title: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: associations with maternal gestational diet and lifestyle factors in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate primarily the dietary intake, as well as demographics and selected lifestyle factors, of women experiencing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, nausea only, or women who are symptom free.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, a population-based pregnancy cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were based on 51 675 Norwegian pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake was assessed by a self-reported food frequency questionnaire answered in the first trimester of pregnancy, as were data regarding nausea and vomiting. Chi-squared tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP), gestational weight gain (GWG), and dietary intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 17 070 (33%) women experienced NVP, 20 371 (39%) experienced only nausea, and 14 234 (28%) were symptom free. Women with NVP were younger and heavier at pregnancy onset, with the lowest GWG and highest energy intake during pregnancy, primarily from carbohydrates and added sugars, compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis of GWG and group adjusted for body mass index (BMI), gestational length, smoking during pregnancy, and energy intake, a significant interaction was found between BMI and group (P < 0.001). A significant effect of group (P < 0.001) was found in all BMI strata, except among underweight women (P = 0.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that women with NVP are characterised by high intakes of carbohydrates and added sugar, primarily from sugar-containing soft drinks. Whether higher intakes of carbohydrates are a response aimed to alleviate symptoms, or are actually provoking the condition, is not known.
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Chortatos
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Haugen
authors: P O
authors: PO
authors: Iversen
authors: Å
authors: Å
authors: Vikanes
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Magnus
authors: M B
authors: MB
authors: Veierød
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D048968:Morning Sickness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Aversions; cravings; maternal diet; nausea and vomiting in pregnancy