title: Early PTSD symptom trajectories: persistence, recovery, and response to treatment: results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention Study (J-TOPS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncovering heterogeneities in the progression of early PTSD symptoms can improve our understanding of the disorder's pathogenesis and prophylaxis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe discrete symptom trajectories and examine their relevance for preventive interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) of data from a randomized controlled study of early treatment. LGMM identifies latent longitudinal trajectories by exploring discrete mixture distributions underlying observable data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hadassah Hospital unselectively receives trauma survivors from Jerusalem and vicinity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult survivors of potentially traumatic events consecutively admitted to the hospital's emergency department (ED) were assessed ten days and one-, five-, nine- and fifteen months after ED admission. Participants with data at ten days and at least two additional assessments (n = 957) were included; 125 received cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) between one and nine months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used LGMM to identify latent parameters of symptom progression and tested the effect of CBT on these parameters. CBT consisted of 12 weekly sessions of either cognitive therapy (n = 41) or prolonged exposure (PE, n = 49), starting 29.8±5.7 days after ED admission, or delayed PE (n = 35) starting at 151.8±42.4 days. CBT effectively reduced PTSD symptoms in the entire sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent trajectories of PTSD symptoms; effects of CBT on these trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THREE TRAJECTORIES WERE IDENTIFIED: Rapid Remitting (rapid decrease in symptoms from 1- to 5-months; 56% of the sample), Slow Remitting (progressive decrease in symptoms over 15 months; 27%) and Non-Remitting (persistently elevated symptoms; 17%). CBT accelerated the recovery of the Slow Remitting class but did not affect the other classes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early course of PTSD symptoms is characterized by distinct and diverging response patterns that are centrally relevant to understanding the disorder and preventing its occurrence. Studies of the pathogenesis of PTSD may benefit from using clustered symptom trajectories as their dependent variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Isaac R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Galatzer-Levy
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ankri
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Israeli-Shalev
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roitman
authors.forename: Moran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilad
authors.forename: Arieh Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shalev
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011594:Psychometrics; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome