title: Smoking counteracts the favorable effect of exercise training on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise training can improve endothelial function in patients with diabetes. We hypothesized that the favorable effect of exercise training on endothelial function in patients with diabetes is counteracted by cigarette smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether there is a difference in the effect of exercise on endothelial function in smokers and non-smokers with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 3-month controlled trial in 27 never-smoking and 17 smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes who participated in a home-based walking program. The percentage decrease in post-exercise ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI), which is an index of endothelial function, was assessed at baseline and after 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the smoking group, the never-smoking group showed a more significant improvement in post exercise ABI during the 3 months of home-based training (interaction, P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that smoking may counteract the favorable effects of exercise training on endothelial function. Endothelial function plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes. Therefore, a Certified Diabetes Educator should strongly advise diabetic patients not to smoke.
authors: Department of Sport and Health Science, Osaka Sangyo University.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Sato
authors: Noriko
authors: N
authors: Nakayama
authors: Shingo
authors: S
authors: Otsuki
authors: Shiro
authors: S
authors: Tanaka
authors: Hajime
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Koshiyama
authors: Ryuji
authors: R
authors: Nohara
keywords: endothelial function; exercise; smoking
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