title: Is it a (fe)male pain? Portuguese nurses' and laypeople's gendered representations of common pains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have explored gender role expectations of pain behaviours in different cultures, only a few authors have tried to explore whether certain pains are more associated with the typical man or woman. Hence, this study aimed at exploring, among Portuguese laypeople and nurses, patterns of common pains more strongly associated with the typical man or woman, and their relationship with health-care training and personal pain experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 68 nurses (76% women) and 55 laypeople (62% women) were asked to identify, through free association, the most frequent common pains that people in general associate with the typical man and woman, respectively, and also to report their personal past pain experiences. A content analysis was used to categorize and quantify participants' responses. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to identify gendered patterns of common pains, followed by a cluster analysis to classify participants according to their endorsed patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings showed that while 'back and musculoskeletal pains' was the only pattern associated with the typical man, more differentiated patterns of pains were associated with the typical woman, namely (1) headaches; (2) abdominal, back and musculoskeletal pains; and (3) pains due to hormonal cycles, labour/puerperium and from the urinary/reproductive system. These representations were shared by laypeople and nurses and were only significantly associated with personal experiences of pains from the urinary/reproductive system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified different gendered patterns of common pains, which may have important implications for (wo)men's pain experiences and how these are interpreted by others.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (Cis-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bernardes
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution