title: Microbial toxicity of the insensitive munitions compound, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and its aromatic amine metabolites.
abstract: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munitions compound considered to replace conventional explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). DNAN undergoes facile microbial reduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN). This study investigated the inhibitory effect of DNAN, MENA, and DAAN toward various microbial targets in anaerobic (acetoclastic methanogens) and aerobic (heterotrophs and nitrifiers) sludge, and the bioluminescent bacterium, Aliivibrio fischeri, used in the Microtox assay. Aerobic heterotrophic and nitrifying batch experiments with DAAN could not be performed because the compound underwent extensive autooxidation in these assays. DNAN severely inhibited methanogens, nitrifying bacteria, and A. fischeri (50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging 41-57μM), but was notably less inhibitory to aerobic heterotrophs (IC50>390 μM). Reduction of DNAN to MENA and DAAN lead to a marked decrease in methanogenic inhibition (i.e., DNAN>MENA≈DAAN). Reduction of all nitro groups in DNAN also resulted in partial detoxification in assays with A. fischeri. In contrast, reduction of a single nitro group did not alter the inhibitory impact of DNAN toward A. fischeri and nitrifying bacteria given the similar IC50 values determined for MENA and DNAN in these assays. These results indicate that reductive biotransformation could reduce the inhibitory potential of DNAN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
authors.forename: Jidong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Reyes
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sierra-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000840:Anisoles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000378:metabolism; D053834:Explosive Agents; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000840:Anisoles; D053834:Explosive Agents; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole
keywords: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; 2,4-Diaminoanisole; 2,4-Dinitroanisole; 2,4-diaminoanisole; 2,4-dinitroanisole; 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline; 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline; 50% inhibition concentration; DAAN; DNAN; IC50; MENA; Microbial toxicity; Microtox; RAS; TNT; VSS; return activated sludge; volatile suspended solids