title: A passive cold storage device economic model to evaluate selected immunization location scenarios.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The challenge of keeping vaccines cold at health posts given the unreliability of power sources in many low- and middle-income countries and the expense and maintenance requirements of solar refrigerators has motivated the development of passive cold storage devices (PCDs), containers that keep vaccines cold without using an active energy source. With different PCDs under development, manufacturers, policymakers and funders need guidance on how varying different PCD characteristics may affect the devices' cost and utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an economic spreadsheet model representing the lowest two levels of a typical Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccine supply chain: a district store, the immunization locations that the district store serves, and the transport vehicles that operate between the district store and the immunization locations. The model compares the use of three vaccine storage device options [(1) portable PCDs, (2) stationary PCDs, or (3) solar refrigerators] and allows the user to vary different device (e.g., size and cost) and scenario characteristics (e.g., catchment area population size and vaccine schedule).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a sample set of select scenarios and equipment specification, we found the portable PCD to generally be better suited to populations of 5,000 or less. The stationary PCD replenished once per month can be a robust design especially with a 35L capacity and a cost of $2,500 or less. The solar device was generally a reasonable alternative for most of the scenarios explored if the cost was $2,100 or less (including installation). No one device type dominated over all explored circumstances. Therefore, the best device may vary from country-to-country and location-to-location within a country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study introduces a quantitative model to help guide PCD development. Although our selected set of explored scenarios and device designs was not exhaustive, future explorations can further alter model input values to represent additional scenarios and device designs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Sevnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nourollahi
authors.forename: Sheng-I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shawn T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Erin G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Claypool
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Jayant
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajgopal
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wateska
authors.forename: Bruce Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D012034:Refrigeration / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cold chain; Delivery; Storage; Vaccines
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