title: Contribution of degraded perception and insufficient encoding to decisions to mass or space study.
abstract: How do learners decide whether to mass or space an item during study? Results from Son (2004) indicate that these decisions are influenced by the degree to which an item is judged to be encoded sufficiently during an initial study episode, whereas others (Toppino, Cohen, Davis, & Moors, 2009) have proposed that degraded perceptual processing contributed to participants' decisions to mass or space study. To reconcile these conflicting conclusions, the current experiments used eye tracking technology to evaluate the contribution of degraded perception and insufficient encoding on learners' study decisions. Participants studied synonym pairs from the graduate record exam (GRE) that varied in item difficulty for 1 s (Experiment 1) or 5 s (Experiment 2) each while their eye movements were recorded. Participants then decided whether to mass, space, or drop each pair in future study. For pairs that were never fixated, and hence not perceived, participants overwhelmingly chose to mass their study, presumably so that they could read the target. For pairs that were processed sufficiently to be perceived, preference for massing and spacing pairs increased with item difficulty (i.e., both increased as pairs became less likely to be fully encoded). Taken together, these data demonstrate a contribution of degraded perception and insufficient encoding for learners' decisions to mass (or space) their study.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Institute of Technology, <location>Atlanta, GA, USA</location>
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ariel
authors.affiliation: Kent State University, <location>OH, USA</location>
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunlosky
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, <location>PA, USA</location>
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Toppino
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005133:Eye Movements; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: degraded perception; metacognition; metacognitive control; spacing effect