title: Upgrading wet granulation monitoring from hand squeeze test to mixing torque rheometry.
abstract: With over 50 years of research in granulation technology, however more research is required to elucidate this widely applicable technology. Wetting phenomena could influence redistribution of individual ingredients within a granule according their solubility and also could affect the drying processes. Binder selection for a particular system is quite often empirical and dependent on the skills and experience of the formulator. Hand squeeze test was and still the main way for determination of wet granulation end point, but it is subjected to individual variation. It depends mainly on operator experience, so it is not possible to be validated. Literature reveals a variety of advanced monitoring techniques following up different wet massing stages. Torque measurement has been proved to be the most reliable control method as its tight relation to mass resistance. Many reports showed successful applications of mixing torque rheometer (MTR) for monitoring the wet massing procedure and scale up in addition to some preformulation applications. MTR as a new approach allows formulators to select a liquid addition range where the granule growth behavior is more predictable.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Walid F
authors: WF
authors: Sakr
authors: Mohamed A
authors: MA
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Fars K
authors: FK
authors: Alanazi
authors: Adel A
authors: AA
authors: Sakr
keywords: Binder; Excipient; Pellets; Torque rheometry; Wet granulation
references: Int J Pharm. 1999 Oct 25;188(2):181-92
references: 10518674
references: Int J Pharm. 2002 May 15;238(1-2):139-51
references: 11996818
references: Int J Pharm. 2000 Oct 10;207(1-2):77-88
references: 11036233
references: Pharm Dev Technol. 2000;5(2):247-56
references: 10810754
references: Pharm Dev Technol. 1999 Aug;4(3):297-303
references: 10434275
references: Int J Pharm. 2002 Oct 24;247(1-2):167-77
references: 12429495
references: Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001 May;13(2):143-9
references: 11297898
references: Pharm Dev Technol. 1998 Feb;3(1):63-72
references: 9532601
references: AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007 Oct 19;8(4):E84
references: 18181545
references: Saudi Pharm J. 2011 Jan;19(1):19-27
references: 24115901
references: J Pharm Sci. 2001 Mar;90(3):322-31
references: 11170025
references: Int J Pharm. 2006 Jun 6;315(1-2):99-109
references: 16574352
references: Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2001 Nov;52(3):269-77
references: 11677069
references: J Pharm Sci. 1984 Mar;73(3):420-1
references: 6716259
references: Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2002 Mar;28(3):253-63
references: 12026218
references: Pharm Res. 1993 Jan;10(1):88-94
references: 8430065
references: J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jan;91(1):273-81
references: 11782917
references: Pharm Dev Technol. 2001;6(2):181-92
references: 11416992
references: Int J Pharm. 1999 Jun 25;183(2):155-64
references: 10361166
references: Pharm Dev Technol. 2010 Dec;15(6):626-35
references: 20148708
references: Eur J Pharm Sci. 1999 May;8(2):85-93
references: 10210730