title: The effects of stress on periodontal treatment: a longitudinal investigation using clinical and biological markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of psychosocial stress on the outcome of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NPT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were categorized as stressed or unstressed, and the degree of stress was measured. One deep bleeding and one deep non-bleeding site ≥6 mm were selected in each patient for detailed investigation, and the clinical parameters were recorded before and at 6 months after NPT. Elastase and C-terminal teleopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were measured in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples at both intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline, clinical parameters and biological markers were similar in both stressed and unstressed groups, other than for GCF elastase levels, which were significantly higher in the stressed group of patients (p < 0.05). The effect of stress on the changes for clinical measurements and elastase levels in GCF was statistically significant for deep bleeding sites, with the response to treatment being poorer in the stressed group. The effects of smoking and the degree of stress were not statistically significant for any of the clinical or biological parameters (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients under psychosocial stress had a poorer outcome following NPT. The assessment of psychosocial stress may be valuable in the holistic management of periodontal disease.
authors: Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Issam
authors: I
authors: Bakri
authors: Charles W Ian
authors: CW
authors: Douglas
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Rawlinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000032:analysis; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000145:classification; D057747:Periodontal Debridement / Q000379:methods; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024042:Collagen Type I; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010455:Peptides; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: markers; periodontal disease; stress; treatment