title: Antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oenanthe crocata L. essential oil.
abstract: The present study reports the chemical composition, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the cytotoxicity of Oenanthe crocata essential oil and one of its main compounds. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (85.8%), being the main compounds trans-β-ocimene (31.3%), sabinene (29.0%) and cis-β-ocimene (12.3%). For the antifungal activity, the minimal inhibitory and minimal lethal concentrations (MICs and MLCs) were determined. The oil was particularly active against dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC values ranging from 0.08 to 0.16 μL/mL. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity, both the oil and sabinene demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity through nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-triggered macrophages. Furthermore, the essential oil showed a potent NO scavenging effect and inhibited inducible NO synthase expression. Interestingly, and although we detected a cytotoxic effect in macrophages and keratinocytes for the highest concentrations tested of the oil and sabinene, we also disclosed bioactive and safe concentrations to be further explored for therapeutic proposes. Taking together, these results support the use of the oil and sabinene for the management of dermatophytosis and/or inflammatory-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuzarte
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavaleiro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salgueiro
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003883:Arthrodermataceae / Q000187:drug effects; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D031050:Oenanthe / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C035127:sabinene; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse
keywords: Antimicrobial; Apiaceae; Aromatic plant; Cell viability; Inflammation; Volatile oil