title: Identification of inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery during pancreaticoduodenectomy using augmented reality-based navigation system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), early ligation of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA) before efferent veins has been advocated to decrease blood loss by congestion of the pancreatic head to be resected. In this study, we herein report the utility of early identification of the IPDA using an augmented reality (AR)-based navigation system (NS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven nonconsecutive patients underwent PD using AR-based NS. After paired-point matching registration, the reconstructed image obtained by preoperative computed tomography (CT) was fused with a real-time operative field image and displayed on 3D monitors. The vascular reconstructed images, including the superior mesenteric artery, jejunal artery, and IPDA were visualized to facilitate image-guided surgical procedures. We compared operating time and intraoperative blood loss of six patients who successfully underwent identification of IPDA using AR-based NS (group A) with nine patients who underwent early ligation of IPDA without using AR (group B) and 18 patients who underwent a conventional PD (group C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IPDA or the jejunal artery was rapidly identified and ligated in six patients. The mean operating time and intraoperative blood loss in group A was 415 min and 901 ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in operating time and intraoperative blood loss among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AR-based NS provided precise anatomical information, which allowed the surgeons to rapidly identify and perform early ligation of IPDA in PD.
authors: Division of Digestive Surgery, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. s-onda@jikei.ac.jp.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Onda
authors: Tomoyoshi
authors: T
authors: Okamoto
authors: Masaru
authors: M
authors: Kanehira
authors: Fumitake
authors: F
authors: Suzuki
authors: Ryusuke
authors: R
authors: Ito
authors: Shuichi
authors: S
authors: Fujioka
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Suzuki
authors: Asaki
authors: A
authors: Hattori
authors: Katsuhiko
authors: K
authors: Yanaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D010179:Pancreas / Q000098:blood supply*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Image-guided surgery; Superior mesenteric artery; Surgical navigation system