title: Small molecule kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA from 2000 to 2011: a systematic review of preclinical ADME data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fourteen drugs targeting protein kinases have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between the years 2000 and 2011. While the mechanisms of action and clinical data have been reported, the preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) data on these compounds are not readily available.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review summarizes the structural, physicochemical and preclinical ADME properties of the 14 kinase inhibitors. For this purpose, the authors identified common preclinical ADME features of the majority of these inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors believe engendering a combination of the following attributes will greatly improve one's chance of discovering kinase inhibitors with a successful development path: i) Lipinski Rule of Five and Veber's rules, ii) most basic pKa values ≤ 9, iii) low to moderate clearance values for each species and iv) moderate to high Caco-2 permeability. Furthermore, they recommend primarily focusing on in vitro hepatic stability and rodent in vivo disposition properties at early screening stage and using Caco-2 permeability/efflux ratio to salvage compounds with rapid rodent plasma clearance. In vitro drug-drug interaction data should be evaluated in the context of the dosing route, dosing regimen, elimination pathways, enzyme phenotyping profile, efficacious exposure and the target disease.
authors.affiliation: Celgene Corp. , 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121 , USA +1 858 795 4991 ; +1 858 552 8775 ; zobrien@celgene.com.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallah Moghaddam
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012995:Solubility; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human