title: AFLP analysis reveals high genetic diversity but low population structure in Coccidioides posadasii isolates from Mexico and Argentina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii cause coccidioidomycosis, a disease that is endemic to North and South America, but for Central America, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis has not been clearly established. Several studies suggest genetic variability in these fungi; however, little definitive information has been discovered about the variability of Coccidioides fungi in Mexico (MX) and Argentina (AR). Thus, the goals for this work were to study 32 Coccidioides spp. isolates from MX and AR, identify the species of these Coccidioides spp. isolates, analyse their phenotypic variability, examine their genetic variability and investigate the Coccidioides reproductive system and its level of genetic differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Coccidioides spp. isolates from MX and AR were taxonomically identified by phylogenetic inference analysis using partial sequences of the Ag2/PRA gene and their phenotypic characteristics analysed. The genetic variability, reproductive system and level of differentiation were estimated using AFLP markers. The level of genetic variability was assessed measuring the percentage of polymorphic loci, number of effective allele, expected heterocygosity and Index of Association (IA). The degree of genetic differentiation was determined by AMOVA. Genetic similarities among isolates were estimated using Jaccard index. The UPGMA was used to contsruct the corresponding dendrogram. Finally, a network of haplotypes was built to evaluate the genealogical relationships among AFLP haplotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All isolates of Coccidioides spp. from MX and AR were identified as C. posadasii. No phenotypic variability was observed among the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR. Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure were conducted using AFLP markers. Different estimators of genetic variability indicated that the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR had high genetic variability. Furthermore, AMOVA, dendrogram and haplotype network showed a small genetic differentiation among the C. posadasii populations analysed from MX and AR. Additionally, the IA calculated for the isolates suggested that the species has a recombinant reproductive system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No phenotypic variability was observed among the C. posadasii isolates from MX and AR. The high genetic variability observed in the isolates from MX and AR and the small genetic differentiation observed among the C. posadasii isolates analysed, suggest that this species could be distributed as a single genetic population in Latin America.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria No, 3000, México, D, F, 04510, México. remoa@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duarte-Escalante
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zúñiga
authors.forename: María Guadalupe
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Frías-De-León
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canteros
authors.forename: Laura Rosio
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Castañón-Olivares
authors.forename: María del Rocío
authors.initials: Mdel R
authors.lastname: Reyes-Montes
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D001118:Argentina; D003045:Coccidioides / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003047:Coccidioidomycosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny