title: Efficacy of rapamycin against glioblastoma cancer stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests a hierarchical organization of cells within the tumor, in which only a subpopulation of stem-like cells is responsible for the rise and progression of the tumor. Glioblastomas (GBM), a lethal brain tumor, may contain a variable proportion of active CSCs. On the other hand, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is highly active in up to 70 % of GBM. The kinase mTOR is a key component of the PI3K pathway that mediates the regulation of growth and cell survival signaling. However, clinical trials with rapamycin, an effective inhibitor of mTOR, have not been up to the created expectations and a plausible explanation is missing. In this work, we analyze the effect of rapamycin on the GBM-CSC population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The efficacy of rapamycin in vitro was tested on two primary cell lines derived from human GBM surgical resections that fulfill the criteria to be considered as CSCs. We confirmed the inhibition state of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway analyzing the mTOR direct target ribosomal protein S6. We assayed the growth rate, CD133 expression and ability of forming colonies in soft agar of the CSCs under different doses of rapamycin. The efficacy of rapamycin in vivo was assayed in a CSCs-based orthotopic xenograft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the efficacy of rapamycin by reducing CSCs proliferation and tumorigenic potential in vitro. Despite these encouraging results, the efficacy in vivo was very poor. This finding confirms the limited use of rapamycin as a monotherapy for glioblastomas.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendiburu-Eliçabe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gil-Ranedo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human
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