title: Hormesis and Cellular Quality Control: A Possible Explanation for the Molecular Mechanisms that Underlie the Benefits of Mild Stress.
abstract: In contrast to the detrimental action of severe stress conditions, the beneficial effects of mild stress, known as hormesis, is increasingly discussed and studied. A variety of applications for hormesis in risk assessment processes, anti-ageing strategies and clinical therapies have been proposed. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of hormesis, however, are not yet fully understood. A possible mechanism that has been proposed for hormesis, the homoeostasis overshoot hypothesis, assumes that an overshoot of repair- and self-recovery mechanisms in response to mild damage can be held responsible for the beneficial effects of hormesis. The present paper proposes 'cellular quality control' as a further explanation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits observed after exposure to mild stress. The most important quality control mechanisms are outlined and their known and hypothesised actions in hormesis are discussed. As an example, different aspects of protein quality control will be described in more detail, which includes the reaction of the cell upon stress-induced protein damage and -aggregation. The regulation of Heat Shock Proteins and components from the ubiquitin proteasome system as part of cellular quality control is described in relation to its beneficial role in hormesis.
authors: University College Utrecht, Science Department, Utrecht University, and Faculty of Science; Department of Biology, Institute of Education, Utrecht University.
authors: F A C
authors: FA
authors: Wiegant
authors: S A H
authors: SA
authors: de Poot
authors: V E
authors: VE
authors: Boers-Trilles
authors: A M A
authors: AM
authors: Schreij
references: Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1989;5:277-307
references: 2688707
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;594:14-26
references: 17205671
references: Neurochem Res. 2010 Dec;35(12):1880-915
references: 21080068
references: EMBO J. 2003 Oct 15;22(20):5446-58
references: 14532117
references: Toxicol Pathol. 2002 Nov-Dec;30(6):620-50
references: 12512863
references: Genes Dev. 2008 Jun 1;22(11):1427-38
references: 18519635
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 1;222(1):122-8
references: 17459441
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Apr;92(4):1743-8
references: 11896044
references: Dose Response. 2009 Apr 15;7(3):221-33
references: 19809541
references: Cell. 2009 May 1;137(3):549-59
references: 19410548
references: Nature. 2011 Jul 20;475(7356):324-32
references: 21776078
references: Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jan 1;59(1):55-63
references: 10605935
references: Genes Dev. 1998 Mar 1;12(5):654-66
references: 9499401
references: Annu Rev Pathol. 2008;3:399-425
references: 18039139
references: Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec;40(12):3283-9
references: 22975887
references: Biochemistry. 1996 Nov 26;35(47):14889-98
references: 8942653
references: Horm Behav. 2003 Jan;43(1):2-15
references: 12614627
references: Physiol Rev. 2012 Apr;92(2):537-76
references: 22535891
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Jan;1824(1):3-13
references: 21435401
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Jan;62(1):10-23
references: 15619003
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Jul;59(7):705-9
references: 15304535
references: IUBMB Life. 2004 Mar;56(3):119-23
references: 15185744
references: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011 Feb;18(2):150-8
references: 21217698
references: Cell Stress Chaperones. 2005 Winter;10(4):312-28
references: 16333985
references: Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med. 2004 Apr;2(2):105-16
references: 19330126
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;594:89-99
references: 17205678
references: Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1852-8
references: 11884745
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Jan;3(1):93-6
references: 11146632
references: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Mar;62(6):670-84
references: 15770419
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Aug 23;12(9):605-20
references: 21860393
references: EMBO J. 1996 Jun 17;15(12):2969-79
references: 8670798
references: Cell. 1991 Jul 26;66(2):191-7
references: 1855252
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Sep;9(9):679-90
references: 18698327
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jun 23;12(7):439-52
references: 21697901
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2011 Dec;108(12):2777-93
references: 21809331
references: J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 31;276(35):33111-20
references: 11435423
references: Annu Rev Biochem. 2005;74:739-89
references: 15952902
references: Cell. 2006 May 5;125(3):443-51
references: 16678092
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;594:78-88
references: 17205677
references: Crit Rev Toxicol. 2001 Jul;31(4-5):353-424
references: 11504172
references: Biogerontology. 2012 Feb;13(1):83-91
references: 21866365
references: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002 Feb;21(2):91-7
references: 12102503
references: FEBS J. 2007 Feb;274(3):630-58
references: 17288551
references: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000 Jan;19(1):76-84
references: 10745295
references: J Cell Sci. 2004 Jun 1;117(Pt 13):2641-51
references: 15169835
references: Exp Gerontol. 2002 Oct-Nov;37(10-11):1223-8
references: 12470835
references: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008 Jan;10(1):65-75
references: 17956190
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Feb;15(2):657-64
references: 14668486
references: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 Jul;45(4):753-9
references: 9713698
references: PLoS Biol. 2011 Mar;9(3):e1001038
references: 21468305
references: Cell. 1998 Aug 21;94(4):471-80
references: 9727490
references: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010 Dec;2(12):a004390
references: 21123396
references: J Cell Sci. 2006 May 15;119(Pt 10):1977-84
references: 16687735
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 May 2;369(2):741-6
references: 18307982
references: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 7;276(49):45791-9
references: 11583998
references: Exp Cell Res. 1988 Oct;178(2):401-14
references: 3169135
references: Cell Stress Chaperones. 2004 Mar;9(1):49-57
references: 15270077
references: FEBS J. 2012 Feb;279(4):526-31
references: 22177281
references: Ageing Res Rev. 2008 Jan;7(1):63-78
references: 17964227
references: Cancer Res. 1982 Jun;42(6):2457-61
references: 7074623
references: Biogerontology. 2002;3(1-2):117-20
references: 12014829
references: Crit Rev Toxicol. 2003;33(3-4):463-7
references: 12809435
references: Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Dec 15;31(12):1593-602
references: 11744333
references: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;49:73-96
references: 18834306
references: FEBS Lett. 2005 Dec 5;579(29):6559-63
references: 16293251
references: Biogerontology. 2000;1(3):225-33
references: 11707899
references: Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008 Feb;27(2):155-62
references: 18480142
references: Trends Biochem Sci. 1994 Mar;19(3):124-8
references: 8203019
references: Nature. 2003 Dec 18;426(6968):895-9
references: 14685250
references: Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med. 2003 Oct;1(4):493-511
references: 19330133
references: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 1;202(3):289-301
references: 15667834
references: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Jul-Aug;40(4):191-228
references: 16126486
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Mar;20(5):1340-7
references: 19129477
references: Ageing Res Rev. 2008 Jan;7(1):1-7
references: 18162444
references: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2001 Aug;13(4):431-7
references: 11454449
references: Annu Rev Genet. 1993;27:437-96
references: 8122909
references: Biogerontology. 2009 Feb;10(1):27-42
references: 18536978
references: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Dec;1763(12):1755-66
references: 17034877
references: Mol Cell. 2010 Oct 22;40(2):238-52
references: 20965419
references: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;3(2):E51-3
references: 11175763
references: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;4(3):181-91
references: 12612637