title: Psychosocial and cardiac outcomes of yoga for ICD patients: a randomized clinical control trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because as many as 46% of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) patients experience clinical symptoms of shock anxiety, this randomized controlled study evaluated the efficacy of adapted yoga (vs usual care) in reducing clinical psychosocial risks shown to impact morbidity and mortality in ICD recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six participants were randomized to a control group or an 8-week adapted yoga group that followed a standardized protocol with weekly classes and home practice. Medical and psychosocial data were collected at baseline and follow-up, then compared and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total shock anxiety decreased for the yoga group and increased for the control group, t(4.43, 36), P < 0.0001, with significant differences between these changes. Similarly, consequential anxiety decreased for the yoga group but increased for the control group t(2.86,36) P = 0.007. Compared to the control, the yoga group had greater overall self-compassion, t(-2.84,37), P = 0.007, and greater mindfulness, t(-2.10,37) P = 0.04, at the end of the study. Exploratory analyses utilizing a linear model (R(2) = 0.98) of observed device-treated ventricular (DTV) events revealed that the expected number of DTV events in the yoga group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.0001). Compared to the control, the yoga group had a 32% lower risk of experiencing device-related firings at end of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated psychosocial benefits from a program of adapted yoga (vs usual care) for ICD recipients. These data support continued research to better understand the role of complementary medicine to address ICD-specific stress in cardiac outcomes.
authors: Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Stefanie C F
authors: SC
authors: Toise
authors: Samuel F
authors: SF
authors: Sears
authors: Mark H
authors: MH
authors: Schoenfeld
authors: Mark L
authors: ML
authors: Blitzer
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Marieb
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Drury
authors: Martin D
authors: MD
authors: Slade
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Donohue
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: electrophysiology; implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD); psychosocial risk; quality of life; randomized clinical trials; yoga
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