title: The origin and molecular epidemiology of HIV.
abstract: HIV-1 in humans resulted from at least four cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees and gorillas in West Central Africa, while HIV-2 viruses resulted from at least eight independent transmissions of SIVs infecting sooty mangabeys in West Africa only, where one of these transmissions (HIV-1 group M) is responsible for the global epidemic. HIV-1 M is subdivided into nine subtypes and a wide diversity of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms. The heterogenic HIV-1 M subtype/CRF distribution is the result of founder effects. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to increase overtime due to demographic factors such as travel and migration and frequent co/superinfections. In addition, the expanded access to antiretrovirals leads to an increasing number of drug-resistant strains, especially in resource limited countries.
authors.affiliation: TransVIHMI, UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Ahidjo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayouba
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D016665:Cercocebus atys / Q000821:virology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006071:Gorilla gorilla / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics