title: A potentiated startle study of uncertainty and contextual anxiety in adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beyond the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), associated symptoms of anxiety can cause substantial impairment for individuals affected by ASD and those who care for them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a potentiated startle paradigm with a puff of air to the neck as the unconditioned stimulus in order to investigate differences between response to cued fear and contextual anxiety among cognitively able adolescents diagnosed with ASD and an age- and IQ-matched typically developing group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a threat-modulated startle paradigm, response patterns to neutral, predictable, and unpredictable conditions were comparable across typically developing and ASD youth in terms of startle response magnitude and latency. However, the ASD group showed significantly greater absolute startle responsivity at baseline and throughout the experiment, suggesting possibly enhanced general sensitivity to threatening contexts. The ASD group, but not the control group, demonstrated moderate to strong negative correlations between psychophysiological response to unpredictable threats (uncertainty) and questionnaire measures of generalized anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and repetitive behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest enhanced general reactivity among the ASD group, possibly reflecting greater sensitivity to the threatening context of the startle paradigm. Associations with the response to uncertainty may help explain shared neurobehavioral mechanisms in ASD and anxiety. This task can provide useful targets for future neuroimaging and genetics studies as well as specific avenues for intervention. We emphasize the importance of further basic and clinical research into links among these important constructs.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, S192 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA. south@byu.edu.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Freeston
authors.forename: Mikle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: South