title: Association between family environment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children--mothers' and teachers' views.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To ascertain whether factors of the family environment and gestational period are associated with the appearance of ADHD in children, as reported by various different informants (mothers and teachers).
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents results from the dataset of a longitudinal study to evaluate behavioral problems among schoolchildren in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, in 2005 and 2006. The cross-section considered for this paper comprises records of exposure factors and ADHD. In all, 370 schoolchildren of the public school system were assessed by 3-stage cluster sampling. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Teacher Report Form (TRF) were used to measure outcomes. The exposure factors examined were: profile of child and mother, variables relating to the family environment, and perinatal considerations. The questions were answered by mothers and teachers. A hierarchical logistic regression model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Precariously functioning families, lack of social support for mothers, adverse life events and discord during pregnancy were the factors associated with mother-reported ADHD. When ADHD was reported by teachers, the variables selected were: Intelligence quotient (IQ) and sex, with children with low IQ scores and boys more likely to display the disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of ADHD by teachers or mothers reveals specific characteristics that reflect how each of these informants understands the children. This highlights the importance of using informants from different environments in diagnosing the disorder.
authors: Latin-American Centre for Studies on Violence and Health (CLAVES), National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av, Brasil 4036 - sala 700, Manguinhos, 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. thop100@hotmail.com.
authors: Thiago de Oliveira
authors: Tde O
authors: Pires
authors: Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos
authors: CM
authors: da Silva
authors: Simone Gonçalves
authors: SG
authors: de Assis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005178:Faculty; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D012574:Schools; D012931:Social Environment
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1313-23
references: 15950004
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;161(7):1278-84
references: 15229062
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Jan;148:23-6
references: 3955316
references: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008 Apr;17(2):245-60, vii
references: 18295145
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;38(8):976-84
references: 10434489
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;11(8):714-20
references: 16702977
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jun;160(6):1028-40
references: 12777257
references: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004 Feb;25(1):41-7
references: 14767355
references: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009 Jun;197(6):442-9
references: 19525745
references: J Atten Disord. 2008 Mar;11(5):538-45
references: 18192617
references: BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 19;10:83
references: 20955616
references: Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(3):162-70
references: 12216060
references: Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1999 Mar-Apr;21(2):109-18
references: 10192271
references: J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004 Apr;80(2 Suppl):S61-70
references: 15154074
references: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Oct;10(5):765-70
references: 17903118
references: Braz J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;26(3):150-5
references: 15645060
references: Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;26(1):224-7
references: 9126524
references: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1215-20
references: 15949990
references: Acta Paediatr. 2007 Sep;96(9):1269-74
references: 17718779
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Jun;38(6):716-22
references: 10361790
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;41(4):378-85
references: 11931593
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;52(6):464-70
references: 7771916
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1975 Jun;126:493-509
references: 1174767
references: Cad Saude Publica. 2003 Jul-Aug;19(4):1083-93
references: 12973573
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;44(7):690-8
references: 15968238
references: Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005 Mar;63(1):68-74
references: 15830068
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;46(3):246-54
references: 15755301
references: Psychol Med. 1980 May;10(2):231-41
references: 7384326
references: Qual Life Res. 1998 May;7(4):323-35
references: 9610216
references: Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74
references: 843571
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;39(3):308-13
references: 10714050
references: Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007 Dec;65(4A):1078-83
references: 18094880