title: Causes of death in a cohort treated for opioid dependence between 1985 and 2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine changes in causes of death in a cohort treated for opioid dependence, across time and age; quantify years of potential life lost (YPLL); and identify avoidable causes of death.
  
  
  METHODS
  People in New South Wales (NSW) who registered for opioid substitution therapy (OST), 1985-2005, were linked to a register of all deaths in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  NSW, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude mortality rates (CMRs), age-sex-standardized mortality rates (ASSRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) across time, sex and age. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) were calculated with reference to Australian life tables and by calculating years lost before the age of 65 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 43 789 people in the cohort, with 412 216 person-years of follow-up. The proportion of the cohort aged 40+ years increased from 1% in 1985 to 39% in 2005. Accidental opioid overdoses, suicides, transport accidents and violent deaths declined with age; deaths from cardiovascular disease, liver disease and cancer increased. Among men, 89% of deaths were potentially avoidable; among women, 86% of deaths were avoidable. There were an estimated 160 555 YPLL in the cohort, an average of 44 YPLL per decedent and an average of 29 YPLL before age 65 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among a cohort of opioid-dependent people in New South Wales, 1985-2005, almost nine in 10 deaths in the cohort were avoidable. There is huge scope to improve mortality among opioid-dependent people.
authors: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Louisa
authors: L
authors: Degenhardt
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Larney
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Randall
authors: Lucy
authors: L
authors: Burns
authors: Wayne
authors: W
authors: Hall
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D009517:New South Wales; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Ageing; heroin; injecting drug use; mortality; opioid dependence