title: Zinc and insulin in pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element crucial for growth and development, and also plays a role in cell signaling for cellular processes like cell division and apoptosis. In the mammalian pancreas, Zn2+ is essential for the correct processing, storage, secretion, and action of insulin in beta (β)-cells. Insulin is stored inside secretory vesicles or granules, where two Zn2+ ions coordinate six insulin monomers to form the hexameric-structure on which maturated insulin crystals are based. The total Zn2+ content of the mammalian pancreas is among the highest in the body, and Zn2+ concentration reach millimolar levels in the interior of the dense-core granule. Changes in Zn2+ levels in the pancreas have been found to be associated with diabetes. Hence, the relationship between co-stored Zn2+ and insulin undoubtedly is critical to normal β-cell function. The advances in the field of Zn2+ biology over the last decade have facilitated our understanding of Zn2+ trafficking, its intracellular distribution and its storage. When exocytosis of insulin occurs, insulin granules fuse with the β-cell plasma membrane and release their contents, i.e., insulin as well as substantial amount of free Zn2+, into the extracellular space and the local circulation. Studies increasingly indicate that secreted Zn2+ has autocrine or paracrine signaling in β-cells or the neighboring cells. This review discusses the Zn2+ homeostasis in β-cells with emphasis on the potential signaling role of Zn2+ to islet biology.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, 346 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA, liy1@ohio.edu.
authors: Yang V
authors: YV
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D023421:Models, Animal; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D015032:Zinc
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