title: The psychological effects of prenatal diagnostic procedures: maternal anxiety before and after invasive and noninvasive procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To examine the change in anxiety before and after prenatal diagnostic procedures in women undergoing invasive (amniocentesis) and noninvasive (ultrasound) procedures; and (2) to examine predictors of anxiety before the diagnostic procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A short-term follow-up study was conducted on a sample of pregnant women in the second trimester. Questionnaires were administered to women scheduled for amniocentesis (n = 37) and ultrasonography (n = 37) before and immediately after the procedure. The following questionnaires were administered: the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Affect Intensity Measure, the COPE inventory, and the Optimism-Pessimism Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to the administration of the prenatal diagnostic procedure, measured anxiety levels were the same in both groups of women (p > 0.05). An interaction effect of a two-way ANOVA revealed that anxiety decreased after the procedure in the ultrasound but not the amniocentesis group (F(1, 72) = 5.01, p = 0.028). Although coping styles and affect intensity were found to be related to anxiety (p < 0.05), they were not significant predictors of anxiety before the diagnostic procedure when controlling for trait anxiety and procedure type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety levels associated with noninvasive but not after invasive, prenatal diagnostics tests decrease immediately following the procedure.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Sisters of Mercy, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Nakić Radoš
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Košec
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Gall
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000523:psychology