title: Timing and gender determine if acute pain impairs working memory performance.
abstract: The effects of pain on memory are complex, and little is known about the vulnerability of working memory (WM) performance when individuals complete a WM test while concurrently experiencing pain. Here, we subjected 78 healthy nonsmoking participants to either acute pain or a control condition while we administered a WM test. In this context, we also tested WM 20 minutes after pain in order to determine if timing of pain affected WM performance, and assessed objective and subjective measures of pain. We hypothesized that pain would impair WM performance during pain. Further, women's WM performance would be impaired more than men. Importantly, there was an interaction between gender and condition, with women exposed to pain experiencing impairments during but not after the cold pressor task. Our data imply that timing and gender are critically important in whether acute pain is costly to WM performance. Our findings have interesting clinical, professional, and educational implications, and understanding the influence of pain could help to improve the interpretation of WM tests in these diverse settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study support the growing body of work that attests to the detrimental effect of pain on WM performance. Further, this study provides new evidence that concurrently experiencing cold pressor pain impairs WM in regularly menstruating women and women taking a contraceptive.
authors: Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California. Electronic address: annahood@wustl.edu.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Hood
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Pulvers
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Spady
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Working memory; cold pressor; gender; impairment; letter-number sequencing
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