title: An approach to local immunotoxicity induced by adjuvanted vaccines.
abstract: The occurrence of injection site reactions following immunization is the most frequently reported toxicity manifestation of vaccines; however, the different types of local reactions and the different mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, the current advances in adjuvants and the role that adjuvants play in local reactions are reviewed. The role of adjuvants in the formation of the loco-regional complex (LRC), which consists of the injection site, draining lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes, is also discussed. Finally, strategies and recommendations for the rational design of adjuvanted vaccines are discussed, with a particular interest in the reduction of local inflammation.
authors: Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2 CP 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Electronic address: alexander.batista@medired.scu.sld.cu.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Batista-Duharte
authors: Deivys
authors: D
authors: Portuondo
authors: Iracilda Zeppone
authors: IZ
authors: Carlos
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Pérez
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D014612:Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Action mechanism; Adjuvant; Immunotoxicity; Local reaction; Vaccine