title: Identification of minuscule inward currents as precursors to membrane electroporation-induced currents: real-time prediction of pore appearance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to examine the current signals in response to large hyperpolarizations with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) to search for or even predict current fluctuations related to membrane electroporation-induced current (I(MEP)).
  
  
  METHODS
  The characteristics of principal eigenvalues generated for I(MEP) and the current signals at 10 sec prior to the start of initial I(MEP) (I(Pre)) were examined. As membrane hyperpolarizations were applied at 0.1 Hz, the appearance of I(MEP) coincided with the higher principal eigenvalues extracted in PCA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsequent addition of LaCl3 (100 µM) greatly reduced I(MEP) and associated principal eigenvalues. In real-time analysis for a single frame (i.e, 300 msec), in response to large hyperpolarization, multiple runs of heralded minuscule inward currents (Imin) occurring before large rise in current amplitudes were detected. With PCA, such heralded Imin was noted to coincide with the extreme principal eigenvalues. The duration of Imin together with large principal eigenvalues was influenced by different levels of membrane hyperpolarization. In GH3 cells, palmitoyl-L-carnitine (PALCAR), a long-chain acylcarnitine, effectively increased the I(MEP) amplitude with an EC50 value of 2.4 µM. However, in PALCAR-treated cells, the Imin together with higher principal eigenvalues disappeared, while in isoflurane-treated cells, Imin occurring before large rise of current amplitude remained intact. Similarly, the PCA analysis from I(Pre) in RAW 264.6 macrophages showed the presence of herald Imin accompanied by the extreme principal eigenvalues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is clear from this study that these large principal eigenvalues are representative of MEP-associated formation of electropores. Therefore, different compositions around the surface membrane of cells may alter the appearance of Imin followed by I(MEP) emergence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Tainan Municipal An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City.
authors.forename: Edmund Cheung
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Ke-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Fang-Tzu
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ming-Chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: King-Chuen
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Sheng-Nan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D018274:Electroporation; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis