title: Are all letters really processed equally and in parallel? Further evidence of a robust first letter advantage.
abstract: This present study examined accuracy and response latency of letter processing as a function of position within a horizontal array. In a series of 4 Experiments, target-strings were briefly (33ms for Experiments 1 to 3, 83ms for Experiment 4) displayed and both forward and backward masked. Participants then made a two alternative forced choice. The two alternative responses differed just in one element of the string, and position of mismatch was systematically manipulated. In Experiment 1, words of different lengths (from 3 to 6 letters) were presented in separate blocks. Across different lengths, there was a robust advantage in performance when the alternative response was different for the letter occurring at the first position, compared to when the difference occurred at any other position. Experiment 2 replicated this finding with the same materials used in Experiment 1, but with words of different lengths randomly intermixed within blocks. Experiment 3 provided evidence of the first position advantage with legal nonwords and strings of consonants, but did not provide any first position advantage for non-alphabetic symbols. The lack of a first position advantage for symbols was replicated in Experiment 4, where target-strings were displayed for a longer duration (83ms). Taken together these results suggest that the first position advantage is a phenomenon that occurs specifically and selectively for letters, independent of lexical constraints. We argue that the results are consistent with models that assume a processing advantage for coding letters in the first position, and are inconsistent with the commonly held assumption in visual word recognition models that letters are equally processed in parallel independent of letter position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. Electronic address: michele.scaltritti@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scaltritti
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Balota
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time
keywords: 2340 Cognitive Processes; 2720 Linguistics & Language & Speech; Letter-processing; Serial position; Visual word recognition