title: Minimizing the pain of local anesthesia injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local anesthetic injection is often cited in literature as the most painful part of minor procedures. It is also very possible for all doctors to get better at giving local anesthesia with less pain for patients. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and simplify how to inject local anesthesia in an almost pain-free manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The information was obtained from reviewing the best evidence, from an extensive review of the literature (from 1950 to August of 2012) and from the experience gained by asking over 500 patients to score injectors by reporting the number of times they felt pain during the injection process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results are summarized in a logical stepwise pattern mimicking the procedural steps of an anesthetic injection-beginning with solution selection and preparation, followed by equipment choices, patient education, topical site preparation, and finally procedural techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are now excellent techniques for minimizing anesthetic injection pain, with supporting evidence varying from anecdotal to systematic reviews. Medical students and residents can easily learn techniques that reliably limit the pain of local anesthetic injection to the minimal discomfort of only the first fine needlestick. By combining many of these conclusions and techniques offered in the literature, tumescent local anesthetic can be administered to a substantial area such as a hand and forearm for tendon transfers or a face for rhytidectomy, with the patient feeling just the initial poke.
authors.affiliation: Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario; and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada From McMaster University; and Dalhousie University.
authors.forename: A Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Strazar
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Leynes
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lalonde
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009339:Needles; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine