title: Does framing of cancer survival affect perceived value of care? A willingness-to-pay survey of US residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between the framing of survival gains and the perceived value of cancer care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a population-based survey of 2040 US adults, respondents were randomized to one of the two sets of hypothetical scenarios, each of which described the survival benefit for a new treatment as either an increase in median survival time (median survival), or an increase in the probability of survival for a given length of time (landmark survival). Each respondent was presented with two randomly selected scenarios with different prognosis and survival improvements, and asked about their willingness to pay (WTP) for the new treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predicted WTP increased with survival benefits and respondents' income, regardless of how survival benefits were described. Framing therapeutic benefits as improvements in landmark rather than median time survival increased the proportion of the population willing to pay for that gain by 11-35%, and the mean WTP amount by 42-72% in the scenarios we compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  How survival benefits are described may influence the value people place on cancer care.
authors: Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. plin@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors: Pei-Jung
authors: PJ
authors: Lin
authors: Thomas W
authors: TW
authors: Concannon
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Greenberg
authors: Joshua T
authors: JT
authors: Cohen
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Rossi
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Hille
authors: Hannah R
authors: HR
authors: Auerbach
authors: Chi-Hui
authors: CH
authors: Fang
authors: Eric S
authors: ES
authors: Nadler
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Neumann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003142:Communication; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D010358:Patient Participation; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States