title: Ambient air pollution and preeclampsia: a spatiotemporal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Available evidence concerning the association between air pollution and preeclampsia is limited, and specific associations with early- and late-onset preeclampsia have not been assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association, if any, between preeclampsia (all, early-, and late-onset) and exposure to nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine particles), ≤ 10 μm, and 2.5-10 μm, and PM2.5 light absorption (a proxy for elemental carbon) during the entire pregnancy and during the first, second, and third trimesters.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on 8,398 pregnancies (including 103 cases of preeclampsia) among women residing in Barcelona, Spain (2000-2005). We applied a spatiotemporal exposure assessment framework using land use regression models to predict ambient pollutant levels during each week of pregnancy at the geocoded residence address of each woman at the time of birth. Logistic and conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found positive associations for most of our evaluated outcome-exposure pairs, with the strongest associations observed for preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia in relation to the third-trimester exposure to fine particulate pollutants, and for early-onset preeclampsia in relation to the first-trimester exposure to fine particulate pollutants. Among our investigated associations, those of first- and third-trimester exposures to PM2.5 and third-trimester exposure to PM2.5 absorbance and all preeclampsia, and third-trimester PM2.5 exposure and late-onset preeclampsia attained statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed increased risk of preeclampsia associated with exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Our findings, in combination with previous evidence suggesting distinct pathogenic mechanisms for early- and late-onset preeclampsia, support additional research on this topic.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dadvand
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Figueras
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Basagaña
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cirach
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schembari
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002947:Cities; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter
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