title: Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes.
abstract: Bullying is a serious problem for schools, parents, and public-policymakers alike. Bullying creates risks of health and social problems in childhood, but it is unclear if such risks extend into adulthood. A large cohort of children was assessed for bullying involvement in childhood and then followed up in young adulthood in an assessment of health, risky or illegal behavior, wealth, and social relationships. Victims of childhood bullying, including those that bullied others (bully-victims), were at increased risk of poor health, wealth, and social-relationship outcomes in adulthood even after we controlled for family hardship and childhood psychiatric disorders. In contrast, pure bullies were not at increased risk of poor outcomes in adulthood once other family and childhood risk factors were taken into account. Being bullied is not a harmless rite of passage but throws a long shadow over affected people's lives. Interventions in childhood are likely to reduce long-term health and social costs.
authors: 1Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick.
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Wolke
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Copeland
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Angold
authors: E Jane
authors: EJ
authors: Costello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adult development; bullying; crime; health; interpersonal relationships; juvenile delinquency; psychiatric problems; social behavior; social outcomes; wealth; well-being
references: Eur J Public Health. 2009 Jan;19(1):111-6
references: 19008241
references: Psychol Bull. 2004 Jul;130(4):601-30
references: 15250815
references: Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;123(2):569-77
references: 19171624
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;66(9):1005-12
references: 19736357
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):527-36
references: 19414712
references: Pediatrics. 2003 Dec;112(6 Pt 1):1231-7
references: 14654590
references: Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Spring;20(2):673-716
references: 18423100
references: Child Maltreat. 2010 May;15(2):111-20
references: 20425881
references: JAMA. 2001 Apr 25;285(16):2094-100
references: 11311098
references: Crim Behav Ment Health. 2011 Apr;21(2):80-9
references: 21370293
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 May;51(5):506-17
references: 22525957
references: Mol Psychiatry. 2013 May;18(5):576-81
references: 22525489
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;39(1):39-48
references: 10638066
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;35(7):1171-90
references: 7806605
references: Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2
references: 16809525
references: Addict Behav. 2011 Mar;36(3):256-60
references: 21146319
references: Scand J Psychol. 2012 Dec;53(6):461-6
references: 22924804
references: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;41(8):989-1002
references: 11099116
references: Psychol Med. 2012 Dec;42(12):2463-74
references: 22400714
references: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011 Dec;46(12):1211-9
references: 21120451
references: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;167(12):1464-71
references: 20634370
references: Psychol Med. 1995 Jul;25(4):755-62
references: 7480452
references: Psychol Bull. 1987 Mar;101(2):213-32
references: 3562706
references: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 12;108(15):6032-7
references: 21444801
references: Psychol Med. 2010 May;40(5):717-29
references: 19785920
references: Arch Dis Child. 2001 Sep;85(3):197-201
references: 11517098
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;63(9):1035-41
references: 16953006
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;50(6):574-582.e3
references: 21621141
references: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013 Feb;41(2):309-23
references: 22956274
references: Child Abuse Negl. 2010 Apr;34(4):244-52
references: 20304490
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;53(12):1129-36
references: 8956679
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;51(3):271-282.e3
references: 22365463
references: Psychol Bull. 2004 Sep;130(5):711-47
references: 15367078
references: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;60(8):837-44
references: 12912767
references: Br J Dev Psychol. 2009 Nov;27(Pt 4):835-51
references: 19994482
references: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Feb;162(2):145-50
references: 18250239
references: Child Abuse Negl. 2009 May;33(5):307-11
references: 19457555
references: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Feb;36(2):173-81
references: 20688438
references: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;49(8):830-40
references: 20643316