title: Live imaging assay for assessing the roles of Ca2+ and sphingomyelinase in the repair of pore-forming toxin wounds.
abstract: Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca(2+) is a key signaling event that triggers the repair of mechanical wounds on the plasma membrane within ~30 sec. Recent studies revealed that mammalian cells also reseal their plasma membrane after permeabilization with pore forming toxins in a Ca(2+)-dependent process that involves exocytosis of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase followed by pore endocytosis. Here, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate that the resealing of cells permeabilized by the toxin streptolysin O is also rapid and dependent on Ca(2+) influx. The assay design allows synchronization of the injury event and a precise kinetic measurement of the ability of cells to restore plasma membrane integrity by imaging and quantifying the extent by which the liphophilic dye FM1-43 reaches intracellular membranes. This live assay also allows a sensitive assessment of the ability of exogenously added soluble factors such as sphingomyelinase to inhibit FM1-43 influx, reflecting the ability of cells to repair their plasma membrane. This assay allowed us to show for the first time that sphingomyelinase acts downstream of Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis, since extracellular addition of the enzyme promotes resealing of cells permeabilized in the absence of Ca(2+).
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA. cctam2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013301:Streptolysins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C073804:FM1 43; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D013301:Streptolysins; C025964:streptolysin O; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D002118:Calcium