title: In situ dissolution analysis using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and hyperspectral CARS microscopy.
abstract: The solid-state form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in an oral dosage form plays an important role in determining the dissolution rate of the API. As the solid-state form can change during dissolution, there is a need to monitor the oral dosage form during dissolution testing. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy provides rapid, spectrally selective imaging to monitor the oral dosage form during dissolution. In this study, in situ CARS microscopy was combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy to monitor the solid-state change in oral dosage forms containing theophylline anhydrate undergoing dissolution and to correlate the solid-state change with a change in dissolution rate. The results from in situ CARS microscopy showed that theophylline anhydrate converted to theophylline monohydrate during dissolution resulting in a reduction in the dissolution rate. The addition of methyl cellulose to the dissolution medium was found to delay the theophylline monohydrate growth and changed the morphology of the monohydrate. The net effect was an increased dissolution rate for theophylline anhydrate. Our results show that in situ CARS microscopy combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy is capable of monitoring oral dosage forms undergoing dissolution and correlating changes in solid-state form with changes in dissolution rate.
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: A.L.Fussell@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fussell
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garbacik
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleinebudde
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strachan
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D003460:Crystallization; D005079:Excipients; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D008853:Microscopy; D009991:Oscillometry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties; D013607:Tablets; D013806:Theophylline / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005079:Excipients; D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets; D008747:Methylcellulose; D013806:Theophylline
keywords: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering; Dissolution; In situ analysis; Microscopy; Solid-state form; Theophylline