title: Duration of shoot elongation in Scots pine varies within the crown and between years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shoot elongation in boreal and temperate trees typically follows a sigmoid pattern where the onset and cessation of growth are related to accumulated effective temperature (thermal time). Previous studies on leader shoots suggest that while the maximum daily growth rate depends on the availability of resources to the shoot, the duration of the growth period may be an adaptation to long-term temperature conditions. However, other results indicate that the growth period may be longer in faster growing lateral shoots with higher availability of resources. This study investigates the interactions between the rate of elongation and the duration of the growth period in units of thermal time in lateral shoots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).
  
  
  METHODS
  Length development of 202 lateral shoots were measured approximately three times per week during seven growing seasons in 2-5 trees per year in a mature stand and in three trees during one growing season in a sapling stand. A dynamic shoot growth model was adapted for the analysis to determine (1) the maximum growth rate and (2) the thermal time reached at growth completion. The relationship between those two parameters and its variation between trees and years was analysed using linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shoots with higher maximum growth rate within a crown continued to grow for a longer period in any one year. Higher July-August temperature of the previous summer implied a higher requirement of thermal time for growth completion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence that the requirement of thermal time for completion of lateral shoot extension in Scots pine may interact with resource availability to the shoot both from year to year and among shoots in a crown each year. If growing season temperatures rise in the future, this will affect not only the rate of shoot growth but its duration also.
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pauliina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schiestl-Aalto
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikinmaa
authors.forename: Annikki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010641:Phenotype; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000254:growth & development*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees
keywords: Annual course of growth; Pinus sylvestris; Scots pine; daily variation in growth; dynamic model; phenology; thermal growth requirement; thermal time