title: Therapeutic delays lead to worse survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Although prior studies have shown underuse of appropriate therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), no studies to date have assessed the prevalence and clinical impact of therapeutic delays among patients with HCC. The goal of this study was to characterize and identify factors associated with underuse and delays in treatment of these patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with cirrhosis diagnosed with HCC at a large urban safety net hospital between January 2005 and June 2012. Dates for HCC diagnosis and any treatments were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to determine factors associated with treatment underuse and delayed treatment, which was defined as time from diagnosis to treatment exceeding 3 months. The authors identified 267 treatment-eligible patients with HCC, of whom only 62% received HCC therapy. On multivariate analysis, tumor stage (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.36-0.65), Child-Pugh class (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.84), and black race (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.99) were associated with lower rates of treatment use. The median time to treatment was 1.7 months, with 31% of patients experiencing delayed treatment. Delayed treatment was associated with the presence of ascites (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.1) and current treatment with transarterial chemoembolization (HR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.8-12.5). After adjusting for tumor stage and Child-Pugh class, treatment underuse (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24-0.46) and delayed treatment (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.30-0.84) were both associated with significantly worse survival. Results showed that, in addition to one-third of patients not receiving HCC-directed therapy, another 30% experienced significant therapeutic delays, leading to worse survival.
authors.affiliation: From aDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health Hospital System, Dallas, Texas; bHarold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; cDepartment of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; dDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, and VA Ann Arbor Health Services Research & Development Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and eDepartment of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Amit G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Singal
authors.forename: Akbar K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Waljee
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Emerson Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jasmin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tiro
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marrero
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Yopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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