title: Adaptation strategies and referencing trial of Scots and black pine populations subjected to heavy metal pollution.
abstract: The impact of industrial heavy metal pollution on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) populations was investigated. Sampled pine stands, which were located in Upper Silesia (southern Poland) in an area strongly polluted by heavy metals, consisted of resistant and sensitive trees. To evaluate the adaptation process, genetic structure and diversity was tested using isozyme analysis. Higher levels of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu were detected in needles of sensitive trees compared with resistant ones. With respect to morphology, Scots pines were more distinctly impaired than black pines. Although black pines had lower heavy metal concentrations, levels in 1-year-old needles, other than Cu, significantly exceeded "reference plant" values (Markert 1994). In both species, resistant trees demonstrated a lower degree of genetic variation than metal-sensitive trees with respect to some enzyme loci (SHDH A, PGI, PGM, MDH C and DIA). This observation was corroborated in sensitive trees by the smaller number of identified alleles and alleles per locus, absence of private alleles and significant excess of homozygotes in relation to expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium values. Assuming that only resistant trees of both species survive under conditions of prolonged soil contamination, the observed genetic structure implies that remaining populations will be depleted of some alleles of unknown adaptive value to future selection pressures. Genetic changes induced by heavy metals suggest an important role for specific enzymes-FEST, SHDH A and B, GOT B and PGI-in the adaptation process. Our results may serve as a basis for selection and propagation of individuals appropriate for re-cultivation of areas chemically degraded by industrial activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chudzińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71F, 60-625, Poznań, Poland. Jeandiatta63@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jean B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Diatta
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wojnicka-Półtorak
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D028223:Pinus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011044:Poland
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2001;115(3):405-11
references.pmid: 11789921
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2007 Oct;149(3):366-75
references.pmid: 17698266
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 1998 May;80 ( Pt 5):531-7
references.pmid: 9650277
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Aug;158(4):1811-23
references.pmid: 11514464
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 May;79:101-107
references.pmid: 22212345
references.citation: Evolution. 1983 Nov;37(6):1227-1238
references.pmid: 28556005
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 Feb;76(2):209-14
references.pmid: 22018546
references.citation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Nov;19(9):3850-8
references.pmid: 22711015
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2012 Oct 1;28(19):2537-9
references.pmid: 22820204
references.citation: J Appl Genet. 2006;47(2):99-108
references.pmid: 16682749
references.citation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Aug;19(7):2463-4
references.pmid: 22678546
references.citation: Am J Bot. 2003 Feb;90(2):207-13
references.pmid: 21659110
references.citation: New Phytol. 2003 Mar;157(3):633-641
references.pmid: 33873414
references.citation: Tree Physiol. 1998 Jan;18(1):29-36
references.pmid: 12651296
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2002 Dec;11(12):2467-74
references.pmid: 12453232
references.citation: Genetics. 1995 Jun;140(2):755-66
references.pmid: 7498752