title: Distinct basal ganglia circuits controlling behaviors guided by flexible and stable values.
abstract: Choosing valuable objects is critical for survival, but their values may change flexibly or remain stable. Therefore, animals should be able to update the object values flexibly by recent experiences and retain them stably by long-term experiences. However, it is unclear how the brain encodes the two conflicting forms of values and controls behavior accordingly. We found that distinct circuits of the primate caudate nucleus control behavior selectively in the flexible and stable value conditions. Single caudate neurons encoded the values of visual objects in a regionally distinct manner: flexible value coding in the caudate head and stable value coding in the caudate tail. Monkeys adapted in both conditions by looking at objects with higher values. Importantly, inactivation of each caudate subregion disrupted the high-low value discrimination selectively in the flexible or stable context. This parallel complementary mechanism enables animals to choose valuable objects in both flexible and stable conditions.
authors: Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: hyoung.f.kim@gmail.com.
authors: Hyoung F
authors: HF
authors: Kim
authors: Okihide
authors: O
authors: Hikosaka
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*
references: Brain. 1983 Jun;106 (Pt 2):257-70
references: 6850270
references: Trends Neurosci. 2005 Feb;28(2):73-8
references: 15667929
references: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(2):265-78
references: 17919725
references: Science. 1996 Sep 6;273(5280):1399-402
references: 8703077
references: Nat Neurosci. 2012 Mar 11;15(5):786-91
references: 22406551
references: J Neurosci. 2012 Nov 21;32(47):16917-32
references: 23175843
references: Exp Brain Res. 1983;49(1):93-115
references: 6861938
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:359-87
references: 18558860
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 1998 Oct 1;2(10):379-88
references: 21227253
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357-81
references: 3085570
references: Brain Res. 1984 Jan 2;290(1):53-65
references: 6692139
references: J Neurophysiol. 1995 Sep;74(3):1083-94
references: 7500134
references: Behav Brain Res. 1983 Feb;7(2):179-210
references: 6830651
references: Nature. 2006 Jun 15;441(7095):876-9
references: 16778890
references: Trends Neurosci. 1999 Oct;22(10):464-71
references: 10481194
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2010 May;14(5):208-15
references: 20207189
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59:255-78
references: 18154502
references: J Neurophysiol. 1985 Jan;53(1):266-91
references: 2983037
references: Psychol Rev. 2007 Oct;114(4):843-63
references: 17907866
references: Behav Neurosci. 2004 Aug;118(4):676-86
references: 15301595
references: Nature. 1999 Apr 22;398(6729):704-8
references: 10227292
references: Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:149-78
references: 15709932
references: J Comp Neurol. 1990 Aug 8;298(2):129-56
references: 1698830
references: Vision Res. 2013 Jun 7;85:58-72
references: 23262054
references: Exp Neurol. 1972 Dec;37(3):562-72
references: 4631188
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):48-69
references: 19776734
references: Cereb Cortex. 2000 Mar;10(3):284-94
references: 10731223
references: Brain Res. 1978 Jan 6;139(1):43-63
references: 413609
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2010 Apr;20(2):199-204
references: 20167474
references: J Neurosci. 2012 Aug 8;32(32):11005-16
references: 22875934
references: Neuron. 2008 Jul 10;59(1):161-72
references: 18614037
references: Neuropharmacology. 1998 Apr-May;37(4-5):407-19
references: 9704982
references: Brain. 1970;93(3):525-46
references: 4990231
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984 May;47(5):443-53
references: 6736974
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jun;7(6):464-76
references: 16715055
references: Physiol Rev. 2000 Jul;80(3):953-78
references: 10893428
references: Exp Neurol. 1970 Apr;27(1):1-15
references: 4985789
references: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1985 Nov;44(6):559-77
references: 2932539
references: Front Neurosci. 2012 Jul 17;6:108
references: 22822390
references: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jul;28 Suppl 1:S64-73
references: 12827146
references: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994 Dec;4(6):888-93
references: 7888773
references: Trends Neurosci. 1990 Jan;13(1):21-9
references: 1688671
references: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Nov;11(11):760-72
references: 20944662
references: Neuron. 2012 Oct 18;76(2):281-95
references: 23083732
references: J Neurosci. 2013 Jul 3;33(27):11227-38
references: 23825426
references: J Neurosci. 1985 Mar;5(3):776-94
references: 2983048
references: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:333-59
references: 21456961
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):4196-201
references: 11274442
references: Neuron. 2002 Oct 10;36(2):285-98
references: 12383782
references: Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 Aug;16(8):437-43
references: 22795563