title: Hedgehog signal inhibitors suppress the invasion of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), invasion and metastasis remain the most critical determinants of resectability and survival. The objective of this study was to determine whether Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a role in the invasion of RMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two kinds of specific Hh signaling inhibitors, cyclopamine and forskolin, were used to suppress activated Hh signals in three RMS cell lines. The effects of the Hh signaling inhibitors on tumor cell invasion and motility were investigated using Matrigel invasion assays and wound closure assays, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of invaded cells counted in six random microscopic fields in the Matrigel chambers was significantly decreased by both cyclopamine and forskolin in every RMS cell line. Furthermore, the wound closure assays revealed that a blockade of the Hh signaling pathway by the Hh inhibitors strongly impairs RMS cell motility, as visualized by the delayed closure of the gaps generated in the cultured cell monolayers of the three RMS cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the invasive capacity and motility of RMS cells are significantly suppressed by Hh signaling inhibitors, demonstrating that the Hh pathway plays an important role in the invasion of RMS. Hh inhibitors may provide a new paradigm for the treatment of RMS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan, ooue@pedsurg.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oue
authors.forename: Shuichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Motonari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Usui
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics*; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; D005576:Colforsin; C000541:cyclopamine