title: A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors inhibit LPS-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1 accumulation in murine astrocytes.
abstract: Adenosine (Ado) exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory functions by acting through four receptor subtypes A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Astrocytes are one of its targets in the central nervous system. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis, is induced after hypoxia, ischemia and inflammation and plays an important role in brain injury. HIF-1 is expressed by astrocytes, however the regulatory role played by Ado on HIF-1α modulation induced by inflammatory and hypoxic conditions has not been investigated. Primary murine astrocytes were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without Ado, Ado receptor agonists, antagonists and receptor silencing, before exposure to normoxia or hypoxia. HIF-1α accumulation and downstream genes regulation were determined. Ado inhibited LPS-increased HIF-1α accumulation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, through activation of A1 and A3 receptors. In cells incubated with the blockers of p44/42 MAPK and Akt, LPS-induced HIF-1α accumulation was significantly decreased in normoxia and hypoxia, suggesting the involvement of p44/42 MAPK and Akt in this effect and Ado inhibited kinases phosphorylation. A series of angiogenesis and metabolism related genes were modulated by hypoxia in an HIF-1 dependent way, but not further increased by LPS, with the exception of GLUT-1 and hexochinase II that were elevated by LPS only in normoxia and inhibited by Ado receptors. Instead, genes involved in inflammation, like inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and A2B receptors, were increased by LPS in normoxia, strongly stimulated by LPS in concert with hypoxia and inhibited by Ado, through A1 and A3 receptor subtypes. In conclusion A1 and A3 receptors reduce the LPS-mediated HIF-1α accumulation in murine astrocytes, resulting in a downregulation of genes involved in inflammation and hypoxic injury, like iNOS and A2B receptors, in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
authors: Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy.
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Gessi
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Merighi
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Stefanelli
authors: Debora
authors: D
authors: Fazzi
authors: Katia
authors: K
authors: Varani
authors: Pier Andrea
authors: PA
authors: Borea
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000276:immunology; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000276:immunology*; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058906:Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene; 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-β-d-ribofuranuronamide; 1-butyl-8-(hexahydro-2,5-methanopentalen-3a(1H)-yl)-3,7-dihydro-3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 2-[[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-pyridinyl]thio]-acetamide; 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride hydrate; 3-propyl-6-ethyl-5[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2-phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxylate; 4¢,6¢-diamino-2-phenyl-indole; ADA; ActD; Adenosine receptors; Ado; Astrocytes; BAY 60-6583; CGS 21680; CHA; CNS; Cl-IB-MECA; DAPI; GAPDH; GFAP; GLUT; HIF-1; HK2; Hypoxia; Inflammation; LPS; MRS 1523; N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine; PI3K; PSB 36; SH5; U0126; VEGF; actinomycin D; adenosine; adenosine deaminase; antiglial fibrillary acidic protein; central nervous system; d-3-deoxy-2-O-methyl-myo-inositol 1-[(R)-2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate]; glucose transporter; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; hexochinase II; hypoxia-inducible factor-1; iNOS; inducible nitric-oxide synthase; lipopolysaccharide; mitogen-activated protein kinase; p44/42 MAPK; phosphoinositide 3-kinases; siRNA; small interfering RNA; vascular endothelial growth factor