title: Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnesium plays an essential role in the synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation substantially reversed the resistance to vitamin D treatment in patients with magnesium-dependent vitamin-D-resistant rickets. We hypothesized that dietary magnesium alone, particularly its interaction with vitamin D intake, contributes to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, and the associations between serum 25(OH)D and risk of mortality may be modified by magnesium intake level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested these novel hypotheses utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006, a population-based cross-sectional study, and the NHANES III cohort, a population-based cohort study. Serum 25(OH)D was used to define vitamin D status. Mortality outcomes in the NHANES III cohort were determined by using probabilistic linkage with the National Death Index (NDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High intake of total, dietary or supplemental magnesium was independently associated with significantly reduced risks of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency respectively. Intake of magnesium significantly interacted with intake of vitamin D in relation to risk of both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Additionally, the inverse association between total magnesium intake and vitamin D insufficiency primarily appeared among populations at high risk of vitamin D insufficiency. Furthermore, the associations of serum 25(OH)D with mortality, particularly due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and colorectal cancer, were modified by magnesium intake, and the inverse associations were primarily present among those with magnesium intake above the median.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary findings indicate it is possible that magnesium intake alone or its interaction with vitamin D intake may contribute to vitamin D status. The associations between serum 25(OH)D and risk of mortality may be modified by the intake level of magnesium. Future studies, including cohort studies and clinical trials, are necessary to confirm the findings.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA. qi.dai@vanderbilt.edu.
authors: Xinqing
authors: X
authors: Deng
authors: Yiqing
authors: Y
authors: Song
authors: JoAnn E
authors: JE
authors: Manson
authors: Lisa B
authors: LB
authors: Signorello
authors: Shumin M
authors: SM
authors: Zhang
authors: Martha J
authors: MJ
authors: Shrubsole
authors: Reid M
authors: RM
authors: Ness
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Seidner
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Dai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D008274:Magnesium
references: JAMA. 2011 Jun 22;305(24):2565-6
references: 21693745
references: Magnes Res. 1994 Dec;7(3-4):169-78
references: 7540407
references: Dermatoendocrinol. 2011 Jul;3(3):199-204
references: 22110780
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):743-51
references: 17823441
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jan;95(1):91-100
references: 22170374
references: Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr;221(2):587-95
references: 22341866
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb;95(2):362-6
references: 22205313
references: Nutrition. 2012 Apr;28(4):367-71
references: 22261577
references: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011 May;4(5):735-43
references: 21430073
references: Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(1):47-69
references: 19116875
references: Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug;25(4):633-46
references: 21872804
references: Lancet. 1973 Apr 14;1(7807):803-4
references: 4121224
references: Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37
references: 18695076
references: Ageing Res Rev. 2013 Mar;12(2):708-18
references: 22343489
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov;61(5):933-40
references: 3840173
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969 Jul 23;36(2):251-6
references: 4308079
references: Diabetes Care. 2012 Mar;35(3):565-73
references: 22323410
references: Front Biosci. 2005 Jan 01;10:119-34
references: 15574355
references: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Jul;31(1):31-8
references: 2598479
references: J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2062-72
references: 16886050
references: Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1013-21
references: 16596461
references: Am J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 15;96(8):1135-41
references: 16214452
references: Anticancer Res. 2011 Feb;31(2):607-11
references: 21378345
references: Cancer Causes Control. 2012 Feb;23(2):363-70
references: 22193397
references: Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20
references: 19543765
references: Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 1;70(21):8587-97
references: 20847342
references: J Clin Invest. 1993 Jun;91(6):2552-5
references: 8390483
references: Magnes Res. 1992 Mar;5(1):5-14
references: 1591144
references: Osteoporos Int. 2011 Jun;22(6):1745-53
references: 20848081
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;94(2):534-42
references: 21653796
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2017-29
references: 17389701
references: Lancet. 1974 May 18;1(7864):963-5
references: 4133647
references: Vital Health Stat 1. 1994 Jul;(32):1-407
references: 7975354
references: Contemp Clin Trials. 2012 Jan;33(1):159-71
references: 21986389
references: Lancet. 2010 Jul 17;376(9736):180-8
references: 20541252
references: Dermatoendocrinol. 2012 Apr 1;4(2):198-202
references: 22928077
references: N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 14;364(15):1385-7
references: 21428761
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;65(9):1005-15
references: 21731035
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Dec;22 Suppl 2:V81-5
references: 18290728