title: Cognitive and system factors contributing to diagnostic errors in radiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we describe some of the cognitive and system-based sources of detection and interpretation errors in diagnostic radiology and discuss potential approaches to help reduce misdiagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every radiologist worries about missing a diagnosis or giving a false-positive reading. The retrospective error rate among radiologic examinations is approximately 30%, with real-time errors in daily radiology practice averaging 3-5%. Nearly 75% of all medical malpractice claims against radiologists are related to diagnostic errors. As medical reimbursement trends downward, radiologists attempt to compensate by undertaking additional responsibilities to increase productivity. The increased workload, rising quality expectations, cognitive biases, and poor system factors all contribute to diagnostic errors in radiology. Diagnostic errors are underrecognized and underappreciated in radiology practice. This is due to the inability to obtain reliable national estimates of the impact, the difficulty in evaluating effectiveness of potential interventions, and the poor response to systemwide solutions. Most of our clinical work is executed through type 1 processes to minimize cost, anxiety, and delay; however, type 1 processes are also vulnerable to errors. Instead of trying to completely eliminate cognitive shortcuts that serve us well most of the time, becoming aware of common biases and using metacognitive strategies to mitigate the effects have the potential to create sustainable improvement in diagnostic errors.
authors: The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors: Cindy S
authors: CS
authors: Lee
authors: Paul G
authors: PG
authors: Nagy
authors: Sallie J
authors: SJ
authors: Weaver
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Newman-Toker
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005221:Fatigue; D006801:Humans; D010380:Peer Review; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D016526:Workload