title: Clonidine and dexmedetomidine increase the pressor response to norepinephrine in experimental sepsis: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During septic shock, vasopressors are a cornerstone of therapy. In septic shock, very high doses of vasopressors sometimes have to be used due to vascular desensitization, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. This study assesses whether α-2 agonists increase pressor responsiveness following lipopolysaccharide administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel groups of animals (n = 7 per group) subjected to pharmacologic interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anesthetized rats, the pressor responses to increasing doses of norepinephrine (norepinephrine-systolic pressure curve) were assessed during a baseline period, after injection of saline or lipopolysaccharide, and after subsequent injection of saline, dexmedetomidine (100 μg/kg IV), or clonidine (200 μg/kg IV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in the slopes of the norepinephrine-pressure curves were assessed across drug treatments and intervals. The pressor dose of norepinephrine necessary to increase systolic pressure by 33 and 100 mm Hg (pressor dose 33 and pressor dose 100) was determined. Pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine decreased slightly over time in the saline-saline group (saline 1 or 2 vs baseline: mean decrease of the slope, 2 mm Hg/μg/kg norepinephrine; p < 0.05), whereas there was a large decrease after lipopolysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide vs baseline: mean decrease of the slope, 7.2; p < 0.001). Clonidine alone had no effect, but when administered following lipopolysaccharide, it caused a striking increase in pressor responsiveness (mean slope after lipopolysaccharide, 10.7 [95% CI, 9.9-11.6]; after clonidine, 17.5 [95% CI, 16.7-18.4]). Similarly, dexmedetomidine administered after lipopolysaccharide caused a large increase in pressor responsiveness above lipopolysaccharide values. Accordingly the pressor dose 33 and pressor dose 100 values were lowered following lipopolysaccharide and restored by α-2 agonists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pressor response to norepinephrine was reduced following lipopolysaccharide and increased to baseline levels following α-2 agonists.
authors: 1INSERM U1060 INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France. 2Physiologie, University of Lyon, Lyon, France. 3Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, France. 4Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France. 5CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Biostatistique Santé, Villeurbanne, France. 6Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Geloen
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Chapelier
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cividjian
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Dantony
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rabilloud
authors: C N
authors: CN
authors: May
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Quintin
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D003000:Clonidine; D009638:Norepinephrine