title: Levetiracetam interacts synergistically with nonsteroidal analgesics and caffeine to produce antihyperalgesia in rats.
abstract: Levetiracetam is a novel anticonvulsant with antihyperalgesic efficacy in inflammatory pain. Nonsteroidal analgesics and caffeine, as analgesic adjuvant, are widely used against inflammatory pain. This study characterized the manner in which levetiracetam interacts with analgesics (ibuprofen, celecoxib, and paracetamol) and caffeine to suppress hyperalgesia in a model of localized inflammation. Rat paw inflammation was induced by intraplantar carrageenan (.1 mL, 1%). Hyperalgesia and antihyperalgesic effects of levetiracetam (orally), analgesics (orally), and caffeine (intraperitoneally) alone and 2-drug combinations of levetiracetam with analgesics or caffeine were examined by a modified paw pressure test. The type of interaction between components was determined by isobolographic analysis or by analysis of the log dose-response curves for drug combination and drugs alone. Levetiracetam (10-200 mg/kg), ibuprofen (12.5-100 mg/kg), celecoxib (3.75-30 mg/kg), paracetamol (50-200 mg/kg), caffeine (15-100 mg/kg), and 2-drug combinations of levetiracetam with analgesics/caffeine produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Isobolographic analysis revealed that levetiracetam exerts a synergistic interaction with analgesics, with approximately 7-, 9-, and 11-fold reduction of doses of both drugs in combination of levetiracetam with paracetamol, celecoxib, and ibuprofen, respectively. Analysis of the log dose-response curves for levetiracetam (1-50 mg/kg) in the presence of caffeine (10 mg/kg) and levetiracetam applied alone also revealed a synergistic interaction. Levetiracetam's ED50 in the presence of caffeine was reduced approximately 11-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented data suggest that 2-drug combinations of levetiracetam and nonsteroidal analgesics or caffeine could be useful in treatment of inflammatory pain. The efficacy and the adverse effects of those mixtures should be explored further in clinical settings.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: majat@pharmacy.bg.ac.rs.
authors: Maja A
authors: MA
authors: Tomić
authors: Ana M
authors: AM
authors: Micov
authors: Radica M
authors: RM
authors: Stepanović-Petrović
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000082:Acetaminophen; D002110:Caffeine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D000068579:Celecoxib; D007052:Ibuprofen; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: Levetiracetam; analgesics; caffeine; inflammatory pain; synergism