title: Metabolic reprogramming for producing energy and reducing power in fumarate hydratase null cells from hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient kidney cancer undergoes metabolic remodeling, with changes in mitochondrial respiration, glucose, and glutamine metabolism. These changes represent multiple biochemical adaptations in glucose and fatty acid metabolism that supports malignant proliferation. However, the metabolic linkages between altered mitochondrial function, nucleotide biosynthesis and NADPH production required for proliferation and survival have not been elucidated. To characterize the alterations in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the pentose phosphate pathways (PPP) that either generate NADPH (oxidative) or do not (non-oxidative), we utilized [U-(13)C]-glucose, [U-(13)C,(15)N]-glutamine, and [1,2- (13)C2]-glucose tracers with mass spectrometry and NMR detection to track these pathways, and measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of growing cell lines. This metabolic reprogramming in the FH null cells was compared to cells in which FH has been restored. The FH null cells showed a substantial metabolic reorganization of their intracellular metabolic fluxes to fulfill their high ATP demand, as observed by a high rate of glucose uptake, increased glucose turnover via glycolysis, high production of glucose-derived lactate, and low entry of glucose carbon into the Krebs cycle. Despite the truncation of the Krebs cycle associated with inactivation of fumarate hydratase, there was a small but persistent level of mitochondrial respiration, which was coupled to ATP production from oxidation of glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate through to fumarate. [1,2- (13)C2]-glucose tracer experiments demonstrated that the oxidative branch of PPP initiated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is preferentially utilized for ribose production (56-66%) that produces increased amounts of ribose necessary for growth and NADPH. Increased NADPH is required to drive reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate and fatty acid synthesis for rapid proliferation and is essential for defense against increased oxidative stress. This increased NADPH producing PPP activity was shown to be a strong consistent feature in both fumarate hydratase deficient tumors and cell line models.
authors: Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Youfeng
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Andrew N
authors: AN
authors: Lane
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Ricketts
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Sourbier
authors: Ming-Hui
authors: MH
authors: Wei
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Shuch
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Pike
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Wu
authors: Tracey A
authors: TA
authors: Rouault
authors: Laszlo G
authors: LG
authors: Boros
authors: Teresa W-M
authors: TW
authors: Fan
authors: W Marston
authors: WM
authors: Linehan
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019069:Cell Respiration; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase / Q000172:deficiency*; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D018231:Leiomyomatosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009249:NADP / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010427:Pentose Phosphate Pathway; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D009249:NADP; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase
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