title: Relationships among serum C-reactive protein, receptor for advanced glycation products, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive impairments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the clinical value of two serum markers of low-grade inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP) and receptor of advanced glycation products (RAGE), as prognostic indices for cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with cognitive impairment (n = 377) and controls (n = 66) were examined by blood biochemistry tests, including ELISAs of serum CRP and RAGE, the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and STEAM 1H-MRS of the left hippocampus and thalamus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, the cognitive impairment group was older (63.10 ± 9.70 years vs. 55.09 ± 10.77 years, P = 0.000) and had fewer years of formal education (9.01 ± 4.01 vs. 12.94 ± 3.0, P = 0.000). There were no significant differences in the frequencies of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia between groups. Serum CRP and RAGE were higher in the cognitive impairment group (CRP: 2.08 mg/L, range 1.07 - 3.36 mg/L vs. 0.21 mg/L, range 0.18 - 0.42 mg/L; RAGE: 4.01, range 2.49 - 5.71, vs. 2.28, range 1.84 - 3.03; P < 0.05 for both). In patients with cognitive impairment, there were negative correlations between cognitive function (as measured by MMSE and MoCA) and both CRP and RAGE levels (P < 0.05). Patients over 55 years exhibited a positive correlation between CRP and myo-inositol peak area in the left hippocampus (P < 0.05), while there was no relationship between RAGE and any metabolite (P > 0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed that CRP was influenced by hypertension (P = 0.026) and cognitive impairment (P = 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic low-grade inflammation is present in patients with cognitive impairment. Serum CRP, RAGE, and left hippocampal myo-inositol may provide prognostic information on cognitive decline.
authors: Department of Neurology, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China. xxy195211@163.com.
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Ge
authors: Xiao-yun
authors: XY
authors: Xu
authors: Chun-hua
authors: CH
authors: Feng
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Yuan-ling
authors: YL
authors: Li
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007294:Inositol / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011522:Protons; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D007294:Inositol; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D002794:Choline
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