title: The ankle-brachial index for peripheral artery disease screening and cardiovascular disease prediction among asymptomatic adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening for peripheral artery disease (PAD) may reduce morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence on the ability of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality independent of Framingham Risk Score (FRS) factors in asymptomatic adults and on the benefits and harms of treating screen-detected adults with PAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1996 to September 2012), clinical trial registries, reference lists, and experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language, population-based prognostic studies evaluating the ABI in addition to the FRS and treatment trials or studies of treatment harms in screen-detected adults with PAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dual quality assessment and abstraction of relevant study details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One large meta-analysis (n = 43 919) showed that the ABI could reclassify 10-year risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), but it did not report measures of appropriate reclassification (the net reclassification improvement [NRI]). Four heterogeneous risk prediction studies showed that the magnitude of the NRI was probably small when the ABI was added to the FRS to predict CAD or CVD events. Of 2 treatment trials meeting inclusion criteria, 1 large trial (n = 3350) showed that low-dose aspirin did not prevent CVD events in persons with a screen-detected low ABI but may have increased the risk for major bleeding events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most prognostic studies did not allow for calculation of a bias-corrected NRI. Evidence on treatment benefits and harms was limited to aspirin and was scant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding the ABI to the FRS probably has limited value for predicting CAD or CVD. Treatment benefits for asymptomatic individuals with screen-detected PAD are not established.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Carin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Evelyn P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Whitlock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D001241:Aspirin