title: Association between sleep bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity, including sleep bruxism (SB), can be induced in healthy individuals by experimental esophageal acidification, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, no robust evidence supports the association between SB and GERD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between SB and GERD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five individuals were eligible to participate in this observational transversal study at the Gastroenterology Service of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The participants were classified into 2 groups, those with and without GERD, according to the Montreal Criteria and pH-metry/endoscopy findings. The diagnosis of SB was not assessed in a sleep laboratory but was based on self-report plus clinical inspection, according to the minimal diagnostic criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory was used to evaluate self-perceived stress. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with SB as dependent variable and GERD, sex, age, body mass index, and stress as predictors (α=.05; 90% power).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included individuals with SB without GERD (13.3%) and individuals with SB with GERD (31.1%). In participants with GERD, the prevalence of SB was 73.7%. Only the variable GERD was significantly associated with SB (P=.017; odds ratio 6.58; 95% confidence interval 1.40-30.98), although adjusted for stress and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep bruxism is prevalent in GERD patients, and GERD is highly associated with SB.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: cristianemach@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Cristiane Machado
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mengatto
authors.forename: Charlene da Silveira
authors.initials: Cda S
authors.lastname: Dalberto
authors.forename: Betina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scheeren
authors.forename: Sérgio Gabriel Silva de
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Barros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006356:Heartburn / Q000150:complications; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000150:complications*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D057085:Tooth Wear / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult