title: Body mass index and metabolic factors predict glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria over 20 years in a high-risk population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. Therefore, early identification of modifiable predictors of CKD is highly desirable. Previous studies suggest an association between body mass index (BMI), metabolic factors and CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 241 high risk patients with information on renal function and albuminuria from the Renal Disease in Vorarlberg (RENVOR) study (2010-2011) were linked with long-term measurements of metabolic factors in the same patients from the population-based Vorarlberg Health Monitoring & Prevention Program (VHM&PP) cohort study (1988-2005). Actual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) were determined. BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were available from previous health examinations performed up to 25 years ago. Linear regression models were applied to identify predictors of current renal function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all-time points BMI was significantly inversely associated with actual eGFR and positively with actual albuminuria in men, but not in women. Serum GGT and triglycerides were significantly positively associated with albuminuria in men at all-time points. Fasting glucose levels more than 20 years earlier were associated with increased albuminuria in women and reduced eGFR in men, whereas at later time points it was associated with albuminuria in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMI, serum GGT, and triglycerides are long-term predictors of renal function in men. In women however, anthropometric and metabolic parameters seem to be less predictive of eGFR and albuminuria.
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Nagel
authors: Emanuel
authors: E
authors: Zitt
authors: Raphael
authors: R
authors: Peter
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: Pompella
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Concin
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Lhotta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
references: Kidney Int. 2000 Jul;58(1):293-301
references: 10886574
references: Pediatr Obes. 2013 Oct;8(5):351-7
references: 23239593
references: J R Soc Med. 2006 Sep;99(9):457-62
references: 16946389
references: Eur Heart J. 2003 Jun;24(11):1004-13
references: 12788300
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):39-48
references: 18440684
references: Kidney Blood Press Res. 2010;33(1):1-6
references: 20090360
references: Clin Chem. 2007 Jan;53(1):71-7
references: 17110470
references: Atherosclerosis. 2005 Feb;178(2):327-30
references: 15694941
references: Lancet. 2005 Dec 3;366(9501):1921-2; author reply 1923-4
references: 16325687
references: PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001344
references: 23185136
references: Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jun 4;158(11):825-30
references: 23732715
references: JAMA. 2007 Nov 7;298(17):2038-47
references: 17986697
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jun;17(6):1695-702
references: 16641153
references: JAMA. 2004 Feb 18;291(7):844-50
references: 14970063
references: Kidney Int. 2007 Jan;71(2):159-66
references: 17136030
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):29-38
references: 18511168
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48878
references: 23145005
references: Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Dec;30(12):1775-81
references: 16607382
references: Arch Intern Med. 2012 Nov 26;172(21):1644-50
references: 23108588
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Apr;24(5):813-21
references: 23559581
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jul;16(7):2134-40
references: 15901764
references: Free Radic Res. 2004 Jun;38(6):535-9
references: 15346644
references: Circulation. 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5
references: 19805654
references: Arch Med Res. 2005 May-Jun;36(3):223-31
references: 15925012
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Jan;27(1):127-33
references: 17095717
references: Liver Int. 2012 Apr;32(4):629-34
references: 22098947
references: Clin Chem. 2005 Jul;51(7):1185-91
references: 15890893
references: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 May 08;9(7):372-81
references: 22565095
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Nov;46(5):871-80
references: 16253727
references: Ann Intern Med. 2004 Feb 3;140(3):167-74
references: 14757614
references: Diabetes Care. 2005 Oct;28(10):2436-40
references: 16186276
references: J Hypertens. 2006 Jun;24(6):1157-63
references: 16685216
references: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Oct;6(10):2364-73
references: 21852664
references: J Public Health (Oxf). 2010 Dec;32(4):538-46
references: 20061374
references: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010 Oct;20(8):583-90
references: 19699624
references: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Feb;48(2):147-57
references: 19943812