title: Assessment of cross-frequency coupling with confidence using generalized linear models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain voltage activity displays distinct neuronal rhythms spanning a wide frequency range. How rhythms of different frequency interact - and the function of these interactions - remains an active area of research. Many methods have been proposed to assess the interactions between different frequency rhythms, in particular measures that characterize the relationship between the phase of a low frequency rhythm and the amplitude envelope of a high frequency rhythm. However, an optimal analysis method to assess this cross-frequency coupling (CFC) does not yet exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we describe a new procedure to assess CFC that utilizes the generalized linear modeling (GLM) framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We illustrate the utility of this procedure in three synthetic examples. The proposed GLM-CFC procedure allows a rapid and principled assessment of CFC with confidence bounds, scales with the intensity of the CFC, and accurately detects biphasic coupling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compared to existing methods, the proposed GLM-CFC procedure is easily interpretable, possesses confidence intervals that are easy and efficient to compute, and accurately detects biphasic coupling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GLM-CFC statistic provides a method for accurate and statistically rigorous assessment of CFC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States. Electronic address: mak@math.bu.edu.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: U T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Eden
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016014:Linear Models; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Gamma; Oscillations; Phase-amplitude coupling; Theta