title: Prospective risk factor monitoring reduces intracranial hemorrhage rates in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracranial hemorrhage occurs in 20% to 25% of neonates born before the 30th week of gestation or weighing less than 1500 grams at birth. These hemorrhages carry a risk of long-term neurocognitive damage. Measures for lowering the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A working group at the University of Ulm, Germany, developed a prospective monitoring program for risk factors and a bundle of measures including altered clinical approaches to delivery, initial care of the neonate in the delivery room immediately after birth, and intensive care in the first few days thereafter. Adherence to these measures was checked once per week. The evaluation was performed prospectively for a period of 23 months (August 2010 to July 2012) with a 31-month period of historical controls (January 2008 to July 2010).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the reference period before the intervention was introduced, 263 neonates weighing less than 1500 grams and with a median (quartile) gestational age at birth of 27.4 (25.4-29.9) weeks were treated. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was 22.1%, and that of high-grade hemorrhage was 9.1%. The mortality was 6.1%, and the rate of survival without brain hemorrhage was 74.5%. After the bundle of preventive measures was introduced, 191 neonates weighing less than 1500 grams and with a median (quartile) gestational age at birth of 28.0 (26.0, 30.3) weeks were treated. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage dropped to 10.5% (odds ratio [OR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.73); the incidence of high-grade hemorrhage dropped to 3.7% (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.14-0.89). The mortality was no different at 6.3%, and 85.3% of the children survived without a hemorrhage (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.20-3.15). After statistical adjustment for higher gestational age, the OR for intracranial hemorrhage (IVH) was 0.49 (0.28-0.86) and the probability of survival without IVH improved (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01-2.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of brain hemorrhage in premature neonates can be considerably lowered by prospective monitoring of risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. manuel.schmid@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: Manuel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reister
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Reinhard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hopfner
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: Helmut D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hummler
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005323:Fetal Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data