title: Cervicoisthmic pregnancy near cesarean scar after oocyte donation in premature ovarian failure: literature review starting from a single case.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify the best management options in decision making in cases of cervicoisthmic and cesarean scar pregnancies and rare forms of ectopic pregnancies with high rates of pregnancy-related morbidity in the first trimester, more commonly associated with assisted reproductive medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review of the description of a case report of a cervicoisthmic pregnancy near a cesarean scar in a premature ovarian failure woman. She obtained pregnancy after ovum donation, hormonal therapy, and in vitro fertilization. The researchers focused on the MEDLINE/PubMed database articles on ectopic pregnancies, particularly on cesarean scar pregnancies, cervical pregnancies, and ectopic pregnancies after in vitro fertilization in English-language journals published from January 1996 to December 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conservative or nonconservative options for medical or surgical treatments are disposables. Moreover, in literature, no consensus was found about the best treatment method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obstetricians should pay great attention to a possible cesarean scar pregnancy in patients with risk factors in their medical history. Until now, the rarity of these findings does not allow the definition of a commonly accepted management, so the best personalized approach may be guided by early recognition, close surveillance, and appropriate counseling. Further investigations are necessary to recognize high-risk factors for all ectopic pregnancies and those unique to cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies.
authors: 1Department of Woman and Child Health - University of Padua, Padova; and 2Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecological and Neonatology Sciences - University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Gizzo
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Saccardi
authors: Tito Silvio
authors: TS
authors: Patrelli
authors: Stefania Di
authors: SD
authors: Gangi
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: De Marchi
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Bertocco
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Anis
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Noventa
authors: Donato
authors: D
authors: D'Antona
authors: Giovanni Battista
authors: GB
authors: Nardelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018587:Oocyte Donation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency