title: Pesticide-induced gene mutations and Parkinson disease risk: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing scientific evidence suggests that pesticide-induced gene mutations may contribute to increasing susceptibility to Parkinson disease (PD), but many existing studies have yielded inconclusive results. This meta-analysis aims at assessing the exact roles of pesticide-induced gene mutations in the development of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature search for relevant studies was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from their inception through May 1st, 2013. This meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. The crude odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten case-control studies were included with a total of 1248 PD patients and 1831 healthy controls. Our meta-analysis revealed that PD patients with pesticide exposure had higher gene mutation rates than those of healthy controls. Subgroup analysis by gene type indicated that the mutation rates in the GSTP1, SLC6A3, and MDR1 genes of PD patients with pesticide exposure were higher than those of healthy controls. No publication bias was detected in this meta-analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current meta-analysis indicates that pesticide-induced gene mutations may contribute to increasing susceptibility to PD, especially in the GSTP1, SLC6A3, and MDR1 genes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Liaoning, Shenyang, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D010575:Pesticides; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi