title: [Transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy for upper ureteral calculi: a report of 1171 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical outcomes and values of transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1171 patients with upper ureteral calculi were recruited during September 1999 to February 2012. The etiologies included impacted calculi (n = 1100), non-impacted calculi (n = 71), multiple ureteral calculi (n = 51) and combined small calculi in unilateral kidney (n = 139). Maximum diameter of calculi was 1.5 (0.8-2.6) cm. All patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy and double J stent was implanted intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two cases were converted into open operation. Calculi moving up into pelvis occurred in 27 cases. And 25 cases converted into laparoscopic pyelolithotomy and stones were removed successfully. Two cases received extra extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy postoperatively. The remaining 1142 cases were treated successfully with an operative duration of 56.1 (26-160) min and an estimated volume of blood loss at 45.2 (10-250) ml. The period of drainage tube was 3.1 (1-7) days. Postoperative hospitalization stay was 4.8 (3-9) days. One patient suffered urine leakage and healed at Day 6 days post-operation. Ten cases suffered D-J stent bladder non-arrival or retraction and double J stents were extracted by ureteroscopy. One case suffered paralytic ileus and recovered 7 days later. Another case suffered severe hematuria. No intestine or adjacent viscera injury was observed. The follow-up period of 827 cases was 7.3 (24-108) months. Among 12 cases of ureteral stricture, ureteral dilation (n = 7) and ureteral anastomosis (n = 3) were performed. For 5 cases of renal atrophy, 3 underwent nephrectomy because of recurrent lumbago or persistent urinary infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy has the advantages of minimal morbidity, little postoperative discomfort and high stone clearance rate over open surgery. It should be widely adopted for the patients with upper ureteral impacted calculi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Da-min
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhi-gen
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gong-hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guo-qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Yue-bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Li-wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hai-yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiu-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D055815:Young Adult