title: Determination of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance profiles of some bacteria isolated from aquatic amphibian and reptile species.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the level of antibiotic resistance patterns and distribution of heavy metal resistance of bacterial isolates from aquatic animals (Lissotriton vulgaris, Pelophylax ridibundus, Emys orbicularis, Mauremys rivulata, and Natrix natrix) in Turkey (Kavak Delta). A total of 153 bacteria have been successfully isolated from cloaca and oral samples of the aquatic amphibians and reptilians which were found, namely, Aeromonas sp. (n = 29), Plesiomonas sp. (n = 7), Vibrio sp. (n = 12), Citrobacter sp. (n = 12), Enterobacter sp. (n = 11), Escherichia sp. (n = 22), Klebsiella sp. (n = 22), Edwardsiella sp. (n = 6), Hafnia sp. (n = 1), Proteus sp. (n = 19), Providencia sp. (n = 8), and Pseudomonas sp. (n = 4). In terms of antibiotic and heavy metal susceptibility testing, each isolate was tested against 12 antibiotics and 4 metals. There was a high incidence of resistance to cefoxitin (46.40 %), ampicillin (44.44 %), erythromycin (35.29 %), and a low incidence of resistance to gentamicin (6.53 %), kanamycin (8.49 %), chloramphenicol (9.15 %), and cefotaxime (10.45 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance index of each bacterial species indicated that bacteria from raised amphibians and reptiles have been exposed to tested antibiotics, with results ranging from 0 to 0.58. Most isolates showed tolerance to different concentrations of heavy metals, and minimal inhibition concentrations ranged from100 to >3,200 μg/mL. According to these results, a significant occurrence of bacteria in the internal organs of reptiles and amphibians, with a high incidence of resistance against antibiotics and heavy metals, may risk aquatic animals and the public health. These data appoint the importance of epidemiological surveillance and microbiological monitoring and reinforce the need to implement environment protection programs for amphibian and reptile species.
authors: Nurcihan
authors: N
authors: Hacioglu
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Tosunoglu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000663:Amphibians / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D012104:Reptiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D014421:Turkey; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
references: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Jun;51(6):730-50
references: 10422221
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Jul;46(1):165-70
references: 6351743
references: Sci Total Environ. 2008 Dec 15;407(1):279-85
references: 18804847
references: Open Vet J. 2011;1(1):39-45
references: 26623279
references: J Zoo Wildl Med. 2006 Dec;37(4):549-52
references: 17315444
references: Am J Clin Pathol. 1966 Apr;45(4):493-6
references: 5325707