title: Protective effects of the apigenin-O/C-diglucoside saponarin from Gypsophila trichotoma on carbone tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro/in vivo in rats.
abstract: This study investigated the hepatoprotective activity of saponarin, isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma Wend., using in vitro/in vivo hepatotoxicity model based on carbone tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats. The effect of saponarin was compared with those of silymarin. In vitro experiments were carried out in primary isolated rat hepatocytes. Cell incubation with CCl₄ (86 μmol l⁻¹) led to a significant decrease in cell viability, increased LDH leakage, decreased levels of cellular GSH and elevation in MDA quantity. Cell pre-incubation with saponarin (60-0.006 μg/ml) significantly ameliorated CCl₄-induced hepatic damage in a concentration-dependent manner. These results were supported by the following in vivo study. Along with decreased MDA quantity and increased level of cell protector GSH, seven day pre-treatment of rats with saponarin (80 mg/kg bw; p.o.) also prevented CCl₄ (10%, p.o.)-caused oxidative damage by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GST, GPx, GR). Biotransformation phase I enzymes were also assessed. Administered alone, saponarin decreased EMND and AH activities but not at the same extent as CCl₄ did. However, pre-treatment with saponarin significantly increased enzyme activities in comparison to CCl₄ only group. The observed biochemical changes were consistent with histopathological observations where the hepatoprotective effect of saponarin was comparative to the effects of the known hepatoprotecor silymarin. Our results suggest that saponarin, isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma Wend., showed in vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity against CCl₄-induced liver damage.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Rumyana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simeonova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondeva-Burdina
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria. Electronic address: vesselavitcheva@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Vessela
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitcheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Ilina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krasteva
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Biotechnology of Reproduction, Pathological Anatomy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ochridsky Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Vassil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav St., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Mitka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitcheva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047310:Apigenin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D029748:Caryophyllaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005960:Glucosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012838:Silymarin; C457771:saponarin; D047310:Apigenin; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride
keywords: Apigenin-O/C-diglucoside; Carbone tetrachloride; Gypsophila trichotoma; Hepatotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Saponarin