title: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) for pulmonary application: a review of the state of the art.
abstract: Drug delivery by inhalation is a noninvasive means of administration that has following advantages for local treatment for airway diseases: reaching the epithelium directly, circumventing first pass metabolism and avoiding systemic toxicity. Moreover, from the physiological point of view, the lung provides advantages for systemic delivery of drugs including its large surface area, a thin alveolar epithelium and extensive vasculature which allow rapid and effective drug absorption. Therefore, pulmonary application is considered frequently for both, the local and the systemic delivery of drugs. Lipid nanoparticles - Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers - are nanosized carrier systems in which solid particles consisting of a lipid matrix are stabilized by surfactants in an aqueous phase. Advantages of lipid nanoparticles for the pulmonary application are the possibility of a deep lung deposition as they can be incorporated into respirables carriers due to their small size, prolonged release and low toxicity. This paper will give an overview of the existing literature about lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary application. Moreover, it will provide the reader with some background information for pulmonary drug delivery, i.e., anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, formulation requirements, application forms, clearance from the lung, pharmacological benefits and nanotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Graz, Austria. Electronic address: andreas.zimmer@uni-graz.at.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens Universität Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pardeike
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Lipid nanoparticles; Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; Nanotoxicity; Pulmonary application; Solid Lipid Nanoparticles