title: Gambling, Delay, and Probability Discounting in Adults With and Without ADHD.
abstract: We investigated the relationship between impulsivity, as measured by delay and probability discounting, and gambling-related cognitions and behavior in adults with and without ADHD.
  
  
  
  Adults who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for ADHD (n = 31) and controls (n = 29) were recruited from the community. All completed an interview that included an assessment of psychiatric disorders, gambling questionnaires, and simulated gambling, delay, and probability discounting tasks.
  
  
  
  The ADHD group was more likely to meet the criteria for problem gambling and was more impulsive than controls based on a composite discounting measure. ADHD symptoms were correlated with gambling-related cognitions and behavior. Probability, but not delay discounting, explained significant variance in gambling-related measures after controlling for ADHD symptoms.
  
  
  
  Results confirm an association between adult ADHD and gambling, and suggest that the facets of impulsivity related to risk proneness may be an independent risk factor for problem gambling in this population.
authors: Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, P. R. China University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors: Zhijie
authors: Z
authors: Dai
authors: University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors: Sarah-Eve
authors: SE
authors: Harrow
authors: Harbin Engineering University, P. R. China.
authors: Xianwen
authors: X
authors: Song
authors: University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors: Julia J
authors: JJ
authors: Rucklidge
authors: University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand University of Minho, Braga, Portugal randolph.grace@canterbury.ac.nz.
authors: Randolph C
authors: RC
authors: Grace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D065786:Delay Discounting; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: adult ADHD; decision making; delay-discounting task; impulsivity; risk taking