title: Apolipoprotein E, statins, and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes have been associated with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although statins have been associated with an increased risk of ICH, meta-analyses have not consistently shown a statin-induced risk of ICH. Here, we test whether hypercholesterolemia (HC) and ApoE polymorphisms affect the risk of ICH by statin use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS) study is a prospective, demographically matched case-control study of ICH. A similar study of ICH, Genetic Risks for Medication-Related Hemorrhagic Stroke (GOCHA), was used as a replication cohort. Subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia, HC without statin use, and HC with statin use. Statistical comparisons were performed using Fisher exact test, χ2 tests, and the Breslow-Day test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The discovery cohort consisted of 558 ICH cases and 1444 controls, and the replication cohort consisted of 1020 ICH cases and 382 controls. The association of lower risk for HC was not attenuated by statin use. Statin use was observed to confer a higher risk for lobar ICH in those carrying ApoE4/E4 and ApoE2/E4 genotypes in both discovery and replication cohorts, and a test for interaction showed a trend towards significance (P=0.11 for statin and ApoE4/E4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statin use does not seem to attenuate the association of HC with decreased risk for nonlobar ICH. Our data support a gene-by-drug effect for lobar ICH, but larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the association before any clinical change is warranted.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00930280.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurology (D.W., M.L.F., M.H., S.R.M., L.S., B.M.K., D.O.K., C.J.M., J.P.B.), and Environmental Health (R.D.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (G.J.F., C.D.A., J.R.), and Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (G.J.F., S.M.G., A.M.A., C.D.A., J.R.), Department of Neurology, and Center for Human Genetic Research (G.J.F., C.D.A., J.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA (G.J.F., C.D.A., J.R.); Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (C.D.L.); and Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (J.G.W.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Ranjan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Guido J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Flaherty
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haverbusch
authors.forename: Sharyl R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sauerbeck
authors.forename: Brett M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kissela
authors.forename: Dawn O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Kleindorfer
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moomaw
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Broderick
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.forename: Carl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Langefeld
authors.forename: Jessica G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: apolipoprotein E; epidemiology; genetics; hydroxymethylgutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors; intracerebral hemorrhage; pharmacogenomics