title: Barriers to advancement in academic surgery: views of senior residents and early career faculty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant faculty attrition rate exists in academic surgery. The authors hypothesized that senior residents and early-career faculty members have different perceptions of advancement barriers in academic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified version of the Career Barriers Inventory-Revised was administered electronically to surgical residents and early-career surgical faculty members at 8 academic medical centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residents identified a lack of mentorship as a career barrier about half as often as faculty members. Residents were twice as likely as faculty members to view childbearing as a career barrier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many early-career faculty members cite a lack of mentors as a limitation to their career development in academic surgery. Childbearing remains a complex perceived influence for female faculty members in particular. Female faculty members commonly perceive differential treatment and barriers on the basis of their sex. Faculty development programs should address both systemic and sex-specific obstacles if academic surgery is to remain a vibrant field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, SOM 3B313, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Electronic address: amalia.cochran@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brasel
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hauschild
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neumayer
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002322:Career Mobility; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D008611:Mentors; D011287:Prejudice; D043762:Reproductive Behavior; D020377:Self Efficacy; D063507:Sexism; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Academic surgery; Career development; Early career