title: Hepatic parenchymal changes following transcatheter embolization and chemoembolization in a rabbit tumor model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) on liver function, hepatic damage, and hepatic fibrogenesis in a rabbit tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine New Zealand white rabbits implanted with VX2 tumors in the left liver lobes were randomly divided into three groups: TAE, TACE, and control group. In the TAE group (n = 15), polyvinyl alcohol particles (PVAs) were used for left hepatic artery embolization. In the TACE group (n = 15), the tumors were treated with left hepatic arterial infusions of a suspension of 10-hydroxycamptothecin and lipiodol, followed by embolization with PVAs. In the control group (n = 9), the animals received sham treatment with distilled water. Serum and liver samples were collected at 6 hours, 3 days and 7 days after treatment. Liver damage was measured using a liver function test and histological analyses. Liver fibrogenesis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation were evaluated using Sirius Red and anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemical stains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TACE caused liver injury with greater increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels on day 3 (P<0.05). Histological analyses revealed increased hepatic necrosis in adjacent non-tumorous liver tissue from day 3 compared to the TAE group (Suzuki score of 2.33±1.29 versus 1.13±1.18, P = 0.001). HSC activation and proliferation were significantly increased in the TACE group compared to the control group at 3 and 7 days after treatment (0.074±0.014 vs. 0.010±0.006, and 0.088±0.023 vs. 0.017±0.009, P<0.05). Sirius Red staining demonstrated a statistically significant increase in collagen deposition in the livers in the TACE group 7 days after embolization compared to the control group (0.118±0.012 vs. 0.060±0.017, P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this animal study revealed that TACE induced prominent hepatocellular damage and hepatic fibrogenesis, which compromised liver function and may be responsible for chronic liver decompensation.
authors: Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Xiong
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Liang
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Zhao
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Qian
authors: Hui-Min
authors: HM
authors: Liang
authors: Gan-Sheng
authors: GS
authors: Feng
authors: Chuan-Sheng
authors: CS
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057785:Catheters; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
references: Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Aug;87(8):1014-7
references: 1322635
references: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008 Oct;19(10):1483-9
references: 18922400
references: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2002 Jul-Aug;25(4):270-4
references: 12042987
references: HPB (Oxford). 2008;10(6):396-404
references: 19088924
references: Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Dec;41(12):2332-9
references: 9011438
references: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008 Sep-Oct;31(5):981-5
references: 18535857
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Jul;14(7):618-33
references: 10440206
references: Lab Invest. 2007 Mar;87(3):292-303
references: 17260005
references: Radiology. 2000 Apr;215(1):123-8
references: 10751477
references: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006 Jan;76(1):120-5
references: 16121387
references: Br J Radiol. 2010 Jan;83(985):71-81
references: 19581309
references: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010 Aug;33(4):806-12
references: 19937023
references: Front Biosci. 2002 Apr 01;7:d808-26
references: 11897564
references: Liver. 1999 Apr;19(2):97-103
references: 10220738
references: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994 Jan-Feb;9(1):45-54
references: 8155866
references: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2000 Apr-Jun;63(2):169-73
references: 10925454
references: Cancer Res. 1991 Oct 15;51(20):5667-71
references: 1717151
references: Radiology. 2001 Nov;221(2):429-36
references: 11687687
references: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011 Nov;22(11):1606-12
references: 21959058
references: Hepatology. 1993 Oct;18(4):809-15
references: 7691706
references: Abdom Imaging. 1993 Fall;18(4):352-6
references: 8220035
references: Cancer. 2002 Mar 15;94(6):1747-52
references: 11920537
references: Semin Liver Dis. 2001 Aug;21(3):311-35
references: 11586463