title: Microstructure of titanium-cement-lithium disilicate interface in CAD-CAM dental implant crowns: a three-dimensional profilometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peri-implantitis is an infection of the implant surface caused by adhesion of bacteria that generate bone resorption and sometimes even consequent implant loss. Both screw-retained and cemented fixed implants are affected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological defects at the cemented interface between titanium abutment and ceramic crown, comparing different adhesive cements used to fill the marginal gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing dental crowns were cemented to titanium abutments using three different resin composite cements. Sealed margins were polished using grommets with descending diamond particle size. Three groups of four crowns each were made according to the cement used, namely RelyX Unicem (3 M ESPE), Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray), and NX3 (Nexus Kerr). Samples were analyzed using optical inspection, three-dimensional profilometry, and image analysis, including analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although RelyX showed significantly lower root mean square surface roughness (4.4 ± 1.5 μm) than that of NX3 (7.0 ± 2.9 μm), it showed no significant difference with Panavia (3.7 ± 1.5 μm). The marginal gap was significantly wider in Panavia (149 ± 108 μm) as compared with NX3 (71 ± 45 μm) and Relyx (64 ± 34 μm). For all groups, homogeneous heights of both metal-cement and ceramic-cement gaps were observed. Moreover, all samples showed homogeneity of the margins and absence of instrumental bias, thus validating both procedure and materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When using the chosen polishing method, RelyX Unicem showed both low roughness and marginal width, and thus the smoothest and more continuous abutment-crown interlayer, promising a low probability of occurrence of peri-implantitis.
authors: University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Cresti
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Itri
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Rebaudi
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Diaspro
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Salerno
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D015921:Dental Implants; C000612462:NX3 (Nexus Kerr); C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; C483701:Rely X Unicem; D019279:Resin Cements; C493120:lithia disilicate; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D014025:Titanium
keywords: CAD-CAM; CEREC; dental implants; marginal gap; stylus profilometer; surface roughness