title: Long-term outcomes after endothoracic sympathetic block at the T4 ganglion for upper limb hyperhidrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term results, quality of life, satisfaction and compensatory sweating after endothoracic sympathetic block at T4 (ESB4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent an ESB4 procedure for palmar or palmoaxillary hyperhidrosis between 2001 and 2008 were included in a prospective study at a university hospital. Questionnaires devised by Keller and Milanez de Campos were applied to evaluate disease-specific quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 189 patients underwent 374 ESB4 procedures. Of 174 evaluated patients, 54 (31·0 per cent) had palmar and 120 (69·0 per cent) had palmoaxillary hyperhidrosis. Median follow-up was 92 months. In both groups, treatment successfully reduced hyperhidrosis (P < 0·001) and quality of life increased significantly after ESB4 (P < 0·001), remaining stable after 5 years. Overall satisfaction rates decreased owing to the development of compensatory sweating and recurrence during follow-up. Compensatory sweating affected 41 patients (23·6 per cent), and was severe in 11 (6·7 per cent) of 163 patients at 5-year follow-up; eight of these 11 patients had been treated for palmoaxillary sweating. The severity of compensatory sweating did not deteriorate with time. The severe recurrence rate increased to 11·0 per cent during follow-up, and was twice as common in patients treated for palmoaxillary sweating as in those treated for palmar sweating (13·2 versus 6·1 per cent respectively). Nine reoperations (5·2 per cent) were performed for persistent sweating, recurrence or compensatory sweating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T4 endothoracic sympathetic clip application is safe and effective in patients with upper limb hyperhidrosis, with stable long-term improvements in quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Departments of General Surgery, University Clinic of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panhofer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gleiss
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Eilenberg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakesz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bischof
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neumayer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006945:Hyperhidrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013906:Thoracoscopy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity; D055815:Young Adult