title: Lateral drill holes decrease strength of the femur: an observational study using finite element and experimental analyses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internal fixation of femoral fractures requires drilling holes through the cortical bone of the shaft of the femur. Intramedullary suction reduces the fat emboli produced by reaming and nailing femoral fractures but requires four suction portals to be drilled into the femoral shaft. This work investigated the effect of these additional holes on the strength of the femur.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to calculate compression, tension and load limits which were then compared to the results from mechanical testing. Models of intact femora and fractured femora internally fixed with intramedullary nailing were generated. In addition, four suction portals, lateral, anterior and posterior, were modelled. Stresses were used to calculate safety factors and predict fatigue. Physical testing on synthetic femora was carried out on a universal mechanical testing machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FEA model for stresses generated during walking showed tensile stresses in the lateral femur and compression stresses in the medial femur with a maximum sheer stress through the neck of the femur. The lateral suction portals produced tensile stresses up to over 300% greater than in the femur without suction portals. The anterior and posterior portals did not significantly increase stresses. The lateral suction portals had a safety factor of 0.7, while the anterior and posterior posts had safety factors of 2.4 times walking loads. Synthetic bone subjected to cyclical loading and load to failure showed similar results. On mechanical testing, all constructs failed at the neck of the femur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anterior suction portals produced minimal increases in stress to loading so are the preferred site should a femur require such drill holes for suction or internal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia. jennie.scarvell@canberra.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Jennie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scarvell
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Shankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalyanasundaram
authors.forename: Zbigniew H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Stachurski
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013396:Suction / Q000379:methods; D013718:Tensile Strength; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology