title: What is the role of the D3 receptor in addiction? A mini review of PET studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO.
abstract: The chronic use of drugs, including psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine, has been associated with low D2/3 dopamine receptor availability, which in turn has been linked to poor clinical outcome. In contrast, recent studies focused on the D3 receptor (a member of the D2-like receptor family) suggest that chronic exposure to stimulant drugs can up-regulate this receptor subtype, which, in preclinical models, is linked to dopamine system sensitization - a process hypothesized to contribute to relapse in addiction. In this mini review we present recent human data suggesting that the D3 receptor may contribute to core features of addiction, and discuss the usefulness of the PET imaging probe [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO in investigating this question.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Payer
authors.affiliation: Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gayathiri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
authors.affiliation: Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Programs, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: isabelle.boileau@camh.ca.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boileau
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D010078:Oxazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D010078:Oxazines; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; C042631:naxagolide
keywords: Addiction; D(3) dopamine receptor; Positron emission tomography; [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO