title: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of heavy and non-heavy smokers among schizophrenia inpatients in a Chinese Han population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite higher smoking rates in schizophrenia, few studies have explored the clinical-demographic correlates of different amounts of smoking exposure. Little is known about the association between smoking severity and clinical phenotypes in Chinese patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated differences between heavy (≥1 pack/day) and non-heavy (<1 pack/day) smoking in 550 male inpatients with schizophrenia using clinician-administered questionnaires and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. They also were rated on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Simpson and Angus Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (SAES), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), as well as were assayed with laboratory tests and an electrocardiogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heavy smoking prevalence was approximately 31 %. Compared to the non-heavy smokers, the heavy smokers were younger, more with paranoid subtype but less with disorganized subtype schizophrenia, smoked at an earlier age, fewer getting clozapine or all atypical antipsychotics together, and were taking larger doses of antipsychotic drugs. The heavy smokers scored significantly lower on the PANSS negative symptom subscore and total score, and also on the SAES and AIMS scores than the non-heavy smokers. In addition, heavy smokers displayed longer rate-corrected electrocardiographic QT intervals, but without any significant differences in other laboratory tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest several clinical or demographic differences between the heavy and non-heavy smoking patients with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Heavy smoking remains a general health risk for schizophrenia.
authors: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China, xyzhang@bcm.edu.
authors: Xiang Yang
authors: XY
authors: Zhang
authors: Da Chun
authors: DC
authors: Chen
authors: Yun Long
authors: YL
authors: Tan
authors: Mei Hong
authors: MH
authors: Xiu
authors: Jingyi
authors: J
authors: Cui
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Hui
authors: Fu De
authors: FD
authors: Yang
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Kosten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044466:Asian People; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
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