title: Improving active and passive avoidance memories deficits due to permanent cerebral ischemia by pomegranate seed extract in female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two weeks oral administration of pomegranate seed extract (PGSE) on active and passive avoidance memories after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2CCAO) to induce permanent cerebral ischemia in adult female rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy adult female Wistar rats (250 ± 20 g) were used. Animals were divided randomly into seven groups with 10 in each: 1) Sham-operated; 2) Ischemic; 3-6) Ischemic received PGSE (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/2mL/kg, orally) for 14 days; 7) Ischemic received vehicle. In order to create 2CCAO, carotid arteries were ligatured and then cut bilaterally. Active and passive avoidance task were measured using criterion condition responses (CCRs) in Y-maze and step-through latency (STL) in two-way shuttle box in all female rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both active and passive avoidance memories were significantly impaired in rats after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (CHI) (P < 0.001). PGSE treatment significantly improved passive and active memory impairments with 2CCAO (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). No toxicity was observed even with high-dose PGSE consumption (800 mg/kg, for 14 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGSE exhibits therapeutic potential for avoidance memories, which is most likely related at least in part to its antioxidative and free radical scavenging actions.
authors: Physiology Research Center and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, 61357-19754 Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Sarkaki
authors: Moslem
authors: M
authors: Rezaiei
authors: Mohammadkazem
authors: M
authors: Gharib Naseri
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Rafieirad
keywords: cerebral ischemia; female; memory; pomegranate; rats
references: Behav Neurosci. 1986 Apr;100(2):155-60
references: 3964416
references: Endocr Res. 2010 Jan;35(1):1-16
references: 20136514
references: Phytochemistry. 2004 Jan;65(2):233-41
references: 14732284
references: J Physiol Biochem. 2012 Mar;68(1):91-7
references: 21994044
references: J Med Food. 2010 Jun;13(3):557-63
references: 20521981
references: Neurochem Res. 2008 Dec;33(12):2416-26
references: 18415676
references: Neurotox Res. 2003;5(6):375-83
references: 14715440
references: FASEB J. 1995 Apr;9(7):526-33
references: 7737461
references: Brain Res. 1982 May 6;239(1):57-69
references: 7093691
references: Science. 1984 Nov 16;226(4676):850-2
references: 6093256
references: Bioresour Technol. 2008 Apr;99(6):1690-8
references: 17512726
references: J Nutr. 2001 Aug;131(8):2082-9
references: 11481398
references: Physiol Res. 2010;59(5):651-664
references: 20406033
references: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985 Apr;233(1):254-63
references: 2984415
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Feb 15;32(4):314-8
references: 11841921
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990;13:171-82
references: 1970230
references: N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 3;330(9):613-22
references: 7905600
references: QJM. 2012 Jun;105(6):551-61
references: 22323616
references: Eur J Neurol. 2012 Feb;19(2):212-9
references: 21631652
references: J Physiol. 1983 Jan;334:19-31
references: 6134823
references: Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1989 Dec;3(4):921-33
references: 2700150
references: Prog Neurobiol. 1999 Jun;58(3):279-95
references: 10341364
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Oct 28;57(20):9427-36
references: 19743855
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 1:128-32
references: 16194581
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5):1062-76
references: 10799367
references: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Oct 10;443(3):188-92
references: 18687381
references: FEBS Lett. 1996 Jul 22;390(2):153-6
references: 8706848
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 1987 Jan;62(1):35-55
references: 3099103
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Dec 19;835:234-49
references: 9616778
references: Stroke. 1995 Apr;26(4):627-34; discussion 635
references: 7709410
references: Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Jun;22(3):305-14
references: 18485149
references: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Dec;222(3):236-45
references: 10601882
references: Toxicology. 2003 Jul 15;189(1-2):41-54
references: 12821281
references: Neurochem Int. 2005 Feb;46(3):221-5
references: 15670638
references: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002 Feb;71(3):203-17
references: 12002340
references: Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Nov;253(1-2):307-12
references: 14619981
references: Behav Brain Res. 2012 Dec 1;235(2):200-9
references: 22963993
references: Atherosclerosis. 2001 Sep;158(1):195-8
references: 11500191
references: Hippocampus. 2012 Apr;22(4):814-26
references: 21538662
references: Hippocampus. 2011 Feb;21(2):142-9
references: 20014383
references: Ann Neurol. 1982 May;11(5):491-8
references: 7103425
references: Neurology. 1987 Aug;37(8):1281-6
references: 3614648
references: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1996 Oct;203(4):374-8
references: 9123975
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 May 15;683(1-3):148-54
references: 22426162
references: J Neurochem. 1988 Dec;51(6):1960-3
references: 2903225
references: Neuroscience. 1986 Apr;17(4):1105-15
references: 2872616
references: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2010 Dec;43(12):1178-83
references: 21085899
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4581-9
references: 11052704
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1085-92
references: 19425183
references: J Gerontol. 1980 May;35(3):364-70
references: 7410787
references: Indian J Exp Biol. 2008 Dec;46(12):811-6
references: 19245177
references: Growth Horm IGF Res. 2010 Feb;20(1):55-62
references: 19853487
references: Neuropathology. 2000 Sep;20 Suppl:S95-7
references: 11037198
references: JAMA. 1985 Mar 8;253(10):1420-6
references: 3968772
references: Stroke. 1999 Mar;30(3):662-8
references: 10066868
references: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002;28(2-3):49-62
references: 12224378
references: Respir Physiol. 2001 Nov 15;128(3):379-91
references: 11718765
references: Acta Neuropathol. 1975 Aug 27;32(3):209-23
references: 1180003
references: Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Sep-Oct;23(5):719-35
references: 12392777
references: J Med Food. 2007 Jun;10(2):392-5
references: 17651082
references: Kobe J Med Sci. 2003;49(3-4):83-91
references: 14970751
references: J Neurosci. 1982 Sep;2(9):1214-20
references: 7119874
references: Exp Brain Res. 1978 Apr 14;31(4):573-90
references: 658182
references: Br Med Bull. 1993 Jul;49(3):577-87
references: 8221024
references: Med Hypotheses. 2000 Nov;55(5):386-403
references: 11058418
references: J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):246-51
references: 18598165
references: Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 May;122(5):874-83
references: 20961806
references: Curr Med Chem. 2001 Jun;8(7):829-38
references: 11375753