title: A novel noninvasive method for evaluating experimental lung metastasis in mice.
abstract: Metastasis remains the most significant problem in the field of cancer. The biologic complexity that characterizes metastasis requires relevant in vivo models. When using murine models for pulmonary metastasis, longitudinal studies are valuable for following the progression of metastatic burden. Currently, the progression of pulmonary metastatic burden in experimental mice over time is monitored through advanced imaging approaches or the clinical assessment of morbidity. Because clinical signs of morbidity are often vague and unpredictable, an inexpensive and reproducible method to detect advanced metastatic burden-before the development of mortality-is needed. We have developed a noninvasive technique for assessing pulmonary metastatic burden in laboratory mice. The pulmonary assessment of advanced metastasis (PAAM) test is performed by restraining an awake mouse and gently applying pressure with the index finger under the xiphoid process. This pressure reduces the diaphragmatic component to respiration. Mice with advanced lung metastases show transient signs of respiratory distress within 3 s of the application of this pressure. Using PAAM in 4 distinct models (including sarcoma and mammary carcinoma histologies) of experimental (tail vein) pulmonary metastasis (n = 114 mice), among 3 independent evaluators yielded 94% positive and negative predictive values, which were validated by histologic assessment of postmortem lung tissue. PAAM is a simple, reproducible, and efficient method to assist in the detection of advanced pulmonary metastasis in mice and contributes to their humane care during longitudinal studies.
authors.affiliation: Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Arnulfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gharpure
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smedley
authors.forename: Chand
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Khanna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D011312:Pressure; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014989:Xiphoid Bone
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