title: Socioeconomic deprivation and cortical morphology: psychological, social, and biological determinants of ill health study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation has been associated with poor cognitive function pertaining to language and the executive control. Few studies have explored the cortical morphology of regions most commonly associated with these functions. The aim of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood-level deprivation and the morphology of cortical regions associated with language and executive control in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared the cortical morphology of 42 neurologically healthy adult men from the least deprived and most deprived neighborhoods of Glasgow. We performed surface-based morphometry on 3-T structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images to extract the cortical morphology--volume, thickness (CT), and surface area (SA) of regions commonly associated with language and executive control. Cortical morphology was compared between the two groups. We used mediation analysis to examine whether cardiometabolic risk factors mediated the relationship between deprivation status and cortical morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intracranial volume and mean total CT did not differ between groups. The deprived group had significantly smaller left posterior parietal cortex SA (Cohen d = 0.89) and fusiform cortex SA (Cohen d = 1.05). They also had thinner left Wernicke's area (Cohen d =0.93) and its right homologue (Cohen d = 1.12). Among the cardiometabolic markers, a composite factor comprising inflammatory markers mediated the relationship between deprivation status and Wernicke's area CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A group of neurologically healthy men from deprived neighborhoods showed significantly smaller cortical morphology--both SA and CT--in regions of the brain pertaining to language and executive function. We provide additional evidence of a relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and cortical morphology.
authors: Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Rajeev.krishnadas@glasgow.ac.uk
authors: Rajeev
authors: R
authors: Krishnadas
authors: John
authors: J
authors: McLean
authors: G David
authors: GD
authors: Batty
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Burns
authors: Kevin A
authors: KA
authors: Deans
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Ford
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: McConnachie
authors: Jennifer S
authors: JS
authors: McLean
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Millar
authors: Naveed
authors: N
authors: Sattar
authors: Paul G
authors: PG
authors: Shiels
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Tannahill
authors: Yoga N
authors: YN
authors: Velupillai
authors: Chris J
authors: CJ
authors: Packard
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Cavanagh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: cardiometabolic risk; deprivation; executive control; inflammation; language; socioeconomic status