title: Economic outcomes in prosthodontics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the types of economic measures currently used in implant prosthodontics and determine the degree to which cost of care is considered in the context of any positive outcome of the care provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using the following set of terms plus some additional hand searching: "dental implants" (Mesh) AND ("cost") OR "maintenance" OR "healthcare policy" OR "access to care" OR "third party" OR "economic") AND (("1995/01/01"[PDat]:'2009/12/31"[PDat]) AND (Humans[Mesh]) AND (English[lang])).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a review of the 466 titles and abstracts identified by the search, 18 articles were accepted for further consideration, as some attempt at economic outcome measures was made. An additional four articles were identified by hand searching. The 22 accepted articles were grouped into four basic categories: (1) measure of costs of treatment (direct, indirect, and maintenance costs), (2) cost-effectiveness mathematical modeling applied to simulate the lifetime paths and cost of treatment, (3) cost-effectiveness analysis/cost minimization, and (4) willingness-to-pay, willingness-to-accept. Attempts at determining the costs of treatment varied widely. When the OMERACT filters were applied to the various measures it was felt that discrimination and/or feasibility was a problem for most of the current economic outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures of cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility are currently the gold standard; however, feasibility of such analyses is an issue. Collaboration with health economists to guide future research is highly recommended.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Ting-Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Emad W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Estafanous
authors.forename: Neal R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Risto-Pekka
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Happonen
authors.forename: Sreenivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koka
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osswald
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reintsema
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roumanas
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Clark M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolfaardt
mesh_terms: D003363:Cost Control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported / Q000191:economics*; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D011476:Prosthodontics / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome