title: Cardiovascular disease risk in women with migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest a higher prevalence of unfavourable cardiovascular risk factors amongst migraineurs, but results have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate traditional and newly recognized risk factors as well as other surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk in obese and normal weight women with migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine adult female probands participated in this case-control study. The sample was divided into normal weight and obese migraineurs and age- and body mass index-matched control groups. The following cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed: serum levels of lipids, fasting glucose, and insulin; insulin resistance; blood pressure; smoking (categorized as current, past or never); Framingham 10-year risk of general cardiovascular disease score; C-reactive protein; family history of cardiovascular disease; physical activity; sleep disturbances; depression; and bioelectrical impedance phase angle. The means of continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U-test (for 2 groups) and ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test (for 4 groups) depending on the distribution of data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All migraineurs were sedentary irrespective of nutritional status. Migraineurs had higher depression scores and shorter sleep duration, and obese migraineurs, in particular, had worse sleep quality scores. Insulin resistance and insulinaemia were associated with obesity, and obese migraineurs had lower HDL-c than normal weight controls and migraineurs. Also, the Framingham risk score was higher in obese migraineurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that female migraineurs experience marked inactivity, depression, and some sleep disturbance, that higher insulin resistance and insulinaemia are related to obesity, and that obesity and migraine probably exert overlapping effects on HDL-c levels and Framingham 10-year cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. fernandarockett@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernanda Camboim
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Rockett
authors.forename: Alexandre da Silveira
authors.initials: Ada S
authors.lastname: Perla
authors.forename: Ingrid D Schweigert
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Márcia L Fagundes
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chaves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult