title: Hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (HyCoSy): evaluation of the pain perception, side effects and complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tubal and uterine cavity diseases commonly compromise female fertility. At the present time, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy with chromopertubation and RX-Hysterosalpingography (RX-HSG) are widely accepted screening procedures enabling the effective assessment of both tubal patency and uterine cavity. Nevertheless, consistent evidence supports the reliability of Hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (HyCoSy) in uterine cavity and tubal patency investigation, as a part of the standard infertility work-up. This prospective study was aimed at evaluating the tolerability of the technique as well as the incidence of related side effects and complications in a large series of infertile patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain perception of 632 infertile women was measured by means of an 11-point numeric rating scale. Side effects and late complications were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean numeric rating scale was 2.15 ± 2.0 SD. Most of the patients (374/632, 59.17%) rated HyCoSy as a non-painful procedure, whereas 24.36% (154/632) women reported mild pelvic pain and 9.96% (63/632) classified the discomfort as "moderate". Only 6.48% (41/632) of the patient population experienced severe pelvic pain. Fifteen (2.37%) patients required drug administration for pain relief. Twenty-six patients (4.11%) showed mild vaso-vagal reactions that resolved without atropine administration. No severe vaso-vagal reactions or late complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HyCoSy is a well-tolerated examination and the associated vagal effects are unusual and generally mild. Consequently, we support its introduction as a first-line procedure for tubal patency and uterine cavity investigation in infertile women.
authors: Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, Ferrara, Cona 44124, Italy. roberto.marci@unife.it
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Marci
authors: Immacolata
authors: I
authors: Marcucci
authors: Aurelio Aniceto
authors: AA
authors: Marcucci
authors: Nicolina
authors: N
authors: Pacini
authors: Pietro
authors: P
authors: Salacone
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Sebastianelli
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Caponecchia
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Lo Monte
authors: Rocco
authors: R
authors: Rago
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003944:Diagnostic Techniques, Obstetrical and Gynecological / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
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