title: Synthesis and toxicity characterization of carbon coated iron oxide nanoparticles with highly defined size distributions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron oxide nanoparticles hold great promise for future biomedical applications. To this end numerous studies on iron oxide nanoparticles have been conducted. One aspect these studies reveal is that nanoparticle size and shape can trigger different cellular responses through endocytic pathways, cell viability and early apoptosis. However, systematic studies investigating the size dependence of iron oxide nanoparticles with highly defined diameters across multiple cells lines are not available yet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron oxide nanoparticles with well-defined size distributions were prepared. All samples were thoroughly characterized and the cytotoxicity for four standard cell lines (HeLa Kyoto, human osteosarcoma (U2OS), mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and mouse macrophages (J7442)) where investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings show that small differences in size distribution (ca. 10nm) of iron oxide nanoparticles do not influence cytotoxicity, while uptake is size dependent. Cytotoxicity is dose-dependent. Broad distributions of nanoparticles are more easily internalized as compared to the narrow distributions for two of the cell lines tested (HeLa Kyoto and mouse macrophages (J7442)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that it is not feasible to probe changes in cytotoxicity within a small size range (10nm). However, TEM investigations of the nanoparticles indicate that cellular uptake is size dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present work compares narrow and broad distributions for various samples of carbon-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The data highlights that cells differentiate between nanoparticle sizes as indicated by differences in cellular uptake. This information provides valuable knowledge to better understand the interaction of nanoparticles and cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Rafael Gregorio
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachmatiuk
authors.forename: Ahmed Aboud
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Gendy
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Krupskaya
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klingeler
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Büchner
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Mark Hermann
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rümmeli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D002244:Carbon
keywords: (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay; Cancer cell; Carbon coating; Iron oxide nanoparticle; Nanotoxicity; Trypan blue assay