title: New concepts in predicting, evaluating, and managing neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the last two decades advances in congenital heart surgery, pediatric cardiology, and pediatric intensive care have dramatically increased the survival of infants with critical congenital heart disease (CHD). Survivors often experience neurodevelopmental deficits and behavioral and emotional problems. These complications often have a profound impact on quality of life in this high-risk population. This review will focus on the most significant and innovative studies that have been published over the last 18 months that focus on predicting, evaluating, and managing neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with CHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent reports demonstrate new potential predictors of worse neurodevelopmental outcome, including abnormal fetal cerebrovascular resistance, brain biomarkers, and abnormalities in electroencephalogram (EEG) during the perioperative period, and new stratification schemata. In addition, a new evidence-based scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) describing how to evaluate and manage neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adolescents with CHD and novel interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes will be reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature reviewed reveals new intervention opportunities to improve neurodevelopmental outcome in the fetus (cerebrovascular resistance), during the perioperative period (brain biomarkers and EEG), and through the utilization of new stratification schemata. The new AHA/AAP guidelines on the evaluation and management of neurodevelopmental outcomes create the opportunity to identify and treat a significant population of survivors with neurodevelopmental deficits with novel interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers