title: The incidence and health burden of earaches attributable to recreational swimming in natural waters: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earaches and outer ear infections are commonly associated with swimming. In this study, we estimated the excess risk and health burden of earaches due to swimming in natural fresh and marine waters using results from a survey of over 50,000 beachgoers at nine beaches across the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort studies were conducted at four freshwater and five marine sites in the United States and Puerto Rico. Beach visitors were enrolled on summer weekends and holidays. Ten to twelve days after the beach visit, respondents answered questions about health symptoms, including earaches or ear infections experienced since the beach visit. Economic and physical burdens were also obtained. Fixed slope, random intercept (beach site) multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between head immersion swimming exposure and earaches. Model results were used to calculate excess risk for earaches attributable to swimming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of self-reported earache was 1.6% in the 10-12 days after the beach visit. Earaches were more frequent in head immersion swimmers compared to non-swimmers for all beach sites and age groups. Earaches were unassociated with water sample measures of fecal contamination and turbidity. After adjustment for covariates, we calculated 7.12 excess earaches among head immersion swimmers per 1,000 swimming events. Twenty-four percent of those with earache reported missing their regular activities; 28% visited a doctor; 4% visited the emergency room; and 31% and 40% used prescription and non-prescription medications, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are at least 128 million swimming events in natural waters annually. Such frequent exposures could result in 900,000 excess earaches, 260,000 visits to the doctor, 39,900 visits to the emergency room, nearly $4 million dollars in out-of-pocket expenditures on prescription and over-the-counter medications, and close to 75,000 hours of clinician time. More accurate estimates of swimming exposure are needed to improve population burden and associated cost estimates.
authors: Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. wade.tim@epa.gov.
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Wade
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Sams
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Beach
authors: Sarah A
authors: SA
authors: Collier
authors: Alfred P
authors: AP
authors: Dufour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004433:Earache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D013550:Swimming; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
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