title: Verification of dose calculation algorithms in a multi-layer heterogeneous phantom using films.
abstract: The development of advanced radiation treatment techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric intensity modulated arc therapy (VMAT) require more accurate dose calculation algorithms within the treatment planning systems (TPS) considering that the human body is composed of tissues of widely differing radiological properties and the characteristics of a therapeutic radiation treatment beam along a heterogeneous path will be different. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 2D-isodose distributions predicted by pencil beam convolution algorithm (PBC) and anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) in a heterogeneous slab phantom composed of media equivalent to air, water and bone density. The measurements were done by using the films at multiple depths in the phantom for open field sizes 5 × 5 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2. The results from this study indicated that the AAA had better agreement with the measurement compared to PBC for both the test field sizes at all selected depths; however, the limitation of AAA in predicting doses within and beyond low-density medium was observed, especially for a smaller field size (up to 32.7% and 34.0% for AAA and PBC, respectively). Furthermore, discrepancies up to -4.8% for AAA and -14.6% for PBC was seen in the high-density medium as well. Dose prediction errors by the AAA and PBC were more pronounced for a smaller test field size, especially in the low-density medium.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IMRT, dose calculation algorithms, Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA), Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC), Varian's Eclipse treatment planning system.
authors.affiliation: Suresh Rana, MS, Department of Medical Physics, ProCure Proton Therapy Center, 5901 West Memorial Road, Oklahoma City, OK 73142, USA. Email: suresh.rana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pokharel
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated