title: Orbital positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging findings in Graves ophthalmopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to describe orbital positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging findings, both structural and metabolic, in different clinical stages of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO). This prospective, observational, cross-sectional study examined 32 eyes of 16 patients with GO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assessed with a complete ophthalmological evaluation and assigned a VISA classification for GO. All patients underwent serum thyroid hormone measurement, antibody profile, and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18-FDG PET/CT) of the orbits. The 18-FDG uptake on PET images was expressed in terms of maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax). CT images were analyzed, and orbital structures were measured in millimeters. Vision, inflammation, strabismus, and overall appearance were assessed according to the VISA classification system, thyroid hormone levels, antibody values, 18-FDG uptake, and thickness of orbital structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 32 eyes of 16 patients (10 women, 6 men; mean age 44.31 ± 13 years, range 20-71 years) were included. Three patients were hypothyroid, seven were euthyroid, and six were hyperthyroid. CT measurements of extraocular muscle diameter were elevated (P < 0.05), and muscle 18-FDG uptake values were increased. Eyes with a clinical VISA inflammation score of ≤ 4 had an average extraocular muscle SUVmax of 3.09, and those with a score of ≥ 5 had an average SUVmax of 3.92 (P = 0.09), showing no clear correlation between clinically observed inflammation and 18-FDG uptake. 18-FDG uptake values also did not show a correlation with extraocular muscle diameter as measured by CT (R2 = 0.0755, P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated a lack of correlation between 18-FDG extraocular muscle uptake and either clinical inflammation score or muscle diameter. Although 18-FDG uptake has been used as an inflammation marker in other pathologies, inflammation in GO may be clinically detected in PET/CT-negative cases, and cases with negative clinical findings may show inflammation on PET/CT. Clinical evaluation is mandatory but may be insufficient and inaccurate for classifying GO. A larger and homogeneous sample size and further research is needed to define the role of PET/CT in detecting, grading, and follow-up of GO to optimize treatment of the inflammatory stage respect clinical methods currently used.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación "Conde de Valenciana" I,A,P,, Mexico City, Mexico. drleogarciarojas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Rojas
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adame-Ocampo
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Vázquez
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexánderson
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tovilla-Canales
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18