title: Prenatal inflammatory risk factors for development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious, chronic lung disease affecting preterm infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify prenatal risk factors for BPD, focusing on inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study including 106,339 preterm infants, live born before gestational week 37 + 0, from 1988 to 2009 in Sweden. A total of 2,115 infants were diagnosed with BPD, of which 1,393 were born extremely preterm, before gestational week 28 + 0. Information on risk factors was obtained from national health registers and included maternal chronic inflammatory diseases, pregnancy related diseases, and drugs related to treatment of inflammation or infection during pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated in multivariable logistic regression models and are presented with 95% confidence intervals [95% CI].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preeclampsia was the strongest risk factor for BPD [adjusted OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.83, 2.29]. For extremely preterm infants the adjusted OR was 1.33 [95% CI 1.08, 1.64]. Chorioamnionitis was associated with an increased risk of BPD, but only when including all infants in the analyses [OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19, 1.48]. No apparent associations were found between maternal chronic inflammatory disease or use of anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of BPD. Maternal diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and maternal use of antibiotics were associated with reduced risks of BPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preeclampsia related disorders increased the risk and maternal diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes reduced the risk for BPD. As angiogenic factors play a role in preeclampsia and diabetes our findings suggest that an impaired angiogenesis may contribute to BPD development.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Solna Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Solna Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Viveca
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Odlind
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kieler
mesh_terms: D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: diabetes; maternal inflammation; preeclampsia; preterm infants