title: Antepartum depression severity is increased during seasonally longer nights: relationship to melatonin and cortisol timing and quantity.
abstract: Current research suggests that mood varies from season to season in some individuals, in conjunction with light-modulated alterations in chronobiologic indices such as melatonin and cortisol. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations in darkness on mood in depressed antepartum women, and to determine the relationship of seasonal mood variations to contemporaneous blood melatonin and cortisol measures; a secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of seasonal factors on measures of melancholic versus atypical depressive symptoms. We obtained measures of mood and overnight concentrations of plasma melatonin and serum cortisol in 19 depressed patients (DP) and 12 healthy control (HC) antepartum women, during on-going seasonal variations in daylight/darkness, in a cross-sectional design. Analyses of variance showed that in DP, but not HC, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in women tested during seasonally longer versus shorter nights. This exacerbation of depressive symptoms occurred when the dim light melatonin onset, the melatonin synthesis offset, and the time of maximum cortisol secretion (acrophase) were phase-advanced (temporally shifted earlier), and melatonin quantity was reduced, in DP but not HC. Serum cortisol increased across gestational weeks in both the HC and DP groups, which did not differ significantly in cortisol concentration. Nevertheless, serum cortisol concentration correlated positively with HRSD score in DP but not HC; notably, HC showed neither significant mood changes nor altered melatonin and cortisol timing or quantity in association with seasonal variations. These findings suggest that depression severity during pregnancy may become elevated in association with seasonally related phase advances in melatonin and cortisol timing and reduced melatonin quantity that occur in DP, but not HC. Thus, women who experience antepartum depression may be more susceptible than their nondepressed counterparts to phase alterations in melatonin and cortisol timing during seasonally longer nights. Interventions that phase delay melatonin and/or cortisol timing-for example, increased exposure to bright evening light-might serve as an effective intervention for antepartum depressions whose severity is increased during seasonally longer nights.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meliska
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sorenson
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nowakowski
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kripke
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Parry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D019540:Area Under Curve; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003624:Darkness; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008550:Melatonin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010507:Periodicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012621:Seasons; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012890:Sleep; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin; D006854:Hydrocortisone