title: Reproducibility study of four-dimensional flow MRI of arterial and portal venous liver hemodynamics: influence of spatio-temporal resolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate influence of variation in spatio-temporal resolution and scan-rescan reproducibility on three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification of arterial and portal venous (PV) liver hemodynamics at four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scan-rescan reproducibility of 3D hemodynamic analysis of the liver was evaluated in 10 healthy volunteers using 4D flow MRI at 3T with three different spatio-temporal resolutions (2.4 × 2.0 × 2.4 mm(3), 61.2 ms; 2.5 × 2.0 × 2.4 mm(3), 81.6 ms; 2.6 × 2.5 × 2.6 mm(3), 80 ms) and thus different total scan times. Qualitative flow analysis used 3D streamlines and time-resolved particle traces. Quantitative evaluation was based on maximum and mean velocities, flow volume, and vessel lumen area in the hepatic arterial and PV systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4D flow MRI showed good interobserver variability for assessment of arterial and PV liver hemodynamics. 3D flow visualization revealed limitations for the left intrahepatic PV branch. Lower spatio-temporal resolution resulted in underestimation of arterial velocities (mean 15%, P < 0.05). For the PV system, hemodynamic analyses showed significant differences in the velocities for intrahepatic portal vein vessels (P < 0.05). Scan-rescan reproducibility was good except for flow volumes in the arterial system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D flow MRI for assessment of liver hemodynamics can be performed with low interobserver variability and good reproducibility. Higher spatio-temporal resolution is necessary for complete assessment of the hepatic blood flow required for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stankovic
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Maximilian F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Russe
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Euringer
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stehlin
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Csatari
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Strohm
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 4D flow MRI; liver hemodynamics; reproducibility study; spatio-temporal resolution; splanchnic system
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