title: Genomic and non-genomic actions of progestogens in the breast.
abstract: Evidence is growing that progestogens may enhance breast cancer risk under hormone therapy in the postmenopause or hormonal contraception. However, differences may exist within the progestogen class and certain progestogens may have a higher potency in terms of breast cancer risk. The mechanism(s) by which these progestogens might influence breast cancer risk appear to be mediated via genomic and/or non-genomic effects triggered by activated progestogen receptors. In general, regulation of gene expression by progestogen receptors seems to be a multifactorial process involving both actions which often converge. In the present review, we describe the known genomic and non-genomic effects in the breast, especially focusing on the progestins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
authors.affiliation: University Women's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: endo.meno@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Mueck
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: University Women's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C115296:PGRMC1 protein, human; D011372:Progestins; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate