title: Metabolic flux analysis during the exponential growth phase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine fermentations.
abstract: As a consequence of the increase in global average temperature, grapes with the adequate phenolic and aromatic maturity tend to be overripe by the time of harvest, resulting in increased sugar concentrations and imbalanced C/N ratios in fermenting musts. This fact sets obvious additional hurdles in the challenge of obtaining wines with reduced alcohols levels, a new trend in consumer demands. It would therefore be interesting to understand Saccharomyces cerevisiae physiology during the fermentation of must with these altered characteristics. The present study aims to determine the distribution of metabolic fluxes during the yeast exponential growth phase, when both carbon and nitrogen sources are in excess, using continuous cultures. Two different sugar concentrations were studied under two different winemaking temperature conditions. Although consumption and production rates for key metabolites were severely affected by the different experimental conditions studied, the general distribution of fluxes in central carbon metabolism was basically conserved in all cases. It was also observed that temperature and sugar concentration exerted a higher effect on the pentose phosphate pathway and glycerol formation than on glycolysis and ethanol production. Additionally, nitrogen uptake, both quantitatively and qualitatively, was strongly influenced by environmental conditions. This work provides the most complete stoichiometric model used for Metabolic Flux Analysis of S. cerevisiae in wine fermentations employed so far, including the synthesis and release of relevant aroma compounds and could be used in the design of optimal nitrogen supplementation of wine fermentations.
authors: Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain. mquiros@icvv.es
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Quirós
authors: Rubén
authors: R
authors: Martínez-Moreno
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Albiol
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Morales
authors: Felícitas
authors: F
authors: Vázquez-Lima
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Barreiro-Vázquez
authors: Pau
authors: P
authors: Ferrer
authors: Ramon
authors: R
authors: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D064688:Metabolic Flux Analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1983 Sep;25(9):2177-208
references: 18574815
references: BMC Syst Biol. 2011 May 19;5:75
references: 21595919
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Feb 7;55(3):608-13
references: 17263449
references: FEMS Yeast Res. 2012 Jun;12(4):477-85
references: 22429249
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun;70(6):3392-400
references: 15184136
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Oct;74(20):6358-68
references: 18723660
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Sep;62(9):3187-95
references: 8795209
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Dec;15(12):5492-502
references: 15483057
references: Microbiology (Reading). 2005 Oct;151(Pt 10):3153-3159
references: 16207900
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(1):112-25
references: 15960671
references: BMC Syst Biol. 2007 Jan 08;1:2
references: 17408509
references: Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2012 Dec;168(7):1938-52
references: 23065402
references: Microb Cell Fact. 2009 Dec 09;8:65
references: 20003217
references: Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):3065-86
references: 17308034
references: Metab Eng. 2011 May;13(3):263-71
references: 21300171
references: Genome Biol. 2006;7(11):R107
references: 17105650
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Oct 17;150(1):42-9
references: 21839532
references: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Jan;93(1):131-41
references: 21720823
references: J Appl Microbiol. 2013 May;114(5):1405-14
references: 23294204
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Nov;78(22):8102-11
references: 22983966
references: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Apr 30;139(1-2):9-14
references: 20219260
references: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;25(1):15-37
references: 11152939
references: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(17):5607-14
references: 19592533
references: J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 20;277(51):50015-21
references: 12379644
references: J Chromatogr A. 2001 Jul 13;922(1-2):267-75
references: 11486872
references: Microbiology (Reading). 1998 Jun;144 ( Pt 6):1683-1690
references: 9639938
references: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Feb 23;53(4):996-1002
references: 15713011
references: Extremophiles. 2006 Apr;10(2):117-28
references: 16254683
references: Microbiology (Reading). 1997 Jan;143 ( Pt 1):203-218
references: 9025295
references: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2001 Nov 5;75(3):334-44
references: 11590606
references: FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Dec;6(8):1167-83
references: 17156014
references: Yeast. 1996 Dec;12(16):1607-33
references: 9123965
references: Microbiology (Reading). 1996 Aug;142 ( Pt 8):2299-310
references: 8760942
references: Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Dec;18(12):5100-12
references: 17928405