title: Influence of pre- and post-usage flushing frequencies on bacterial water quality of non-touch water fittings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-touch fittings have been reported to be susceptible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa accumulation. A number of factors may contribute to this, including the frequency of usage, duration of water stagnation, or presence of plastic materials. Programmable non-touch fittings are appearing which allow regular automated post-flushing with cold water to prevent water stagnation. However, the ideal duration of post-flushing is unknown as well as the effect of pre-rinsing with cold water before use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight non-touch fittings with brass valve blocks were mounted on a mobile test sink and connected to the same central water pipe source, differing only in presence or absence of water connection pipes, length of connection pipe, frequency of usage, and time intervals for pre- and post-usage water flush. The total bacteria colony-forming unit (cfu) counts were obtained by the spread plate technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low frequency of water use in combination with a long stagnating water column resulted in high bacterial cfu counts. Post-usage flushing for 2 seconds did not differ from no flushing. Flushing for 10 seconds with cold water after use or 30 seconds flush before use were both the most effective measures to prevent non-touch fittings from biofilm formation over a period of 20 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further improvements in water fitting technology could possibly solve the problem of bacterial water contamination in health care settings.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Institute for Hospital Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria. ojan.assadian@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suchomel
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diab-Elschahawi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kundi
authors.forename: Ojan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Assadian
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004865:Equipment and Supplies, Hospital / Q000382:microbiology*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*