title: Forearm deformity in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses: factors associated with range of motion and radial head dislocation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a high rate of forearm deformity in patients with hereditary multiple exostoses, with many patients developing radial head dislocation associated with ulnar shortening.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and six patients with hereditary multiple exostoses who were fifteen years of age or older were identified with use of a previously compiled database. An independent observer measured flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist as well as supination and pronation of the forearm and recorded the number of exostoses affecting the forearm. Proportional ulnar length was calculated as a percentage of the measured height of the patient ([ulnar length/height] ×100).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exostoses were identified in 183 (86%) of the 212 forearms that were examined. The distal part of the radius was the most common site and was affected in 73% of the patients. One in seven patients had a dislocated radial head, which was associated with reduced proportional ulnar length (p < 0.001). Both radial head dislocation (p < 0.001) and proportional ulnar length (p < 0.001) were confirmed to be independent risk factors associated with forearm rotation on multivariate regression analysis. In conjunction with other risk factors, both of these factors could be used to predict forearm motion. In addition, a reduced proportional ulnar length was also an independent risk factor for radial head dislocation (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proportional ulnar length could be used as a tool to identify patients who are at risk for diminished forearm motion and radial head dislocation during childhood. Surgical intervention could potentially be offered before deterioration in function and dislocation of the radial head occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, United Kingdom. nickclement@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D005097:Exostoses, Multiple Hereditary / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011884:Radius / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D014457:Ulna / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology