title: Protective effects of cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cinnamomum cassia is a well-known traditional Chinese herb that is widely used for the treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD). It has favorable effects, but its mechanism is not clear. To investigate the effects of cinnamic aldehyde (CA) and cinnamic acid (CD) isolated from Cinnamomum cassia against myocardial ischemia produced in rats by isoproterenol (ISO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized equally to nine groups: a control group, an untreated model group, CA (22.5, 45, 90 mg/kg) or CD (37.5, 75, 150 mg/kg) treatment, or propranolol (30 mg/kg). Rats were treated for 14 days and then given ISO, 4 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days by subcutaneous injection. ST-segment elevation was measured after the last administration. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and blood rheology were measured after the rats were sacrificed. The hearts were excised for determining heart weight index, microscopic examination, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CA and CD decreased the ST elevation induced by acute myocardial ischemia, decreased serum levels of CK-MB, LDH, TNF-α and IL-6, and increased serum NO activity. CA and CD increased SOD activity and decreased MDA content in myocardial tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CA and CD were cardioprotective in a rat model of ischemic myocardial injury. The protection was attributable to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as increased NO. The results support further study of CA and CD as potential treatments for ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shanxi, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Siwang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007545:Isoproterenol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D002934:Cinnamates; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C029010:cinnamic acid; D000171:Acrolein; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D007545:Isoproterenol; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: Cinnamic acid; Cinnamic aldehyde; Isoproterenol; Myocardial ischemia