title: Avoiding the problem state bottleneck by strategic use of the environment.
abstract: We investigated whether environmental support can be used to circumvent the problem state bottleneck in human multitasking. Previously, it was shown that people can only maintain a single chunk of information in their problem state resource, the central part of working memory. Consequently, when the problem state resource was required by multiple tasks concurrently, performance decreased. This phenomenon was termed the problem state bottleneck. To investigate whether the environment can be used to circumvent this bottleneck, we conducted an experiment with two main conditions. In the No-Support condition we replicated an earlier experiment that indicated the existence of the problem state bottleneck. In the Support condition we presented external cues, reducing the load on the problem state resource. To support the results of the experiment we present a computational cognitive model. The experiment and model indicated that the problem state bottleneck can be avoided by using external cues. However, subjects only used external cues when this led to faster behavior. These results were interpreted in the light of the Soft Constraints Hypothesis, which states that humans always follow the fastest strategy possible, as opposed to the most accurate strategy.
authors: Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jelmer@cmu.edu.
authors: Jelmer P
authors: JP
authors: Borst
authors: Trudy A
authors: TA
authors: Buwalda
authors: Hedderik
authors: H
authors: van Rijn
authors: Niels A
authors: NA
authors: Taatgen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 2300 Human Experimental Psychology; 2340 Cognitive Processes; 4010 Human Factors Engineering; ACT-R; Multitasking; Problem state bottleneck; Soft Constraints Hypothesis