title: Prevalence of and risk factors for oral human papillomavirus among young women in Costa Rica.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in Latin America.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (N = 5838) aged 22-29 in the control and vaccine arms of an HPV-16/18 vaccine trial in Costa Rica had oral, cervical, and anal specimens collected. Samples were tested for alpha mucosal HPV types (SPF10/LiPA25 version 1); a subset of oral samples (n = 500) was tested for cutaneous HPV types in the genera alpha, beta, gamma, mu, and nu.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control arm (n = 2926), 1.9% of women had an oral alpha mucosal HPV detected, 1.3% had carcinogenic HPV, and 0.4% had HPV-16; similar patterns for non-16/18 HPV types were observed in the vaccine arm. Independent risk factors for any oral alpha mucosal HPV among women in the control arm included marital status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-5.7 for single compared to married/living as married), number of sexual partners (AOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.0-6.1 for ≥4 partners compared to 0-1 partners), chronic sinusitis (AOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.7), and cervical HPV infection (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.6). Detection of beta HPV was common (18.6%) and not associated with sexual activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike cutaneous HPV types, alpha mucosal HPV types were uncommon in the oral region and were predominately associated with sexual behavior. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00128661.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Krystle A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lang Kuhs
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Struijk
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hildesheim
authors.forename: Leen-Jan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Doorn
authors.forename: Ana Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiffman
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lowy
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porras
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delvecchio
authors.forename: Hormuzd A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katki
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safaeian
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Sholom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wacholder
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.forename: Aimée R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kreimer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Costa Rica; Guanacaste; HPV; human papillomavirus vaccine; oral HPV DNA; oropharynx cancer