title: Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is an update of the original Cochrane review published in The Cochrane Library, 2005, Issue 4, on local anaesthetic blockade (LASB) of the sympathetic chain used to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of LASB for the treatment of pain in CRPS and to evaluate the incidence of adverse effects of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We updated searches of the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on the Cochrane Library (Issue 11 of 12, 2012), MEDLINE (1966 to 22/11/12), EMBASE (1974 to 22/11/12), LILACS (1982 to 22/11/12), conference abstracts of the World Congresses of the International Association for the Study of Pain (1995 to 2010), and various clinical trial registers (inception to 2012). We also searched bibliographies from retrieved articles for additional studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of sympathetic blockade with local anaesthetics in children or adults with CRPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes of interest were reduction in pain intensity levels, the proportion who achieved moderate or substantial pain relief, the duration of pain relief, and the presence of adverse effects in each treatment arm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included an additional 10 studies (combined n = 363) in this update. Overall we include 12 studies (combined n = 386). All included studies were assessed to be at high or unclear risk of bias.Three small studies compared LASB to placebo/sham. We were able to pool the results from two of these trials (intervention n = 23). Pooling did not demonstrate significant short-term benefit for LASB (in terms of the risk of a 50% reduction of pain scores).Of two studies that investigated LASB as an addition to rehabilitation treatment, the only study that reported pain outcomes demonstrated no additional benefit from LASB.Eight small randomised studies compared sympathetic blockade to another active intervention. Most studies found no difference in pain outcomes between sympathetic block and other active treatments.Only five studies reported adverse effects, all with minor effects reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This update has found similar results to the original systematic review. There remains a scarcity of published evidence to support the use of local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for CRPS. From the existing evidence it is not possible to draw firm conclusions regarding the efficacy or safety of this intervention but the limited data available do not suggest that LASB is effective for reducing pain in CRPS.
authors: Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
authors: Tasha R
authors: TR
authors: Stanton
authors: Benedict M
authors: BM
authors: Wand
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Carr
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Birklein
authors: Gunnar L
authors: GL
authors: Wasner
authors: Neil E
authors: NE
authors: O'Connell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D002422:Causalgia / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local