title: Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications.
abstract: Alginate is an important polysaccharide used widely in the food, textile, printing and pharmaceutical industries for its viscosifying, and gelling properties. All commercially produced alginates are isolated from farmed brown seaweeds. These algal alginates suffer from heterogeneity in composition and material properties. Here, we will discuss alginates produced by bacteria; the molecular mechanisms involved in their biosynthesis; and the potential to utilize these bacterially produced or modified alginates for high-value applications where defined material properties are required.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Iain D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ur Rehman
authors.forename: M Fata
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Moradali
authors.forename: Yajie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bernd H A
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1994 Apr;176(7):1821-30
references.pmid: 8144447
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Jul;154(Pt 7):2119-2130
references.pmid: 18599839
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;670:126-36
references.pmid: 20384223
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2007 Aug;65(4):876-95
references.pmid: 17645452
references.citation: World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Aug;28(8):2731-40
references.pmid: 22806199
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1994 Aug;176(16):4851-7
references.pmid: 8050998
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1997 Jun;179(11):3711-20
references.pmid: 9171421
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 23;279(30):31863-72
references.pmid: 15136569
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Apr;178(8):2186-95
references.pmid: 8636017
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1998 Feb;27(4):717-25
references.pmid: 9515698
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Feb;60(6):733-7
references.pmid: 12664154
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Feb;75(4):1110-20
references.pmid: 19088322
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Jan;154(Pt 1):103-113
references.pmid: 18174130
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2005 Mar-Apr;6(2):1031-40
references.pmid: 15762675
references.citation: Int J Biol Macromol. 2002 Apr 8;30(2):105-11
references.pmid: 11911901
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 1997 Nov;143 ( Pt 11):3473-3480
references.pmid: 9387225
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 1;22(1):3-6
references.pmid: 16249258
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2010 Dec;101(23):9405-8
references.pmid: 20675122
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 Nov;186(21):7369-77
references.pmid: 15489449
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 6;287(28):23582-93
references.pmid: 22605337
references.citation: EMBO J. 2013 Feb 6;32(3):354-68
references.pmid: 23202856
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2005 Apr;56(2):309-22
references.pmid: 15813726
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 Jul;186(14):4759-73
references.pmid: 15231808
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997 Sep;48(3):281-8
references.pmid: 9352672
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1993 Aug;9(3):497-506
references.pmid: 8412698
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Jul;187(13):4573-83
references.pmid: 15968068
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 Aug 1;45(30):9138-44
references.pmid: 16866359
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1998 Feb;180(4):956-68
references.pmid: 9473053
references.citation: Biochimie. 2006 Mar-Apr;88(3-4):245-51
references.pmid: 16376476
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 18;269(7):4872-7
references.pmid: 8106458
references.citation: Front Microbiol. 2011 Aug 22;2:167
references.pmid: 21991261
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1984 Jun;158(3):1161-2
references.pmid: 6427189
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 1999 Mar;150(2):105-16
references.pmid: 10209766
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1993 Mar;175(6):1605-11
references.pmid: 8449870
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 5;264(16):9380-5
references.pmid: 2470755
references.citation: Microb Pathog. 1994 Jan;16(1):43-51
references.pmid: 8057826
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Jun;187(11):3869-72
references.pmid: 15901714
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2007 Sep;8(9):2809-14
references.pmid: 17696472
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2003 Jun;185(12):3515-23
references.pmid: 12775688
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 15;90(18):8377-81
references.pmid: 8378309
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Oct 1;179(1):85-90
references.pmid: 10481091
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 5;266(4):2080-8
references.pmid: 1846611
references.citation: Microbios. 1988;54(220-221):171-9
references.pmid: 3141745
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Jan;188(1):132-40
references.pmid: 16352829
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2003 Feb;185(3):1071-81
references.pmid: 12533483
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 May;79(10):3264-72
references.pmid: 23503314
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1993 May;8(3):583-93
references.pmid: 7686997
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 1994 Jul;140 ( Pt 7):1745-54
references.pmid: 7521247
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2011 Jan;193(1):286-91
references.pmid: 21036998
references.citation: Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000 Sep 1;27(6):390-398
references.pmid: 10938418
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Apr;72(1):183-201
references.pmid: 19226327
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Aug 2;288(31):22299-314
references.pmid: 23779107
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994 Jan;40(5):638-43
references.pmid: 7764423
references.citation: Prog Polym Sci. 2012 Jan;37(1):106-126
references.pmid: 22125349
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2009 Jan;155(Pt 1):249-256
references.pmid: 19118365
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Mar;76(6):1806-12
references.pmid: 20097812
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;72(1):298-305
references.pmid: 16391057
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(18):6022-5
references.pmid: 19648373
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(16):4997-5004
references.pmid: 8759866
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1998 Feb;180(3):634-41
references.pmid: 9457868
references.citation: Cell Mol Biol Res. 1993;39(4):371-6
references.pmid: 8312973
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Feb;47(4):1123-33
references.pmid: 12581364
references.citation: Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol. 1995;70:221-55
references.pmid: 8638483
references.citation: J Biotechnol. 2009 Mar 25;140(3-4):176-83
references.pmid: 19428712
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Oct;62(2):412-26
references.pmid: 17020580
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Mar;79(6):2002-11
references.pmid: 23335756
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Feb;63(6):742-7
references.pmid: 12928755
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 9;108(32):13083-8
references.pmid: 21778407
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Jan 10;493(7431):181-6
references.pmid: 23222542
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Apr;188(8):3134-7
references.pmid: 16585775
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Jan;93(1):215-27
references.pmid: 21713511
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2012 Dec 21;51(51):10259-66
references.pmid: 23215237
references.citation: Curr Microbiol. 2012 Dec;65(6):770-5
references.pmid: 22986819
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2006 Jul 10;580(16):3883-8
references.pmid: 16797016
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1994 May;176(10):2773-80
references.pmid: 8188579
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2008 Jun;154(Pt 6):1605-1615
references.pmid: 18524915
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1996 Aug;21(3):449-57
references.pmid: 8866469
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Feb;61(2):650-5
references.pmid: 16534934
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1997 Sep;65(9):3838-46
references.pmid: 9284161
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2002 Jun;184(11):3000-7
references.pmid: 12003941
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012 Apr;39(4):613-21
references.pmid: 22072437
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2005 Dec;187(24):8375-84
references.pmid: 16321942
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(8):2887-91
references.pmid: 2109318
references.citation: New Microbiol. 2012 Jul;35(3):295-305
references.pmid: 22842599
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug;77(15):5238-46
references.pmid: 21666010
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1994 Sep;176(18):5639-47
references.pmid: 7521870
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1989 Jan 5;33(1):79-89
references.pmid: 18587846
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1996 Oct;22(1):97-108
references.pmid: 8899712
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2009 Apr;72(2):368-79
references.pmid: 19298369
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Mar;69(3):1895-901
references.pmid: 11179370
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2001 Feb;183(3):1047-57
references.pmid: 11208804
references.citation: J Wound Care. 2000 Feb;9(2):56-60
references.pmid: 11933281
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(16):4990-6
references.pmid: 8759865
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Aug;8(8):578-92
references.pmid: 20581859
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1997 Oct 20;416(2):207-11
references.pmid: 9369216
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Oct;73(10):6429-36
references.pmid: 16177314
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006 Aug;43(2):200-4
references.pmid: 16869905
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2006 Jan 17;45(2):552-60
references.pmid: 16401084
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Nov;29(5):209-13
references.pmid: 12407452
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 8;104(19):8107-12
references.pmid: 17470813
references.citation: Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Feb 16;6:7
references.pmid: 17306024
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1999 Sep;33(5):1069-80
references.pmid: 10476040
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2002 Feb;184(4):1057-64
references.pmid: 11807066
references.citation: Biomaterials. 1997 May;18(10):707-13
references.pmid: 9158852
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 May 25;266(15):9754-63
references.pmid: 1903398
references.citation: Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2002 Jul;28(6):621-30
references.pmid: 12149954
references.citation: Structure. 2010 Feb 10;18(2):265-73
references.pmid: 20159471