title: Effects of prostaglandin F(2α) on adipocyte biology relevant to graves' orbitopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Graves' orbitopathy (GO), increased proliferation, excess adipogenesis, and hyaluronan overproduction produce GO exophthalmos. Enophthalmos occurs in some glaucoma patients treated with Bimatoprost (prostaglandin F2α, PGF2α) eye drops. We hypothesized that enophthalmos is secondary to reductions in orbital tissue proliferation, adipogenesis, and/or increased lipolysis. We aimed to determine which of these is affected by PGF2α by using the 3T3-L1 murine preadipocyte cell line and primary human orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from GO patients (n=5) and non-GO (n=5).
  
  
  METHODS
  3T3-L1 cells and orbital OFs were cultured alone or with PGF2α (all experiments used 10(-8) to 10(-6) M) and counted on days 1/2/3 or 5, respectively; cell cycle analysis (flow cytometry) was applied. Adipogenesis (in the presence/absence of PGF2α) was evaluated (day 7 or 15 for 3T3-L1 and primary cells, respectively) morphologically by Oil Red O staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurement of adipogenesis markers (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipoprotein lipase, respectively). For lipolysis, in vitro-differentiated 3T3-L1 or mature orbital adipocytes were incubated with norepinephrine and PGF2α and free glycerol was assayed. Appropriate statistical tests were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population doubling time of 3T3-L1 was 27.3±1.4 hours-significantly increased by dimethyl sulfoxide 0.02% to 44.6±4.8 hours (p=0.007) and further significantly increased (p=0.049 compared with dimethyl sulfoxide) by 10(-8) M PGF2α to 93.6±19.0 hours, indicating reduced proliferation, which was caused by prolongation of G2/M. GO OFs proliferated significantly more rapidly than non-GO (population doubling time 5.36±0.34 or 6.63±0.35 days, respectively, p=0.035), but the proliferation of both was significantly reduced (dose dependent from 10(-8) M) by PGF2α, again with prolongation of G2/M. Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells was minimally affected by PGF2α when assessed morphologically, but the drug significantly reduced transcripts of the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase differentiation marker. GO OFs displayed significantly higher adipogenic potential than non-GO, but in both populations, adipogenesis, evaluated by all 3 methods, was significantly reduced (dose dependent from 10(-8) M) by PGF2α. There was no effect of PGF2α on basal or norepinephrine-induced lipolysis, in 3T3-L1 or human OFs, either GO or non-GO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that PGF2α significantly reduces proliferation and adipogenesis and that human OFs are more sensitive to its effects than 3T3-L1. Consequently, PGF2α could be effective in the treatment of GO.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Mohd Shazli
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Draman
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grennan-Jones
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Tommy Kyaw
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Tun
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moriarty
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Seamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreenan
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ludgate
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D015237:Dinoprost