title: Truncal vagotomy temporarily decreases the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the small intestine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The vagus nerve exerts immunomodulatory functions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine overproduction. Because vagotomy is a standard procedure during the radical operation for esophageal or gastric cancer, the postoperative clinical course might be related to vagotomy-associated changes in the cytokine milieu. We herein examined the gut cytokine kinetics after vagotomy in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight male Institute of Cancer Research mice underwent sham or sub-diaphragmatic truncal vagotomy. The whole small intestine was harvested on postoperative day (POD) 14 (sham: vagotomy, n = 9:10) or 20 (n = 9:10). The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the plasma, jejunum, ileum and whole small intestine were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma cytokine levels were similar in the vagotomy and sham groups on POD 14 and 20. However, both the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels tended to be lower on POD 14 and higher on POD 20 in the vagotomy group than in the sham group. With regard to the cytokine kinetics, the jejunal IL-12p70, TNF-α, MCP-1 and IL-10, ileal IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-10, and whole small intestinal IL-12p70, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-10 of the vagotomy group all significantly increased on POD 20 as compared to POD 14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagotomy has a major impact on the gut cytokine milieu. Vagotomy may initially inhibit both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, while both later increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, mitsuitakashi3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitsui
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukatsu
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.forename: Syunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amenomori
authors.forename: Etsushi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murakoshi
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuhara
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011184:Postoperative Period; D013995:Time; D014628:Vagotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
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