title: Cross-resistance risk of the novel complex II inhibitors cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen in resistant strains of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen are novel acaricides acting as complex II inhibitors. This new mode of action is extremely useful for devising efficient resistance management strategies for mite control. The authors determined the cross-resistance risk of both compounds, using a collection of well-characterised resistant strains of Tetranychus urticae, and also selected for cyflumetofen resistance in the laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-resistance to cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen was detected in field strains, with LC50 values exceeding the registered field dose. Synergism experiments suggested that P450 monooxygenases are involved in resistance, and that the activation mechanism of the two compounds most likely differs. Laboratory selection with cyflumetofen resulted in a highly resistant T. urticae strain that displayed negative cross-resistance to cyenopyrafen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cross-resistance risk of cyflumetofen and cyenopyrafen documented in this study needs to be integrated in resistance management strategies, especially in regions or crops with a history of frequent acaricide applications, in order to safeguard the efficacy of these compounds with a valuable new mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mousaalreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khalighi
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tirry
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000181:Acrylonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011422:Propionates; D011720:Pyrazoles; C000591892:cyenopyrafen; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000181:Acrylonitrile; C572153:cyflumetofen
keywords: Tetranychus; antagonism; beta-ketonitrile acaricides; complex II inhibitors; cross-resistance; cyenopyrafen; cyflumetofen; mode of action; synergism