title: Antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Singapore: a five-year series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to investigate the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognostication, follow-up care and outcomes of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore. The objective of this study was to identify trends in current practice, and evaluate and improve the management of CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed cases of antenatally diagnosed CDH from 2006 to 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 cases of CDH were found, bringing its incidence in KKH to 3.6 per 10,000 live births. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 22.7 weeks, with 14 (63.6%) cases diagnosed at < 22 weeks and 8 (36.4%) diagnosed at ≥ 22 weeks. All cases were left-sided - 15 (68.2%) were isolated CDH and 7 (31.8%) were associated with other anomalies. Of the 22 cases, counselling about the prognosis of pregnancy based on the lung-to-head ratio was provided in 9 (40.9%). Overall, 10 (45.5%) cases resulted in termination of pregnancy (TOP), 9 (40.9%) resulted in live birth and 1 (4.5%) in stillbirth; 2 (9.1%) cases were lost to follow-up prior to delivery. Of the 9 live births, 3 (33.3%) resulted in neonatal death. In the 10 births, 5 (50.0%) were delivered by normal vaginal delivery, 4 (40.0%) by emergency Caesarean section and 1 (10.0%) by elective Caesarean section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDH is a challenging perinatal problem with a low overall survival rate. Almost half of the cases opt for TOP. The data in this study can help clinicians better undertake the task of adequately counselling parents with qualitative and quantitative prognostic factors, using an evidence-based approach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899. sonia.lee@mohh.com.sg
authors.forename: Shu Yi Sonia
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kok Hian
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal