title: Associations between dietary acrylamide intake and plasma sex hormone levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rodent carcinogen acrylamide was discovered in 2002 in commonly consumed foods. Epidemiologic studies have observed positive associations between acrylamide intake and endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer risks, which suggest that acrylamide may have sex-hormonal effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We cross-sectionally investigated the relationship between acrylamide intake and plasma levels of sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) among 687 postmenopausal and 1,300 premenopausal controls from nested case-control studies within the Nurses' Health Studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no associations between acrylamide and sex hormones or SHBG among premenopausal women overall or among never-smokers. Among normal-weight premenopausal women, acrylamide intake was statistically significantly positively associated with luteal total and free estradiol levels. Among postmenopausal women overall and among never-smokers, acrylamide was borderline statistically significantly associated with lower estrone sulfate levels but not with other estrogens, androgens, prolactin, or SHBG. Among normal-weight women, (borderline) statistically significant inverse associations were noted for estrone, free estradiol, estrone sulfate, DHEA, and prolactin, whereas statistically significant positive associations for testosterone and androstenedione were observed among overweight women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study did not show conclusive associations between acrylamide intake and sex hormones that would lend unequivocal biologic plausibility to the observed increased risks of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. The association between acrylamide and sex hormones may differ by menopausal and overweight status. We recommend other studies investigate the relationship between acrylamide and sex hormones in women, specifically using acrylamide biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed some interesting associations between acrylamide intake and sex hormones that urgently need confirmation.
authors: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
authors: Janneke G
authors: JG
authors: Hogervorst
authors: Renee T
authors: RT
authors: Fortner
authors: Lorelei A
authors: LA
authors: Mucci
authors: Shelley S
authors: SS
authors: Tworoger
authors: A Heather
authors: AH
authors: Eliassen
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Hankinson
authors: Kathryn M
authors: KM
authors: Wilson
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D020106:Acrylamide
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