title: Articular osteochondrosis: a comparison of naturally-occurring human and animal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common developmental orthopedic disease affecting both humans and animals. Despite increasing recognition of this disease among children and adolescents, its pathogenesis is incompletely understood because clinical signs are often not apparent until lesions have progressed to end-stage, and examination of cadaveric early lesions is not feasible. In contrast, both naturally-occurring and surgically-induced animal models of disease have been extensively studied, most notably in horses and swine, species in which OC is recognized to have profound health and economic implications. The potential for a translational model of human OC has not been recognized in the existing human literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to highlight the similarities in signalment, predilection sites and clinical presentation of naturally-occurring OC in humans and animals and to propose a common pathogenesis for this condition across species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The published human and veterinary literature for the various manifestations of OC was reviewed. Peer-reviewed original scientific articles and species-specific review articles accessible in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) were eligible for inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A broad range of similarities exists between OC affecting humans and animals, including predilection sites, clinical presentation, radiographic/MRI changes, and histological appearance of the end-stage lesion, suggesting a shared pathogenesis across species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proposed shared pathogenesis for OC between species implies that naturally-occurring and surgically-induced models of OC in animals may be useful in determining risk factors and for testing new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that can be used in humans.
authors: Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Electronic address: mccoy134@umn.edu.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: McCoy
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Toth
authors: N I
authors: NI
authors: Dolvik
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Ekman
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Ellermann
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Olstad
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Ytrehus
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000150:complications; D055034:Osteochondrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Articular–epiphyseal cartilage complex; Endochondral ossification; Osteochondritis dissecans; Osteochondrosis; Pathogenesis; Translational model
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