title: The association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and different subgingival microorganisms in Brazilian adults with HIV: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates the association between detectable plasmatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (HVL) and high levels of periodontal- and non-periodontal-related microorganisms in the subgingival microbiota of individuals with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven individuals with HIV were divided into two groups: 1) detectable HVL (n = 15); and 2) undetectable HVL (n = 22). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained, and the levels of 35 microbial species were determined by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. Periodontal clinical measures and laboratory and sociodemographic data were also registered. χ(2) test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare groups. Multilevel ordinal regression models were used to test the association between HVL and the levels of 35 microbial species in subgingival biofilm, adjusted for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 35 species studied, 11 (31.4%) showed higher mean levels in the detectable HVL group than undetectable HVL group (P <0.001). These species included Actinomyces naeslundii II, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter concisus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. Significant associations between detectable HVL and high levels of microorganisms, adjusted for confounders, were observed for A. naeslundii I, Actinomyces gerencseriae, C. gingivalis, E. corrodens, C. concisus, Prevotella nigrescens, T. forsythia, and Dialister pneumosintes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detectable plasmatic HVL in individuals with HIV was associated with elevated levels of known periodontal pathogens, such as P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, and E. corrodens, as well as C. concisus, C. gingivalis, and D. pneumosintes in the subgingival biofilm.
authors: Department of Dental Clinics, Division of Graduate Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Viviane Tiago
authors: VT
authors: Pereira
authors: Priscila
authors: P
authors: Pavan
authors: Rodrigo Carvalho
authors: RC
authors: Souza
authors: Renata
authors: R
authors: Souto
authors: Mario Vianna
authors: MV
authors: Vettore
authors: Sandra Regina
authors: SR
authors: Torres
authors: Ana Paula Vieira
authors: AP
authors: Colombo
authors: Milton
authors: M
authors: de Uzeda
authors: Carmelo
authors: C
authors: Sansone
authors: Lucio Souza
authors: LS
authors: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification*; D001938:Brazil; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014678:Veillonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult