title: Animistic pragmatism and native ways of knowing: adaptive strategies for overcoming the struggle for food in the sub-Arctic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsistence norms are part of the "ecosophy" or ecological philosophy of Alaska Native Peoples in the sub-Arctic, such as the Inupiat of Seward Peninsula. This kind of animistic pragmatism is a special source of practical wisdom that spans over thousands of years and which has been instrumental in the Iñupiat's struggle to survive and thrive in harsh and evolving environments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  I hope to show how narrative in relationship to the "ecosophy" of Alaska Native peoples can help to promote a more ecological orientation to address food insecurity in rural communities in Alaska. Alaska Native ecosophy recommends central values and virtues necessary to help address concerns in Alaska's rural communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, I will tease out the nature of this "ecosophy" in terms of animistic pragmatism and then show why this form of pragmatism can be instrumental for problematizing multi-scalar, intergenerational, uncertain and complex environmental challenges like food security.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Native elders have been the embodiment of trans-generational distributed cognition, for example, collective memory, norms, information, knowledge, technical skills and experimental adaptive strategies. They are human "supercomputers," historical epistemologists and moral philosophers of a sort who use narrative, a form of moral testimony, to help their communities face challenges and seize opportunities in the wake of an ever-changing landscape.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "ecosophy" of the Iñupiat of Seward Peninsula offers examples of "focal practices", which are essential for environmental education. These focal practices instil key virtues, namely humility, gratitude, self-reliance, attentiveness, responsibility and responsiveness, that are necessary for subsistence living.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA. rxanthony@uaa.alaska.edu
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anthony
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D001110:Arctic Regions; D003469:Culture; D004777:Environment; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D010684:Philosophy
keywords: Iñupiat; environmental philosophy; narrative ethics; pragmatism; sub-Arctic/Arctic cultures