title: Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal evaluation of Garcinia mangostana pericarp and α-mangostin, its major xanthone derivative.
abstract: Five xanthone derivatives and one flavanol were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Garcinia mangostana. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate extract and the major xanthone (α-mangostin) were evaluated in vitro against erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum, intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi and free trypomastigotes of T. brucei. The major constituent α-mangostin was also checked for antimicrobial potential against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillius subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. cheleneoi, M. xenopi and M. intracellulare. Activity against P. falciparum (IC₅₀ 2.7 μg/mL) and T. brucei (IC₅₀ 0.5 μg/mL) were observed for the dichloromethane extract, however, with only moderate selectivity was seen based on a parallel cytotoxicity evaluation on MRC-5 cells (IC₅₀ 9.4 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was inactive (IC₅₀ > 30 µg/mL). The major constituent α-mangostin showed rather high cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ 7.5 µM) and a broad but non-selective antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activity profile. This in vitro study endorses that the antiprotozoal and antimicrobial potential of prenylated xanthones is non-conclusive in view of the low level of selectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shaza M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Massarani
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El Gamal
authors.forename: Nawal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Musayeib
authors.forename: Ramzi A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mothana
authors.forename: Omer A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Basudan
authors.forename: Adnan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Al-Rehaily
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: Mahmoud H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Assaf
authors.forename: Kamaleldin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: El Tahir
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D044948:Flavonols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects; D044004:Xanthones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D044948:Flavonols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044004:Xanthones; C021053:mangostin