title: A study of the effectiveness of a needle-free injection device compared with a needle and syringe used to vaccinate calves against bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a needle-free injection device (NF) with a needle and syringe (NS) when used to vaccinate calves against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). The study was conducted in two independent phases. Ninety-six crossbred beef calves were vaccinated in the spring and 98 beef calves in the autumn. The calves were vaccinated using a NF or NS at 2 months of age (day 0) and again on day 119, with a modified-live virus vaccine containing IBRV, BVDV (types 1 and 2), parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. In each herd 10 calves were left unvaccinated to determine whether exposure to either BVDV or IBRV occurred. Visible vaccine residue at the surface of the skin/hair was apparent immediately following vaccination with NF in 30% of the spring-born calves following both the primary and booster vaccination. In the autumn, visible vaccine residues occurred in 19% and 8% of NF-vaccinated calves following the primary and booster vaccination. Post-vaccination skin reactions recorded on days 21, 42, 119 and 140 occurred with greater frequency in NF-vaccinated calves than NS-vaccinated ones. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42, 119, and 140 and tested for antibodies to BVDV and IBRV. Vaccination technique had no significant effect on BVDV or IBRV antibody concentrations at any time point. NF was as effective as NS vaccination in eliciting BVDV and IBRV antibody responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Undi
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Lecompte
authors.forename: Tomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yitbarek
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wittenberg
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Kim H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ominski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D030243:Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Bovine / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000187:drug effects; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D009339:Needles / Q000662:veterinary; D012621:Seasons; D013594:Syringes / Q000662:veterinary; D014611:Vaccination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Antibody response; Bovine viral diarrhea virus; Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus; Needle and syringe; Needle-free vaccination