title: Systematic error of cardiac output measured by bolus thermodilution with a pulmonary artery catheter compared with that measured by an aortic flow probe in a pig model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The precision of thermodilution cardiac output measurement using a pulmonary artery catheter can be divided into random and systematic errors. This study determined the systematic component.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative validation against a transonic flow probe on the aortic root.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight anesthetized pigs, weight 27 to 32 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermodilution measurements were compared to those from an aortic flow probe. One (or two) catheters were tested in each pig, with multiple paired readings recorded as cardiac output was varied pharmacologically by esmolol, epinephrine, or dopamine. Linear regression lines were drawn for each pig as well as the slope used to quantify systematic error. Regression analysis of data from each pig was used to assess trending. Bland-Altman analysis also was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systematic error derived from slope data was ± 26%. Trending was reliable in 8 out of 10 catheter placements (p value>0.95). Bland- Altman analysis (n = 77 basal anesthesia and 165 pharmacologic intervention data pairs) provided percentage errors of ± 23% and ± 34-39%, respectively. This percentage error increase was due to variations in calibration and the slopes of regression lines for each catheter tested as the lines diverged as cardiac output increased, widening the spread of data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermodilution does trend cardiac output reliably in most cases. However, the systematic error is large and has a significant effect on the percentage error as cardiac output increases. The precision error of ± 20% currently used for thermodilution measurement may be set too low and is dependent on the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Canton, China.
authors.forename: Xiao X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lester A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: Dewi K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology; D002138:Calibration; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000379:methods*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D013815:Thermodilution / Q000379:methods*
keywords: animal research; cardiac output; flow probe; pulmonary artery catheter; thermodilution; validation