title: Quality indicators for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast: development using a multidisciplinary delphi process and its use in monitoring population-based treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the management of DCIS poses challenges, as standard breast cancer outcome measures such as mortality do not apply. We have developed quality indicators (QIs) to measure the quality of DCIS treatment in Alberta, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified Delphi process was used to determine QIs in the treatment of DCIS after review of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Patients diagnosed with DCIS from 2000 to 2001 (cohort 1) and 2009-2010 (cohort 2) were identified from the Alberta Cancer Registry and QIs were retrospectively abstracted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expert panel developed eight QIs to assess the overall quality of care for DCIS patients. Five hundred eighty eligible patients were identified in the two cohorts. There was significant improvement in radiation oncology referral, radiation post lumpectomy and complete pathology reporting. Axillary staging significantly increased from 20% (axillary dissection in cohort 1) to 60% (sentinel node biopsy in cohort 2). Other QIs did not differ significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By developing QIs, performance measures for DCIS may assessed and compared over time. Although there have been significant improvements with pathology reporting and radiation oncology assessment and treatment, axillary staging rates are unexpectedly high, necessitating further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chin-Lenn
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Walley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: May Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Quan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000416:Alberta; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062005:Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D013629:Tamoxifen
keywords: DCIS breast; guideline adherence; trends