title: Sodium and potassium intakes among US infants and preschool children, 2003-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data are limited on usual sodium and potassium intakes relative to age-specific recommendations and the sodium:potassium ratio in infants and preschoolers, especially among those aged <2 y, who are black or breastfed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The usual sodium intake above the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs), potassium intakes above Adequate Intakes (AIs), the sodium:potassium ratio, and sodium density (mg/kcal) among US infants and preschoolers by age group, as applicable, were estimated and compared by race-ethnicity and current breastfeeding status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed among 3 groups of children (aged 7-11 mo, 1-3 y, and 4-5 y) from the NHANES 2003-2010 by using measurement error models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine percent of children aged 1-3 y and 87% of those aged 4-5 y exceeded their sodium UL; among non-Hispanic black children, the estimates were 84% and 97%, respectively. For potassium, 97% of infants, 5% of children aged 1-3 y, and 0.4% aged 4-5 y met their AIs. Compared with non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic black infants and preschoolers had higher mean sodium density and sodium:potassium ratios. Currently breastfed infants and children consumed, on average, less sodium than those who were not breastfed (382 ± 53 compared with 538 ± 22 mg in those aged 7-11 mo and 1154 ± 88 compared with 1985 ± 24 mg in those aged 1-3 y, respectively), but the sodium:potassium ratio did not differ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most US preschoolers, particularly non-Hispanic blacks, consume too much sodium, and nearly all do not consume enough potassium. Data that suggest that currently breastfed infants consume less sodium than do those who are not breastfeeding merit further investigation.
authors: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
authors: Niu
authors: N
authors: Tian
authors: Zefeng
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Fleetwood
authors: F
authors: Loustalot
authors: Quanhe
authors: Q
authors: Yang
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Cogswell
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
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