title: Cutis laxa: intersection of elastic fiber biogenesis, TGFβ signaling, the secretory pathway and metabolism.
abstract: Cutis laxa (CL), a disease characterized by redundant and inelastic skin, displays extensive locus heterogeneity. Together with geroderma osteodysplasticum and arterial tortuosity syndrome, which show phenotypic overlap with CL, eleven CL-related genes have been identified to date, which encode proteins within 3 groups. Elastin, fibulin-4, fibulin-5 and latent transforming growth factor-β-binding protein 4 are secreted proteins which form elastic fibers and are involved in the sequestration and subsequent activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Proteins within the second group, localized to the secretory pathway, perform transport and membrane trafficking functions necessary for the modification and secretion of elastic fiber components. Key proteins include a subunit of the vacuolar-type proton pump, which ensures the efficient secretion of tropoelastin, the precursor or elastin. A copper transporter is required for the activity of lysyl oxidases, which crosslink collagen and elastin. A Rab6-interacting goglin recruits kinesin motors to Golgi-vesicles facilitating the transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. The Rab and Ras interactor 2 regulates the activity of Rab5, a small guanosine triphosphatase essential for the endocytosis of various cell surface receptors, including integrins. Proteins of the third group related to CL perform metabolic functions within the mitochondria, inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Two of these proteins catalyze subsequent steps in the conversion of glutamate to proline. The third transports dehydroascorbate into mitochondria. Recent studies on CL-related proteins highlight the intricate connections among membrane trafficking, metabolism, extracellular matrix assembly, and TGFβ signaling.
authors: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. Electronic address: urbanz@pitt.edu.
authors: Zsolt
authors: Z
authors: Urban
authors: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7 Canada.
authors: Elaine C
authors: EC
authors: Davis
mesh_terms: D003483:Cutis Laxa / Q000378:metabolism*; D004547:Elastic Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D021381:Protein Transport; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D055571:Secretory Pathway; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
keywords: Biological evolution; Elastic fiber; Extracellular matrix; Mitochondria; Protein trafficking; Transforming growth factor beta
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