title: Biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes in grape berry exocarp of Vitis vinifera L.: evidence for a transport of farnesyl diphosphate precursors from plastids to the cytosol.
abstract: The participation of the mevalonic acid (MVA) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathways in sesquiterpene biosynthesis of grape berries was investigated. There is an increasing interest in this class of terpenoids, since the oxygenated sesquiterpene rotundone was identified as the peppery aroma impact compound in Australian Shiraz wines. To investigate precursor supply pathway utilization, in vivo feeding experiments were performed with the deuterium labeled, pathway specific, precursors [5,5-(2)H2]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose and [5,5-(2)H2]-mevalonic acid lactone. Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis of the generated volatile metabolites demonstrated that de novo sesquiterpene biosynthesis is mainly located in the grape berry exocarp (skin), with no detectable activity in the mesocarp (flesh) of the Lemberger variety. Interestingly, precursors from both the (primarily) cytosolic MVA and plastidial DOXP/MEP pathways were incorporated into grape sesquiterpenes in the varieties Lemberger, Gewürztraminer and Syrah. Our labeling data provide evidence for a homogenous, cytosolic pool of precursors for sesquiterpene biosynthesis, indicating that a transport of precursors occurs mostly from plastids to the cytosol. The labeling patterns of the sesquiterpene germacrene D were in agreement with a cyclization mechanism analogous to that of a previously cloned enantioselective (R)-germacrene D synthase from Solidago canadensis. This observation was subsequently confirmed by enantioselective GC-MS analysis demonstrating the exclusive presence of (R)-germacrene D, and not the (S)-enantiomer, in grape berries.
authors: University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
authors: Bianca
authors: B
authors: May
authors: B Markus
authors: BM
authors: Lange
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Wüst
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004896:Erythritol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism*; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D010428:Pentosephosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018087:Plastids / Q000378:metabolism; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013403:Sugar Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C109460:1-deoxylulose 5-phosphate; C114232:2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate; D010428:Pentosephosphates; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013403:Sugar Phosphates; C004808:farnesyl pyrophosphate; D004896:Erythritol; D008798:Mevalonic Acid
keywords: 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose; Deuterium labeling; Diterpenes; Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry; Grapevine; Head space; Mevalonic acid; Monoterpenes; Solid phase-microextration
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