title: Biological characterization of F-18-labeled rhodamine B, a potential positron emission tomography perfusion tracer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in western countries, and positron emission tomography (PET) plays an increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment planning for this disease. However, the absence of an (18)F-labeled PET myocardial perfusion tracer hampers the widespread use of PET in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We recently reported a potential MPI agent based on (18)F-labeled rhodamine B. The goal of this study was to more completely define the biological properties of (18)F-labeled rhodamine B with respect to uptake and localization in an animal model of myocardial infarction and to evaluate the uptake (18)F-labeled rhodamine B by cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 female Sprague Dawley rats with a permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were studied with small-animal PET. The animals were injected with 100-150 μCi of (18)F-labeled rhodamine B diethylene glycol ester ([(18)F]RhoBDEGF) and imaged two days before ligation. The animals were imaged again two to ten days post-ligation. After the post-surgery scans, the animals were euthanized and the hearts were sectioned into 1mm slices and myocardial infarct size was determined by phosphorimaging and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining (TTC). In addition, the uptake of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF in isolated rat neonatal cardiomyocytes was determined by fluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small-animal PET showed intense and uniform uptake of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF throughout the myocardium in healthy rats. After LAD ligation, well defined perfusion defects were observed in the PET images. The defect size was highly correlated with the infarct size as determined ex vivo by phosphorimaging and TTC staining. In vitro, [(18)F]RhoBDEGF was rapidly internalized into rat cardiomyocytes with ~40 % of the initial activity internalized within the 60 min incubation time. Fluorescence microscopy clearly demonstrated localization of [(18)F]RhoBDEGF in the mitochondria of rat cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorine-18-labeled rhodamine B diethylene glycol ester ([(18)F]RhoBDEGF) provides excellent image quality and clear delineation of myocardial infarcts in a rat infarct model. In vitro studies demonstrate localization of the tracer in the mitochondria of cardiac myocytes. In combination, these results support the continued evaluation of this tracer for the PET assessment of myocardial perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston; Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bartholomä
authors.forename: Huamei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pacak
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: Frederic H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: Francis X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: McGowan
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: S Ted
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Treves
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Packard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D012235:Rhodamines; C029773:rhodamine B
keywords: Fluorescence; Imaging; Infarct; PET; Perfusion; Rhodamine