title: Newly-diagnosed epileptic seizures in three populations: Geneva (EPIGEN), Martinique (EPIMART), and the Reunion Island (EPIREUN).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to analyse and discuss data from three studies of newly-diagnosed epileptic seizures (provoked and unprovoked) conducted in Geneva, Martinique, and the Reunion Island, in which the same methodology was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted data from three studies in which the incidence of seizures was estimated and aetiologies identified. Data was extracted and analysed using STATA. Group comparison was performed firstly for each study as a single group, and secondly by considering Martinique and the Reunion Island as an overseas group, in comparison with Geneva, considered as a mainland group. Uncorrected χ(2)was used and statistical significance (two-sided, p=0.05) was determined for each aetiology per cohort. RESULTSThe incidence of newly-diagnosed epileptic seizures per 100,000 was 71.0, 80.6, and 100.4 in Geneva, Martinique, and the Reunion Island, respectively. A bimodal distribution and predominance of generalised seizures was noted. The male to female ratio was higher in Martinique (∼2.0) than other populations (∼1.5). Status epilepticus was noted in Geneva and more so in the Reunion Island. The incidence of provoked seizures per 100,000 was 25.2, 16.4, and 17.7, and for unprovoked seizures was 45.6, 64.1, and 81.2 in Geneva, Martinique, and the Reunion Island, respectively. There was a greater risk of provoked seizures in Geneva relative to the overseas group, which was due to tumours, use of toxic substances, and drug abuse. The risk of unprovoked seizures in Geneva was due to trauma and infections. In Martinique, alcoholism and HIV were foremost factors for provoked and unprovoked seizures, and stroke was an important aetiology in both Martinique (provoked seizures) and the Reunion Island (unprovoked seizures).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of provoked seizures was greatest in Geneva and risk of unprovoked seizures was greatest in the Reunion Island. Toxic substances, alcohol, infection, and trauma constituted major factors for epileptic seizures in Geneva, while alcoholism, HIV, and stroke were major factors in the overseas group. Relative eradication of tropical infections has paved a way for the emergence of non-communicable aetiologies (stroke, alcoholism). Males from Martinique demonstrated the greatest risk of epileptic seizures, signifying the importance of alcoholism, HIV, etc. Three steps should follow: follow-up studies (mortality), strong mechanisms for prevention (or control) of risk factors, guidelines on whether to treat or not.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, University of Limoges, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Devender
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Preux
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mignard
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smadja
authors.forename: Achille Edem
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tchalla
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jallon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008395:Martinique / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017508:Reunion / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult