title: Transfer RNA: a dancer between charging and mis-charging for protein biosynthesis.
abstract: Transfer RNA plays a fundamental role in the protein biosynthesis as an adaptor molecule by functioning as a biological link between the genetic nucleotide sequence in the mRNA and the amino acid sequence in the protein. To perform its role in protein biosynthesis, it has to be accurately recognized by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) to generate aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs). The correct pairing between an amino acid with its cognate tRNA is crucial for translational quality control. Production and utilization of mis-charged tRNAs are usually detrimental for all the species, resulting in cellular dysfunctions. Correct aa-tRNAs formation is collectively controlled by aaRSs with distinct mechanisms and/or other trans-factors. However, in very limited instances, mis-charged tRNAs are intermediate for specific pathways or essential components for the translational machinery. Here, from the point of accuracy in tRNA charging, we review our understanding about the mechanism ensuring correct aa-tRNA generation. In addition, some unique mis-charged tRNA species necessary for the organism are also briefly described.
authors: Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors: Xiaolong
authors: X
authors: Zhou
authors: Enduo
authors: E
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005815:Genetic Code / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012346:RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl; D012343:RNA, Transfer