title: Foodborne illness outbreaks from microbial contaminants in spices, 1973-2010.
abstract: This review identified fourteen reported illness outbreaks attributed to consumption of pathogen-contaminated spice during the period 1973-2010. Countries reporting outbreaks included Canada, Denmark, England and Wales, France, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Serbia, and the United States. Together, these outbreaks resulted in 1946 reported human illnesses, 128 hospitalizations and two deaths. Infants/children were the primary population segments impacted by 36% (5/14) of spice-attributed outbreaks. Four outbreaks were associated with multiple organisms. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica was identified as the causative agent in 71% (10/14) of outbreaks, accounting for 87% of reported illnesses. Bacillus spp. was identified as the causative agent in 29% (4/10) of outbreaks, accounting for 13% of illnesses. 71% (10/14) of outbreaks were associated with spices classified as fruits or seeds of the source plant. Consumption of ready-to-eat foods prepared with spices applied after the final food manufacturing pathogen reduction step accounted for 70% of illnesses. Pathogen growth in spiced food is suspected to have played a role in some outbreaks, but it was not likely a contributing factor in three of the larger Salmonella outbreaks, which involved low-moisture foods. Root causes of spice contamination included contributions from both early and late stages of the farm-to-table continuum.
authors.affiliation: United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA. jane.vandoren@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Van Doren
authors.forename: Karen P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: Mickey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parish
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gieraltowski
authors.forename: L Hannah
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Kathy L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gombas
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017365:Spices / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Food safety; Foodborne illness; Microbial contaminants; Salmonella; Spice