title: Socioeconomic, lifestyle and dietary factors associated with dietary supplement use during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information on dietary supplement (DS) use during pregnancy is largely lacking. Besides, little is known about the share of DS use as self-medication versus such use following a physician's advice/prescription. Our aim was to evaluate DS use and its socioeconomic, lifestyle and dietary correlates among pregnant women participating in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected by self-administered web-based questionnaires. Food intake was assessed by repeated 24 h dietary records. 903 pregnant women provided data on their DS use (both "regular" DS and medication containing mainly vitamins/minerals). Supplement users were compared to non-users by unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DS use-in general and as regards folic acid in particular-was positively correlated with age, being primiparous, having higher income and belonging to a higher socioprofessional category. DS users had significantly higher dietary intakes of most vitamins and minerals. The proportion of DS users (e.g., those reporting use at least three days a week) increased significantly with the trimester of pregnancy (58.0%, 62.2% and 74.5%, respectively). 50.2% of women in their 1st trimester used folic acid. The proportion of iron users tripled from the 1st to the 3rd trimester (18.5 to 63.9%). DS use was prescribed or recommended by a physician in 86.7% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided new and detailed information on DS use and its correlates during pregnancy. Even in this relatively well-educated population, folic acid supplementation at the beginning of pregnancy was inadequate and was associated with socioeconomic and demographic disparities.
authors: Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm U557, Inra, Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France. c.pouchieu@uren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr
authors: Camille
authors: C
authors: Pouchieu
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Lévy
authors: Céline
authors: C
authors: Faure
authors: Valentina A
authors: VA
authors: Andreeva
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Galan
authors: Serge
authors: S
authors: Hercberg
authors: Mathilde
authors: M
authors: Touvier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014943:Global Health; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid
references: Am J Med Genet A. 2008 May 1;146A(9):1128-33
references: 18386810
references: Int J Pharm Pract. 2009 Feb;17(1):31-8
references: 20218027
references: BMC Public Health. 2010 May 11;10:242
references: 20459807
references: Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):384-90
references: 19445414
references: Nutr Rev. 2013 Feb;71(2):118-32
references: 23356639
references: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):416-23
references: 19187374
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):663S-7S
references: 19073789
references: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1119-30
references: 11033980
references: Nutrients. 2012 Apr;4(4):259-72
references: 22606369
references: Hum Reprod. 2011 Apr;26(4):911-9
references: 21303776
references: Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59(1):50-4
references: 22123639
references: JAMA. 2012 Dec 19;308(23):2463-4
references: 23288022
references: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 16;4(11):e7845
references: 19924280
references: Ir Med J. 2011 Jun;104(6):173-7
references: 22111393
references: Eur J Epidemiol. 2010 May;25(5):287-96
references: 20191377
references: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):1134-41
references: 17093167
references: Midwifery. 2009 Apr;25(2):134-46
references: 17543431
references: Food Nutr Bull. 2010 Mar;31(1 Suppl):S22-35
references: 20629350
references: Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Aug;19(8):553-9
references: 19576535
references: Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Oct;49(10):2645-54
references: 21771631
references: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Oct;66(10):1172-7
references: 22909577
references: Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52(4):272-80
references: 18645244
references: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012 Feb;94(2):96-101
references: 22246989
references: Public Health Nutr. 2007 Oct;10(10):1104-10
references: 17381932
references: Prev Med. 2008 Oct;47(4):427-32
references: 18644404
references: J Hum Nutr Diet. 2012 Apr;25(2):140-7
references: 22126238
references: BMC Public Health. 2012 Nov 23;12:1025
references: 23176627
references: Public Health Nutr. 2013 May;16(5):901-11
references: 22850218
references: Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2003 Dec;68(6):494-5
references: 14745984
references: Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(12):767-71
references: 19043786
references: Lancet. 2013 Mar 23;381(9871):1029-36
references: 23352552
references: Ir Med J. 2012 Jul-Aug;105(7):236-8
references: 23008883
references: Br J Nutr. 2011 Apr;105(7):1055-64
references: 21080983
references: J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):486-92
references: 23365107
references: Environ Health. 2012 Jun 27;11:42
references: 22715989
references: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):408-15
references: 19187373
references: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;185(2):433-7
references: 11518905
references: Br J Nutr. 2006 Nov;96(5):913-20
references: 17092382
references: Reprod Nutr Dev. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):119-28
references: 11434516
references: Int J Public Health. 2011 Aug;56(4):407-17
references: 21538094
references: Br J Nutr. 2013 Oct;110(8):1480-91
references: 23432948
references: Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2012 Mar;32(2):76-83
references: 22414304
references: Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1527-9
references: 18333291
references: Can J Public Health. 2011 Jul-Aug;102(4):308-12
references: 21913590
references: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 28;(3):CD006896
references: 23543547