title: Intimate partner violence against women during and after pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in Mumbai slums.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At least one-third of women in India experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at some point in adulthood. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence of IPV during pregnancy and after delivery in an urban slum setting, to review its social determinants, and to explore its effects on maternal and newborn health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a cross-sectional study nested within the data collection system for a concurrent trial. Through urban community surveillance, we identified births in 48 slum areas and interviewed mothers ~6 weeks later. After collecting information on demographic characteristics, socioeconomic indicators, and maternal and newborn care, we asked their opinions on the justifiability of IPV and on their experience of it in the last 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2139 respondents, 35% (748) said that violence was justifiable if a woman disrespected her in-laws or argued with her husband, failed to provide good food, housework and childcare, or went out without permission. 318 (15%, 95% CI 13, 16%) reported IPV in the year that included pregnancy and the postpartum period. Physical IPV was reported by 247 (12%, 95% CI 10, 13%), sexual IPV by 35 (2%, 95% CI 1, 2%), and emotional IPV by 167 (8%, 95% CI 7, 9). 219 (69%) women said that the likelihood of IPV was either unaffected by or increased during maternity. IPV was more likely to be reported by women from poorer families and when husbands used alcohol. Although 18% of women who had suffered physical IPV sought clinical care for their injuries, seeking help from organizations outside the family to address IPV itself was rare. Women who reported IPV were more likely to have reported illness during pregnancy and use of modern methods of family planning. They were more than twice as likely to say that there were situations in which violence was justifiable (odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.7, 3.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in seven women suffered IPV during or shortly after pregnancy. The elements of the violent milieu are mutually reinforcing and need to be taken into account collectively in responding to both individual cases and framing public health initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. d.osrin@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sushmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Ujwala
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bapat
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah More
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alcock
authors.forename: Wasundhara
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Shanti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pantvaidya
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osrin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult