title: Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe - recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adequate Vitamin D intake and its concentration in serum are important for bone health and calcium-phosphate metabolism as well as for optimal function of many organs and tissues. Documented trends in lifestyle, nutritional habits and physical activity appear to be associated with moderate or severe Vitamin D deficits resulting in health problems. Most epidemiological studies suggest that Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Central European populations. Concern about this problem led to the organising of a conference focused on overcoming Vitamin D deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  After reviewing the epidemiological evidence and relevant literature, a Polish multidisciplinary group formulated theses on recommendations for Vitamin D screening and supplementation in the general population. These theses were subsequently sent to Scientific Committee members of the 'Vitamin D - minimum, maximum, optimum' conference for evaluation based on a ten-point scale.With 550 international attendees, the meeting 'Vitamin D - minimum, maximum, optimum' was held on October 19-20, 2012 in Warsaw(Poland). Most recent scientific evidence of both skeletal and non-skeletal effects of Vitamin D as well as the results of panellists' voting were reviewed and discussed during eight plenary sessions and two workshops.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on many polemical discussions, including post-conference networking, the key opinion leaders established ranges of serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D concentration indicating Vitamin D deficiency [< 20 ng/mL (< 50 nmol/L)], suboptimal status [20-30 ng/mL(50-75 nmol/L)], and target concentration for optimal Vitamin D effects [30-50 ng/mL (75-125 nmol/L)]. General practical guidelines regarding supplementation and updated recommendations for prophylactic Vitamin D intakes in Central European neonates, infants, children and adolescents as well as in adults (including recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women and the elderly) were developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving the Vitamin D status of children, adolescents, adults and the elderly must be included in the priorities of physicians,healthcare professionals and healthcare regulating bodies. The present paper offers elaborated consensus on supplementation guidance and population strategies for Vitamin D in Central Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland. p.pludowski@czd.pl
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Płudowski
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karczmarewicz
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: Graham
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authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chlebna-Sokół
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czech-Kowalska
authors.forename: Romuald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dębski
authors.forename: Tamas
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authors.lastname: Decsi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrzańska
authors.forename: Edward
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authors.lastname: Franek
authors.forename: Piotr
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authors.lastname: Głuszko
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
authors.forename: Liudmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yankovskaya
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Konstantynowicz
authors.forename: Janusz B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Książyk
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Księżopolska-Orłowska
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewiński
authors.forename: Mieczysław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: Szimonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lohner
authors.forename: Roman S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lorenc
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lukaszkiewicz
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marcinowska-Suchowierska
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milewicz
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Misiorowski
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.forename: Vladyslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Povoroznyuk
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rozentryt
authors.forename: Ema
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rudenka
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Solnica
authors.forename: Mieczysław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szalecki
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tałałaj
authors.forename: Szabolcs
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varbiro
authors.forename: Michał A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Żmijewski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control; D011044:Poland; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D