title: MRI rotating frame relaxation measurements for articular cartilage assessment.
abstract: In the present work we introduced two MRI rotating frame relaxation methods, namely adiabatic T1ρ and Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF), along with an inversion-prepared Magnetization Transfer (MT) protocol for assessment of articular cartilage. Given the inherent sensitivity of rotating frame relaxation methods to slow molecular motions that are relevant in cartilage, we hypothesized that adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF would have higher sensitivity to articular cartilage degradation as compared to laboratory frame T2 and MT. To test this hypothesis, a proteoglycan depletion model was used. Relaxation time measurements were performed at 0 and 48h in 10 bovine patellar specimens, 5 of which were treated with trypsin and 5 untreated controls were stored under identical conditions in isotonic saline for 48h. Relaxation times measured at 48h were longer than those measured at 0h in both groups. The changes in T2 and MT relaxation times after 48h were approximately 3 times larger in the trypsin treated specimens as compared to the untreated group, whereas increases of adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF were 4 to 5 fold larger. Overall, these findings demonstrate a higher sensitivity of adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF to the trypsin-induced changes in bovine patellar cartilage as compared to the commonly used T2 and MT. Since adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF are advantageous for human applications as compared to standard continuous-wave T1ρ methods, adiabatic T1ρ and RAFF are promising tools for assessing cartilage degradation in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. Electronic address: eller001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellermann
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Mikko J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissi
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: Cathy S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garwood
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michaeli
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangia
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D002417:Cattle; D006801:Humans; D051457:Hyaline Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008280:Magnetics; D009038:Motion; D010329:Patella / Q000473:pathology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014357:Trypsin / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011509:Proteoglycans; D014357:Trypsin
keywords: Adiabatic pulses; Cartilage; Magnetization transfer; RAFF; Rotating frame relaxation; Trypsin