title: Quantitative liver lesion volume determination by nanoparticle-based SPECT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to present a simple and quantitative data analysis method with a new potential in the application of liver single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. We have established quantitative SPECT/computed tomography (CT) in vivo imaging protocols for determination of liver tumor burden based on the known role of Kupffer cells in cancer of the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  As it is also known that functional Kupffer cells accumulate particulate material contained in the arterial blood of liver supply, we used radiolabeled macro-aggregated albumin particles ([(99m)Tc]-MAA) injected intravenously to image liver disease. Quantification of cold spot liver lesion imaging was also a general objective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a healthy control group (BALB/C mice, n = 6) and group of induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, matrilin-2 transgenic KO mice, n = 9), where hepatocellular carcinoma was induced by diethylnitrosamine. We used [(99m)Tc]-MAA as radiopharmaceutical for liver SPECT imaging in a small animal SPECT/CT system. A liver radioactivity overview map was generated. Segmentation of the liver was calculated by Otsu thresholding method. Based on the segmentation the radioactivity volume and the summarized liver activity were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor burden of the livers was quantitatively determined by creating parametric data from the resulting volumetric maps. Ex vivo liver mass data were applied for the validation of in vivo measurements. An uptake with cold spots as tumors was observed in all diseased animals in SPECT/CT scans. Isotope-labeled particle uptake (standardized uptake concentration) of control (median 0.33) and HCC (median 0.18) groups was significantly different (p = 0.0015, Mann Whitney U test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new potential application of [(99m)Tc]-MAA was developed and presents a simple and very effective means to quantitatively characterize liver cold spot lesions resulting from Kupffer cell dysfunctions as a consequence of tumor burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dániel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Veres
authors.forename: Domokos
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Máthé
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Futó
authors.forename: Ildikó
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Horváth
authors.forename: Akos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balázs
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karlinger
authors.forename: Krisztián
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szigeti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009929:Organ Size; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*