title: The sensory channel of presentation alters subjective ratings and autonomic responses toward disgusting stimuli-Blood pressure, heart rate and skin conductance in response to visual, auditory, haptic and olfactory presented disgusting stimuli.
abstract: Disgust causes specific reaction patterns, observable in mimic responses and body reactions. Most research on disgust deals with visual stimuli. However, pictures may cause another disgust experience than sounds, odors, or tactile stimuli. Therefore, disgust experience evoked by four different sensory channels was compared. A total of 119 participants received 3 different disgusting and one control stimulus, each presented through the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory channel. Ratings of evoked disgust as well as responses of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, skin conductance level, systolic blood pressure) were recorded and the effect of stimulus labeling and of repeated presentation was analyzed. Ratings suggested that disgust could be evoked through all senses; they were highest for visual stimuli. However, autonomic reaction toward disgusting stimuli differed according to the channel of presentation. In contrast to the other, olfactory disgust stimuli provoked a strong decrease of systolic blood pressure. Additionally, labeling enhanced disgust ratings and autonomic reaction for olfactory and tactile, but not for visual and auditory stimuli. Repeated presentation indicated that participant's disgust rating diminishes to all but olfactory disgust stimuli. Taken together we argue that the sensory channel through which a disgust reaction is evoked matters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School Dresden, Germany ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Dresden Medical School Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Croy
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laqua
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Süß
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joraschky
authors.forename: Tjalf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ziemssen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
keywords: audition; blood pressure; disgust; heart rate; olfaction; rating; touch; vision
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2010 Jan;35(1):3-20
references.pmid: 19942579
references.citation: Psychol Methods. 2000 Mar;5(1):64-86
references.pmid: 10937323
references.citation: Anxiety Stress Coping. 2009 Mar;22(2):215-36
references.pmid: 19259873
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2002 Jun;94(6):1652-5, table of contents
references.pmid: 12032046
references.citation: Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;63:44-69
references.pmid: 16733332
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1992 Jul;99(3):561-5
references.pmid: 1502277
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2007 Nov;32(9):855-62
references.pmid: 17728278
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1987 Jan;94(1):23-41
references.pmid: 3823304
references.citation: J Auton Nerv Syst. 1997 Jan 12;62(1-2):45-57
references.pmid: 9021649
references.citation: Emotion. 2001 Sep;1(3):276-98
references.pmid: 12934687
references.citation: Emotion. 2009 Aug;9(4):566-73
references.pmid: 19653781
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009 Jul;97(1):103-22
references.pmid: 19586243
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 2005 Mar;20(1):47-59
references.pmid: 15769213
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 May 19;46(4):671-9
references.pmid: 15944134
references.citation: Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Mar;264(3):237-43
references.pmid: 17021776
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2009 Feb;80(2):212-7
references.pmid: 18955105
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2005 Summer;17(3):715-34
references.pmid: 16262989
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33365
references.pmid: 22457756
references.citation: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001 Oct;110(10):976-81
references.pmid: 11642433
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2009 Mar;135(2):303-21
references.pmid: 19254082
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2010 Jul;84(3):394-421
references.pmid: 20371374
references.citation: Emotion. 2011 Dec;11(6):1331-5
references.pmid: 21787073
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1997 Oct;62(4):713-20
references.pmid: 9284489
references.citation: Science. 1983 Sep 16;221(4616):1208-10
references.pmid: 6612338
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2010 Apr;76(1):52-5
references.pmid: 20144665
references.citation: Chem Senses. 1997 Jun;22(3):237-48
references.pmid: 9218136
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 1999 Sep;47(3):255-67
references.pmid: 10576474
references.citation: Emotion. 2008 Jun;8(3):307-17
references.pmid: 18540747
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2005 Jul;57(1):1-4
references.pmid: 15935257
references.citation: Chem Senses. 2003 Sep;28(7):651-8
references.pmid: 14578127
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Mar;35(3):810-8
references.pmid: 23225581
references.citation: Cogn Emot. 2011 Jun;25(4):717-25
references.pmid: 21547772
references.citation: Neurophysiol Clin. 2002 Nov;32(5):326-32
references.pmid: 12490330
references.citation: Perspect Psychol Sci. 2007 Sep;2(3):281-96
references.pmid: 26151970
references.citation: Perspect Psychol Sci. 2007 Sep;2(3):297-312
references.pmid: 19079552