title: Uterine damage in swine following uterine artery embolization: comparison among gelatin sponge particles and two concentrations of N-butyl cyanoacrylate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the degree of uterine damage caused by uterine artery embolization (UAE) with gelatin sponge particles (GSPs) and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen swine were divided into three groups of five according to embolic material: group A (1-mm GSPs), group B (NBCA:Lipiodol = 1:1), and group C (NBCA:Lipiodol = 1:7). The uterine arteries were completely occluded bilaterally. The uteri were removed 3 days after embolization, and radiographs of the removed specimens were obtained in groups B and C to evaluate the distribution of the NBCA. The macroscopic necrosis rates of the uteri were calculated, and the uteri were evaluated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine necrosis rates were 4.9 ± 6.1, 1.3 ± 3.3, and 41.4 ± 28.8 % in groups A, B, and C, respectively, and were significantly higher in group C than in groups A (p = 0.0014) and B (p < 0.001). Uterine necroses were found in all 9 of the uteri with distal distributions of NBCA, and in only 1 of the 11 uteri with proximal distributions of NBCA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dilute NBCA caused more damage to the uteri than GSPs and concentrated NBCA did. Distal embolization using NBCA caused large necroses. Therefore, proximal UAE using concentrated NBCA should be considered in clinical situations.
authors: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8510, Japan, sonomura@wakayama-med.ac.jp.
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Sonomura
authors: Nobuyuki
authors: N
authors: Kawai
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Ikoma
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Minamiguchi
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Ozaki
authors: Kazushi
authors: K
authors: Kishi
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Sanda
authors: Kohei
authors: K
authors: Nakata
authors: Motoki
authors: M
authors: Nakai
authors: Yasuteru
authors: Y
authors: Muragaki
authors: Morio
authors: M
authors: Sato
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D000818:Animals; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005780:Gelatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D013552:Swine; D055357:Uterine Artery Embolization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014599:Uterus / Q000293:injuries*
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin; D004659:Enbucrilate
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