title: Nicotine dependence matters: examining longitudinal association between smoking and physical activity among Canadian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of studies point to the inverse relationship between physical activity and smoking; however, none has examined the role of nicotine dependence in physical activity participation among smokers. This study examined whether levels of nicotine dependence modify the association between leisure time physical activity and smoking status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used longitudinal data on 6795 adults from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (2004-2010). Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between physical activity, smoking, and nicotine dependence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that nicotine dependent smokers were significantly less likely to be physically active compared to non-smokers. Specifically, using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, nicotine dependent smokers (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.76) were less likely to be physically active while no significant difference was found for non-dependent smokers (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80-1.02) compared to non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine dependence matters in shaping engagement in physical activity among daily smokers. Efforts directed at promoting smoking cessation through nicotine dependence treatment intervention may provide additional benefits to health and well-being through an increased participation in physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V71, Canada. Electronic address: s.azagba@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azagba
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asbridge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence; Leisure time physical activity; Nicotine dependence; Smoking