title: Potentiation of Innate Immunity by β-Glucans.
abstract: β-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor activities by potentiating host immunity by an unknown mechanism. The C-type lectin dectin-1, a β-glucan receptor, is found on the macrophage and can recognize various β-glucans. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of β-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on the Raw 264.7 cells as well as on murine mucosal organs, such as the thymus, the lung, and the spleen. In order to investigate immunopotentiation of innate immunity by β-glucan, we stimulated a murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell line with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Laminaria digitata. Then, we analyzed cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition we analyzed gene expression patterns in β-glucan-treated Raw 264.7 cells by applying total mRNA to cDNA microarray to investigate the expression of 7,000 known genes. When stimulated with β-glucans, the macrophage cells increased TNF-α expression. When co-stimulation of the cells with β-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a synergy effect was observed by increased TNF-α expression. In IL-6 expression, any of the β-glucans tested could not induce IL-6 expression by itself. However, when co-stimulation occurred with β-glucan and LPS, the cells showed strong synergistic effects by increased IL-6 expression. Chip analysis showed that β-glucan of P. ostreatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating gene families such as kinases, lectin associated genes and TNF-related genes in the macrophage cell line. Induction of TNF receptor expression by FACS analysis was synergized only when co-stimulated with β-glucan and LPS, not with β-glucan alone. From these data, β-glucan increased expressions of immunomodulating genes and showed synergistic effect with LPS.
authors: Center for Drug Development Assistance, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 122-704, Korea.
authors: Su Kyoung
authors: SK
authors: Seong
authors: Ha Won
authors: HW
authors: Kim
keywords: Cytokines; Laminarin; Microarray; Pleurotus ostreatus; β-Glucan
references: Am J Pathol. 1993 Oct;143(4):1121-30
references: 8214006
references: Int Immunol. 1993 Jun;5(6):691-4
references: 8347560
references: Exp Hematol. 1990 Oct;18(9):1042-8
references: 1697806
references: Am J Ther. 2007 Mar-Apr;14(2):203-12
references: 17414591
references: Semin Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;6(6):385-93
references: 8748146
references: J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;17(9):1513-20
references: 18062230
references: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1976;73 Pt B:397-413
references: 793341
references: J Gen Microbiol. 1988 May;134(5):1265-74
references: 3058863
references: J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 30;275(26):20157-67
references: 10779524
references: Biol Chem. 1999 Jul-Aug;380(7-8):767-84
references: 10494826
references: J Immunol. 1995 Mar 1;154(5):2366-74
references: 7532668
references: Mycoses. 2008 Jul;51(4):341-4
references: 18444974
references: Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Feb;2(2):77-84
references: 11910898
references: Cancer Res. 1985 Apr;45(4):1496-501
references: 3156669
references: Nature. 2001 Sep 6;413(6851):36-7
references: 11544516
references: Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;28(3):476-81
references: 10194064