title: The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When men are depressed they may experience symptoms that are different than what is included in the current diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether sex disparities in depression rates disappear when alternative symptoms are considered in the place of, or in addition to, more conventional depression symptoms. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally represented mental health survey, we evaluated sex differences in symptom endorsement in 2 new scales that included alternative depression symptoms. We analyzed sex differences in symptom endorsement using 2-sided, design-based, .05-level t tests and multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of depression. RESULTS; Men reported higher rates of anger attacks/aggression, substance abuse, and risk taking compared with women. Analyses using the scale that included alternative, male-type symptoms of depression found that a higher proportion of men (26.3%) than women (21.9%) (P = .007) met criteria for depression. Analyses using the scale that included alternative and traditional depression symptoms found that men and women met criteria for depression in equal proportions: 30.6% of men and 33.3% of women (P = .57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When alternative and traditional symptoms are combined, sex disparities in the prevalence of depression are eliminated. Further study is needed to clarify which symptoms truly describe men's experiences of depression.
authors.affiliation: Women's & Gender Studies and Health Policy Studies, University of Michigan, Dearborn.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Harold W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*