title: Alcohol intake, wine consumption and the development of depression: the PREDIMED study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholic beverages are widely consumed. Depression, the most prevalent mental disorder worldwide, has been related to alcohol intake. We aimed to prospectively assess the association between alcohol intake and incident depression using repeated measurements of alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed-up 5,505 high-risk men and women (55 to 80 y) of the PREDIMED Trial for up to seven years. Participants were initially free of depression or a history of depression, and did not have any history of alcohol-related problems. A 137-item validated food frequency questionnaire administered by a dietician was repeated annually to assess alcohol intake. Participants were classified as incident cases of depression when they reported a new clinical diagnosis of depression, and/or initiated the use of antidepressant drugs. Cox regression analyses were fitted over 23,655 person-years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate alcohol intake within the range of 5 to 15 g/day was significantly associated with lower risk of incident depression (hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.72 (0.53 to 0.98) versus abstainers). Specifically, wine consumption in the range of two to seven drinks/week was significantly associated with lower rates of depression (HR (95% CI) = 0.68 (0.47 to 0.98)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate consumption of wine may reduce the incidence of depression, while heavy drinkers seem to be at higher risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School-Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. mamartinez@unav.es.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Beunza
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Villegas
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buil-Cosiales
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gómez-Gracia
authors.forename: María-Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Covas
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiol
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arós
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapetra
authors.forename: Rosa-María
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventós
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wärnberg
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pintó
authors.forename: Lluis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serra-Majem
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014920:Wine / Q000009:adverse effects