title: Development and validation of the Psychological Adaptation Scale (PAS): use in six studies of adaptation to a health condition or risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We introduce The Psychological Adaptation Scale (PAS) for assessing adaptation to a chronic condition or risk and present validity data from six studies of genetic conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Informed by theory, we identified four domains of adaptation: effective coping, self-esteem, social integration, and spiritual/existential meaning. Items were selected from the PROMIS "positive illness impact" item bank and adapted from the Rosenberg self-esteem scale to create a 20-item scale. Each domain included five items, with four sub-scale scores. Data from studies of six populations: adults affected with or at risk for genetic conditions (N=3) and caregivers of children with genetic conditions (N=3) were analyzed using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFA suggested that all but five posited items converge on the domains as designed. Invariance of the PAS amongst the studies further suggested it is a valid and reliable tool to facilitate comparisons of adaptation across conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the PAS will standardize assessments of adaptation and foster understanding of the relationships among related health outcomes, such as quality of life and psychological well-being.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical interventions can be designed based on PAS data to enhance dimensions of psychological adaptation to a chronic health condition or risk.
authors.affiliation: Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, USA; Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. Electronic address: barbarab@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Biesecker
authors.forename: Lori H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Erby
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolford
authors.forename: Jessica Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Adcock
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: Katie V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Truitt
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turriff
authors.forename: Bryce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Reeve
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D029181:Spirituality
keywords: Adaptation; Health threat of chronic condition or risk; Outcomes of coping; The Psychological Adaptation Scale