title: Surgical strategies for esophageal cancer associated with head and neck cancer.
abstract: Esophageal cancer is frequently associated with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck. Both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are risk factors for multiple cancers of the head and neck, as well as the esophagus. Routine screening and close follow-up for second cancers are important in patients with esophageal cancer or head and neck cancer. For this purpose, endoscopy with Lugol's staining, as well as narrow-band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy, is a powerful tool for the early detection of esophageal cancer. Multimodal therapy is essential for patients with double cancers. When considering surgical treatment, the curability of both cancers must be carefully evaluated. If both tumors are potentially curable, each lesion should be treated individually. In patients with metachronous double cancers, the prior treatment of the first primary carcinoma often affects the treatment of the second cancer. Close cooperation among medical staff members is essential for complicated surgeries for double cancers. Techniques that are appropriate for each case must be adopted, such as careful dissection, staged operations, muscular flaps and microvascular anastomosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan, masarum@surg2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Yasue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Nami
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Yukiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiyoshi
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Torahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maehara
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000379:methods; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck