title: Allocation of cysteine for glutathione production in caterpillars with different antioxidant defense strategies: a comparison of Lymantria dispar and Malacosoma disstria.
abstract: Sulfur amino acids [cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met)] play two major roles during animal development: protein synthesis for growth and glutathione synthesis for defense. For caterpillars, the levels of sulfur amino acids found in foliar protein can be especially low relative to their nutritional needs. Previous work has measured concentrations of glutathione (GSH; containing Cys) in specific animal tissues, but has not examined whole-body levels to ascertain the costliness of this defense in terms of Cys allocation. This study examined whether the production of GSH varies between species and within individuals in accordance with an insect's need for antioxidant defense. Secondly, we quantified the allocation of total Cys (peptide-bound plus free Cys) to GSH in caterpillars as an estimate of its cost. Two contrasting species were compared: Lymantria dispar (Lymantriidae), a species that is highly defended, and Malacosoma disstria (Lasiocampidae), a species that is less defended. As expected, GSH levels were significantly higher in L. dispar than in M. disstria. Consistent with the function of the midgut as a first line of defense against ingested toxins, GSH levels were significantly higher in these tissues than in the whole bodies of both species. A major finding in this study was that a large fraction of total Cys is used to produce GSH: GSH in the midguts of L. dispar and M. disstria contained 23 and 21%, respectively, of the total Cys in these tissues, and the GSH in their remaining body tissues contained 19 and 17% of the total Cys in these tissues. Levels of total Cys in caterpillar tissues followed the same pattern of distribution as did GSH, producing a strong association between GSH and total Cys (R(2) = 0.794). We conclude that GSH is a costly defense, especially in generalist tree-feeding species such as L. dispar. These results further suggest that the large allocation of Cys to GSH in highly defended species might produce a tradeoff by limiting the amount of Cys available for rapid growth.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Raymond V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Barbehenn
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kochmanski
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Menachem
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Poirier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009036:Moths / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: antioxidant defense; caterpillar; cysteine; glutathione; sulfur amino acid