title: Acute kidney injury caused by Crotalus and Bothrops snake venom: a review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations and treatment.
abstract: Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Assistance Center, Instituto Dr José Frota, FortalezaCeará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Polianna L M M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Camilla N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Jacinto
authors.forename: Geraldo B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Silva Junior
authors.forename: Juliana B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Maria do Socorro B
authors.initials: Mdo S
authors.lastname: Veras
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Daher
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000506:poisoning*; D017839:Crotalus; D006801:Humans; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms
references.citation: Toxicon. 2009 Dec 1;54(7):976-87
references.pmid: 19303034
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2008 Nov;4(11):616-27
references.pmid: 18813235
references.citation: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001 Oct;34(10):1347-52
references.pmid: 11593312
references.citation: Toxicon. 2012 Oct;60(5):943-53
references.pmid: 22750531
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1999 Nov-Dec;32(6):637-46
references.pmid: 10881100
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2006 Jun;3(6):e150
references.pmid: 16729843
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Jan;48(1):82-8
references.pmid: 8427392
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Aug;67(2):217-22
references.pmid: 12389951
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep-Oct;86(5):562-4
references.pmid: 1475835
references.citation: Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;85(5):591-605
references.pmid: 17901901
references.citation: Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;119(2):c131-6; discussion c137
references.pmid: 21757950
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Nov;61(5):698-706
references.pmid: 10586897
references.citation: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2002 May-Jun;44(3):133-8
references.pmid: 12163905
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Jun 26;17(7):809-11
references.pmid: 21706027
references.citation: J Am Coll Surg. 2011 Apr;212(4):470-4; discussion 474-5
references.pmid: 21463771
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 2;361(1):62-72
references.pmid: 19571284
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76(5):515-24
references.pmid: 9868843
references.citation: Toxicon. 2009 Dec 1;54(7):998-1011
references.pmid: 19591857
references.citation: Medicina (Kaunas). 2011;47(8):461-7
references.pmid: 22123554
references.citation: Cad Saude Publica. 2003 Jan-Feb;19(1):7-16
references.pmid: 12700779
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2005 Feb;67(2):659-67
references.pmid: 15673314
references.citation: Toxicon. 2004 Jun 1;43(7):833-9
references.pmid: 15284018
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1997 Jul-Aug;30(4):295-301
references.pmid: 9265225
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009 Sep-Oct;42(5):561-4
references.pmid: 19967240
references.citation: Br Med J. 1971 Jul 24;3(5768):218-9
references.pmid: 5559044
references.citation: Toxicon. 2006 Jun 15;47(8):859-67
references.pmid: 16730365
references.citation: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1986 Jul-Aug;28(4):220-7
references.pmid: 3563305
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2010 Nov-Dec;43(6):662-7
references.pmid: 21181019
references.citation: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007 Sep-Oct;40(5):569-73
references.pmid: 17992415
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2011 May;8(5):e1000435
references.pmid: 21572992
references.citation: Semin Nephrol. 2008 Jul;28(4):354-62
references.pmid: 18620958
references.citation: Nephrology (Carlton). 2006 Oct;11(5):442-8
references.pmid: 17014559
references.citation: Toxicon. 2011 Jan;57(1):148-56
references.pmid: 21087618
references.citation: J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Aug;109(8):553-4, 559-60
references.pmid: 22315862
references.citation: Semin Nephrol. 2008 Jul;28(4):363-72
references.pmid: 18620959
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Feb 15;139(3):863-72
references.pmid: 22209885
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Sep;5(9):e1312
references.pmid: 21909449