title: Controlling Vibrio vulnificus and spoilage bacteria in fresh shucked oysters using natural antimicrobials.
abstract: This study evaluated the efficacy of grape seed extract (GE), citric acid (CA) and lactic acid (LA) on the inactivation of Vibrio vulnificus and inherent microflora in fresh shucked oysters. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GE, CA or LA against V. vulnificus was determined. Furthermore, the shucked oysters were artificially inoculated with V. vulnificus. The inoculated shucked oysters (25 g) were then dipped in 250 ml GE, CA or LA solutions for 10 min. The population of V. vulnificus in shucked oysters was determined. The effects of the treatments with GE, CA or LA solutions on the inherent microbiota in fresh shucked oysters during storage at 5°C for 20 days were also studied. The MICs of GE, CA or LA against V. vulnificus were 10.0, 5.0 or 1.0 mg ml(-1), respectively. The concentrations of 500, 300 or 150 mg ml(-1) GE, CA or LA solutions were needed to reduce the population of V. vulnificus to below the detection level (1.0 log g(-1)). Treatment with 500, 300, 150 mg ml(-1) GE, CA or LA significantly reduced the initial inherent microbiota in fresh shucked oysters, and inherent levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control sample throughout refrigerated storage for 20 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oysters filter large volume of seawater during their feeding activities that concentrate bacteria such as Vibrio vulnificus in their body. The presence of V. vulnificus in oysters has a serious impact on public health and international trade. There is increasing concern over the use of chemical preservatives. Furthermore, the food industry is looking for new natural preservation methods. This study indicated that lactic acid and citric acid wash solutions could offer an inexpensive, natural and strong approach to control V. vulnificus and spoilage bacteria in fresh shucked for the oyster industry.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Seafood Processing Laboratory, Coastal Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagoula, MS, USA.
authors.forename: B S M
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D041261:Vibrio vulnificus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D019343:Citric Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: V. vulnificus; fresh shucked oysters; natural antimicrobials; shelf life; spoilage