title: Bloch-based MRI system simulator considering realistic electromagnetic fields for calculation of signal, noise, and specific absorption rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and introduce new software capable of accurately simulating MR signal, noise, and specific absorption rate (SAR) given arbitrary sample, sequence, static magnetic field distribution, and radiofrequency magnetic and electric field distributions for each transmit and receive coil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using fundamental equations for nuclear precession and relaxation, signal reception, noise reception, and calculation of SAR, a versatile MR simulator was developed. The resulting simulator was tested with simulation of a variety of sequences demonstrating several common imaging contrast types and artifacts. The simulation of intravoxel dephasing and rephasing with both tracking of the first order derivatives of each magnetization vector and multiple magnetization vectors was examined to ensure adequate representation of the MR signal. A quantitative comparison of simulated and experimentally measured SNR was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulator showed good agreement with our expectations, theory, and experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With careful design, an MR simulator producing realistic signal, noise, and SAR for arbitrary sample, sequence, and fields has been created. It is hoped that this tool will be valuable in a wide variety of applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Zhipeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Sukhoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sica
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McGarrity
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012984:Software
keywords: Bloch equation; FDTD; simulation; specific absorption rate