title: Clinical assessment and treatment of the dysfunctional larynx after radiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology of early and late radiation-related tissue changes, methods to differentiate these changes from disease recurrence, and treatment of these changes in the irradiated larynx.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peer-reviewed publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed database search.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early and late radiation-related changes in the larynx manifest variably between individual patients. Severe radiation-related tissue changes in the larynx and recurrent malignancy share many clinical characteristics, and the presence of malignancy must be considered in these patients. Positron emission tomography may help select patients who need operative biopsy to rule out recurrence. In patients with a cancer-free but dysfunctional larynx, both surgical and nonsurgical treatment options, including hyperbaric oxygen, are available for attempted salvage. Further investigation is needed before hyperbaric oxygen can be considered standard-of-care treatment for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Clint T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Chia-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Merati
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D007830:Larynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000503:physiopathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: hyperbaric oxygen treatment; larynx; positron emission tomography; radionecrosis; salvage