title: A mutation in the FZL gene of Arabidopsis causing alteration in chloroplast morphology results in a lesion mimic phenotype.
abstract: Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are a class of mutants in which hypersensitive cell death and defence responses are constitutively activated in the absence of pathogen attack. Various signalling molecules, such as salicylic acid (SA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca(2+), ethylene, and jasmonate, are involved in the regulation of multiple pathways controlling hypersensitive response (HR) activation, and LMMs are considered useful tools to understand the role played by the key elements of the HR cell death signalling cascade. Here the characterization of an Arabidopsis LMM lacking the function of the FZL gene is reported. This gene encodes a membrane-remodelling GTPase playing an essential role in the determination of thylakoid and chloroplast morphology. The mutant displayed alteration in chloroplast number, size, and shape, and the typical characteristics of an LMM, namely development of chlorotic lesions on rosette leaves and constitutive expression of genetic and biochemical markers associated with defence responses. The chloroplasts are a major source of ROS, and the characterization of this mutant suggests that their accumulation, triggered by damage to the chloroplast membranes, is a signal sufficient to start the HR signalling cascade, thus confirming the central role of the chloroplast in HR activation.
authors: Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors: Michela
authors: M
authors: Landoni
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: De Francesco
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Bellatti
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Delledonne
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Ferrarini
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Venturini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Pilu
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Bononi
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Tonelli
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics*; D060146:Ecotype; D004777:Environment; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D005819:Genetic Markers; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; C000588570:FZL protein, Arabidopsis; D020558:GTP Phosphohydrolases
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; chloroplast; double mutants; expression analysis; lesion mimic mutants (LMMs); reactive oxygen species (ROS)
references: Plant Physiol. 2001 Jan;125(1):94-7
references: 11154305
references: J Exp Bot. 2008;59(3):501-20
references: 18079135
references: Nat Genet. 2000 Dec;26(4):403-10
references: 11101835
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2010 Aug;13(4):459-65
references: 20471306
references: Genes Dev. 1995 Jul 15;9(14):1797-810
references: 7622040
references: Plant Cell. 2006 Mar;18(3):731-46
references: 16473969
references: Plant J. 2013 Jan;73(1):118-30
references: 22974487
references: Plant Cell Physiol. 2012 Jan;53(1):125-34
references: 22180599
references: New Phytol. 2012 Jan;193(1):81-95
references: 21916894
references: Plant Cell. 1998 Jul;10(7):1095-1105
references: 9668130
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2003 Aug;6(4):365-71
references: 12873532
references: Plant Physiol. 2013 Apr;161(4):1795-805
references: 23400705
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46206
references: 23029436
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2010 Apr;5(4):393-6
references: 20383072
references: Nature. 2001 Jun 14;411(6839):848-53
references: 11459068
references: Science. 1996 Sep 27;273(5283):1853-6
references: 8791589
references: Plant Physiol. 2004 Sep;136(1):2818-30
references: 15347794
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15259-64
references: 14657372
references: Plant J. 1998 Dec;16(6):735-43
references: 10069079
references: Genetics. 2000 Sep;156(1):341-50
references: 10978297
references: Plant Physiol. 2000 Jul;123(3):795-805
references: 10889228
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1998 Aug;1(4):316-23
references: 10066607
references: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(4):e1003465
references: 23633962
references: Theor Appl Genet. 2004 Dec;110(1):33-40
references: 15517145
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Aug;8(4):383-9
references: 15939664
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2003 Jun;8(6):263-71
references: 12818660
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2000 Oct;5(10):426-31
references: 11044719
references: Plant J. 1997 Jul;12(1):21-9
references: 9263449
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jul 16;51(15):4308-14
references: 12848503
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2012 Aug;7(8):944-6
references: 22836499
references: J Plant Physiol. 2004 Jul;161(7):777-83
references: 15310066
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 25;103(17):6759-64
references: 16617119
references: Plant J. 2002 May;30(4):467-80
references: 12028576
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2000 Aug;3(4):278-84
references: 10873844
references: Science. 2003 Aug 1;301(5633):653-7
references: 12893945
references: Genome Res. 2008 Dec;18(12):2024-33
references: 18818371
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 May 7;51(10):2992-9
references: 12720382
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 16;103(20):7917-22
references: 16682642
references: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2004 Oct;7(5):547-52
references: 15337097
references: EMBO J. 1995 Aug 1;14(15):3712-20
references: 7641690
references: Plant Signal Behav. 2013 Apr;8(4):e23603
references: 23333976
references: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Feb;21(2):198-207
references: 18184064
references: Trends Plant Sci. 2010 Jul;15(7):370-4
references: 20605736
references: Plant J. 1996 Nov;10(5):771-80
references: 8953241
references: Nat Methods. 2009 Aug;6(8):550-1
references: 19644454
references: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2004;55:373-99
references: 15377225
references: Plant Physiol. 1991 Aug;96(4):1193-5
references: 16668319
references: Plant J. 2004 May;38(3):473-86
references: 15086796
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):771-6
references: 11149948
references: Plant J. 2009 Nov;60(4):602-13
references: 19686535
references: Plant Mol Biol. 2010 Oct;74(3):235-47
references: 20683641
references: Mol Plant Pathol. 2006 Sep;7(5):391-403
references: 20507455
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 18;95(17):10306-11
references: 9707643
references: Cell Death Differ. 2011 Aug;18(8):1241-6
references: 21494263
references: Physiol Plant. 2010 Apr;138(4):430-9
references: 20028481
references: Plant Physiol. 2002 Dec;130(4):1894-907
references: 12481072
references: Plant J. 1993 Aug;4(2):327-41
references: 8220484
references: Nature. 2001 Nov 29;414(6863):562-5
references: 11734859
references: Plant Cell. 1991 Oct;3(10):1085-1094
references: 12324583
references: Plant Cell. 2004 Aug;16(8):2217-32
references: 15269331
references: Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):754-6
references: 17757215
references: Nat Commun. 2012 Jun 26;3:926
references: 22735454
references: Cell. 1994 May 20;77(4):551-63
references: 8187175
references: Curr Biol. 1996 Apr 1;6(4):427-37
references: 8723347
references: Plant Physiol. 2007 Oct;145(2):465-77
references: 17720753
references: Cell. 1994 May 20;77(4):565-77
references: 8187176
references: J Biosci. 2013 Jun;38(2):433-49
references: 23660678
references: Plant J. 2003 Nov;36(3):353-65
references: 14617092
references: Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):323-9
references: 17108957
references: Genes Dev. 2002 Feb 15;16(4):490-502
references: 11850411
references: J Exp Bot. 2013 Mar;64(5):1367-79
references: 23378380
references: Plant J. 2001 Jul;27(2):89-99
references: 11489187
references: Plant Cell. 2002 Jan;14(1):275-86
references: 11826312
references: J Gen Virol. 2008 Mar;89(Pt 3):799-808
references: 18272772
references: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2006;44:135-62
references: 16602946
references: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2013;64:839-63
references: 23373699
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2012 May 16;60(19):4960-9
references: 22533968
references: Plant Cell. 2012 Jul;24(7):3026-39
references: 22797473
references: Plant J. 2009 Dec;60(6):962-73
references: 19719480
references: Nature. 1998 Aug 6;394(6693):585-8
references: 9707120
references: Genomics. 1987 Oct;1(2):174-81
references: 3692487