title: Tracheobronchial stenosis: causes and advances in management.
abstract: Tracheobronchial stenosis, narrowing of the airways by neoplastic or nonneoplastic processes, may be focal, as occurs with postintubation tracheal stenosis or a focal narrowing from a tumor, or more diffuse, such as those caused by inflammatory diseases. Symptoms develop when the narrowing impedes flow and increases resistance within the airways. Computed tomography defines the extent and severity of disease; endoscopy facilitates understanding of the cause so that an algorithm for treatment can be devised. Bronchoscopic interventions include balloons, ablative treatment, and stenting to provide symptomatic relief. Surgical resection may be curative and a multidisciplinary approach to tracheobronchial stenosis is required.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Interventional Program, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (LCI), New Haven, CT 06510, USA. jonathan.puchalski@yale.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Puchalski
authors.forename: Ali I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Musani
mesh_terms: D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Bioabsorbable stenting; Bronchoscopy; Systemic therapy; Tracheobronchial stenosis