title: Types and causes of medication errors from nurse's viewpoint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main professional goal of nurses is to provide and improve human health. Medication errors are among the most common health threatening mistakes that affect patient care. Such mistakes are considered as a global problem which increases mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and related costs. This study was conducted to evaluate the types and causes of nursing medication errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009. A total number of 237 nurses were randomly selected from nurses working in Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran, Iran). They filled out a questionnaire including 10 items on demographic characteristics and 7 items about medication errors. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS for Windows 16.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication errors had been made by 64.55% of the nurses. In addition, 31.37% of the participants reported medication errors on the verge of occurrence. The most common types of reported errors were wrong dosage and infusion rate. The most common causes were using abbreviations instead of full names of drugs and similar names of drugs. Therefore, the most important cause of medication errors was lack of pharmacological knowledge. There were no statistically significant relationships between medication errors and years of working experience, age, and working shifts. However, a significant relationship was found between errors in intravenous injections and gender. Likewise, errors in oral administration were significantly related with number of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication errors are a major problem in nursing. Since most cases of medication errors are not reported by nurses, nursing managers must demonstrate positive responses to nurses who report medication errors in order to improve patient safety.
authors: Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Ali
authors: MA
authors: Cheragi
authors: Human
authors: H
authors: Manoocheri
authors: Esmaeil
authors: E
authors: Mohammadnejad
authors: Syyedeh R
authors: SR
authors: Ehsani
keywords: Medicinal errors; nursing profession; reporting; safety
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