title: Effect of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and voluntary industry health warning labels on passage of mandated cigarette warning labels from 1965 to 2012: transition probability and event history analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We quantified the pattern and passage rate of cigarette package health warning labels (HWLs), including the effect of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and HWLs voluntarily implemented by tobacco companies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used transition probability matrices to describe the pattern of HWL passage and change rate in 4 periods. We used event history analysis to estimate the effect of the FCTC on adoption and to compare that effect between countries with voluntary and mandatory HWLs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of HWLs passed during each period accelerated, from a transition rate among countries that changed from 2.42 per year in 1965-1977 to 6.71 in 1977-1984, 8.42 in 1984-2003, and 22.33 in 2003-2012. The FCTC significantly accelerated passage of FCTC-compliant HWLs for countries with initially mandatory policies with a hazard of 1.27 per year (95% confidence interval = 1.11, 1.45), but only marginally increased the hazard for countries that had an industry voluntary HWL of 1.68 per year (95% confidence interval = 0.95, 2.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passage of HWLs is accelerating, and the FCTC is associated with further acceleration. Industry voluntary HWLs slowed mandated HWLs.
authors.affiliation: Ashley N. Sanders-Jackson and Stanton A. Glantz are with the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco. Anna V. Song is with University of California Merced, Psychological Sciences, Merced. Heikki Hiilamo is with Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki.
authors.forename: Ashley N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Sanders-Jackson
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiilamo
authors.forename: Stanton A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Glantz
mesh_terms: D003187:Compliance; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014944:World Health Organization
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2008 Sep;98(9):1630-42
references.pmid: 18633079
references.citation: Tob Control. 2006 Jun;15 Suppl 3:iii42-50
references.pmid: 16754946
references.citation: Health Policy. 2011 May;100(2-3):107-15
references.pmid: 20851492
references.citation: J Law Med Ethics. 2011 Mar;39 Suppl 1:89-93
references.pmid: 21309906
references.citation: Tob Control. 2003 Dec;12(4):391-5
references.pmid: 14660774
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2010 Feb;100(2):240-6
references.pmid: 20019306
references.citation: Prev Control. 2008 Jan 1;3(1):21-35
references.pmid: 19578527
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Aug;87(8):640-3
references.pmid: 19705020
references.citation: BMJ. 2006 Feb 11;332(7537):353-4
references.pmid: 16470060
references.citation: Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Nov;8(11):4312-31
references.pmid: 22163209
references.citation: Tob Control. 2002 Jun;11(2):94-104
references.pmid: 12034999
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2010 Jul;100(7):1260-6
references.pmid: 20466967
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2011 Nov;101(11):2044-54
references.pmid: 21940926
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2373-5
references.pmid: 21696305
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2006 Nov;96(11):2048-54
references.pmid: 17018823
references.citation: Cancer Causes Control. 2012 Mar;23 Suppl 1:69-80
references.pmid: 22350859
references.citation: Salud Publica Mex. 2012 Jan-Feb;54(1):28-38
references.pmid: 22286826
references.citation: Glob Public Health. 2009;4(2):150-68
references.pmid: 19333806
references.citation: Tob Control. 2014 Jan;23(1):e2
references.pmid: 23092884