title: Bacterial adhesion to antibiotic-loaded guided tissue regeneration membranes - a scanning electron microscopy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial contamination of sites undergoing guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy may reduce the efficiency of periodontal regeneration. This study compared bacterial adhesion onto various GTR membranes incorporated with antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three barrier membranes, including expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, collagen membrane, and glycolide fiber membrane, were loaded with tetracycline or amoxicillin. The adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans onto the GTR membranes with or without antibiotics was analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SEM analysis showed no apparent alteration in the physical structure of the membranes loaded with antibiotics. Both S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans attached best on the collagen membranes, followed by the ePTFE membranes, and then the glycolide fiber membranes without antibiotics. Moreover, higher numbers of bacteria were observed on the fibril areas than on the laminar areas of the ePTFE membranes. The amounts of attached bacteria on the GTR membranes increased after longer incubation. Incorporation of tetracycline or amoxicillin greatly reduced the adhesion of S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans onto all of the GTR membranes examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of tetracycline or amoxicillin greatly reduced adhesion of S. mutans or A. actinomycetemcomitans on the ePTFE, glycolide fiber, or collagen membranes. This finding indicates that it is valuable and effective to use the antibiotic-loaded GTR membranes for periodontal regeneration therapy.
authors: Department of Community Dentistry, Zhong-Xiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Fang
authors: CF
authors: Cheng
authors: School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Municipal Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Keelung City Municipal Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan.
authors: Kai-Ming
authors: KM
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yen-Ting
authors: YT
authors: Chen
authors: Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: slhung@ym.edu.tw.
authors: Shan-Ling
authors: SL
authors: Hung
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects*; D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000658:Amoxicillin; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Streptococcus mutans; antibiotics; guided tissue regeneration; scanning electron microscopy