title: A novel approach to oral iron delivery using ferrous sulphate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles.
abstract: Iron (Fe) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN's) were formulated using stearic acid and iron absorption was evaluated in vitro using the cell line Caco-2 with intracellular ferritin formation as a marker of iron absorption. Iron loading was optimised at 1% Fe (w/w) lipid since an inverse relation was observed between initial iron concentration and SLN iron incorporation efficiency. Chitosan (Chi) was included to prepare chitosan coated SLN's. Particle size analysis revealed a sub-micron size range (300.3±31.75 nm to 495.1±80.42 nm), with chitosan containing particles having the largest dimensions. As expected, chitosan (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% w/v) conferred a net positive charge on the particle surface in a concentration dependent manner. For iron absorption experiments equal doses of Fe (20 μM) from selected formulations (SLN-FeA and SLN-Fe-ChiB) were added to Caco-2 cells and intracellular ferritin protein concentrations determined. Caco-2 iron absorption from SLN-FeA (583.98±40.83 ng/mg cell protein) and chitosan containing SLN-Fe-ChiB (642.77±29.37 ng/mg cell protein) were 13.42% and 24.9% greater than that from ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) reference (514.66±20.43 ng/mg cell protein) (p≤0.05). We demonstrate for the first time preparation, characterisation and superior iron absorption in vitro from SLN's, suggesting the potential of these formulations as a novel system for oral iron delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human & Health Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M Gulrez
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Zariwala
authors.forename: Naba
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elsaid
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corral López
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnaud
authors.forename: Satyanarayana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somavarapu
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D008055:Lipids; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D007501:Iron
keywords: Caco-2; Chitosan; Ferritin; Ferrous sulfate; Iron supplementation; Solid lipid nanoparticles