title: Anti-inflammatory effect of sophoraflavanone G isolated from Sophora flavescens in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages.
abstract: Sophoraflavanone G (SG; 5,7,D, 2',4'-tetrahydroxy-8-lavandulylflavanone) has been isolated from Sophora flavescens and found to be effective against bacteria and to decrease cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SG are not well understood. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of SG (2.5-20 μM) and inflammatory responses were induced with lipopolysaccharide. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined. Western blot was used to examine the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). To investigate the molecular mechanism, we analyzed inflammatory-associated signaling pathways, including nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). SG inhibited the levels of nitric oxide and PGE2 and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 was also suppressed. However, SG increased HO-1 production in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly decreased MAPK activation and inhibited NF-κB subunit p65 proteins to translocate into the nucleus. These results suggest that SG has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators production via interruption of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Zih-Yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.forename: Chwan-Fwu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wen-Chung
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Pei-Yin
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wei-Tien
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shu-Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chian-Jiun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Liou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D044950:Flavanones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D029909:Sophora / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D044950:Flavanones; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C064849:vexibinol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C496542:Hmox1 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MAPK; NF-κB; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Sophoraflavanone G