title: The anti-arthritic and immune-modulatory effects of NHAG: a novel glucosamine analogue in adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is potentially devastating condition which lacks good treatment options. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1 β ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), and oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO) and peroxide (PO) are mediators of RA pathogenesis. In the present study N-[2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]acrylamide (NHAG), analogue of glucosamine, was evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritic model of rats. The disease progression was monitored by analysing arthritis scoring, loss of body weight, paw oedema, and histological changes in joints. RA associated hyperalgesia was evaluated by gait analysis. The serum or plasma levels of NO, PO, glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) IL-1 β and TNF- α were analyzed to monitor the state of disease severity. The arthritic control animals exhibited significant increase in arthritic score (P < 0.003) and paw oedema (P < 0.001) with parallel loss in body weight (P < 0.04). The NHAG-treated arthritic animals exhibited refinement in the gait changes associated with arthritis. NHAG also significantly decreased the NO (P < 0.02) and PO (P < 0.03) with concurrent increased in GSH (P < 0.04) and SOD (P < 0.007). Both IL-1 β (P < 0.001) and TNF- α (P < 0.001), were significantly decreased in NHAG-treated group. Thus NHAG might have a therapeutic potential for arthritis by exerting antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects.
authors: HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors: Syed Uzair A
authors: SU
authors: Shah
authors: Huma
authors: H
authors: Jawed
authors: Shahid I
authors: SI
authors: Awan
authors: Shazia
authors: S
authors: Anjum
authors: Shabana U
authors: SU
authors: Simjee
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D005944:Glucosamine
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