title: Effects of rapid palatal expansion on the sagittal and vertical dimensions of the maxilla: a study on cephalograms derived from cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to use cone-beam computed tomography imaging to examine the skeletal and dental changes in the sagittal and vertical dimensions after rapid palatal expansion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight healthy children (mean age, 9.9 years; range, 7.8-12.8 years; 17 boys, 11 girls) who required rapid palatal expansion treatment were included. For each patient, a bonded Haas-type expander with full occlusal and palatal acrylic coverage was cemented in place. Cone-beam computed tomography images were obtained as part of the pretreatment orthodontic records and at the completion of rapid palatal expansion for all patients. The mean interval between pretreatment and completion of rapid palatal expansion was 52 days (range, 19-96 days). The average skeletal age of the patients, determined from hand-wrist films also obtained before treatment, was 10.1 years. The mean expansion of the expander was 8.0 mm (range, 5.9-9.6 mm). Each cone-beam computed tomography image was compressed from the outer portion of the right side of the patient's head to the center of the left central incisor into a 2-dimensional synthesized cephalogram, which was then traced and measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that from pretreatment to completion of rapid palatal expansion, SNA, FH-NA, and A-Nperp increased by means of 1.04°, 0.92°, and 0.87 mm, respectively (P <0.05). In addition, 1/-NA, 1/-SN, 1/-NA, 1/-Nperp, and 1/-PP showed mean decreases of 3.74°, 2.53°, 1.17 mm, 0.49 mm, and 2.69°, respectively (P <0.05). Both ANS and PNS moved significantly downward (ANS, 2.05 mm; PNS, 1.16 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was forward movement of the maxilla as a result of rapid palatal expansion treatment. Bonded rapid palatal expansion treatment resulted in downward displacement of the maxilla with a greater displacement of ANS than PNS and posterior movement of the maxillary central incisors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habeeb
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: Chun-Hsi
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D044962:Data Compression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D016896:Treatment Outcome