title: Hormone use and risk for lung cancer: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and lung cancer risk in women is still debated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pooled analysis of six case-control studies (1961 cases and 2609 controls) contributing to the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Potential associations were investigated with multivariable unconditional logistic regression and meta-analytic models. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to investigate lung cancer risk across histologic types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reduced lung cancer risk was found for OC (odds ratio (OR)=0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.97) and HRT ever users (OR=0.77; 95% CI: 0.66-0.90). Both oestrogen only and oestrogen+progestin HRT were associated with decreased risk (OR=0.76; 95% CI: 0.61-0.94, and OR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.49-0.88, respectively). No dose-response relationship was observed with years of OC/HRT use. The greatest risk reduction was seen for squamous cell carcinoma (OR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.37-0.76) in OC users and in both adenocarcinoma (OR=0.79; 95% CI: 0.66-0.95) and small cell carcinoma (OR=0.37; 95% CI: 0.19-0.71) in HRT users. No interaction with smoking status or BMI was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that exogenous hormones can play a protective role in lung cancer aetiology. However, given inconsistencies with epidemiological evidence from cohort studies, further and larger investigations are needed for a more comprehensive view of lung cancer development in women.
authors.affiliation: 1] EPOCA, Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy [2] Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pesatori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carugno
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadoupolos
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Duell
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wenzlaff
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stucker
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012306:Risk; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins