title: Infratemporal fossa approach type a with transcondylar-transtubercular extension for Fisch type C2 to C4 tympanojugular paragangliomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The classic infratemporal fossa type A approach (IFTA-A) permits superior and anterior exposure of the jugular foramen. The transcondylar-transtubercular extension facilitates posteroinferior and medial access to the jugular foramen. The purpose of this study was to present the IFTA-A with transcondylar-transtubercular extension and to assess its surgical results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of patients with tympanojugular paraganglioma who underwent resection through the IFTA-A with transcondylar-transtubercular extension was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 39 patients were included in the study. The average follow-up was 23.6 months. Gross total tumor removal was achieved in 87.2% of the cases and there was evidence of recurrence in 5.9% of this group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transcondylar-transtubercular extension of the classic IFTA-A is aimed at making the excision of Fisch type C2 to C4 tympanojugular paragangliomas simpler and safer by drilling out one third of the lateral part of the occipital condyle and removing the jugular process and jugular tubercle.
authors.affiliation: Gruppo Otologico Piacenza-Rome and University of Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pasanisi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vitullo
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Lella
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bacciu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005925:Glomus Jugulare Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: glomus jugulare tumor; infratemporal fossa approach; jugular foramen; surgical management; tympanojugular paraganglioma