title: Genome-wide gene expression profiling of stress response in a spinal cord clip compression injury model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aneurysm clip impact-compression model of spinal cord injury (SCI) is a standard injury model in animals that closely mimics the primary mechanism of most human injuries: acute impact and persisting compression. Its histo-pathological and behavioural outcomes are extensively similar to human SCI. To understand the distinct molecular events underlying this injury model we analyzed global mRNA abundance changes during the acute, subacute and chronic stages of a moderate to severe injury to the rat spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time-series expression analyses resulted in clustering of the majority of deregulated transcripts into eight statistically significant expression profiles. Systematic application of Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment pathway analysis allowed inference of biological processes participating in SCI pathology. Temporal analysis identified events specific to and common between acute, subacute and chronic time-points. Processes common to all phases of injury include blood coagulation, cellular extravasation, leukocyte cell-cell adhesion, the integrin-mediated signaling pathway, cytokine production and secretion, neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, response to hypoxia and reactive oxygen species, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory processes and ossification. Importantly, various elements of adaptive and induced innate immune responses span, not only the acute and subacute phases, but also persist throughout the chronic phase of SCI. Induced innate responses, such as Toll-like receptor signaling, are more active during the acute phase but persist throughout the chronic phase. However, adaptive immune response processes such as B and T cell activation, proliferation, and migration, T cell differentiation, B and T cell receptor-mediated signaling, and B cell- and immunoglobulin-mediated immune response become more significant during the chronic phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis showed that, surprisingly, the diverse series of molecular events that occur in the acute and subacute stages persist into the chronic stage of SCI. The strong agreement between our results and previous findings suggest that our analytical approach will be useful in revealing other biological processes and genes contributing to SCI pathology.
authors.affiliation: Krembil Neuroscience Center, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. michael.fehlings@uhn.on.ca.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamankhah
authors.forename: Eftekhar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eftekharpour
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karimi-Abdolrezaee
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Boutros
authors.forename: Serban
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: San-Marina
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D063990:Gene Ontology; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome