title: Stable and selective scintillating anion-exchange sensors for quantification of 99TcO4- in natural freshwaters.
abstract: New dual functionality scintillating anion-exchange resins were developed for selective determination of (99)TcO4(-) in various natural freshwater samples. Stable scintillating particles were formed by preparing the vinyl monomer 2-[4-(4'-vinylbiphenylyl)]-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (vPBD), starting with the commercial organic flour TBut-PBD and its subsequent copolymerization with styrene, divinylbenzene, and p-chloromethylstyrene mixture. To integrate the radiochemical separation and radiometric detection steps within the same bead, the chloromethyl groups of the scintillating resins were subjected to amination reactions with dioctylamine (DOA) and trioctylamine (TOA). On-line quantification of (99)TcO4(-) was achieved by packing the scintillating anion-exchange resin into Teflon tubing for quantification by a flow scintillation analyzer (FSA). The two functionalized resins were selective for pertechnetate over the common anions in natural freshwaters, especially Cl(-) and SO4(2-) with up to 1000 ppm and with up to 10 ppm I(-) and Cr2O7(2-). The uptake efficiency of the TOA sensor decreased from 97.88% to 85.08% in well water and river water, respectively, while the counting efficiency was almost constant (69.50%). The DOA performance showed lower efficiency in the two water types relative to TOA. On the other hand, the DOA sensor could be regenerated by 5 M HNO3 for reuse at least four times without losing its chemical or optical performance. The detection limit was 1.45 Bq which could be achieved by loading 45 mL from well and tap water containing the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of (99)Tc (33 Bq/L).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt. Electronic address: aymanseliman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ayman F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Seliman
authors.forename: Kerttuli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Helariutta
authors.forename: Szymon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wiktorowicz
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tenhu
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harjula
mesh_terms: D000837:Anion Exchange Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000837:Anion Exchange Resins; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: (99)TcO(4)(−); Flow cell; Freshwaters; Scintillating sensor