title: The impact of common metal allergens in daily devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We are widely exposed to metal allergens in our daily doings. As exposures constantly changes because of fashion trends and technological developments, there is a need for a continuous update of patch testers. An overview of consumer metal exposure studies that have been published in 2012 and 2013 is provided as well as lists of common metal exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nickel release in concentrations that cause nickel allergy and contact dermatitis is seen from laptop computers. Cobalt is found in leather as a dye and may cause chronic dermatitis. Chromium is used as a dye and for tanning in leather items and is found in nearly all shoes and released from a high proportion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New consumer items should continuously be considered and investigated for metal release when patients with positive patch test results to metal allergens are evaluated.
authors: University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors: Dathan
authors: D
authors: Hamann
authors: Carsten R
authors: CR
authors: Hamann
authors: Jacob P
authors: JP
authors: Thyssen
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002857:Chromium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003201:Computers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008670:Metals; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D009532:Nickel