title: Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.
abstract: Mounting evidence supports that cadmium, a toxic metal found in tobacco, air and food, is a cardiovascular risk factor. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of epidemiologic studies evaluating the association between cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease. Twelve studies were identified. Overall, the pooled relative risks (95% confidence interval) for cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease were: 1.36 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.66), 1.30 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.52), 1.18 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.59), and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.92), respectively. The pooled relative risks for cardiovascular disease in men, women and never smokers were 1.29 (1.12, 1.48), 1.20 (0.92, 1.56) and 1.27 (0.97, 1.67), respectively. Together with experimental evidence, our review supports the association between cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease, especially for coronary heart disease. The number of studies with stroke, heart failure (HF) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) endpoints was small. More studies, especially studies evaluating incident endpoints, are needed.
authors: Fundacion de Investigacion del Hospital Clinico de Valencia-INCLIVA, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain. maria.tellez@uv.es
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Tellez-Plaza
authors: Miranda R
authors: MR
authors: Jones
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Dominguez-Lucas
authors: Eliseo
authors: E
authors: Guallar
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Navas-Acien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
references: Pol Arch Med Wewn. 1983 Jan;69(1):9-14
references: 6889147
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 1;256(1):1-7
references: 21767559
references: Pol Tyg Lek. 1980 Aug 4;35(31):1173-5
references: 7433195
references: Int Angiol. 2010 Dec;29(6):489-95
references: 21173730
references: Arch Intern Med. 1969 Apr;123(4):405-8
references: 5778121
references: Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013 Jun;26(3):440-56
references: 23857371
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006 Oct;113(1):19-34
references: 17114812
references: Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006 Mar;208(3):179-202
references: 16498227
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Feb;120(2):204-9
references: 22062584
references: Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 1983 Dec;11(4):256-9
references: 6673941
references: Circulation. 2004 Jun 29;109(25):3196-201
references: 15184277
references: Neurotoxicology. 1998 Aug-Oct;19(4-5):529-35
references: 9745907
references: Stat Med. 2002 Jun 15;21(11):1539-58
references: 12111919
references: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988 Aug;14(4):220-3
references: 3175553
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Jun 1;245(2):252-5
references: 20303360
references: J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004 May;1(5):324-33
references: 15238341
references: Diabetes Care. 2003 Feb;26(2):468-70
references: 12547882
references: Kardiol Pol. 1980;23(6):467-73
references: 7420814
references: Epidemiology. 2013 May;24(3):421-9
references: 23514838
references: Chin Med J (Engl). 2011 Nov;124(21):3504-9
references: 22340168
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Jun;118(6):776-82
references: 20053595
references: Br J Ind Med. 1983 Aug;40(3):293-300
references: 6871118
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Feb;121(2):187-91
references: 23128055
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Apr;134(1):1-12
references: 19588078
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Dec;116(12):1620-8
references: 19079711
references: Br J Ind Med. 1985 Oct;42(10):651-5
references: 4041382
references: Environ Res. 2007 May;104(1):85-95
references: 16996054
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jul;120(7):1017-22
references: 22472185
references: Environ Res. 2010 Feb;110(2):199-206
references: 20060521
references: Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2006 Apr;26(4):720-2
references: 16836148
references: Environ Res. 2006 Mar;100(3):323-9
references: 16221470
references: Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(10):1161-208
references: 15892631
references: Angiology. 2011 Jul;62(5):422-9
references: 21421632
references: J Integr Plant Biol. 2008 Oct;50(10):1268-80
references: 19017114
references: Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Nov;38(5):1001-8
references: 11684553
references: Arch Environ Health. 1982 Mar-Apr;37(2):98-102
references: 7073331
references: Occup Environ Med. 2000 Feb;57(2):94-7
references: 10711276
references: Environ Res. 2007 Jan;103(1):30-7
references: 16843453
references: Environ Res. 2011 Jan;111(1):171-6
references: 21055738
references: Environ Res. 2009 Oct;109(7):874-9
references: 19616207
references: Toxicology. 2001 May 28;163(1):23-8
references: 11376862
references: Cor Vasa. 1982;24(6):441-7
references: 7184698
references: Chembiochem. 2009 Jan 5;10(1):55-62
references: 19089881
references: BMJ Open. 2013 Mar 06;3(3):
references: 23471610
references: Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Apr;14(4):545-53
references: 10770491
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Dec;119(12):1800-5
references: 21835726
references: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1987 Dec 15;137(23):553-7
references: 3326293
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Mar;139(3):257-68
references: 20162377
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Apr 15;163(8):700-8
references: 16484446
references: Environ Res. 2012 Jan;112:194-8
references: 22033168
references: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Sep;29(9):1392-8
references: 19556524
references: JAMA. 1988 Aug 5;260(5):652-6
references: 3392790
references: Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Jan;255(1-2):87-92
references: 14971649
references: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012 Feb;85(2):189-96
references: 21656121
references: Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2008 Nov;26(11):679
references: 19467192
references: J Toxicol. 2012;2012:356126
references: 22291700
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Aug;108(8):719-22
references: 10964791
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Nov 1;170(9):1156-64
references: 19700501
references: Arch Toxicol. 2012 Apr;86(4):591-601
references: 22127542
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2003 May;92(2):97-104
references: 12746569
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013 May 1;268(3):286-93
references: 23454399
references: J Hazard Mater. 2012 Aug 15;227-228:353-61
references: 22677056
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Jan;116(1):51-6
references: 18197299
references: J Intern Med. 2012 Dec;272(6):601-10
references: 22812670
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec;118(12):1676-84
references: 20716508
references: Environ Res. 1992 Jun;58(1):25-34
references: 1350763
references: Lancet. 1999 Apr 3;353(9159):1140-4
references: 10209978
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):A510-1; author reply A511
references: 16079051
references: Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Sep;142(3):362-79
references: 20838927
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23048
references: 21829690
references: Sci Total Environ. 2008 Aug 1;400(1-3):162-72
references: 18752835
references: Intern Med J. 2012 Jun;42(6):691-7
references: 22032496
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Feb;117(2):190-6
references: 19270787
references: Eur J Cardiol. 1979 May;9(5):379-91
references: 456396
references: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1983 Aug;9(4):327-31
references: 6635611
references: Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Apr;121(4):467-72
references: 23416510
references: Arch Environ Health. 2004 Dec;59(12):686-92
references: 16789478
references: Biochimie. 2009 Oct;91(10):1218-22
references: 19375483
references: Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Sep 15;172(6):671-81
references: 20693268
references: Environ Res. 2013 Feb;121:104-9
references: 23261793
references: World Rev Nutr Diet. 1975;20:299-326
references: 1130099
references: Urol Res. 1983;11(6):285-90
references: 6659225
references: Virchows Arch. 2010 Jan;456(1):13-21
references: 19844740
references: Environ Res. 2010 Aug;110(6):612-6
references: 20561611
references: Environ Res. 2008 Feb;106(2):284-6
references: 18053980
references: Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(16):2611-20
references: 22471978
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Dec 15;265(3):373-9
references: 22995156