title: Properties and inflammatory effects of various size fractions of ambient particulate matter from Beijing on A549 and J774A.1 cells.
abstract: Particulate matter (PM) is a major ambient air pollutant causing millions of premature deaths each year in China. The toxicity of PM is property and size dependent. In this study, ambient PM samples collected in Beijing were divided into five size fractions with nominal aerodynamic ranges of <0.40, 0.40-1.1, 1.1-3.3, 3.3-5.8, and 5.8-10 μm. Individual size fractions were characterized for a number of properties including particle size distribution, specific surface area, zeta potential, dithiothreitol (DTT)-based redox ability, and contents of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), selected metals, and endotoxin. Human adenocarcinomic alveolar epithelial cell line A549 and small mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line J774A.1 were tested for their relative viabilities and inflammatory effects (interleukine-8 for A549 and tumor necrosis factor-α for J774A.1) after exposure to PM of various sizes. It was found that PM specific area was positively correlated with WSOC, high molecular weight PAHs, DTT-based redox ability, negatively correlated with surface zeta potential and lithophile metals. Several trace metals from combustion sources were enriched in intermediate size fractions. For both endotoxin concentrations of the PM and PM induced inflammatory cytokine expressions by the two cell lines, there were general increasing trends as PM size increased with an exception of the finest fraction, which induced the highest inflammatory effects. It seems that the size dependence of cytokine expression was associated with a number of properties including endotoxin content, zeta potential, settling velocity, metal content, and DTT-based redox ability.
authors: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Kexin
authors: K
authors: Li
authors: Wenjie
authors: W
authors: Jin
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: Yuzhong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Guofeng
authors: G
authors: Shen
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Wang
authors: Huizhong
authors: H
authors: Shen
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Ye
authors: Y
authors: Huang
authors: Yanyan
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Xilong
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Xiqing
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Wenxin
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Hongying
authors: H
authors: Cao
authors: Shu
authors: S
authors: Tao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002244:Carbon