title: Brachydactyly E: isolated or as a feature of a syndrome.
abstract: Brachydactyly (BD) refers to the shortening of the hands, feet or both. There are different types of BD; among them, type E (BDE) is a rare type that can present as an isolated feature or as part of more complex syndromes, such as: pseudohypopthyroidism (PHP), hypertension with BD or Bilginturan BD (HTNB), BD with mental retardation (BDMR) or BDE with short stature, PTHLH type. Each syndrome has characteristic patterns of skeletal involvement. However, brachydactyly is not a constant feature and shows a high degree of phenotypic variability. In addition, there are other syndromes that can be misdiagnosed as brachydactyly type E, some of which will also be discussed. The objective of this review is to describe some of the syndromes in which BDE is present, focusing on clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics as features of differential diagnoses, with the aim of establishing an algorithm for their differential diagnosis. As in our experience many of these patients are recruited at Endocrinology and/or Pediatric Endocrinology Services due to their short stature, we have focused the algorithm in those steps that could mainly help these professionals.
authors.affiliation: Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, BioAraba, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain. gnanclares@osakidetza.net.
authors.forename: Arrate
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereda
authors.forename: Intza
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garin
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Barcina
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gener
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beristain
authors.forename: Ane Miren
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.forename: Guiomar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perez de Nanclares
mesh_terms: D059327:Brachydactyly / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans
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