title: Is Atyaephyra desmarestii a useful candidate for lethal and sub-lethal toxicity tests on pharmaceutical compounds?
abstract: Single and mixture toxicity tests on three pharmaceutical compounds, Diclofenac (DF), Ibuprofen (IB) and Carbamazepine (CBZ), were carried out with the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii. Lethal and sublethal responses were analyzed for single compounds. Lethal concentrations (LC50) obtained for each individual compound, after 96 h of exposure, were 6.3 mg L(-1) for DF, 13.3 mg L(-1) for IB and 94.3 mg L(-1) for CBZ. The selected sublethal endpoints of food ingestion, osmoregulatory capacity and respiration rates were not affected by the exposures to environmentally-relevant concentrations. Based on mortality data obtained, the predictive no effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated for each of the compounds, and compared with predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) reported in surface waters. The environmental risk of each compound was estimated as the ratio between PEC/PNEC, and indicated that IB could represent a medium risk in freshwater environments. Additionally, binary and ternary mixture toxicity assays of the selected compounds were carried out. The data obtained was applied to two predictive toxicity models: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). Finally, risk assessment was estimated using risk quotients (RQ) for the compound mixtures based on EC50 and LC50 values.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain. Electronic address: elena.nieto@icman.csic.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blasco
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Ortegón
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hampel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D033364:Decapoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D004435:Eating; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D064587:Osmoregulation / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002220:Carbamazepine; D010100:Oxygen; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Atyaephyra desmarestii; Mixture toxicity; Pharmaceuticals; Risk assessment; Sublethal responses