title: Intraoperative efficiency of fluorescence imaging by Visually Enhanced Lesion Scope (VELscope) in patients with bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of tissue fluorescence imaging by using Visually Enhanced Lesion Scope (VELscope) for the detection of osteonecrosis of the jaw induced by bisphosphonates (BRONJ).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 20 patients (11 females and 9 males; mean age 74 years, standard deviation ± 6.4 years), over a period of 18 month with the diagnosis of BRONJ in this prospective cohort study. All patients received doxycycline as a fluorescending marker for osseous structures. VELscope has been used intraoperatively using the loss of fluorescence to detect presence of osteonecrosis. Osseous biopsies were taken to confirm definite histopathological diagnosis of BRONJ in each case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnosis of BRONJ was confirmed for every patient. In all patients except one, VELscope was sufficient to differentiate between healthy and necrotic bone by visual fluorescence retention (VFR) and visual fluorescence loss (VFL). 19 cases out of a total of 20 showed no signs of recurrence of BRONJ during follow-up (mean 12 months, range 4-18 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VELscope examination is a suitable tool to visualize necrotic areas of the bone in patients with bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Loss of fluorescence in necrotic bone areas is useful intraoperatively as a tool for fluorescence-guided bone resection with relevant clinical interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: a.assaf@uke.uni-hamburg.de.
authors.forename: Alexandre T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Assaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tomislav A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Zrnc
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riecke
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wikner
authors.affiliation: Department for Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zustin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Professor Max Heiland MD, DMD, PhD), University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gröbe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D059266:Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004318:Doxycycline; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004318:Doxycycline
keywords: Bisphosphonates; Fluorescence imaging; Intraoperative visualization; Osteonecrosis; VELscope(®)