title: Effects of a low-level semiconductor gallium arsenide laser on local pathological alterations induced by Bothrops moojeni snake venom.
abstract: Antivenom therapy has been ineffective in neutralizing the tissue damage caused by snakebites. Among therapeutic strategies to minimize effects after envenoming, it was hypothesized that a low level laser would reduce complications and reduce the severity of local snake venom effects. In the current study, the effect of a low-level semiconductor gallium arsenide (GaAs) laser on the local pathological alterations induced by B. moojeni snake venom was investigated. The experimental groups consisted of five male mice, each administered either B. moojeni venom (VB), B. moojeni venom + antivenom (VAV), B. moojeni venom + laser (VL), B. moojeni venom + antivenom + laser (VAVL), or sterile saline solution (SSS) alone. Paw oedema was induced by intradermal administration of 0.05 mg kg(-1) of B. moojeni venom and was expressed in mm of directly induced oedema. Mice received by subcutaneous route 0.20 mg kg(-1) of venom for evaluating nociceptive activity and the time (in seconds) spent in licking and biting the injected paw was taken as an indicator of pain response. Inflammatory infiltration was determined by counting the number of leukocytes present in the gastrocnemius muscle after venom injection (0.10 mg kg(-1)). For histological examination of myonecrosis, venom (0.10 mg kg(-1)) was administered intramuscularly. The site of venom injection was irradiated by the GaAs laser and some animals received antivenom intraperitoneally. The results indicated that GaAs laser irradiation can help in reducing some local effects produced by the B. moojeni venom in mice, stimulating phagocytosis, proliferation of myoblasts and the regeneration of muscle fibers.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Course, Federal University of Amapá, Macapa, AP, Brazil. jocivania@unifap.br elziliam@ibest.com.br adolfo_bittencourt@yahoo.com.br nayanaseabra@yahoo.com.br shayanne_henriques@hotmail.com leide-caroline@hotmail.com camilalobato2011@hotmail.com jocivania@unifap.br.
authors.forename: Elziliam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aranha de Sousa
authors.forename: José Adolfo Homobono Machado
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bittencourt
authors.forename: Nayana Keyla
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Seabra de Oliveira
authors.forename: Shayanne Vanessa
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Correia Henriques
authors.forename: Leide Caroline
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: dos Santos Picanço
authors.forename: Camila Pena
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lobato
authors.forename: José Renato
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Washington Luiz Assunção
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: José Carlos Tavares
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Jocivânia Oliveira
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D017837:Bothrops / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017254:Leukemic Infiltration; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D010587:Phagocytosis; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D001152:Arsenicals; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; C043055:gallium arsenide; D005708:Gallium