title: Mandibular lingual canals distribute to the dental crypts in prenatal stage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe configurations of human prenatal mandibular, lingual canals using a limited-field cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to examine their origin and anatomical significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine fetal mandibles were examined using a CBCT. Mandibular maturity was assessed according to the mandibular size measured directly and image findings on development of dental crypts. Mandibular, lingual canals and the related foramina (mandibular, mental, and lingual foramina) were observed on axial, sagittal, and cross-sectional images. The horizontal position of mental and lingual foramina was assessed by direct observation using a loupe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all nine mandibles, CBCT images depicted three separate mandibular canals, which individually occurred at the ramus area. One was a short canal directly connecting to the permanent molar crypt. The other two showed a parallel course, following the mandibular corpus toward the frontal area; the upper one connected to the mental foramen, and the lower one distributed anterior area of canine and incisor crypts. Lingual foramina were observed bilaterally in eight of nine mandibles, whose horizontal position was lingual against the crypt of deciduous canine. The lingual canals occurred from lingual foramina, and connected to the close deciduous tooth crypt or the mandibular canal distributing in the frontal area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested human dentition could be developed by plural mandibular and lingual canals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukami
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuribayashi
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimoda
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology*
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