title: Detection and quantification of ionophore antibiotics in runoff, soil and poultry litter.
abstract: Ionophore antibiotics (IPAs) are widely used as coccidiostats in poultry and other livestock industries to promote growth and prevent infections. Because most of the ingested IPAs are excreted in poultry litter, which is primarily applied as grassland fertilizer, a significant amount of IPAs can be released into the litter-soil-water environment. A robust analytical method has been developed to quantify IPAs (monensin (MON), salinomycin (SAL) and narasin (NAR)) in complex environmental compartments including surface runoff, soil and poultry litter, with success to minimize matrix interference. The method for water samples involves solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) post-clean up steps. The method for solid samples involves bi-solvent LLE. IPAs were detected by HPLC-MS, with optimized parameters to achieve the highest sensitivity. Nigericin (NIG), an IPA not used in livestock industry, is successfully applied and validated as a surrogate standard. The method recoveries were at 92-95% and 81-85% in runoff samples from unfertilized and litter-fertilized fields, respectively. For solids, the method recoveries were at 93-99% in soils, and 79-83% in poultry litter samples. SAL was detected at up to 22mg/kg and MON and NAR at up to 4mg/kg in broiler litter from different farms. Up to 183μg/kg of MON was detected in litter-fertilized soils. All three IPAs were detected in the rainfall runoff from litter-fertilized lands at concentrations up to 9μg/L.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Peizhe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barmaz
authors.forename: Miguel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.forename: Spyros G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pavlostathis
authors.forename: Ching-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000032:analysis; D007476:Ionophores / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D011200:Poultry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003049:Coccidiostats; D007476:Ionophores; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: Ionophore veterinary antibiotics; Matrix interference; Monensin; Narasin; Salinomycin; Sample clean-up