title: How television fast food marketing aimed at children compares with adult advertisements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quick service restaurant (QSR) television advertisements for children's meals were compared with adult advertisements from the same companies to assess whether self-regulatory pledges for food advertisements to children had been implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  All nationally televised advertisements for the top 25 US QSR restaurants from July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010 were obtained and viewed to identify those advertising meals for children and these advertisements were compared with adult advertisements from the same companies. Content coding included visual and audio assessment of branding, toy premiums, movie tie-ins, and depictions of food. For image size comparisons, the diagonal length of the advertisement was compared with the diagonal length of salient food and drink images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost all of the 92 QSR children's meal advertisements that aired during the study period were attributable to McDonald's (70%) or Burger King (29%); 79% of 25,000 television placements aired on just four channels (Cartoon Network, Nickelodeon, Disney XD, and Nicktoons). Visual branding was more common in children's advertisements vs. adult advertisements, with food packaging present in 88% vs. 23%, and street view of the QSR restaurant present in 41% vs. 12%. Toy premiums or giveaways were present in 69% vs. 1%, and movie tie-ins present in 55% vs. 14% of children's vs. adult advertisements. Median food image diagonal length was 20% of the advertisement diagonal for children's and 45% for adult advertisements. The audio script for children's advertisements emphasized giveaways and movie tie-ins whereas adult advertisements emphasized food taste, price and portion size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's QSR advertisements emphasized toy giveaways and movie tie-ins rather than food products. Self-regulatory pledges to focus on actual food products instead of toy premiums were not supported by this analysis.
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilking
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Adachi-Mejia
authors.forename: Elaina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergamini
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marijnissen
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D057140:Fast Foods; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009040:Motion Pictures; D010988:Play and Playthings; D013690:Television; D014481:United States