title: Antitumor effect of para-toluenesulfonamide against lung cancer xenograft in a mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are relatively insensitive and unsatisfactory. Para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS), a unique antitumor drug for local intratumoral injection, shows an efficacy of severely suppressing solid tumor growth with mild side effects in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PTS on lung cancer H460 cells in vivo in nude mice and its underlying mechanisms in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A lung cancer model for in vivo experiment was established in BALB/c nude mice using H460 cells to examine the effect of local injection of PTS on tumor suppression. We also assessed the injury to the normal tissue by subcutaneous injection of PTS. In vitro, PTS was diluted into different doses for study on its antitumor mechanisms. We evaluated the necrotic effect of PTS on H460 cells by PI and Hoechst 33342 staining. Cell viability and membrane permeability were also determined by using CCK-8 and LDH assays respectively. All these tests were conducted in comparison with traditional local injection of anhydrous ethanol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTS was shown to significantly inhibit the growth of H460 tumor xenografts in nude mice by inducing necrosis of the tumor histologically. Its effect on tumor growth was significantly stronger than that of anhydrous ethanol. By contrast, the injured normal tissue by PTS injection was less than that by ethanol. In vitro, PTS still demonstrated excellent necrotizing effect on H460 cells when diluted to a lower concentration. Detailed analysis of PTS on H460 cells indicated that PTS had a better effect on attenuating the cell viability and increasing the cell membrane permeability than ethanol at the same level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTS exhibits excellent inhibition effect on the growth of lung cancer by necrotizing tumor in vivo and in vitro, reducing tumor cell viability and augmenting the membrane permeability in vitro, with only mild injury to normal tissue. The antitumor effect of PTS on lung cancer in vivo and in vitro is stronger than that of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China;
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Weijie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Chenting
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiuqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yizhuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guangqiao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Nanshan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhong
keywords: Para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS); antitumor agent; lung cancer; necrosis; therapy