title: Family process and peer influences on substance use by adolescents.
abstract: This study explores the association of family process and peer influences with risk behaviors of adolescents. A total of 805 students were recruited from secondary schools. The results showed that adolescents who have parents who are "authoritarian" (OR = 1.856) were more likely to smoke. Adolescents who have conflicts with their parents (OR = 1.423) were more likely to drink. Those who have parents who are "permissive" were less likely to drink (OR = 0.885). Having friends who smoked (OR = 5.446) or drank (OR = 1.894), and friends' invitation to smoke (OR = 10.455) or drink (OR = 11.825) were the dominant contributors to adolescent smoking and drinking. Interventions are needed that recognize the strength of the parent-child relationship, as well as strengthen family functioning through improved interpersonal, parenting, and monitoring skills.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. alice.yuen.loke@polyu.edu.hk
authors.forename: Alice Yuen
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.forename: Yim-Wah
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Mak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010379:Peer Group; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires