title: Moderate hypothermia inhibits brain inflammation and attenuates stroke-induced immunodepression in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke causes both brain inflammation and immunodepression. Mild-to-moderate hypothermia is known to attenuate brain inflammation, but its role in stroke-induced immunodepression (SIID) of the peripheral immune system remains unknown. This study investigated the effects in rats of moderate intra-ischemic hypothermia on SIID and brain inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke was induced in rats by permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion combined with transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, while body temperature was reduced to 30°C. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, in vitro T-cell proliferation assays, in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and confocal microscopy were used to study SIID and brain inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brief intra-ischemic hypothermia helped maintain certain leukocytes in the peripheral blood and spleen and enhanced T-cell proliferation in vitro and delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, suggesting that hypothermia reduces SIID. In contrast, in the brain, brief intra-Ischemic hypothermia inhibited mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and proinflammatory mediators INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-1β and MIP-2. Brief intra-Ischemic hypothermia also attenuated the infiltration of lymphocytes, neutrophils (MPO(+) cells) and macrophages (CD68(+) cells) into the ischemic brain, suggesting that hypothermia inhibited brain inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief intra-ischemic hypothermia attenuated SIID and protected against acute brain inflammation.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Li-Juan
authors: LJ
authors: Gu
authors: Xiao-Xing
authors: XX
authors: Xiong
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Ito
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Bao-Hui
authors: BH
authors: Xu
authors: Sheri
authors: S
authors: Krams
authors: Gary K
authors: GK
authors: Steinberg
authors: Heng
authors: H
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000502:physiology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Focal cerebral ischemia; Hypothermia; Immunodepression; Inflammation; Leukocytes
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