title: Pharmacological treatment of hemorrhoids: a narrative review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhoid disease is the cause of most proctologic complaints and hundreds of medical and surgical therapies have been proposed to relieve symptoms. However, the role and the correct indication of medical treatments are still controversial. Further, the utility of conservative measures are rarely scientifically supported by adequate trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  This narrative review is based on the search and analysis of full papers in English language selected from PubMed in the past 30 years using the following MeSH Editing: hemorrhoids, conservative treatment, medical treatment and hemorrhoids, pregnancy and hemorrhoids, thrombosed hemorrhoids, randomized trials and hemorrhoids, postoperative pain and hemorrhoids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early stages (I/II degrees) of this disease could be effectively managed conservatively with several approaches as lifestyle changes, fiber supplement, topical ointments and phlebotonic drugs. The more advanced hemorrhoid stages (III/IV degrees) need some type of surgery, but medical therapy is still useful to minimize anal symptoms as a bridge-to-surgery treatment. Further, post-hemorrhoidectomy pain, hemorrhoidal crisis even in pregnancy could benefit from the adjunct of local and systemic medical treatment. This expert opinion, based also on long-lasting clinical practice, also supports the use of medical treatment in symptoms relief in patients with hemorrhoid disease.
authors.affiliation: University Aldo Moro of Bari, Department of Emergency and Organ transplantation , Policlinico, piazza G Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari , Italy +3397593066 ; +39 0805478735 ; donatofrancesco.altomare@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Donato F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Altomare
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style