title: Synchrotron verification of TiO2 accumulation in cucumber fruit: a possible pathway of TiO2 nanoparticle transfer from soil into the food chain.
abstract: The transfer of nanoparticles (NPs) into the food chain through edible plants is of great concern. Cucumis sativus L. is a freshly consumed garden vegetable that could be in contact with NPs through biosolids and direct agrichemical application. In this research, cucumber plants were cultivated for 150 days in sandy loam soil treated with 0 to 750 mg TiO2 NPs kg(-1). Fruits were analyzed using synchrotron μ-XRF and μ-XANES, ICP-OES, and biochemical assays. Results showed that catalase in leaves increased (U mg(-1) protein) from 58.8 in control to 78.8 in 750 mg kg(-1) treatment; while ascorbate peroxidase decreased from 21.9 to 14.1 in 500 mg kg(-1) treatment. Moreover, total chlorophyll content in leaves increased in the 750 mg kg(-1) treatment. Compared to control, FTIR spectra of fruit from TiO2 NP treated plants showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in band areas of amide, lignin, and carbohydrates, suggesting macromolecule modification of cucumber fruit. In addition, compared with control, plants treated with 500 mg kg(-1) had 35% more potassium and 34% more phosphorus. For the first time, μ-XRF and μ-XANES showed root-to-fruit translocation of TiO2 in cucumber without biotransformation. This suggests TiO2 could be introduced into the food chain with unknown consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Alia D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Servin
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Castillo-Michel
authors.forename: Jose Angel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Viezcas
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nunez
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peralta-Videa
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
mesh_terms: D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004602:Elements; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D020387:Food Chain; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014025:Titanium / Q000378:metabolism*; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D012987:Soil; D002734:Chlorophyll; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase