title: ITPA (inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase): from surveillance of nucleotide pools to human disease and pharmacogenetics.
abstract: Cellular nucleotide pools are often contaminated by base analog nucleotides which interfere with a plethora of biological reactions, from DNA and RNA synthesis to cellular signaling. An evolutionarily conserved inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) removes the non-canonical purine (d)NTPs inosine triphosphate and xanthosine triphosphate by hydrolyzing them into their monophosphate form and pyrophosphate. Mutations in the ITPA orthologs in model organisms lead to genetic instability and, in mice, to severe developmental anomalies. In humans there is genetic polymorphism in ITPA. One allele leads to a proline to threonine substitution at amino acid 32 and causes varying degrees of ITPA deficiency in tissues and plays a role in patients' response to drugs. Structural analysis of this mutant protein reveals that the protein is destabilized by the formation of a cavity in its hydrophobic core. The Pro32Thr allele is thought to cause the observed dominant negative effect because the resulting active enzyme monomer targets both homo- and heterodimers to degradation.
authors: The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
authors: Peter D
authors: PD
authors: Simone
authors: The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA; Department of Genetics, St-Petersburg University, St-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
authors: Youri I
authors: YI
authors: Pavlov
authors: The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA. Electronic address: gborgstahl@unmc.edu.
authors: Gloria E O
authors: GEO
authors: Borgstahl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000201:enzymology; D000097630:Inosine Triphosphatase
chemical_list: D011755:Pyrophosphatases; C511829:ITPA protein, human; D000097630:Inosine Triphosphatase
keywords: Base analogs; DSB; Dominant negative; HAM1; HAP; HGPRT; ITP; ITPA; ITPA gene polymorphism; MEF; Mercaptopurines; NUDT16; Nucleotide pool; Pharmacogenetics; Protein stability; SSB; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; TPMT; XTP; base analog 6-hydroxylaminopurine; double-strand break; homolog RdgB E. coli ITPA homolog (Rec-dependent growth B); hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; inosine triphosphate; inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase; mouse embryonic fibroblasts; nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 16; single-strand break; thiopurine S-methyltransferase; xanthosine triphosphate
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