title: Functional specificity of CpG DNA-binding CXXC domains in mixed lineage leukemia.
abstract: The MLL CXXC domain binds nonmethylated CpG-containing DNA and is essential for the oncogenic properties of MLL fusion proteins. To determine potential functional promiscuity of similar DNA binding domains, we replaced the MLL CXXC domain in the context of the leukemogenic MLL-AF9 fusion with CXXC domains from DNMT1, CGBP (CFP1), and MBD1, or with a methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) from MBD1. MLL(DNMT1 CXXC)-AF9 shows robust in vitro colony forming activity and in vivo leukemogenesis, similar to MLL-AF9. However, colony forming ability and leukemogenicity are abrogated in MLL-AF9 containing either the CGBP or MBD1 CXXC domains or the MBD1 MBD domain. Direct comparison of in vitro DNA binding affinity of the isolated CXXC or MBD domains demonstrated that MLL, DNMT1, and CGBP CXXC domains could each bind to unmethylated DNA but with differing affinity. In contrast, the isolated MBD1 CXXC and MBD1 MBD domains were unable to bind to the same DNA. However, all substituted domains still allowed targeting of the MLL fusions to the functionally important Hoxa9 locus in primary bone marrow progenitor cells. In addition to DNA binding activity, it was critical that specific CpG residues in the Hoxa9 locus were protected from methylation for leukemia development. This ultimately prevented histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) of the locus and enabled Hoxa9 expression. These were properties shared by MLL and DNMT1 CXXC domains but not by CGBP CXXC or the other swapped fusions tested. We demonstrate that similar CXXC domains can be mechanistically distinguished by specificity of CpG nucleotides preferentially protected from DNA methylation.
authors.affiliation: From the Molecular Biology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153.
authors.forename: Laurie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Risner
authors.forename: Aravinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuntimaddi
authors.forename: Alyson A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lokken
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Achille
authors.forename: Noah W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schoenfelt
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bushweller
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Zeleznik-Le
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007942:Leukemia, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C497422:KMT2A protein, human; C066141:MBD1 protein, human; C474558:MLL-AF9 fusion protein, human; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D014157:Transcription Factors; C097899:homeobox protein HOXA9; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; D004247:DNA; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; C000619380:DNMT1 protein, human; C000619381:Dnmt1 protein, mouse; D011495:Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; D008239:Lysine
keywords: CXXC Domain; Chromatin Histone Modification; Chromatin Regulation; DNA Methyltransferase; Epigenetics; Leukemia; MLL