title: External validation of models and simple scoring systems to predict miscarriage in intrauterine pregnancies of uncertain viability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does a logistic regression model and scoring system to predict viability of an intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability (PUV) perform as well in an independent patient group as the original patient group?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model and scoring system showed good performance on external validation confirming their value for the prediction of miscarriage/viability in PUV patients up to 11-14 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Several individual ultrasound and demographic factors have been described as predictors for miscarriage. A logistic regression model and simple scoring system using basic clinical and ultrasound features, such as maternal age, bleeding score, mean gestational sac diameter (MSD) and presence or absence of yolk sac, have been developed to allow patient-specific prediction of viability of PUV beyond the first trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational external validation cohort study in two inner city early pregnancy assessment units over a period of 18 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive women with a PUV were recruited. Ultrasound (mean sac diameter and presence of yolk sac) and demographic variables (maternal age, bleeding score and gestational age) were noted. The outcome measure was first trimester (11-14 week) viability. Women with unknown first trimester outcome were excluded. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration plots were constructed. Test performance was compared with the original development data set. A new model and scoring system, which did not include gestational age, was built and evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 575 women who were recruited, first trimester outcome was known for 89.2% (n = 513). The model could only be validated in 400 patients, due to missing values in model variables and outcome. The model predicted viability with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.845 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.806-0.884] compared with 0.774 (95% CI, 0.701-0.848) in the original study. The AUC for the scoring system was 0.832 (95% CI, 0.792-0.872) compared with 0.771 (95% CI, 0.698-0.844) from the original study data set. The new model and the scoring system, excluding gestational age, could be evaluated on 503 patients and resulted in an AUC of 0.801 (95% CI, 0.765-0.841) for the model and 0.773 (95% CI, 0.733-0.812) for the scoring system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 22% of patients could not be validated due to missing variables and for 11% of patients the first trimester outcome was unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the model and the scoring system showed excellent performance on external validation confirming their generalizability and utility in prediction of viability beyond the first trimester in clinical practice. An advantage of the mathematical models original Mo and new Mn and scoring systems original SSo and new SSn is that they can provide women with an individualized probability of the viability of their pregnancy using only demographic information, symptoms and TVS findings. Furthermore, the risk of miscarriage can be given immediately following examination.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  T.B. is supported by the Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. This research is supported by Research Council KUL GOA MaNet, iMinds 2012, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office IUAP P719. VVB is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO). There are no conflicts of interest.
authors: Hillingdon Hospital NHS Trust, Pield Heath Road, Middlesex UB83NN, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Guha
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Van Belle
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bottomley
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Preisler
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vathanan
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Sayasneh
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Stalder
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Timmerman
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bourne
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011336:Probability; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: gestational sac; miscarriage; prediction models; pregnancy of uncertain viability; ultrasound