title: The effect of snus on alcohol-related cigarette administration in dependent and non-dependent smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol has been found to increase tobacco smoking in both dependent daily smokers (DDS) and nondependent nondaily smokers (NNS), yet little attention has been directed toward examining how different treatments/products modify drinking-related smoking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined the acute effects of snus (4mg of nicotine) on alcohol-related smoking responses in 18 DDS and 17 NNS. During each double-blind session, participants were randomly assigned to receive one of the following combinations: alcohol and snus, alcohol and placebo snus, placebo alcohol and snus, or placebo alcohol and placebo snus. Participants consumed their assigned beverage before absorbing their session's product, and after 30min participants could self-administer puffs of their preferred brand of cigarette over a 60-minute period using a progressive ratio task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol significantly increased tobacco craving (p<.001) and tended to decrease latency to start smoking (p=.021) but only among NNS. In contrast, snus tended to decrease the number of puffs earned and how hard DDS worked for puffs in both beverage conditions (ps≤.019) but it did not alter the smoking behavior of NNS. Craving was not significantly impacted by snus in either type of smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings raise the possibility that different processes mediate alcohol and cigarette co-use in NNS and DDS and suggest that snus may be effective in reducing alcohol-related cigarette use in DDS specifically.
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Science Centre, 1355 Oxford street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada. Electronic address: mr993542@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Marcel P J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Peloquin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hecimovic
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sardinha
authors.forename: Sherry H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010919:Placebos; D012907:Smoking; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Alcohol; B-BAES; BAC; Blood alcohol content; Brief Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale; CO; Carbon monoxide; Craving; DDS; FTCD; Fagerström test for Cigarette Dependence; NNS; NRT; Nicotine; PR; Progressive Ratio; QSU-Brief; Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief; SMAST; SRS; Self-administration; Short version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test; Smoking; Snus; Subjective Rating Scales; USP; United States Pharmacopeia; dependent daily smokers; nicotine replacement therapy; nondependent nondaily smokers