title: Active and observational reward learning in adults with autism spectrum disorder: relationship with empathy in an atypical sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterised by disturbances in social behaviour. A prevailing hypothesis suggests that these problems are related to deficits in assigning rewarding value to social stimuli. The present study aimed to examine monetary reward processing in adults with ASDs by means of event-related potentials (ERPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten individuals with mild ASDs (Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism) and 12 healthy control subjects performed an active and an observational probabilistic reward-learning task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups showed similar overall learning performance. With respect to reward processing, subjects with ASDs exhibited a general reduction in feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude, irrespective of feedback valence and type of learning (active or observational). Individuals with ASDs showed lower scores for cognitive empathy, while affective empathy did not differ between groups. Correlation analyses revealed that higher empathy (both cognitive and affective) negatively affected performance in observational learning in controls and in active learning in ASDs (only cognitive empathy). No relationships were seen between empathy and ERPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced FRN amplitudes are discussed in terms of a deficit in fast reward processing in ASDs, which may indicate altered reward system functioning.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuropsychology , Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellebaum
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brodmann
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thoma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020817:Asperger Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult