title: Patient-activated three-dimensional multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography for high-resolution mechanical imaging of the liver and spleen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce a novel in-vivo three-dimensional multifrequency magnetic resonance elastography (3D-MMRE) method for high-resolution mechanical characterization of the liver and spleen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were examined by abdominal single-shot 3D-MMRE using a novel patient-activated trigger system with respiratory control. 10 contiguous slices with 2.5  mm cubic voxel resolution, 3 wave components, 8 time steps, and 2 averages were acquired at 7 mechanical excitation frequencies from 30 to 60  Hz. The total imaging time was approximately 15  min. For postprocessing, multifrequency dual elasto-visco (MDEV) inversion was used to calculate high-resolution mechanical parameter maps of the abdomen including the liver and spleen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two parameters maps were generated from each image slice to capture the magnitude and the phase angle of the complex shear modulus. Both parameters depicted the mechanical structures of the abdomen with unprecedented high spatial resolution. Spatially averaged group mean values of the liver and spleen are 1.27 ± 0.17 kPa and 2.01 ± 0.69 kPa, indicating a significantly higher asymptomatic stiffness of the spleen compared to the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-activated respiratory-gated 3D-MMRE combined with MDEV inversion provides highly resolved mechanical maps of the liver and spleen that are superior to previous elastograms measured by abdominal MRE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Streitberger
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Virchow Clinic; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamphues
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asbach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Benjamin Franklin; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte; Berlin; Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013154:Spleen / Q000033:anatomy & histology*