title: Visceral adiposity in the first half of pregnancy predicts newborn weight among adolescent mothers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal obesity is a strong risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal macrosomia. We assessed the association between maternal visceral adiposity tissue (VAT) depth in the first half of pregnancy and both glucose tolerance in late pregnancy and newborn weight in pregnant adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We completed a prospective cohort study of 73 pregnant adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, without pre-pregnancy diabetes. VAT depth was measured by ultrasound at 12 to 20 weeks' gestation, followed by a two-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 36 to 39 weeks' gestation, to determine the glucose area under the curve (AUC glucose0-120). The association between VAT depth and newborn weight was evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for maternal age, parity, smoking, gestational age at delivery, infant sex, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain in pregnancy, and fasting serum glucose at 36 to 39 weeks' gestation. The relation between VAT depth and AUC glucose0-120 was assessed by linear regression analysis, adjusting for maternal age, parity, smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, and weight gain in pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 1 cm increase in VAT depth was associated with a 206 g (95% CI 101 to 311) adjusted increase in mean birth weight. VAT depth and the other model covariates together explained more of the variance in birth weight (r(2) = 0.282; P < 0.001) than pre-pregnancy BMI with the other covariates in the same model (r(2) = 0.081; P = 0.076). All three glucose tolerance test measures were performed at 36 to 39 weeks' gestation in 51 of the 73 participants. The relationship between VAT depth and AUC glucose0-120 was not significant (P = 0.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VAT depth in the first half of pregnancy predicts newborn weight better than BMI, but is not associated with glucose tolerance in late pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Unit, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosangela M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cisneiros
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursery Graduation, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dutra
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando José Carvalho
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Fetal Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor, Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Fetal Medicine, Hospital Dom Malan, Petrolina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor, Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melania M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON.
authors.forename: Marcelo L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Urquia
authors.affiliation: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto ON.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor, Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: João G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research; D005260:Female; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D037841:Pregnant People; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AUC-glucose; adolescent; birth weight; body mass index; gestational diabetes; glucose handling; obesity; visceral adiposity