title: Penetrating electrode stimulation of the rabbit optic nerve: parameters and effects on evoked cortical potentials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stimulus parameters, in particular pulse shape, are an important consideration in the application of electrical stimulation when experimentally testing a visual prosthesis. We changed the biphasic pulse shape of several asymmetric charge-balanced pulses to investigate their effect on optic nerve (ON) stimulation and the recorded cortical response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monopolar platinum-iridium electrodes were implanted into the rabbit's ON behind the eyeball. Electrical evoked potentials (EEPs) were recorded with silver ball electrodes placed on the cortex, and the results quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that changing the shape of cathodic-first charge-balanced biphasic pulse (CA) while maintaining charge balance could reduce the current thresholds for stimulation. When stimulated at the same charge density, the stimulus having high-amplitude short-duration (HASD) cathodic phase produced a higher amplitude response, with a larger spatial spread but with a lower current threshold compared with other stimuli. Adding an inter-phase gap between the two phases of the stimulus increased the EEP amplitude, but was saturated at a gap of ∼0.2 ms; this was most obvious with CA stimulation, which was able to elicit a larger cortical response than that elicited by asymmetrical charge-balanced stimulus pulses with HASD cathodic phase, in contrast to CA without a gap. As the stimulating frequency increased, the amplitudes of the EEP components elicited by CA monotonically decreased. The fastest component (P0) was present with stimulating frequencies as high as 80 Hz, while the slower P1 and P2 disappeared with stimulating frequencies higher than 40 and 20 Hz, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CA stimulus waveform with an inter-phase gap of 0.2 ms was more efficacious for ON stimulation than other stimulus combinations, and therefore should result in less tissue damage, minimal electrode etching, and lower power consumption if used in a visual prosthesis.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 411 Life-Science Building 2, No.800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Qiushi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology