title: Identifying critical thinking indicators and critical thinker attributes in nursing practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critical thinking is an essential skill in the nursing process. Although several studies have evaluated the critical thinking skills of nurses, there is limited information related to the indicators of critical thinking or evaluation of critical thinking in the context of the nursing process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the potential indicators of critical thinking and the attributes of critical thinkers in clinical nursing practice. Knowledge of these indicators can aid the development of tools to assess nursing students' critical thinking skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted between September 2009 and August 2010. In phase 1, a literature review and four focus groups were conducted to identify the indicators of critical thinking in the context of nursing and the attributes of critical thinkers. In phase 2, 30 nursing professionals participated in a modified Delphi research survey to establish consensus and the appropriateness of each indicator and attribute identified in phase 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 37 indicators of critical thinking and 10 attributes of critical thinkers. The indicators were categorized into five subscales within the context of the nursing process toreflect nursing clinical practice: assessment, 16 indicators of ability to apply professional knowledge and skills to analyze and interpret patient problems; diagnosis, five indicators of ability to propose preliminary suppositions; planning, five indicators of ability to develop problem-solving strategies; implementation, five indicators of ability to implement planning; and evaluation, six indicators of ability to self-assess and reflect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study operationalized critical thinking into a practical indicator suitable for nursing contexts in which critical thinking is required for clinical problem solving. Identified indicators and attributes can assist clinical instructors to evaluate student critical thought skills and development-related teaching strategies.
authors: Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University. curie_chao@hotmail.com
authors: Shu-Yuan
authors: SY
authors: Chao
authors: Hsing-Yuan
authors: HY
authors: Liu
authors: Ming-Chang
authors: MC
authors: Wu
authors: Mary Jo
authors: MJ
authors: Clark
authors: Jung-Ying
authors: JY
authors: Tan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009736:Nursing Process; D013850:Thinking