title: Combined photoacoustic and acoustic imaging of human breast specimens in the mammographic geometry.
abstract: A photoacoustic volume imaging (PAVI) system was designed to study breast cancer detection and diagnosis in the mammographic geometry in combination with automated 3-D ultrasound (AUS). The goal of the work described here was to validate the design and evaluate its performance in human breast tissues for non-invasive imaging of deeply positioned structures covering such geometry. The good penetration of near-infrared light and high receiving sensitivity of a broad-bandwidth, 572-element, 2-D polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) array at a low center frequency of 1 MHz were used with 20 channel simultaneous acquisition. Pseudo-lesions filled with dilute blood were imaged in three human breast specimens at various depths up to 49 mm. With near-infrared light illumination and 256-sample averaging, the extrapolated maximum depth in imaging a 2.4-mm blood-rich lesion with a 3-dB contrast-to-noise ratio in a compressed breast was 54 mm. Three-dimensional photoacoustic volume image stacks of the breasts were co-registered with 3-D ultrasound image stacks, suggesting for the first time that PAVI, based on the intrinsic tissue contrast, can visualize tissue interfaces other than those with blood, including the inner skin surface and connective tissue sheets. With the designed system, PAVI revealed satisfactory imaging depth and sensitivity for coverage of the entire breast when imaged from both sides in the mammographic geometry with mild compression.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Zhixing
authors: Z
authors: Xie
authors: Fong Ming
authors: FM
authors: Hooi
authors: J Brian
authors: JB
authors: Fowlkes
authors: Renee W
authors: RW
authors: Pinsky
authors: Xueding
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Paul L
authors: PL
authors: Carson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
keywords: Breast cancer; Mammography; Photoacoustic imaging; Ultrasound imaging
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