title: Maternal warm responsiveness and negativity following traumatic brain injury in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand how traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects maternal warm responsiveness and negativity over the first 12 months following injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a concurrent cohort research design to examine dyadic interactions in young children with a TBI (n = 78) and a comparison group of young children with orthopedic injuries (OI; n = 112) and their families during the initial weeks following injury (i.e., baseline) and at two follow-up periods (approximately 6 and 12 months later). Trained raters coded videotaped interactions during a free play and structured teaching task for maternal warm responsiveness and negativity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers in the complicated mild/moderate TBI group, but not those in the severe TBI group, exhibited significantly lower levels of maternal warm responsiveness than mothers in the OI group. However, these differences were observed only at baseline during free play and only at baseline and 6 months postinjury during the structured teaching task, suggesting diminishing adverse effects of complicated mild/moderate TBI on parenting over time postinjury. Analysis failed to reveal group differences in maternal negativity at any of the assessments. Across groups, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with lower levels of warm responsiveness and higher levels of negativity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, though preliminary, indicate possible alterations in mother-child interactions in the months following a TBI.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
authors: Joy M
authors: JM
authors: Fairbanks
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine.
authors: Tanya M
authors: TM
authors: Brown
authors: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Cassedy
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University.
authors: H Gerry
authors: HG
authors: Taylor
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University.
authors: Keith O
authors: 0000-0001-7680-2892
authors: KO
authors: Yeates
authors: Division of Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
authors: Shari L
authors: SL
authors: Wade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009341:Negativism; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
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