title: Characterization of PTPN2 and its use as a biomarker.
abstract: For years, the two main isoforms of PTPN2 have been an interesting yet academic topic of debate for researchers working on this phosphatase. In recent years, several studies were published in which these isoforms were attributed specific functions. Most importantly, differences in their stoichiometry have been reported to be associated with certain diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Hence, understanding the evolutionary ontogeny of the main transcripts and the physiological consequences of their expression have now become clinically relevant issues. Herein we describe the genomic controls placed upon PTPN2, the identified splice variants, the encoded PTPN2 proteins, and both the known and putative post-translational modifications that have been reported. Moreover, we examine the expression of PTPN2 isoforms in specific tissues as well as in a disease setting. PTPN2 is an important negative regulator of inflammation. Therefore, the following protocols are effective approaches for its adequate monitoring in inflammatory diseases' progression and outcome.
authors.affiliation: Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bussières-Marmen
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Genomics Laboratory, World Premier International (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schirbel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tiganis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiocchi
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Genomics Laboratory, World Premier International (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miranda-Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: Michel.tremblay@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Michel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010802:Phylogeny; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054578:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C516649:PTPN2 protein, human; D054578:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2
keywords: Alternative splicing; Monoclonal antibodies; PTPN2 isoforms; RNA sequencing; SNP genotyping; siRNA