title: Confocal laser scanning microscopic investigation of ultrasonic, sonic, and rotary sealer placement techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sealers are used to attain an impervious seal between the core material and root canal walls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the depth and percentage of sealer penetration with three different placement techniques using confocal laser scanning microscopy as the evaluative tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Root canals of 30 single-rooted teeth were prepared to a size of F3 and AH plus sealer with Rhodamine B was applied with Ultlrasonic file (Gr-1), lentulospiral (Gr-2), and Endoactivator (Gr-3). Canals were obturated with gutta-percha. The roots were sectioned at the 3 and 6-mm levels from the apical foramen and were examined on a confocal microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistical significant differences among Gr-1, Gr-2, and Gr-3 were found at the 3 and 6-mm level (P < 0.05; ANOVA-Tukey tests) for the depth and percentage of sealer penetration except for Gr-1 and Gr-2 at 3-mm level. Gr-1 showed maximum mean depth of penetration (810 μm) and maximum mean percentage of sealer penetration (64.5) while Gr-3 showed minimum mean depth of penetration (112.7 μm) and minimum mean percentage of sealer penetration (26.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depth and percentage of penetration of sealer is influenced by the type of placement technique and by the root canal level with penetration decreasing apically.
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Vineeta
authors: V
authors: Nikhil
authors: Renuka
authors: R
authors: Singh
keywords: Confocal laser scanning microscopy; endoactivator; lentulospiral; sealer penetration; ultlrasonics
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