title: Stone compositions in Turkey: an analysis according to gender and region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the compositions of the kidney stones obtained from different regions of Turkey and to present the gender and regional differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 6453 kidney stones obtained from patients from different parts of Turkey. All of the stones were obtained using ureterorenoscopy, percutaneous stone surgery, laparoscopic or open stone surgery, or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. X-ray diffraction crystallography method was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the analysis, 11 different stone types including calcium oxalate (Ca-ox) monohydrate (whewellite, COM), Ca-ox dihydrate (weddellite, COD), uric acid, cystine, struvite, biurea, xanthine brushite, quartz, whitlockite, and dahlite were determined either in pure or mixed conditions. Of the stones, 80.4% were Ca-ox (55.7% COM, 5.9% COD, 18.8% COM + COD), 4.8% uric acid, 3.1% cystine, and 3.3% were phosphate stones (dahlite, brushite, struvite, whitlockite). The remaining 8.4% of the stones were in mixed form with different combinations. Of the patients, 4411 were men (68.3%) and 2042 were women (31.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca-ox was the most frequently encountered stone type in our country as it is worldwide. The distribution of the other stone types is different than the other countries. The information about the structure of the stone has significant contribution to the understanding of the stone formation etiology, programming of the treatment process, and prevention of the recurrences. The study is significant in presenting the stone profile of Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ministry of Health Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. osmanraifkarabacak@gmail.com
authors.forename: Osman Raif
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Karabacak
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dilli
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saltaş
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yalçınkaya
authors.forename: Abdülkerim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yörükoğlu
authors.forename: Memduh Nurettin
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sertçelik
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis; D001736:Biureas / Q000032:analysis; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003553:Cystine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D011791:Quartz / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D000069877:Struvite; D014421:Turkey; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D019820:Xanthine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D001736:Biureas; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; C021767:whitlockite; D011791:Quartz; D019820:Xanthine; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D003553:Cystine; C030782:carboapatite; D000069877:Struvite; C494366:calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate