title: Efficacy of miswak on oral pathogens.
abstract: The oral cavity harbors a diverse and abundant number of complex oral pathogens causing different oral diseases. The development of dental caries and periodontal diseases has been found to be closely associated with various gram positive and gram negative microrganisms. Miswak, a natural toothbrush, has been documented as a potent antibacterial aid and its use is encouraged in different countries because of its good taste, texture, availability, cost and beneficial effect on teeth and supporting tissues. Different researches have been carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Miswak. This review encompasses the efficacy of Miswak on suppression of oral pathogens with respect to conducted on fungi as well as cariogenic, periodontal and endodontic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukkarwalla
authors.forename: Salima Mehboob
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Pranee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Farzeen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanwir
keywords: Antimicrobial effects; Miswak; oral pathogens; salvadora persica
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2002 May;29(5):411-20
references.pmid: 12060423
references.citation: J Mass Dent Soc. 2009 Summer;58(2):30-2
references.pmid: 19774868
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1984;713:1-46
references.pmid: 6442066
references.citation: Caries Res. 1983;17(3):253-7
references.pmid: 6573966
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2001 Jul;9(7):327-35
references.pmid: 11435107
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2001 Oct;36(5):275-84
references.pmid: 11585114
references.citation: Caries Res. 2007;41(6):451-4
references.pmid: 17823507
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1130-4
references.pmid: 21798329
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;29(1):81-8
references.pmid: 19899011
references.citation: Int Dent J. 1997 Oct;47(5):275-8
references.pmid: 9448809
references.citation: Caries Res. 2008;42(5):363-8
references.pmid: 18728368
references.citation: J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011 Jan;3(1):113-7
references.pmid: 21430961
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:680354
references.pmid: 19596745
references.citation: Int J Dent Hyg. 2005 Feb;3(1):18-24
references.pmid: 16451373
references.citation: J Contemp Dent Pract. 2004 Feb 15;5(1):105-14
references.pmid: 14973564
references.citation: Afr Dent J. 1995;9:15-9
references.pmid: 9590895
references.citation: Med Hist. 1993 Jan;37(1):68-79
references.pmid: 8421391
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2004 Dec;31(12):1048-53
references.pmid: 15560804
references.citation: Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul;4(8):209-14
references.pmid: 22228963
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23045
references.pmid: 21829688
references.citation: Ann Bot. 2009 Oct;104(5):913-23
references.pmid: 19640890
references.citation: Int J Dent Hyg. 2006 Nov;4(4):189-97
references.pmid: 17038057
references.citation: J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010 Aug 16;6:22
references.pmid: 20712897
references.citation: Int Dent J. 1995 Jun;45(3):218-22
references.pmid: 7558361
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2005 Dec;13(12):589-95
references.pmid: 16214341
references.citation: Int J Dent Hyg. 2005 Aug;3(3):126-36
references.pmid: 16451363