title: Criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies.
abstract: Engine and exhaust control technologies applied to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses have advanced from lean-burn, to lean-burn with oxidation catalyst (OxC), to stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst (TWC). With this technology advancement, regulated gaseous and particulate matter emissions have been significantly reduced. Two CNG transit buses equipped with stoichiometric combustion engines and TWCs were tested on a chassis dynamometer, and their emissions were measured. Emissions from the stoichiometric engines with TWCs were then compared to the emissions from lean-burn CNG transit buses tested in previous studies. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC was effective in reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), particulate matter (PM), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) by 87% to 98% depending on pollutants and test cycles, compared to lean combustion. The high removal efficiencies exceeded the emission reduction required from the certification standards, especially for NO(x) and PM. While the certification standards require 95% and 90% reductions for NO(x) and PM, respectively, from the engine model years 1998-2003 to the engine model year 2007, the measured NO(x) and PM emissions show 96% and 95% reductions, respectively, from the lean-burn engines to the stoichiometric engines with TWC over the transient Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycle. One drawback of stoichiometric combustion with TWC is that this technology produces higher carbon monoxide (CO) emissions than lean combustion. In regard to controlling CO emissions, lean combustion with OxC is more effective than stoichiometric combustion. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC produced higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) than lean combustion during the UDDS cycle, but lower GHG emissions during the steady-state cruise cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst is currently the best emission control technology available for compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses to meet the stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2010 heavy-duty engine NO(x) emissions standard. For existing lean-burn CNG transit buses in the fleet, oxidation catalyst would be the most effective retrofit technology for the control of NMHC and CO emissions.
authors.affiliation: California Air Resources Board, Research Division, PO. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA, 95812, USA. syoon@arb.ca.gov
authors.forename: Seungju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiruvengadam
authors.forename: Mridul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.forename: Jorn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herner
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002384:Catalysis; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D059206:Natural Gas; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D014186:Transportation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D059206:Natural Gas; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002248:Carbon Monoxide