title: Educational competencies and technologies for disaster preparedness in undergraduate nursing education: an integrative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This integrative review of literature was conducted to determine (1) what are the suitable disaster preparedness competencies for undergraduate nursing curriculum? and (2) what are the suitable methods of instruction to deliver disaster preparedness content?
  A literature search was conducted on three major electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) using the keywords; Disaster Preparedness, Disaster and nursing education; disaster response and nursing education. Limiters used were published within the last 10 years and in nursing field. Out of the 190 articles retrieved, eight were research articles that met the inclusion criteria. These articles were carefully reviewed and the results are summarized in two sections to answer the research questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no uniformity of intended competencies among the studies, though all studies used resources from reputed national and international organizations. All the studies reviewed adhered to a systematic approach in delivering content and used eclectic methods including multiple technologies to enhance the educational outcomes. Most of the studies had incorporated simulation in different ways involving low to high fidelity simulators, virtual simulation and live actors. Content and length of the programs were greatly varied but stayed focused on the general principles of disaster management and appropriate for the level of the students within the programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More rigorous research is needed in this area since all published articles had deficiencies in the methodologies, especially in data collection and analysis. Disaster preparedness education was found to be a suitable activity for interprofessional education.
authors: University of Texas Medical Branch School of Nursing, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States. Electronic address: mmjose@utmb.edu.
authors: Mini M
authors: MM
authors: Jose
authors: University of Texas Medical Branch School of Nursing, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States. Electronic address: ccdufren@utmb.edu.
authors: Claudine
authors: C
authors: Dufrene
mesh_terms: D004189:Disaster Planning; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D006801:Humans; D011361:Professional Competence
keywords: Disaster preparedness; Disaster response; Educational technology; Interprofessional education; Nursing education; Simulation