title: Development of a pre-service teachers' self-efficacy instrument regarding teacher health education standards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas many education programs expect students to use national standards in various content areas, few studies have been conducted that examine pre-service teachers' confidence in demonstrating their use of the professional teacher standards.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this project was 2-fold: (1) To develop the Pre-service Health Education National Standards Self-efficacy (PHENSS) Scale; and (2) To establish the instrument's ability to draw inferences from PHENSS Scale scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  The final instrument consisted of 29 items and 4 demographic items. Validation was established using qualitative and quantitative procedures. After the instrument had been validated, pre-service elementary education and pre-service secondary health education teachers were recruited to complete the instrument at 2 different times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Items were grouped to form 7 subscales (a subscale for each standard) and were analyzed to determine test-retest reliability and internal consistency. All scales were found to be statistically significant (p ≤ .05). Cronbach's alpha for the 7 subscales ranged from .73 to .96, and α = .94 for the entire instrument.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instrument, which assessed self-efficacy toward implementing Professional Teacher Standards in Health Education, was found to be both valid and reliable.
authors.affiliation: Professor/Chairperson, (jkclark@ilstu.edu), Department of Health Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-5220.
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brey
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D005178:Faculty / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013192:Staff Development / Q000592:standards*; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States
keywords: instruments; professional preparation of school health personnel; research