title: Cognitive reserve protects against apathy in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Apathy is associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning in individuals with HIV. While cognitive reserve (CR) delays neurocognitive decline, CR's relationship with apathy has never been studied. We examined CR's association with apathy in 116 HIV-positive individuals recruited from an urban AIDS center and assessed whether this relationship is moderated by age and/or disease severity. Participants completed the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading and Apathy Evaluation Scale. A CR-composite, combining years of education and word-reading ability, significantly predicted apathy (t = -2.37, p = .02). CR's relationship with apathy was not moderated by age, but participants with nadir CD4 levels ≤ 200 demonstrated a stronger association (t = -3.25, p = .002) than those with nadir CD4 levels > 200 (t = -0.61, p = .55). These findings suggest a protective effect of CR against apathy in HIV-infected individuals across the age span, particularly after a certain threshold of disease severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Jeannette R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Deena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peyser
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Zingman
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verghese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D057565:Apathy; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014888:Wechsler Scales; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aging; Apathy; Cognitive reserve; HIV; Neuropsychology
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