title: The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur?
abstract: Although a disease of low mortality, the global impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is colossal due to the huge numbers of animals affected. This impact can be separated into two components: (1) direct losses due to reduced production and changes in herd structure; and (2) indirect losses caused by costs of FMD control, poor access to markets and limited use of improved production technologies. This paper estimates that annual impact of FMD in terms of visible production losses and vaccination in endemic regions alone amount to between US$6.5 and 21 billion. In addition, outbreaks in FMD free countries and zones cause losses of >US$1.5 billion a year. FMD impacts are not the same throughout the world: FMD is highly contagious and the actions of one farmer affect the risk of FMD occurring on other holdings; thus sizeable externalities are generated. Control therefore requires coordination within and between countries. These externalities imply that FMD control produces a significant amount of public goods, justifying the need for national and international public investment. Equipping poor countries with the tools needed to control FMD will involve the long term development of state veterinary services that in turn will deliver wider benefits to a nation including the control of other livestock diseases.
authors: The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), Hawkshead Road, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: theodore.knight-jones@pirbright.ac.uk.
authors: T J D
authors: TJ
authors: Knight-Jones
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Rushton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D058751:Livestock; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Economics; FMD; Impact; Review
references: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Apr 1;220(7):988-92
references: 12420775
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2011 Aug;30(2):483-98
references: 21961220
references: Rev Sci Tech. 1999 Aug;18(2):315-42
references: 10472671
references: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Sep 27;364(1530):2643-55
references: 19687035
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008;55(1):5-13
references: 18397505
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013 Apr;60(2):166-74
references: 22510453
references: Vet Rec. 2007 Feb 17;160(7):238-41
references: 17308024
references: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2008 Jan;40(1):29-38
references: 18551776
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014 Dec;61(6):e52-9
references: 23480237
references: Am J Vet Res. 2003 Jul;64(7):805-12
references: 12856762
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 Dec;21(3):637-44
references: 12523703
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 Dec;21(3):625-35
references: 12523702
references: J Vet Med Sci. 2012 Apr;74(4):399-404
references: 22075710
references: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011 Apr;43(4):759-66
references: 21249448
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 Dec;21(3):645-61
references: 12523704
references: Vet Rec. 1999 Dec 18-25;145(25):731-4
references: 10972111
references: J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011 Jan;23(1):26-33
references: 21217024
references: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013 Aug;45(6):1415-22
references: 23417827
references: Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1988;84:66-74
references: 3232670
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008 Oct;55(8):339-51
references: 18786073
references: Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;9(2):80-1
references: 19209473
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 Dec;21(3):675-87
references: 12523706
references: Virus Res. 2003 Jan;91(1):101-44
references: 12527440
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2008 Dec;27(3):759-69
references: 19284044
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2011 Apr;30(1):63-85
references: 21809754
references: Vaccine. 2006 Oct 30;24(42-43):6503-12
references: 16872727
references: Prev Vet Med. 1999 Oct 19;47(1-2):23-38
references: 11018732
references: Rev Sci Tech. 2009 Dec;28(3):883-96
references: 20462147
references: Can Vet J. 1987 Aug;28(8):523-7
references: 17422845
references: Rev Sci Tech. 1999 Aug;18(2):478-97
references: 10472680
references: BMJ. 2005 Nov 26;331(7527):1234
references: 16214809
references: Transbound Emerg Dis. 2010 Jun;57(3):147-53
references: 20180923