title: Combined effect of microbial and chemical control agents on subterranean termites.
abstract: Termite mortality was measured when fungi were combined with bacteria or a chemical termiticide to determine whether a synergistic effect occurred. The fungus Beauveria bassiana was combined with the non-repellant chemical termiticide imidacloprid. Of the three B. bassiana strains tested one, B. bassiana ATCC 90519, was sufficiently pathogenic on its own that the advantage of a supplementary chemical treatment was marginal. The mortality caused by another fungal strain, B. bassiana ATCC 26037, was improved in combination with imidacloprid at both of the tested chemical concentrations over the first 14 days. The remaining fungal strain, B. bassiana ATCC 90518, demonstrated an overall mortality rate in combination with imidacloprid of 82.5%, versus a rate of 65.0% for the fungus alone. The fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr) was combined with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). On day 5, Ifr, Bt, and the combined treatment at a 10(6) spores or cells/ml dosage caused 8.8%, 22.5%, and 15.0% mortality, respectively. The Bt and combined mortality rates are not significantly different. Control mortality on day 5 was 5.0%. On day 13 the combined 10(6) treatment mortality rate was 91.3%, which was significantly higher than all other treatments: control at 17.5%, Ifr at 36.3% and Bt at 35.0%. When Ifr and Bt were applied at a 10(9) spores or cells/ml dosage, Ifr alone caused a mortality rate of 97.5% as early as day 5. The combination with Bt could not significantly increase the effectiveness of this dosage. These data demonstrate the potential for synergistic effects of fungal and chemical treatment methods, thereby broadening the use of microbial control agents and reducing the quantity of chemical agents necessary to effect control.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA, Maureen.Wright@ARS.USDA.GOV.
authors.forename: Maureen S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lax
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D020049:Isoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid
references.citation: Mycol Res. 2005 May;109(Pt 5):581-9
references.pmid: 16018312
references.citation: Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2011 Jul;41(7):423-31
references.pmid: 21376122