title: Comparison of 3 kinds of Toll-like receptor ligands for inactivated avian H5N1 influenza virus intranasal immunization in chicken.
abstract: To evaluate the effects of co-administration of inactivated avian influenza H5N1 virus (IAIV) and different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in chickens, 10-d-old chickens were immunized intranasally with IAIV and TLR ligand [Bacillus subtilis spores, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), respectively]. The results showed that both anti-avian influenza virus (AIV) specific secretory IgA level in respiratory tract and anti-AIV specific IgG level in serum significantly increased, as well as the expressions of IL-12, interferon-γ, IL-6, and TLR in the nasal cavity and trachea after intranasal immunization with IAIV and TLR ligand. Among the used TLR ligands, B. subtilis spores as the adjuvant for nasal IAIV had the strongest effect on the expression of IL-6 and IL-12 (P < 0.01), whereas the CpG-ODN could present an advantageous effect on the induction of anti-AIV specific IgG and neutralization antibodies (P < 0.01). The chickens that were previously co-administrated with IAIV and B. subtilis spores could survive at an improved rate upon challenge by live AIV H5N1 virus. Our study suggested that B. subtilis spores, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or CpG-ODN all could effectively enhance the local and systemic immune responses to IAIV in chickens. Considering of the effects and cost of these TLR ligands, we prospected that B. subtilis spores might serve as a more affordable and efficacious mucosal adjuvant for nasal IAIV in chickens.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Haihong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry; D002645:Chickens; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008024:Ligands; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C513533:CpG ODN 2006; D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D008024:Ligands; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D011070:Poly I-C