title: Vitamin D deficiency in cord plasma from multiethnic subjects living in the tropics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D deficiency is commonly reported in high-latitude areas and in dark-pigmented individuals. However, nothing is known about vitamin D in cord blood from multiethnic subjects living in the tropics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study objective was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in summer and winter in cord blood from multiethnic individuals in Hawai'i where sufficient sun irradiance occurs year-round for cutaneous vitamin D production.
  
  
  METHODS
  25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassay in 100 cord plasma samples from apparently healthy full-term newborns and their mothers. Stratification was performed by birth season and ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean 25(OH)D levels were 24.5 ng/mL (9.1-68.3 ng/mL). Overall, 28% of samples were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL) and 50% were insufficient (20-30 ng/mL). 25(OH)D levels (ng/mL) were highest in Caucasians (30.5, n = 19), followed by Asians (25.1, n = 43), Hispanics (21.5, n = 3), Pacific Islanders (20.0, n = 25), and African Americans (19.6, n = 2). Differences among groups were significant (p = 0.008). Cord plasmas from summer versus winter were higher overall (p = 0.001) and among Asians (p = 0.0003). Seasonal changes were correlated with sun irradiance overall (r = 0.43, p = 0.0001), among Caucasians (r = 0.45, p = 0.05), and among Asians (r = 0.45, p = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that prenatal supplement recommendations of 400 IU vitamin D/day do not protect against vitamin D deficiency, even in subjects living in the tropics where ample sun irradiance exists for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency we observed emphasizes the necessity for regular 25(OH)D monitoring, particularly during pregnancy and lactation, in dark-pigmented individuals, and during winter months.
authors.affiliation: a Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children.
authors.forename: Brunhild M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Halm
authors.forename: Jennifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Reni A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Soon
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D044466:Asian People; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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