title: Factors affecting the stability and performance of ipratropium bromide; fenoterol hydrobromide pressurized-metered dose inhalers.
abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the factors affecting the stability and performance of ipratropium bromide and fenoterol hydrobromide in a pressurized-metered dose inhaler (pMDI). A factorial design was applied to investigate the effects of three parameters (propellant, water, and ethanol) on the performance of 27 designed formulations of a solution-based pMDI. The formulations that contained a hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellant lower than 72% v/v and an ethanol concentration higher than 27% v/v remained as clear solutions. Nine formulations that contained the HFA propellant higher than 74% v/v precipitated. The results indicated that it was not only the HFA propellant content of the formulations that was related to the formulation instability but also ethanol content. Only six formulations from the 18 formulations, that did not precipitate, produced drug contents that were within the acceptable range (80-120%). These six formulations generated aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of approximately 2 μm with a fine particle fraction (FPF; particle size, <6.4 μm) between 45% and 52%. The MMAD and FPF did not change significantly after 6 months of storage (P > 0.05).
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
authors: Jenjira
authors: J
authors: Ninbovorl
authors: Somchai
authors: S
authors: Sawatdee
authors: Teerapol
authors: T
authors: Srichana
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D004867:Equipment Design; D005280:Fenoterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000032:analysis*; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers; D010316:Particle Size; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D005617:Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane; D012997:Solvents; D005280:Fenoterol; D009241:Ipratropium
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