title: Monitoring of monocyte recruitment in reperfused myocardial infarction with intramyocardial hemorrhage and microvascular obstruction by combined fluorine 19 and proton cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocytes and macrophages are indispensable in the healing process after myocardial infarction (MI); however, the spatiotemporal distribution of monocyte infiltration and its correlation to prognostic indicators of reperfused MI have not been well described.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With combined fluorine 19/proton ((1)H) magnetic resonance imaging, we noninvasively visualized the spatiotemporal recruitment of monocytes in vivo in a rat model of reperfused MI. Blood monocytes were labeled by intravenous injection of (19)F-perfluorocarbon emulsion 1 day after MI. The distribution patterns of monocyte infiltration were correlated to the presence of microvascular obstruction (MVO) and intramyocardial hemorrhage. In vivo, (19)F/(1)H magnetic resonance imaging performed in series revealed that monocyte infiltration was spatially inhomogeneous in reperfused MI areas. In the absence of MVO, monocyte infiltration was more intense in MI regions with serious ischemia-reperfusion injuries, indicated by severe intramyocardial hemorrhage; however, monocyte recruitment was significantly impaired in MVO areas accompanied by severe intramyocardial hemorrhage. Compared with MI with isolated intramyocardial hemorrhage, MI with MVO resulted in significantly worse pump function of the left ventricle 28 days after MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monocyte recruitment was inhomogeneous in reperfused MI tissue. It was highly reduced in MVO areas defined by magnetic resonance imaging. The impaired monocyte infiltration in MVO regions could be related to delayed healing and worse functional outcomes in the long term. Therefore, monocyte recruitment in MI with MVO could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target that could be monitored noninvasively and longitudinally by (19)F/(1)H magnetic resonance imaging in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Y.-X.Y., T.K., X.H., P.M.J.) and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (V.B.-J.), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center/Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Wuerzburg, Germany (Y.-X.Y., W.R.B.); Research Center for Magnetic Resonance Bavaria, Wuerzburg, Germany (T.C.B.-L., K.-H.H., P.M.J.); Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (P.-A.A.-L., E.B., K.H., R.J., W.R.B.); Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (V.K.); Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany (Q.G.); and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Wuerzburg, Germany (S.S.).
authors.forename: Yu-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Basse-Lüsebrink
authors.forename: Paula-Anahi
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Arias-Loza
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kocoski
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kampf
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sparka
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Helluy
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boivin-Jahns
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jahns
authors.forename: Wolfgang R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D011522:Protons; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D011522:Protons
keywords: hemorrhage; magnetic resonance imaging; microcirculation; monocytes; myocardial infarction; perfluorocarbons