title: Dynamic indices of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection predict fluctuations in affective distress: a five-year longitudinal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methamphetamine (METH) use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are highly comorbid, and both are associated with increased prevalence of affective distress. Delineating the trajectory of affective distress in the context of METH dependence and HIV infection is important given the implications for everyday functional impairment, adverse health behaviors, and increased risk for adverse health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a five-year longitudinal investigation involving 133 METH-dependent (74 HIV seropositive) and 163 non-METH-dependent (90 HIV seropositive) persons to examine both long-standing patterns and transient changes in affective distress. Mixed-effect regression models with random subject-specific slopes and intercepts evaluated the effect of METH dependence, HIV serostatus, and related variables on affective distress, as measured by the Profile of Mood States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient changes in affective distress were found to be greater among those with a diagnosis of current MDD, briefer durations of abstinence from METH, and higher quantity of METH consumed. Weak associations were observed among static (time-independent predictors) covariates and long-standing patterns in affective distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study lacked data pertaining to the participants' involvement in METH treatment and relied on respondent-driven sampling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our longitudinal investigation of the trajectory of affective distress indicated that specific and dynamic indices of current METH use were associated with greater transient changes in mood. In the evaluation and treatment of affective distress, recency and quantity of current METH use are important to consider given their association with heightened affective distress and mood instability over time.
authors.affiliation: SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Montoya
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Umlauf
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Department of Mathematics, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jayraan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Badiee
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J Hampton
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA. Electronic address: djmoore@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Affective distress; HIV; Longitudinal; Methamphetamine dependence