references: 12920151
references: Endocrinology. 1983 Mar;112(3):911-6
references: 6129965
references: Thyroid. 2005 Aug;15(8):905-16
references: 16131333
references: Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Nov;3(3):817-36
references: 2698157
references: Endocrinology. 1999 Jan;140(1):96-105
references: 9886812
references: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 Jul;235(7):892-9
references: 20558843
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Aug;90(8):4664-70
references: 15914527
references: Infant Behav Dev. 2006 Apr;29(2):268-75
references: 17138282
references: Endocr Rev. 1999 Jun;20(3):358-417
references: 10368776
references: Endocrinology. 1990 Jan;126(1):11-7
references: 2152860
references: N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 20;331(16):1072-8
references: 8090169
references: Early Hum Dev. 2000 Apr;58(1):72
references: 10785339
references: J Dev Physiol. 1985 Dec;7(6):397-404
references: 3001173
references: Am J Physiol. 1999 Dec;277(6):R1541-52
references: 10600898
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Dec;193(6):2024; discussion 2025
references: 16325607
references: Biol Reprod. 2002 May;66(5):1562-9
references: 11967224
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jan;188(1):22-8
references: 12548191
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;85(7):2620-3
references: 10902817
references: Biol Reprod. 2012 Mar 30;86(3):93
references: 22174021
references: J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005 Feb;12(2):67-76
references: 15695100
references: Am J Physiol. 1991 Jan;260(1 Pt 1):E53-8
references: 1899004
references: Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012 Jun;13(2):121-7
references: 22415298
references: Dev Biol. 2004 Dec 15;276(2):464-75
references: 15581879
references: Endocrinology. 1998 Mar;139(3):1213-20
references: 9492056
references: Thyroid. 2000 Mar;10(3):229-34
references: 10779137
references: Endocrinology. 2005 Mar;146(3):1035-42
references: 15604204
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Oct;179(4):899-905
references: 9790367
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):455-62
references: 15494458
references: Infant Behav Dev. 2012 Apr;35(2):187-94
references: 22364897
references: Cell Calcium. 1989 Aug-Sep;10(6):441-50
references: 2505929
references: Pediatr Res. 1998 Nov;44(5):656-62
references: 9803446
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Jan 15;302(2):C463-72
references: 22075692
references: Endocrinology. 1992 Jul;131(1):305-10
references: 1612010
references: Ciba Found Symp. 1981;81:196-217
references: 6268378
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980 Dec;51(6):1412-6
references: 7440703
references: Endocrinology. 1999 Aug;140(8):3404-10
references: 10433193
references: Endocr Rev. 1990 Feb;11(1):151-76
references: 2180686
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):4309-14
references: 15840740
references: Nat Rev Genet. 2002 Jul;3(7):524-32
references: 12094230
references: Hum Reprod Update. 1998 Jul-Aug;4(4):406-19
references: 9825855
references: Endocr Rev. 1995 Oct;16(5):608-48
references: 8529574
references: J Endocrinol. 1995 Jul;146(1):23-34
references: 7561617
references: J Clin Invest. 1986 Oct;78(4):1028-34
references: 3093531
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9424-9
references: 9689096
references: Anim Reprod Sci. 2012 Feb;130(3-4):198-212
references: 22356932
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;15(1):172-83
references: 11145748
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3509-12
references: 9329394
references: Neurobiol Dis. 2011 Aug;43(2):356-63
references: 21530661
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 May;97(5):1720-8
references: 22419731
references: Pediatr Res. 1989 Dec;26(6):633-8
references: 2602043
references: Diabetologia. 1980 Mar;18(3):251-4
references: 6154624
references: Endocrinology. 1981 Mar;108(3):874-80
references: 6780325
references: Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Nov;151 Suppl 3:U25-37
references: 15554884
references: Am J Physiol. 1994 Jun;266(6 Pt 1):E892-6
references: 8023919
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):4097-103
references: 15292353
references: Am J Physiol. 1995 Jun;268(6 Pt 1):E1096-107
references: 7611384
references: Reprod Toxicol. 2006 Nov;22(4):738-45
references: 16938428
references: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Oct;53(4):469-77
references: 11012572
references: Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 2):F169-83
references: 8760258
references: Regul Pept. 1988 Sep;22(4):347-60
references: 3141985