title: Comparison of energy expenditure between aquatic and overground treadmill walking in people post-stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare the cardiorespiratory responses between aquatic treadmill walking (ATW) and overground treadmill walking (OTW) in people with hemiparesis post-stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight participants post-stroke aged 58.5 ± 11.4 years and eight healthy adult controls aged 56.1 ± 8.6 years participated in a cross-sectional comparative study. Participants completed three 8-minute walking sessions separated by at least 72-hour rest. On the first visit, participants identified their comfortable walking speed on an aquatic and overground treadmill. The second and third visit consisted of either ATW or OTW at a matched speed. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2 ), minute ventilation (VE) and energy expenditure (EE) were measured at rest and during walking in both exercise modes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean steady-state cardiorespiratory responses during ATW showed a significant decrease compared with OTW at a matched speed. During ATW, mean VO2 values decreased by 39% in the stroke group and 21% in the control group, mean VCO2 values decreased by 42% in the stroke group and 30% in the control group, and mean EE decreased by 40% in the stroke group and 25% in the control group. Mean steady-state VE values and resting cardiorespiratory response values showed no significant change between the two conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a decreased metabolic cost when ATW at matched speeds to that of OTW. Reduced metabolic cost during ATW may allow for longer durations of treadmill-induced gait training compared with OTW for improved outcomes. This knowledge may aid clinicians when prescribing aquatic treadmill exercise for people post-stroke with goals of improving gait and functional mobility. However, decreased metabolic cost during ATW suggests that to improve cardiovascular fitness, ATW may not be a time-efficient method of cardiovascular exercise for healthy adults and people post-stroke.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Taeyou
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Yoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vrongistinos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: exercise; outcome measures; stroke