title: Does smoking have an impact on fusion rate in single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and rigid plate fixation? Clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although smoking has been shown to negatively affect fusion rates in patients undergoing multilevel fusions of the cervical and lumbar spine, the effect of smoking on fusion rates in patients undergoing single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with allograft and plate fixation has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objective of the present study was to address the effect of smoking on fusion rates in patients undergoing a 1-level ACDF with allograft and a locked anterior cervical plate.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is composed of patients from the control groups of 5 separate studies evaluating the use of an anterior cervical disc replacement to treat cervical radiculopathy. For each of the 5 studies the control group consisted of patients who underwent a 1-level ACDF with allograft and a locked cervical plate. The authors of the present study reviewed data obtained in a total of 573 patients; 156 patients were smokers and 417 were nonsmokers. A minimum follow-up period of 24 months was required for inclusion in this study. Fusion status was assessed by independent observers using lateral, neutral, and flexion/extension radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall fusion rate of 91.4% was achieved in all 573 patients. A solid fusion was shown in 382 patients (91.6%) who were nonsmokers. Among patients who were smokers, 142 (91.0%) had radiographic evidence of a solid fusion. A 2-tailed Fisher exact test revealed a p value of 0.867, indicating no difference in the union rates between smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors found no statistically significant difference in fusion status between smokers and nonsmokers who underwent a single-level ACDF with allograft and a locked anterior cervical plate. Although the authors do not promote tobacco use, it appears that the use of allograft with a locked cervical plate in single-level ACDF among smokers produces similar fusion rates as it does in their nonsmoking counterparts.
authors.affiliation: ORA Orthopedics PC, Bettendorf, Iowa;
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luszczyk
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fischgrund
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Rick C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sasso
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Shaffrey
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000637:transplantation; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome