title: Water equivalent thickness analysis of immobilization devices for clinical implementation in proton therapy.
abstract: Immobilization devices can impact not only the inter- and intra-fraction motion of the patient, but also the range uncertainty of the treatment beam in proton therapy. In order to limit additional range uncertainty, the water equivalent thickness (WET) of the immobilization device needs to be well known and accurately reflected in the calculations by the treatment planning system (TPS). The method presented here focusses on the use of a nozzle-mounted variable range shifter and precision-machined polystyrene blocks of known WET to evaluate commercial immobilization devices prior to clinical implementation. CT studies were also completed to evaluate the internal uniformity of the immobilization devices under study. Mul- tiple inserts of the kVue platform (Qfix Systems, Avondale, PA) were evaluated as part of this study. The results indicate that the inserts are largely interchangeable across a given design type and that the measured WET values agree with those generated by the TPS with a maxi- mum difference less than 1 mm. The WET of the devices, as determined by the TPS, was not impacted by CT beam hardening normally experienced during clinical use. The reproduc- ibility of the WET method was also determined to be better than ±0.02 mm. In conclusion, the testing of immobilization prior to implementation in proton therapy is essential in order to ascertain their impact on the proton treatment and the methodology described here can also be applied to other immobilization systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA 92354. awroe@dominion.llumc.edu.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wroe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghebremedhin
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Slater
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000295:instrumentation*