title: A survey of emerging contaminants in the estuarine receiving environment around Auckland, New Zealand.
abstract: Increasing urbanisation in the future will put mounting stresses on the receiving environments around those urban centres due to increased sedimentation and contaminant runoff. Emerging contaminants (ECs) are an extensive array of chemicals and many are not under regulatory action. Within New Zealand likely future pressures from ECs will be in both urban centres and rural areas due to intensive agriculture, although at present there is a lack of information on the state of the environment in both sectors. This study was initiated to gauge the distribution of ECs in the urban environment by measuring concentrations of flame retardants, plasticisers, alkylphenols, herbicides and pesticides, steroid oestrogens, pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in sediment from 13 estuarine sites around Auckland, New Zealand's biggest city. Total polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant concentrations ((7)ΣPBDE) ranged from 0.55 to 573 ng/g (dw). The phthalate plasticiser di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was measured at up to 11,500 ng/g from one site. Nonylphenol (NP) was found at up to 32,000 ng/g at one site adjacent to the city's major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, median concentrations of NP were 153 ng/g, suggesting this site was not representative of the region. Nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates (NPEO1,2) had highest concentrations (1600 ng/g) at a marina. Highest glyphosate concentrations (up to 950 ng/g) were observed at residential sites. Steroid oestrogens were detected at extremely low concentrations (maximum 2.2 ng/g), while all other pesticides or herbicides were not detected at any sites. Multi-residue analysis of 46 pharmaceuticals showed presence of 21 compounds at one or more sites, with average concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 7.66 ng/g. Generally, environmental concentrations of ECs were similar to those reported world-wide. However, comparisons for pharmaceuticals were problematic, due to very few studies on pharmaceutical concentrations in estuarine sediments, with most focussed on sewage and stream water phases.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11 115, Hamilton 3251, New Zealand. Electronic address: michael.stewart@niwa.co.nz.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jelić
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrović
authors.forename: Damia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barcelo
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D063366:Estuaries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009520:New Zealand; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004967:Estrogens; D005411:Flame Retardants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010575:Pesticides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010636:Phenols; D010968:Plasticizers
keywords: Emerging contaminants; Estuarine; Flame retardants; New Zealand; Pharmaceuticals; Surfactants