title: Streptomycin application has no detectable effect on bacterial community structure in apple orchard soil.
abstract: Streptomycin is commonly used to control fire blight disease on apple trees. Although the practice has incited controversy, little is known about its nontarget effects in the environment. We investigated the impact of aerial application of streptomycin on nontarget bacterial communities in soil beneath streptomycin-treated and untreated trees in a commercial apple orchard. Soil samples were collected in two consecutive years at 4 or 10 days before spraying streptomycin and 8 or 9 days after the final spray. Three sources of microbial DNA were profiled using tag-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes: uncultured bacteria from the soil (culture independent) and bacteria cultured on unamended or streptomycin-amended (15 μg/ml) media. Multivariate tests for differences in community structure, Shannon diversity, and Pielou's evenness test results showed no evidence of community response to streptomycin. The results indicate that use of streptomycin for disease management has minimal, if any, immediate effect on apple orchard soil bacterial communities. This study contributes to the profile of an agroecosystem in which antibiotic use for disease prevention appears to have minimal consequences for nontarget bacteria.
authors: Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors: Ashley
authors: A
authors: Shade
authors: Amy K
authors: AK
authors: Klimowicz
authors: Russell N
authors: RN
authors: Spear
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Linske
authors: Justin J
authors: JJ
authors: Donato
authors: Clifford S
authors: CS
authors: Hogan
authors: Patricia S
authors: PS
authors: McManus
authors: Jo
authors: J
authors: Handelsman
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology*; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014922:Wisconsin
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013307:Streptomycin
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