title: Sleep symptoms associated with intake of specific dietary nutrients.
abstract: Sleep symptoms are associated with weight gain and cardiometabolic disease. The potential role of diet has been largely unexplored. Data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (n = 4552) to determine which nutrients were associated with sleep symptoms in a nationally representative sample. Survey items assessed difficulty falling asleep, sleep maintenance difficulties, non-restorative sleep and daytime sleepiness. Analyses were adjusted for energy intake, other dietary factors, exercise, body mass index (BMI) and sociodemographics. Population-weighted, logistic regression, with backwards-stepwise selection, examined which nutrients were associated with sleep symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) reflect the difference in odds of sleep symptoms associated with a doubling in nutrient. Nutrients that were associated independently with difficulty falling asleep included (in order): alpha-carotene (OR = 0.96), selenium (OR = 0.80), dodecanoic acid (OR = 0.91), calcium (OR = 0.83) and hexadecanoic acid (OR = 1.10). Nutrients that were associated independently with sleep maintenance difficulties included: salt (OR = 1.19), butanoic acid (0.81), carbohydrate (OR = 0.71), dodecanoic acid (OR = 0.90), vitamin D (OR = 0.84), lycopene (OR = 0.98), hexanoic acid (OR = 1.25) and moisture (OR = 1.27). Nutrients that were associated independently with non-restorative sleep included butanoic acid (OR = 1.09), calcium (OR = 0.81), vitamin C (OR = 0.92), water (OR = 0.98), moisture (OR = 1.41) and cholesterol (OR = 1.10). Nutrients that were associated independently with sleepiness included: moisture (OR = 1.20), theobromine (OR = 1.04), potassium (OR = 0.70) and water (OR = 0.97). These results suggest novel associations between sleep symptoms and diet/metabolism, potentially explaining associations between sleep and cardiometabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grandner
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gerstner
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012643:Selenium / Q000494:pharmacology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007850:Lauric Acids; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D020148:Butyric Acid; C030358:lauric acid; D014807:Vitamin D; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D002784:Cholesterol; D012643:Selenium; D000077276:Lycopene; D002118:Calcium
keywords: diet; epidemiology; insomnia; nutrition; sleep