title: Capacities of metabotropic glutamate modulators in counteracting soman-induced seizures in rats.
abstract: Current treatment of nerve agent poisoning with ionotropic drugs proves inadequate, and alternative treatment strategies are searched for. Based on positive findings with metabotropic glutamate modulators in microinfusion studies, the present study was initiated to examine anticonvulsant effects of MPEP (2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride), a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, and DCG-IV ((2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine), a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist, when administered systemically in combinations with HI-6 (1-[([4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridino]methoxy)methyl]-2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium) and procyclidine or HI-6 and levetiracetam relative to the combination of HI-6, procyclidine, and levetiracetam. The results showed that MPEP or DCG-IV combined with HI-6 and procyclidine resulted in substantial antidotal efficacy when administered 20 min after onset of seizures elicited by soman. MPEP or DCG-IV combined with HI-6 and levetiracetam did not terminate seizures and preserve lives. When given 20 min before challenge with soman, DCG-IV in combination with HI-6 and procyclidine provided protection, whereas MPEP combined with HI-6 and procyclidine did not. Combinations with metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators did not achieve the same high level of antidotal efficacy as the combination of HI-6, procyclidine, and levetiracetam. MPEP alone inhibited pseudocholinesterase activity in the brain markedly. A positive correlation was found between latency to seizure onset or full protection and level of pseudocholinesterase activity in brain. MPEP and DCG-IV can serve as effective anticonvulsants against nerve agent poisoning when combined with HI-6 and procyclidine. Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators may represent an alternative or supplement to treatment with ionotropic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Protection Division, P.O. Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Myhrer
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariussen
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Enger
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aas
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D008297:Male; D010091:Oximes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011352:Procyclidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 / Q000819:agonists* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D012999:Soman / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D010091:Oximes; D011725:Pyridines; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; C082313:2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine; D000077287:Levetiracetam; C121465:6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine; D012999:Soman; D011352:Procyclidine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; C022870:asoxime chloride; D005998:Glycine; D010889:Piracetam
keywords: DCG-IV; HI-6; Levetiracetam; MPEP; Procyclidine; Soman