title: Gemifloxacin inhibits migration and invasion and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition in human breast adenocarcinoma cells.
abstract: Gemifloxacin (GMF) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-metastatic activities of GMF and its possible mechanisms of action, with a special focus on the induction of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). The human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 were used to assess the anti-metastatic activity of GMF on cell migration and invasion and in scratch wound-healing assays. The effects of GMF on the MET and its regulatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/Snail pathway were assessed. The in vivo anti-metastatic effect of GMF was also evaluated in an animal model. This study demonstrated that GMF inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells and induced the MET. GMF suppressed the activation of NF-κB, as well as the cell migration and invasion induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). GMF was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of κB (IκB) and the translocation of NF-κB/Snail in both cancer cell lines. This study showed that the Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), an inhibitor of IκB kinase, is upregulated after GMF treatment. Inhibition of RKIP by small hairpin RNA transfection significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of GMF on the NF-κB/Snail pathway and also inhibited cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of Snail suppressed GMF-mediated metastasis inhibition and E-cadherin upregulation. An animal model revealed that GMF effectively inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated metastasis in mice. This study has demonstrated that GMF might be a novel anticancer agent for the prevention and treatment of metastasis in breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GMF inhibits the migration and invasion of human breast adenocarcinoma cells. GMF induces MET by reducing NF-κB and Snail activation and by increasing RKIP levels. GMF has potential clinical implication as an anti-metastatic agent for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 68, Chung-Hwa 3rd Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tun-Chieh
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ya-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Yu-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yu-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Po-Lin
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Yen-Hsu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077735:Gemifloxacin; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009287:Naphthyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009287:Naphthyridines; C511482:PEBP1 protein, human; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D059005:Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077735:Gemifloxacin