title: De novo mutation in the dopamine transporter gene associates dopamine dysfunction with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: De novo genetic variation is an important class of risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recently, whole-exome sequencing of ASD families has identified a novel de novo missense mutation in the human dopamine (DA) transporter (hDAT) gene, which results in a Thr to Met substitution at site 356 (hDAT T356M). The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a presynaptic membrane protein that regulates dopaminergic tone in the central nervous system by mediating the high-affinity reuptake of synaptically released DA, making it a crucial regulator of DA homeostasis. Here, we report the first functional, structural and behavioral characterization of an ASD-associated de novo mutation in the hDAT. We demonstrate that the hDAT T356M displays anomalous function, characterized as a persistent reverse transport of DA (substrate efflux). Importantly, in the bacterial homolog leucine transporter, substitution of A289 (the homologous site to T356) with a Met promotes an outward-facing conformation upon substrate binding. In the substrate-bound state, an outward-facing transporter conformation is required for substrate efflux. In Drosophila melanogaster, the expression of hDAT T356M in DA neurons-lacking Drosophila DAT leads to hyperlocomotion, a trait associated with DA dysfunction and ASD. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that alterations in DA homeostasis, mediated by aberrant DAT function, may confer risk for ASD and related neuropsychiatric conditions.
authors: Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Hamilton
authors: N G
authors: NG
authors: Campbell
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sharma
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Erreger
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Herborg Hansen
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Saunders
authors: A N
authors: AN
authors: Belovich
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Sahai
authors: E H
authors: EH
authors: Cook
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Gether
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: McHaourab
authors: H J G
authors: HJ
authors: Matthies
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Sutcliffe
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Galli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D004298:Dopamine
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