title: Externalizing disorders in adolescence mediate the effects of maternal depression on substance use disorders.
abstract: Maternal depression has been linked to increased risk of substance use disorders (SUDs) in offspring. Cross-sectional studies have identified relationships among maternal depression, externalizing disorders and SUDs, but no longitudinal examination of causality has been undertaken. In order to address this gap in the literature, depression and externalizing disorders at or prior to age 15 were tested as mediators of the relationship between maternal depression and SUDs diagnosed between ages 16 and 20 in a sample of 702 Australian youth (363 women) using path models. Mothers' and fathers' substance diagnoses and earlier onset of substance abuse in youth were controlled for in all analyses. Consistent with previous work, maternal depression predicted SUDs between ages 16 and 20. An indirect effect of maternal depression through youth externalizing disorders diagnosed by age 16 was detected for alcohol and cannabis use disorders, but not drug disorders. Early adolescent depression was not a mediator of the relationship between maternal depression and any of the substance outcomes measured. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine depression and externalizing disorders in early adolescence as mediators of the effect of maternal depression on psychopathology in later adolescence. Further work is needed to understand how family environment and genetic factors may explain the mediation by externalizing disorders.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA, mtartter@ucla.edu.
authors: Molly
authors: M
authors: Tartter
authors: Constance
authors: C
authors: Hammen
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;49(7):699-707
references: 20610139
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2005 Feb;33(1):1-11
references: 15759587
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Dec;51(6):1173-82
references: 3806354
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;51(6):734-44
references: 20163497
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;39(2):215-22
references: 10673833
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;51(1):8-19
references: 8279933
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;60(3):253-8
references: 12622658
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010 Jan;38(1):105-17
references: 19693663
references: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997 Aug 25;47(2):87-97
references: 9298330
references: J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;67(7):e02
references: 17107227
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2000 Mar;20(2):173-89
references: 10721496
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;43(8):994-1002
references: 15266194
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2009 Nov;118(4):734-45
references: 19899843
references: Epigenetics. 2008 Mar-Apr;3(2):97-106
references: 18536531
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;69(7):690-7
references: 22393206
references: J Affect Disord. 2003 Mar;74(1):5-13
references: 12646294
references: Addiction. 2008 Dec;103(12):2045-53
references: 18855807
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012 May;40(4):569-81
references: 22038253
references: Psychol Rev. 1999 Jul;106(3):458-90
references: 10467895
references: Clin Psychol Rev. 2000 Aug;20(5):561-92
references: 10860167
references: Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):2030-9
references: 16740845
references: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992 Aug;63(2):280-96
references: 1403617
references: J Affect Disord. 2003 Mar;74(1):15-22
references: 12646295
references: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001 Apr;69(2):284-94
references: 11393605
references: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008 Jan;34(1):14-24
references: 17574804
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011 Jan;39(1):125-35
references: 20644991
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 May;64(5):566-76
references: 17485608
references: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(3):348-57
references: 23323840
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2003 Aug;112(3):497-507
references: 12943028
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;63(8):898-906
references: 16894066
references: Soc Sci Res. 2012 Nov;41(6):1546-64
references: 23017973
references: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008 Oct;37(4):714-24
references: 18991123
references: J Stud Alcohol. 1996 Jul;57(4):368-77
references: 8776678
references: Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;43(1):70-82
references: 17201509
references: Evid Based Ment Health. 2011 Aug;14(3):63
references: 21764862
references: Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Sep 1;13(17):1903-11
references: 15229186
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2009 Aug;118(3):479-93
references: 19685946
references: Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Oct;34(5):992-7
references: 15951358
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;59(12):1125-32
references: 12470129
references: Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Jun;170:541-8
references: 9330021
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 1999 Feb;108(1):106-19
references: 10066997
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;51(3):242-9
references: 19874429
references: Psychol Addict Behav. 2001 Sep;15(3):210-8
references: 11563798
references: Adolescence. 2003 Spring;38(149):35-42
references: 12803452
references: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002 Oct;70(5):1075-85
references: 12362958
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;60(7):709-17
references: 12860775
references: Adolescence. 2001 Fall;36(143):491-8
references: 11817630
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):173-81
references: 15699294
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;39(2):223-31
references: 10673834
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):527-37
references: 18071896
references: Psychol Med. 2011 Jul;41(7):1385-95
references: 21054918
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 May;46(5):479-89
references: 15845128
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;65(6):702-12
references: 18519828
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;42(12):1469-77
references: 14627882
references: J Abnorm Psychol. 2005 Nov;114(4):676-88
references: 16351388
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;64(10):1145-52
references: 17909126
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;59(4):365-74
references: 11926937
references: Psychol Bull. 2002 Sep;128(5):746-73
references: 12206193
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 May;46(5):490-9
references: 15845129
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):1001-8
references: 16741200
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004 Apr;32(2):147-58
references: 15164857
references: JAMA. 2003 Jun 18;289(23):3095-105
references: 12813115