title: Who is Subjected to Coercive Measures as a Psychiatric Inpatient? A Multi-Level Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For a reduction in the use of coercive interventions it will be necessary to identify patients at risk. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of basic patient characteristics at admission, history within 24 hours before admission, and living conditions on the risk of experiencing coercive measures, controlling for ward characteristics in a multi-level approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient characteristics of 3389 patients (1920 women) who had received inpatient treatment in 2007, data relating to coercive measures, and ward characteristics were extracted from the clinical basic documentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with aggressive behaviour in the 24 hours prior to admission had a three times higher risk of coercive measures compared to non-aggressive patients. Severity of illness increased the risk of coercion markedly. With each level of severity, the risk of coercion was doubled. Voluntariness of stay appeared to be the best protective factor against coercive measures. If a patient stayed voluntarily, this reduced the risk of coercion by more than two thirds. No impact was found for living conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To identify patients at risk, it is most important to intensively monitor patients with aggressive behaviour prior to admission and patients with a greater severity of psychopathological symptoms.
authors.affiliation: ZfP Suedwuerttemberg, Weingartshofer Straße 2, 88214 Ravensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flammer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uhlmann
keywords: Coercion; multi-level-analysis; patient characteristics; patients at risk; prediction; psychiatric inpatients; ward characteristics.