title: Impact of geographical region on urinary metabolomic and plasma fatty acid profiles in subjects with the metabolic syndrome across Europe: the LIPGENE study.
abstract: The application of metabolomics in multi-centre studies is increasing. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of geographical location on the metabolic profiles of individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Blood and urine samples were collected from 219 adults from seven European centres participating in the LIPGENE project (Diet, genomics and the metabolic syndrome: an integrated nutrition, agro-food, social and economic analysis). Nutrient intakes, BMI, waist:hip ratio, blood pressure, and plasma glucose, insulin and blood lipid levels were assessed. Plasma fatty acid levels and urine were assessed using a metabolomic technique. The separation of three European geographical groups (NW, northwest; NE, northeast; SW, southwest) was identified using partial least-squares discriminant analysis models for urine (R² X: 0·33, Q²: 0·39) and plasma fatty acid (R² X: 0·32, Q²: 0·60) data. The NW group was characterised by higher levels of urinary hippurate and N-methylnicotinate. The NE group was characterised by higher levels of urinary creatine and citrate and plasma EPA (20 : 5 n-3). The SW group was characterised by higher levels of urinary trimethylamine oxide and lower levels of plasma EPA. The indicators of metabolic health appeared to be consistent across the groups. The SW group had higher intakes of total fat and MUFA compared with both the NW and NE groups (P≤ 0·001). The NE group had higher intakes of fibre and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids compared with both the NW and SW groups (all P< 0·001). It is likely that differences in dietary intakes contributed to the separation of the three groups. Evaluation of geographical factors including diet should be considered in the interpretation of metabolomic data from multi-centre studies.
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Marianne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Gerard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences and the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
authors.affiliation: Lipid and Atherosclerosis Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital/University of Cordoba, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Miranda
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, NORT, UMR_S 1062, Marseille 13005, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Defoort
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kieć-Wilk
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gibney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D035843:Biomedical Research; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D005060:Europe; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids