title: Observing graphene grow: catalyst-graphene interactions during scalable graphene growth on polycrystalline copper.
abstract: Complementary in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffractometry, and environmental scanning electron microscopy are used to fingerprint the entire graphene chemical vapor deposition process on technologically important polycrystalline Cu catalysts to address the current lack of understanding of the underlying fundamental growth mechanisms and catalyst interactions. Graphene forms directly on metallic Cu during the high-temperature hydrocarbon exposure, whereby an upshift in the binding energies of the corresponding C1s XPS core level signatures is indicative of coupling between the Cu catalyst and the growing graphene. Minor carbon uptake into Cu can under certain conditions manifest itself as carbon precipitation upon cooling. Postgrowth, ambient air exposure even at room temperature decouples the graphene from Cu by (reversible) oxygen intercalation. The importance of these dynamic interactions is discussed for graphene growth, processing, and device integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Piran R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kidambi
authors.forename: Bernhard C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: Zhu-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baehtz
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weatherup
authors.forename: Marc-Georg
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Willinger
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schloegl
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D003300:Copper; D010100:Oxygen
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2013 Feb 26;7(2):1351-9
references.pmid: 23346949
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Nov 27;6(11):9951-63
references.pmid: 23039853
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Dec 21;6(12):10930-4
references.pmid: 23145543
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2010 Nov 10;10(11):4702-7
references.pmid: 20932046
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):1321-7
references.pmid: 21275384
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2010 Dec 8;10(12):4890-6
references.pmid: 20979362
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2012 Jan 22;11(3):217-22
references.pmid: 22266468
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2013 Oct;12(10):925-31
references.pmid: 23872731
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Apr 24;6(4):3614-23
references.pmid: 22443380
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2010 Aug;5(8):574-8
references.pmid: 20562870
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 27;99(4):046803
references.pmid: 17678388
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2011 Oct 12;11(10):4154-60
references.pmid: 21905732
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2013;4:2096
references.pmid: 23803650
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2013 Jul 23;7(7):5763-8
references.pmid: 23755733
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Nov 27;6(11):10130-8
references.pmid: 23030691
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Jul 26;5(7):6069-76
references.pmid: 21707037
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Jul 11;101(2):026803
references.pmid: 18764212
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2009 Dec;9(12):4268-72
references.pmid: 19711970
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2011 Jan 12;11(1):251-6
references.pmid: 21117698
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Mar 5;130(9):2793-7
references.pmid: 18257559
references.citation: Phys Rev B Condens Matter. 1988 Dec 1;38(16):11322-11330
references.pmid: 9946011
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 17;133(32):12536-43
references.pmid: 21732685
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Mar 22;5(3):1915-20
references.pmid: 21309604
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Nov 27;6(11):9551-8
references.pmid: 23051045
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jun 16;132(23):8175-9
references.pmid: 20527937
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):389-92
references.pmid: 21209615
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2010 Sep 8;10(9):3512-6
references.pmid: 20677798
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2013 Apr 10;13(4):1509-15
references.pmid: 23458704
references.citation: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Apr;4(4):2041-7
references.pmid: 22462554
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2013 Aug 27;7(8):6939-47
references.pmid: 23883292
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Nov 27;6(11):9996-10003
references.pmid: 23025628
references.citation: Chemphyschem. 2012 Jul 16;13(10):2544-9
references.pmid: 22378697
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2012 Jan 24;6(1):126-32
references.pmid: 22010852
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jun 5;324(5932):1312-4
references.pmid: 19423775