title: Emergency department management of patients with ACE-inhibitor angioedema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. Angioedema is a well-recognized adverse effect of this class of medications, with a reported incidence of ACEI angioedema of up to 1.0%. Of importance to note, ACEI angioedema is a class effect and is not dose dependent. The primary goal of this literature search was to determine the appropriate Emergency Department management of patients with ACEI angioedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE literature search from January 1990 to August 2012 and limited to human studies written in English for articles with keywords of ACEI angioedema. Guideline statements and non-systematic reviews were excluded. Studies identified then underwent a structured review from which results could be evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred sixty-two papers on ACEI angioedema were screened and 27 appropriate articles were rigorously reviewed in detail and recommendations given.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature search did not support any specific treatment protocol with a high level of evidence due to the limited--and limitations of the--available studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vilke
authors.forename: Faisal Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Almazroua
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000799:Angioedema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007828:Laryngoscopy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: ACE inhibitors; angioedema; angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors