title: The South to north variation of norovirus epidemics from 2006-07 to 2008-09 in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of gastroenteritis during the autumn and winter seasons in Japan as well as in other temperate climate regions. Most outbreaks are thought to occur by secondary attacks through person-to-person infection by fecal-oral route. Severe cases are found in young children or patients with chronic diseases. Clarifying the patterns of epidemic diffusion is important for considering effective monitoring and surveillance as well as possible prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered the predominant viral genotype from the laboratory result obtained from Infectious Agents Surveillance Report (IASR) of National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID). We investigated the increase of NoV cases nationwide for the 2006-07 to 2008-09 seasons using sentinel gastroenteritis data collected from about 3000 pediatric clinics on National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) acquired from the kriging method in the geographic information system (GIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During these three seasons, the majority of the detected virus was GII.4, which ranged from 60.4 to 88.9%. The number of cases (per sentinel site) at the peak week was 22.81 in the 2006-07 season and it decreased in the following seasons. NoV cases began to increase earlier in the southern areas and gradually extended into the northern areas, similarly, over the seasons. The average period from when the increase of cases was detected in the southern area to when it reached the northern area was 12.7 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The decrease of the number of sentinel cases at the peak week may suggest the development of herd immunity after a period of high prevalence. Although the NoV epidemic is thought to be associated with cold weather, its cases first increased in the southern area with relatively warm temperature, indicating there are other climate factors involved. Geographic study using the sentinel data could enhance the monitoring and surveillance of and preparedness against epidemics.
authors.affiliation: Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inaida
authors.forename: Yugo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shobugawa
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058872:Epidemics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013997:Time Factors