title: Cardiometabolic factors and disease duration in patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a favorable cardiometabolic risk profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and the duration of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty patients with PD (56.7% men) were studied, measuring body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%) by impedance, fasting glucose, serum lipids, and transaminases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In sex- and age-adjusted correlation models, duration of PD was inversely related to BMI (r = -0.20; P < 0.05) and BF% (r = -0.29; P < 0.005). Using multivariable regression models (adjustments: age, gender, smoking status, levodopa dose and, alternatively, BMI, WC, or BF%), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were positively correlated with disease duration (P < 0.01 for all). In models adjusted for WC and BF%, total HDL-cholesterol ratio was also inversely associated with duration of PD (P < 0.05 for both). No other association between biochemical variables and the duration of PD was found. Moreover, no dose-response effect of levodopa on metabolic risk factors was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDL levels and total HDL-cholesterol ratio were favorably associated with duration of PD. This factor may contribute to cardiometabolic protection in PD. The mechanisms underlying this association deserve further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute-Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cassani
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cereda
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barichella
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madio
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cancello
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caccialanza
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cilia
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pezzoli
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D007980:Levodopa; D000637:Transaminases
keywords: Adiposity; Cardiometabolic risk factors; Disease duration; Nutritional status; Parkinson’s disease