title: A practical grading system of ultrasonographic visibility for intracerebral lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative ultrasound for intracranial neurosurgery was largely abandoned in the 1980s due to poor image resolution. Despite many technological advances in ultrasound since then, the use of this imaging modality in contemporary practice remains limited. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of modern intraoperative ultrasound in the resection of a wide variety of intracranial pathologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 patients who underwent intracranial lesion resection in a contiguous fashion were prospectively included in the study. Ultrasound images acquired intraoperatively were used to stratify lesions into one of four grades (grades 0-3) on the basis of their ultrasonic echogenicity and border visibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two out of 105 lesions (40 %) were clearly identifiable and had a clear border with normal tissue (grade 3). Fifty-five of 105 lesions (52 %) were clearly identifiable but had no clear border with normal tissue (grade 2). Eight of 105 lesions (8 %) were difficult to identify and had no clear border with normal tissue (grade 1). None (0 %) of the lesions could not be identified (grade 0). High-grade gliomas, cerebral metastases, meningiomas, ependymomas, and haemangioblastomas all demonstrated a median ultrasonic visibility grade of 2 or greater. Low-grade astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas demonstrated a median ultrasonic visibility grade of 2 or less.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative ultrasound can be of tremendous benefit in allowing the surgeon to appraise the location, extent, and local environment of their target lesion, as well as to reduce the risk of preventable complications. We believe that our grading system will provide a useful adjunct to the neurosurgeon when deciding for which lesions intraoperative ultrasound would be useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, UK, S102JF.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heald
authors.forename: Ion
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Poeata
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ivanov
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography