title: Early life arsenic exposure and acute and long-term responses to influenza A infection in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arsenic is a significant global environmental health problem. Exposure to arsenic in early life has been shown to increase the rate of respiratory infections during infancy, reduce childhood lung function, and increase the rates of bronchiectasis in early adulthood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine if early life exposure to arsenic exacerbates the response to early life influenza infection in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were exposed to arsenic in utero and throughout postnatal life. At 1 week of age, a subgroup of mice were infected with influenza A. We then assessed the acute and long-term effects of arsenic exposure on viral clearance, inflammation, lung structure, and lung function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early life arsenic exposure reduced the clearance of and exacerbated the inflammatory response to influenza A, and resulted in acute and long-term changes in lung mechanics and airway structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections combined with exaggerated inflammatory responses throughout early life may contribute to the development of bronchiectasis in arsenic-exposed populations.
authors: Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
authors: Kathryn A
authors: KA
authors: Ramsey
authors: Rachel E
authors: RE
authors: Foong
authors: Peter D
authors: PD
authors: Sly
authors: Alexander N
authors: AN
authors: Larcombe
authors: Graeme R
authors: GR
authors: Zosky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000503:physiopathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001151:Arsenic
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