title: Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product.
abstract: Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO3 at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05-0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11-0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47-21.40 + 0.17-0.25%), crude lipid (14.27-14.68 + 0.13-0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33-29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management Program, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. umapas@gmail.com
authors.forename: Umapron
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sadubthummarak
authors.forename: Preeda
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parkpian
authors.forename: Mathuros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruchirawat
authors.forename: Manoch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kongchum
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Delaune
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000737:chemistry; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010703:Phorbol Esters; D001546:Bentonite; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D015034:Zinc Oxide