title: A Single-Photon Avalanche Diode Array for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy.
abstract: We describe the design, characterization, and demonstration of a fully integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager for use in time-resolved fluorescence imaging. The imager consists of a 64-by-64 array of active SPAD pixels and an on-chip time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on a delay-locked loop (DLL) and calibrated interpolators. The imager can perform both standard time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and an alternative gated-window detection useful for avoiding pulse pile-up when measuring bright signal levels. To illustrate the use of the imager, we present measurements of the decay lifetimes of fluorescent dyes of several types with a timing resolution of 350 ps.
authors: Bioelectronic Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA (see http://www.bioee.ee.columbia.edu ).
authors: David Eric
authors: DE
authors: Schwartz
authors: Edoardo
authors: E
authors: Charbon
authors: Kenneth L
authors: KL
authors: Shepard
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