title: Progress update: fluid and imaging biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing health crisis around the world. Although significant progress has been made in our understanding of AD pathogenesis, there is currently no effective treatment to delay onset or prevent the disease. The focus has now shifted to the identification and treatment of AD in the early clinical stages as well as before cognitive symptoms emerge-during the long preclinical stage. It is possible that diagnosis of individuals with AD will be more accurate when clinical symptoms and signs are combined with biomarkers, which can improve both the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of AD and its differentiation from the other neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses fluid and imaging biomarkers that have shown promise in such areas, as well as some of the current challenges that face the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sutphen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Development Biology (DMH), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: holtzman@neuro.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; biomarker; cerebrospinal fluid; diagnosis; neuroimaging; prognosis