title: Effect of plant nutrition on aphid size, prey consumption, and life history characteristics of green lacewing.
abstract: Plant quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic level. The predation by all the instars of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (S.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on the cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and Sitobion avenae (F.) at varying nitrogen fertilizer levels was calculated under laboratory conditions. Wheat plants were grown on four nitrogen fertilizer levels and aphids were fed on these plants and subsequently offered as food to the C. carnea. Aphid densities of 10, 30, and 90 were offered to first, second, and third instar larvae of green lacewing. Increased nitrogen application improved nitrogen contents of the plants and also the body weight of cereal aphids feeding on them. Aphid consumption by green lacewings was reduced with the increase in nitrogen content in the host plants of aphids. Predation of both aphid species by first, second, and third instars larvae of C. carnea was highest on aphids reared on plants with the lowest rate of fertilization, suggesting a compensatory consumption to overcome reduced biomass (lower aphid size). Total biomass devoured by C. carnea on all nitrogen fertilizer treatments was not statistically different. Additionally, the heavier host prey influenced by the plant nutrition had an effect on the life history characteristics of green lacewings. The larval duration, pupal weight, pupal duration, fecundity, and male and female longevity were significantly affected by the level of nitrogen fertilization to the aphid's host plants, except for pupal duration when fed on S. avenae. This study showed that quantity of prey supplied to the larvae affects the prey consumption and thereafter the life history characteristics of green lacewings.
authors: Division of Ecology & Evolution, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha.
authors: Muhammad A
authors: MA
authors: Aqueel
authors: Catherine M
authors: CM
authors: Collins
authors: Abu-bakar M
authors: AB
authors: Raza
authors: Shahbaz
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Tariq
authors: Simon R
authors: SR
authors: Leather
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology
keywords: Chrysoperla carnea; host plant nutrition; tritrophic interactions