title: Disrupting the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis disturbs the characteristics of glioblastoma stem-like cells of rat RG2 glioblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) have been shown to promote tumor growth, tumor-associated neovascularization, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. CXCR4 receptors have been found involved in the proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug-resistant characteristics of glioblastoma. However, the role of CXCR4 in modulating the stem-like cell properties of rat glioblastoma remains ambiguous.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in maintaining rat GSC properties, we disrupted the CXCR4 signaling by using small hairpin interfering RNA (shRNA). To investigate the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in maintaining rat GSC properties, we used a spheroid formation assay to assess the stem cell self-renewal properties. A western blot analysis and PCR arrays were used to examine the genes involved in proliferation, self-renewal, and cancer drug resistance. Finally, DNA content and flow cytometry, an immunohistochemical analysis, and methylcellulose colony formation, in vitro invasive and intracranial injection xenograft assays were employed to examine the disruptive effect of CXCR4 on the characteristics of GSCs of the RG2 cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disrupting CXCR4 inhibited the proliferation of RG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. The spheroid formation assay indicated that CXCR4 was vital for the self-renewal of RG2 GSCs. Disrupting the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway also reduced the expression of GSC cell markers, including Nestin, ABCG2, and musashi (Msi), and the expression of genes involved in regulating stem cell properties, including Oct4, Nanog, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), MGMT, VEGF, MMP2, and MMP9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is crucial for maintaining the self-renewal, proliferation, therapeutic resistance, and angiogenesis of GSCs of rat RG2 glioblastoma.
authors: School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan. 059271@mail.fju.edu.tw.
authors: Chin-Cheng
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Jin-Huei
authors: JH
authors: Lai
authors: Dueng-Yang
authors: DY
authors: Hueng
authors: Hsin-I
authors: HI
authors: Ma
authors: Yuan- Chiang
authors: Y
authors: Chung
authors: Ya-Yun
authors: YY
authors: Sun
authors: Yih-Ju
authors: YJ
authors: Tsai
authors: Wen-Ben
authors: WB
authors: Wu
authors: Chih-Li
authors: CL
authors: Chen
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