title: Comparative epidemiology of hospital-acquired adverse drug reactions in adults and children and their impact on cost and hospital stay--a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study and analyze the comparative impact of hospital-acquired adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in adult and pediatric patients in terms of the economic implications, (length of) hospital stay, and salient features in relation to the incidence rate, severity, morbidity, mortality, and preventability of the ADRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search to identify and retrieve relevant articles/studies in the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, MEDPAR, and Cochrane databases and by the Google search engine was performed for the study period 2000 to April 2013. In total, 51 studies were identified on patients hospitalized for ADRs, and these were included in the study. The incidence rate of ADRs, their severity, mortality, morbidity, preventability, cost, and association with extended hospital stay due to ADRs were extracted and scrutinized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital-acquired ADRs are more widely studied in adults than in children, and the incidence rate is higher in the former. However, a wide variation in the incidence rate worldwide is observed in both groups. Irrespective of the ages of patients, ADRs are among the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, preventable ADRs are more frequently observed in patients at the younger and older ends of the age spectrum. Hospital-acquired ADRs place an immense economic burden on healthcare systems, with the overall cost for a hospitalized patient with an ADR reported to be $2,401 per patient, which is equivalent to a 19.86 % additional increase in the total cost of care and an increase in average length of hospital stay of 8.25 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings of this review, we suggest that excellent assertive measures of pharmacovigilance with the aim to diminish the incidence rate of hospital-acquired ADRs and support the development of interventions are needed to promote vital facets of drug safety with an overall objective to avert potential ADRs.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, lmkhan00@hotmail.com.
authors: Lateef Mohiuddin
authors: LM
authors: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay
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