title: Comparing effects of carbohydrate (CHO) blockers and trivalent chromium on CHO-induced insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Sprague-Dawley rats (SD), we compared two categories of natural dietary supplements that influence carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism via different basic mechanisms to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) and elevated blood pressure (BP) associated with heavy sugar/starch consumption. Two dietary supplements (bean extract and l-arabinose) are often referred to as carb blockers (CBs), because they slow the gastrointestinal absorption of CHO. Trivalent chromium (CR) falls into a group of so-called insulin sensitizers, because its major effect is to enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We divided 48 mature male SD into 4 groups of 12. The first group received powdered baseline diet alone (Con). The remaining 3 SD groups (groups 2-4) ingested regular rat chow containing 20% w/w sucrose and 20% w/w rice starch. The second group received only this CHO-enriched chow. To the high-CHO diets of the remaining two groups, either CB to slow CHO absorption (CHO + CB) (group 3) or an insulin sensitizer, trivalent CR (CHO + CR; group 4), was added.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to Con group 1, adding high CHO content to the diet of group 2 significantly increased circulating glucose levels and systolic BP (SBP). Addition of CB or CR to the feed of groups 3 and 4 overcame the perturbations that occurred with high CHO challenge in group 2; that is, they lowered circulating glucose concentrations to Con levels, enhanced response to exogenous insulin, and overcame the gradual elevation of SBP. Compared to group 2, the two treatment groups (3 and 4) also showed decreased renin-angiotensin system activity, decreased serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, and enhanced nitric oxide activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that high doses of CB and CR, despite their different mechanisms of action, can completely overcome CHO-induced IR and BP elevations. The data further suggest that CB and CR affect only the changes brought on by heavy CHO ingestion, because IR and SBP in groups 3 and 4 mirrored Con values (group 1), never producing values lower than baseline. Earlier use of CB and CR in the life cycle appears more effective in overcoming CHO-induced perturbations than later use.
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Washington, DC 20057, USA. preusshg@georgetown.edu
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: Bobby
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Echard
authors.forename: Debasis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: Nicholas V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Perricone
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002857:Chromium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000097:blood*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D013213:Starch / Q000097:blood; D013393:Sucrase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000097:blood; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D014131:Trace Elements; D002857:Chromium; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013395:Sucrose; D013213:Starch; D000681:Amylases; D013393:Sucrase; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A