title: The power of the claw.
abstract: Scratches on bones have routinely been attributed to tooth marks (a predominantly untested speculation), ignoring the effects of claws, perhaps because of the general assumption that claws are too soft to damage bone. However, some pathologies appears to be more compatible with claw rather than tooth impacts. Therefore, it is critical to determine if the claws of any animal are capable of scratching into the surface of any bone--a test and proof of concept. A tiger enrichment program was used to document actual bone damage unequivocally caused by claws, by assuring that the tiger had access to bones only by using its paws (claws). The spectrum of mechanisms causing bone damage was expanded by evidentiary analysis of claw-induced pathology. While static studies suggested that nails/claws could not disrupt bone, specific tiger enrichment activities documented that bones were susceptible to damage from the kinetic energy effect of the striking claw. This documents an expanded differential consideration for scratch marks on bone and evidences the power of the claw.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America ; Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rothschild
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuxhorn
authors.forename: Ginny Penn
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kilgore
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naples
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005269:Femur / Q000293:injuries; D006724:Hoof and Claw; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012418:Ruminants; D046010:Tigers
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