title: Hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes in surgical critically ill patients receiving parenteral nutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia, a major side effect of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (PN), is associated with higher mortality in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated blood glucose levels would be associated with worse outcomes in patients receiving PN.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included postoperative patients admitted to our surgical intensive care unit (SICU) from July 2008 to June 2009. Data collected included blood glucose levels, length of stay, and outcome measures. Correlations among daily average, maximum, and minimum blood glucose levels and outcome measures were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine patients were enrolled and divided into PN (n = 40) and non-PN (n = 29) groups. The initial mean blood glucose levels were 138.4 ± 63.1 mg/dL and 123.2 ± 41.8 mg/dL for the PN and non-PN groups, respectively. The mean blood glucose concentration was significantly increased (ΔBS = 44.8 ± 57.3 mg/dL; p < 0.001) in the PN group compared with the non-PN group (ΔBS = 39.4 ± 67.0 mg/dL; p = 0.004). The blood glucose concentration was significantly increased and consequently, consumption of insulin was increased on the 2(nd) day of ICU admission. The risk of mortality increased by a factor of 1.3 (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.07-1.59, p = 0.010) for each 10 mg/dL increase in blood glucose level, when the daily maximum blood glucose level was >250 mg/dL. There were no cases of mortality in the current study when the blood glucose levels were controlled below 180 mg/dL. The mean blood glucose level in patients receiving PN was higher in those with diabetes than in those without diabetes (215.5 ± 42.8 vs. 165.8 ± 42.0 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The blood glucose level was associated with patient outcome and should be intensively monitored in critically ill surgical patients. We suggest that blood glucose levels should be controlled below 180 mg/dL in postoperative critically ill patients.
authors: College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chiu-Lan
authors: CL
authors: Yan
authors: Yaw-Bin
authors: YB
authors: Huang
authors: Chih-Yen
authors: CY
authors: Chen
authors: Go-Shine
authors: GS
authors: Huang
authors: Ming-Kung
authors: MK
authors: Yeh
authors: Wen-Jinn
authors: WJ
authors: Liaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: critical Illness; hyperglycemia; mortality; parenteral nutrition, total