title: The nicotinergic receptor as a target for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia: barking up the wrong tree?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive symptoms have increasingly been recognized as an important target in the development of future treatment strategies in schizophrenia. The nicotinergic neurotransmission system has been suggested as a potentially interesting treatment target for these cognitive deficits. However, previous research yielded conflicting results, which may be explained by several methodological limitations, such as the failure to include both a group of smoking and non-smoking schizophrenic patients, the use of only a single nicotine dose, and the inclusion of a very limited cognitive battery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims at investigating the cognitive effects of nicotine in schizophrenia while addressing these methodological issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover design, cognitive effects are assessed in smoking (n =16) and non-smoking (n =16) schizophrenic patients after receiving active (1 or 2 mg) or placebo oromucosal nicotine spray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A modest improving effect of nicotine on attention in the smoking but not the non-smoking group was found. No enhancing effects were found on measures of visual memory, working memory, processing speed, psychomotor speed, or social cognitive functioning in either patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the nicotinic receptor only has limited value as a cognitive treatment target in schizophrenia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quisenaerts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morrens
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hulstijn
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Streffer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De la Asuncion
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sabbe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D009538:Nicotine
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