title: Which newborns missed the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination among U.S. children?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination is a critical step in preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus infection. This study assesses the prevalence of children who missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination and identifies socio-demographic factors associated with non-receipt of the birth dose among children in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey observation study was conducted with the national representative sample of 17,053 U.S. children aged 19-35 months obtained from the 2009 National Immunization Survey. Categorical data analysis and multivariable logistic regression in the context of complex sample survey were applied to evaluate the prevalence and determine the independent risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  39.2% of children missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination. Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, are not covered by health insurance, and have only 1 vaccination provider are significantly associated with non-receipt of the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, and who are not covered by health insurance are two important modifiable risk factors for not receiving the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination. Future intervention studies could be needed to help control those modifiable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mail Stop A19, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Electronic address: zaz0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Trudy V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006306:Health Surveys; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000151:congenital* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D017664:Uncompensated Care; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines
keywords: ACIP; ACIP recommendations; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; Hepatitis B vaccine; Non-receipt of the birth dose; Risk factors; Universal supply policy