title: Triptolide induces lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is a major cause of death; in fact, it is the most common type, in order of the number of global deaths, of cancer in women worldwide. This research seeks to investigate how triptolide, an extract from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for lysosomal proteases in the activation of apoptosis. However, there is also some controversy regarding the direct participation of lysosomal proteases in activation of key apoptosis-related caspases and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. In the present study, we demonstrate that triptolide induces an atypical, lysosomal-mediated apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells because they lack caspase-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 cell death was characterized via cellular morphology, chromatin condensation, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric cell growth inhibition assay and the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins. Acridine orange and LysoTracker® staining were performed to visualize lysosomes. Lysosomal enzymatic activity was monitored using an acid phosphatase assay and western blotting of cathepsin B protein levels in the cytosolic fraction, which showed increased enzymatic activity in drug-treated cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These experiments suggest that triptolide-treated MCF-7 cells undergo atypical apoptosis and that, during the early stages, lysosomal enzymes leak into the cytosol, indicating lysosomal membrane permeability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that further studies are warranted to investigate triptolide's potential as an anticancer therapeutic agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Owa
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halaby
keywords: MCF-7 breast cancer cells; apoptosis; lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP); lysosomes; triptolide
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