title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with grayanotoxin poisoning after the ingestion of mad honey from Nepal.
abstract: The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with grayanotoxin poisoning due to mad honey brought from Nepal. Medical records of patients with mad honey poisoning admitted to the emergency department between 1 January 2004 and 31 May 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 15 patients were included in this study. In all patients, mad honey was brought from the Himalayan region of Nepal. The mean age was 52.2 years, and 66.7 % were men. The mean amount of mad honey ingested was 47 cc, and the mean time from ingestion to onset of symptoms was 36 min. In all patients, initial vital signs showed hypotension and bradycardia. The initial electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia in eight patients, junctional bradycardia in four patients, complete atrioventricular block in two patients, and atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response in one patient. Four patients were treated with intravenous normal saline solution only. Eleven patients were treated with intravenous normal saline solution and intravenous atropine sulfate in a dose ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg. In all patients, the blood pressure and pulse rate returned to normal limits within 24 h. There were no deaths. The clinical characteristics and outcome of grayanotoxin poisonings caused by the ingestion of mad honey from Nepal are similar with those of mad honey from the Black Sea region of Turkey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Sonpa-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Dong Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Seung Mok
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ryoo
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Bum Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D004224:Diterpenes / Q000506:poisoning*; D005260:Female; D006722:Honey / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D011041:Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D029793:Rhododendron; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; C001311:grayanotoxin I
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