title: Genetic variation in the promoter region of beta-defensin 1 (DEFB 1) is associated with high caries experience in children born with cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caries is a common disease in humans and has a multifactorial etiology. It has been suggested that children born with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) have a higher susceptibility to caries, but data from several independent cohorts does not support this assumption. Previous work from our group suggested DEFB 1 is associated with higher caries experience. Since it is suspected that children born with CL/P have the same risk factors predisposing them to caries as other children of the same ages, the aim was to test if DEFB 1 was associated with caries experience in children born with CL/P.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine children born with CL/P (aged 2-12 years) were included. Twenty-seven males and seven females had cleft lip and palate (CLP), six males and seven females had cleft lip (CL) and 13 males and nine females had cleft palate (CP). Caries was evaluated with the DMFT/dmft index by a calibrated evaluator. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in DEFB 1 were selected (rs11362 and rs1800972) based on being associated with higher caries experience in previous work. Genotyping were carried out by real-time PCR using the Taqman assay method. The statistical analysis was performed between 'low-to-moderate caries experience group' and the 'high caries experience group'. Odds ratio calculations between caries experience and variant alleles and chi-square of Fisher exact tests at a level of significance of 0.05 were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference for caries experience between cleft types (p = 0.551). An association was found for the marker rs11362 and genotype distribution (p = 0.047). When analyzed in a recessive model, the genotype GG in this polymorphism increased the risk for caries susceptibility by more than 3-times (p = 0.031; OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 0.97-10.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic variant rs11362 in DEFB 1 influences caries susceptibility in CL/P children. The results support the hypothesis that expression of DEFB 1 in saliva may serve as a biomarker for future caries risk.
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Riga Stradins University Institute of Stomatology , Riga, Latvia.
authors: Kristīne
authors: K
authors: Krasone
authors: Baiba
authors: B
authors: Lāce
authors: Ilze
authors: I
authors: Akota
authors: Rūta
authors: R
authors: Care
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Deeley
authors: Erika C
authors: EC
authors: Küchler
authors: Alexandre R
authors: AR
authors: Vieira
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; D023083:beta-Defensins