title: The default mode network in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is similar to that of humans.
abstract: The human default mode network (DMN), comprising medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and medial temporal cortex, is highly metabolically active at rest but deactivates during most focused cognitive tasks. The DMN and social cognitive networks overlap significantly in humans. We previously demonstrated that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) show highest resting metabolic brain activity in the cortical midline areas of the human DMN. Human DMN is defined by task-induced deactivations, not absolute resting metabolic levels; ergo, resting activity is insufficient to define a DMN in chimpanzees. Here, we assessed the chimpanzee DMN's deactivations relative to rest during cognitive tasks and the effect of social content on these areas' activity. Chimpanzees performed a match-to-sample task with conspecific behavioral stimuli of varying sociality. Using [(18)F]-FDG PET, brain activity during these tasks was compared with activity during a nonsocial task and at rest. Cortical midline areas in chimpanzees deactivated in these tasks relative to rest, suggesting a chimpanzee DMN anatomically and functionally similar to humans. Furthermore, when chimpanzees make social discriminations, these same areas (particularly precuneus) are highly active relative to nonsocial tasks, suggesting that, as in humans, the chimpanzee DMN may play a role in social cognition.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Barks
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine Department of Anthropology and Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rilling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012919:Social Behavior; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: comparative cognition; functional neuroimaging; social cognition
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