title: Growth of the flat bones of the membranous neurocranium: a computational model.
abstract: This article assumes two stages in the formation of the bones in the calvaria, the first one takes into account the formation of the primary centers of ossification. This step counts on the differentiation from mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. A molecular mechanism is used based on a system of reaction-diffusion between two antagonistic molecules, which are BMP2 and Noggin. To this effect we used equations whose behavior allows finding Turing patterns that determine the location of the primary centers. In the second step of the model we used a molecule that is expressed by osteoblasts, called Dxl5 and that is expressed from the osteoblasts of each flat bone. This molecule allows bone growth through its borders through cell differentiation adjacent to each bone of the skull. The model has been implemented numerically using the finite element method. The results allow us to observe a good approximation of the formation of flat bones of the membranous skull as well as the formation of fontanelles and sutures.
authors: Research Group on Numerical Methods for Engineering (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia. Electronic address: dagarzona@unal.edu.co.
authors: Diego A
authors: DA
authors: Garzón-Alvarado
authors: Andres
authors: A
authors: González
authors: Maria Lucia
authors: ML
authors: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D012886:Skull / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Bone growth; Finite elements; Flat bone; Membranous neurocranium; Molecular factors; Ossification