title: Cardiac rehabilitation barriers by rurality and socioeconomic status: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite greater need, rural inhabitants and individuals of low socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to undertake cardiac rehabilitation (CR). This study examined barriers to enrollment and participation in CR among these under-represented groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac inpatients from 11 hospitals across Ontario were approached to participate in a larger study. Rurality was assessed by asking participants whether they lived within a 30-minute drive-time from the nearest hospital, with those >30 minutes considered "rural." Participants completed a sociodemographic survey, which included the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. One year later, they were mailed a survey which assessed CR utilization and included the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale. In this cross-sectional study, CR utilization and barriers were compared by rurality and SES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1809 (80.4%) retained, there were 215 (11.9%) rural participants, and the mean subjective SES was 6.37 ± 1.76. The mean CRBS score was 2.03 ± 0.73. Rural inhabitants reported attending significantly fewer CR sessions (p < .05), and greater CR barriers overall compared to urban inhabitants (p < .01). Patients of lower subjective SES were significantly less likely to be referred, enroll, and participate in CR, and reported significantly greater barriers to CR compared to their high SES counterparts (p < .01). Prominent barriers for both groups included distance, cost, and transportation problems. These relationships sustained adjustment, and a significant relationship between having undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery and lower barriers was also identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm that rural inhabitants and patients of low SES experience greater barriers to CR utilization when compared to their urban, high SES counterparts. It is time to implement known strategies to overcome these barriers, to achieve equitable and greater use of CR.
authors.affiliation: York University and University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. sgrace@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Shamila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shanmugasegaram
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Treva
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCumber
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Grace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors