title: Characterization of sildenafil citrate tablets of different sources by near infrared chemical imaging and chemometric tools.
abstract: The chemical imaging technique by near infrared spectroscopy was applied for characterization of formulations in tablets of sildenafil citrate of six different sources. Five formulations were provided by Brazilian Federal Police and correspond to several trademarks of prohibited marketing and one was an authentic sample of Viagra. In a first step of the study, multivariate curve resolution was properly chosen for the estimation of the distribution map of concentration of the active ingredient in tablets of different sources, where the chemical composition of all excipients constituents was not truly known. In such cases, it is very difficult to establish an appropriate calibration technique, so that only the information of sildenafil is considered independently of the excipients. This determination was possible only by reaching the second-order advantage, where the analyte quantification can be performed in the presence of unknown interferences. In a second step, the normalized histograms of images from active ingredient were grouped according to their similarities by hierarchical cluster analysis. Finally it was possible to recognize the patterns of distribution maps of concentration of sildenafil citrate, distinguishing the true formulation of Viagra. This concept can be used to improve the knowledge of industrial products and processes, as well as, for characterization of counterfeit drugs.
authors: Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Guilherme P
authors: GP
authors: Sabin
authors: Valeria A
authors: VA
authors: Lozano
authors: Werickson F C
authors: WF
authors: Rocha
authors: Wanderson
authors: W
authors: Romão
authors: Rafael S
authors: RS
authors: Ortiz
authors: Ronei J
authors: RJ
authors: Poppi
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry*; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D013607:Tablets; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate
keywords: Chemical imaging; Classification; Multivariate curve resolution; Near infrared spectroscopy; Pattern recognition; Sildenafil citrate