title: Efficacy of diltiazem as an adjunct to lignocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various adjuncts have been used with lignocaine to decrease tourniquet pain and prolong post-operative analgesia during intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). Calcium-channel blockers potentiate the analgesic effect of local anesthetics. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of diltiazem as an adjunct to lignocaine in IVRA with respect to tourniquet tolerance, perioperative analgesia, and quality of anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, randomized, and double-blind study, 40 patients (American Society for Anesthesiologists grade I/II) undergoing elective hand surgery under IVRA were assigned into two groups of 20 each and administered IVRA either with lignocaine 3 mg/kg (group Lignocaine (L)) or lignocaine 3 mg/kg plus diltiazem 0.2 mg/kg (group Lignocaine-Diltiazem (LD)) with normal saline (total volume-40 ml). Hemodynamic parameters, onset of the complete sensory blockade, motor blockade, and intraoperative (tourniquet pain) and post-operative Visual Analogue Scale scores, total intraoperative and consumption of post-operative fentanyl intraoperative were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensory block was established in 2.5±0.688 min in group LD verses 5.60±0.851 min in group L. Motor blockade was established in 8.65±0.933 min in group LD and 13.46±0.604 min in group L. The mean VAS scores >3 were attained early at 30 min (3.1±0.912) in group L. Patients in group L requested early rescue analgesic at 30±8.633 min compared with 49.64±7.958 min in group LD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diltiazem as an adjunct to lignocaine provided enhanced intraoperative and post-operative analgesia without any significant side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Virender Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Rani Achanpa
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sunder
keywords: Diltiazem; intravenous regional anesthesia; lignocaine