title: The genetic diversity of the Nguni breed of African Cattle (Bos spp.): complete mitochondrial genomes of haplogroup T1.
abstract: Domesticated cattle were commonplace in northern Africa by about 7,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence, however, suggests they were not established in southern Africa until much later, no earlier than 2,000 years ago. Genetic reconstructions have started to shed light on the movement of African cattle, but efforts have been frustrated by a lack of data south of Ethiopia and the nature of the mitochondrial haplogroup T1 which is almost fixed across the continent. We sequenced 35 complete mitochondrial genomes from a South African herd of Nguni cattle, a breed historically associated with Bantu speaking farmers who were among the first to bring cattle to southern Africa. As expected, all individuals in the study were found to be members of haplogroup T1. Only half of the sub-haplogroups of T1 (T1a-T1f) are represented in our sample and the overwhelming majority (94%) in this study belong to subhaplogroup T1b. A previous study of African cattle found frequencies of T1b of 27% in Egypt and 69% in Ethiopia. These results are consistent with serial multiple founder effects significantly shaping the gene pool as cattle were moved from north to south across the continent. Interestingly, these mitochondrial data give no indication that the impacts of the founder effects were ameliorated by gene flow from recently introduced Indian cattle breeds.
authors: Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng Province, South Africa ; Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors: K Ann
authors: KA
authors: Horsburgh
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Prost
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Gosling
authors: Jo-Ann
authors: JA
authors: Stanton
authors: Christy
authors: C
authors: Rand
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Matisoo-Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006239:Haplotypes; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
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