title: Quality of life in dementia: a study on proxy bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in dementia is difficult. At some point people with dementia become unable to meaningfully assess their own HRQoL. At such a point in time researchers need to rely on other types of information such as observation or assessments from informal caregivers (proxies). However, caregiver assessments may be biased by several mechanisms. The current study explores whether caregivers project part of their own HRQoL in their assessments of patient HRQoL.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants in the current study were 175 pairs, consisting of community-dwelling persons with dementia and their caregivers. The EQ-5D, the EQ-VAS and the QoL-AD were administered to collect HRQoL measurements from patients and caregivers at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Two linear mixed models were used to investigate factors that bias proxy ratings, one with the EQ-VAS as dependent variable, and one with the EQ-5D utility as dependent variable. The independent variables were caregiver age, caregiver sex and caregiver QoL-AD items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear mixed model with EQ-VAS as dependent variable indicated that 3 caregiver characteristics, namely caregiver age, money (caregiver's financial situation) and valuation of life as a whole were significant predictors of the patient-by-proxy VAS scores. The linear mixed model with utility value as the dependent variable showed that caregiver age and valuation of the ability to do things for fun were significant predictors of the patient-by-proxy EQ-5D utility values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study was a first step in identifying factors that bias patient-by-proxy HRQoL assessments. It was discovered that caregivers project part of their own HRQoL onto patients when assessing patient HRQoL. This implies that patient-by-proxy HRQoL values should be interpreted with caution and not be used as a direct substitute for patient self-assessment, even when patients are no longer able meaningfully assess themselves.
authors.affiliation: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. s.arons@ebh.umcn.nl.
authors.forename: Alexander M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arons
authors.forename: Paul F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.forename: Carla J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Schölzel-Dorenbos
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Wilt
authors.forename: Marcel G M Olde
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Rikkert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D011788:Quality of Life