title: The role of observers' gaze behaviour when watching object manipulation tasks: predicting and evaluating the consequences of action.
abstract: When watching an actor manipulate objects, observers, like the actor, naturally direct their gaze to each object as the hand approaches and typically maintain gaze on the object until the hand departs. Here, we probed the function of observers' eye movements, focusing on two possibilities: (i) that observers' gaze behaviour arises from processes involved in the prediction of the target object of the actor's reaching movement and (ii) that this gaze behaviour supports the evaluation of mechanical events that arise from interactions between the actor's hand and objects. Observers watched an actor reach for and lift one of two presented objects. The observers' task was either to predict the target object or judge its weight. Proactive gaze behaviour, similar to that seen in self-guided action-observation, was seen in the weight judgement task, which requires evaluating mechanical events associated with lifting, but not in the target prediction task. We submit that an important function of gaze behaviour in self-guided action observation is the evaluation of mechanical events associated with interactions between the hand and object. By comparing predicted and actual mechanical events, observers, like actors, can gain knowledge about the world, including information about objects they may subsequently act upon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queen's University, , Kingston, Ontario, Canada , K7L 3N6.
authors.forename: J Randall
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Gerben
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rotman
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Reichelt
authors.forename: Roland S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time
keywords: action–observation; gaze behaviour; object manipulation
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