title: TigarB causes mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal loss in PINK1 deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Loss of function mutations in PINK1 typically lead to early onset Parkinson disease (PD). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a powerful new vertebrate model to study neurodegenerative diseases. We used a pink1 mutant (pink(-/-) ) zebrafish line with a premature stop mutation (Y431*) in the PINK1 kinase domain to identify molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons in PINK1 deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of PINK1 deficiency on the number of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial function, and morphology was assessed in both zebrafish embryos and adults. Genome-wide gene expression studies were undertaken to identify novel pathogenic mechanisms. Functional experiments were carried out to further investigate the effect of PINK1 deficiency on early neurodevelopmental mechanisms and microglial activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PINK1 deficiency results in loss of dopaminergic neurons as well as early impairment of mitochondrial function and morphology in Danio rerio. Expression of TigarB, the zebrafish orthologue of the human, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator TIGAR, was markedly increased in pink(-/-) larvae. Antisense-mediated inactivation of TigarB gave rise to complete normalization of mitochondrial function, with resulting rescue of dopaminergic neurons in pink(-/-) larvae. There was also marked microglial activation in pink(-/-) larvae, but depletion of microglia failed to rescue the dopaminergic neuron loss, arguing against microglial activation being a key factor in the pathogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pink1(-/-) zebrafish are the first vertebrate model of PINK1 deficiency with loss of dopaminergic neurons. Our study also identifies TIGAR as a promising novel target for disease-modifying therapy in PINK1-related PD.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Flinn
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keatinge
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bretaud
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mortiboys
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Felice
authors.forename: Helen I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Woodroof
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTighe
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soellner
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milo
authors.forename: Miratul M K
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Muqit
authors.forename: Andreas S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Köster
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ingham
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bandmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C539005:tigarb protein, zebrafish; C558157:Pink1 protein, zebrafish; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
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