title: Extended disease resistance emerging from the faecal nest of a subterranean termite.
abstract: Social insects nesting in soil environments are in constant contact with entomopathogens but have evolved a range of defence mechanisms, resulting in both individual and social immunity that reduce the chance for epizootics in the colony, as in the case of subterranean termites. Coptotermes formosanus uses its faeces as building material for its nest structure that result into a 'carton material', and here, we report that the faecal nest supports the growth of Actinobacteria which provide another level of protection to the social group against entomopathogens. A Streptomyces species with in vivo antimicrobial activity against fungal entomopathogens was isolated from the nest material of multiple termite colonies. Termite groups were exposed to Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungal entomopathogen, during their foraging activity and the presence of Streptomyces within the nest structure provided a significant survival benefit to the termites. Therefore, this report describes a non-nutritional exosymbiosis in a termite, in the form of a defensive mutualism which has emerged from the use of faecal material in the nesting structure of Coptotermes. The association with an Actinobacteria community in the termite faecal material provides an extended disease resistance to the termite group as another level of defence, in addition to their individual and social immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, , 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA, Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, , 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chouvenc
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Efstathion
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Nan-Yao
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005431:Florida; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D020049:Isoptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Actinobacteria; entomopathogens; nesting behaviour; symbiosis; termites
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