title: Assessing the impact of palliative care in the intensive care unit through the lens of patient-centered outcomes research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Professional organizations, consensus groups, and stakeholders are calling for better palliative care in acute care settings, particularly in ICUs. Our ability to deliver that care is dependent on the outcomes associated with palliative care in the ICU. This review provides a conceptual framework for these outcomes, discusses current and future challenges for work in this field, and advocates for better use of patient-centered outcomes in future studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous studies of palliative care interventions in the ICU have used heterogeneous outcomes, conceptualized as: systems-related, content-related, clinician-related, or patient/family-related. Few outcomes were used in multiple studies and many studies had insufficient power and questionable generalizability and impact. Although nearly all previous studies incorporated family-related outcomes, not one incorporated patient-centered outcomes, such as health-related quality of life, patient symptom score, or consensus between patient goals and care provided.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delivery of palliative care in the ICU will be hampered until studies incorporate outcomes that are: responsive to and reflective of variations in care, and multi-faceted (with patient-centered components) to reflect the multi-dimensional nature of palliative care and the varied needs of different stakeholders.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine bDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Aslakson
authors.forename: John F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bridges
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D010166:Palliative Care; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D018802:Patient-Centered Care