title: Redox-sensitive glycogen synthase kinase 3β-directed control of mitochondrial permeability transition: rheostatic regulation of acute kidney injury.
abstract: Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in necroapoptotic cell death and in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Evidence suggests that glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β resides at the nexus of multiple signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). In cultured renal tubular epithelial cells, a discrete pool of GSK3β was detected in mitochondria. Coimmunoprecipitation assay confirmed that GSK3β physically interacts with cyclophilin F and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), key MPT regulators that possess multiple GSK3β phosphorylation consensus motifs, suggesting that GSK3β has a direct control of MPT. Upon a strong burst of reactive oxygen species elicited by the pro-oxidant herbicide paraquat, the activity of the redox-sensitive GSK3β was drastically enhanced. This was accompanied by augmented phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC, associated with MPT and cell death. Inhibition of GSK3β by either the selective inhibitor 4-Benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) or forced expression of a kinase-dead mutant obliterated paraquat-induced phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC, prevented MPT, and improved cellular viability. Conversely, ectopic expression of a constitutively active GSK3β amplified the effect of paraquat on cyclophilin F and VDAC phosphorylation and sensitized cells to paraquat-induced MPT and death. In vivo, paraquat injection elicited marked oxidant stress in the kidney and resulted in acute kidney dysfunction and massive tubular apoptosis and necrosis. Consistent with in vitro findings, the activity of GSK3β was augmented in the kidney after paraquat injury, associated with increased phosphorylation of cyclophilin F and VDAC and sensitized MPT. TDZD-8 blocked GSK3β activity in the kidney, intercepted cyclophilin F and VDAC phosphorylation, prevented MPT, attenuated tubular cell death, and ameliorated paraquat-induced AKI. Our data suggest that the redox-sensitive GSK3β regulates renal tubular injury in AKI by controlling the activity of MPT regulators.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Ge
authors: Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Bao
authors: Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors: Lance
authors: L
authors: Dworkin
authors: Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
authors: Ai
authors: A
authors: Peng
authors: Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Electronic address: Rujun_Gong@Brown.edu.
authors: Rujun
authors: R
authors: Gong
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000201:enzymology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D021983:Cyclophilins / Q000378:metabolism; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D021983:Cyclophilins
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Cyclophilin F; Free radicals; Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; Mitochondrial permeability transition; Paraquat; Voltage-dependent anion channel
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