title: Association of alkaline phosphatase with acute myocardial infarction in a population with high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since Pakistanis have high prevalence of hypovitaminosis-D as well as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin-D deficiency and risk of AMI in a hospital-based population and to identify major risk factors for this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting serum samples from 66 consecutive AMI patients [age 30-70 y] and 132 gender and age-matched (within 5 y) healthy controls were analyzed for concentrations of glucose, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-ALP, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25(OH) vitamin-D (25(OH)D) and alanine aminotransferase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean concentrations of serum 25(OH)D, PTH, total-ALP, bone-ALP, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and glucose were significantly different compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Percent vitamin-D deficiency/insufficiency (levels<30 ng/ml) was significantly greater in AMI patients compared to controls (93.9% vs.75.8%; p=0.001). Multiple conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that increased levels of 25(OH)D were associated with decreased risk of AMI [MAOR (95% CI)=0.821 (0.718, 0.940); p=0.004]. Hypertension and smoking were positively associated with AMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased vitamin-D levels were associated with decreased risk of AMI, while serum glucose, bone-ALP, hypertension and smoking were positively associated with it. Association of bone-ALP with AMI in hypovitaminosis-D is a novel finding of this study.
authors: Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. Electronic address: perwaiz.iqbal@aku.edu.
authors: Mohammad Perwaiz
authors: MP
authors: Iqbal
authors: Naseema
authors: N
authors: Mehboobali
authors: Iqbal
authors: I
authors: Azam
authors: Asal Khan
authors: AK
authors: Tareen
mesh_terms: D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007527:Isoenzymes; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014280:Triglycerides; D015652:25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: ALP; ALT; AMI; Acute myocardial infarction; Alanine aminotransferase; Alkaline phosphatase; Bone alkaline phosphatase; Coronary heart disease; Hypovitaminosis D; MAOR; MI; MOR; Matched adjusted odds ratio; Matched odds ratio; Myocardial infarction; NICVD; National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases; Vitamin D deficiency