title: Occurrence of virulence genes, 16S rRNA methylases, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli from Pakistan.
abstract: The aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli collected from Pakistan. Genetic relatedness among 98 ESBL-producing E. coli was measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The presence of genes encoding ESBLs, virulence factors (VFs), 16S rRNA methylases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) encoding elements, plasmid replicon types, phylogenetic groups of E. coli, prevalence of the worldwide disseminated clone E. coli ST131, and phylogrouping of CTX-M enzymes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates carried bla CTX-M genes and, except for one isolate from CTX-M phylogroup 9, they all belonged to CTX-M phylogroup 1. The isolates were genetically diverse with PFGE. Phylogenetic group D (36 %) was most abundant in this collection of E. coli, whereas isolates belonging to B2 (22 %) had the highest content of virulence genes. PMQR genes were found in 84.6 % of the isolates; among them, 93 % isolates were positive for variants of acetyltransferases (aac(6')-lb-cr), whereas qnrB, qepA, and qnrS were present in 11 %, 5 %, and 4 % of the isolates, respectively. Only 3 % of the isolates contained genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases. The most abundant replicon type was IncF (96 %), and 18 % of the isolates belonged to the ST131 clone. Out of 34 investigated VFs, 24 genes encoding different types of adhesins, protectins, toxins, siderophores, and other VFs were found. Although the isolates in this collection were highly resistant to many antimicrobials, susceptibility to amikacin and meropenem was retained.
authors.affiliation: Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Habeeb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Giske
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010154:Pakistan; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D037521:Virulence Factors; D008780:Methyltransferases; C035181:rRNA (adenosine-O-2'-)methyltransferase; D001618:beta-Lactamases
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Jan;15 Suppl 1:20-5
references.pmid: 19220348
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2005 Dec;63(3):219-28
references.pmid: 15935499
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Nov;58(5):1048-53
references.pmid: 16997844
references.citation: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2011 May;99(4):817-24
references.pmid: 21293926
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Dec;41(12):5798-802
references.pmid: 14662987
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Nov;50(11):3953-5
references.pmid: 16954321
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Apr;52(4):1587-8; author reply 1588
references.pmid: 18367713
references.citation: Microb Drug Resist. 2011 Mar;17(1):83-97
references.pmid: 21281129
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Oct;44(10):3484-92
references.pmid: 17021071
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2007 Jan;56(Pt 1):52-55
references.pmid: 17172517
references.citation: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Feb;57(2):129-36
references.pmid: 17020797
references.citation: Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Dec;32(6):534-7
references.pmid: 18775649
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2002 May 15;185(10):1521-4
references.pmid: 11992291
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2004 Nov;72(11):6554-60
references.pmid: 15501787
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2000 Jan;181(1):261-72
references.pmid: 10608775
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jan;45(1):199-205
references.pmid: 17079502
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Aug;64(2):274-7
references.pmid: 19474064
references.citation: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2011;64(3):249-52
references.pmid: 21617313
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Sep;50(9):3203-6
references.pmid: 16940132
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2000 May;68(5):3040-7
references.pmid: 10769012
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jun;63(6):1135-41
references.pmid: 19351692
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jan;63(1):67-71
references.pmid: 18931389
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2011 Sep;35(5):736-55
references.pmid: 21303394
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Oct;66(10):4555-8
references.pmid: 11010916
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006 Spring;3(1):59-67
references.pmid: 16602980
references.citation: Jpn J Infect Dis. 2011;64(1):55-7
references.pmid: 21266756
references.citation: Korean J Lab Med. 2009 Dec;29(6):541-50
references.pmid: 20046086
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Mar;35(3):656-62
references.pmid: 9041407
references.citation: BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 17;9:97
references.pmid: 19534775