title: The effect of different titanium nitride coatings on the adhesion of Candida albicans to titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was an in vitro evaluation of the effects of different titanium nitride (TiNx) coatings on Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion to titanium and to correlate these findings to differences in specific surface characteristics (surface topography, roughness, chemical component, and surface free energy).
  
  
  METHODS
  TiNx coatings were prepared by physical vapour deposition (PVD), a plasma nitriding process or a dual nitriding process. Surface properties were analysed by the optical stereoscopic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, roughmeter, and drop shape methods. Quantity comparisons of C. albicans on the four surfaces were assessed by cell count and XTT reduction assays. Types of adhesive C. albicans were explored by SEM and confocal laser scanning microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nitrided modifications were found to influence the surface properties and fungal susceptivity of flat titanium. Compared to flat titanium, fewer adhered C. albicans in yeast form were observed on the TiN-coated surface, whereas the plasma nitrided surface did not show any reduced potential to adhere C. albicans in hyphal or yeast form. The dual nitrided coating showed anti-fungal characteristics, although a small quantity of hyphae were identified. Our findings indicate that the Ti2N phase is prone to C. albicans hyphae, while the TiN phase inhibits their adhesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different TiNx phases could influence the characteristics of C. albicans adhesion. TiN coating by PVD could be a potential modification to inhibit C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Tianwen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Chufan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002452:Cell Count; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Adhesion; Candida albicans; Surface property; TiN; Titanium implant