title: Evidence for the Primo Vascular System above the Epicardia of Rat Hearts.
abstract: We for the first time reported evidence for the existence of a novel network, a PVS, abovethe epicardium of the rat heart. (1) We were consecutively able to visualize the PVs and the PNs above the epicardial spaces of five rats' hearts by using Cr-Hx spraying or injection. (2) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue staining of the PVs and the PNs showed that they consisted of a basophilic matrix; specifically the PNs contained several mast cells, some of which were degranulating into pericardial space. Also, 4', 6-diamidino-2 phenylindole (DAPI) images of the PVs and the PNs showed that they contained various kinds of cells. (3) Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) longitudinal image of the PVs showed that the sinuses contained many granules with high-electron-density cores in parallel with putative endothelial cells. (4) TEM images of the PNs demonstrated that they consisted of lumen-containing cells surrounded by fibers and that they had mast cells that were degranulating toward the epicardium of the rat heart. The above data suggest that mast-cells-containing novel network exists above the epicardium of the rat heart.
authors.affiliation: Ki Primo Research Laboratory, Division of Electrical Engineering, KAIST Institute for Information Technology Convergence, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea ; Pharmacopuncture Medical Research Center, Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul 157-200, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong Yim
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae-In
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Se Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Inhyung
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seung Zhoo
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yeon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.forename: Byung-Cheon
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Lee
references.citation: Auton Neurosci. 2010 Oct 28;157(1-2):2-8
references.pmid: 20494626
references.citation: Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 1990;15(2):157-8
references.pmid: 2125867
references.citation: Anat Rec. 2002 Dec 15;269(6):257-65
references.pmid: 12467083
references.citation: Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2010 Jan;30(1):84-7
references.pmid: 20353123
references.citation: Blood. 1994 Dec 1;84(11):3876-84
references.pmid: 7524750
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Aug 4;268(5619):442-3
references.pmid: 331117
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Sep 15;661(1):28-31
references.pmid: 7028122
references.citation: Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2010 Jul;8(7):670-7
references.pmid: 20619144
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2002 Feb 4;195(3):375-81
references.pmid: 11828013
references.citation: Cytokine. 2012 Nov;60(2):587-92
references.pmid: 22884518
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2007 Jun;217:123-40
references.pmid: 17498056
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2004 Jul;34(7):1910-9
references.pmid: 15214039
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2006;315:13-34
references.pmid: 16110146
references.citation: Explore (NY). 2008 May-Jun;4(3):170-7
references.pmid: 18466847
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2007 Jan;70(1):34-43
references.pmid: 17019695
references.citation: FASEB J. 2002 Jun;16(8):872-4
references.pmid: 11967233
references.citation: Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi. 1981 Jun;48(2):251
references.pmid: 6945376
references.citation: Sov Med. 1983;(9):102-4
references.pmid: 6648667
references.citation: Phys Ther. 1991 Jul;71(7):523-9
references.pmid: 2052631
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Mar 17;97(10):971-8
references.pmid: 9529265
references.citation: FASEB J. 2001 Oct;15(12):2275-82
references.pmid: 11641255
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 1996 Oct;7(5):281-6
references.pmid: 8937517
references.citation: APMIS. 2002 May;110(5):355-71
references.pmid: 12076253
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:195631
references.pmid: 23762110
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2012 Aug 1;522(2):98-102
references.pmid: 22728058
references.citation: Dermatol Online J. 2009 Oct 15;15(10):4
references.pmid: 19951622
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Apr;116(4):1063-70
references.pmid: 16585966
references.citation: J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2012 Oct;5(5):218-25
references.pmid: 23040102