title: Methylene blue is associated with poor outcomes in vasoplegic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients who received methylene blue as treatment for vasoplegia during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass had decreased morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients who suffered from vasoplegia and underwent all types of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at this institution between 2007 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  With IRB approval, the authors reviewed the charts of the identified patients and divided them into 2 groups based on whether they had received methylene blue. Two hundred twenty-six patients were identified who met the inclusion criteria for the study. Fifty-seven of these patients had received methylene blue for vasoplegia. The authors collected data on preoperative and intraoperative variables as well as outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients who received methylene blue had higher rates of in-hospital mortality, a compilation of morbidities, as well as renal failure and hyperbilirubinemia. A multiple logistic regression model demonstrated that receiving methylene blue was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (p value: 0.007, OR 4.26, 95% CI: 1.49-12.12), compilation of morbidities (p value: 0.001, OR 4.80, 95% CI: 1.85-12.43), and hyperbilirubinemia (p value:<0.001, OR 6.58, 95% CI: 2.91-14.89). Using propensity score matching, the association with morbidity was again seen but the association with mortality was not found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study identified the use of methylene blue as treatment for vasoplegia to be independently associated with poor outcomes. While further studies are required, a thorough risk-benefit analysis should be applied before using methylene blue and, perhaps, it should be relegated to rescue use and not as first-line therapy.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Electronic address: menachem.weiner@mountsinai.org.
authors: Menachem M
authors: MM
authors: Weiner
authors: Hung-Mo
authors: HM
authors: Lin
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Danforth
authors: Srikar
authors: S
authors: Rao
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Hosseinian
authors: Gregory W
authors: GW
authors: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000931:Antidotes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D056987:Vasoplegia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000931:Antidotes; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: cardiac surgery; methylene blue; outcome; vasoplegia; vasoplegic shock