title: Using electronic technology to improve clinical care - results from a before-after cluster trial to evaluate assessment and classification of sick children according to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) protocol in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor adherence to the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) protocol reduces the potential impact on under-five morbidity and mortality. Electronic technology could improve adherence; however there are few studies demonstrating the benefits of such technology in a resource-poor settings. This study estimates the impact of electronic technology on adherence to the IMCI protocols as compared to the current paper-based protocols in Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four districts in Tanzania, 18 clinics were randomly selected for inclusion. At each site, observers documented critical parts of the clinical assessment of children aged 2 months to 5 years. The first set of observations occurred during examination of children using paper-based IMCI (pIMCI) and the next set of observations occurred during examination using the electronic IMCI (eIMCI). Children were re-examined by an IMCI expert and the diagnoses were compared. A total of 1221 children (671 paper, 550 electronic) were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all ten critical IMCI items included in both systems, adherence to the protocol was greater for eIMCI than for pIMCI. The proportion assessed under pIMCI ranged from 61% to 98% compared to 92% to 100% under eIMCI (p < 0.05 for each of the ten assessment items).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of electronic systems improved the completeness of assessment of children with acute illness in Tanzania. With the before-after nature of the design, potential for temporal confounding is the primary limitation. However, the data collection for both phases occurred over a short period (one month) and so temporal confounding was expected to be minimal. The results suggest that the use of electronic IMCI protocols can improve the completeness and consistency of clinical assessments and future studies will examine the long-term health and health systems impact of eIMCI.
authors: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mmitchel@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Mitchell
authors: Bethany L
authors: BL
authors: Hedt-Gauthier
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Msellemu
authors: Melania
authors: M
authors: Nkaka
authors: Neal
authors: N
authors: Lesh
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000592:standards; D019468:Disease Management; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011897:Random Allocation; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000592:standards; D013636:Tanzania
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