title: Bioassays in natural product research - strategies and methods in the search for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying bioactive molecules from complex biomasses requires careful selection and execution of relevant bioassays in the various stages of the discovery process of potential leads and targets.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to share our long-term experience in bioassay-guided isolation, and mechanistic studies, of bioactive compounds from different organisms in nature with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the search for anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo and in vitro model combinations with enzymes and cells involved in the inflammatory process have been used, such as cyclooxygenases, human neutrophils and human cancer cell lines. Methods concerning adsorption and perforation of bacteria, fungi, human cells and model membranes, have been developed and optimised, with emphasis on antimicrobial peptides and their interaction with the membrane target, in particular their ability to distinguish host from pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A long-term research has provided experience of selection and combination of bioassay models, which has led to an increased understanding of ethnopharmacological and ecological observations, together with in-depth knowledge of mode of action of isolated compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more multidisciplinary approach and a higher degree of fundamental research in development of bioassays are often necessary to identify and to fully understand the mode of action of bioactive molecules with novel structure-activity relationships from natural sources.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Strömstedt
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Felth
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bohlin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001688:Biological Products
keywords: anti-inflammatory; antibacterial; antimicrobial; bioassay; cytotoxicity; liposome; membrane; natural product; peptide