title: Effects of soy-soluble fiber and flaxseed gum on the glycemic and insulinemic responses to glucose solutions and dairy products in healthy adult males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Soy-soluble polysaccharides and flaxseed gum are underutilized dietary fibers of interest to the food industry. However, because the ability of soluble fibers to modulate postprandial glucose and insulin metabolism has been related to their viscous effects, the utility of these and other low-viscosity soluble fibers remains unproven. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between soy-soluble polysaccharides and flaxseed gum concentration, product viscosity, and the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in the context of glucose solutions as well as fluid and gelled dairy products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy males participated in a randomized crossover postprandial study in which they visited the laboratory following overnight fasts on 11 occasions to consume one of 11 study treatments, each consisting of 50 g available carbohydrates. The study treatments included a glucose reference (in duplicate), glucose solutions containing soy-soluble polysaccharides (6%), flaxseed gum (0.7%), or guar gum (0.23%), all matched for an apparent viscosity of 61 mPa·s at 50 s⁻¹, as well as dairy-based beverages and puddings with 0% or 1% soluble fiber added. Blood samples were collected at fasting and up to 2 hours postprandially for determination of glucose and insulin concentrations. Area under the curve (AUC), peak concentration, and time-to-peak values as well as glycemic index (GI) and insulinemic index (II) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fiber fortification of a 50 g glucose solution had no effect on postprandial blood glucose or insulin levels, even at a high concentration (i.e., 6% soy-soluble polysaccharides). Glucose AUC and GI values for the dairy-based beverage (p < 0.05) and pudding (p < 0.01) controls were significantly lower than the glucose reference. Glucose AUC and GI values for the soy-soluble polysaccharide-fortified dairy products (p < 0.01) and flaxseed gum-fortified dairy products (p < 0.001) were significantly lower than the glucose reference. No significant differences were observed between the fiber-fortified fluid and gelled dairy-based study treatments and no significant differences were observed in terms of the insulin AUC, II, and peak insulin concentration between any of the dairy products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All dairy products had lower glycemic responses relative to the reference, with no effect of beverage versus pudding matrix observed and minimal impact of 1% flaxseed gum or soy-soluble polysaccharides. Product apparent viscosity, but not fiber concentration, was significantly and inversely correlated with glucose AUC and GI.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , CANADA.
authors.forename: Marco M C
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: H Douglas
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kisch
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coulson
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005215:Fasting; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D005685:Galactans / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008351:Mannans / Q000737:chemistry; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012212:Rheology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005685:Galactans; D007328:Insulin; D008351:Mannans; D053149:Plant Gums; C007894:guar gum; D005947:Glucose