title: Branched chain and aromatic amino acids change acutely following two medical therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated circulating levels of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAA/AAAs) are associated with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). BCAA/AAAs decrease acutely during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a diagnostic test for T2D. It is unknown whether changes in BCAA/AAAs also signal an early response to commonly used medical therapies for T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was used to measure BCAA/AAAs in 30 insulin sensitive (IS) and 30 insulin resistant (IR) subjects before and after: (1) one dose of a sulfonylurea medication, glipizide, 5 mg orally; (2) two days of twice daily metformin 500 mg orally; and (3) a 75-g OGTT. Percent change in BCAA/AAAs was determined after each intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following glipizide, which increased insulin and decreased glucose in both subject groups, BCAA/AAAs decreased in the IS subjects only (all P<0.05). Following metformin, which decreased glucose and insulin in only the IR subjects, 4 BCAA/AAAs increased in the IR subjects at or below P=0.05, and none changed in the IS subjects. Following OGTT, which increased glucose and insulin in all subjects, BCAA/AAAs decreased in all subjects (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCAA/AAAs changed acutely during glipizide and metformin administration, and the magnitude and direction of change differed by the insulin resistance status of the individual and the intervention. These results indicate that BCAA/AAAs may be useful biomarkers for monitoring the early response to therapeutic interventions for T2D.
authors: Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115.
authors: Geoffrey A
authors: GA
authors: Walford
authors: Jaclyn
authors: J
authors: Davis
authors: A Sofia
authors: AS
authors: Warner
authors: Rachel J
authors: RJ
authors: Ackerman
authors: Liana K
authors: LK
authors: Billings
authors: Bindu
authors: B
authors: Chamarthi
authors: Rebecca R
authors: RR
authors: Fanelli
authors: Alicia M
authors: AM
authors: Hernandez
authors: Chunmei
authors: C
authors: Huang
authors: Sabina Q
authors: SQ
authors: Khan
authors: Katherine R
authors: KR
authors: Littleton
authors: Janet
authors: J
authors: Lo
authors: Rita M
authors: RM
authors: McCarthy
authors: Eugene P
authors: EP
authors: Rhee
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Deik
authors: Elliot
authors: E
authors: Stolerman
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Taylor
authors: Margo S
authors: MS
authors: Hudson
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Wang
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Altshuler
authors: Richard W
authors: RW
authors: Grant
authors: Clary B
authors: CB
authors: Clish
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Gerszten
authors: Jose C
authors: JC
authors: Florez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic / Q000097:blood*; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005913:Glipizide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic; D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D005913:Glipizide
keywords: AAAs; BCAAs; BMI; HOMA-IR; T2D; aromatic amino acids; body mass index; branched chain amino acids; homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes mellitus
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