title: Stretchable, transparent, ionic conductors.
abstract: Existing stretchable, transparent conductors are mostly electronic conductors. They limit the performance of interconnects, sensors, and actuators as components of stretchable electronics and soft machines. We describe a class of devices enabled by ionic conductors that are highly stretchable, fully transparent to light of all colors, and capable of operation at frequencies beyond 10 kilohertz and voltages above 10 kilovolts. We demonstrate a transparent actuator that can generate large strains and a transparent loudspeaker that produces sound over the entire audible range. The electromechanical transduction is achieved without electrochemical reaction. The ionic conductors have higher resistivity than many electronic conductors; however, when large stretchability and high transmittance are required, the ionic conductors have lower sheet resistance than all existing electronic conductors.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keplinger
authors.forename: Jeong-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Choon Chiang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rothemund
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Whitesides
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Suo