title: Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary threat from Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) originates from populations continuously dispersing from and among wild and cultivated hosts, so many individuals may not be directly sprayed with insecticides. Limited information exists regarding field-based residual activity of insecticides for management of H. halys in tree fruit. Thus, we conducted field-based bioassays in apple and peach orchards to evaluate residual activity of insecticides commonly applied against H. halys. Adults used in these trials were collected from wild and cultivated hosts less than one week prior to testing to more accurately reflect the susceptibility of wild H. halys populations in the field throughout the season.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly higher mortality rates of Halyomorpha halys were observed early in the growing season, when overwintered adults were prevalent, compared with populations present later in the growing season that included new generation adults. Significantly higher mortality was recorded for adults exposed to fresh insecticide applications compared with three- and seven-day old residues. Typically, the addition of an adjuvant did not enhance efficacy or residual activity of insecticides. Significantly fewer injury sites were recorded on apples treated with dinotefuran and fenpropathrin compared with the untreated apples for all residue ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overwintered Halyomorpha halys populations are easier to kill with insecticide applications than the first and second generation which are present in the field during the mid- to late-season. Residual activity of nearly all insecticides decreased significantly three days after application and adjuvants generally did not increase residual activity. These factors should be considered in developing season-long programs for management of this invasive species in tree fruit.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, WV, 25430-2771, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Leskey
authors.forename: Brent D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Doo-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020062:Heteroptera; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D027845:Malus / Q000254:growth & development; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D027861:Prunus / Q000254:growth & development; D012621:Seasons; D014903:West Virginia
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: IPM; brown marmorated stink bug; invasive species; residual activity