title: Improving the management of imported schistosomiasis haematobia in China: lessons from a case with multiple misdiagnoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human Schistosoma haematobium infection that causes urinary schistosomiasis occurs in Africa and the eastern Mediterranean, and China is only endemic for S. japonicum. In this report, we reported an imported case with S. haematobium infection returning from Angola to Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, where S. japonicum is not endemic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case was misdiagnosed as ureteral calculus, invasive urothelial carcinoma and eosinophilic cystitis in several hospitals, and was finally diagnosed by means of serological assay followed by microscopic examination of the urine sediment. The patient was then treated with praziquantel, and a satisfactory outcome was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As S. haematobium is not indigenous to China, most Chinese doctors and medical technicians are unfamiliar with this introduced parasitic disease, therefore, they need to increase the awareness of its existence when they encounter persons who have visited or resided in endemic areas, and the techniques for detection of the parasite, so as to reduce the misdiagnosis. In addition, health education should be given to those who will go to the endemic areas to improve their knowledge and awareness on prevention and control of schistosomiasis haematobia, thereby reducing the risk of exposure to the infested freshwater.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province 214064, People's Republic of China. wangweijipd@163.com.
authors.forename: Hai-Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guo-Qun
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: You-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000810:Angola; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014195:Travel; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014556:Urine / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D011223:Praziquantel
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