title: Plasma cytokine levels and human papillomavirus infection at the cervix in rural Nigerian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We conducted a study to test the hypothesis that systemic dysregulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine levels was associated with detection of carcinogenic or overall human papillomavirus (HPV) at the cervix among 964 women residing in a rural village in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels in plasma were measured for 19 cytokines, including Th1-like cytokines IL-2, IL-12 (p40), TNF-a, IFN-g; Th2-like cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13; innate/inflammation cytokines IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-8, eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1a, and IL-7; and cell development cytokines G-CSF, VEGF, and IL-17. Analysis was restricted to 5 cytokines, TNF-α (Th1), IL-8 (Th2), eotaxin and MCP-1 (innate/inflammation), and G-CSF (cell development), whose levels were detected in 80% or more of the samples measured as well as had a coefficient of variation of <30%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strong correlations were noted between levels of eotaxin and TNF-α (r=0.75), IL-8 and MCP-1 (r=0.60), eotaxin and G-CSF (r=0.44), and G-CSF and IFN-γ (r=0.43). Detection of carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic HPV DNA was unrelated to cytokine levels, except for levels of eotaxin and TNF-α, which were inversely correlated, albeit weakly, with detection of any carcinogenic HPV (P=0.048 and P=0.067, respectively). In analyses stratified by age group, levels of eotaxin were inversely correlated with detection of any HPV DNA (P=0.026) and carcinogenic HPV (P=0.042) in older, but not younger, women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis of association between systemic cytokine dysregulation and detection of HPV at the cervix in Nigerian women, but subgroup analyses raise questions about inverse associations between eotaxin and TNF-α in older women.
authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: mbulaits@mail.nih.gov.
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Mbulaiteye
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kemp
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Gage
authors: K O
authors: KO
authors: Ajenifuja
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kiruthu
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Wentzensen
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Adepiti
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Wacholder
authors: R D
authors: RD
authors: Burk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Schiffman
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: Cervical cancer; Cytokines; Inflammation; Plasmodium falciparum malaria
references: J Immunol. 1999 Aug 1;163(3):1602-10
references: 10415065
references: Lancet Oncol. 2008 Jul;9(7):683-92
references: 18598933
references: J Med Virol. 2002 Nov;68(3):417-23
references: 12226831
references: N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):423-8
references: 9459645
references: Br J Cancer. 2004 Feb 9;90(3):638-45
references: 14760378
references: Int J Cancer. 2012 Jan 15;130(2):245-50
references: 21796634
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3450-6
references: 19064561
references: Lancet Oncol. 2005 Apr;6(4):204
references: 15830458
references: Infect Agent Cancer. 2011 Jul 29;6:12
references: 21801395
references: Cytokine. 2011 Dec;56(3):798-803
references: 22015106
references: J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):881-7
references: 7509365
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Nov 3;102(21):1653-62
references: 20944077
references: Int J Cancer. 2012 May 1;130(9):2111-7
references: 21630264
references: Br J Cancer. 2005 Oct 31;93(9):1068-76
references: 16106268
references: Int J Cancer. 2002 Jun 10;99(5):737-41
references: 12115509
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Sep;3(9):733-44
references: 12949497
references: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Oct 5;103(19):1444-51
references: 21908768
references: Parasitology. 2009 Nov;136(13):1707-18
references: 19450373
references: Br J Cancer. 2009 Jul 7;101(1):202-8
references: 19536089
references: Int J Cancer. 2007 Aug 1;121(3):621-32
references: 17405118
references: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Sep;20(9):1902-11
references: 21715603