title: Multiple presence of prothrombotic risk factors in Croatian children with arterial ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of inherited and acquired prothrombotic risk factors in children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in Croatia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 14 prothrombotic risk factors using blood samples from 124 children with AIS or TIA and 42 healthy children. Prothrombotic risk factors were classified into five groups: natural coagulation inhibitors (antithrombin, protein C, protein S), blood coagulation factors (FV Leiden and FII 20210), homocysteine, lipid and lipoprotein profile (lipoprotein (a), triglycerides, total, high- and low-density lipoprotein), and antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and antiphosphatidylserine antibodies).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common prothrombotic risk factor was elevated lipoprotein (a), which was identified in about 31% of patients and in 24% of controls. Natural coagulation inhibitors were decreased in about 19% of patients, but not in controls. Pathological values of homocysteine, blood coagulation factor polymorphisms, and antiphospholipid antibodies were found in similar frequencies in all groups. Fourteen children with AIS and TIA (11.3%) and no children from the control group had three or more investigated risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of multiple prothrombotic risk factors in children with cerebrovascular disorder suggests that a combination of risk factors rather than individual risk factors could contribute to cerebrovascular disorders in children.
authors.affiliation: Jasna Lenicek Krleza, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Klaiceva 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, jlenicek@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leniček Krleža
authors.forename: Vlasta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ðuranović
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bronić
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coen Herak
authors.forename: Vlatka
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mejaški-Bošnjak
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zadro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000378:metabolism; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016682:Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; D006710:Homocysteine; D000990:Antithrombin III; D002784:Cholesterol