title: Sex differences in opioid analgesia and addiction: interactions among opioid receptors and estrogen receptors.
abstract: Opioids are widely used as the pain reliever and also notorious for being addictive drugs. Sex differences in the opioid analgesia and addiction have been reported and investigated in human subjects and animal models. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying the differences between males and females is still unclear. Here, we reviewed the literature describing the sex differences in analgesic responses and addiction liabilities to clinically relevant opioids. The reported interactions among opioids, estrogens, opioid receptors, and estrogen receptors are also evaluated. We postulate that the sex differences partly originated from the crosstalk among the estrogen and opioid receptors when stimulated by the exogenous opioids, possibly through common secondary messengers and the downstream gene transcriptional regulators.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan. T22529@mail.cmuh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Cynthia Wei-Sheng
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ing-Kang
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011957:Receptors, Opioid