title: Pathophysiology and natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
abstract: METHODS
  This study is a combination of narrative and systematic review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Clinicians who deal with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) should be up-to-date with the emerging knowledge related to the cascade of pathobiological secondary events that take place under chronic cervical spinal cord compression. Moreover, by performing a systematic review, we aim to (1) describe the natural history and (2) determine potential risk factors that affect the progression of CSM.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology, natural history, as well as the factors associated with clinical deterioration have not been fully described in CSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the first part of the study, a literature review was performed. To answer key questions 1 and 2 of the second goal, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for articles published between January 1, 1956, and November 7, 2012. We included all articles that described the progression and outcomes of CSM for which no surgical intervention was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By performing a narrative literature review, we found that the assumption that acute traumatic spinal cord injury and CSM share a similar series of cellular and molecular secondary injury events was made in the past. However, recent advances in basic research have shown that the chronic mechanical compression results in secondary injury mechanisms that have distinct characteristics regarding the nature and the temporal profile compared with those of spinal cord injury. For the purpose of the systematic review, 10 studies yielding 16 publications met inclusion criteria for key questions 2 and 3. Moderate-strength evidence related to the natural history of CSM suggests that 20% to 60% of patients will deteriorate neurologically over time without surgical intervention. Finally, there is low-strength evidence indicating that the area of circumferential compression is associated with deteriorating neurological symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSM has unique pathobiological mechanisms that mainly remain unexplored. Although the natural history of CSM can be mixed, surgical intervention eliminates the chances of the neurological deterioration. EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS:
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence concerning the natural history of CSM suggests that 20% to 60% of patients will deteriorate neurologically over time without surgical intervention. Therefore, we recommend that patients with mild CSM be counseled regarding the natural history of CSM and have the option of surgical decompression explained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Strong. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: Chronic compression of the spinal cord results in progressive neural cell loss related to secondary mechanisms including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and vascular disruption.
authors: *Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada †Toronto Western Research Institute, The Spine Programme, Divisions of Orthopaedic and Neurological Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ‡Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, WA §Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, WA; and ¶Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Spyridon K
authors: SK
authors: Karadimas
authors: W Mark
authors: WM
authors: Erwin
authors: Claire G
authors: CG
authors: Ely
authors: Joseph R
authors: JR
authors: Dettori
authors: Michael G
authors: MG
authors: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy