title: Determination of barium in natural waters by ICP-OES technique. Part II: Assessment of human exposure to barium in bottled mineral and spring waters produced in Poland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A method of the classification of natural mineral and spring waters and maximum admissible concentration (MAC) levels of metals present in such types of waters are regulated by Commission Directive 2003/40/EC, Directive 2009/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Ordinance of Minister of Health of 30 March 2011 on the natural mineral waters, spring waters and potable waters. MAC of barium in natural mineral and spring waters was set at 1.0 mg/l, while World Health Organization determined the Ba guideline value in water intended for human consumption at the level of 0.7 mg/l.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were: the determination of barium in natural mineral and spring waters (carbonated, non-carbonated and medium-carbonated waters) produced and bottled on the area of Poland, and assessment of human exposure to this metal presents in the above-mentioned types of waters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study concerning barium determinations in 23 types of bottled natural mineral waters and 15 types of bottled spring waters (bought in Polish retail outlets) was conducted in 2010. The analyses were performed by validated method of determination of barium in water based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, using modern internal quality control scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of barium determined in natural mineral and spring waters were in the ranges from 0.0136 mg/l to 1.12 mg/l and from 0.0044 mg/l to 0.43 mg/l, respectively. Only in the single case of natural mineral water the concentration of barium (1.12 mg/l), exceeded above-mentioned MAC for this metal, which is obligatory in Poland and the European Union - 1.0 mg/l. The long-term monitoring of barium concentration in another natural mineral water (2006 - 2010), in which incidental exceeding MAC was observed in 2006, was conducted. All measured barium concentrations in this water were lower than 1.0 mg/l and therefore, it is possible to state that the proper method of mixing waters taken from six independent groundwater intakes applied during production is actually used. The estimated Hazard Quotient indices were in the ranges: 0.0019 - 0.16 (natural mineral waters) and 0.00063 - 0.061 (natural spring waters), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The natural mineral waters are usually characterized by higher Ba concentrations than those observed in the cases of natural spring waters. The presence of a high concentration of HCO3- in such types of natural waters ensures the existence of Ba2+ in solution as Ba(HCO3)2, which is a highly soluble salt. Taking into account the concentrations of barium determined in above-mentioned waters and the available toxicological data for this metal no long-term risk for human health could be expected (estimated Hazard Quotient indices < or = 0.16).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland. sgarbos@pzh.gov.pl
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garboś
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swiecicka
mesh_terms: D001464:Barium / Q000032:analysis*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000032:analysis*; D011044:Poland; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D008900:Mineral Waters; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001464:Barium