title: Stage I seminoma: Treatment outcomes in a low-income country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this report is to address treatment outcomes of patients with early-stage seminoma in a developing country with special reference to patients with history of surgical violation of the scrotum and the potential predictors of disease relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy four patients with pure seminoma were treated at King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan) between 2003 and 2010. All patients underwent orchiectomy. All but 3 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients who underwent surgical violation of the scrotum prior to referral were managed by further excision or irradiation of the scrotal scar. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 200 months (mean, 33 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of follow-up; all but one patient remain alive. The 3-year relapse-free survival for the entire cohort was 95.9%. Three patients were burdened by relapse, all of whom received adjuvant irradiation following inguinal orchiectomy and initially harbored tumors larger than 4cm upon pathological examination. Median time to relapse was 14 months (range, 8-25 months). None were associated with elevated tumor markers prior to detection of relapse. All but one patient were successfully salvaged by chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm the excellent prognosis for patients with early-stage seminoma treated by orchiectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy in a developing country. Although all patients burdened by relapse demonstrated adverse pathological findings upon initial assessment, no consistent predictor of relapse was found. Scrotal scar re-excision or irradiation in patients with prior history of surgical violation of the scrotum is effective in preventing local failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Seminoma, stage I, radiotherapy, scrotal violation, developing country, management.
authors.affiliation: Jamal Khader, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Queen Rania Alabdulla Street, Amman, Jordan, Tel. +962788305344, Fax: +96265857323, Email: jkhader@khcc.jo.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khader
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abuodeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almousa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdelrahman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018239:Seminoma; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms; D016896:Treatment Outcome