title: Risk of mental illness in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of family high-risk studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring of parents with severe mental illness (SMI; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) are at an increased risk of developing mental illness. We aimed to quantify the risk of mental disorders in offspring and determine whether increased risk extends beyond the disorder present in the parent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analyses of absolute and relative rates of mental disorders in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in family high-risk studies published by December 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 33 studies with 3863 offspring of parents with SMI and 3158 control offspring. Offspring of parents with SMI had a 32% probability of developing SMI (95% CI: 24%-42%) by adulthood (age >20). This risk was more than twice that of control offspring (risk ratio [RR] 2.52; 95% CI 2.08-3.06, P < .001). High-risk offspring had a significantly increased rate of the disorder present in the parent (RR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.57-5.02, P < .001) and of other types of SMI (RR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.48-2.49, P < .001). The risk of mood disorders was significantly increased among offspring of parents with schizophrenia (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.02-2.58; P = .042). The risk of schizophrenia was significantly increased in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (RR = 6.42; 95% CI: 2.20-18.78, P < .001) but not among offspring of parents with depression (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.19-15.16, P = .631).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring of parents with SMI are at increased risk for a range of psychiatric disorders and one third of them may develop a SMI by early adulthood.
authors: *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Canada Research Chair in Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Room 3089, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada; fax: 902-473-4877, e-mail: uher@dal.ca.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Rasic
authors: Tomas
authors: T
authors: Hajek
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Alda
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Uher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005195:Family Relations; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bipolar disorder; depression; meta-analysis; offspring; schizophrenia
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