title: Pharmacogenomics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interaction with biological differences between men and women.
abstract: Pharmacological response depends on multiple factors and one of them is sex-gender. Data on the specific effects of sex-gender on pharmacokinetics, as well as the safety and efficacy of numerous medications, are beginning to emerge. Nevertheless, the recruitment of women for clinical research is inadequate, especially during the first phases. In general, pharmacokinetic differences between males and females are more numerous and consistent than disparities in pharmacodynamics. However, sex-gender pharmacodynamic differences are now increasingly being identified at the molecular level. It is now even becoming apparent that sex-gender influences pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. Sex-related differences have been reported for several parameters, and it is consistently shown that women have a worse safety profile, with drug adverse reactions being more frequent and severe in women than in men. Overall, the pharmacological status of women is less well studied than that of men and deserves much more attention. The design of clinical and preclinical studies should have a sex-gender-based approach with the aim of tailoring therapies to an individual's needs and concerns.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy.
authors: Flavia
authors: F
authors: Franconi
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Campesi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012107:Research Design; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: drug response; gender differences; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetic; sex differences
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