title: Adverse health effects of experiencing food insecurity among Greenlandic school children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vulnerable populations, food security in children has been found to be associated with negative health effects. Still, little is known about whether the negative health effects can be retrieved in children at the population level.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine food insecurity reported by Greenlandic school children as a predictor for perceived health, physical symptoms and medicine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is based on the Greenlandic part of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey. The 2010 survey included 2,254 students corresponding to 40% of all Greenlandic school children in Grade 5 through 10. The participation rate in the participating schools was 65%. Food insecurity was measured as going to bed or to school hungry because there was no food at home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boys, the youngest children (11-12 year-olds), and children from low affluence homes were at increased risk for food insecurity. Poor or fair self-rated health, medicine use last month and physical symptoms during the last 6 months were all more frequent in children reporting food insecurity. Controlling for age, gender and family affluence odds ratio (OR) for self-rated health was 1.60 (95% confidence interval (CI 1.23-2.06) (p < 0.001), for reporting physical symptoms 1.34 (95% CI 1.06-1.68) (p = 0.01) and for medicine use 1.79 (95% CI 1.42-2.26) (p < 0.001). Stratification on age groups suggested that children in different age groups experience different health consequences of food insecurity. The oldest children reported food insecurity less often and experienced less negative health effects compared to the younger children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 measures of health were negatively associated to the occurrence of food insecurity in Greenlandic school children aged 11-17. Food security must be seen as a public health issue of concern, and policies should be enforced to prevent food poverty particularly among boys, younger school children and children from low affluence homes.
authors.affiliation: Greenlandic Branch, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. Niclasen@greennet.gl
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niclasen
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: Christina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schnohr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006116:Greenland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Greenland; HBSC; adolescents; food insecurity; hungry to bed; medicine use; self-rated health; symptoms