title: On the way towards greener transition-metal-catalyzed processes as quantified by E factors.
abstract: Transition-metal-catalyzed carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations are among the most heavily used types of reactions in both academic and industrial settings. As important as these are to the synthetic community, such cross-couplings come with a heavy price to our environment, and sustainability. E Factors are one measure of waste created, and organic solvents, by far, are the main contributors to the high values associated, in particular, with the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical companies which utilize these reactions. An alternative to organic solvents in which cross-couplings are run can be found in the form of micellar catalysis, wherein nanoparticles composed of newly introduced designer surfactants enable the same cross-couplings, albeit in water, with most taking place at room temperature. In the absence of an organic solvent as the reaction medium, organic waste and hence, E Factors, drop dramatically.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA) http://web.chem.ucsb.edu/∼lipshutzgroup/. lipshutz@chem.ucsb.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lipshutz
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Isley
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fennewald
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Slack
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D028561:Transition Elements / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D028561:Transition Elements; D014867:Water
keywords: E Factors; cross-coupling; green chemistry; micelles; water chemistry
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