title: Anticholinergic component of the Drug Burden Index and the Anticholinergic Drug Scale as measures of anticholinergic exposure in older people in New Zealand: a population-level study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Older people are exposed to multiple medicines that possess anticholinergic properties. The use of anticholinergic medicines is associated with the risk of morbidity, mortality and cognitive decline, particularly in older people. Anticholinergic exposure can be measured using tools such as the Drug Burden Index-Anticholinergic component (DBI-ACh) and the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this population-level study was to determine the extent of anticholinergic exposure in older people, particularly among those receiving acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used data extracted from Pharmaceutical Claims Data Mart (Pharms) for the year 2011. A total of 537,387 individuals aged 65 years and older were included in the study, of whom 45.10 % were men. Individuals dispensed donepezil at any time during 2011 were selected as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) group (n = 4,258) and the remainder were included in the non-acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (non-AChEI) group (n = 533,129). Anticholinergic exposure was measured using the DBI-ACh and the ADS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of the Pharms dataset revealed that, in 2011, anticholinergic exposure as defined by the DBI-ACh and the ADS was 31.80 % and 52.66 %, respectively. The mean number of medicines dispensed was 5.64 ± 3.91 (± SD) with a 95 % confidence interval of 5.63-5.65. In the AChEI group, anticholinergic exposure using the DBI-ACh and the ADS was 42.93 % (median 0; interquartile range (IQR) 1) and 58.50 % (median 0; IQR 0), respectively. ADS level 3 medicines such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline and oxybutynin were commonly prescribed in both groups. Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, oxybutynin and paroxetine are medicines considered to have significant anticholinergic potency. Of these medicines, nortriptyline and oxybutynin were more frequently prescribed in individuals taking donepezil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant proportion of older people are exposed to medicines with anticholinergic properties, including those dispensed acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Further research is required to explore associations between different measures of anticholinergic exposure and clinically relevant outcomes in older people on a population level.
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors: Sujita W
authors: SW
authors: Narayan
authors: Sarah N
authors: SN
authors: Hilmer
authors: Simon
authors: S
authors: Horsburgh
authors: Prasad S
authors: PS
authors: Nishtala
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists
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