title: Feasibility, effectiveness and safety of transvaginal digoxin administration prior to dilation and evacuation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the feasibility, efficacy and safety of transvaginal digoxin administration to induce fetal demise prior to dilation and evacuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive report from a single center involves a large case series of dilations and evacuations (D&Es) ranging from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation. Transvaginal feticidal injection with digoxin was attempted in 1640 cases; intrafetal, intraamniotic and combined (intrafetal and intraamniotic) injections were administered. Digoxin dosage ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 mg, with the majority receiving 1.0 mg. Cases were reviewed to determine feasibility, efficacy and adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful completion of transvaginal injection occurred in 98.5% (1637/1662) of eligible cases, and 1596 cases were evaluable for fetal demise. Demise occurred by the time of D&E in 99.4% of all cases; 99.7% of intrafetal injections resulted in fetal demise. Doses ≥1 mg were equally effective (98.1%-99.6%) regardless of injection site (intraamniotic, combined intrafetal/intraamniotic or intrafetal). Doses <1.0 mg were less successful at inducing demise if not administered intrafetally (p<.001). Rates of ruptured membranes (4.1%), chorioamnionitis (0.49%) and extramural deliveries (0.12%) were low. Patients who experienced complications were more likely to be of greater gestational age and have had a previous cesarean section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvaginal digoxin administration is feasible, effective and safe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of transvaginal digoxin administration in a large clinical cohort. Future studies will be needed to determine if this method of administration improves patient satisfaction and outcomes when compared to transabdominal feticidal injections.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mail Stop 198-2 AO1, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Room 4006, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: Kristina.tocce@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tocce
authors.forename: Jeanelle Leigh
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sheeder
authors.forename: Louis Jerry
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Stephanie Beth
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Teal
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004077:Digoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004077:Digoxin
keywords: Feticidal injection; Second-trimester abortion