title: Effect of feed presentation on feeding patterns of dairy calves.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of feed presentation on meal frequency and duration, as well as diurnal feeding patterns of dairy calves, and to assess any longer-term differences in feeding patterns resulting from previous experience. Twenty Holstein bull calves were exposed from wk 1 to 8 of life to 1 of 2 feed presentation treatments: concentrate and chopped grass hay (<2.5 cm) offered at a ratio of 7:3 as a mixture (MIX), or as separate components (COM). Feed was provided ad libitum. Calves received 8L/d of milk replacer (1.2 kg of dry matter), with the amount progressively reduced after 5 wk to facilitate weaning by the end of wk 7. At the beginning of wk 9, all calves received the MIX diet and remained on trial for an additional 3 wk. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 4d during wk 6, 8, 9, and 11. In wk 6, calves fed MIX spent more time feeding than calves fed COM (56.7 vs. 46.8 min/d). In wk 8, calves fed MIX spent more time feeding (174.0 vs. 139.1 min/d) and had a lower rate of intake (11.5 vs. 14.7 g/min) compared with calves fed COM. Meal frequency was similar between treatments (12.2 meals/d). Diurnal feeding patterns in wk 8 were also affected by feed presentation, with calves fed MIX spending less time feeding at time of feed delivery and more time feeding throughout the rest of the daylight hours than calves fed COM. Diurnal feeding patterns of hay and concentrate in wk 8 differed for calves fed COM, with more time spent consuming hay at time of feed delivery and less time spent consuming hay throughout the rest of the day. Once calves previously fed COM were transitioned to the MIX diet in wk 9, meal frequency, meal duration, and diurnal feeding patterns were similar between treatments: both treatments spent similar amounts of time feeding (173.9 min/d) and had similar peaks in feeding activity at time of feed delivery, sunrise, and sunset. Provision of hay and concentrate to young calves as a mixed ration, compared with separate components, increases time spent feeding and results in more evenly distributed diurnal feeding patterns. However, differences in feeding patterns resulting from feed presentation did not persist after 8 wk of age, when all calves were fed a mixed ration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, 830 Prescott Street, Kemptville, ON, K0G 1J0, Canada.
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Miller-Cushon
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Campus d'Alfred, Alfred, ON, K0B 1A0, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, 830 Prescott Street, Kemptville, ON, K0G 1J0, Canada. Electronic address: tdevries@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: DeVries
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D019370:Observation; D006109:Poaceae; D014741:Video Recording; D014886:Weaning
keywords: dairy calf; feed presentation; feeding pattern