title: Flow compensated quantitative susceptibility mapping for venous oxygenation imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous blood oxygen saturation is an indicator of brain oxygen consumption and can be measured directly from quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) by deconvolving the MR phase signal. However, accurate estimation of the susceptibility of blood may be affected by flow induced phase in the presence of imaging gradient and the inhomogeneous susceptibility field gradient. The purpose of this study is to correct the flow induced error in QSM for improved venous oxygenation quantification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow compensation is proposed for QSM by using a fully flow compensated multi-echo gradient echo sequence for data acquisition. A quadratic fit of the phase with respect to echo time is employed for the flow phase in the presence of inhomogeneity field gradients. Phantom and in vivo experiments were carried out to validate the proposed method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom experiments demonstrated reduced error in the estimated field map and susceptibility map. Initial data in in vivo human imaging demonstrated improvements in the quantitative susceptibility map and in the estimated venous oxygen saturation values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flow compensated multi-echo acquisition and an adaptive-quadratic fit of the phase images improves the quantitative susceptibility map of blood flow. The improved vein susceptibility enables in vivo measurement of venous oxygen saturation throughout the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spincemaille
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014680:Veins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: QSM; adaptive-quadratic fit; susceptibility; venous oxygen saturation