title: Law enforcement and the long gun: do we need a new face in the fight?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The threat of rifles in the hands of criminals is now well recognized within law enforcement. Current emergency response systems are not equipped to operate in this combat-like environment. Growing statistics indicate that of the peace officers that were killed in the line of duty in the United States nearly half died by gunfire evidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As Emergency Medical Services ("EMS") training and standards evolve, the lessons learned from the Tactical Combat Casualty Care doctrine should be incorporated to improve the safety and outcomes of injured law enforcement officers. Statistics show that deaths by gunfire have the highest average percentage of all officer deaths. Although new weapons, armor, and tactics are continually evolving to meet the challenge of officer safety, in the past decade, little has changed in how our EMS system responds to a critically wounded officer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combat data from the US military leads us to believe that to save a wounded officer, emergency care must start immediately, regardless of the ongoing gun battle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is time for the emergency medical system to evolve to meet the critical needs of today's law enforcement environment.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Services Medical Group, Chula Vista Police Department, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannon
mesh_terms: D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: combat casualty care; emergency medical response; law enforcement; rifles