title: Overoxidation of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxins: balancing toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide.
abstract: Photosynthesis, the primary source of biomass and oxygen into the biosphere, involves the transport of electrons in the presence of oxygen and, therefore, chloroplasts constitute an important source of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide. If accumulated at high level, hydrogen peroxide may exert a toxic effect; however, it is as well an important second messenger. In order to balance the toxic and signaling activities of hydrogen peroxide its level has to be tightly controlled. To this end, chloroplasts are equipped with different antioxidant systems such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs), thiol-based peroxidases able to reduce hydrogen and organic peroxides. At high peroxide concentrations the peroxidase function of 2-Cys Prxs may become inactivated through a process of overoxidation. This inactivation has been proposed to explain the signaling function of hydrogen peroxide in eukaryotes, whereas in prokaryotes, the 2-Cys Prxs of which were considered to be insensitive to overoxidation, the signaling activity of hydrogen peroxide is less relevant. Here we discuss the current knowledge about the mechanisms controlling 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in chloroplasts, organelles with an important signaling function in plants. Given the prokaryotic origin of chloroplasts, we discuss the occurrence of 2-Cys Prx overoxidation in cyanobacteria with the aim of identifying similarities between chloroplasts and their ancestors regarding their response to hydrogen peroxide.
authors: Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Leonor
authors: L
authors: Puerto-Galán
authors: Juan M
authors: JM
authors: Pérez-Ruiz
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Ferrández
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Cano
authors: Belén
authors: B
authors: Naranjo
authors: Victoria A
authors: VA
authors: Nájera
authors: Maricruz
authors: M
authors: González
authors: Anna M
authors: AM
authors: Lindahl
authors: Francisco J
authors: FJ
authors: Cejudo
keywords: chloroplast; hydrogen peroxide; oxidative stress; peroxiredoxin; redox regulation; thioredoxin
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