title: Cytokine profiling in immigrants with clinical malaria after extended periods of interrupted exposure to Plasmodium falciparum.
abstract: Immunity to malaria is believed to wane with time in the absence of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum infection, but immunoepidemiological data on longevity of immunity remain controversial. We quantified serum cytokines and chemokines by suspension array technology as potential biomarkers for durability of immunity in immigrants with clinical malaria after years without parasite exposure. These were compared to serum/plasma profiles in naïve adults (travelers) and semi-immune adults under continuous exposure, with malaria, along with immigrant and traveler patients without malaria. Immigrants had higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 and IL-8 compared to semi-immune adults with malaria (P≤0.0200). Time since immigration correlated with increased IL-2 (rho=0.2738P=0.0495) and IFN-γ (rho=0.3044P=0.0282). However, immigrants did not show as high IFN-γ concentrations as travelers during a first malaria episode (P<0.0001). Immigrants and travelers with malaria had higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 (P<0.0100) than patients with other diseases, and IL-8 and IL-1β were elevated in immigrants with malaria (P<0.0500). Therefore, malaria patients had a characteristic strong pro-inflammatory/Th1 signature. Upon loss of exposure, control of pro-inflammatory responses and tolerance to P. falciparum appeared to be reduced. Understanding the mechanisms to maintain non-pathogenic effector responses is important to develop new malaria control strategies.
authors: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research-CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. gemma.moncunill@cresib.cat
authors: Gemma
authors: G
authors: Moncunill
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Mayor
authors: Azucena
authors: A
authors: Bardají
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Puyol
authors: Augusto
authors: A
authors: Nhabomba
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Barrios
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Aguilar
authors: María-Jesús
authors: MJ
authors: Pinazo
authors: Mercè
authors: M
authors: Almirall
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Soler
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Muñoz
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Gascón
authors: Carlota
authors: C
authors: Dobaño
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines
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