title: Interference between active implanted medical devices and electromagnetic field emitting devices is rare but real: results of an incidence study in a population of physicians in France.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing the behavior of active implanted medical devices (AIMDs) in response to electromagnetic field (EMF) transmitters is a current issue of great importance. Given the numerous telecommunication systems and our lack of knowledge as to the impact of electromagnetic effects, this study investigated the reality of possible AIMD disturbance by EMFs by interviewing health professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to almost 5,000 physicians in five specialties: cardiology; endocrinology; ears, nose, and throat; urology; and neurology. It collected data on the existence and annual number of incidents observed and the conditions under which they occurred, the EMF sources involved, and the means of managing the malfunctions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,188 physicians agreed to participate. Sixteen percent of participants reported cases of implant failure, three-quarters of whom, mainly in cardiology, reported rates of at least one incident per year-amounting to more than 100 incidents per year in all. Severity appeared to be moderate (discomfort or transient symptoms), but frequently required resetting or, more rarely, replacing the device. Some serious incidents were, however, reported. The sources implicated were basically of two types: electronic security systems (antitheft and airport gates) and medical electromagnetic radiation devices. These incidents were poorly reported within the public health system, preventing follow-up and effective performance of alert and surveillance functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although minor, the risk of interference between EMF sources and AIMDs is real and calls for vigilance. It particularly concerns antitheft and airport security gates, though other sources may also cause incidents.
authors.affiliation: Lyon University, Lyon, France; Lyon-1 University, UMRESTTE, Lyon, France; IFSTTAR, UMRESTTE, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hours
authors.forename: Inès
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khati
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamelin
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D004566:Electrodes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004581:Electronics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: active implanted medical devices; adverse effects; electromagnetic fields; electromagnetic interference; equipment failure; medical survey; mobile phones; postal questionnaire; security systems