title: Reference and normalization methods: essential tools for the intercomparison of NMR spectra.
abstract: This review aims at providing an analysis of the various available reference methods in nuclear magnetic resonance, based on recent literature. This paper will provide a tool to help users in choosing the appropriate method depending on the NMR experiment, sample and targeted application. For each method, the crucial parameters that should be particularly considered to reach the accuracy objectives of quantitative NMR are described. After defining the main concepts, the principle, the analytical performance and the main recent applications of each method are described, and a critical discussion is finally provided.
authors: EBSI Team, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, LUNAM Université, B.P. 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Giraudeau
authors: EBSI Team, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, LUNAM Université, B.P. 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
authors: Illa
authors: I
authors: Tea
authors: EBSI Team, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, LUNAM Université, B.P. 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
authors: Gérald S
authors: GS
authors: Remaud
authors: EBSI Team, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, LUNAM Université, B.P. 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France. Electronic address: serge.akoka@univ-nantes.fr.
authors: Serge
authors: S
authors: Akoka
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards
keywords: Chemical reference; Electronic reference; NMR spectrometry; Quantitative NMR spectroscopy; qNMR