title: Influence of anesthetic agent, depth of anesthesia and body temperature on cardiovascular functional parameters in the rat.
abstract: Sedating animals is sometimes necessary in experimental research. This paper presents and discusses the influence of four of the most common anesthetic agents on cardiovascular parameters in rats. We also studied the influence of body temperature. Ten-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with either isoflurane, pentobarbital, ketamine/xylazine or tiletamine/zolazepam (n = 12 in each group). A pressure-sensing catheter was placed in the right carotid artery for the continuous measurement of arterial pressure, and echocardiography was performed. Indices of cardiac function were significantly higher in the tiletamine/zolazepam rats compared with the other groups. Heart rate was highest but stroke volume lowest with pentobarbital. Left ventricular diastolic dimension was lower in the pentobarbital and tiletamine/zolazepam rats compared with the isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine rats. Intraventricular diastolic pressure was similar in all groups whereas intraventricular systolic pressure, as well as both systolic and diastolic aortic pressures, was significantly higher in the tiletamine/zolazepam rats compared with the other groups. No hemodynamic indices differed significantly among the isoflurane, pentobarbital and ketamine/xylazine rats. Lowering body temperature significantly reduced heart rate and cardiac output but had no apparent effect on hemodynamic parameters. In conclusion, although cardiac functional parameters differed between the different anesthetic agents in ways that could be of relevance to the researcher, they may all have a role in experimental cardiology. Importantly, tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia resulted in significantly higher indices of cardiac function and elevated blood pressures compared with the other anesthetic agents, a finding that should be kept in mind when interpreting data obtained in rats sedated on this regimen.
authors.affiliation: The Wallenberg Laboratory at Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Redfors
authors.forename: Yangzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Elmir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omerovic
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats / Q000502:physiology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley / Q000502:physiology; D013992:Tiletamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D014991:Xylazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015041:Zolazepam / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; C006131:tiletamine, zolazepam drug combination; D014991:Xylazine; D013992:Tiletamine; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D015041:Zolazepam; D010424:Pentobarbital
keywords: anesthesia; echocardiography; hemodynamics; isoflurane; ketamine/xylazine; pentobarbital; tiletamine/zolazepam