title: Mobile phone radiation induces mode-dependent DNA damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line: a protective role of melatonin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether exposure to mobile phone radiation (MPR) can induce DNA damage in male germ cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line was exposed to a commercial mobile phone handset once every 20 min in standby, listen, dialed or dialing modes for 24 h. DNA damage was determined using an alkaline comet assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of DNA damage were significantly increased following exposure to MPR in the listen, dialed and dialing modes. Moreover, there were significantly higher increases in the dialed and dialing modes than in the listen mode. Interestingly, these results were consistent with the radiation intensities of these modes. However, the DNA damage effects of MPR in the dialing mode were efficiently attenuated by melatonin pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results regarding mode-dependent DNA damage have important implications for the safety of inappropriate mobile phone use by males of reproductive age and also suggest a simple preventive measure: Keeping mobile phones as far away from our body as possible, not only during conversations but during 'dialed' and 'dialing' operation modes. Since the 'dialed' mode is actually part of the standby mode, mobile phones should be kept at a safe distance from our body even during standby operation. Furthermore, the protective role of melatonin suggests that it may be a promising pharmacological candidate for preventing mobile phone use-related reproductive impairments.
authors: Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China.
authors: Chuan
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Gao
authors: Shang-Cheng
authors: SC
authors: Xu
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Chun-Hai
authors: CH
authors: Chen
authors: Min-Di
authors: MD
authors: He
authors: Zheng-Ping
authors: ZP
authors: Yu
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Zhou
authors: Z
authors: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D040421:Cell Phone; D004249:DNA Damage; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D008550:Melatonin