title: Intravitreal injections: a healthcare failure modes and effects analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a risk mitigation review of intravitreal injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pan-European expert team conducted a healthcare failure modes and effects analysis (HFMEA) of intravitreal injection techniques. Possible failures at each stage were identified and potential causes and effects considered. A risk value (1-10) was assigned for each failure's severity, probability of occurrence and likelihood of going undetected, and a risk priority number (RPN) calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This HFMEA revealed 91 intravitreal injection failure modes, of which 28, deemed to have an appreciable risk, were explored. Recommendations were proposed to reduce these risks, mostly relating to patient, staff, room and equipment preparation, injection procedure and patient discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HFMEA process produced practical recommendations to improve the risk profile of intravitreal injection.
authors.affiliation: University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanzetta
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monés
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Querques
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanga
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veritti
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbone
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brusaferro
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isola
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*; D017211:Treatment Failure