title: The effects of extracorporeal shock waves on carrageenan-induced Achilles tendinitis in rats: a biomechanical and histological analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of low-dose extracorporeal shock waves (ESW) on the healing potential of Achilles tendinitis in the rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 36 adult Sprague-Dawley rats used in this study were randomly divided into four groups. Group A (n=10) were injected with carrageenan, Group B (n=10) were injected with carrageenan and received ESW, Group C (n=10) received ESW only, and Group D (n=6) was a sham group. Rats were injected with 10 microliters of 3% carrageenan or a saline solution eight times during a one-week period with a subcutaneous needle. One week following the final injection, ESW was applied at a rate of 500 impulses in 5 minutes at 2 bars (comparative to 0.09 mJ/mm²) to rats in Groups B and C. Rats were sacrificed three weeks later. Tensile strength, inflammation, and vascularity and collagen density were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failure of the tendon ultimate loads was significantly lower in the study groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Collagen fiber density was higher in the control group than in the other groups (p=0.59). No other histological differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ESW has a negative effect on tendon tensile strength in this animal model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bekir Murat
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Çınar
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Çirci
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balçık
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.forename: Sercan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akpınar
authors.forename: Alihan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Derincek
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D002351:Carrageenan