title: Bacterial translocation induces proinflammatory responses and is associated with early death in experimental severe injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An experimental model of severe injury with great lethality was studied to define the impact of bacterial translocation on survival and on inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one rabbits were divided into two groups: A, femur myotomy; and B, myotomy and fracture of the femoral bone. Vital signs and survival were recorded. Serum circulating endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides; LPS) were determined and tissue cultures were performed at necropsy. A subgroup of animals was sacrificed at 48 h post injury; LPS was determined in abdominal aorta and portal vein, apoptosis of spleen cells was assessed by flow cytometry, and ex vivo production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by splenocytes was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue bacterial burden was increased in animals that died early (i.e., within 48 h after injury) versus rabbits that died later. Portal vein LPS at 48 h was increased in group B compared with group A, whereas circulating LPS did not differ. No difference in apoptosis of either lymphocytes or macrophages of the spleen was found in group B compared with group A. Following stimulation with LPS or phytohemagglutinin, tumor necrosis factor α production by splenocytes of group B was greater than that of group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial translocation primes enhanced proinflammatory responses and it is associated with early death in severe trauma.
authors: 4(th) Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Baxevanos
authors: Evangelos J
authors: EJ
authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
authors: Aikaterini
authors: A
authors: Pistiki
authors: Marianna
authors: M
authors: Korre
authors: Dionyssia-Irini
authors: DI
authors: Droggiti
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Tsaganos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D011169:Portal Vein; D011817:Rabbits; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Bacterial translocation; Endotoxins; Lethal injury; TNF-α