title: Biomarkers of oral exposure to 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in blood and urine of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
abstract: The U.S. Department of Defense is using the chemicals 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1, 2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in new munitions development. In a screen for biomarkers of exposure, these compounds were measured in urine and blood of male rhesus monkeys after oral doses. NTO peaked at 4 h, with urinary concentrations at least 100-fold higher than that of blood or serum while 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a metabolite of DNAN, appeared in blood at concentrations 10- to 20-fold higher than the parent compound. For human exposure monitoring, urine is optimal for NTO while the metabolite DNP in blood is best for DNAN.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Services Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research/Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring, MD , USA and.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunell
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroeck
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hable
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Desmond I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Bannon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004140:Dinitrophenols / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: C505897:3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; D000840:Anisoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D004140:Dinitrophenols; D053834:Explosive Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D014230:Triazoles; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole