title: Neuroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera extract on prediabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitis vinifera grape seed extract (VVE) contains oligomeric proanthocyanidins that show antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. We evaluated VVE for its neuroprotective effect in prediabetic mice induce by a high-fat diet (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were divided into four groups according to VVE dose: those fed a normal diet (ND; n = 10), HD (n = 10), HD with 100 mg/kg VVE (n = 10), and HD with 250 mg/kg VVE (n = 10). After 12 weeks, immunohistochemical analyses were carried out using a polyclonal antibody against antiprotein gene product 9.5 (protein-gene-product, 9.5), and intraepidermal innervation was subsequently quantified as nerve fiber abundance per unit length of epidermis (intraepidermal nerve fiber, IENF/mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily administration of VVE at doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg for 12 weeks protected HD mice from nerve fiber loss compared to untreated mice, as follows (IENF/mm): controls (40.95 ± 5.40), HD (28.70 ± 6.37), HD with 100 mg/kg (41.14 ± 1.12), and HD with 250 mg/kg (48.98 ± 7.01; p < 0.05, HD with VVE vs. HD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides scientific support for the therapeutic potential of VVE in peripheral neuropathy in an HD mouse model. Our results suggest that VVE could play a role in the management of peripheral neuropathy, similar to other antioxidants known to be beneficial for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Heung Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Youn Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Hong Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Tae Sun
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004817:Epidermis / Q000294:innervation*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D008055:Lipids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: Antioxidants; Diet, high-fat; Peripheral nervous system diseases; Prediabetic state; Vitis vinifera grape seed extract