title: Differential modulation of corticospinal excitability by different current densities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been developed in recent years. TDCS-induced corticospinal excitability changes depend on two important factors current intensity and stimulation duration. Despite clinical success with existing tDCS parameters, optimal protocols are still not entirely set.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to investigate the effects of four different anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) current densities on corticospinal excitability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four current intensities of 0.3, 0.7, 1.4 and 2 mA resulting in current densities (CDs) of 0.013, 0.029, 0.058 and 0.083 mA/cm(2) were applied on twelve right-handed (mean age 34.5±10.32 yrs) healthy individuals in different sessions at least 48 hours apart. a-tDCS was applied continuously for 10 minute, with constant active and reference electrode sizes of 24 and 35 cm(2) respectively. The corticospinal excitability of the extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECR) was measured before and immediately after the intervention and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post hoc comparisons showed significant differences in corticospinal excitability changes for CDs of 0.013 mA/cm(2) and 0.029 mA/cm(2) (P = 0.003). There were no significant differences between excitability changes for the 0.013 mA/cm(2) and 0.058 mA/cm(2) (P = 0.080) or 0.013 mA/cm(2) and 0.083 mA/cm(2) (P = 0.484) conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that a-tDCS with a current density of 0.013 mA/cm(2) induces significantly larger corticospinal excitability changes than CDs of 0.029 mA/cm(2). The implication is that might help to avoid applying unwanted amount of current to the cortical areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. andisheh.bastanijahromi@monash.edu
authors.forename: Andisheh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bastani
authors.forename: Shapour
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaberzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*