title: What is brain fog? An evaluation of the symptom in postural tachycardia syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adolescents with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) often experience ill-defined cognitive impairment referred to by patients as "brain fog." The objective of this study was to evaluate the symptom of brain fog as a means of gaining further insight into its etiology and potential palliative interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible subjects who reported having been diagnosed with POTS were recruited from social media web sites. Subjects were asked to complete a 38-item questionnaire designed for this study, and the Wood mental fatigue inventory (WMFI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses were received from 138 subjects with POTS (88 % female), ranging in age from 14 to 29 years; 132 subjects reported brain fog. WMFI scores correlated with brain fog frequency and severity (P < 0.001). The top ranked descriptors of brain fog were "forgetful," "cloudy," and "difficulty focusing, thinking and communicating." The most frequently reported brain fog triggers were fatigue (91 %), lack of sleep (90 %), prolonged standing (87 %), dehydration (86 %), and feeling faint (85 %). Although aggravated by upright posture, brain fog was reported to persist after assuming a recumbent posture. The most frequently reported interventions for the treatment of brain fog were intravenous saline (77 %), stimulant medications (67 %), salt tablets (54 %), intra-muscular vitamin B-12 injections (48 %), and midodrine (45 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Descriptors for "brain fog" are most consistent with it being a cognitive complaint. Factors other than upright posture may play a role in the persistence of this symptom. Subjects reported a number of therapeutic interventions for brain fog not typically used in the treatment of POTS that may warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Marvin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Medow
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Julian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054972:Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult