title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index into Spanish.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) is a self-assessment 19-item questionnaire developed in the UK to measure foot pain and disability. This study aimed at conducting cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the MFPDI for use in Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes measures were followed in the MFPDI adaptation into Spanish. The cross-cultural validation involved Rasch analysis of pooled data sets from Spain and the UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spanish data set comprised 338 patients, five used in the adaptation phase and 333 in the cross-cultural validation phase, mean age (SD) = 55.2 (16.7) and 248 (74.5 %) were female. A UK data set (n = 682) added in the cross-cultural validation phase; mean age (SD) = 51.6 (15.2 %) and 416 (61.0 %) were female. A preliminary analysis of the 17-item MFPDI revealed significant local dependency of items causing significant deviation from the Rasch model. Grouping all items into testlets and re-analysing the MFPDI as a 3-testlet scale resulted in an adequate fit to the Rasch model, χ (2) (df) = 15.945 (12), p = 0.194, excellent reliability and unidimensionality. Lack of cross-cultural invariance was evident on the functional and personal appearance testlets. Splitting the affected testlets discounted the cross-cultural bias and satisfied requirements of the Rasch model. Subsequently, the MFPDI was calibrated into interval-level scales, fully adjusted to allow parametric analyses and cross-cultural data comparisons when required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rasch analysis has confirmed that the MFPDI is a robust 3-subscale measure of foot pain, function and appearance in both its English and Spanish versions.
authors: Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain, gagijon@uma.es.
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Gijon-Nogueron
authors: Mwidimi
authors: M
authors: Ndosi
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Luque-Suarez
authors: Begonya
authors: B
authors: Alcacer-Pitarch
authors: Pedro Vicente
authors: PV
authors: Munuera
authors: Adam
authors: A
authors: Garrow
authors: Anthony C
authors: AC
authors: Redmond
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations
references: Qual Life Res. 2007 Feb;16(1):115-29
references: 17109190
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec 15;57(8):1358-62
references: 18050173
references: J Orthop Sci. 2013 Mar;18(2):298-320
references: 23299996
references: Qual Life Res. 2009 Sep;18(7):923-7
references: 19588271
references: Fam Pract. 2007 Sep;24(4):308-16
references: 17602173
references: BMC Geriatr. 2008 Nov 25;8:30
references: 19025668
references: Value Health. 2005 Mar-Apr;8(2):94-104
references: 15804318
references: J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(6):561-70
references: 2037861
references: Qual Life Res. 2003 Jun;12(4):373-85
references: 12797710
references: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Jul;45(7):863-7
references: 16449369
references: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001 May;91(5):222-9
references: 11359885
references: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989 Nov;70(12):857-60
references: 2818162
references: Foot Ankle Int. 1994 Jul;15(7):349-53
references: 7951968
references: Maturitas. 2011 Jan;68(1):83-7
references: 20884140
references: Med Care. 2004 Jan;42(1 Suppl):I37-48
references: 14707754
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 Aug;61(8):866-70
references: 16912106
references: J Foot Ankle Res. 2009 Oct 30;2:29
references: 19878536
references: Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2004 Jul-Aug;142(4):389-96
references: 15346298
references: J Foot Ankle Res. 2010 Jun 17;3:10
references: 20565792
references: BMJ. 1995 Jan 21;310(6973):170
references: 7833759
references: Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Feb 18;27(4):164-9
references: 15824046
references: J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 May;43(5):479-84
references: 7730527
references: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012 Feb 06;13:11
references: 22309847
references: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3186-91
references: 11124735
references: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Feb;64(2):262-8
references: 21972207
references: Pain. 2000 Mar;85(1-2):107-13
references: 10692609
references: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Nov;63(11):1592-8
references: 22034121
references: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Jun;53(6):1029-33
references: 15935029
references: J Appl Meas. 2002;3(2):205-31
references: 12011501
references: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1998 Sep;88(9):419-28
references: 9770933
references: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011 Apr;66(4):474-80
references: 21106703
references: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Oct 26;12:243
references: 22026753
references: J Foot Ankle Res. 2011 Oct 20;4(1):23
references: 22014069
references: Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009 Dec;24(10):787-91
references: 19751956
references: Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008 Jun 01;6:39
references: 18513444