title: Pleasant music as a countermeasure against visually induced motion sickness.
abstract: Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is a well-known side-effect in virtual environments or simulators. However, effective behavioral countermeasures against VIMS are still sparse. In this study, we tested whether music can reduce the severity of VIMS. Ninety-three volunteers were immersed in an approximately 14-minute-long video taken during a bicycle ride. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups, either including relaxing music, neutral music, stressful music, or no music. Sickness scores were collected using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Results showed an overall trend for relaxing music to reduce the severity of VIMS. When factoring in the subjective pleasantness of the music, a significant reduction of VIMS occurred only when the presented music was perceived as pleasant, regardless of the music type. In addition, we found a gender effect with women reporting more sickness than men. We assume that the presentation of pleasant music can be an effective, low-cost, and easy-to-administer method to reduce VIMS.
authors: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Psychological Institute, Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Wallstrasse 3, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Department of Research, Technology Team/iDAPT, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada. Electronic address: behrang.keshavarz@uhn.ca.
authors: Behrang
authors: B
authors: Keshavarz
authors: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Psychological Institute, Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Wallstrasse 3, 55099 Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: hecht@uni-mainz.de.
authors: Heiko
authors: H
authors: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012063:Relaxation / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Countermeasures; Motion sickness; Music; Simulator sickness; Visually induced motion sickness