title: Remote ischemic pre-conditioning alleviates contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is shown to preserve kidney function in patients at high risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), the effect in patients at low-moderate risk remains unknown. The preventive effects of RIPC in patients not at high risk of CI-AKI were examined, and biomarkers with anticipated roles in renal protection via RIPC investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients who had moderate chronic kidney disease and who underwent angiography were randomly assigned to the control (n=30) or RIPC (intermittent arm ischemia, n=30) group. The baseline characteristics in the 2 groups did not differ significantly. CI-AKI was evaluated by measuring urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). Biomarkers were measured before and 24 and 48 h after angiography. Twenty-four hours after angiography, the percent change in urinary L-FABP level in the RIPC group was significantly smaller than in the control group (41.3±15.6 vs. 159±34.1%, P=0.003). L-FABP-based CI-AKI developed in 8 control patients (26.9%) vs. only 2 patients in the RIPC group (7.7%), suggesting that RIPC prevents CI-AKI. Factors contributing to CI-AKI were analyzed. Neither high-sensitivity C-reactive protein nor pentraxine-3 level differed significantly between the 2 groups, while the percent change in asymmetrical dimethy larginine (ADMA) level and blood derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolite levels were significantly smaller in the RIPC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIPC alleviates CI-AKI in patients at low-moderate risk. This effect might be mediated partly by decreasing oxidative stress and plasma ADMA level.
authors.affiliation: Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine.
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iino
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003287:Contrast Media; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000099153:Pentraxins; C493319:FABP1 protein, human