title: Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of myositis: recent advances.
abstract: Dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), necrotizing myopathy (NM) and inclusion body myositis (IBM) are four distinct subtypes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies - in short myositis. Recent studies have shed some light on the unique pathogenesis of each entity. Some of the clinical features are distinct, but muscle biopsy is indispensable for making a reliable diagnosis. The use of magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles and detection of myositis-specific autoantibodies have become useful additions to our diagnostic repertoire. Only few controlled trials are available to substantiate current treatment approaches for myositis and hopes are high that novel modalities will become available within the next few years. In this review we provide an up-to-date overview of the pathogenesis and diagnostic approach of myositis. We aim to present a guide towards therapeutic and general management.
authors: Clinic for Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors: P-O
authors: PO
authors: Carstens
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009220:Myositis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: muscle immunology/disease; myositis; neuroimmunology
references: Lancet. 2003 Sep 20;362(9388):971-82
references: 14511932
references: Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Apr;82(4):441-7
references: 17418072
references: J Neurol. 2000 Jan;247(1):22-8
references: 10701893
references: Clin Dermatol. 1988 Apr-Jun;6(2):15-22
references: 3293740
references: N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 6;314(6):329-34
references: 3945256
references: Neurology. 2000 Nov 14;55(9):1385-7
references: 11087787
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Feb;52(2):601-7
references: 15692974
references: J Neurol. 2003 Apr;250(4):480-5
references: 12700915
references: Expert Opin Med Diagn. 2010 May;4(3):241-50
references: 23488533
references: Neurology. 2003 Jul 22;61(2):260-2
references: 12874415
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Feb;1154:101-14
references: 19250233
references: Drugs. 2011 Oct 22;71(15):1973-87
references: 21985166
references: Ann Neurol. 2013 Mar;73(3):397-407
references: 23460448
references: Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2013 Dec;21(6):539-42
references: 23343957
references: Ann Neurol. 2002 Mar;51(3):369-72
references: 11891832
references: Neurology. 1997 Mar;48(3):712-6
references: 9065553
references: Brain. 2008 May;131(Pt 5):1228-40
references: 18420712
references: J Neurol. 2009 Dec;256(12):2009-13
references: 19603245
references: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun;48(6):607-12
references: 19439503
references: Brain. 2012 Apr;135(Pt 4):1102-14
references: 22436237
references: Autoimmun Rev. 2012 May;11(6-7):A515-9
references: 22155199
references: Neurology. 2001 Feb 13;56(3):323-7
references: 11171896
references: Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 Dec;107(1):32-7
references: 15567550
references: Dysphagia. 2012 Sep;27(3):408-17
references: 22207246
references: Brain. 2011 Nov;134(Pt 11):3167-75
references: 21908393
references: Ann Neurol. 2013 Mar;73(3):408-18
references: 23596012
references: Auris Nasus Larynx. 2009 Dec;36(6):705-8
references: 19481890
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;73(4):420-8
references: 12235311
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20266
references: 21629782
references: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;80(12):1344-9
references: 19470495
references: Muscle Nerve. 2012 May;45(5):676-83
references: 22499094
references: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Apr;71(4):549-52
references: 22121134
references: Rheumatol Int. 2013 May;33(5):1295-302
references: 23143553
references: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Dec;62(12):1748-55
references: 20722047
references: Muscle Nerve. 2003 Apr;27(4):407-25
references: 12661042
references: Arch Dermatol. 1995 Dec;131(12):1386-92
references: 7492126
references: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010 Jun;12(3):198-203
references: 20425524
references: Rev Bras Reumatol. 2012 Aug;52(4):580-93
references: 22885424
references: Ann Neurol. 2011 Sep;70(3):427-36
references: 21688301
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Nov;21(6):610-6
references: 19726994
references: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Dec;50(12):2206-13
references: 21571768
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jul;63(7):1961-71
references: 21400483
references: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012 Feb;12(1):54-61
references: 21968786
references: Ann Neurol. 1988 Jan;23(1):64-72
references: 3278673
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63(3):713-21
references: 21360500
references: Neurol Sci. 2011 Oct;32(5):841-7
references: 21695654
references: Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S123-4
references: 16432140
references: Neurology. 2000 Jan 11;54(1):65-71
references: 10636127
references: J Clin Neurosci. 2008 Dec;15(12):1350-3
references: 18815046
references: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2003 Dec;29(6):546-52
references: 14636161
references: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 May-Jun;14 Suppl 15:S53-7
references: 8828949
references: Brain. 2011 Nov;134(Pt 11):3176-84
references: 21994327
references: Mod Rheumatol. 2013 May;23(3):496-502
references: 22644102
references: Neuromuscul Disord. 2010 Jun;20(6):382-9
references: 20423755
references: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Nov;87(11):883-9
references: 18936555
references: Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(6):249
references: 22192711
references: J Cutan Pathol. 2008 Jan;35(1):31-9
references: 18095992
references: Eur Neurol. 2006;55(4):183-8
references: 16772711
references: Nutr Clin Pract. 2009 Jun-Jul;24(3):395-413
references: 19483069
references: Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Dec;65(12):1635-8
references: 16679430
references: Ir J Med Sci. 1958 Jul;(391):333-4
references: 13562963
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Nov;24(6):602-8
references: 22955022
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Feb;65(2):314-24
references: 23124935
references: Neurology. 2001 Nov 13;57(9):1566-70
references: 11706093
references: Muscle Nerve. 2012 Feb;45(2):189-94
references: 22246873
references: Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2012 Feb;4(1):41-50
references: 22870494
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Nov;23(6):612-9
references: 21885975
references: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011 Jun;13(3):208-15
references: 21336621
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009 Nov;21(6):594-8
references: 19730376
references: Ann Neurol. 2007 May;61(5):476-83
references: 17469125
references: Ann Neurol. 1995 Nov;38(5):705-13
references: 7486861
references: J Neurol Sci. 2013 Feb 15;325(1-2):103-7
references: 23294492
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Mar;24(2):201-7
references: 22189517
references: Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;11(6):485-9
references: 14631184
references: Br J Rheumatol. 1996 Apr;35(4):305-6
references: 8624632
references: Neurology. 2004 Aug 24;63(4):718-20
references: 15326251
references: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Jan-Feb;31(1):128-34
references: 23190767
references: Cancer Res. 1973 Jul;33(7):1729-34
references: 4541737
references: J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 4;286(5):3970-80
references: 20980264
references: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jul;60(7):2183-92
references: 19565490
references: Dysphagia. 2012 Mar;27(1):64-9
references: 21442390
references: Arch Dermatol. 2011 Apr;147(4):391-8
references: 21482889
references: J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Aug;25(2 Pt 1):225-30
references: 1918457
references: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Jun;14(3):264-74
references: 22367479
references: IDrugs. 2010 Jul;13(7):482-96
references: 20582873
references: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2012 Aug;71(8):680-93
references: 22805774
references: Neuromuscul Disord. 2010 Feb;20(2):142-7
references: 20074951
references: Brain. 2009 Jun;132(Pt 6):1536-44
references: 19454532
references: Can J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;18(6):397-9
references: 15190396
references: Brain. 1989 Jun;112 ( Pt 3):727-47
references: 2543478
references: Case Rep Oncol. 2010 Apr 08;3(1):88-92
references: 20740165
references: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012 Dec;38(7):632-46
references: 22989019
references: Neurology. 1994 Aug;44(8):1516-8
references: 8058161
references: Neurology. 1997 May;48(5):1234-8
references: 9153449
references: J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2010 Dec;11(12):906-11
references: 20625308
references: Neurology. 2002 Apr 9;58(7):1081-7
references: 11940697
references: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46709
references: 23071619
references: Nervenarzt. 2011 Jun;82(6):723-32
references: 21614632
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD003643
references: 22895935
references: Gerontology. 2007;53(4):224-7
references: 17356289
references: Am J Pathol. 2012 Dec;181(6):2161-71
references: 23058368
references: Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:369432
references: 22110532
references: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013 Jun;13(3):315-21
references: 23093472
references: Autoimmun Rev. 2013 Jan;12(3):363-73
references: 22743033
references: Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2013;6:1-7
references: 23362370
references: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;5(7):382-90
references: 19506586
references: Lancet. 2000 Jan 1;355(9197):53-7
references: 10615903
references: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2008 Nov;20(6):675-80
references: 18946327
references: Neurology. 2002 Jan 22;58(2):326
references: 11805271