title: Benefits of a frame-based stereotactic surgical planning system for the treatment of spontaneous intracerebral haematomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frame-based stereotactic surgical planning systems (SSPSs) have been used for deep brain stimulation and radioneurosurgery. Here, we evaluated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of using a SSPS to aid spontaneous intracerebral haematoma (ICH) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with moderate spontaneous putamen haematomas were randomized into two groups: treatment (group A) and control (group B). In group B, the catheter for evacuating haematomas was inserted into a target point, located at the centre of the haematoma, using conventional frame-based stereotactics; urokinase thrombolysis was subsequently delivered through the catheter. In group A, this procedure was assisted by a SSPS, which designed both the target point and trajectory in the haematoma through virtual reality. Duration of evacuating haematomas and number of urokinase injections was compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 65 patients were recruited: in group A (n = 30), the duration of evacuating haematomas (35.27 ± 9.17 h) was shorter than in group B (n = 35; 67.77 ± 13.82 h). There were fewer urokinase injections in group A (3.63 ± 1.16) than in group B (6.40 ± 1.29).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feasibility, efficacy and safety of spontaneous ICH treatment were optimized by the use of a frame-based SSPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhiping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dun
authors.forename: Shugan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D057785:Catheters; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020146:Putaminal Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Spontaneous intracerebral haematoma; stereotactic surgical planning system; stereotactic technique; thrombolysis; virtual reality