title: Measurement of tanning dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoor tanning has been found to be addictive. However, the most commonly used tanning dependence measures have not been well validated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study's purpose was to explore the psychometric characteristics of and compare the modified Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener Scale (mCAGE), modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition - Text Revised (mDSM-IV-TR) and Tanning Pathology Scale (TAPS) measures of tanning dependence and provide recommendations for research and practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a cross-sectional online survey with 18- to 25-year-old female university students. The main outcome variable was tanning dependence measured by the mCAGE, mDSM-IV-TR and TAPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency of the TAPS subscales was good but was poor for the mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR, except when their items were combined. Agreement between the mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR was fair. Factor analysis of the TAPS confirmed the current four-factor structure. All of the tanning dependence scales were significantly correlated with one another. Likewise, most of the tanning dependence scales were significantly correlated with other measures of tanning attitudes and behaviours. However, the tolerance to tanning TAPS subscale was not significantly correlated with any measure of tanning attitudes or behaviours and had the lowest subscale internal reliability and eigenvalues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the data and existing literature, we make recommendations for the continued use of tanning dependence measures. Intervention may be needed for the approximately 5% of college women who tend to be classified as tanning dependent across measures. Monitoring of individuals reporting tanning dependence symptoms is warranted.
authors: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center.
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Heckman
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Darlow
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Kloss
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cohen-Filipic
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Manne
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Munshi
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Yaroch
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Perlis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D055815:Young Adult
references: Arch Dermatol. 2007 Dec;143(12):1530-5
references: 18087003
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2006 Jun;17(5):679-86
references: 16633915
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Apr;20(3):313-21
references: 18931926
references: Health Psychol. 2005 Jul;24(4):358-63
references: 16045371
references: Eur Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;20(7):484-9
references: 16310679
references: J Stud Alcohol. 1995 May;56(3):277-81
references: 7623465
references: J Health Psychol. 1997 Oct;2(4):493-9
references: 22013090
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998 Feb;33(2):80-8
references: 9503991
references: Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74
references: 843571
references: Psychiatr Q. 2006 Summer;77(2):129-38
references: 16779685
references: J Behav Med. 1997 Apr;20(2):207-22
references: 9144041
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Apr;87(4):328-34
references: 22469345
references: BMC Public Health. 2012 Feb 10;12:118
references: 22324969
references: Arch Dermatol. 2010 Apr;146(4):412-7
references: 20404230
references: J Behav Med. 2002 Aug;25(4):395-409
references: 12136499
references: Am J Psychiatry. 1974 Oct;131(10):1121-3
references: 4416585
references: Prev Med. 1997 Jan-Feb;26(1):114-9
references: 9010906
references: Am J Health Behav. 2008 Sep-Oct;32(5):451-64
references: 18241130
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Oct;67(4):552-62
references: 22153793
references: Arch Dermatol. 2012 Jul;148(7):815-9
references: 22801615
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Mar;42(3):436-41
references: 10688713
references: Eval Health Prof. 1997 Dec;20(4):371-88
references: 10183330
references: Eur J Cancer Prev. 1998 Aug;7(4):321-9
references: 9806121
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999 Apr;40(4):572-6
references: 10188676
references: Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011 Jan;36(1):33-8
references: 20545951
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5):769-80
references: 18328594
references: J Health Psychol. 2010 Sep;15(6):819-27
references: 20453052
references: Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2000 Jun;9(2):76-9
references: 11261014
references: Arch Dermatol. 2005 Nov;141(11):1465
references: 16301398
references: Health Psychol. 2006 Jan;25(1):34-46
references: 16448296
references: Addiction. 1999 May;94(5):715-22
references: 10563036
references: Arch Dermatol. 2010 May;146(5):485-91
references: 20479295
references: J Clin Oncol. 2012 May 10;30(14):1588-93
references: 22370316
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Mar;56(3):375-9
references: 17257709
references: Ann Behav Med. 2008 Apr;35(2):209-20
references: 18365298
references: Arch Dermatol. 2005 Aug;141(8):963-6
references: 16103324