title: Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injecting drug use is a major risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Prevention of these infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) is critical to reduce ongoing transmission, morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of reviews was undertaken involving systematic literature searches of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, IBSS and the Cochrane Library (2000-2011) to identify English language reviews regarding the effectiveness of harm reduction interventions in relation to HIV transmission, HCV transmission and injecting risk behaviour (IRB). Interventions included needle and syringe programmes (NSP); the provision of injection paraphernalia; opiate substitution treatment (OST); information, education and counselling (IEC); and supervised injecting facilities (SIFs). Reviews were classified into 'core' or 'supplementary' using critical appraisal criteria, and the strength of review-level evidence was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve core and thirteen supplementary reviews were included. From these reviews we identified: (i) for NSP: tentative review-level evidence to support effectiveness in reducing HIV transmission, insufficient review-level evidence relating to HCV transmission, but sufficient review-level evidence in relation to IRB; (ii) for OST: sufficient review-level evidence of effectiveness in relation to HIV transmission and IRB, but tentative review-level evidence in relation to HCV transmission; (iii) for IEC, the provision of injection paraphernalia and SIFs: tentative review-level evidence of effectiveness in reducing IRB; and either insufficient or no review-level evidence for these interventions in relation to HIV or HCV transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Review-level evidence indicates that harm reduction interventions can reduce IRB, with evidence strongest for OST and NSP. However, there is comparatively little review-level evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions in preventing HCV transmission among PWID. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness and impact of scaling up comprehensive packages of harm reduction interventions to minimise HIV and HCV transmission among PWID.
authors: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK. Electronic address: georgie.macarthur@bristol.ac.uk.
authors: Georgina J
authors: GJ
authors: MacArthur
authors: NHS Sutton and Merton/London KSS Specialty School of Public Health, UK.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: van Velzen
authors: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors: Norah
authors: N
authors: Palmateer
authors: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Jo
authors: J
authors: Kimber
authors: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors: Anastasia
authors: A
authors: Pharris
authors: Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Health Protection Services, Health Protection Agency, London, UK.
authors: Vivian
authors: V
authors: Hope
authors: University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK.
authors: Avril
authors: A
authors: Taylor
authors: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors: Kirsty
authors: K
authors: Roy
authors: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Aspinall
authors: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Goldberg
authors: Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Rhodes
authors: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Dagmar
authors: D
authors: Hedrich
authors: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Salminen
authors: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Hickman
authors: Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK; University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK.
authors: Sharon J
authors: SJ
authors: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology
keywords: HIV; Harm reduction; Hepatitis C; People who inject drugs; Review