title: On the estimation and correction of bias in local atrophy estimations using example atrophy simulations.
abstract: Brain atrophy is considered an important marker of disease progression in many chronic neuro-degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). A great deal of attention is being paid toward developing tools that manipulate magnetic resonance (MR) images for obtaining an accurate estimate of atrophy. Nevertheless, artifacts in MR images, inaccuracies of intermediate steps and inadequacies of the mathematical model representing the physical brain volume change, make it rather difficult to obtain a precise and unbiased estimate. This work revolves around the nature and magnitude of bias in atrophy estimations as well as a potential way of correcting them. First, we demonstrate that for different atrophy estimation methods, bias estimates exhibit varying relations to the expected atrophy and these bias estimates are of the order of the expected atrophies for standard algorithms, stressing the need for bias correction procedures. Next, a framework for estimating uncertainty in longitudinal brain atrophy by means of constructing confidence intervals is developed. Errors arising from MRI artifacts and bias in estimations are learned from example atrophy simulations and anatomies. Results are discussed for three popular non-rigid registration approaches with the help of simulated localized brain atrophy in real MR images.
authors.affiliation: DeVry University, Chicago Campus, 3300 North Campbell Avenue, Chicago 60618, USA. Electronic address: ssharma2@devry.edu.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heitz
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rumbach
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Armspach
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Brain atrophy estimation; Confidence intervals; MRI; Non-rigid registration; Uncertainty