title: Loss of schooling behavior in cavefish through sight-dependent and sight-independent mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface populations of Astyanax mexicanus, living in rivers like their common ancestors, school, while several, independently derived cave populations of the same species have lost schooling behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We quantify schooling behavior in individual A. mexicanus and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for this trait. We find that the evolutionary modulation of schooling has both vision-dependent and -independent components. We also quantify differences in the lateral line and vision between cavefish and surface fish and relate these differences to the evolutionary loss of schooling behavior. We provide evidence that a monoamine neurotransmitter may have played a role in the evolution of schooling behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find that vision is essential for schooling tendency in A. mexicanus, while the lateral line has a small effect on this behavior. Schooling behavior in A. mexicanus has evolved both through changes in sensory systems and through changes in genetic loci that likely act downstream of sensory inputs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Johanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kowalko
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rohner
authors.forename: Santiago B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rompani
authors.forename: Brant K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Tess A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.forename: Emily H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Hopi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borowsky
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tabin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D059552:Caves; D060126:Characidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D053403:Lateral Line System / Q000502:physiology*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000502:physiology; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012642:Selegiline / Q000494:pharmacology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine; D005473:Fluoxetine; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D012642:Selegiline; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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