title: Octavius 4D characterization for flattened and flattening filter free rotational deliveries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study the Octavius detector 729 ionization chamber (IC) array with the Octavius 4D phantom was characterized for flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter free (FFF) static and rotational beams. The device was assessed for verification with FF and FFF RapidArc treatment plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The response of the detectors to field size, dose linearity, and dose rate were assessed for 6 MV FF beams and also 6 and 10 MV FFF beams. Dosimetric and mechanical accuracy of the detector array within the Octavius 4D rotational phantom was evaluated against measurements made using semiflex and pinpoint ionization chambers, and radiochromic film. Verification FF and FFF RapidArc plans were assessed using a gamma function with 3%∕3 mm tolerances and 2%∕2 mm tolerances and further analysis of these plans was undertaken using film and a second detector array with higher spatial resolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A warm-up dose of >6 Gy was required for detector stability. Dose-rate measurements were stable across a range from 0.26 to 15 Gy∕min and dose response was linear, although the device overestimated small doses compared with pinpoint ionization chamber measurements. Output factors agreed with ionization chamber measurements to within 0.6% for square fields of side between 3 and 25 cm and within 1.2% for 2 × 2 cm(2) fields. The Octavius 4D phantom was found to be consistent with measurements made with radiochromic film, where the gantry angle was found to be within 0.4° of that expected during rotational deliveries. RapidArc FF and FFF beams were found to have an accuracy of >97.9% and >90% of pixels passing 3%∕3 mm and 2%∕2 mm, respectively. Detector spatial resolution was observed to be a factor in determining the accurate delivery of each plan, particularly at steep dose gradients. This was confirmed using data from a second detector array with higher spatial resolution and with radiochromic film.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Octavius 4D phantom with associated Octavius detector 729 ionization chamber array is a dosimetrically and mechanically stable device for pretreatment verification of FF and FFF RapidArc treatments. Further improvements may be possible through use of a detector array with higher spatial resolution (detector size and∕or detector spacing).
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, BT9 7AB Northern Ireland. conor.mcgarry@belfasttrust.hscni.net
authors.forename: Conor K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.forename: Barry F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: Mark W D
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Grattan
authors.forename: Christina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Agnew
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hounsell
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012399:Rotation