title: Prevention of chronic kidney disease and subsequent effect on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to determine whether prevention or slowing of progression of chronic kidney disease would translate into improved mortality, and if so, the attributable risk due to CKD itself on mortality.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CKD is associated with increased mortality. This association is largely based on evidence from the observational studies and evidence from randomized controlled trials is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Ovid, Medline and Embase for RCTs in which an intervention was given to prevent or slow the progression of CKD and mortality was reported as primary, secondary or adverse outcomes were eligible and selected. For the first phase, pooled relative risks for renal endpoints were assessed. For the second phase, we assessed the effect on mortality in trials of interventions that definitively reduced CKD endpoints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 52 studies selected in first phase, only renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system blockade vs. placebo (n = 18 trials, 32,557 participants) met the efficacy criteria for further analysis in the second phase by reducing renal endpoints 15 to 27% compared to placebo. There was no difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.08) or CV death (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.21) between the treatment and control groups in these trials. There was sufficient statistical power to detect a 9% relative risk reduction in all-cause mortality and a 14% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Firm evidence is lacking that prevention of CKD translates into reductions in mortality. Larger trials with longer follow-up time are needed to determine the benefit of CKD prevention on survival.
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Program of Applied Translational Research, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Usman A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Amit X
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Chirag R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Coca
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk