title: Whole genome duplication and enrichment of metal cation transporters revealed by de novo genome sequencing of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii.
abstract: Hortaea werneckii, ascomycetous yeast from the order Capnodiales, shows an exceptional adaptability to osmotically stressful conditions. To investigate this unusual phenotype we obtained a draft genomic sequence of a H. werneckii strain isolated from hypersaline water of solar saltern. Two of its most striking characteristics that may be associated with a halotolerant lifestyle are the large genetic redundancy and the expansion of genes encoding metal cation transporters. Although no sexual state of H. werneckii has yet been described, a mating locus with characteristics of heterothallic fungi was found. The total assembly size of the genome is 51.6 Mb, larger than most phylogenetically related fungi, coding for almost twice the usual number of predicted genes (23333). The genome appears to have experienced a relatively recent whole genome duplication, and contains two highly identical gene copies of almost every protein. This is consistent with some previous studies that reported increases in genomic DNA content triggered by exposure to salt stress. In hypersaline conditions transmembrane ion transport is of utmost importance. The analysis of predicted metal cation transporters showed that most types of transporters experienced several gene duplications at various points during their evolution. Consequently they are present in much higher numbers than expected. The resulting diversity of transporters presents interesting biotechnological opportunities for improvement of halotolerance of salt-sensitive species. The involvement of plasma P-type H⁺ ATPases in adaptation to different concentrations of salt was indicated by their salt dependent transcription. This was not the case with vacuolar H⁺ ATPases, which were transcribed constitutively. The availability of this genomic sequence is expected to promote the research of H. werneckii. Studying its extreme halotolerance will not only contribute to our understanding of life in hypersaline environments, but should also identify targets for improving the salt- and osmotolerance of economically important plants and microorganisms.
authors: Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: Metka
authors: M
authors: Lenassi
authors: Cene
authors: C
authors: Gostinčar
authors: Shaun
authors: S
authors: Jackman
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Turk
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Sadowski
authors: Corey
authors: C
authors: Nislow
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Jones
authors: Inanc
authors: I
authors: Birol
authors: Nina Gunde
authors: NG
authors: Cimerman
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Plemenitaš
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D059646:Genome Size; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D017136:Ion Transport; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010802:Phylogeny; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D055049:Salt Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*; D012492:Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D012492:Salts; D012965:Sodium Chloride
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