title: Repeatability of intraocular pressure measurements with Icare PRO rebound, Tono-Pen AVIA, and Goldmann tonometers in sitting and reclining positions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Icare PRO (ICP) is a new Rebound tonometer that is able to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in both sitting and reclining positions. In this study, the gold standard Goldmann tonometer (GAT) was compared to ICP and Tono-Pen AVIA (TPA). Hypothesis was that repeatability of GAT is superior to ICP and TPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 eyes of 36 healthy caucasian individuals, 13 male and 26 females, 17 right and 19 left eyes have been included in this prospective, randomized, cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at a single site (Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland). Primary outcome measures were Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (COV) and test-retest repeatability as visualized by Bland-Altman analysis. Secondary outcome measures were IOP in sitting (GAT, ICP and TPA) and in reclining (ICP and TPA) position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean IOP measured by GAT was 14.9 ± 3.5 mmHg. Mean IOP measured by ICP was 15.6 ± 3.1 mmHg (with TPA 14.8 ± 2.7 mmHg) in sitting and 16.5 ± 3.5 mmHg (with TPA 17.0 ± 3.0 mmHg) in reclining positions. COVs ranged from 2.9% (GAT) to 6.9% (ICP reclining) and ICCs from 0.819 (ICP reclining) to 0.972 (GAT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeatability is good with all three devices. GAT has higher repeatability compared to the two tested hand-held devices with lowest COVs and highest ICCs. IOP was higher in the reclining compared to the sitting position.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study was registered to the Clinical Trials Register of the US National Institute of Health, NCT01325324.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, UniversityHospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. MarcToeteberg@aol.com.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schweier
authors.forename: James V M
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Töteberg-Harms
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards