title: Rapid movement of water and cryoprotectants in pig expanded blastocysts via channel processes: its relevance to their higher tolerance to cryopreservation.
abstract: Pig oocytes and embryos are highly sensitive to cryopreservation; however, tolerance to cryopreservation increases in embryos at the expanded blastocyst stage. This increased tolerance may be attributed to a decrease in cytoplasmic lipid droplets at this stage. We previously showed that an increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane in mouse oocytes to water and cryoprotectants, caused by the artificial expression of aquaporin 3, an aquaglyceroporin, enhanced tolerance to cryopreservation. In the present study, we investigated whether membrane permeability was also involved in the tolerance of pig embryos to cryopreservation. The permeability of oocytes and morulae to water and glycerol was low, whereas that of expanded blastocysts was high. Activation energy for permeability to water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide was markedly lower for expanded blastocysts than for oocytes. This suggests that water and these cryoprotectants move through expanded blastocysts predominantly by facilitated diffusion and through oocytes predominantly by simple diffusion. Aquaporin 3 mRNA was expressed in expanded blastocysts abundantly, but less so in oocytes. On the other hand, the permeability of expanded blastocysts to propylene glycol was as low as that of oocytes, and activation energy for its permeability was similar to that of oocytes, which suggests that propylene glycol moves through oocytes and embryos predominantly by simple diffusion. These results suggest that the higher tolerance of pig expanded blastocysts to cryopreservation is also related to high membrane permeability due to the expression of water/cryoprotectant channels, in addition to the decrease in cytoplasmic lipid droplets.
authors: Laboratory of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Jin
authors: Ryu-ichi
authors: R
authors: Higashiyama
authors: Yu-ichi
authors: Y
authors: Nakata
authors: Jun-ichi
authors: J
authors: Yonezawa
authors: Shangdan
authors: S
authors: Xu
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Miyake
authors: Sei-ichi
authors: S
authors: Takahashi
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Kikuchi
authors: Ken-ichi
authors: K
authors: Yazawa
authors: Shuhei
authors: S
authors: Mizobuchi
authors: Saori
authors: S
authors: Niimi
authors: Mizuho
authors: M
authors: Kitayama
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Koshimoto
authors: Kazutsugu
authors: K
authors: Matsukawa
authors: Magosaburo
authors: M
authors: Kasai
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Edashige
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D051400:Aquaporin 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D047108:Embryonic Development; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D055459:Facilitated Diffusion; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009028:Morula / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013094:Spermatozoa; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D051400:Aquaporin 3; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005990:Glycerol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: cryopreservation; developmental biology; embryo; ovum