title: Long-term fertilisation causes excess supply and loss of phosphorus in purple paddy soil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphorus (P) loss from cropland is accelerating the eutrophication of waters around the world such as the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China. We investigated whether purple paddy soil under long-term P applications was a major source of P efflux to the TGR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial surplus P in the plough layer (0-20 cm) was evident after 15-year P applications. Available P (Olsen-P) in the plough layer ranged from 1.9 to 42.4 mg kg(-1) and some of which will exceed the threshold of 30 mg kg(-1) for environmental concern within 7 years of P application (inorganic NPK with or without organic fertiliser). Between 30 and 70% of Olsen-P was leached out of the 0-30 cm soil layer. Surplus P resulted in high P concentrations in the surface water during the rice cropping season, and these concentrations exceeded those in most waters of the TGR and exceeded the critical level for eutrophication (0.1 mg L(-1)) during the first 10 days after rice planting. Furthermore, total P in run-off due to rainfall events exceeded the level for eutrophication, with a total loss of 43.2-147.9 g P ha(-1) depending on the fertilisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current agronomic P management in purple paddy soil is environmentally unsustainable in terms of the adverse impact on surface water quality. Integrated P management practices are urgently required to optimise crop yield while minimising P loss in order to protect surface water quality in the TGR region.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yue-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ming-Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Xue-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D004777:Environment; D005068:Eutrophication; D005308:Fertilizers; D006801:Humans; D012275:Oryza; D010758:Phosphorus; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: long-term fertilisation; loss; paddy; phosphorus; typical Purpli-Udic Cambisol