title: Inhibitors of SCF-Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase block estrogen-induced growth stimulation and degradation of nuclear p27kip1: therapeutic potential for endometrial cancer.
abstract: In many human cancers, the tumor suppressor, p27(kip1) (p27), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor critical to cell cycle arrest, undergoes perpetual ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation by the E3 ligase complex SCF-Skp2/Cks1 and/or cytoplasmic mislocalization. Lack of nuclear p27 causes aberrant cell cycle progression, and cytoplasmic p27 mediates cell migration/metastasis. We previously showed that mitogenic 17-β-estradiol (E2) induces degradation of p27 by the E3 ligase Skp1-Cullin1-F-Box- S phase kinase-associated protein2/cyclin dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 in primary endometrial epithelial cells and endometrial carcinoma (ECA) cell lines, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism for type I ECA, an E2-induced cancer. The current studies show that treatment of endometrial carcinoma cells-1 (ECC-1) with small molecule inhibitors of Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase activity (Skp2E3LIs) stabilizes p27 in the nucleus, decreases p27 in the cytoplasm, and prevents E2-induced proliferation and degradation of p27 in endometrial carcinoma cells-1 and primary ECA cells. Furthermore, Skp2E3LIs increase p27 half-life by 6 hours, inhibit cell proliferation (IC50, 14.3μM), block retinoblastoma protein (pRB) phosphorylation, induce G1 phase block, and are not cytotoxic. Similarly, using super resolution fluorescence localization microscopy and quantification, Skp2E3LIs increase p27 protein in the nucleus by 1.8-fold. In vivo, injection of Skp2E3LIs significantly increases nuclear p27 and reduces proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells by 42%-62% in ovariectomized E2-primed mice. Skp2E3LIs are specific inhibitors of proteolytic degradation that pharmacologically target the binding interaction between the E3 ligase, SCF-Skp2/Cks1, and p27 to stabilize nuclear p27 and prevent cell cycle progression. These targeted inhibitors have the potential to be an important therapeutic advance over general proteasome inhibitors for cancers characterized by SCF-Skp2/Cks1-mediated destruction of nuclear p27.
authors.affiliation: PhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NB17E4, New York, NY 10016. leslie.gold@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Savvas C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pavlides
authors.forename: Kuang-Tzu
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dylan A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Stephanie V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: Khushbakhat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Lankai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.forename: Leslie I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D044842:Cullin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D034622:RNA Interference; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C093090:CKS1B protein, human; C100318:Cullin 1; D044842:Cullin Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D042846:CDC2-CDC28 Kinases; C474110:Cks1 protein, mouse
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