title: Management of double-refractory multiple myeloma.
abstract: Widespread use of the novel agents bortezomib and lenalidomide has improved outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM). Despite remarkable progress, patients will eventually relapse after exhausting treatment with these drugs. Management of myeloma that is refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide (double-refractory MM, DRMM) is complicated due to disease, patient, and treatment-related factors and new therapies for these patients are required. A review of the unique challenges of treating DRMM, recently FDA-approved therapeutic agents, and selected novel drugs under active clinical investigation, is presented below.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1356 Lusitana St. 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA, jmeadows@hawaii.edu.
authors: Jason P
authors: JP
authors: Meadows
authors: Tomer M
authors: TM
authors: Mark
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D013792:Thalidomide; D000069286:Bortezomib; D000077269:Lenalidomide
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