title: Long insular artery infarction: characteristics of a previously unrecognized entity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The infarctions arising in the long insular arteries of the M2 segment have been poorly described in the past. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics, and pathogenesis of long insular artery infarcts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with acute isolated infarcts in territories of the long insular arteries and lenticulostriate arteries were retrospectively reviewed. The long insular artery territory was defined as the area above the lenticulostriate artery territory at the level of centrum semiovale. On the coronal section, it lies between the tip of the anterior horn and the top of the superior limb of the insular cleft. Clinical features and prevalence of embolic sources were compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 356 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke, 8 (2.2%) had a long insular artery infarct (long insular artery group) and 50 (14.0%) had a lenticulostriate artery infarct (lenticulostriate artery group). There were no differences in age, sex, prevalence of risk factors, neurologic deficit, or incidence of lacunar syndromes between these groups. Abrupt onset was more common in the long insular artery than in the lenticulostriate artery group (P = .004). The prevalence of embolic high-risk sources (eg, atrial fibrillation) was not significantly different between these groups, but the combined prevalence of all embolic sources, including moderate-risk sources, was significantly higher in the long insular artery group (P = .048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated infarction caused by long insular artery occlusion is not rare. Abrupt onset is more common for long insular artery infarction, and this finding could be attributed to the higher incidence of an embolic etiology as the pathogenesis of infarction.
authors: From the Departments of Neurology (A.T., T.K., Y.N., T.Y., Y.F., N.K., T.M., M.N.).
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Tamura
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kasai
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Akazawa
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Nagakane
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yoshida
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Fujiwara
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Kuriyama
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Yamada
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Mizuno
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery; D012189:Retrospective Studies
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