title: Long-term calorie restriction decreases metabolic cost of movement and prevents decrease of physical activity during aging in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term (<1 year) calorie restriction (CR) has been reported to decrease physical activity and metabolic rate in humans and non-human primate models; however, studies examining the very long-term (>10 year) effect of CR on these parameters are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine metabolic and behavioral adaptations to long-term CR longitudinally in rhesus macaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen (10 male, 8 female) control (C) and 24 (14 male, 10 female) age matched CR rhesus monkeys between 19.6 and 31.9 years old were examined after 13 and 18 years of moderate adult-onset CR. Energy expenditure (EE) was examined by doubly labeled water (DLW; TEE) and respiratory chamber (24 h EE). Physical activity was assessed both by metabolic equivalent (MET) in a respiratory chamber and by an accelerometer. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was also calculated. Age and fat-free mass were included as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted total and 24 h EE were not different between C and CR. Sleeping metabolic rate was significantly lower, and physical activity level was higher in CR than in C independent from the CR-induced changes in body composition. The duration of physical activity above 1.6 METs was significantly higher in CR than in C, and CR had significantly higher accelerometer activity counts than C. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was significantly lower in CR than in C. The accelerometer activity counts were significantly decreased after seven years in C animals, but not in CR animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that long-term CR decreases basal metabolic rate, but maintains higher physical activity with lower metabolic cost of movements compared with C.
authors: Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States. Electronic address: yyamada831@gmail.com.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Yamada
authors: Ricki J
authors: RJ
authors: Colman
authors: Joseph W
authors: JW
authors: Kemnitz
authors: Scott T
authors: ST
authors: Baum
authors: Rozalyn M
authors: RM
authors: Anderson
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Weindruch
authors: Dale A
authors: DA
authors: Schoeller
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adaptation; Caloric restriction; Energy cost of movement; Energy expenditure; Physical activity; Rhesus monkey
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