title: Optimism and survival: does an optimistic outlook predict better survival at advanced ages? A twelve-year follow-up of Danish nonagenarians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies examining predictors of survival among the oldest-old have primarily focused on objective measures, such as physical function and health status. Only a few studies have examined the effect of personality traits on survival, such as optimism. The aim of this study was to examine whether an optimistic outlook predicts survival among the oldest-old.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Danish 1905 Cohort Survey is a nationwide, longitudinal survey comprising all individuals born in Denmark in 1905. At baseline in 1998, a total of 2,262 persons aged 92 or 93 agreed to participate in the intake survey. The baseline in-person interview consisted of a comprehensive questionnaire including physical functioning and health, and a question about whether the respondent had an optimistic, neutral or pessimistic outlook on his or her own future.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period of 12 years (1998-2010) there were 2,239 deaths (99 %) in the 1905 Cohort Survey. Univariable analyses revealed that optimistic women and men were at lower risk of death compared to their neutral counterparts [HR 0.82, 95 % CI (0.73-0.93) and 0.81, 95 % CI (0.66-0.99), respectively]. When confounding factors such as baseline physical and cognitive functioning and disease were taken into account the association between optimism and survival weakened in both sexes, but the general pattern persisted. Optimistic women were still at lower risk of death compared to neutral women [HR 0.85, 95 % CI (0.74-0.97)]. The risk of death was also decreased for optimistic men compared to their neutral counterparts, but the effect was non-significant [HR 0.91, 95 % CI (0.73-1.13)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An optimistic outlook appears to be a significant predictor of survival among the oldest-old women. It may also be a significant predictor for men but the sample size is small.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The Danish Aging Research Center, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, engbergh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeune
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Andersen-Ranberg
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martinussen
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vaupel
authors.forename: Kaare
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D013534:Survival