title: Variability in the immune system: of vaccine responses and immune states.
abstract: System-wide approaches are now being applied to study vaccine responses, whose mechanisms of action, and failure, are not well understood. These works have repeatedly shown vaccine response to be an orchestrated process involving multiple arms of immunity most noticeable sensing and innate components. Prediction of vaccine responses based on system-wide measures is achievable, but challenges remain for robust population wide predictions based only on pre-vaccination measures, especially in partially efficacious vaccines such as influenza. This is especially true in older adults, who are often less responsive to vaccination and exhibit high level of variation compared to young in many components of immunity. Despite this increase in variation, most of the studies on aging use group averages of immune phenotypes to model immune system behavior. Using systems approaches, it is possible to exploit this variation to form distinguishable clusters of phenotypes within and across individuals to discover underlying immune states.
authors: Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel. Electronic address: shenorr@technion.ac.il.
authors: Shai S
authors: SS
authors: Shen-Orr
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Furman
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
references: J Exp Med. 2008 Dec 22;205(13):3119-31
references: 19047440
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Jan;22(1):23-9
references: 11739719
references: Vaccine. 2006 Feb 20;24(8):1159-69
references: 16213065
references: Mol Syst Biol. 2013 Apr 16;9:659
references: 23591775
references: Immunity. 2013 Apr 18;38(4):831-44
references: 23601689
references: J Immunol. 2006 Feb 15;176(4):2645-53
references: 16456027
references: Sci Transl Med. 2013 Feb 6;5(171):171ra19
references: 23390249
references: PLoS One. 2013 May 01;8(5):e62149
references: 23658707
references: Nat Immunol. 2011 Jul 10;12(8):786-95
references: 21743478
references: J Autoimmun. 2012 May;38(2-3):J282-91
references: 22225601
references: Nat Genet. 2012 Oct;44(10):1084-9
references: 22941192
references: Cell. 2009 Jul 10;138(1):30-50
references: 19596234
references: Exp Gerontol. 1994 Nov-Dec;29(6):601-9
references: 9435913
references: J Immunol. 2002 Aug 15;169(4):1984-92
references: 12165524
references: Genes Immun. 2013 Jul-Aug;14(5):277-85
references: 23594957
references: Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1016-7
references: 19229023
references: Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Dec 20;121(1-3):187-201
references: 11164473
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 May;10(5):338-49
references: 20417416
references: Age (Dordr). 2013 Jun;35(3):985-91
references: 22415616
references: Biogerontology. 2011 Oct;12(5):473-83
references: 21879287
references: Clin Exp Immunol. 2007 Aug;149(2):274-84
references: 17488296
references: Nat Immunol. 2009 Jan;10(1):116-125
references: 19029902
references: J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 30;280(39):33101-8
references: 16020540
references: J Immunol. 2003 Feb 15;170(4):2022-9
references: 12574372
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Dec 18;241(2):383-9
references: 9425280
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):E3503-12
references: 23151505
references: PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Aug;3(8):e170
references: 17784782
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 29;109(22):8676-81
references: 22589303
references: Vaccine. 2008 Jul 4;26(29-30):3551-5
references: 18524433
references: Blood. 2008 Jan 15;111(2):723-31
references: 17909078
references: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 May 31;8(6):317-28
references: 22647780
references: Mech Ageing Dev. 1998 May 15;102(2-3):187-98
references: 9720651
references: J Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;206(10):1512-20
references: 22949304
references: J Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1;203(7):921-9
references: 21357945
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 May;1285:133-47
references: 23692568
references: Future Cardiol. 2011 Nov;7(6):789-803
references: 22050065
references: N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 2;352(22):2271-84
references: 15930418
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Nov;24(11):2168-73
references: 15345506
references: Mol Syst Biol. 2013;9:640
references: 23340846
references: Twin Res. 1999 Dec;2(4):250-7
references: 10723803
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Nov;50(6):B378-82
references: 7583794
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Sep;8(9):737-44
references: 18728636
references: J Infect Dis. 2013 Jul;208(1):101-8
references: 23547142
references: Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Feb;31(2):142-7
references: 23334450
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34145
references: 22461903
references: Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(7):922-8
references: 22291101
references: Aging Cell. 2009 Feb;8(1):18-25
references: 18986373