title: Quantification of airflow into the maxillary sinuses before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of increases in maxillary sinus (MS) airflow following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) are unknown. The goal of this study was to quantify the effects of FESS on airflow into the MS in a cohort of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and compare MS flow rate with patient-reported outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study was conducted in which preoperative and postoperative computed tomography scans of 4 patients undergoing bilateral or unilateral FESS were used to create 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the nasal airway and paranasal sinuses using Mimics™ (Materialise, Inc.). The size of the maxillary antrostomies post-FESS ranged from 107 to 160 mm(2). Computational meshes were generated from the 3D reconstructions, and steady-state, laminar, inspiratory airflow was simulated in each mesh using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent™ (ANSYS, Inc.) under physiologic, pressure-driven conditions. Airflow into the MS was estimated from the simulations and was compared preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition, patients completed preoperative and postoperative Rhinosinusitis Outcome Measure-31 (RSOM-31) questionnaires and scores were compared with MS airflow rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFD simulations predicted that average airflow rate into post-FESS MS increased by 18.5 mL/second, and that average flow velocity into the MS more than quadrupled. Simulation results also showed that MS flow rate trended with total RSOM-31 and all domain scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CFD simulations showed that the healed maxillary antrostomy after FESS can greatly enhance airflow into the MS. Our pilot study suggests that to some extent, increasing airflow into the MS may potentially improve chronic rhinosinusitis patients' quality of life pre-FESS and post-FESS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Dennis O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zanation
authors.forename: Vishal H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Dhandha
authors.forename: Kibwei A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Gitanjali M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fleischman
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Senior
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kimbell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: FESS; chronic rhinosinusitis; computational fluid dynamics; maxillary sinus; nasal airflow