title: Inflammation and immune response in COPD: where do we stand?
abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of COPD. Recent data provide evidence for a role in the NLRP3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in COPD. Cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to release "danger signal". These signals act as ligands to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammation. In smokers who develop COPD there appears to be a specific pattern of inflammation in the airways and parenchyma as a result of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with the predominance of CD8+ and CD4+ cells, and in the more severe disease, with the presence of lymphoid follicles containing B lymphocytes and T cells. Furthermore, viral and bacterial infections interfere with the chronic inflammation seen in stable COPD and exacerbations via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Finally, autoimmunity is another novel aspect that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review is un update of the currently discussed roles of inflammatory and immune responses in the pathogenesis of COPD.
authors: Intensive Care Unit, 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and Sotiria Chest Disease Hospital, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece. nikrovina@med.uoa.gr
authors: Nikoletta
authors: N
authors: Rovina
authors: Antonia
authors: A
authors: Koutsoukou
authors: Nikolaos G
authors: NG
authors: Koulouris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000473:pathology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007239:Infections / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000473:pathology*; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
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