title: On the hazard of quiet vehicles to pedestrians and drivers.
abstract: The need to produce more efficient and less polluting vehicles has encouraged mass production of alternative energy vehicles, such as hybrid and electric cars. Many of these vehicles are capable of very quiet operation. While reducing noise pollution is desirable, quieter vehicles could negatively affect pedestrian safety because of reduced sound cues compared to louder internal combustion engines. Three studies were performed to investigate people's concern about this issue. In Study 1, a questionnaire completed by 378 people showed substantial positive interest in quiet hybrid and electric cars. However, they also indicated concern about the reduced auditory cues of quiet vehicles. In Study 2, 316 participants rated 14 sounds that could be potentially added to quiet alternative-energy vehicles. The data showed that participants did not want annoying sounds, but preferred adding "engine" and "hum" sounds relative to other types of sounds. In Study 3, 24 persons heard and rated 18 actual sounds within 6 categories that were added to a video of a hybrid vehicle driving by. The sounds most preferred were "engine" followed by "white noise" and "hum". Implications for adding sounds to facilitate pedestrians' detection of moving vehicles and for aiding drivers' awareness of speed are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, Campus Box 7650, 2310 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-7650, USA. Electronic address: WogalterM@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wogalter
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Pierce College, Woodland Hills, CA 91371, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, Campus Box 7650, 2310 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-7650, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nyeste
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001336:Automobiles; D003463:Cues; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012449:Safety; D013016:Sound; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory warnings; Pedestrian safety; Quiet Vehicle