title: Grape powder intake prevents ovariectomy-induced anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment and high blood pressure in female Wistar rats.
abstract: Diminished estrogen influence at menopause is reported to be associated with cognitive decline, heightened anxiety and hypertension. While estrogen therapy is often prescribed to overcome these behavioral and physiological deficits, antioxidants which have been shown beneficial are gaining nutritional intervention and popularity. Therefore, in the present study, utilizing the antioxidant properties of grapes, we have examined effect of 3 weeks of grape powder (GP; 15 g/L dissolved in tap water) treatment on anxiety-like behavior, learning-memory impairment and high blood pressure in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Four groups of female Wistar rats were used; sham control, sham-GP treated, OVX and OVX+GP treated. We observed a significant increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in OVX rats as compared to sham-controls. Furthermore, ovariectomy increased anxiety-like behavior and caused learning and memory impairment in rats as compared to sham-controls. Interestingly, providing grape powder treated water to OVX rats restored both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, decreased anxiety-like behavior and improved memory function. Moreover, OVX rats exhibited an impaired long term potentiation which was restored with grape powder treatment. Furthermore, ovariectomy increased oxidative stress in the brain, serum and urine, selectively decreasing antioxidant enzyme, glyoxalase-1 protein expression in the hippocampus but not in the cortex and amygdala of OVX rats, while grape powder treatment reversed these effects. Other antioxidant enzyme levels, including manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn SOD remained unchanged. We suggest that grape powder by regulating oxidative stress mechanisms exerts its protective effect on blood pressure, learning-memory and anxiety-like behavior. Our study is the first to examine behavioral, biochemical, physiological and electrophysiological outcome of estrogen depletion in rats and to test protective role of grape powder, all in the same study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patki
authors.forename: Farida H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: Fatin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atrooz
authors.forename: An T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Dao
authors.forename: Naimesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chugh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asghar
authors.forename: Faizan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bohat
authors.forename: Karim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Alkadhi
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D007791:Lactoylglutathione Lyase
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