title: Redesign of genetically encoded biosensors for monitoring mitochondrial redox status in a broad range of model eukaryotes.
abstract: The development of genetically encoded redox biosensors has paved the way toward chemically specific, quantitative, dynamic, and compartment-specific redox measurements in cells and organisms. In particular, redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFPs) have attracted major interest as tools to monitor biological redox changes in real time and in vivo. Most recently, the engineering of a redox relay that combines glutaredoxin (Grx) with roGFP2 as a translational fusion (Grx1-roGFP2) led to a biosensor for the glutathione redox potential (EGSH ). The expression of this probe in mitochondria is of particular interest as mitochondria are the major source of oxidants, and their redox status is closely connected to cell fate decisions. While Grx1-roGFP2 can be expressed in mammalian mitochondria, it fails to enter mitochondria in various nonmammalian model organisms. Here we report that inversion of domain order from Grx1-roGFP2 to roGFP2-Grx1 yields a biosensor with perfect mitochondrial targeting while fully maintaining its biosensor capabilities. The redesigned probe thus allows extending in vivo observations of mitochondrial redox homeostasis to important nonmammalian model organisms, particularly plants and insects.
authors: 1Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Simone C
authors: SC
authors: Albrecht
authors: Mirko C
authors: MC
authors: Sobotta
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Bausewein
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Aller
authors: Rüdiger
authors: R
authors: Hell
authors: Tobias P
authors: TP
authors: Dick
authors: Andreas J
authors: AJ
authors: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D004330:Drosophila; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010944:Plants; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: glutaredoxin; glutathione; mitochondria; ratiometric imaging; roGFP