title: The effect of lutein supplementation on blood plasma levels of complement factor D, C5a and C3d.
abstract: Lutein is selectively taken up by the primate retina and plays an important role as a filter for harmful blue light and as an antioxidant. Recent studies have shown that lutein has systemic anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary lutein has been associated with reduced circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP and sICAM. Whether lutein also affects activation of the complement system has not yet been addressed and was the purpose of the study described here. Seventy-two subjects with signs of early macular degeneration were randomly assigned to receive either a 10 mg lutein supplement or a placebo during one year. EDTA blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 8 and 12 months. Complement factor D (CFD), a rate limiting component of the alternative pathway of complement activation and the complement activation products C5a and C3d were determined in the plasma samples by ELISA. A significant 0.11 µg/ml monthly decrease in plasma CFD concentration was observed in the lutein group (p<0.001), resulting in a 51% decrease from 2.3 µg/ml at baseline to 1.0 µg/ml at 12 months. The C5a concentration showed a significant 0.063ng/ml monthly decrease in the lutein group (p<0.001) resulting in a 36% decrease from 2.2ng/ml at baseline to 1.6ng/ml at 12 months. The C3d concentration showed a significant 0.19µg/ml monthly decrease in the lutein group (p=0.004) that gave rise to a 9% decrease from 15.4µg/ml at baseline to 14.4µg/ml at 12 months. In the placebo group we found a significant 0.04 µg/ml monthly decrease in plasma CFD concentration, whereas no changes were observed for C5a and C3d. Lutein supplementation markedly decreases circulating levels of the complement factors CFD, C5a and C3d levels, which might allow a simple method to control this inflammatory pathway of the innate immune system.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Clinic, Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Aize
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kijlstra
authors.forename: Rob L P
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makridaki
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Tos T J M
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Berendschot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015933:Complement C3d / Q000378:metabolism*; D015936:Complement C5a / Q000378:metabolism*; D011416:Complement Factor D / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015933:Complement C3d; D015936:Complement C5a; D011416:Complement Factor D; D014975:Lutein