title: Characteristics of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli from wild birds in the Netherlands.
abstract: Cloacal swabs from carcasses of Dutch wild birds obtained in 2010 and 2011 were selectively cultured on media with cefotaxime to screen for the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli. Subsequently, all cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates were tested by broth microdilution and microarray. The presence of ESBL/AmpC and coexisting plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. To determine the size of plasmids and the location of ESBL and PMQR genes, S1 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on transformants, followed by Southern blot hybridization. The study included 414 cloacal swabs originating from 55 different bird species. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates were identified in 65 birds (15.7%) from 21 different species. In all, 65 cefotaxime-resistant E. coli ESBL/AmpC genes were detected, mainly comprising variants of blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2. Furthermore, PMQR genes [aac(6')-lb-cr, qnrB1, and qnrS1] coincided in seven cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates. Overall, replicon typing of the ESBL/AmpC-carrying plasmids demonstrated the predominant presence of IncI1 (n = 31) and variants of IncF (n = 18). Our results indicate a wide dissemination of ESBL and AmpC genes in wild birds from The Netherlands, especially among aquatic-associated species (waterfowl, gulls, and waders). The identified genes and plasmids reflect the genes found predominantly in livestock animals as well as in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Veldman
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Tulden
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.forename: Joop
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Testerink
authors.forename: Dik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mevius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001717:Birds / Q000382:microbiology*; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009426:Netherlands; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002439:Cefotaxime
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