title: Staging laparoscopy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma in 100 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accurate preoperative radiological staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains difficult, and a number of patients are found to have irresectable advanced tumours or occult metastases at exploration. Staging laparoscopy can improve the detection of irresectable disease, avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. This study examines the role of staging laparoscopy in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, with a focus on yield over different time periods and identification of preoperative factors increasing the risk of irresectable disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case note review of all patients undergoing staging laparoscopy for radiologically resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma, identified from the hepatobiliary multidisciplinary team database, was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred consecutive patients underwent staging laparoscopy between 1998 and 2011. Of these, 34 patients were found to be irresectable due to metastatic disease, and 11, due to extensive local disease. Fifty patients proceeded to exploratory laparotomy following staging laparoscopy, and 36 % (18/50) of whom were found to have irresectable disease: 12 patients due to advanced local disease and 6 patients due to metastases. The overall yield of laparoscopy was 45 %, and the accuracy was 71 %. There was no significant difference in age, preoperative bilirubin, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, Ca19-9 levels or T stage between patients with resectable disease and with irresectable disease on laparoscopy. There was also no change in the yield of laparoscopy over time, despite advances in radiological imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this series, staging laparoscopy avoided unnecessary laparotomy in 45 % of patients with radiologically resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. No factor was able to predict positive yield, and therefore, all patients with potentially resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma should undergo staging laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK, adambarlow@doctors.net.uk.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Guiseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcea
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dennison
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors