title: Adolescents with greater mental toughness show higher sleep efficiency, more deep sleep and fewer awakenings after sleep onset.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mental toughness (MT) is understood as the display of confidence, commitment, challenge, and control. Mental toughness is associated with resilience against stress. However, research has not yet focused on the relation between MT and objective sleep. The aim of the present study was therefore to explore the extent to which greater MT is associated with objectively assessed sleep among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 92 adolescents (35% females; mean age, 18.92 years) completed the Mental Toughness Questionnaire. Participants were split into groups of high and low mental toughness. Objective sleep was recorded via sleep electroencephalograms and subjective sleep was assessed via a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with participants with low MT, participants with high MT had higher sleep efficiency, a lower number of awakenings after sleep onset, less light sleep, and more deep sleep. They also reported lower daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents reporting higher MT also had objectively better sleep, as recorded via sleep electroencephalograms. A bidirectional association between MT and sleep seems likely; therefore, among adolescence, improving sleep should increase MT, and improving MT should increase sleep.
authors.affiliation: Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: serge.brand@upkbs.ch.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Roumen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirov
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lemola
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Clough
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pühse
authors.affiliation: Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012649:Self Concept; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Deep sleep; Mental toughness; Sleep efficiency; Sleep electroencephalogram