title: Use of anticonvulsants as prophylaxis for seizures in patients on clozapine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to conduct a critical review of the literature regarding the use of anticonvulsants in the prophylaxis of clozapine-induced seizures, to examine the relationship of the latter with clozapine daily dose, serum concentration and other factors than dosage that effect clozapine blood concentration, and to make recommendations for the management of clozapine-induced seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of English-language MEDLINE articles was undertaken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine-induced seizures may occur at any dose; the risk increases with dose and goes up to 4% at ≥ 600 mg/day. Some authors have advocated that patients on that dose regimen have anticonvulsant added as a primary prophylactic measure. The author discusses the pitfalls of this recommendation and highlights that seizures are better predicted from serum concentration (1300 ng/ml) rather than dose alone, and that serum concentration is strongly influenced by sex, age, smoking habit, drug-drug interactions and variations in the 1A2, 2D6 and 3A4 genotypes. Anticonvulsants are not recommended as a primary prophylaxis for clozapine-induced seizures. When deemed necessary as secondary prophylaxis, the clinician's choice should consider drug-drug interactions that may increase/decrease clozapine serum concentration and lead to more side effects, including neutropenia/agranulocytosis and seizures, or compromise therapeutic response. Recommendations for primary and secondary prophylaxis of clozapine related-seizures are provided.
authors.affiliation: Conjoint Professor, University of Western Sydney, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dorgival
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caetano
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D012306:Risk; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine
keywords: clozapine; clozapine serum concentrations; clozapine-induced seizures; drug-drug interactions; seizure prophylaxis