title: Techniques for processing eyes implanted with a retinal prosthesis for localized histopathological analysis.
abstract: With the recent development of retinal prostheses, it is important to develop reliable techniques for assessing the safety of these devices in preclinical studies. However, the standard fixation, preparation, and automated histology procedures are not ideal. Here we describe new procedures for evaluating the health of the retina directly adjacent to an implant. Retinal prostheses feature electrode arrays in contact with eye tissue. Previous methods have not been able to spatially localize the ocular tissue adjacent to individual electrodes within the array. In addition, standard histological processing often results in gross artifactual detachment of the retinal layers when assessing implanted eyes. Consequently, it has been difficult to assess localized damage, if present, caused by implantation and stimulation of an implanted electrode array. Therefore, we developed a method for identifying and localizing the ocular tissue adjacent to implanted electrodes using a (color-coded) dye marking scheme, and we modified an eye fixation technique to minimize artifactual retinal detachment. This method also rendered the sclera translucent, enabling localization of individual electrodes and specific parts of an implant. Finally, we used a matched control to increase the power of the histopathological assessments. In summary, this method enables reliable and efficient discrimination and assessment of the retinal cytoarchitecture in an implanted eye.
authors: Bionics Institute. DNAYAGAM@bionicsinstitute.org
authors: David A X
authors: DA
authors: Nayagam
authors: Ceara
authors: C
authors: McGowan
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Villalobos
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Williams
authors: Cesar
authors: C
authors: Salinas-LaRosa
authors: Penny
authors: P
authors: McKelvie
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Lo
authors: Meri
authors: M
authors: Basa
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: Tan
authors: Chris E
authors: CE
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D057488:Visual Prosthesis
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