title: Phased searching with NEAT in a time-scaled framework: experiments on a computer-aided detection system for lung nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the field of computer-aided detection (CAD) systems for lung nodules in computed tomography (CT) scans, many image features are presented and many artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers with various structural topologies are analyzed; frequently, the classifier topologies are selected by trial-and-error experiments. To avoid these trial and error approaches, we present a novel classifier that evolves ANNs using genetic algorithms, called "Phased Searching with NEAT in a Time or Generation-Scaled Framework", integrating feature selection with the classification task.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed our method's performance on 360 CT scans from the public Lung Image Database Consortium database. We compare our method's performance with other more-established classifiers, namely regular NEAT, Feature-Deselective NEAT (FD-NEAT), fixed-topology ANNs, and support vector machines (SVMs) using ten-fold cross-validation experiments of all 360 scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the proposed "Phased Searching" method performs better and faster than regular NEAT, better than FD-NEAT, and achieves sensitivities at 3 and 4 false positives (FP) per scan that are comparable with the fixed-topology ANN and SVM classifiers, but with fewer input features. It achieves a detection sensitivity of 83.0±9.7% with an average of 4FP/scan, for nodules with a diameter greater than or equal to 3mm. It also evolves networks with shorter evolution times and with lower complexities than regular NEAT (p=0.026 and p<0.001, respectively). Analysis on the average and best network complexities evolved by regular NEAT and by our approach shows that our approach searches for good solutions in lower dimensional search spaces, and evolves networks without superfluous structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have presented a novel approach that combines feature selection with the evolution of ANN topology and weights. Compared with the original threshold-based Phased Searching method of Green, our method requires fewer parameters and converges to the optimal network complexity required for the classification task at hand. The results of the ten-fold cross-validation experiments also show that our proposed CAD system for lung nodule detection performs well with respect to other methods in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Informatics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium; Department of Future Media and Imaging, iMinds, Gaston Crommenlaan 8, 9050 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deklerck
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Artificial neural networks; Classifiers; Evolutionary computation; Feature selection; Lung nodule detection; Medical image analysis