title: Detecting the presence of target-site resistance to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids in Italian populations of Myzus persicae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myzus persicae is a key pest of peach, which in commercial orchards is mainly controlled by chemical treatments. Neonicotinoids represent the main control strategy, but resistance monitoring programmes in Southern Europe have shown the widespread presence of populations highly resistant to this insecticide class in peach orchards. Moreover, in Italy reports of neonicotinoid application failures are increasing. This work describes the status of the main target-site mutations associated with neonicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance in Italian populations collected in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  R81T mutation linked with neonicotinoid resistance was found in 65% of analysed aphids (35.5% with a homozygous resistant genotype). For the first time, R81T was found in samples collected from herbaceous hosts. Bioassays on a few genotyped populations also revealed the involvement of P450-based metabolic resistance. Only a few individuals without kdr (L1014F) and s-kdr (M918T) target-site mutations were collected. A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the s-kdr locus producing M918L substitution was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Target-site resistance to neonicotinoids is common in specialised peach-growing areas, and it is spreading in other Italian regions and on herbaceous hosts. The high frequency of target-site mutations and data obtained from bioassays confirm the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms and suggest the importance of coordinated control strategies.
authors: Institute of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: Panini
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Dradi
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Marani
authors: Alda
authors: A
authors: Butturini
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Mazzoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides; D007558:Italy; D009154:Mutation; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D027861:Prunus; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011722:Pyrethrins; C082359:imidacloprid
keywords: Myzus persicae; PASA-PCR; insecticide resistance; neonicotinoids; pyrethroids; target-site mutation