title: Nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in HIV-positive children in Cambodia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patterns of nasopharyngeal colonisation in HIV-positive children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal, nasal and ear swabs were prospectively taken from all children living in two paediatric nursing homes for HIV-positive orphans in Cambodia from 2004 to 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 882 swabs were taken, of which 586 tested positive for bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated species (178 isolates; 30.4%) followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (103 isolates; 17.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (99 isolates; 16.9%). The rate of S. pneumoniae decreased in 2009 when a vaccination programme was introduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The respiratory tract of HIV-positive children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy is commonly colonised by S. aureus and S. pneumoniae, while other species normally found in the respiratory tract, such as Moraxella catarrhalis, are far less frequent.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Slovak Tropical Institute, St. Elisabeth University College of Health and Social Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health care and Social Work, Trnava University in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krcmery
authors.forename: Jaroslava
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sokolova
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kulkova
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liskova
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shahum
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benca
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002160:Cambodia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000382:microbiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: Cambodia; HIV; bacteria; children; nasopharyngeal colonisation