title: Early local differentiation of the cell wall matrix defines the contact sites in lobed mesophyll cells of Zea mays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The morphogenesis of lobed mesophyll cells (MCs) is highly controlled and coupled with intercellular space formation. Cortical microtubule rings define the number and the position of MC isthmi. This work investigated early events of MC morphogenesis, especially the mechanism defining the position of contacts between MCs. The distributions of plasmodesmata, the hemicelluloses callose and (1 → 3,1 → 4)-β-d-glucans (MLGs) and the pectin epitopes recognized by the 2F4, JIM5, JIM7 and LM6 antibodies were studied in the cell walls of Zea mays MCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matrix cell wall polysaccharides were immunolocalized in hand-made sections and in sections of material embedded in LR White resin. Callose was also localized using aniline blue in hand-made sections. Plasmodesmata distribution was examined by transmission electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before reorganization of the dispersed cortical microtubules into microtubule rings, particular bands of the longitudinal MC walls, where the MC contacts will form, locally differentiate by selective (1) deposition of callose and the pectin epitopes recognized by the 2F4, LM6, JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies, (2) degradation of MLGs and (3) formation of secondary plasmodesmata clusterings. This cell wall matrix differentiation persists in cell contacts of mature MCs. Simultaneously, the wall bands between those of future cell contacts differentiate with (1) deposition of local cell wall thickenings including cellulose microfibrils, (2) preferential presence of MLGs, (3) absence of callose and (4) transient presence of the pectins identified by the JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies. The wall areas between cell contacts expand determinately to form the cell isthmi and the cell lobes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The morphogenesis of lobed MCs is characterized by the early patterned differentiation of two distinct cell wall subdomains, defining the sites of the future MC contacts and of the future MC isthmi respectively. This patterned cell wall differentiation precedes cortical microtubule reorganization and may define microtubule ring disposition.
authors: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Giannoutsou
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sotiriou
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Apostolakos
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Galatis
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000502:physiology; D000939:Epitopes; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D058503:Mesophyll Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D010368:Pectins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D031425:Plasmodesmata / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000939:Epitopes; D005936:Glucans; D011134:Polysaccharides; C007916:hemicellulose; D010368:Pectins; C048306:callose
keywords: Callose; Zea mays; cell contacts; lobed cell morphogenesis; microtubules; mixed-linkage glucans; pectin epitopes
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