title: A prospective study of risk factors for first trimester miscarriage in Asian women with threatened miscarriage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aimed to assess the demographic, socioeconomic, medical and lifestyle factors associated with the progression of a threatened miscarriage to a complete miscarriage in the first trimester.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted on 157 women who presented with vaginal bleeding in the fifth to tenth week of gestation. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for progression to a complete miscarriage within 16 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 139 women included for data analysis, 36 (25.9%) had a miscarriage, mostly within two weeks of presentation. The results of our study showed that women aged ≥ 34 years were more likely to miscarry (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.95). Compared to women whose partner was 20-30 years of age, women whose partner was ≥ 41 years of age also had a higher likelihood of experiencing a miscarriage (HR = 8.33). However, the presence of nausea (HR = 0.33) and a high stress score (i.e. ≥ 17) on the Perceived Stress Scale (HR = 0.49) were associated with a reduced likelihood of miscarriage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older pregnant women experiencing a threatened miscarriage should be counselled about their higher risk of miscarriage, especially if they have an older partner.
authors.affiliation: Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.
authors.forename: Leong Jin
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kouk
authors.forename: Ghim Hoe
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Neo
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: John Carson
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Suan Tiong
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Beh
authors.forename: Thiam Chye
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ostbye
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008019:Life Style; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors