title: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship to symptoms of depression and mania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-esteem is a key feature of bipolar symptomatology. However, so far no study has examined the interaction between explicit and implicit self-esteem in individuals vulnerable to bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design was employed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty children of parents with bipolar disorder and 30 offspring of control parents completed Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Bech-Rafaelson Mania Scale, the Self-esteem Rating Scale and the Implicit Association Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences between groups were revealed in levels of explicit or implicit self-esteem. However, bipolar offspring showed increased levels of symptoms of depression and mania. Furthermore, depressive symptoms were associated with low explicit self-esteem, whilst symptoms of mania were associated with low implicit self-esteem. When self-esteem discrepancies were examined, damaged self-esteem (i.e., low explicit but high implicit self-esteem) was associated with depression, whilst no associations between mania and self-esteem discrepancies were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not only explicit, but also implicit self-esteem, and the interactions between the two are of relevance in bipolar symptoms. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explicit as well as implicit SE, and particularly their relationship, are relevant for mental health. Fluctuations in implicit SE may serve as an early indicator for risk of bipolarity. Psychotherapeutic approaches may be more suitable for one kind of SE challenge than the other.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pavlickova
authors.forename: Oliver H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bipolar offspring; explicit self-esteem; implicit self-esteem; self-esteem discrepancies