title: Longitudinal relationships between depression and functioning in people with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reciprocal relationship between depression and functioning in people with chronic conditions is poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to analyze the dynamic relationship between depression and functioning in a community sample of people with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with diabetes were assessed at baseline and three yearly follow-up assessments (n = 1,403). Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Global functioning was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Path analysis suggested a reciprocal relationship between depression and functioning. Baseline depression was associated with functioning at 3 years follow-up through depression and functioning at 1 and 2 years follow-up assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression and functioning might interact with each other in a dynamic way: depression at one assessment point might predict poor functioning at the next assessment point, which in turn might predict depression at the next assessment point. This should be taken into account in both treatment and research programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, norbert.schmitz@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gariépy
authors.forename: Kimberley J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Strychar
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.forename: JianLi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult