title: A prospective study of ideal cardiovascular health and depressive symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ideal cardiovascular health is a new construct defined by the American Heart Association as part of its 2020 Impact Goal.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine whether the simultaneous presence of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors could reduce the odds of developing depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, who did not have any mental disorder/condition at baseline, were examined between 1987 and 1998, and they were followed up for a mean period of 6.1 years. Ideal cardiovascular health behaviors (never smoking, body mass index <25kg/m(2), physical activity at goal, and appropriate diet consistent with guideline recommendations) and factors (total cholesterol <200mg/dL, blood pressure <120/80mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose <100mg/dL) were measured at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in 1990, 1995, or 1999.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 5110 participants, 641 reported depressive symptoms. Participants meeting 3-4 or 5-7 ideal cardiovascular health components had 28% (odds ratio = 0.72; 95% confidence interval 0.59-0.87) and 36% (odds ratio = 0.64; confidence interval 0.50-0.82) decreased odds of depressive symptoms, respectively, when compared with those meeting 0-2 ideal components. Ideal behaviors were associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms in participants meeting 2 or 3-4 ideal behaviors, compared with those meeting 0-1 (odds ratio = 0.81; confidence interval 0.67-0.98 and odds ratio = 0.72; confidence interval 0.57-0.91). Ideal factors were not associated with depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ideal cardiovascular health components, especially health behaviors, present an inverse relationship with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: vanespa@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Vanesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: España-Romero
authors.forename: Enrique G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Artero
authors.forename: Duck-Chul
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baruth
authors.forename: Jonatan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: Russell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Pate
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D056865:Ideal Body Weight; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking