title: Effects of areca nut extract on lipopolysaccharides-enhanced adhesion and migration of human mononuclear leukocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Areca chewers have a higher prevalence of periodontitis than non-chewers. Cell adhesion and movement (migration) are important for leukocyte recruitment to inflammation sites. This study investigates the effects of areca nut extract (ANE) on the adhesion and migration abilities of the human immune cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The combined effects of nicotine and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were also analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified PBMCs obtained from healthy adults were treated with ANE, nicotine, and/or LPS. Cell adhesion ability was examined using fibronectin-coated microslides, Liu stain, and light microscopy. Cell migration ability was evaluated using the transwell system followed by staining and fluorescence microscopy. Statistical difference was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with the media-treated control samples, PBMCs treated with ANE for 4 hours showed a significant reduction of the adherent cells on the microslides. Interestingly, LPS treatment increased cell adhesion, which could be reduced by simultaneous ANE plus nicotine treatment. The chemotactic migration of PBMCs was reduced by ANE treatment for 1, 4, or 24 hours in a dose-dependent manner. LPS treatment increased PBMC migration, which could be reduced by simultaneous treatment with ANE or with ANE plus nicotine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ANE reduced the adhesion and migration abilities of PBMC. ANEs, with or without nicotine, also attenuated the migration of LPS-stimulated PBMCs. The results implicated that the immune cell functions were impaired in areca chewers, which might increase the host susceptibility to oral and periodontal infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lien-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yu-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsuan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yen-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shan-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009754:Nuts; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005353:Fibronectins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Areca; cell adhesion; cell movement; leukocytes; lipopolysaccharides; mononuclear; nicotine