title: Determinants and prognostic value of cardiovascular autonomic function in coronary artery disease patients with and without type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a common finding among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The reasons and prognostic value of autonomic dysfunction in CAD patients with T2D are not well known. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the association between heart rate recovery (HRR), 24-h heart rate (HR) variability (SD of normal R-R interval [SDNN]), and HR turbulence (HRT), and echocardiographic parameters, metabolic, inflammatory, and coronary risk variables, exercise capacity, and the presence of T2D among 1,060 patients with CAD (mean age 67 ± 8 years; 69% males; 50% patients with T2D). Second, we investigated how autonomic function predicts a composite end point of cardiovascular death, acute coronary event, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure during a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS In multiple linear regression model, exercise capacity was a strong predictor of HRR (R = 0.34, P < 0.001), SDNN (R = 0.33, P < 0.001), and HRT (R = 0.13, P = 0.001). In univariate analyses, a composite end point was predicted by reduced HRR (hazard ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.1-2.6]; P = 0.020), reduced SDNN (2.0 [95% CI 1.2-3.1]; P = 0.005), and blunted HRT (2.1 [1.3-3.4]; P = 0.003) only in patients with T2D. After multivariate adjustment, none of the autonomic markers predicted the end point, but high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) remained an independent predictor. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular autonomic function in CAD patients is associated with several variables, including exercise capacity. Autonomic dysfunction predicts short-term cardiovascular events among CAD patients with T2D, but it is not as strong an independent predictor as hs-CRP.
authors: Corresponding author: Mikko Paavo Tulppo, mikko.tulppo@verve.fi.
authors: Jaana J
authors: JJ
authors: Karjalainen
authors: Antti M
authors: AM
authors: Kiviniemi
authors: Arto J
authors: AJ
authors: Hautala
authors: Olli-Pekka
authors: OP
authors: Piira
authors: E Samuli
authors: ES
authors: Lepojärvi
authors: Mirja A
authors: MA
authors: Peltola
authors: Olavi H
authors: OH
authors: Ukkola
authors: Pirjo S M
authors: PS
authors: Hedberg
authors: Heikki V
authors: HV
authors: Huikuri
authors: Mikko Paavo
authors: MP
authors: Tulppo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein