title: Learning difficulties: a retrospective study of their co morbidity and continuity as indicators of adult criminal behaviour in 18-70-year-old prisoners.
abstract: The development of learning difficulties is associated with problems in external (executive) and extensive behaviour in a co-occurrence with psycho-emotional problems beginning from pre-school, school age, and adolescence up to adulthood. Through the current survey, we aim to emphasise the early role of learning difficulties during the school age and adolescence of prisoners and their effects on the onset of offending behaviours in adulthood, such as criminal behaviour. Altogether, we studied 117 Greek adult prisoners from 18 to 70 years old who were accused of different types or degrees of offences. Through statistical analyses, the following factors were observed with high statistical significance as early indicators of criminal behaviour in the adult lives of the prisoners: (i) learning difficulties, (ii) family problems, (iii) behaviour disorders, (iv) developmental disorders, and (v) psycho-emotional disorders. As a result, the learning difficulties were assumed to be the most decisive factor in the developmental progression of prisoners because they manifested early in the prisoners' lives, weakened the prisoners to be competitive and robust, provoked a bad self-image and low self-esteem, and, in the frame of a weak or negative family and educational environment, they accompanied antisocial behaviour and psycho-emotional disorders even from adolescence, which continued into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech and Language Therapy, TEI of Epirus, Greece. Electronic address: vzakop@ioa.teiep.gr.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zakopoulou
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pashou
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tzavelas
authors.forename: Pavlos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.forename: Milona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anna
authors.forename: Kolotoura
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iliana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005195:Family Relations; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behaviour disorders; Co-morbidity; Continuity; Criminal behaviour; Learning difficulties