title: How the stigma of low literacy can impair patient-professional spoken interactions and affect health: insights from a qualitative investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low literacy is a significant problem across the developed world. A considerable body of research has reported associations between low literacy and less appropriate access to healthcare services, lower likelihood of self-managing health conditions well, and poorer health outcomes. There is a need to explore the previously neglected perspectives of people with low literacy to help explain how low literacy can lead to poor health, and to consider how to improve the ability of health services to meet their needs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two stage qualitative study. In-depth individual interviews followed by focus groups to confirm analysis and develop suggestions for service improvements. A purposive sample of 29 adults with English as their first language who had sought help with literacy was recruited from an Adult Learning Centre in the UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over and above the well-documented difficulties that people with low literacy can have with the written information and complex explanations and instructions they encounter as they use health services, the stigma of low literacy had significant negative implications for participants' spoken interactions with healthcare professionals.Participants described various difficulties in consultations, some of which had impacted negatively on their broader healthcare experiences and abilities to self-manage health conditions. Some communication difficulties were apparently perpetuated or exacerbated because participants limited their conversational engagement and used a variety of strategies to cover up their low literacy that could send misleading signals to health professionals. Participants' biographical narratives revealed that the ways in which they managed their low literacy in healthcare settings, as in other social contexts, stemmed from highly negative experiences with literacy-related stigma, usually from their schooldays onwards. They also suggest that literacy-related stigma can significantly undermine mental wellbeing by prompting self-exclusion from social participation and generating a persistent anxiety about revealing literacy difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-literacy-related stigma can seriously impair people's spoken interactions with health professionals and their potential to benefit from health services. As policies increasingly emphasise the need for patients' participation, services need to simplify the literacy requirements of service use and health professionals need to offer non-judgemental (universal) literacy-sensitive support to promote positive healthcare experiences and outcomes.
authors: NHS Tayside, Kings Cross, Clepington Road, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK. phyllis.easton@nhs.net
authors: Phyllis
authors: P
authors: Easton
authors: Vikki A
authors: VA
authors: Entwistle
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003144:Communication Barriers; D004522:Educational Status; D017144:Focus Groups; D057220:Health Literacy; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012606:Scotland; D013240:Stereotyping; D055815:Young Adult
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