title: [Cryosurgery for prostate cancer: a comprehensive review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryosurgery for prostate cancer has evolved to become a reasonable treatment alternative for localized prostate cancer. The advent of third-generation machines and smaller cryoprobes together with better imaging modalities allows for precise treatment of the prostate in the primary, salvage and focal setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review of the literature was performed from 1980 to January 2013 searching the Medline database. Information was extracted regarding oncologic and functional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcomes of cryosurgery improved over time with intermediate biochemical disease free survival rates now comparable to other treatment modalities. Initially reported in the salvage setting after radiation therapy, the technology was subsequently expanded as primary treatment and more recently for focal therapy. With introduction of the third-generation cryosurgery system and better imaging modalities, the treatment related morbidities have decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncologic and functional outcomes have improved and the procedure is increasing in use. Variable inclusion criteria and follow-up protocols still call for prospective studies to establish the efficacy of the procedure as compared to established local management options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genito-Urinary Oncology. Moffitt Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sverrisson
authors.forename: J Stephen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Julio M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pow-Sang
mesh_terms: D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen