title: Time- but not sleep-dependent consolidation of tDCS-enhanced visuomotor skills.
abstract: Consolidation of motor skills after training can occur in a time- or sleep-dependent fashion. Recent studies revealed time-dependent consolidation as a common feature of visuomotor tasks. We have previously shown that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with repeated motor training benefits consolidation by the induction of offline skill gains in a complex visuomotor task, preventing the regular occurrence of skill loss between days. Here, we asked 2 questions: What is the time course of consolidation between days for this task and do exogenously induced offline gains develop as a function of time or overnight sleep? We found that both the development of offline skill loss in sham-stimulated subjects and offline skill gains induced by anodal tDCS critically depend on the passage of time after training, but not on overnight sleep. These findings support the view that tDCS interacts directly with the physiological consolidation process. However, in a control experiment, anodal tDCS applied after the training did not induce skill gains, implying that coapplication of tDCS and training is required to induce offline skill gains, pointing to the initiation of consolidation already during training.
authors: Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Reis
authors: Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Jan Torben
authors: JT
authors: Fischer
authors: Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL London, London, UK and.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Prichard
authors: Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Cornelius
authors: C
authors: Weiller
authors: Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors: Leonardo G
authors: LG
authors: Cohen
authors: Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Brita
authors: B
authors: Fritsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cortical excitability; motor skill learning; noninvasive brain stimulation; warm-up decrement
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