title: The cost of alcohol in the workplace in Belgium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that alcohol problems have a major impact in the workplace. It has long been recognized that misuse can have serious consequences for the productivity of workers. The extent of the problem is still an uncalculated cost. Few studies provide clear evidence of a cause, effect or relationship between substance abuse and workplace costs and valuable guidance to employers in evaluating the cost of substance abuse in their workplaces is missing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the awareness, policies and cost to employers of drinking in the workplace in Belgium and to illustrate the potential gains from drinking cessation provision. Costs vary with type of industry and policy in place; therefore, to estimate these costs, results from a survey were combined with evidence drawn from a review of literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  An Internet survey of 216 workplaces in Belgium, based on a stratified random sample of workplaces with 50 or more employees, was conducted in 2005. Further information was collected from 150 occupational physicians. Additional evidence was compiled from a review of the literature of drinking-related costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  216 General Directors or HR Directors completed a questionnaire related to awareness, policy and costs. 150 occupational physicians completed a questionnaire related to awareness and policy. Companies are unaware or underestimate alcohol misuse among their employees. At least 84% of companies have no education or information policy about substance abuse. Absenteeism, accidents and turnover account for 0.87% of the wage bill. Reduced productivity/ (presenteeism accounts for 2.8%. The construction industry, postal services, hospitality industry (hotel/restaurants and catering) and sanitation industry (collection, street cleaning) are the most problematic sectors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness: many companies are totally unaware of the impact of substance abuse and those that are aware underestimate the problem. Sectors are heterogeneous; some are more problematic than others. Policy: although there is a link between policy and consumption, few companies have a clear substance abuse policy. Cost: reduced productivity is perceived as the most important cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, CHUP-MB, 2 Bd Kennedy, 7000 Mons, Belgium, JuanMartin.Tecco@hap.be.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tecco
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Annemans
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000191:economics*; D001530:Belgium; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology