title: Are the parasiticidal avermectins resistant to dissipation in the environment? The case of eprinomectin.
abstract: Eprinomectin (EPM) is a veterinary drug currently licensed in many countries for the treatment of endo- and ecto-parasites in cattle. Despite the notable evidence for its high toxicity to the terrestrial and aquatic environment ecosystems, its environmental behavior and fate are currently unknown. In the present research, the dissipation of EPM was studied in three soils and in cattle manure by using the OECD 307 guideline and the recently developed European Medicines Agency (EMA/CVMP/ERA/430327) guideline, respectively. The procedure presented by the FOrum for Co-ordination of pesticide models and their USe (FOCUS) was adopted for estimating the EPM degradation kinetics in soil and cattle manure. The EPM dissipation in soil was best described by the SFO (Simple First Order) and the HS (Hockey Stick) models, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The EPM dissipation in cattle manure was best described by the FOMC (First Order Multi Compartment) model. The Dissipation Time for the 50% of the initial EPM mass (DT50) range was 38-53days under aerobic and 691-1491days under anaerobic conditions. In addition, the DT50 for EPM in cattle manure was 333days. Therefore, EPM could be characterized as moderately to highly persistent to dissipation in soil, which depends on soil type, its oxygen content (aerobic or anaerobic conditions in soil) and the microbial activity. Moreover, the EPM resists dissipation in cattle manure, resulting to a high load in soil after manure application in agricultural land (or direct defecation in grassland). Consequently, the high possibility for EPM accumulation in soil and cattle manure should be considered when assessing the environmental risk of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Veterinary School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: vlitskas@vet.auth.gr.
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Litskas
authors.forename: X N
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Karamanlis
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Batzias
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tsiouris
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007559:Ivermectin; C101434:eprinomectin
keywords: AVMs; Cattle manure; DT(50); DT(90); Degradation; Dissipation Time for the 50% of the initial EPM mass in soil or manure; Dissipation Time for the 90% of the initial EPM mass in soil or manure; EMA/CVMP; EPM; ERA; Environmental Risk Assessment; European Medicines Agency/Committee for Medicinal Products of Veterinary Use; FOCUS; FOMC; FOrum for Co-ordination of pesticide models and their USe; First Order Multi Compartment or Gustafson–Holden model; HS; Hockey Stick model; International Cooperation on Harmonization of technical requirements for registration of Veterinary medicinal products; K(d)(ads); K(d)(des); Koc; MLs; Macrocyclic lactones; NO Effect Concentration; NOEC; OECD; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; SFO; Simple First Order kinetics model; Soil; VICH; Veterinary pharmaceuticals; adsorption distribution coefficient; avermectins; d.w.; desorption distribution coefficient; dry weight; eprinomectin; macrocyclic lactones; organic carbon normalized K(d)(ads); w.w.; wet weight