title: Novel dynamic measures of emetic behavior in musk shrews.
abstract: The emetic reflex occurs as a pattern of motor responses produced by a network of neurons in the hindbrain. Despite an understanding of the sequence of motor outputs that form an emetic episode (EE), the variability in the dynamics of multiple EEs across time remains a mystery. Many clinical investigations rely on once a day patient recall of total amount of vomiting, and preclinical studies frequently report only the total number of EE per unit time. The aim of the current study was to develop novel temporal measures of emetic activation in a preclinical model. Male and female musk shrews were tested with prototypical emetic stimuli: motion exposure (1 Hz), nicotine (5 mg/kg, sc), and copper sulfate (120 mg/kg, ig). New emetic measures included duration (time from first to last episode), rate, standard deviation of the inter-episode interval (SD-I), and a survival analysis of emetic latency (analyzed with Cox regression). Behavioral patterns associated with emesis were also assessed using statistical temporal pattern (T-pattern) analysis to measure nausea-like behaviors (e.g., immobility). The emetic stimuli produced different levels of total EE number, duration, rate, and SD-I. A typical antiemetic, the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994, suppressed the number of EEs but was less effective for reducing the duration or prolonging the emetic latency. Overall, the current study shows the use of novel dynamic behavioral measures to more comprehensively assess emesis and the impact of therapies.
authors: Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, Univ. Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Dept. Medicine: Div. Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Dept. Anesthesiology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: chorn@pitt.edu.
authors: Charles C
authors: CC
authors: Horn
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Laureline
authors: L
authors: Estival
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Meyers
authors: Magnus S
authors: MS
authors: Magnusson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012788:Shrews; D014839:Vomiting / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Emesis; Motion sickness; Nausea; Sex; Suncus; Vomiting
references: Support Care Cancer. 2010 Sep;18(9):1171-7
references: 19756774
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Jul;174(2):254-9
references: 14740147
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 1993 Nov 2;249(1):13-8
references: 8282015
references: Physiol Behav. 2012 Jun 25;106(4):562-8
references: 22504494
references: Brain Res Bull. 1983 Sep;11(3):299-302
references: 6139155
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 22;559(2-3):196-201
references: 17254564
references: PLoS One. 2013 Apr 10;8(4):e60537
references: 23593236
references: Metab Brain Dis. 1989 Mar;4(1):55-60
references: 2704346
references: Behav Processes. 2005 Aug 31;70(1):69-79
references: 15939552
references: Behav Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;16(8):605-12
references: 16286811
references: Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Feb 5;366(2-3):243-52
references: 10082206
references: Physiol Behav. 1987;39(6):681-6
references: 3602120
references: J Neurosci. 2000 Oct 1;20(19):7446-54
references: 11007904
references: Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Mar;43(3):444-52
references: 19193584
references: Exp Physiol. 2010 Jul;95(7):768-73
references: 20360423
references: Jikken Dobutsu. 1990 Jan;39(1):75-9
references: 2303099
references: Behav Brain Res. 2013 Jan 15;237:290-9
references: 23041180
references: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010 Jan;298(1):G25-30
references: 19892939
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Sep;64(1):115-22
references: 10495005
references: Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2000 Feb;32(1):93-110
references: 10758668
references: Behav Brain Res. 2011 Aug 1;221(1):271-5
references: 21397635
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Apr;68(4):761-7
references: 11526974
references: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997 Aug;57(4):721-5
references: 9258999
references: Behav Brain Res. 2010 Mar 17;208(1):124-31
references: 19914300
references: Front Neurosci. 2011 Jul 14;5:88
references: 21808604
references: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998 May;42(5):495-501
references: 9605363
references: Am J Physiol. 1992 Aug;263(2 Pt 2):R284-91
references: 1354943
references: ILAR J. 2004;45(1):25-34
references: 14752205
references: Physiol Behav. 2004 Oct 30;83(1):151-6
references: 15501502
references: Brain Res. 1994 Jun 6;647(2):255-64
references: 7922502
references: Physiol Behav. 2000 Sep 15;70(5):443-51
references: 11110997
references: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008 Aug;103(2):150-6
references: 18816298
references: Anesthesiology. 1999 Sep;91(3):693-700
references: 10485781
references: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 May;215(1):177-89
references: 21181125