title: Patterns and predictors of paternal involvement in early adolescents' type 1 diabetes management over 3 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document trajectories of paternal involvement in diabetes management and examine bidirectional associations with diabetes outcomes across early adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-year prospective assessment of paternal involvement, diabetes self-management, and glycemic control among 136 youth (age 9-12 at baseline) and their mothers and fathers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unconditional growth curves demonstrated decreasing amount (maternal report: F(1,128) = 14.79; paternal report: F(1,111) = 12.95, ps < 0.01) and level of contribution (maternal report: F(1,131) = 23.6, p < .01) of paternal involvement. Controlling for covariates, lower youth self-management predicted an increasing slope in fathers' self-reported amount of involvement (b = -0.15 to -0.22, p < .05), and higher levels of fathers' self-reported level of contribution predicted a decreasing slope in youths' self-reported self-management (b = -0.01, p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Like mothers, fathers' involvement declines modestly during early adolescence. Different aspects of paternal involvement influence or are influenced by youths' self-management. Communication about ways to enhance fathers' involvement before this transition may help prevent or reduce declining diabetes management and control common in adolescence.
authors.affiliation: PhD, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 940, Houston, TX 77030, USA. marisa.hilliard@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Marisa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hilliard
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rausch
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delamater
authors.forename: Jennifer Shroff
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pendley
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drotar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D019468:Disease Management; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012648:Self Care
keywords: adherence; children and adolescents; fatherhood; type 1 diabetes