title: HIV and Schistosoma haematobium prevalences correlate in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological studies have observed that genital schistosomiasis increases the risk of HIV infection in Africa. We analysed the correlation between Schistosoma haematobium prevalence and HIV prevalence across sub-Saharan African countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression analysis of prevalence of HIV and S. haematobium across sub-Saharan African countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using compiled country-level S. haematobium prevalence, HIV prevalence and other demographic and economic data from published sources, we applied univariate and multivariate regression models to assess the correlations between S. haematobium prevalence and HIV prevalence while controlling for risk factors associated with each infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 43 sub-Saharan African countries, the mean prevalence of S. haematobium was 22.4% [standard deviation (SD): 9.8%] and for HIV was 6.21% (SD: 5.71%). In multivariate analysis, adjusted for prevalence of male circumcision, years since a country's first HIV/AIDS diagnosis, geographical region and immunization coverage, each S. haematobium infection per 100 individuals was associated with a 2.9% (95% CI: 0.2-5.8%) relative increase in HIV prevalence. S. haematobium was not associated with Schistosoma mansoni, HSV-2, hepatitis C, malaria or syphilis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schistosoma haematobium prevalence was associated with HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Controlling S. haematobium may be an effective means of reducing HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors: School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Martial L Ndeffo
authors: MLN
authors: Mbah
authors: Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors: Eric M
authors: EM
authors: Poolman
authors: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|Department of Medicine and Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors: Paul K
authors: PK
authors: Drain
authors: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors: Megan P
authors: MP
authors: Coffee
authors: KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands.|CINIMA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marieke J
authors: MJ
authors: van der Werf
authors: School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Alison P
authors: AP
authors: Galvani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia; D006678:HIV / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D060737:Reproductive Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; genital schistosomiasis; regression analysis; sub-Saharan Africa
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