title: Motor Skill Training Promotes Sensorimotor Recovery and Increases Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 (MAP-2) Immunoreactivity in the Motor Cortex after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Rat.
abstract: Motor skill learning may induce behavioral and neurophysiological adaptations after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Learning a new motor skill is associated with dendritic reorganization and requires protein synthesis and expression of MAP-2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate motor performance and expression of MAP-2 in the motor cortex of rats submitted to intracerebral hemorrhage model (ICH) and skill task training (SK) or unskilled training (US) during 4 weeks. The Staircase test was used for behavioral evaluation, and relative optical densities and morphometrical analysis were used to estimate MAP-2 immunoreactivity and parameters of brain tissue in both motor cortices. Results show that skill task training performed with the impaired forelimb was able to increase MAP-2 immunoreactivity in the motor cortex either in sham or in ICH groups in both cortices: ipsilesional [F (5,35) = 14.25 (P < 0.01)] and contralesional hemispheres [F (5,35) = 9.70 (P < 0.01)]. ICH alone also increased MAP-2 immunoreactivity despite the absence of functional gains. Behavioral evaluation revealed that ICH-SK group performed better than ICH and ICH-US animals in the Staircase test. Data suggest that motor skill training induces plastic modifications in both motor cortices, either in physiological or pathological conditions and that skill motor training produces higher brain plasticity and positive functional outcomes than unskilled training after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
authors: Post Graduate Programme in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: M V
authors: MV
authors: Santos
authors: A S
authors: AS
authors: Pagnussat
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Mestriner
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Netto
references: Brain. 2008 May;131(Pt 5):1381-90
references: 18356189
references: J Chin Med Assoc. 2009 May;72(5):257-64
references: 19467949
references: Brain Res Bull. 2006 Jun 15;70(1):68-80
references: 16750485
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007 Jan;87(1):101-8
references: 16931063
references: Brain Res. 2010 Oct 8;1355:165-73
references: 20659436
references: Glia. 2008 Apr;56(5):516-27
references: 18240310
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Apr;75(4):394-8
references: 8172497
references: Brain Res. 2010 Jan 22;1311:148-57
references: 19941838
references: J Neurosci. 2004 Jan 21;24(3):628-33
references: 14736848
references: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010 Jan;43(1):15-32
references: 19660553
references: Brain Res. 2012 May 25;1456:36-48
references: 22521043
references: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008 May-Jun;22(3):250-61
references: 18073324
references: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009 May;23(4):313-9
references: 19118128
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002 Jan;77(1):63-77
references: 11749086
references: Brain Res. 2012 Aug 21;1469:153-63
references: 22771857
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Dec;101(6):1776-82
references: 16959909
references: J Neurosci Res. 1992 Dec;33(4):505-12
references: 1484385
references: Exp Neurol. 2011 Jan;227(1):53-61
references: 20850433
references: Stroke. 1998 Sep;29(9):1972-80; discussion 1980-1
references: 9731626
references: J Neurol Sci. 2012 Sep 15;320(1-2):6-11
references: 22831762
references: Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000 Sep-Oct;10(5):391-402
references: 10971026
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 2;101(9):3316-21
references: 14978288
references: J Neurol. 2010 Sep;257(9):1559-61
references: 20349077
references: Behav Brain Res. 2006 Nov 25;175(1):82-9
references: 16956678
references: Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):915-9
references: 19946267
references: J Neurosci Methods. 1991 Feb;36(2-3):219-28
references: 2062117
references: Stroke. 2011 Jun;42(6):1757-63
references: 21566228
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jul;87(14):5568-72
references: 1695380
references: Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2012;30(5):383-96
references: 22717646
references: Ann Neurol. 2008 May;63(5):549-60
references: 18481291
references: Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jan;5(1):53-63
references: 16361023
references: Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(5):309-20
references: 15885874
references: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 Oct;25(8):740-8
references: 21705652
references: Exp Neurol. 2008 Jul;212(1):14-28
references: 18448100
references: Brain Res. 2012 Nov 27;1486:53-61
references: 23022567
references: J Neurosci. 2001 Jul 15;21(14):5272-80
references: 11438602
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49:43-64
references: 9496621
references: J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Feb 15;177(1):115-21
references: 19000715
references: Brain Res. 2004 Mar 26;1002(1-2):94-9
references: 14988038
references: Rejuvenation Res. 2006 Spring;9(1):94-8
references: 16608403
references: Mol Neurobiol. 2005 Dec;32(3):205-16
references: 16385137
references: Biochem J. 1989 Apr 1;259(1):1-12
references: 2655576
references: Physiol Behav. 2000 Sep 15;70(5):425-9
references: 11110995
references: Brain Res. 2006 Sep 13;1109(1):183-91
references: 16854389
references: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Jun;25(11):3453-60
references: 17553014
references: Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007 Mar;87(3):404-15
references: 17141532
references: J Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec;80(6):3321-5
references: 9862925