title: Fine tuning of the temporal expression of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
abstract: Human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are delta retroviruses that share a common overall genetic organization, splicing pattern, and ability to infect and immortalize T-cells in vitro. However, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 exhibit a clearly distinct pathogenic potential in infected patients. To find clues to the possible viral determinants of the biology of these viruses, recent studies investigated the timing of expression and the intracellular compartmentalization of viral transcripts in ex-vivo samples from infected patients. Results of these studies revealed a common overall pattern of expression of HTLV-1 and -2 with a two-phase kinetics of expression and a nuclear accumulation of minus-strand transcripts. Studies in cells transfected with HTLV-1 molecular clones demonstrated the strict Rex-dependency of this "two-phase" kinetics. These studies also highlighted interesting differences in the relative abundance of transcripts encoding the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, and that of the accessory proteins controlling Rex expression and function, thus suggesting a potential basis for the different pathobiology of the two viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rende
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ciminale
keywords: HTLV-1; HTLV-2; Rex; Tax; splicing
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2008 May 01;13:5880-91
references.pmid: 18508629
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2010 Oct;31(5):350-8
references.pmid: 20332002
references.citation: Blood. 2011 May 5;117(18):4855-9
references.pmid: 21398577
references.citation: Blood. 2010 Jul 8;116(1):54-62
references.pmid: 20395415
references.citation: J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3708-13
references.pmid: 2760980
references.citation: Viruses. 2011 Aug;3(8):1395-414
references.pmid: 21994786
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 02;3:15
references.pmid: 16512901
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Mar;80(5):2495-505
references.pmid: 16474156
references.citation: J Virol. 1991 Aug;65(8):4398-407
references.pmid: 2072456
references.citation: EMBO J. 1988 Feb;7(2):519-23
references.pmid: 2835230
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Sep 15;89(18):8813-7
references.pmid: 1528897
references.citation: Oncogene. 2005 Sep 5;24(39):5996-6004
references.pmid: 16155606
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 30;107(48):20738-43
references.pmid: 21076035
references.citation: J Virol. 2012 Apr;86(8):4559-65
references.pmid: 22318152
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Aug;10(8):550-60
references.pmid: 20592731
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992 Nov;8(11):1845-9
references.pmid: 1489573
references.citation: Oncogene. 1999 Jul 15;18(28):4080-90
references.pmid: 10435589
references.citation: J Virol. 1997 Apr;71(4):2810-8
references.pmid: 9060636
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2010 Oct;31(5):333-43
references.pmid: 20673780
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2012 Sep 13;9:74
references.pmid: 22973907
references.citation: J Comput Biol. 2011 Feb;18(2):183-93
references.pmid: 21314457
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Aug 11;118(6):1549-59
references.pmid: 21677314
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2005 Oct 22;2:64
references.pmid: 16242045
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Apr;7(4):270-80
references.pmid: 17384582
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999 Oct 10;15(15):1351-63
references.pmid: 10515151
references.citation: Oncogene. 2005 Sep 5;24(39):6026-34
references.pmid: 16155609
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Oct;4(10):757-68
references.pmid: 15510157
references.citation: J Virol. 1992 Mar;66(3):1737-45
references.pmid: 1310774
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Apr;83(8):3788-97
references.pmid: 19193802
references.citation: Virology. 1995 Jun 1;209(2):445-56
references.pmid: 7539968
references.citation: J Virol. 2002 Dec;76(24):12813-22
references.pmid: 12438606
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jul;1787(7):947-54
references.pmid: 19366603
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6111-5
references.pmid: 2788283
references.citation: Blood. 2000 Feb 15;95(4):1386-92
references.pmid: 10666215
references.citation: Oncogene. 1999 Aug 5;18(31):4505-14
references.pmid: 10442641
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Sep 17;114(12):2427-38
references.pmid: 19602711
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1997 Aug;78 ( Pt 8):1897-906
references.pmid: 9266985
references.citation: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2000 Nov 1;16(16):1777-81
references.pmid: 11080826
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Nov 15;112(10):3995-4002
references.pmid: 18755983
references.citation: AIDS Rev. 2007 Jul-Sep;9(3):140-9
references.pmid: 17982939
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 17;103(3):720-5
references.pmid: 16407133
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;13 Suppl 1:S220-7
references.pmid: 8797727
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2005 Jan 01;10:431-45
references.pmid: 15574380