title: Prescribing of antidiabetic therapies in Ireland: 10-year trends 2003-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last decade there have been significant changes in the prescribing of antidiabetic therapies. It is of interest to know about these trends and variations in the Irish population so that future prescribing patterns can be estimated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the trends in prescribed antidiabetic treatments, including variations across age, gender, socioeconomic status and regions in the Irish population over the last 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Irish national pharmacy claims database was used to identify patients ≥ 16 years dispensed antidiabetic agents (oral or insulin) from January 2003 to December 2012 through the two main community drug schemes for diabetes. The rate of prescribing per 1,000 population was calculated. Logistic regression was used to examine variations in prescribing in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in the prescribing of fast and long-acting insulin analogues with a rapid decline in the prescribing of human insulin (p < 0.0001). Increased prescribing of metformin, incretin modulators and fixed oral combination agents was observed (p < 0.0001). Females and older aged patients were more likely to be prescribed human insulin than other insulins. Metformin was less likely while sulphonylureas were more likely to be prescribed in older than younger aged patients. Socioeconomic differences were observed in increased prescribing of the newer and more expensive antidiabetic agents in the non-means tested scheme. Regional variations were observed in the prescribing of both insulin and oral antidiabetic agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been an increase over time in the prescribing of both insulin and oral antidiabetic agents in the Irish population with increasing uptake of newer antidiabetic agents. This has implications for projecting future uptake and expenditure of these agents given the rising level of diabetes in the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, nurlisazaharan@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Zaharan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054795:Incretins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin