title: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization--time of flight mass spectrometry: an emerging tool for the rapid identification of mosquito vectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of mosquito vectors is typically based on morphological characteristics using morphological keys of determination, which requires entomological expertise and training. The use of protein profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), which is increasingly being used for the routine identification of bacteria, has recently emerged for arthropod identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the usefulness of MALDI-TOF-MS as a mosquito identification tool, we tested protein extracts made from mosquito legs to create a database of reference spectra. The database included a total of 129 laboratory-reared and field-caught mosquito specimens consisting of 20 species, including 4 Aedes spp., 9 Anopheles spp., 4 Culex spp., Lutzia tigripes, Orthopodomyia reunionensis and Mansonia uniformis. For the validation study, blind tests were performed with 76 specimens consisting of 1 to 4 individuals per species. A cluster analysis was carried out using the MALDI-Biotyper and some spectra from all mosquito species tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomarker mass sets containing 22 and 43 masses have been detected from 100 specimens of the Anopheles, Aedes and Culex species. By carrying out 3 blind tests, we achieved the identification of mosquito vectors at the species level, including the differentiation of An. gambiae complex, which is possible using MALDI-TOF-MS with 1.8 as the cut-off identification score. A cluster analysis performed with all available mosquito species showed that MALDI-Biotyper can distinguish between specimens at the subspecies level, as demonstrated for An gambiae M and S, but this method cannot yet be considered a reliable tool for the phylogenetic study of mosquito species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirmed that even without any specific expertise, MALDI-TOF-MS profiling of mosquito leg protein extracts can be used for the rapid identification of mosquito vectors. Therefore, MALDI-TOF-MS is an alternative, efficient and inexpensive tool that can accurately identify mosquitoes collected in the field during entomological surveys.
authors: Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Dakar, Sénégal, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France.
authors: Amina
authors: A
authors: Yssouf
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Socolovschi
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Flaudrops
authors: Mamadou Ousmane
authors: MO
authors: Ndiath
authors: Seynabou
authors: S
authors: Sougoufara
authors: Jean-Sebastien
authors: JS
authors: Dehecq
authors: Guillaume
authors: G
authors: Lacour
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Berenger
authors: Cheikh Sadibou
authors: CS
authors: Sokhna
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Raoult
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Parola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D009033:Culicidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D030562:Databases, Protein; D004199:Disease Vectors; D013045:Species Specificity; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
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