title: Risk factors for posterior shoulder instability in young athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While posterior glenohumeral instability is becoming increasingly common among young athletes, little is known of the risk factors for injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for posterior shoulder instability in a high-risk cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study in which 714 young athletes were followed from June 2006 through May 2010 was conducted. Baseline testing included a subjective history of instability, instability testing by a sports medicine fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeon, range of motion, strength measurement with a handheld dynamometer, and bilateral noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. A musculoskeletal radiologist measured glenoid version, height, depth, rotator interval (RI) height, RI width, RI area, and RI index. Participants were followed to document all acute posterior shoulder instability events during the 4-year follow-up period. The time to the posterior shoulder instability event during the follow-up period was the primary outcome of interest. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data on 714 participants were obtained. During the 4-year surveillance period, 46 shoulders sustained documented glenohumeral instability events, of which only 7 were posterior in direction. The baseline factors that were associated with subsequent posterior instability during follow-up were increased glenoid retroversion (P < .0001), increased external rotation strength in adduction (P = .029) and at 45° of abduction (P = .015), and increased internal rotation strength in adduction (P = .038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest known prospective study to follow healthy participants in the development of posterior shoulder instability. Posterior instability represents 10% of all instability events. The most significant risk factor was increased glenoid retroversion. While increased internal/external strength was also associated with subsequent instability, it is unclear whether these strength differences are causative or reactive to the difference in glenoid anatomy. This work confirms that increased glenoid retroversion is a significant prospective risk factor for posterior instability.
authors: Brett D. Owens, John A. Feagin Jr Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Hospital, United States Military Academy, 900 Washington Road, West Point, NY 10996. b.owens@us.army.mil.
authors: Brett D
authors: BD
authors: Owens
authors: Scot E
authors: SE
authors: Campbell
authors: Kenneth L
authors: KL
authors: Cameron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: glenoid retroversion; injury prevention; posterior instability; shoulder instability