title: Assessment of external lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer: a comparison of four scales.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare available grading and staging scales that measure external lymphedema in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and to assess problems and gaps related to these tools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive cancer center in Tennessee.
  
  
  METHODS
  103 participants post-HNC treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four scales were used to evaluate study participant external lymphedema status, including the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Lymphedema Scale (version 3.0), American Cancer Society Lymphedema Scale, Stages of Lymphedema (Földi's Scale), and the CTCAE Fibrosis Scale (version 3.0).
  
  
  METHODS
  Occurrence rate, severity of lymphedema, and components and descriptors of each scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence and severity of external lymphedema differed based on the tools. Each tool had an identified limitation. Current theory postulates a continuum between lymphedema and fibrosis, but only the Földi's Scale adequately reflected that concept.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the available scales clearly captured all the important characteristics of external lymphedema in patients with HNC. A need exists to develop a clearly defined and validated scale of external lymphedema in the HNC population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses should take an active role in addressing issues related to lymphedema assessment in patients post-HNC treatment; however, new assessment tools need to be developed for clinical use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early identification and accurate documentation of head and neck lymphedema are critically important to prevent lymphedema progress. However, existing grading criteria failed to capture important characteristics of external head and neck lymphedema. More research efforts need to be made to address this under-recognized issue.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Sheila H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ridner
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects; D015182:Lymphatic Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010808:Physical Examination; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index