title: Association of self-reported race with AIDS death in continuous HAART users in a cohort of HIV-infected women in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of race with clinical outcomes in HIV-positive women on continuous HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study that enrolled women from 1994 to 1995 and 2001 to 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women's Interagency HIV Study, a community-based cohort in five US cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand, four hundred and seventy-one HIV-positive continuous HAART users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Times to AIDS and non-AIDS death and incident AIDS-defining illness (ADI) after HAART initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted analyses, black vs. white women had higher rates of AIDS death [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30, 3.50; P = 0.003] and incident ADI (aHR 1.58, 95% CI 1.08, 2.32; P = 0.02), but not non-AIDS death (aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.59, 1.39; P = 0.65). Cumulative AIDS death incidence at 10 years was 17.3 and 8.3% for black and white women, respectively. Other significant independent pre-HAART predictors of AIDS death included peak viral load (aHR 1.70 per log₁₀, 95% CI 1.34, 2.16; P < 0.001), nadir CD4⁺ cell count (aHR 0.65 per 100 cells/μl, 95% CI 0.56, 0.76; P < 0.001), depressive symptoms by Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression score at least 16 (aHR 2.10, 95% CI 1.51, 2.92; P < 0.001), hepatitis C virus infection (aHR 1.57, 95% CI 1.02, 2.40; P = 0.04), and HIV acquisition via transfusion (aHR 2.33, 95% CI 1.21, 4.49; P = 0.01). In models with time-updated HAART adherence, association of race with AIDS death remained statistically significant (aHR 3.09, 95% CI 1.38, 6.93; P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In continuous HAART-using women, black women more rapidly died from AIDS or experienced incident ADI than their white counterparts after adjusting for confounders. Future studies examining behavioral and biologic factors in these women may further the understanding of HAART prognosis.
authors.affiliation: aAlbert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York bRutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey cSchool of Health Sciences and Practice/New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York dCook County Health and Hospitals System eRush University, Chicago, Illinois fUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California gJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland hState University of New York/Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA iUniversity of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden jUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, California kGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.forename: Qiuhu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Mardge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Celeste Leigh
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
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