title: Effects of long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 on asthma and wheeze in a prospective birth cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies on the effect of urban air pollution on childhood asthma have shown conflicting results and so far no consistent association has emerged. However, a common limitation in previous studies has been exposure misclassification leading to uncertainties in risk estimates.The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze within a population-based birth cohort--the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (MAAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of asthma and current wheeze within the cohort (N=1185) was determined through parental questionnaires at ages 3, 5, 8 and 11 years. The typical monthly PM10 and NO2 exposure of each child was estimated through a novel microenvironmental exposure model from birth to age 11. The association between exposure and asthma or wheeze was analysed using generalised estimating equations and multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The range of asthma prevalence was 15.2-23.3%, with the lowest prevalence at age 3 and the highest at age 5. The prevalence of current wheeze decreased from ages 3 to 8 (23.7-18%). The mean NO2 exposure decreased from the 1st year of life (21.7 µg/m(3)) to the 11th year of life (16.0 µg/m(3)). The mean PM10 exposure showed a smaller decrease (12.8 -10.7 µg/m(3)). The statistical analysis showed no significant association between the exposures and either outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No evidence of a significant association between long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 and the prevalence of either asthma or wheeze was found.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, , Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mölter
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agius
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Vocht
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindley
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerrard
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Custovic
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air Pollution; Asthma; Child Health; Environmental Epidemiology