title: 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate inhibits migration of dental pulp stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cell migration is an important step in pulpal wound healing. Although components in the resin-based dental materials are known to have adverse effects on pulp wound healing including proliferation and mineralization, their effects on cell migration have been scarcely examined. Here, we investigated the effects of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on the migration of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability was assessed using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and cell migration was evaluated using the wound scratch assay and transwell migration assay at noncytotoxic doses. The Western blot was used to examine pathways associated with migration such as focal adhesion kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no drastic changes in the cell viability below 3 mmol/L HEMA. When DPSCs were treated with HEMA at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mmol/L, cell migration was diminished. HEMA-treated DPSCs exhibited the loss of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase in a dose-dependent manner. The HEMA-mediated inhibition of cell migration was associated with phosphorylation of p38 but not glycogen synthase kinase 3, Extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. When we inhibited the p38 signaling pathway using a p38 inhibitor, the migration of DPSCs was suppressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HEMA inhibits the migration of dental pulp cells in vitro, suggesting that poor pulpal wound healing under resin-based dental materials may be caused, in part, by the inhibition of cell migration by HEMA.
authors: UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors: Drake W
authors: DW
authors: Williams
authors: Hongkun
authors: H
authors: Wu
authors: Ju-Eun
authors: JE
authors: Oh
authors: Camron
authors: C
authors: Fakhar
authors: Mo K
authors: MK
authors: Kang
authors: Ki-Hyuk
authors: KH
authors: Shin
authors: No-Hee
authors: NH
authors: Park
authors: Reuben H
authors: RH
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003764:Dental Materials; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D008689:Methacrylates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C022616:thiazolyl blue; C408604:2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole
keywords: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; dental pulp stem cells; migration; p38; pulpal wound healing
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