title: Lineage-specific molecular probing reveals novel diversity and ecological partitioning of haplosporidians.
abstract: Haplosporidians are rhizarian parasites of mostly marine invertebrates. They include the causative agents of diseases of commercially important molluscs, including MSX disease in oysters. Despite their importance for food security, their diversity and distributions are poorly known. We used a combination of group-specific PCR primers to probe environmental DNA samples from planktonic and benthic environments in Europe, South Africa and Panama. This revealed several highly distinct novel clades, novel lineages within known clades and seasonal (spring vs autumn) and habitat-related (brackish vs littoral) variation in assemblage composition. High frequencies of haplosporidian lineages in the water column provide the first evidence for life cycles involving planktonic hosts, host-free stages or both. The general absence of haplosporidian lineages from all large online sequence data sets emphasises the importance of lineage-specific approaches for studying these highly divergent and diverse lineages. Combined with host-based field surveys, environmental sampling for pathogens will enhance future detection of known and novel pathogens and the assessment of disease risk.
authors: Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
authors: Hanna
authors: H
authors: Hartikainen
authors: Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
authors: Oliver S
authors: OS
authors: Ashford
authors: Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
authors: Cédric
authors: C
authors: Berney
authors: Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
authors: Beth
authors: B
authors: Okamura
authors: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, UK.
authors: Stephen W
authors: SW
authors: Feist
authors: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, UK.
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Baker-Austin
authors: 1] Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, UK [2] European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), The Nothe, UK.
authors: Grant D
authors: GD
authors: Stentiford
authors: Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Bass
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D057225:Data Mining; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005060:Europe; D041602:Haplosporida / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015335:Molecular Probes; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes
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