title: Influence of a polyphenol-enriched protein powder on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in athletes: a randomized trial using a metabolomics approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyphenol supplementation was tested as a countermeasure to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by 3-d intensified training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water soluble polyphenols from blueberry and green tea extracts were captured onto a polyphenol soy protein complex (PSPC). Subjects were recruited, and included 38 long-distance runners ages 19-45 years who regularly competed in road races. Runners successfully completing orientation and baseline testing (N = 35) were randomized to 40 g/d PSPC (N = 17) (2,136 mg/d gallic acid equivalents) or placebo (N = 18) for 17 d using double-blinded methods and a parallel group design, with a 3-d running period inserted at day 14 (2.5 h/d, 70% VO2max). Blood samples were collected pre- and post-14 d supplementation, and immediately and 14 h after the third day of running in subjects completing all aspects of the study (N = 16 PSPC, N = 15 placebo), and analyzed using a metabolomics platform with GC-MS and LC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolites characteristic of gut bacteria metabolism of polyphenols were increased with PSPC and 3 d running (e.g., hippurate, 4-hydroxyhippurate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, 1.8-, 1.9-, 2.5-fold, respectively, P<0.05), an effect which persisted for 14-h post-exercise. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were induced by exercise in both groups, with more ketones at 14-h post-exercise in PSPC (3-hydroxybutyrate, 1.8-fold, P<0.05). Established biomarkers for inflammation (CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyls) did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSPC supplementation over a 17-d period did not alter established biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress but was linked to an enhanced gut-derived phenolic signature and ketogenesis in runners during recovery from 3-d heavy exertion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier: NCT01775384.
authors: Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America. niemandc@appstate.edu
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Nieman
authors: Nicholas D
authors: ND
authors: Gillitt
authors: Amy M
authors: AM
authors: Knab
authors: R Andrew
authors: RA
authors: Shanely
authors: Kirk L
authors: KL
authors: Pappan
authors: Fuxia
authors: F
authors: Jin
authors: Mary Ann
authors: MA
authors: Lila
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D056352:Athletes; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Mar;42(3):493-8
references: 19952825
references: Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2013 Feb;27(1):37-48
references: 23224687
references: Anal Chem. 2009 Aug 15;81(16):6656-67
references: 19624122
references: Nutrition. 2008 May;24(5):433-42
references: 18337059
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Aug;53(8):1044-54
references: 19557820
references: Pharmacol Res. 2013 Feb;68(1):59-67
references: 23220243
references: J Nutr. 2007 Aug;137(8):1951-4
references: 17634269
references: Br J Nutr. 2010 Oct;104 Suppl 3:S48-66
references: 20955650
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Mar;54(3):353-63
references: 19885847
references: J Appl Physiol. 1974 Aug;37(2):247-8
references: 4850854
references: J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012 Jul 11;9(1):19
references: 22564864
references: Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Jun;37(4):521-35
references: 19458390
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Jul;1259:87-94
references: 22758640
references: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010 Jan;80(1):54-64
references: 20533245
references: J Nutr. 2010 Feb;140(2):317-24
references: 20032488
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):256S-260S
references: 15640488
references: Physiol Rev. 2008 Oct;88(4):1243-76
references: 18923182
references: Anal Biochem. 1996 Jul 15;239(1):70-6
references: 8660627
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Jul;41(7):1467-75
references: 19516153
references: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Jul;297(1):R70-81
references: 19403859
references: Br J Nutr. 2010 Oct;104 Suppl 3:S15-27
references: 20955647
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jan;44(1):18-26
references: 21659904
references: Nutr Res. 2011 Nov;31(11):813-21
references: 22118751
references: Food Chem. 2012 May 1;132(1):144-9
references: 26434273
references: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012;52(10):936-48
references: 22747081
references: Obes Rev. 2011 Jul;12(7):e573-81
references: 21366839
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 12;57(15):6485-501
references: 19580283
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4531-8
references: 20615997
references: Med Sport Sci. 2012;59:47-56
references: 23075554
references: Br J Sports Med. 2010 Dec;44(16):1202-5
references: 21156769
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Dec;44(12):2257-62
references: 22776871
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Oct 15;47(8):1101-7
references: 19647073
references: Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Jan;56(1):147-58
references: 22162287
references: Phytomedicine. 2009 May;16(5):406-15
references: 19303751
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jun 24;588(1):106-13
references: 18499097
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Mar 23;59(6):2241-7
references: 21366314
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 27;58(2):1296-304
references: 20041649
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9440-5
references: 12883005
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Oct 15;47(8):1180-9
references: 19647790
references: Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;25(3):444-53
references: 16426710
references: J Cheminform. 2010 Oct 18;2(1):9
references: 20955607
references: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Aug;43(8):1544-51
references: 21233776
references: Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011 Dec;36(6):976-84
references: 22111516
references: Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012 Aug;63(5):513-21
references: 22133145
references: Brain Behav Immun. 2006 Nov;20(6):578-84
references: 16554145
references: Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011 Apr;21(2):113-23
references: 21558573