title: The effect of flow rate and agitation technique on irrigant extrusion ex vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate (i) the effect of irrigant flow rate, needle type, needle insertion depth and apical constriction diameter and (ii) the effect of ultrasonic, sonic and manual dynamic agitation on irrigant extrusion using a recently introduced method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two human teeth with a straight root canal were prepared to size 35, 0.06 taper and assigned to group A or B. The apical constriction diameter was 0.15-0.25 mm. Specimens were mounted on a plastic vial filled with distilled water to simulate a periapical lesion. A point-conductivity probe was used to determine the volume of irrigant extruded into the vial. Within group A, NaOCl was delivered at 0.14 or 0.26 mL s(-1) by an open-ended or a closed-ended needle at 1 or 3 mm short of working length (WL). In group B, NaOCl was agitated at high or low power either by an ultrasonically or sonically oscillating instrument inserted at 1 or 3 mm short of WL or by manual push-pull strokes of a gutta-percha cone. Results were analysed by repeated-measures anovas, at 0.05 significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in the flow rate resulted in increased extrusion (P < 0.001). The open-ended needle extruded significantly more irrigant than the closed-ended (P < 0.001). Extrusion decreased as needles moved away from WL (P < 0.001). The effect of apical constriction diameter was not significant (P > 0.454). Manual dynamic agitation extruded significantly more irrigant than sonic and ultrasonic agitation (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrigant flow rate, needle type and insertion depth and agitation technique had a significant effect on extrusion.
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutsioukis
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Psimma
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kastrinakis
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: agitation; apical extrusion; conductivity probe; flow rate; irrigation; sodium hypochlorite