title: War-related trauma exposure and multiple risk behaviors among school-going adolescents in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of depression symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between war-related trauma exposure, depressive symptoms and multiple risk behaviors among adolescents is less clear in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data collected from a sample of school-going adolescents four years postwar. Participants completed interviews assessing various risk behaviors defined by the Youth Self Report (YSR) and a sexual risk behavior survey, and were screened for post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms based on the Impact of Events Scale Revised (IESR) and Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Adolescents (HSCL-37A) respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors independently associated with multiple risk behaviors. The logistic regression model of Baron and Kenny (1986) was used to evaluate the mediating role of depression in the relationship between stressful war events and multiple risk behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 551 participants, 139 (25%) reported multiple (three or more) risk behaviors in the past year. In the multivariate analyses, depression symptoms remained uniquely associated with multiple risk behavior after adjusting for potential confounders including socio-demographic characteristics, war-related trauma exposure variables, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. In mediation analysis, depression symptoms mediated the associations between stressful war events and multiple risk behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychometric properties of the questionnaires used in this study are not well established in war affected African samples thus ethno cultural variation may decrease the validity of our measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with depression may be at a greater risk of increased engagement in multiple risk behaviors. Culturally sensitive and integrated interventions to treat and prevent depression among adolescents in post-conflict settings are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Uganda; Gulu University, Department of Psychiatry, Gulu, Uganda. Electronic address: drokellojames@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Uganda.
authors.forename: Etheldreda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakimuli-Mpungu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Uganda.
authors.forename: Seggane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedagogics, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broekaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Welfare Studies, Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Derluyn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D054540:Child, Orphaned / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D014857:Warfare; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescents; Depression; Risk behavior; Trauma; War