title: Adolescents' reported hearing symptoms and attitudes toward loud music.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to compare the adolescents' attitudes toward loud music in relation to a set of self-perceived auditory symptoms and psychological variables such as norms, preparedness to take risks and risk-judgment in noisy situations. A questionnaire on hearing and preventive behavior was distributed to 281 upper secondary school students aged 15-19 years. The questionnaire included youth attitude to noise scale, questions about perceived hearing symptoms such as tinnitus and sound sensitivity and finally statements on perceived behavioral norms regarding hearing protection use, risk-taking and risk-judgment in noisy settings. Self-perceived auditory symptoms such as sound sensitivity and permanent tinnitus had a significant relationship with less tolerant attitudes toward loud music. Permanent tinnitus and sound sensitivity together accounted for 15.9% of the variation in attitudes toward loud music. Together with the psychological variables norms, preparedness to take risks and risk-judgment 48.0% of the variation in attitudes could be explained. Although perceived hearing symptoms (sound sensitivity and permanent tinnitus) was associated with less tolerant attitudes toward loud music, psychological variables such as norms, preparedness to take risks and risk-judgment were found to be more strongly associated with attitudes toward loud music and should therefore be considered more in future preventive work. Health promotive strategies should focus on changing not merely individual attitudes, but also societal norms and regulations in order to decrease noise induced auditory symptoms among adolescents.
authors: School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Landälv
authors: Lennart
authors: L
authors: Malmström
authors: Stephen E
authors: SE
authors: Widén
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004430:Ear Protective Devices; D005260:Female; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D012001:Hyperacusis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult