title: Circumpolar Inuit health systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Inuit are an indigenous people totalling about 160,000 and living in 4 countries across the Arctic - Canada, Greenland, USA (Alaska) and Russia (Chukotka). In essence, they are one people living in 4 countries. Although there have been significant improvements in Inuit health and survival over the past 50 years, stark differences persist between the key health indicators for Inuit and those of the national populations in the United States, Canada and Russia and between Greenland and Denmark. On average, life expectancy in all 4 countries is lower for Inuit. Infant mortality rates are also markedly different with up to 3 times more infant deaths than the broader national average. Underlying these statistical differences are a range of health, social, economic and environmental factors which have affected Inuit health outcomes. Although the health challenges confronting the Inuit are in many cases similar across the Arctic, the responses to these challenges vary in accordance with the types of health systems in place in each of the 4 countries. Each of the 4 countries has a different health care system with varying degrees of accessibility and affordability for Inuit living in urban, rural and remote areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe funding and governance arrangements for health services to Inuit in Canada, Greenland, USA (Alaska) and Russia (Chukotka) and to determine if a particular national system leads to better outcomes than any of the other 3 systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was not possible to draw linkages between the different characteristics of the respective health systems, the corresponding financial investment and the systems' effectiveness in adequately serving Inuit health needs for several reasons including the very limited and inadequate collection of Inuit-specific health data by Canada, Alaska and Russia; and second, the data that are available do not necessarily provide a feasible point of comparison in terms of methodology and timing of the available data collection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the variations in the health systems as well as national, political and economic approaches, none is adequately addressing Inuit health needs. All Inuit populations still have significant gaps between their health status and those of broader national populations. Meaningful measurement and evaluation of the effectiveness of the respective health systems is severely hindered by the lack of relevant, Inuit-specific health data. The inadequacy, and in a number of cases absence of relevant data, hinders the design and development of a better and potentially more effective approach to delivering health services to Inuit.
authors.affiliation: Inuit Circumpolar Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada. lellsworth@inuitcircumpolar.com
authors.forename: Leanna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ellsworth
authors.forename: Annmaree
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001110:Arctic Regions; D002170:Canada; D006116:Greenland; D006303:Health Services, Indigenous / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit; D008017:Life Expectancy; D012800:Siberia
keywords: Arctic health; Inuit health; Inuit health systems; indigenous health