title: Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures.
abstract: Osteoporosis has become a serious health problem throughout the world which is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures and mortality among the people of middle to old ages. Diabetes is also a major health problem among the people of all age ranges and the sufferers due to this abnormality increasing day by day. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms through which diabetes may induce osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus generally exerts its effect on different parts of the body including bone cells specially the osteoblast and osteoclast, muscles, retina of the eyes, adipose tissue, endocrine system specially parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, cytokines, nervous system and digestive system. Diabetes negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function while positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and function through the regulation of different intermediate factors and thereby decreases bone formation while increases bone resorption. Some factors such as diabetic neuropathy, reactive oxygen species, Vitamin D, PTH have their effects on muscle cells. Diabetes decreases the muscle strength through regulating these factors in various ways and ultimately increases the risk of fall that may cause bone fractures.
authors: Bipradas Roy, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.
authors: Bipradas
authors: B
authors: Roy
keywords: Advanced glycation end product; Angiotensin II; Diabetes; Diabetic neuropathy; Insulin; Interleukin 6; Muscle atrophy; Osteoporosis; Receptor activator for nuclear factor κ-B ligand; Tumor necrosis factor
references: Transl Res. 2012 May;159(5):355-65
references: 22500508
references: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Oct;287(4):C834-43
references: 15355854
references: Diabetes. 2005 Feb;54(2):394-401
references: 15677497
references: J Mol Signal. 2012 Jan 04;7:1
references: 22216904
references: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Nov;3 Suppl 3:S131-9
references: 18988698
references: Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:285729
references: 23401682
references: J Sex Med. 2009 Sep;6(9):2467-79
references: 19453883
references: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:639469
references: 23320034
references: Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010 Mar;54(2):150-7
references: 20485903
references: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Dec 3;403(1):149-53
references: 21056548
references: Bone. 2008 Jul;43(1):92-100
references: 18407820
references: Hormones (Athens). 2007 Oct-Dec;6(4):279-94
references: 18055419
references: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2012 Jul;205(3):324-40
references: 22340904
references: Endocr Rev. 2013 Feb;34(1):33-83
references: 23169676
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):3744-50
references: 22855334
references: Exp Physiol. 2011 Feb;96(2):179-93
references: 20952489
references: Gene Ther. 2013 Apr;20(4):370-7
references: 22717741
references: J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2012 Sep 21;11(1):16
references: 23497722
references: J Biol Chem. 2012 May 4;287(19):15728-38
references: 22416138
references: Intern Emerg Med. 2009 Oct;4(5):389-401
references: 19727582
references: J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Mar;28(3):559-73
references: 23074166
references: J Cell Biochem. 2012 Apr;113(4):1274-81
references: 22105856
references: Diabetes Metab. 2008 Jun;34(3):193-205
references: 18308607
references: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Jan 17;8(5):297-305
references: 22249517
references: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21462
references: 21738673
references: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Jan;91(1):32-9
references: 20965601
references: Aging (Albany NY). 2011 Aug;3(8):702-15
references: 21832306
references: Immun Ageing. 2005 Nov 04;2:14
references: 16271143
references: Cancer Res. 2011 Aug 1;71(15):5194-203
references: 21670081
references: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014 Feb;8(2):120-30
references: 22495762
references: BMC Cell Biol. 2011 Jan 25;12:5
references: 21266043
references: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012 May 03;11:49
references: 22553973
references: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jul;13(4):423-8
references: 20473154
references: Clin Sci (Lond). 2013 Mar;124(6):403-11
references: 23057846
references: Curr Diab Rep. 2013 Jun;13(3):411-8
references: 23471742
references: Cell Stress Chaperones. 2008 Sep;13(3):287-96
references: 18633731
references: BMC Immunol. 2012 Apr 14;13:19
references: 22500980
references: World J Diabetes. 2011 Mar 15;2(3):41-8
references: 21537459
references: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012 Oct;8(10):587-98
references: 22890244
references: Diabetes Care. 2010 Oct;33(10):2238-43
references: 20606205
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Dec;105(6):1772-8
references: 18832759
references: Ageing Res Rev. 2011 Apr;10(2):253-63
references: 21262391
references: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010 Dec 08;9:86
references: 21143859
references: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Mar;98(3):911-7
references: 15542570
references: J Orthop Surg Res. 2007 Oct 15;2:15
references: 17937789
references: Nat Med. 2012 Feb 05;18(3):456-62
references: 22306732
references: J Natl Med Assoc. 2011 Mar;103(3):281-3
references: 21671533
references: J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2010 Mar;10(1):84-91
references: 20190384
references: PLoS One. 2011 Mar 25;6(3):e18168
references: 21464945
references: Bone. 2010 Apr;46(4):911-9
references: 19716455
references: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan;97(1):234-41
references: 22031520
references: Blood. 2010 Jun 10;115(23):4699-706
references: 20351305
references: Int J Biol Sci. 2012;8(2):272-88
references: 22298955
references: Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(10):953-61
references: 18473845
references: Hypertension. 2012 Jan;59(1):136-44
references: 22068875
references: ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:617170
references: 23509435
references: Exp Cell Res. 2009 Jan 1;315(1):16-25
references: 18973755
references: Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2006 Dec;27(12):1608-15
references: 17112416
references: Patient Prefer Adherence. 2012;6:435-48
references: 22791981
references: Acta Clin Croat. 2011 Sep;50(3):351-5
references: 22384769
references: Am J Med Sci. 2011 Aug;342(2):143-7
references: 21747283
references: Phys Ther. 2008 Nov;88(11):1399-407
references: 18801857
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Mar;20(3):604-12
references: 19158350
references: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010 Oct 29;9:70
references: 21034455
references: Arch Med Sci. 2011 Apr;7(2):179-88
references: 22291755
references: Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;89(12):1638-42
references: 16299147
references: Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:127362
references: 22690213
references: Endocrinology. 2011 Apr;152(4):1412-22
references: 21266510
references: Int J Mol Med. 2011 Sep;28(3):455-62
references: 21567076
references: Front Physiol. 2012 Jul 19;3:292
references: 22934044
references: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):115-22
references: 22349359
references: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011 Sep;2(3):143-151
references: 21966641
references: Front Biosci. 2007 May 01;12:3068-92
references: 17485283
references: Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2012 Sep;13(6):560-9
references: 22974090
references: Stem Cells. 2012 Apr;30(4):762-72
references: 22267310
references: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jan;21(1):124-35
references: 20019166
references: Joint Bone Spine. 2010 May;77(3):222-8
references: 20381400
references: FASEB J. 2008 Feb;22(2):418-27
references: 17846081
references: Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010 Nov;26(8):622-30
references: 20938995
references: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Apr;50(4):1920-8
references: 19060282
references: Stem Cells Dev. 2012 Mar 1;21(4):507-12
references: 22023262
references: Diabetes. 2005 Jan;54(1):85-91
references: 15616014
references: Endocr Pract. 2012 Mar-Apr;18(2):185-93
references: 21940279
references: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 May;50(5):838-51
references: 21172926
references: Acta Diabetol. 2011 Jun;48(2):113-9
references: 20058158
references: J Endocrinol. 2008 Apr;197(1):1-10
references: 18372227
references: Biofactors. 2012 May-Jun;38(3):194-202
references: 22488933
references: Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(32):5481-92
references: 22876926
references: Diabetologia. 2013 Jan;56(1):162-72
references: 23070058
references: J Diabetes Metab. 2011 Nov 25;1(3):
references: 23484069
references: J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 5;285(10):6913-21
references: 20048168
references: Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(3):319-36
references: 16341622
references: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2013 Feb;24(1):69-81
references: 22749766
references: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Mar;1192:245-52
references: 20392243
references: IBMS Bonekey. 2009 Aug;6(8):268-278
references: 27158323
references: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Mar 01;11(3):234-50
references: 22378270
references: Diabetes. 2007 Feb;56(2):380-8
references: 17259382
references: Int Immunol. 2003 Jan;15(1):11-6
references: 12502721