title: Reference ranges for regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and fractional oxygen extraction in neonates during immediate transition after birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define reference ranges for regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (crSO2) and regional cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) during the first 15 minutes after birth in neonates requiring no medical support.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crSO2 was measured using near infrared spectroscopy (Invos 5100 cerebral/somatic oximeter monitor; Somanetics Corp, Troy, Michigan) during the first 15 minutes after birth for term and preterm neonates. The near infrared spectroscopy sensor was placed on the left forehead. Peripheral oxygen saturation and heart rate were continuously measured by pulse oximetry, and cFTOE was calculated. Neonates were excluded if they required any medical support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 381 neonates were included: 82 term neonates after vaginal delivery, 272 term neonates after cesarean delivery, and 27 preterm neonates after cesarean delivery. In all neonates, median (10th-90th percentiles) crSO2 was 41% (23-64) at 2 minutes, 68% (45-85) at 5 minutes, 79% (65-90) at 10 minutes, and 77% (63-89) at 15 minutes of age. In all neonates, median (10th-90th percentiles) cFTOE was 33% (11-70) at 2 minutes, 21% (6-45) at 5 minutes, 15% (5-31) at 10 minutes, and 18% (7-34) at 15 minutes of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report reference ranges of crSO2 and cFTOE in neonates requiring no medical support during transition immediately after birth. The use of cerebral oxygenation monitoring and use of these reference ranges in neonates during transition may help to guide oxygen delivery and avoid cerebral hypo-oxygenation and hyperoxygenation.
authors: Research Unit for Cerebral Development and Oximetry, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Pichler
authors: Corinna
authors: C
authors: Binder
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Avian
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Beckenbach
authors: Georg M
authors: GM
authors: Schmölzer
authors: Berndt
authors: B
authors: Urlesberger
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Arterial oxygen saturation; BW; Birth weight; CBF; CD; CD(Preterm); CD(Term); Cerebral blood flow; Cesarean delivery; GA; Gestational age; HR; Heart rate; LMS; Least mean square; NIRS; Near infrared spectroscopy; Preterm neonates after cesarean delivery; Regional cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction; Regional cerebral tissue oxygen saturation; Regional tissue oxygen saturation; SpO(2); Term neonates after cesarean delivery; Term neonates after vaginal delivery; VD; VD(Term); Vaginal delivery; cFTOE; crSO(2); rSO(2)