title: Conductance sizing balloon for measurement of peripheral artery minimal stent area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because stent underdeployment occurs frequently, accurate minimal stent area (MSA) measurement during postdilatation is necessary. This study investigated the accuracy and repeatability for MSA determination using a novel conductance balloon (CB) catheter for peripheral vessels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CB catheter is a standard balloon catheter that measures electrical conductance (ratio of current/voltage drop) in real-time during inflation, which directly relates to the balloon cross-sectional area through Ohm's law. CB measurements were made in 4- to 10-mm phantoms on the bench, ex vivo in stents fully deployed in diseased human peripheral arteries, and in vivo in stents fully deployed in peripheral vessels in six swine. CB measurement accuracy and repeatability were calculated and compared with the known dimension (bench phantoms) or with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurement after stent deployment (ex vivo and in vivo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CB measurements were highly accurate (error: 1.8% bench, 5% ex vivo, and 5% in vivo) and repeatable (error: 0.9% bench, 1.8% ex vivo, and 1.3% in vivo), with virtually no bias (average difference in measurements: -0.05 mm bench CB vs known phantom diameters, -0.06 mm ex vivo CB vs IVUS, and -0.11 mm in vivo CB vs IVUS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CB sizing capability can be integrated within a standard balloon catheter (two-in-one function) to provide accurate, real-time assessment of MSA to ensure full stent apposition rather than the use of pressure as a surrogate for size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: A George
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Akingba
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Anjan K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chattin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brass
authors.affiliation: VA, Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Deepak L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Surgery, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind. Electronic address: gkassab@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Ghassan S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kassab
mesh_terms: D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011312:Pressure; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015607:Stents; D013552:Swine; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D062666:Vascular Access Devices