title: Vegetable protein and vegetable fat intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls, and risk for benign breast disease in young women.
abstract: Previous investigations, of adolescent diet recalled in adulthood, found lower risk for benign breast disease (BBD) with higher intakes of vegetable fat and nuts during high school. We investigate whether vegetable protein and fat, derived from diets reported during pre-adolescence and adolescence, are associated with subsequent risk for BBD in young women. The Growing Up Today Study includes 9,039 females, 9-15 years in 1996, who completed questionnaires annually through 2001, and then in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2010. Food frequency questionnaires (1996-2001) obtained intake data on a variety of foods. Beginning in 2005, women (18-30 years) reported whether they had ever been diagnosed with BBD that was confirmed by breast biopsy (n = 112 cases). Logistic regression estimated associations between intakes of vegetable protein and fat and biopsy-confirmed BBD. Those individual foods that were the largest contributors of protein and fat in this cohort were also investigated. In analyses of intakes from 1996 through 1998, when our cohort was youngest, vegetable fat (OR = 0.72/(10 gm/day), 95 % CI 0.53-0.98; p = 0.04) was inversely associated with BBD risk. The greatest sources of vegetable fat and protein in these girls were peanut butter, peanuts, nuts, beans (beans, lentils, and soybeans), and corn. A daily serving of any one of these was associated with lower risk (OR = 0.32/(serv/day), 95 % CI 0.13-0.79; p = 0.01). Peanut butter (and nuts) at age 11 years was inversely associated with risk (p = 0.01). In analyses of intakes at age 14 years, vegetable protein was associated with lower BBD risk (OR = 0.64/(10 gm/day), 95 % CI 0.43-0.95; p = 0.03). A daily serving at 14 years of any one of the foods was associated with lower risk (OR = 0.34, 95 % CI 0.16-0.75; p = 0.01), as was peanut butter (and nuts) (p = 0.02). Girls with a family history of breast cancer had significantly lower risk if they consumed these foods or vegetable fat. In conclusion, consumption of vegetable protein, fat, peanut butter, or nuts by older girls may help reduce their risk of BBD as young women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, catherine.berkey@channing.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Berkey
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Rulla M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tamimi
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.forename: A Lindsay
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Colditz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001706:Biopsy; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010938:Plant Oils; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973 Nov;51(5):1479-83
references.pmid: 4762931
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Nov 17;85(22):1819-27
references.pmid: 8230262
references.citation: Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999 Jun;46(3):607-29
references.pmid: 10384810
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(5):213-8
references.pmid: 15318928
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jan 15;95(2):132-41
references.pmid: 12529346
references.citation: Cancer. 2011 Apr 15;117(8):1612-20
references.pmid: 21328325
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 1994 Sep 15;58(6):774-80
references.pmid: 7927867
references.citation: Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Feb;15(1):73-82
references.pmid: 14970737
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2003 Dec;160(6):707-17
references.pmid: 14640793
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jul;13(7):1106-13
references.pmid: 15247120
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2013 May;52(5 Suppl):S30-5
references.pmid: 23298994
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Nov;12(11 Pt 1):1159-67
references.pmid: 14652275
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jan 18;445(7125):257-8
references.pmid: 17230171
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995 Jul-Aug;4(5):567-71
references.pmid: 7549816
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Apr;22(4):670-4
references.pmid: 23542805
references.citation: Cancer. 2012 Jun 1;118(11):2796-803
references.pmid: 22083563
references.citation: Nutrients. 2010 Jul;2(7):652-82
references.pmid: 22254047
references.citation: Cancer. 1999 Jun 1;85(11):2400-9
references.pmid: 10357411
references.citation: Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Jul;21(7):1033-46
references.pmid: 20229245
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Mar;19(3):689-96
references.pmid: 20200427
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2010 May;125(5):e1081-7
references.pmid: 20385629
references.citation: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Aug;6(8):832-42
references.pmid: 23771522
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2012 May;129(5):e1192-8
references.pmid: 22492774
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 2;109(40):16294-9
references.pmid: 22988119
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):836-43
references.pmid: 12671121
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2010 Jan 1;126(1):180-90
references.pmid: 19551864
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 1989 Dec;18(4):858-67
references.pmid: 2621022
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 May;5(5):388-96
references.pmid: 15864280
references.citation: Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(7):1078-86
references.pmid: 23061909
references.citation: Prev Med. 1997 Nov-Dec;26(6):808-16
references.pmid: 9388792
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jun;159(6):543-50
references.pmid: 15939853
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Sep;138(9):1746S-1751S
references.pmid: 18716180
references.citation: Cancer. 2007 Jun 15;109(12 Suppl):2712-49
references.pmid: 17503428
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Apr;18(4):1050-9
references.pmid: 19318430