title: Urinary analysis reveals high deoxynivalenol exposure in pregnant women from Croatia.
abstract: In this pilot survey the levels of various mycotoxin biomarkers were determined in third trimester pregnant women from eastern Croatia. First void urine samples were collected and analysed using a "dilute and shoot" LC-ESI-MS/MS multi biomarker method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites: deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide were detected in 97.5% of the studied samples, partly at exceptionally high levels, while ochratoxin A was found in 10% of the samples. DON exposure was primarily reflected by the presence of deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide with a mean concentration of 120 μg L(-1), while free DON was detected with a mean concentration of 18.3 μg L(-1). Several highly contaminated urine samples contained a third DON conjugate, tentatively identified as deoxynivalenol-7-glucuronide by MS/MS scans. The levels of urinary DON and its metabolites measured in this study are the highest ever reported, and 48% of subjects were estimated to exceed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (1 μg kg(-1) b.w.).
authors.affiliation: Subdepartment of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia; Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.
authors.forename: Bojan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarkanj
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warth
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.forename: Wilfred A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Abia
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klapec
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Banjari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D017523:Croatia; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020719:Glucuronides; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C573133:deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide; C573134:deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide; C025589:ochratoxin A; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Biomarker; Croatia; Deoxynivalenol glucuronide; Human urine; Mycotoxins; Pregnant women