title: Effects of enteral nutrition on the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa and dopamine receptor expression in rats with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impaired intestinal mucosal barrier (IMB) function is common in traumatic brain injury (TBI), but dopamine receptors (DRs) change in intestinal mucosa after TBI, and effects of enteral nutrition (EN) and supplements on IMB function remain unclear. Our purpose was to study the effects of EN and supplements on intestinal mucosal permeability (IMPB) and the expression of DRs DRD1 and DRD2 in the intestinal mucosa of rats with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight rats were divided into 8 groups; control, animals with TBI, dopamine group, animals with TBI treated with dopamine antagonist, EN alone, or EN combined with glutamine, probiotics, or a combination of probiotics and glutamine daily after TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IMPB was improved in the glutamine, probiotics, and combination groups. Including probiotics improved IMPB more than adding glutamine, and bacterial translocation in the intestines after TBI was reduced in the probiotics and combination groups (all Ps < .01). TBI led to elevated DRD1 and DRD2 mRNA and protein levels, which were reduced in the DA antagonist, glutamine, probiotics, and combination groups. DRD2 mRNA and protein levels in the probiotics and combination groups were decreased more than in the DA antagonist group (all Ps < .01). The increased IMPB after TBI correlated with increased DRD1 and DRD2 levels in the rat intestinal mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EN supplemented with probiotics or combining glutamine and probiotics lowers the increased IMPB, bacterial translocation, and DRD1 and DRD2 mRNA and protein expression in rat intestinal mucosa caused by TBI.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China zhangxuan1203@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D005973:Glutamine
keywords: bacterial translocation; dopamine receptor; enteral nutrition; intestinal mucosa; traumatic brain injury