title: Biomechanical effects of the implant material and implant-abutment interface in immediately loaded small-diameter implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small-diameter implants have been available since the 1990s, but few studies have analyzed their mechanical properties. This study evaluated the effects of the implant material and the implant-abutment connection designs on the primary stability and the marginal bone strain of small-diameter implant subject to immediate loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insertion torque value (ITV), implant stability quotient (ISQ), and Periotest value (PTV) of three implant systems with four parameters (titanium, titanium alloy, internal and external hexagon connections) were measured after placing implants into artificial type 2 jaw-bone models. Specimens were tested under both vertical and oblique static loads at 190 N. Peak values of the principal bone strain were recorded and analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple-comparisons Bonferroni test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTV and ISQ were higher for the NIOSM311 (internal-hex and Ti alloy) and FOSM311 (external-hex and pure Ti) implants, respectively, than for the NOSM311 (external-hex and Ti alloy) implant. Under vertical loading the peak value of peri-implant bone strains did not differ significantly among these three implant systems. However, the peak bone strains were at least 32 % lower for the NIOSM311 and FOSM311 implants than for the NOSM311 implant under lateral loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implant material and the implant-abutment connection design significantly influence the peri-implant bone strain of immediately loaded small-diameter implants, but barely affect their primary stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A commercially pure titanium implant with an internal connection has the potential to reduce the risk of implant failure of small-diameter implant related to biomechanical complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Aaron Yu-Jen
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Heng-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jui-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. wchee@usc.edu.|Center for Prosthetic Dentistry, Glendale, CA, USA. wchee@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chee
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D000044:Dental Abutments; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D006801:Humans; D057893:Immediate Dental Implant Loading