title: Distal myopathies.
abstract: The distal myopathies are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders defined by a predominant distal weakness at onset or throughout the evolution of the disease and by pathological data supporting a myopathic process. The number of genes associated with distal myopathies continues to increase. Fourteen distinct distal myopathies are currently defined by their gene and causative mutations, compared to just five entities delineated on clinical grounds two decades ago. The known proteins affected in the distal myopathies are of many types and include a significant number of sarcomeric proteins. The useful indicators for clinicians to direct towards a correct molecular diagnosis are the mode of inheritance, the age at onset, the pattern of muscle involvement, the serum creatine kinase level and the muscle pathology findings. This review gives an overview of the clinical and genetic characteristics of the currently identified distal myopathies with emphasis on some recent findings.
authors.affiliation: Département de neurologie, centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires, centre hospitalier et universitaire d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France. Electronic address: ispenisson-besnier@chu-angers.fr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pénisson-Besnier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D049310:Distal Myopathies / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D039141:Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Distal myopathy; Dystrophie musculaire; Génétique moléculaire; Imagerie musculaire; Molecular genetics; Muscle imaging; Muscular dystrophy; Myopathie distale