title: Reduced in vitro toxicity of fine particulate matter collected during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing: the roles of chemical and biological components.
abstract: Beijing has implemented systematic air pollution control legislation to reduce particulate emissions and improve air quality during the 2008 Summer Olympics, but whether the toxicity of fine fraction of particles (PM(2.5)) would be changed remains unclear. In present study we compared in vitro biological responses of PM(2.5) collected before and during the Olympics and tried to reveal possible correlations between its chemical components and toxicological mechanism(s). We measured cytotoxicity, cytokines/chemokines, and related gene expressions in murine alveolar macrophages, MH-S, after treated with 20 PM(2.5) samples. Significant, dose-dependent effects on cell viability, cytokine/chemokine release and mRNA expressions were observed. The cytotoxicity caused at equal mass concentration of PM(2.5) was notably reduced (p<0.05) by control measures, and significant association was found for viability and elemental zinc in PM(2.5). Endotoxin content in PM(2.5) correlated with all of the eight detected cytokines/chemokines; elemental and organic carbon correlated with four; arsenic and chromium correlated with six and three, respectively; iron and barium showed associations with two; nickel, magnesium, potassium, and calcium showed associations with one. PM(2.5) toxicity in Beijing was substantially dependent on its chemical components, and lowering the levels of specific components in PM(2.5) during the 2008 Olympics resulted in reduced biological responses.
authors: State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Shang
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Zhu
authors: Anke-Gabriele
authors: AG
authors: Lenz
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Frankenberger
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Tian
authors: Chenyong
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Stoeger
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D000846:Anniversaries and Special Events; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002681:China; D016207:Cytokines / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007878:Legislation as Topic; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013177:Sports; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: 2008 Olympic Games; BC; Cytokine/chemokine; Cytotoxicity; DPBS; Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline; EC; GOI; HC; Hmox1; ICP-MS; Inflammation; LC; LDH; LPS; MFI; Mt2; OC; OD; Oxidative stress; PAHs; PM; PM(2.5); ROS; TEOM; black carbon; element carbon; gene of interest; heme oxygenase 1; high control; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; lactate dehydrogenase; lipopolysaccharide; low control; mean fluorescence intensity; metallothionein 2; optical density; organic carbon; particulate matter; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; qRT-PCR; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; reactive oxygen species; tapered element oscillating microbalance