title: Randomized trial of cognitive speed of processing training in Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of cognitive speed of processing training (SOPT) among individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Moderators of SOPT were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven adults, 40 years of age or older, with a diagnosis of idiopathic PD in Hoehn & Yahr stages 1-3 and on a stable medication regimen were randomized to either 20 hours of self-administered SOPT (using InSight software) or a no-contact control condition. Participants were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of training (or an equivalent delay). The primary outcome measure was useful field of view test (UFOV) performance, and secondary outcomes included cognitive self-perceptions and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that participants randomized to SOPT experienced significantly greater improvements on UFOV performance relative to controls, Wilks λ = 0.938, F 1,72 = 4.79, p = 0.032, partial η(2) = 0.062. Findings indicated no significant effect of training on secondary outcomes, Wilks λ = 0.987, F2,70 < 1, p = 0.637, partial η(2) = 0.013.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with mild to moderate stage PD can self-administer SOPT and improve their cognitive speed of processing, as indexed by UFOV (a robust predictor of driving performance in aging and PD). Further research should establish if persons with PD experience longitudinal benefits of such training and if improvements translate to benefits in functional activities such as driving.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provides Class III evidence that SOPT improves UFOV performance among persons in the mild to moderate stages of PD.
authors.affiliation: From the School of Aging Studies (J.D.E., E.G.V.) and Department of Neurology (R.A.H., T.A.Z.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Department of Human Development and Family Science (M.L.O.), North Dakota State University, Fargo; Department of Neurology (E.Y.U.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Neurology Service (E.Y.U.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City.
authors.forename: Jerri D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Elise G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zesiewicz
authors.forename: Ergun Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Uc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012649:Self Concept