title: The 2D lingual appliance system.
abstract: The two-dimensional (2D) lingual bracket system represents a valuable treatment option for adult patients seeking a completely invisible orthodontic appliance. The ease of direct or simplified indirect bonding of 2D lingual brackets in combination with low friction mechanics makes it possible to achieve a good functional and aesthetic occlusion, even in the presence of a severe malocclusion. The use of a self-ligating bracket significantly reduces chair-side time for the orthodontist, and the low-profile bracket design greatly improves patient comfort.
authors.affiliation: Vittorio Cacciafesta, Milano, Italy. vcacciafesta@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cacciafesta
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D019279:Resin Cements; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Lingual orthodontics; Ni–Ti archwires; aesthetics; lingual brackets; new technologies