title: Toilet training in individuals with Angelman syndrome: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess if adapted versions of the response restriction toilet training protocol, based on the behavioral phenotype of Angelman syndrome (AS), were successful in fostering urinary continence in seven individuals with AS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected in AB-designs during baseline, training, generalization and follow-up. The response restriction protocol was adapted: individuals were trained in their natural environment, were prompted to void and along with improving continence, the interval between voids was prolonged and time-on-toilet decreased.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During generalization five individuals had less than two accidents and one to six correct voids per day; during baseline more accidents and/or less correct voids occurred. In two participants correct voids increased, but several accidents still occurred. Three participants maintained positive results after 3-18 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite their intellectual and behavioral challenges, urinary continence can be acquired in AS. Several indications of voiding dysfunctions were found; further research is indicated.
authors: Department of Special Education, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands .
authors: Maartje
authors: M
authors: Radstaake
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Didden
authors: Nienke
authors: N
authors: Peters-Scheffers
authors: Dennis W
authors: DW
authors: Moore
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Anderson
authors: Leopold M G
authors: LM
authors: Curfs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017204:Angelman Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D004775:Enuresis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D014039:Toilet Training; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Angelman syndrome; response restriction; toilet training