title: Use of static or articulating spacers for infection following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The so-called gold standard for treatment of periprosthetic joint infection following total knee arthroplasty is two-stage reimplantation. However, it is unclear whether use of static or articulating antibiotic-impregnated spacers during the interim period between these two stages is superior. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of static and articulating spacers in the treatment of infection following total knee arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature indexed by MEDLINE and Embase was performed to identify studies reporting the outcomes of antibiotic spacers in the treatment of infection following total knee arthroplasty. Seven Level-III comparative studies and thirty-two Level-IV case series remained following the screening process. The data in these studies were extracted and aggregated to compare the reinfection rate, range of knee motion, functional scores, and complication rates between static and articulating spacers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two types of spacers demonstrated similar reinfection rates (7% for articulating and 12% for static, p = 0.2). However, the articulating spacers resulted in significantly greater range of knee motion after reimplantation (101° for articulating and 91° for static, p = 0.0002). Despite this difference in ultimate knee motion, functional scores in the treatment groups were similar. Rates of wound-related and spacer-related complications were similarly low with both types of spacers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our review failed to identify a significant difference in the ability of static or articulating spacers to eradicate periprosthetic infection following total knee arthroplasty. Compared with static spacers, articulating spacers provided improved knee motion following reimplantation, although functional scores were similar in the two treatment groups. We encourage arthroplasty surgeons to consider both static and articulating spacers in the treatment of infection following total knee arthroplasty and to tailor treatment on the basis of patient-related factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Gwo-Chin.Lee@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Pramod B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Voleti
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Gwo-Chin
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents