title: Superporous hybrid hydrogels based on polyacrylamide and chitosan: Characterization and in vitro drug release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current research was aimed at the development of the drug delivery systems based on the superporous hydrogels (SPH) with the desired swelling and the mechanical properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Superporous hydrogel composites (SPHCs) and superporous hybrid hydrogels (SPHHs) based on the chitosan and the polyacrylamide were synthesized using the gas blowing technique. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for swelling studies, mechanical strength and scanning electron microscopy. The selected hydrogels were loaded with the drug (verapamil hydrochloride) by aqueous loading method. Drug integrity with in polymeric network was evaluated via fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)HNMR) studies. In vitro drug release studies were carried out using the united state pharmacopoeial (USP) dissolution apparatus (type II).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical strength was observed to be higher in SPH hybrids in comparison to that in SPHCs while no significant difference was observed in swelling behavior. In situ crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde (GA) may be responsible for high mechanical strength. The equilibrium swelling time was slight higher in SPHH than in SPHCs. The integrity of pores was maintained in ethanol treated hydrogels as observed in scanning electron micrographs. Whereas, freeze dried SPH samples showed non-uniform pores. No drug polymer interaction was observed as indicated by DSC, FTIR, X-RD and NMR studies. However, the crosslinking of chitosan with GA was clearly indicated by these studies. The in vitro drug release studies from SPH hybrids indicated initial fast release (65%) with in first 2 h and then sustained release at the end of 24 h (95%). The addition of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with drug; however, leads to a significant decrease in drug release (56% at the end of 24 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Superporous hybrid hydrogels can be promising devices for the sustained delivery of drug candidates to the gastrointestinal region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab.
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: Shailendra Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Dinanath
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mishra
keywords: Equilibrium swelling; in situ crosslinking; integrity; mechanical strength; porous network