title: Fecal transplantation: re-discovering the value of stool.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For over 1000 years, stool in various forms has been used to treat disease. Within the past few decades, fecal infusion either rectally or via a nasogastric tube has become a viable option for the treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), and, more recently, it has shown promise in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and metabolic disease. The purpose of this article is to review the use of feces as a treatment option in pediatric disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of publications detailing the use of fecal infusion as a medical treatment have been case reports. In the first randomized controlled trial of its kind, fecal infusion via nasogastric tube was shown to be beneficial in treating refractory CDI in adults. In another first of its kind, a pilot study on the use of fecal enemas to treat ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients found it to be well tolerated and effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The infusion of feces into the intestinal tract shows great promise for treatment and modulation of a variety of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Defining the underlying mechanism, microbes, and metabolites that mediate this effect will lead to more directed, safer, and potentially more effective treatments.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford CT, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Zev H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Davidovics
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hyams
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D016896:Treatment Outcome