title: Characteristics of, prevalence of, and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (pigmentary keratopathy) in Pugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the characteristics of, prevalence of, and risk factors for corneal pigmentation (CP) in Pugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  295 Pugs > 16 weeks old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ophthalmic examination of the anterior segment of each eye was performed, including determination of tear film characteristics (Schirmer tear test and tear film breakup time) and corneal sensitivity. Digital photographs of the head and each eye were obtained. Corneal pigmentation of eyes was graded as absent, very mild, mild, moderate, or severe. Signalment and medical history information and American Kennel Club registration status were recorded. Results-CP was detected in at least 1 eye of 243 of the 295 (82.4%) Pugs; CP was typically very mild or mild. Detection of CP was not significantly associated with coat color, age, eyelid conformation, or tear film characteristics but was significantly associated with sex of dogs. The severity of CP was not significantly associated with American Kennel Club registration status or age, but was significantly associated with sex, tear film characteristics, and coat color. Iris hypoplasia was detected in 72.1% of the Pugs. Iris-to-iris persistent pupillary membranes were detected in 85.3% of the Pugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of CP in Pugs in this study was high. Unexpectedly high prevalences of iris hypoplasia and persistent pupillary membranes were also identified. The condition identified in these Pugs was a pigmentary keratopathy, rather than pigmentary keratitis or corneal melanosis. This condition may have a genetic basis, and further studies are warranted to determine etiology.
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61082, USA. alabelle@illinois.edu
authors: Amber L
authors: AL
authors: Labelle
authors: Christine B
authors: CB
authors: Dresser
authors: Ralph E
authors: RE
authors: Hamor
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Allender
authors: Julia L
authors: JL
authors: Disney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008297:Male; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological