title: Evaluating the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria L. rhizome extract in vitro as well as in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rhizome of Tectaria cicutaria has been used in the folklore system of Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda) for the treatment of various disorders such as rheumatic pain, chest complaints, burns, sprain, poisonous bites, tonsilitis, toothache, gum complaints, cuts and wounds. The present work has for the first time tried to elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of Tectaria cicutaria rhizome (TCRaq) in vitro as well as in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq was analyzed in vivo in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Serum antioxidant status in TCRaq-treated as well as untreated control rodents was measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In vitro experiments for analyzing the anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq were performed on murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Analysis of nitric oxide release in RAW 264.7 cells was done by Griess reaction. RT-PCR and western blotting experiment was performed to analyze the expression of iNOS. Expression of COX-2 and NFκB proteins was evaluated by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCRaq significantly reduced the paw volume in Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight, which was comparable with the standard diclofenac treatment. The rats treated with TCRaq showed a significant increase in the serum antioxidant levels compared to the untreated control animals. TCRaq was able to reduce the nitric oxide (NO) levels in RAW 264.7 cells that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in iNOS expression at mRNA and protein level. Interestingly, TCRaq was found to decrease the expression of COX-2 as well as the nuclear translocation of NFκB in RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study signifies the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria and scientifically validates its traditional use in inflammatory conditions.
authors.affiliation: Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune-411043, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Amit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Choudhari
authors.forename: Prerna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: Manasi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.forename: Ashok G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Wali
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanwar
authors.forename: Subhash L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bodhankar
authors.forename: Ruchika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaul-Ghanekar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027343:Rhizome; D064028:Tracheophyta
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidant; COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); LPS; MTT; NFκB; NO; NSAIDs; Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB); ORAC; TCR(aq); Tectaria cicutaria; aqueous extract of Tectaria cicutaria rhizome; cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS; inducible nitric oxide synthase; lipopolysaccharide; nitric oxide; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; nuclear factor-kappa B; oxygen radical absorbance capacity