title: The use of joint mobilization to improve clinical outcomes in hand therapy: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Joint mobilizations are used as an intervention for improving range of motion, decreasing pain and ultimately improving function in patients with a wide variety of upper extremity diagnoses. However, there are only a limited number of studies describing this treatment for conditions affecting the elbow, wrist, and hand. Furthermore, it is unclear as to the most effective joint mobilization technique utilized and the most beneficial functional outcomes gained.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine the current evidence describing joint mobilizations for treatment of conditions of the elbow, wrist and hand, and offer informative practical clinical guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two studies dated between 1980 and 2011 were included in the systematic review for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current evidence provides moderate support for the inclusion of joint mobilizations in the treatment of lateral epicondylalgia (LE). In particular, mobilization with movement as described by Mulligan is supported with evidence from nine randomized clinical trials as an effective technique for the treatment of pain. Other described techniques include those known as Kaltenborn, Cyriax physical therapy, and Maitland, but the evidence for these techniques is limited. There is also limited evidence for the joint mobilizations in the treatment of wrist and hand conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current literature offers limited support for joint mobilizations of the wrist and hand, and moderate support for joint mobilizations of the elbow for LE. There is moderate support for mobilization with movement. .
authors.affiliation: CoxHealth, 3545 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, USA. Electronic address: doogieot@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Virginia H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology