title: Effects of nanosilver exposure on cholinesterase activities, CD41, and CDF/LIF-like expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae.
abstract: Metal nanosolicoparticles are suspected to cause diseases in a number of organisms, including man. In this paper, we report the effects of nanosilver (Ag, 1-20 nm particles) on the early development of the zebrafish, a well-established vertebrate model. Embryos at the midgastrula stage were exposed to concentrations ranging from 100 to 0.001 mg/L to verify the effects on different endpoints: lethality, morphology, expression of cholinergic molecules, and development of the immune system. (1) Relative risk of mortality was exponential in the range between 0.001 and 10 mg/L. Exposure to 100 mg/L caused 100% death of embryos before reaching the tail-bud stage. (2) Developmental anomalies were present in the 72 h larvae obtained from embryos exposed to nanosilver: whole body length, decreased eye dimension, and slow response to solicitation by gentle touch with a needle tip, with a significant threshold at 0.1 mg/L. (3) Dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was significant among the exposures, except between 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. (4) The distribution of CD41+ cells and of CDF/LIF-like immunoreactivity was altered according to the Ag concentration. The possible effect of nanosilver in impairing immune system differentiation through the inhibition of molecules related to the cholinergic system is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Kokshetau State University, Abai Street 76, Kokshetau 020000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Marzhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myrzakhanova
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gambardella
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falugi
authors.forename: Antonietta M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagliafierro
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramoino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diaspro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015996:Survival Rate; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D040201:Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C520573:m17 protein, zebrafish; D012834:Silver; D002802:Cholinesterases