title: Effects of maternal exposure to imazalil on behavioral development in F₁-generation mice.
abstract: Female mice were exposed maternally to imazalil through diet to provide levels of 0 (control), 0.0006, 0.0018, and 0.0054% during gestation and lactation periods, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured in F₁ generation. There was no adverse effect of imazalil on litter size, litter weight, or sex ratio at birth. With respect to behavioral developmental parameters, surface righting on postnatal day 4 of male offspring was delayed significantly in a dose-related manner (p < 0.05). Regarding exploratory behavior in the F₁ generation, movement time was significantly long (p = 0.0206) in the low-dose group of males at 8 weeks of age. Spontaneous behavior examination in males indicated that movement time increased but in females decreased in the low-dose groups in the F₁ generation. The dose levels of imazalil in the present study produced some adverse effects in neurobehavioral parameters in mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toyohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakae
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000473:pathology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; C017435:enilconazole
keywords: behavioral development; enilconazole; fungicide; imazalil; maternal exposure; mice; movement activity; reproductive toxicity; spontaneous behavior