title: Functional iron deficiency and diastolic function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional iron deficiency (FID) is an independent risk factor for poor outcome in advanced heart failure with reduced EF, but its role in heart failure with preserved EF (HFPEF) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of FID on cardiac performance determined by pressure-volume loop analysis in HFPEF.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 HFPEF patients who showed an increase in LV stiffness by pressure-volume (PV) loop analysis obtained by conductance-catheterization, performed exercise testing, echocardiographic examination including tissue Doppler and determination of iron metabolism: serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation. HFPEF patients who provided ferritin <100 μg/l or ferritin of 100-299 μg/l in combination with transferrin saturation <20% were defined as having FID. In 14 patients the expression of transferrin receptor was determined from available endomyocardial biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen out of 26 HFPEF patients showed FID without anemia. Compared to control subjects and HFPEF patients without FID, HFPEF patients with FID showed an up-regulation of the myocardial transferrin receptor expression (p<0.05). No differences between HFPEF patients with and without iron deficiency were found in heart dimensions, systolic and diastolic function obtained by PV-loop and echocardiography analysis. According to the linear regression analysis, LV stiffness was correlated with peak oxygen uptake (r=-0.636, p<0.001) but not with the ferritin level or transferrin saturation. No relation was found between FID and exercise capacity. The association of LV stiffness with exercise performance was independent from the level of iron deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In non-anemic HFPEF patients, cardiac dysfunction and impaired exercise capacity occur independently of FID.
authors: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Kasner
authors: Aleksandar S
authors: AS
authors: Aleksandrov
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Westermann
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Lassner
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Gross
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: von Haehling
authors: Stefan D
authors: SD
authors: Anker
authors: Heinz-Peter
authors: HP
authors: Schultheiss
authors: Carsten
authors: C
authors: Tschöpe
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D017725:Ventricular Pressure
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007501:Iron
keywords: CO; Diastolic function; E/A; E/E′; EDPVR; EDV; EF; ESP; ESV; ET; E′/A′; FID; HFPEF; IVRT; Iron deficiency; LA; LAVI; LV; LV end-diastolic pressure; LV filling index; LV mass index; LVEDP; LVMI; PV; SW; S′; TDI; Tau; VCO2; VE; VO2; VT; cardiac output; constant of LV stiffness, exponential curve fit to EDPVR; dP/dt(max); dP/dt(min); early (E′) to late (A′) diastolic velocity ratio of mitral annulus; ejection fraction; end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship; end-diastolic volume; end-systolic pressure; end-systolic volume; exercise testing; functional iron deficiency; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; isovolumic relaxation time; isovolumic relaxation time constant; left atrial; left atrial volume index; left ventricle; maximum rate of LV pressure change; minimum rate of LV pressure change; peak carbon dioxide output; peak oxygen uptake; pressure volume; ratio of early peak (E) to late peak (A) mitral flow velocities; stroke work; systolic velocity of mitral annulus; tissue Doppler imaging; ventilation equivalent; ventilatory (anaerobic) threshold; β