title: Adaptive midlife defense mechanisms and late-life health.
abstract: A growing body of research suggests that personality characteristics relate to physical health; however, this relation ship has primarily been tested in cross-sectional studies that have not followed the participants into old age. The present study utilizes data from a 70-year longitudinal study to prospectively examine the relationship between the adaptive defense mechanisms in midlife and objectively assessed physical health in late life. In addition to examining the direct effect, we test whether social support mediates this relation ship. The sample consisted of 90 men who were followed for over seven decades beginning in late adolescence. Health ratings from medical records were made at three time points (ages 70, 75, and 80). Defense mechanisms were coded from narratives by trained independent raters (Vaillant, Bond, & Vaillant, 1986). Independent raters assessed social supports between ages 50 and 70. More adaptive defenses in midlife were associated with better physical health at all three time points in late life. These relationships were partially mediated by social support. Findings are consistent with the theory that defense maturity is important for building social relationships, which in turn contribute to better late-life physical health. Psychological interventions aimed at improving these domains may be beneficial for physical health.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
authors.forename: Johanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Shiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Sabrina R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Vaillant
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Waldinger
keywords: Coping; Defense maturity; Defense mechanisms; Personality; Physical health; Social support
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