title: Enhanced protein-energy provision via the enteral route feeding protocol in critically ill patients: results of a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the enhanced protein-energy provision via the enteral route feeding protocol, combined with a nursing educational intervention on nutritional intake, compared to usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cluster randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen ICUs from United States and Canada with low baseline nutritional adequacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand fifty-nine mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel feeding protocol combined with a nursing educational intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two primary efficacy outcomes were the proportion of the protein and energy prescriptions received by study patients via the enteral route over the first 12 days in the ICU. Safety outcomes were the prevalence of vomiting, witnessed aspiration, and ICU-acquired pneumonia. The proportion of prescribed protein and energy delivered by enteral nutrition was greater in the intervention sites compared to the control sites. Adjusted absolute mean difference between groups in the protein and energy increases were 14% (95% CI, 5-23%; p = 0.005) and 12% (95% CI, 5-20%; p = 0.004), respectively. The intervention sites had a similar improvement in protein and calories when appropriate parenteral nutrition was added to enteral sources. Use of the enhanced protein-energy provision via the enteral route feeding protocol was associated with a decrease in the average time from ICU admission to start of enteral nutrition compared to the control group (40.7-29.7 hr vs 33.6-35.2 hr, p = 0.10). Complication rates were no different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ICUs with low baseline nutritional adequacy, use of the enhanced protein-energy provision via the enteral route feeding protocol is safe and results in modest but statistically significant increases in protein and calorie intake.
authors: 1Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada. 2Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. 3Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada. 4Specialized Complex Care Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. 5Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 6Department of Medicine, Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 7Department of Community Health Sciences, Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 8Department of Nursing, Mount Royal College, Calgary, Canada. 9Department of Critical Care, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Daren K
authors: DK
authors: Heyland
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Murch
authors: Naomi
authors: N
authors: Cahill
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: McCall
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Muscedere
authors: Henry T
authors: HT
authors: Stelfox
authors: Tricia
authors: T
authors: Bray
authors: Teddie
authors: T
authors: Tanguay
authors: Xuran
authors: X
authors: Jiang
authors: Andrew G
authors: AG
authors: Day
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D002149:Energy Intake; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000451:nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010343:Patient Admission; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins