title: Metabolic syndrome and gingival inflammation in Caucasian children with a family history of obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are associated with gingival inflammation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline visit of the QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity in children of Quebec, Canada. The analytic sample includes 448 children aged 8-10 years, 39% of whom were overweight or obese. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation recommendations. Gingival inflammation was defined by the level of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the extent of gingival bleeding. Sex-specific linear regression analyses estimated the associations between MetS and gingival inflammation, adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five children had MetS. Boys with MetS compared to those without, had a 49.5% (p-value = 0.001) higher GCF TNF-α level and 13.7% (p-value = 0.033) more sites with gingival bleeding. Moreover, for three of the five components of MetS - waist circumference, fasting plasma triglycerides, systolic blood pressure - an increase was associated with increased GCF TNF-α level in boys. No such findings were seen in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association between MetS and gingival inflammation was observed as early as in childhood, and may differ by sex.
authors: Oral Health and Society Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Epidemiology Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.
authors: Khady
authors: K
authors: Kâ
authors: Marie-Claude
authors: MC
authors: Rousseau
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Lambert
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Tremblay
authors: Simon D
authors: SD
authors: Tran
authors: Mélanie
authors: M
authors: Henderson
authors: Belinda
authors: B
authors: Nicolau
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: children; gingival crevicular fluid; gingival inflammation; metabolic syndrome; periodontal disease; tumour necrosis factor-alpha