title: Biomechanical study comparing biceps wedge tenodesis with other proximal long head of the biceps tenodesis techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this biomechanical study was to compare the ultimate failure strength, stiffness, cyclic displacement, and failure displacement of 5 different proximal biceps tenodesis fixation techniques, specifically comparing wedge tenodesis with the other 4 techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty cadaveric shoulders underwent 1 of 5 long head of the biceps tenodesis techniques and were cyclically tested to failure by use of tensile forces applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of the humerus. A preload at 5 N was applied for 2 minutes, followed by cyclical loading for 500 cycles from 5 to 70 N at 1 Hz and a pull-to-failure test at 1 mm/s. The techniques studied were wedge tenodesis, suture anchor fixation, suprapectoral interference screw fixation, T-wedge tenodesis, and the percutaneous intra-articular transtendon (PITT) technique. Cyclic displacement, failure displacement, and stiffness were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The wedge tenodesis technique had an ultimate failure load similar to interference screw fixation and a greater ultimate failure load and stiffness than the suture anchor, PITT, and T-wedge techniques (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this biomechanical study, wedge tenodesis was found to have an ultimate failure load similar to interference screw fixation and a greater ultimate failure load and stiffness than the suture anchor, PITT, and T-wedge techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On biomechanical testing, wedge tenodesis compares favorably with other techniques and may be a useful clinical option for proximal biceps tenodesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Ren
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Jeffrey E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.forename: Chen-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Chi-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Cheng-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000601:surgery*; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D053656:Tenodesis / Q000379:methods*; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D017211:Treatment Failure