title: Outpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Safety and efficacy of anesthetic management with a natural airway in 653 consecutive procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a unique diagnostic and therapeutic procedure performed in high risk patients in prone/semi-prone position. Propofol based deep sedation has emerged as the method of choice however, the ability to predict possible complications is yet un-explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to evaluate known high risk-factors for general anesthesia (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, body mass index (BMI), and Mallampati class) for their ability to affect outcomes in ERCP patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data of 653 patients who underwent ERCP during a period of 26 months at university hospital of Pennsylvania was reviewed. Patient-specific and procedure specific data was extracted. Desaturation was defined by fall of pulse oximeter saturation below 95% and its relation to patient specific high risk-factors was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 45 patients had transient de-saturation below 95% without any residual sequlae. No statistically significant relation between desaturation episodes and patients higher ASA status or BMI or modified Mallampati (MMP) class was found. Despite 60% patients being ASA III/IV none required emergency intubation or procedural interruption. Optimal oxygenation and airway patency was maintained with high degree of success using simple airway maneuvers or conduit devices (nasal/oral trumpet) with oxygen supplementation in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike general anesthesia, pre-operative patient ASA status, higher MMP or increasing BMI does not bear relation with likelihood of patients desaturating during ERCP. In presence of vigilant apnea monitoring and careful dose titration of maintenance anesthetics with airway conduits, general anesthesia, emergency intubations, and procedure interruptions can be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Basavana G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Goudra
authors.forename: Preet Mohinder
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Ashish C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sinha
keywords: Airway in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography anesthesia; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography desaturation; risk predictors endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography