title: Inadequacy of vitamins and minerals among high-school pupils in Ouarzazate, Morocco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess micronutrient intakes and the prevalence of inadequacy in a sample of high-school pupils in Ouarzazate, Morocco.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food records were compiled over three non-consecutive days by pre-trained pupils. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using the DIAL software, adapted to include foods commonly eaten in Morocco. The prevalence of inadequacy was estimated by the proportion of individuals with intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamins B12, A and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, ascorbic acid, iodine, Ca, Mg and P; below the Adequate Intake (AI) level for pantothenic acid, biotin, Na and K; and using the probability approach for Fe. Data were adjusted for intra-individual variation with exclusion of under-reporters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ouarzazate, a semi-urban region situated on the southern slopes of the High Atlas with little industrial development but an important tourism sector.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-selected sample of 312 pupils aged 15-19 years from the five public high schools. After exclusion of under-reporters, 293 remained for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest proportions of below-EAR/AI intakes were seen for pantothenic acid (girls 85·1 %, boys 78·0 %), biotin (boys 83·1 %, girls 79·4 %), thiamin (boys 66·9 %), folate (girls 93·1 %, boys 74·6 %), iodine (boys 94·9 %, girls 88·0 %) and Ca (girls 83·4 %, boys 74·6 %). Na intake was generally in excess whereas K intake was below the AI level. In general, girls had better-quality diets than boys, who appeared to consume more 'empty calories'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that in this population of Moroccan adolescents, nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating habits and correct micronutrient inadequacies. To provide reliable and precise estimates of nutrient intakes, an update of Moroccan food composition databases is urgently needed. We recommend that national authorities address these issues.
authors: 1Department of Biology,Laboratory of Human Ecology,Cadi Ayyad University,Faculty of Sciences Semlalia,Bvd Prince My Abdellah,BP 2390,40000 Marrakesh,Morocco.
authors: Karim
authors: K
authors: Anzid
authors: 1Department of Biology,Laboratory of Human Ecology,Cadi Ayyad University,Faculty of Sciences Semlalia,Bvd Prince My Abdellah,BP 2390,40000 Marrakesh,Morocco.
authors: Abdellatif
authors: A
authors: Baali
authors: 2Population-Environment-Development Laboratory,University of Provence,Marseille,France.
authors: Patrice
authors: P
authors: Vimard
authors: 3Consultant Epidemiologist,Luxembourg.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Levy-Desroches
authors: 1Department of Biology,Laboratory of Human Ecology,Cadi Ayyad University,Faculty of Sciences Semlalia,Bvd Prince My Abdellah,BP 2390,40000 Marrakesh,Morocco.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Cherkaoui
authors: 4Unidad de Antropología,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid,Spain.
authors: Pilar Montero
authors: PM
authors: López
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000172:deficiency*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008903:Minerals; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014131:Trace Elements; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D007455:Iodine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
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