title: Ultrasound-guided bilateral transversus abdominis plane blocks in conjunction with intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks administered in conjunction with intrathecal morphine provided superior analgesia to intrathecal morphine alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  51 women undergoing elective Cesarean delivery with a combined spinal-epidural technique that included intrathecal morphine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were randomized to receive a bilateral TAP block with 0.5% ropivacaine or 0.9% saline. Postoperative analgesics were administered on request and selected based on pain severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were evaluated at 2, 24, and 48 hours after the TAP blocks were performed. Verbal rating scale (VRS) pain scores at rest, with movement, and for colicky pain were recorded, as was analgesic consumption. Patients rated the severity of opioid side effects and their satisfaction with the procedure and analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  51 subjects received TAP blocks with ropivacaine (n = 26) or saline (n = 25). At two hours, the ropivacaine group reported less pain at rest and with movement (0.5 and 1.9 vs 2.8 and 4.9 in the saline group [VRS scale 0 - 10]; P < 0.001) and had no requests for analgesics; there were several requests for analgesia in the saline group. At 24 hours, there was no difference in pain scores or analgesic consumption. At 48 hours, the ropivacaine group received more analgesics for moderate pain (P = 0.04) and the saline group received more analgesics for severe pain (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transversus abdominis plane blocks in conjunction with intrathecal morphine provided superior early postcesarean analgesia to intrathecal morphine alone. By 24 hours there was no difference in pain scores or analgesic consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Electronic address: alee33140@aol.com.
authors.forename: Allison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Palte
authors.forename: Jules Marie A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chehade
authors.forename: Kristopher L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.forename: Jayanthie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ranasinghe
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Penning
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D000328:Adult; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D060186:Infusions, Spinal; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077212:Ropivacaine
keywords: Anesthesia: obstetrical; Cesarean section; Intrathecal morphine; Transversus abdominis plane blocks: ultrasound guided