title: Catalogue of tooth brush head designs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Manual toothbrushes (MTBs) and power toothbrushes (PTBs) are effective oral physiotherapy aids for plaque removal. End-rounded bristles are safer and reduce damage to oral tissues. Nylon bristles are more effective in plaque removal because the bristle is stiffer than natural bristles. In the last 10 years the number of options for MTBs and PTBs has expanded significantly and there is very little information providing a reference frame for the design characteristics of the heads. The present in vitro study characterized a variety of MTB and PTB heads to provide a reference library for other research comparisons which might be made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various commercial MTB and PTB heads were used to characterize the following: bristle size, shape, diameter, number of tufts, number of bristles per tuft and surface characteristics. Photographs were collected from the side, at 45 degrees and the top of each toothbrush (TB) head using a scanning electron microscope and digital camera. Images were analyzed (Soft Imaging System) for bristle features and designs. One-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) was performed to detect differences among TB types within MTB and PTB groups and between pooled values for MTB and PTB groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in toothbrush bristle diameter and bristle shape. In contrast, there were no significant differences between PTB vs. MTB in regards to bristle diameter, bristle count and tuft count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that although there are wide variations in toothbrush head designs, significant differences were found only in relation to bristle diameter and shape.
authors.forename: Marsha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Voelker
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bayne
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D009757:Nylons
keywords: bristles; manual toothbrush; power toothbrush; toothbrush head; tufts