title: Genetic association of tumor necrosis factor-β, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphism with susceptibility to pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumonia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation. The present study was therefore conducted to investigate whether or not the polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)β, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene predicted the susceptibility to pneumonia within the first year after kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 33 kidney transplant recipients with pneumonia and 63 noninfected kidney transplant recipients. Genomic DNA from these 96 kidney transplant recipients was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. The regions containing the NcoI polymorphic site at position +252 of TNFβ gene, the RsaI polymorphic site at position -592 of IL-10 gene, and the AvaI polymorphic site at position -511 of IL-1β gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently digested with NcoI, RsaI, and AvaI restriction enzyme, respectively. The polymorphic regions with intron 2 of the IL-1 ra gene (IL-1 RN) containing variable numbers of a tandem repeat of 86 base pairs, were amplified by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis showed that recipient IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-1 RN polymorphisms were not associated with the presence of pneumonia (P = .589, .940, and .286, respectively). However, compared with GG genotype, recipient TNFβ +252AA + AG genotype was significantly associated with susceptibility to pneumonia (P = .006). Age of 45 years or older was not significantly associated with susceptibility to develop pneumonia but had a tendency to develop it (P = .119). After adjusting for age of 45 years or older, recipient TNFβ+252 AA + AG genotype (odds ratio = 5.366, 95% confidence intervals = 1.470 - 19.589, P = .011) independently predicted the risk for pneumonia within the first year after kidney transplantation in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that recipient TNFβ gene polymorphism may be useful in predicting pneumonia, hence identifying individuals who could benefit from preventive treatment and a less potent immunosuppression regimen.
authors: Department of Transplant Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
authors: Q-Q
authors: QQ
authors: Wan
authors: J-L
authors: JL
authors: Li
authors: Q-F
authors: QF
authors: Ye
authors: J-D
authors: JD
authors: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005810:Multigene Family; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010641:Phenotype; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10