title: Differences in the management of type 1 diabetes among adults under excellent control compared with those under poor control in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optimizing glycemic control in type 1 diabetes is important to minimize the risk of complications. We used the large T1D Exchange clinic registry database to identify characteristics and diabetes management techniques in adults with type 1 diabetes, differentiating those under excellent glycemic control from those with poorer control.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional analysis included 627 participants with HbA1c <6.5% (excellent control) and 1,267 with HbA1c ≥8.5% (fair/poor control) at enrollment who were ≥26 years of age (mean ± SD 45.9 ± 13.2 years), were not using continuous glucose monitoring, and had type 1 diabetes for ≥2 years (22.8 ± 13.0 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the fair/poor control group, participants in the excellent control group had higher socioeconomic status, were more likely to be older and married, were less likely to be overweight, were more likely to exercise frequently, and had lower total daily insulin dose per kilogram (P < 0.0001 for each). Excellent control was associated with more frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), giving mealtime boluses before a meal rather than at the time of or after a meal, performing SMBG before giving a bolus, and missing an insulin dose less frequently (P < 0.0001 for each). Frequency of severe hypoglycemia was similar between groups, whereas diabetic ketoacidosis was more common in the fair/poor control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes self-management related to insulin delivery, glucose monitoring, and lifestyle tends to differ among adults with type 1 diabetes under excellent control compared with those under poorer control. Future studies should focus on modifying diabetes management skills in adult type 1 diabetes patients with suboptimal glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Kellee M. Miller, T1DStats@jaeb.org.
authors.forename: Jill H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kellee M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Janet B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bergenstal
authors.forename: Robin S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Goland
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harlan
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Largay
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Roy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012042:Registries; D012648:Self Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
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