title: Genistein versus ICI 182, 780: an ally or enemy in metastatic progression of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgen signalling through the androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. Estrogen in synergy with androgen is essential for cell growth of the normal and malignant prostate. However, the exact role that estrogen and the estrogen receptor play in prostate carcinogenesis remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated the metastasis-promoting effect of an estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist (genistein) in a patient-derived PCa xenograft model mimicking localized and metastatic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis that the tumor-promoting activity of genistein was due to its estrogenic properties, we treated the xenograft-bearing mice with genistein and an anti-estrogen compound (ICI 182, 780) and compared the differential gene expression using microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a second xenograft model which was derived from another patient, we showed that genistein promoted disease progression in vivo and ICI 182, 780 inhibited metastatic spread. The microarray analysis revealed that the metallothionein (MT) gene family was differentially expressed in tumors treated by these compounds. Using qRT-PCR, the differences in expression levels were validated in the metastatic and non-metastatic LTL313 PCa xenograft tumor lines, both of which were originally derived from the same PCa patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together our data provide evidence that genistein stimulates and ICI 182, 780 inhibits metastatic progression, suggesting that these effects may be mediated by ERβ signalling.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Hisae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yuwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Romanish
authors.forename: Dixie L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mager
authors.forename: Cheryl D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Helgason
authors.forename: Yuzhuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000187:drug effects; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000077267:Fulvestrant; D004958:Estradiol; D008668:Metallothionein; D019833:Genistein
keywords: ICI182,780; estrogen receptor beta; metallothionein; metastasis; prostate cancer