title: Money and transmission of bacteria.
abstract: Money is one of the most frequently passed items in the world. The aim of this study was to ascertain the survival status of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Vancomycin- Resistant Enterococci (VRE) on banknotes from different countries and the transmission of bacteria to people who come in contact with the banknotes. The survival rate was highest for the Romanian Leu yielding all three microorganisms used after both three and six hours of drying. Furthermore, the Leu was the only banknote to yield VRE after one day of drying. Other currencies either enabled the survival of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) and VRE (e.g. Euro), but not of MRSA, or the other way round (e.g. US Dollar). While a variety of factors such as community hygiene levels, people's behaviour, and antimicrobial resistance rates at community level obviously have influence on the transmission of resistant microorganisms, the type of banknote-paper may be an additional variable to consider.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital and Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P,O, Box 9015, 6500 GS Nijmegen, The Netherlands. vossandreas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Habip
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gedik
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss