title: Second pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemic priapism and treatment alternatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the early therapeutic alternatives such as bosentan, an endothelin receptor blocker, theophylline, an adenosin receptor blocker, and a nonselective phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a heme oxygenase 1 inhibitor, for the therapy of ischemic priapism in the rat models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control group, ZnPP group, bosentan group, and theophylline group. Erection was provided by vacuum constriction method and maintained for 4 hours for achieving the priapism in all groups. The rats in the control group were administered 1 mL/kg saline intraperitoneally (ip). The rats in group 2 were administered 25 mg/kg ZnPP ip. The rats in group 3 were administered 0.25 mg/kg bosentan ip. The rats in group 4 were administered 100 mg/kg theophylline ip. Six rats from each group were decapitated after 6 hours of drug administration. Then endothelin 1, adenosine deaminase, heme oxygenase 1 enzymatic activity, and apoptosis index in the cavernous tissues were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cavernous tissue endothelin 1, adenosine deaminase, heme oxygenase 1 enzymatic activity levels, and apoptosis index were significantly decreased in bosentan, theophylline, and ZnPP-treated rats compared with the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of priapism induced apoptosis with bosentan, theophylline, and ZnPP seems promising on preserving erectile function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Elazig Harput Government Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karakeci
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Firdolas
authors.forename: Tunc
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozan
authors.forename: Ihsan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Unus
authors.forename: Mehmet Sezai
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ogras
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Orhan
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D000077300:Bosentan; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D010413:Penis / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011317:Priapism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013806:Theophylline / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D019332:Endothelin-1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D013449:Sulfonamides; C017803:zinc protoporphyrin; D013806:Theophylline; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase; D000077300:Bosentan