title: Reconciling forest conservation and logging in Indonesian Borneo.
abstract: Combining protected areas with natural forest timber concessions may sustain larger forest landscapes than is possible via protected areas alone. However, the role of timber concessions in maintaining natural forest remains poorly characterized. An estimated 57% (303,525 km²) of Kalimantan's land area (532,100 km²) was covered by natural forest in 2000. About 14,212 km² (4.7%) had been cleared by 2010. Forests in oil palm concessions had been reduced by 5,600 km² (14.1%), while the figures for timber concessions are 1,336 km² (1.5%), and for protected forests are 1,122 km² (1.2%). These deforestation rates explain little about the relative performance of the different land use categories under equivalent conversion risks due to the confounding effects of location. An estimated 25% of lands allocated for timber harvesting in 2000 had their status changed to industrial plantation concessions in 2010. Based on a sample of 3,391 forest plots (1×1 km; 100 ha), and matching statistical analyses, 2000-2010 deforestation was on average 17.6 ha lower (95% C.I.: -22.3 ha- -12.9 ha) in timber concession plots than in oil palm concession plots. When location effects were accounted for, deforestation rates in timber concessions and protected areas were not significantly different (Mean difference: 0.35 ha; 95% C.I.: -0.002 ha-0.7 ha). Natural forest timber concessions in Kalimantan had similar ability as protected areas to maintain forest cover during 2000-2010, provided the former were not reclassified to industrial plantation concessions. Our study indicates the desirability of the Government of Indonesia designating its natural forest timber concessions as protected areas under the IUCN Protected Area Category VI to protect them from reclassification.
authors: Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. d.gaveau@cgiar.org
authors: David L A
authors: DL
authors: Gaveau
authors: Mrigesh
authors: M
authors: Kshatriya
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Sheil
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Sloan
authors: Elis
authors: E
authors: Molidena
authors: Arief
authors: A
authors: Wijaya
authors: Serge
authors: S
authors: Wich
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Ancrenaz
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Hansen
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Broich
authors: Manuel R
authors: MR
authors: Guariguata
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Pacheco
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Potapov
authors: Svetlana
authors: S
authors: Turubanova
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Meijaard
mesh_terms: D001893:Borneo; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003657:Decision Making; D007214:Indonesia; D014197:Trees
references: Science. 2013 Feb 8;339(6120):646-7
references: 23393243
references: Conserv Biol. 2009 Oct;23(5):1281-93
references: 19453655
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e22722
references: 21857950
references: Ambio. 2006 Feb;35(1):17-24
references: 16615694
references: Nature. 2011 Sep 14;478(7369):378-81
references: 21918513
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Feb 28;360(1454):443-55
references: 15814356
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49142
references: 23145100
references: Conserv Biol. 2006 Aug;20(4):1251-61
references: 16922241
references: Trends Ecol Evol. 2013 May;28(5):261-6
references: 23462294
references: Ecol Appl. 2010 Sep;20(6):1721-32
references: 20945770
references: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 14;4(12):e8273
references: 20011603
references: Environ Manage. 2010 Nov;46(5):685-98
references: 20859627
references: Pharm Stat. 2011 Mar-Apr;10(2):150-61
references: 20925139
references: Nature. 2003 Feb 27;421(6926):913-9
references: 12606992
references: Environ Manage. 2006 Jul;38(1):126-36
references: 16508796
references: Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1000-3
references: 14963327
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 15;107(24):10821-6
references: 20505122
references: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 09;5(7):e11510
references: 20634974
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Oct 21;105(42):16089-94
references: 18854414
references: Proc Biol Sci. 2011 Jun 7;278(1712):1633-8
references: 21084351
references: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4279
references: 19169358
references: Nature. 2007 Apr 26;446(7139):974
references: 17460641
references: Nature. 2001 Nov 22;414(6862):437-40
references: 11719802
references: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 09;8(9):e73008
references: 24039845
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105(32):11446-50
references: 18678892
references: Conserv Biol. 2000 Dec 18;14(6):1614-1622
references: 35701921
references: Conserv Biol. 2006 Dec;20(6):1811-3
references: 17181817