title: Relationship between cavitation and loss of echogenicity from ultrasound contrast agents.
abstract: Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have the potential to nucleate cavitation and promote both beneficial and deleterious bioeffects in vivo. Previous studies have elucidated the pulse-duration-dependent pressure amplitude threshold for rapid loss of echogenicity due to UCA fragmentation. Previous studies have demonstrated that UCA fragmentation was concomitant with inertial cavitation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stable and inertial cavitation thresholds and loss of echogenicity of UCAs as a function of pulse duration. Determining the relationship between cavitation thresholds and loss of echogenicity of UCAs would enable monitoring of cavitation based upon the onscreen echogenicity in clinical applications. Two lipid-shelled UCAs, echogenic liposomes (ELIP) and Definity®, were insonified by a clinical ultrasound scanner in duplex spectral Doppler mode at four pulse durations ('sample volumes') in both a static system and a flow system. Cavitation emissions from the UCAs insonified by Doppler pulses were recorded using a passive cavitation detection system and stable and inertial cavitation thresholds ascertained. Loss of echogenicity from ELIP and Definity® was assessed within regions of interest on B-mode images. A numerical model based on UCA rupture predicted the functional form of the loss of echogenicity from ELIP and Definity®. Stable and inertial cavitation thresholds were found to have a weak dependence on pulse duration. Stable cavitation thresholds were lower than inertial cavitation thresholds. The power of cavitation emissions was an exponential function of the loss of echogenicity over the investigated range of acoustic pressures. Both ELIP and Definity® lost more than 80% echogenicity before the onset of stable or inertial cavitation. Once this level of echogenicity loss occurred, both stable and inertial cavitation were detected in the physiologic flow phantom. These results imply that stable and inertial cavitation are necessary in order to trigger complete loss of echogenicity acoustically from UCAs and this finding can be used when planning diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA. radhakki@mail.uc.edu
authors.forename: Kirthi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kopechek
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Shao-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Christy K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000465:Algorithms; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D045423:Microbubbles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011312:Pressure; D012984:Software; D013010:Sonication; D014465:Ultrasonics; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; C042852:perflutren