title: Neutrophil CD64 for daily surveillance of systemic infection and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection and treatment of infected preterm infants could decrease morbidity and mortality. Neutrophil CD64 has been shown to be an excellent early diagnostic biomarker of late-onset sepsis (LOS) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We aimed to study whether using CD64 as a daily surveillance biomarker could predict LOS/NEC before clinical manifestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 0.1 mL whole blood from very low birth weight (VLBW) infants from day 7 postnatal age until routine daily blood tests were no longer required. Four categories of responses were defined: proven sepsis, clinical sepsis, nonsepsis/non-NEC, and asymptomatic CD64 activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 146 infants were consecutively recruited and 155 episodes of sepsis evaluation were performed. The biomarker screening utility, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for surveillance of LOS/NEC using a cutoff of 5655 antibody-PE (phycoerythrin) molecules bound/cell were 89%, 98%, 41%, and 99.8%, respectively. LOS/NEC was detected a mean of 1.5 days before clinical presentation. However, 63 episodes of CD64 activation occurred in asymptomatic infants who would not otherwise have required sepsis evaluations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a surveillance biomarker, neutrophil CD64 detected LOS/NEC 1.5 days before clinical presentation, but at the expense of performing 41% additional sepsis evaluations. This was mainly attributed to an unexpected group of asymptomatic infants with CD64 activation, who recovered spontaneously and did not require antimicrobial treatment. The latter group has not been previously recognized in VLBW infants and could represent subclinical infection secondary to transient bacterial translocation or mild viral infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Hugh Simon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Hon Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Terence Chuen Wai
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Raymond Pui On
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Kam Tong
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Pak Cheung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D017452:Receptors, IgG / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017452:Receptors, IgG