title: The dose-effect relationship in extracorporeal shock wave therapy: the optimal parameter for extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been demonstrated to have the angiogenic effect on ischemic tissue. We hypothesize that ESWT exerts the proangiogenesis effect with an energy density-dependent mode on the target cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) of rats were obtained by cultivation of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells. EPCs were divided into five groups of different energy densities, and each group was furthermore subdivided into four groups of different shock numbers. Thus, there were 20 subgroups in total. The expressions of angiogenic factors, apoptotic factors, inflammation mediators, and chemotactic factors were examined, and the proliferation activity was measured after ESWT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When EPCs were treated with low-energy (0.04-0.13 mJ/mm(2)) shock wave, the expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, angiopoietin (Ang) 1, Ang-2, and B-cell lymphoma 2 increased and those of interleukin 6, fibroblast growth factor 2, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, vascular endothelial growth factor a, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and caspase 3 decreased. stromal cell-derived factor 1 changed without statistical significance. When cells were treated with high-energy (0.16 mJ/mm(2)) shock wave, most of the expressions of cytokines declined except the apoptotic factors and fibroblast growth factor 2, and cells lead to apoptosis. The proliferation activity and the ratio of Ang-1/Ang-2 reached their peak values, when cells were treated with ESWT with the intensity ranging from 0.10-0.13 mJ/mm(2) and shock number ranging from 200-300 impulses. Meanwhile, a minimal value of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a dose-effect relationship in ESWT. The shock intensity ranging from 0.10-0.13 mJ/mm(2) and shock number ranging from 200-300 impulses were the optimal parameters for ESWT to treat cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiongliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Chunyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Angiogenic factors; Apoptotic factors; Chemotactic factors; Dose–effect relationship; Endothelial progenitor cells; Extracorporeal shock wave therapy; Inflammation factors; Ischemia disease; Optimal parameter