title: Prospective associations between childhood low-level lead exposure and adult mental health problems: the Port Pirie cohort study.
abstract: Low-level environmental lead exposure during childhood is associated with poorer emotional/behavioural functioning in later childhood and adolescence. Scarce research has examined whether these apparent effects persist into adulthood. This study is the first to examine prospective associations between lead exposure across early childhood and several common adult mental health problems. Childhood data (including blood lead concentrations) and adult data (from mental health questionnaires and psychiatric interviews) were available for 210 participants (44% males, mean age=26.3 years) from the Port Pirie cohort study (1979-1982 birth cohort). Participants had a mean childhood (to 7 years) average blood lead concentration of 17.2μg/dL. Among females, childhood blood lead showed small significant positive associations with lifetime diagnoses of drug and alcohol abuse and social phobia, and with anxiety, somatic and antisocial personality problems. For example: for a 10μg/dL blood lead increase, females were 2.84 times (95% CI 1.10, 7.30) more likely to have an alcohol abuse diagnosis. However, adjustment for childhood covariates - particularly stimulation within the home environment - rendered these associations non-significant. No significant or sizeable unadjusted or adjusted associations were seen for males. The associations between early lead exposure and emotional/behavioural functioning in children might persist into adulthood, at least for females. However, it is unclear whether such results arise from residual confounding, or other mechanisms. Interventions that focus on improving the childhood home environment may have a long-term positive impact on adult mental health outcomes. However, more prospective research using large and representative samples is needed to substantiate these results.
authors: Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
authors: Alexander C
authors: AC
authors: McFarlane
authors: Amelia K
authors: AK
authors: Searle
authors: Miranda
authors: M
authors: Van Hooff
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Baghurst
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Sawyer
authors: Cherrie
authors: C
authors: Galletly
authors: Malcolm R
authors: MR
authors: Sim
authors: Levina S
authors: LS
authors: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Childhood; Low-level lead exposure; Mental health problems; Port Pirie cohort study; Prospective