title: What is "clinical data"? Why and how can they be collected during field surveys on medicinal plants?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Reverse pharmacology", also called "bedside-to-bench" or "field to pharmacy" approach, is a research process starting with documentation of clinical outcome as observed by patients with different therapeutic regimens. The treatment most significantly associated with cure is selected for future studies: first, clinical safety and efficacy; then in vivo and vitro studies. Some clinical data, i.e. details on patient status and progress, can be collected during ethnobotanical surveys; they will help clinical researchers and, once effectiveness and safety are established, will also help users of traditional medicine make safer and more effective choices. To gather clinical data successfully, ethnopharmacologists need to be backed by an appropriate team of specialists in medicine and epidemiology. Ethnopharmacologists can also gather important data on traditional medicine safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first step is to create a consensus on the meaning of "clinical data", their interest and importance. An understanding of why "a cure is not a proof of effectiveness" is a starting point to avoid faulty interpretation of the clinical observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experience showed that, with the "bedside-to-bench" approach, a treatment derived from traditional recipe can be scientifically validated (in terms of safety and effectiveness) with a cost of less than a million euros, thus providing an end-product that is affordable, available and sustainable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With rigorous clinical study results, medicinal plant users gain the possibility to refine heath strategies. The field surveyor may gain a better relationship with the population, once she/he is seen as bringing information useful for the quality of care in the community.
authors.affiliation: Lausanne University, Switzerland. Electronic address: bertrand.graz@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Graz
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Clinical studies; Effectiveness; Ethnopharmacology; Field survey; Medicinal plants; Safety; Traditional medicine