title: Metabolic syndrome and carotid intima-media thickness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), carotid intima media thickness (IMT), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the possible relationships among them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty stable COPD patients and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. The participants were further divided into four groups according to their smoking status. Pulmonary function tests were performed in COPD patients. Anthropometric measurements and blood chemistry analysis, serum CRP levels and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements were performed in all the study population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 43% in COPD patients and 30% in the control group (p = 0.173). FEV1% and FEV1/FVC were higher in COPD patients with MetS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively) compared to those without MetS. Prevalence of MetS was significantly different among the COPD patients with different stages (p = 0.017) with the highest value in stage 2 (59%). Carotid IMT was significantly higher in COPD patients than in control group (1.07 ± 0.25 mm and 0.86 ± 0.18 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). Serum CRP levels were not different in COPD patients and controls, however they were higher in individuals with MetS compared to those without MetS regardless of COPD presence (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early markers of atherogenesis, in terms of carotid IMT, were found to be higher in COPD patients than in healthy controls. MetS prevalence was observed to decrease as the severity of airflow obstruction increased. Therefore, screening COPD patients for these cardiovascular risk factors would be a novel approach even in absence of symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Inciraltı, 35340 Izmir, Turkey. aylin.ozgen@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozgen Alpaydin
authors.forename: Isin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Konyar Arslan
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serter
authors.forename: Aysin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakar Coskun
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taneli
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yorgancioglu
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822
references.pmid: 18971485
references.citation: Multidiscip Respir Med. 2011 Aug 31;6(4):210-1
references.pmid: 22958349
references.citation: Respirology. 2007 Sep;12(5):634-41
references.pmid: 17875049
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jul 9;161(13):1669-76
references.pmid: 11434800
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2006 Mar;27(3):627-43
references.pmid: 16507865
references.citation: Circulation. 1986 Dec;74(6):1399-406
references.pmid: 3536154
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2006 Dec;28(6):1245-57
references.pmid: 17138679
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(3):251-60
references.pmid: 3339378
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Dec 15;164(12):2181-5
references.pmid: 11751184
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;160(6):1856-61
references.pmid: 10588597
references.citation: Chest. 2000 Sep;118(3):656-64
references.pmid: 10988186
references.citation: Hypertension. 2005 Jan;45(1):142-61
references.pmid: 15611362
references.citation: Stroke. 1999 Apr;30(4):841-50
references.pmid: 10187889
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Mar 25;107(11):1514-9
references.pmid: 12654609
references.citation: J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2003 May-Jun;23(3):161-9
references.pmid: 12782898
references.citation: J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2005 Jul-Aug;25(4):226-32; discussion 233-4
references.pmid: 16056071
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Sep;20(9):2094-9
references.pmid: 10978254
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2010 Feb;35(2):317-23
references.pmid: 19574332
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2001 Mar;155(1):237-43
references.pmid: 11223447
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Jan 16;287(3):356-9
references.pmid: 11790215
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Nov;144(5):1202-18
references.pmid: 1952453
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2012 Apr;39(4):846-54
references.pmid: 22034646
references.citation: Respir Med. 2005 Jun;99(6):670-82
references.pmid: 15878483
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jun;180(2):367-73
references.pmid: 15910864
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2002 Dec;165(2):285-92
references.pmid: 12417279
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan 1;179(1):35-40
references.pmid: 18931335
references.citation: Circulation. 2005 Aug 2;112(5):666-73
references.pmid: 16061755
references.citation: Chest. 2009 Oct;136(4):1039-1046
references.pmid: 19542257
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):575-81
references.pmid: 12610004
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;61(4):548-53
references.pmid: 17119546
references.citation: Circ J. 2010 Mar;74(3):560-6
references.pmid: 20103972
references.citation: Eur Respir Rev. 2009 Dec;18(114):198-212
references.pmid: 20956145
references.citation: BMJ. 1996 Sep 21;313(7059):711-5; discussion 715-6
references.pmid: 8819439
references.citation: J Ultrasound Med. 2005 Apr;24(4):469-74
references.pmid: 15784765
references.citation: Circulation. 1993 Mar;87(3 Suppl):II56-65
references.pmid: 8443925
references.citation: Lancet. 2007 Sep 1;370(9589):797-9
references.pmid: 17765529
references.citation: Chest. 2005 Jun;127(6):1952-9
references.pmid: 15947307
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2006 May;23(5):469-80
references.pmid: 16681555
references.citation: Thorax. 2006 Jan;61(1):17-22
references.pmid: 16055618
references.citation: Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(1):89-96
references.pmid: 18488431