title: A systematic review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in sport-related concussion.
abstract: Traditional structural neuroimaging techniques are normal in athletes who sustain sport-related concussions and are only considered to be clinically helpful in ruling out a more serious brain injury. There is a clinical need for more sophisticated, non-invasive imaging techniques capable of detecting changes in neurophysiology after injury. Concussion is associated with neurometabolic changes including neuronal depolarization, release of excitatory neurotransmitters, ionic shifts, changes in glucose metabolism, altered cerebral blood flow, and impaired axonal function. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS, or simply MRS) is capable of measuring brain biochemistry and has the potential to identify and quantify physiologic changes after concussion. The focus of the current review is to provide an overview of research findings using MRS in sport-related concussion. A systematic review of articles published in the English language, up to February 2013, was conducted. Articles were retrieved via the databases: PsychINFO, Medline, Embase, SportDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, and Informit using key terms: magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neurospectroscopy, spectroscopy, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, correlation spectroscopy, J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy, nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy, NMR, MRS, COSY, EXSY, NOESY, 2D NMR, craniocerebral trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, traumatic brain injury, brain concussion, concussion, brain damage, sport, athletic, and athlete. Observational, cohort, correlational, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies were all included in the current review. The review identified 11 publications that met criteria for inclusion, comprised of data on 200 athletes and 116 controls. Nine of 11 studies reported a MRS abnormality consistent with an alteration in neurochemistry. The results support the use of MRS as a research tool for identifying altered neurophysiology and monitoring recovery in adult athletes, even beyond the resolution of post-concussive symptoms and other investigation techniques returning to normative levels. Larger cross-sectional, prospective, and longitudinal studies are needed to understand the sensitivity and prognostic value of MRS within the field of sport-related concussion.
authors.affiliation: 1 Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia .
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanwell
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D059906:Neuroimaging