title: Study of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural formation in cakes during baking in different ovens, using a validated multiple-stage extraction-based analytical method.
abstract: A procedure for extraction of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from cakes was validated. Higher yield was achieved by multiple step extraction with water/methanol (70/30) and clarification with Carrez I and II reagents. Oven type and baking time strongly influenced HMF, moisture and volatile profile of model cakes, whereas furfural content was not significantly affected. No correlation was found between these parameters. Baking time influenced moisture and HMF formation in cakes from traditional and microwave ovens but not in steam oven cakes. Significant moisture decrease and HMF increase (3.63, 9.32, and 41.9 mg kg(-1)dw at 20, 40 and 60 min, respectively) were observed during traditional baking. Cakes baked by microwave also presented a significant increase of HMF (up to 16.84 mg kg(-1)dw at 2.5 min). Steam oven cakes possessed the highest moisture content and no significant differences in HMF and furfural. This oven is likely to form low HMF and furfural, maintaining cake moisture and aroma compounds.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. catpetisca@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petisca
authors.forename: Ana Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Trinidad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pérez-Palacios
authors.forename: Olívia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.forename: Isabel M P L V O
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003296:Cooking; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014867:Water; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: Furfural; HMF; HPLC-DAD; HS-SPME–GC–MS; Model cakes; Oven type; Volatiles