title: BOLD response to working memory not related to cortical thickness during early adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant cortical thinning and neural resource allocation changes emerge during adolescence; however, little is known of how morphometric changes influence neural response to cognitive demands. This study used a novel multimodal imaging registration technique to examine the relationship between brain structure and function during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  156 healthy 12-14 year-olds (44% female) participants underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical surface reconstruction was performed via FreeSurfer, and neural activation was measured from a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast during visual working memory (VWM) via AFNI. AFNI Surface Mapper aligned segmented volumetric and functional datasets to a common template space. Hierarchical linear regressions determined the effect of cortical thickness on VWM BOLD contrast in brain regions that activated during the VWM task, controlling for age, pubertal development, gender, IQ, and intracranial volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Power analyses suggest this study was able to detect small effect sizes. However, in no region was cortical thickness related to BOLD activation (ps>.01; R(2)Δ<.02). Gender did not moderate effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical thickness, although variable across individuals, was not related to BOLD response, suggesting that structural and functional maturation do not have the same developmental trajectory during early adolescence. These findings are important, as imaging studies that report group differences in regards to cortical thickness should not necessarily assume co-occurring behavioral or functional changes. The methodology used in this study could be of interest to other developmental neuroimaging researchers using multimodal imaging to understand adolescent brain development.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA. Electronic address: lsquegli@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Squeglia
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobus
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sorg
authors.forename: Susan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Tapert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Adolescence; BOLD response; Brain activation; Cortical thickness; Normal development; Visual working memory