title: Markers for nutrition studies: review of criteria for the evaluation of markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Markers are important tools to assess the nutrition status and effects of nutrition interventions. There is currently insufficient consensus in nutrition sciences on how to evaluate markers, despite the need for properly evaluating them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the criteria for the evaluation of markers related to nutrition, health and disease and to propose generic criteria for evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The report on "Evaluation of Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease" from the Institute of Medicine was the starting point for the literature search. Additionally, specific search strategies were developed for Pubmed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nutrition, no set of criteria or systematic approach to evaluate markers is currently available. There is a reliance on the medical area where statistical methods have been developed to quantify the evaluation of markers. Even here, a systematic approach is lacking-markers are still evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The review of publications from the literature search resulted in a database with definitions, criteria for validity and the rationale behind the criteria. It was recognized that, in nutrition, a number of methodological aspects differ from medical research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following criteria were identified as essential elements in the evaluation of markers: (1) the marker has a causal biological link with the endpoint, (2) there is a significant association between marker and endpoint in the target population, (3) marker changes consistently with the endpoint, e.g., in response to an intervention, and (4) change in the marker explains a substantial proportion of the change in the endpoint in response to the intervention.
authors: Jan de Vries, De Vries Nutrition Solutions, Reuvekamp 26, 7213-CE, Gorssel, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: de Vries
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Antoine
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Burzykowski
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Chiodini
authors: Mike
authors: M
authors: Gibney
authors: Gunter
authors: G
authors: Kuhnle
authors: Agnès
authors: A
authors: Méheust
authors: Loek
authors: L
authors: Pijls
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Rowland
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
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