title: Hepatitis C virus itself is a causal risk factor for chronic kidney disease beyond traditional risk factors: a 6-year nationwide cohort study across Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have high prevalences in Taiwan and worldwide, but the role of HCV infection in causing CKD remains uncertain. This cohort study aimed to explore this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  This nationwide cohort study examined the association of HCV with CKD by analysis of sampled claims data from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1998 to 2004. ICD-9 diagnosis codes were used to identify diseases. We extracted data of 3182 subjects who had newly identified HCV infection and no traditional CKD risk factors and data of randomly selected 12728 matched HCV-uninfected control subjects. Each subject was tracked for 6 years from the index date to identify incident CKD cases. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the risk of CKD in the HCV-infected and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up durations were 5.88 years and 5.92 years for the HCV-infected and control groups, respectively. Among the sample of 15910 subjects, 251 subjects (1.6%) developed CKD during the 6-year follow-up period, 64 subjects (2.0%) from the HCV-infected group and 187 subjects (1.5%) from the control group. The incidence rate of CKD was significantly higher in the HCV-infected group than in the control group (3.42 vs. 2.48 per 1000 person-years, p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis indicated that the HCV-infected group had significantly greater risk for CKD (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.25-2.43, p = 0.0009). This relationship also held for a comparison of HCV-infected and HCV-uninfected subjects who were younger than 70 years and had none of traditional CKD risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV infection is associated with increased risk for CKD beyond the well-known traditional CKD risk factors. HCV patients should be informed of their increased risk for development of CKD and should be more closely monitored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. df254246@tzuchi.com.tw.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Yen
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Shih-Kai
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Yu-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Shang-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult