title: Effect of strabismus surgery on torticollis caused by congenital superior oblique palsy in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the outcome of strabismus surgery for congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) in relation to correction of head tilt and hypertropia. The cohort of patients mainly involved very young children. This is the first study to use a standardized instrument to objectively measure torticollis before and after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-comparative interventional case series of 13 cases of congenital superior oblique palsy with head tilt, who underwent simultaneous superior oblique tuck and inferior oblique recession between Jan 2000 and Dec 2008, were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of SOP until surgery was 36.8 months. Of the 12 unilateral cases, 8 were right-sided. Mean follow-up period was 17 months (range 7-36). The outcome was determined at the last follow-up. Mean pre-and post-operative hypertropia (p.d.) in forced primary position was 19 ± 7 and 2 ± 6, respectively ( P < 0.0001). The head tilt reduced from mean of 17 ± 9 to 2 ± 2 degrees ( P < 0.0001). Success, defined as hypertropia <5 PD and head tilt less than 5 degrees, was achieved in 69% (9/13. C.I. 42-88%) and 85% (11/13. C.I. 56-96%), respectively. The success rate for achieving both criteria was 61.5% (C.I. 35-88%). Five patients required additional surgery; usually a contralateral inferior rectus muscle recession, which was successful in all cases. One case developed asymptomatic Brown syndrome (7.69% - C.I. 6.7-22.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simultaneous superior oblique tuck and inferior oblique muscle recession can successfully treat selected cases of congenital superior oblique palsy. About one-third required an additional procedure, which led to total normalization of the head position.
authors.affiliation: Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA, .
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kekunnaya
authors.forename: Sherwin J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Isenberg
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019416:Head Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014103:Torticollis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020432:Trochlear Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital* / Q000503:physiopathology