title: Determining airborne concentrations of spatial repellent chemicals in mosquito behavior assay systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mosquito behavior assays have been used to evaluate the efficacy of vector control interventions to include spatial repellents (SR). Current analytical methods are not optimized to determine short duration concentrations of SR active ingredients (AI) in air spaces during entomological evaluations. The aim of this study was to expand on our previous research to further validate a novel air sampling method to detect and quantitate airborne concentrations of a SR under laboratory and field conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to determine the amount of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in samples of air. During laboratory experiments, 1 L volumes of air were collected over 10 min intervals from a three-chamber mosquito behavior assay system. Significantly higher levels of airborne DDT were measured in the chamber containing textiles treated with DDT compared to chambers free of AI. In the field, 57 samples of air were collected from experimental huts with and without DDT for onsite analysis. Airborne DDT was detected in samples collected from treated huts. The mean DDT air concentrations in these two huts over a period of four days with variable ambient temperature were 0.74 µg/m(3) (n = 17; SD = 0.45) and 1.42 µg/m(3) (n = 30; SD = 0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from laboratory experiments confirmed that significantly different DDT exposure conditions existed in the three-chamber system establishing a chemical gradient to evaluate mosquito deterrency. The TD GC-MS method addresses a need to measure short-term (<1 h) SR concentrations in small volume (<100 L) samples of air and should be considered for standard evaluation of airborne AI levels in mosquito behavior assay systems. Future studies include the use of TD GC-MS to measure other semi-volatile vector control compounds.
authors.affiliation: Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, U. S. Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America ; Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Nicole L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Achee
authors.forename: Gerald T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: DeLong
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis*; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000032:analysis*; D009032:Mosquito Control
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D003634:DDT