title: Risks for hemorrhagic complications after placement of external ventricular drains with early chemical prophylaxis against venous thromboembolisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients undergoing placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) are at increased risk for development of venous thromboembolisms (VTEs). Early chemical prophylaxis has been shown to decrease rates of embolism formation, but the risks for bleeding and the optimal time to initiate prophylaxis have not been clearly defined for this patient population. The authors evaluated the safety and risks for bleeding when chemical prophylaxis for VTEs was started within 24 hours of EVD placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare rates of hemorrhage among patients who received prophylaxis within 24 hours and those who received it later than 24 hours after admission, the authors conducted an institutional review board-approved retrospective review. Patients were those who had had an EVD placed and postprocedural imaging conducted at Bellevue Hospital, New York, from January 2009 through April 2012. Data collected included demographics, diagnosis, coagulation panel results, time to VTE prophylaxis and imaging, and occurrence of VTEs. The EVD-associated hemorrhages were classified as Grade 0, no hemorrhage; Grade 1, petechial hyperdensity near the drain; Grade 2, hematoma of 1-15 ml; Grade 3, epidural or subdural hematoma greater than 15 ml; or Grade 4, intraventricular hemorrhage or hematoma requiring surgical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 99 patients, 111 EVDs had been placed. Low-dose unfractionated heparin had been given within 24 hours of admission (early prophylaxis) to 56 patients and later than 24 hours after admission (delayed prophylaxis) to 55 patients. There were no statistical differences across all grades (0-4) among those who received early prophylaxis (n = 45, 5, 5, 1, and 0, respectively) and those who received delayed prophylaxis (n = 46, 4, 1, 1, and 3, respectively) (p = 0.731). In the early prophylaxis group, 3 VTEs were discovered among 32 of 56 patients screened for clinically suspected VTEs. In the delayed prophylaxis group, 5 VTEs were discovered among 33 of 55 patients screened for clinically suspected VTEs (p = 0.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorrhagic complications did not increase when chemical prophylaxis was started within 24 hours of admission. Also, the incidence of VTEs did not differ between patients in the early and delayed prophylaxis groups. Larger randomized controlled trials are probably needed to assess decreases in VTEs with earlier prophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, New York University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tanweer
authors.forename: Akwasi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boah
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin