title: Milk volatile organic compounds and fatty acid profile in cows fed timothy as hay, pasture, or silage.
abstract: Nutrient composition and organoleptic properties of milk can be influenced by cow diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage type effects on volatile organic compounds, fatty acid (FA) profile, and organoleptic properties of milk. Timothy grass was fed as hay, pasture, or silage during a period of 27 d to a group of 21 cows in a complete block design based on days in milk. Each cow also received 7.2 kg/d of a concentrate mix to meet their nutrient requirements. Forage dry matter intake averaged 13.9 kg/d and was not different among treatments. Milk yield was higher for cows fed pasture, intermediate for cows fed silage, and lowest for cows fed hay. However, milk fat content was higher for cows fed hay and silage, compared with cows fed pasture. As a result, fat-corrected milk and fat yield were not different among treatments. Increasing the supply of dietary cis-9,cis-12 18:2 (linoleic acid) and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 (α-linolenic acid) when feeding pasture enhanced the concentration of these 2 essential FA in milk fat compared with feeding hay or silage. Moreover, the ratio of 16:0 (palmitic acid) to cis-9 18:1 (oleic acid), which is closely related to the melting properties of milk fat, was lower in milk from cows on pasture than in milk from cows fed hay or silage. Cows fed hay produced milk with higher levels of several free FA and γ-lactones, but less pentanal and 1-pentanol. More dimethyl sulfone and toluene were found in milk of cows on pasture. Cows fed silage produced milk with higher levels of acetone, 2-butanone, and α-pinene. Results from a sensory evaluation showed that panelists could not detect a difference in flavor between milk from cows fed hay compared with silage. However, a significant number of assessors perceived a difference between milk from cows fed hay compared with milk from cows fed pasture. In a sensory ranking test, the percentage of assessors ranking for the intensity of total (raw milk, fresh milk, and farm milk), sweet (empyreumatic, vanilla, caramel, and sugar), and grassy (grass, leafy vegetable, and plant) flavors was higher for milk from cows fed pasture compared with hay and silage. Using timothy hay, pasture, or silage harvested at a similar stage of development, the current study shows that the taste of milk is affected by the forage type fed to cows. More research is, however, needed to establish a link between the sensory attributes of milk and the observed changes in volatile organic compounds and FA profile.
authors.affiliation: Département des Ssciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: M-P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
authors.affiliation: Département des Ssciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lebeuf
authors.affiliation: Département des Ssciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gervais
authors.affiliation: Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 2J3.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vuillemard
authors.affiliation: Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 8E3.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.affiliation: Département des Ssciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6. Electronic address: yvan.chouinard@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chouinard
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D031784:Phleum; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis; D013649:Taste; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid
keywords: milk fatty acid; milk volatile organic compound; sensory evaluation; solid-phase microextraction