title: Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals differentially expressed genes between soft-endocarp and hard-endocarp hawthorns.
abstract: Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is an important pome with a long history as a fruit, an ornamental, and a source of medicine. Fruits of hawthorn are marked by hard stony endocarps, but a hawthorn germplasm with soft and thin endocarp was found in Liaoning province of China. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the soft endocarp of hawthorn, we conducted a de novo assembly of the fruit transcriptome of Crataegus pinnatifida and compared gene expression profiles between the soft-endocarp and the hard-endocarp hawthorn varieties. De novo assembly yielded 52,673 putative unigenes, 20.4% of which are longer than 1,000 bp. Among the high-quality unique sequences, 35,979 (68.3%) had at least one significant match to an existing gene model. A total of 1,218 genes, represented 2.31% total putative unigenes, were differentially expressed between the soft-endocarp hawthorn and the hard-endocarp hawthorn. Among these differentially expressed genes, a number of lignin biosynthetic pathway genes were down-regulated while almost all the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes were strongly up-regulated, concomitant with the formation of soft endocarp. In addition, we have identified some MYB and NAC transcription factors that could potentially control lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis. The altered expression levels of the genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes, MYB and NAC transcription factors were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. This is the first transcriptome analysis of Crataegus genus. The high quality ESTs generated in this study will aid future gene cloning from hawthorn. Our study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying soft endocarp formation in hawthorn.
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Guofen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yujiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhongchi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wenran
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuexue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D027825:Crataegus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005638:Fruit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008031:Lignin / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010641:Phenotype; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D008031:Lignin
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