title: In vitro bioaccessibility, bioavailability and plasma protein interaction of polyphenols from Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca).
abstract: The in vitro bioaccessibility, bioavailability and plasma protein interaction of polyphenols from Annurca apple and other conventional cultivars were evaluated. Salivary digestion concentrated into the medium 27-35% of native apple polyphenols, suggesting the potential bioavailability through the oral mucosal epithelium of significant amounts of bioactive compounds that could be gastric sensitive and/or poorly absorbed in the intestine. Annurca flesh revealed the highest content and provided the best intestinal bioaccessibility and bioavailability of oligomeric procyanidins among all of the apple peel and flesh tested. Since 49.4% of native procyanidins were not absorbed, they are expected to accumulate in the intestinal lumen where a potential inhibition capacity of cellular cholesterol uptake could be assumed. The permeated procyanidins (6.7% of their native pattern, 12.0% of intestinal procyanidins) significantly bound (58.7%) to plasma HDLs, suggesting a major role in cholesterol metabolism. Our results would indicate Annurca apple and its potential nutraceuticals as effective in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy. giancarlo.tenore@unina.it
authors.forename: Gian Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Tenore
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campiglia
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritieni
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Novellino
mesh_terms: D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D001682:Biological Availability; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002392:Catechin / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D027845:Malus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D001798:Blood Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Annurca apple; Caco-2 cells; Digestion; Plasma proteins; Polyphenols