title: The development of a virtual reality training programme for ophthalmology: repeatability and reproducibility (part of the International Forum for Ophthalmic Simulation Studies).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the variability of performance among novice ophthalmic trainees in a range of repeated tasks using the Eyesi virtual reality (VR) simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen subjects undertook three attempts of five cataract specific and generic three-dimensional tasks: continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, cracking and chopping, cataract navigation, bimanual cataract training, anti-tremor. Scores for each attempt were out of a maximum of 100 points. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the data, where a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Highly significant differences were found between the scores achieved in the first attempt and that during the second (P<0.0001) and third (P<0.0001) but not between the second and third attempt (P=0.65). There was no significant variability in the overall score between the users (P=0.1104) or in the difference between their highest and lowest score (P=0.3878). Highly significant differences between tasks were shown both in the overall score (P=0.0001) and in the difference between highest and lowest score (P=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, which is the first to quantify reproducibility of performance in entry level trainees using a VR tool, demonstrated significant intra-novice variability. The cohort of subjects performed equally overall in the range of tasks (no inter-novice variability) but each showed that performance varies significantly with the complexity of the task when using this high-fidelity instrument.
authors: 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK [2] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK [3] School of Ophthalmology, The London Deanery, London, UK.
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Saleh
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Theodoraki
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gillan
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Sullivan
authors: F
authors: F
authors: O'Sullivan
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Hussain
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bunce
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Athanasiadis
mesh_terms: D019923:Capsulorhexis / Q000193:education*; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000193:education*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
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