title: Late talking, typical talking, and weak language skills at middle childhood.
abstract: To better understand early predictors of weak language and academic abilities, we identified children with and without weak abilities at age 8. We then looked back at age 2 vocabulary and word combining, and evaluated these measures as predictors of age 8 outcomes. More than 60% of children with weak oral language abilities at 8 were not late talkers at 2. However, no word combining at 2 was a significant risk factor for poor oral language, reading comprehension, and math outcomes at 8. The association of no word combining with age 8 reading comprehension and math ability was mediated by age 8 oral language ability. The findings indicate that children take different developmental pathways to weak language abilities in middle childhood. One begins with a delayed onset of language. A second begins with language measures in the typical range, but ends with language ability falling well below typical peers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The Pennsylvania State University, 308G Donald Ford Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Gerard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Poll
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller
keywords: Language development; Language disorders; Language impairment; Late talking; Learning disabilities
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