title: HIV single staging algorithm: integration and maximization of resources by reducing time between HIV diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early HIV diagnosis, linkage and engagement into care are vital to improved personal health outcomes. The initiation of antiretroviral therapy, with retention in care and drug adherence leads to viral load suppression, a significant decrease in HIV transmission rates and ultimately a reduction in HIV incidence rates. In the U.S only 51% of those diagnosed with HIV infection are retained in care and 28% have a suppressed viral load. Reducing the time and number of visits from HIV diagnosis to entry into care, has the potential to engage and treat an increased number of infected individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) Evaluate the feasibility of conducting HIV-1 supplemental testing concurrently with baseline clinical management testing; (2) to evaluate whether all tests could be completed and reported prior to the traditional posttest counseling appointment; (3) to monitor the return activity for posttest and medical provider appointments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline CD4 and HIV-1 viral load tests were performed concurrently with an HIV-1/2 antibody immunoassay (IA) and HIV-1 Western blot (WB) on 105 individuals with preliminary positive rapid test results. Participating study-sites were located in high-risk, high-morbidity locations: a county jail, a county mobile unit and a county hospital emergency department. Based on the individual's self-reporting statement of "No" to a previous HIV diagnosis and the POC preliminary positive rapid test result, blood specimens were processed via the Single Staging Algorithm. Study site data and medical record review established time intervals between the rapid test and subsequent visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 105 individuals with HIV-1 preliminary positive rapid test results, 102 were confirmed positive with HIV-1 WB (plus 3rd generation IA repeatedly reactive) and one was confirmed by an HIV-1 WB indeterminate (gp160), HIV-1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) reactive (an algorithm-defined early infection). The concordance between POC preliminary positive rapid tests and the confirmatory test of the single staging algorithm was 98%. Ninety-six (91%) HIV-1 baseline viral load test results and 82 (78%) CD4/CD8 absolute counts were performed and made available to the provider prior to posttest counseling. The average number of visits for posttest counseling at 14 days was 44.7% (range 37.9-56.5%) with an additional 31.1% (range 22.7-37.9%) returning within 30 days. The average number of clients that returned for the medical provider appointment was 55.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high percentage of HIV-1 clinical management baseline results (78-91%) and 100% confirmatory diagnostic results were completed and reported prior to the traditional posttest counseling appointment. Additional data and analysis is needed to determine the impact of the Single Staging Algorithm on medical provider appointments if the posttest appointment is more than 30 days after the preliminary HIV diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA. Electronic address: berry_bennett@doh.state.fl.us.
authors.forename: Berry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fordan
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Lizzette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haddock-Morilla
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rowlinson
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Division of Emergency Preparedness and Community Support, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015488:HIV Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D015488:HIV Antigens
keywords: HIV diagnosis; Single staging algorithm