title: Development and use of active clinical decision support for preemptive pharmacogenomics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active clinical decision support (CDS) delivered through an electronic health record (EHR) facilitates gene-based drug prescribing and other applications of genomics to patient care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of active CDS for multiple pharmacogenetic test results reported preemptively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical pharmacogenetic test results accompanied by clinical interpretations are placed into the patient's EHR, typically before a relevant drug is prescribed. Problem list entries created for high-risk phenotypes provide an unambiguous trigger for delivery of post-test alerts to clinicians when high-risk drugs are prescribed. In addition, pre-test alerts are issued if a very-high risk medication is prescribed (eg, a thiopurine), prior to the appropriate pharmacogenetic test result being entered into the EHR. Our CDS can be readily modified to incorporate new genes or high-risk drugs as they emerge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through November 2012, 35 customized pharmacogenetic rules have been implemented, including rules for TPMT with azathioprine, thioguanine, and mercaptopurine, and for CYP2D6 with codeine, tramadol, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine. Between May 2011 and November 2012, the pre-test alerts were electronically issued 1106 times (76 for thiopurines and 1030 for drugs metabolized by CYP2D6), and the post-test alerts were issued 1552 times (1521 for TPMT and 31 for CYP2D6). Analysis of alert outcomes revealed that the interruptive CDS appropriately guided prescribing in 95% of patients for whom they were issued.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience illustrates the feasibility of developing computational systems that provide clinicians with actionable alerts for gene-based drug prescribing at the point of care.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors: Gillian C
authors: GC
authors: Bell
authors: Kristine R
authors: KR
authors: Crews
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Wilkinson
authors: Cyrine E
authors: CE
authors: Haidar
authors: J Kevin
authors: JK
authors: Hicks
authors: Donald K
authors: DK
authors: Baker
authors: Nancy M
authors: NM
authors: Kornegay
authors: Wenjian
authors: W
authors: Yang
authors: Shane J
authors: SJ
authors: Cross
authors: Scott C
authors: SC
authors: Howard
authors: Robert R
authors: RR
authors: Freimuth
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Evans
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: Broeckel
authors: Mary V
authors: MV
authors: Relling
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods*
keywords: clinical decision support; electronic health record; personalized medicine; pharmacogenetics
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