title: Trait differences in response to chronic nicotine and nicotine withdrawal in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding an individual's vulnerability to drug addiction has important implications for the development of effective personal treatment plans. Although theories acknowledge impulsive behaviour as a key component of drug addiction, little is known about the influence of trait impulsivity on an individual's susceptibility to the effects of psychostimulants on impulsivity at critical phases of the addiction cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated the short and longer-term effects of chronic nicotine administration on impulsive choice in rats selected for high (HI) and low impulsivity (LI) on a delay discounting task. Rats prepared with subcutaneously osmotic mini-pumps received either nicotine (3.16 mg/kg/day [freebase]) or saline for 7 days. Performance was assessed during chronic treatment, early and late withdrawal, and in response to acute nicotine challenges following prolonged abstinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic nicotine increased impulsive choice in LI but not HI animals. Spontaneous withdrawal was associated with a nicotine abstinence syndrome, the early stages of which were characterised by opposing effects on impulsive choice in HI and LI animals. A transient decrease in impulsivity was observed in HI animals whilst the LI group remained more impulsive for up to 1 week following drug termination. Following normalisation of behaviour, acute nicotine challenges (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) markedly increased impulsive choice regardless of trait impulsivity and drug history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that only LI individuals are vulnerable to chronic drug- and withdrawal-induced impairments in self-control which may increase the likelihood of the transition to, and maintenance of, nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, z.kolokotroni@leedsmet.ac.uk.
authors.forename: K Z
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Kolokotroni
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine
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