title: Infant pain-related negative affect at 12 months of age: early infant and caregiver predictors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the predictive relationships of early infant and caregiver variables on expressed pain-related negative affect duration at the 12-month immunization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants and their caregivers (N = 255) were followed during immunization appointments over the first year of life. Latent growth curve modeling in a structural equation modeling context was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of initial infant pain reactivity at 2 months and caregiver emotional availability averaged across 2, 4, and 6 months of age were related to larger decreases in the duration of infant negative affect over the first 6 months of life. Longer duration of infant negative affect at 2 months and poorer regulation of infant negative affect over the first 6 months of life predicted longer durations of infant negative affect by 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infant negative affect at 12 months was a function of both infant factors and the quality of caregiver interactive behaviors (emotional availability) in early infancy.
authors.affiliation: PhD, The O.U.C.H. Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, 2004/2006 Sherman Health Sciences Building, 4600 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. rpr@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Din Osmun
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pillai Riddell
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Flora
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations
keywords: infancy; pain; parenting style; parents