title: Endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids: the genomic cooperation between bacterium and host in the synthesis of essential amino acids is heavily influenced by multiple horizontal gene transfers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trypanosomatids of the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas live in a mutualistic association characterized by extensive metabolic cooperation with obligate endosymbiotic Betaproteobacteria. However, the role played by the symbiont has been more guessed by indirect means than evidenced. Symbiont-harboring trypanosomatids, in contrast to their counterparts lacking symbionts, exhibit lower nutritional requirements and are autotrophic for essential amino acids. To evidence the symbiont's contributions to this autotrophy, entire genomes of symbionts and trypanosomatids with and without symbionts were sequenced here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of the essential amino acid pathways revealed that most biosynthetic routes are in the symbiont genome. By contrast, the host trypanosomatid genome contains fewer genes, about half of which originated from different bacterial groups, perhaps only one of which (ornithine cyclodeaminase, EC:4.3.1.12) derived from the symbiont. Nutritional, enzymatic, and genomic data were jointly analyzed to construct an integrated view of essential amino acid metabolism in symbiont-harboring trypanosomatids. This comprehensive analysis showed perfect concordance among all these data, and revealed that the symbiont contains genes for enzymes that complete essential biosynthetic routes for the host amino acid production, thus explaining the low requirement for these elements in symbiont-harboring trypanosomatids. Phylogenetic analyses show that the cooperation between symbionts and their hosts is complemented by multiple horizontal gene transfers, from bacterial lineages to trypanosomatids, that occurred several times in the course of their evolution. Transfers occur preferentially in parts of the pathways that are missing from other eukaryotes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have herein uncovered the genetic and evolutionary bases of essential amino acid biosynthesis in several trypanosomatids with and without endosymbionts, explaining and complementing decades of experimental results. We uncovered the remarkable plasticity in essential amino acid biosynthesis pathway evolution in these protozoans, demonstrating heavy influence of horizontal gene transfer events, from Bacteria to trypanosomatid nuclei, in the evolution of these pathways.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. alvesjmp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João M P
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Cecilia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Flávia Maia
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Costa-Martins
authors.forename: Myrna G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Ana Tereza R
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Sagot
authors.forename: Marta M G
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Maria Cristina M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.forename: Erney P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020562:Betaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D010802:Phylogeny; D013559:Symbiosis; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential