title: The effects of age, metabolic syndrome, nocturnal polyuria and sleep disorders on nocturia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturia, which is especially frequent among older men, adversely affects the individual's quality of life. It is regarded as one of the most bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate factors contributing to the frequency of nocturia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men ≥ 40 years with LUTS were enrolled in this study. After medical histories were taken and physical examinations conducted, biochemical tests and measures for LUTS were carried out. Anthropometric measurements were performed and Epworth scores (ES) were examined. Patients were divided into two groups with respect to nocturia: the first group having no nocturia or one incident of nocturia per night, and the second group with two or more nightly incidents of nocturia. The data were analyzed statistically; p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 118 consecutive patients (56 ± 10 years) were enrolled in the study. The first group consisted of 31 participants, while the second group contained 87 patients. The groups differed significantly with respect to age, body height, body weight, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). ES, prostatic volumes, maximum flow rates (Qmax) and international prostate symptom scores (IPSS) were significantly different. Fasting blood glucose levels were similar for both groups. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores showed borderline significance. Insulin levels were different, while insulin resistance (IR) was similar between the groups. Nocturnal polyuria was associated with nocturia, systolic blood pressure and IPSS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age, nocturnal polyuria, metabolic syndrome and sleep disturbances have been shown to be contributing factors in the frequency of nocturia and LUTS. Therefore, steps taken to alleviate factors that can be altered - such as hypertension, weight gain, sleep disturbances and IPSS - may improve the individual's quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Sakarya University, Medical Faculty, Department of Urology, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sağlam
authors.forename: C Serkan
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gökkaya
authors.forename: Remzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salar
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Memiş
authors.forename: Oztuğ
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adsan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D053158:Nocturia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011141:Polyuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers