title: Stress and symptoms of depression among medical students at the University of Copenhagen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to assess the levels of stress and symptoms of depression among Danish medical students, as well as explore the effect of social support on psychological distress. The results are based on numbers from the follow-up study 'From Student to Graduate' (j.nr 2006-41-6876).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two dimensions of stress, frequency and perception, were measured on a scale from 0-6. Odds ratios and significance of associations between the various exposure variables and the outcome measure, symptoms of depression, were calculated using multiple logistic regression and Wald tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  30.5% of the students reported depressive symptoms. Stress frequency measured a mean of 2.26 (SD = 1.35). The mean for stress perception was 2.85 (SD = 1.30). Women reported higher levels of stress and depression compared to male medical students, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Only the dimensions of stress and coping alone were significantly associated with reporting symptoms of depression (p < 0.001). Students coping alone had a two times higher odds ratio for reporting depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly one third of the participants reported feeling depressed. Stress levels were moderate, but significantly associated with symptoms of depression. The interaction between the stress dimensions and the outcome measure illustrates the importance of stress appraisal. Coping alone with psychological problems was significantly associated with symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: 1Nordlandssykehuset Lofoten, Norway.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haldorsen
authors.forename: Nanna Hasle
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.forename: Agnete
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dissing
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petersson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D057566:Self Report; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: depression; education; gender; marginalization; medical students; social support; stress