title: Impact of postoperative nutrition on weight gain in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to evaluate risk factors for poor weight gain in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after stage 1 palliation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all term infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who had stage 1 palliation and stage 2 palliation at Texas Children's Hospital between 2000 and 2011 (n = 120). Predictor variables included age at stage 1 palliation, intensive care unit factors, calories delivered, and echocardiographic findings. Outcome variables included weight for age Z scores at hospital discharge, stage 2 palliation, and change in weight for age Z scores between stage 1 palliation and hospital discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete nutritional data were available for 47 of 120 patients. Median total parenteral nutrition duration was 6 days (range, 1-43 days), and median intensive care unit calories delivered was 53.9 kcal/kg/d (range, 22.3-119.6 kcal/kg/d). Before hospital discharge, the median caloric intake was 106.7 kcal/kg/d (range, 70.0-152.0 kcal/kg/d). Median weight for age Z scores was -0.59 (range, -3.6 to 0.5) at stage 1 palliation, -1.62 (range, -4.5 to -0.1) at intensive care unit transfer, and -1.81 (range, -4.9 to -0.5) at hospital discharge. A total of 46 of 47 patients had a negative change in weight for age Z scores between stage 1 palliation and hospital discharge, with a median change of -1.14 (range, -2.3 to 0.6). Change in weight for age Z scores from stage 1 palliation to discharge was directly associated with calories delivered and indirectly associated with hospital length of stay and moderate tricuspid regurgitation (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative nutrition fails to meet the needs of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome despite increased focus on nutritional support. Modifiable factors (eg, nutritional intake) and hemodynamic factors (eg, tricuspid regurgitation) may play roles in the poor weight gain of these infants.
authors.affiliation: Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. Electronic address: bjhong@texaschildrens.org.
authors.forename: Borah J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
authors.forename: Brady
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moffett
authors.affiliation: Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
authors.forename: Sundae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
authors.forename: Elena C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ocampo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Sibley Heart Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Petit
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018529:Nutritional Support; D010166:Palliative Care; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain