title: A comparative study of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and thrombolytic potential of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and thrombolytic property of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis (S. dulcis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Methanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of S. dulcis were partitioned with chloroform and dichloromethane. The antioxidant potential of the crude extract and partitioned fractions were evaluated in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging potential, reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity by specific standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and compared with vincristine sulfate. The thrombolytic activity was compared with streptokinase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methanolic fruit extract exhibited the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity, among the other extracts, with the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 10 µg/mL (IC50: 1.91 µg/mL) and maximum reducing power at a concentration of 100 µg/mL (EC50: 3.58 µg/mL). Though all extract showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacterial strains, weak or no activity against fungus. The range of LC50 value of all extracts was 1.335-14.057 µg/mL which was far lower than the cut off index for cytotoxicity. All extracts exhibited statistically significant (P<0.001) thrombolytic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggested that S. dulcis exhibits antimicrobial activities against a wide variety of strains while it possesses significant antioxidant, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shawkat Md Aminul
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Kh Tanvir
authors.initials: KhT
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Mohammad Kawsar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Manik
authors.forename: Md Arif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wahid
authors.forename: Chowdhury Shafayat Ibne
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kamal
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D063285:Fibrin Clot Lysis Time; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity; Cytotoxic activity; DPPH; IC50; LC50; Spondias dulcis; Thrombolytic activity