title: Protein phosphatase 1 β paralogs encode the zebrafish myosin phosphatase catalytic subunit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The myosin phosphatase is a highly conserved regulator of actomyosin contractility. Zebrafish has emerged as an ideal model system to study the in vivo role of myosin phosphatase in controlling cell contractility, cell movement and epithelial biology. Most work in zebrafish has focused on the regulatory subunit of the myosin phosphatase called Mypt1. In this work, we examined the critical role of Protein Phosphatase 1, PP1, the catalytic subunit of the myosin phosphatase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that in zebrafish two paralogous genes encoding PP1β, called ppp1cba and ppp1cbb, are both broadly expressed during early development. Furthermore, we found that both gene products interact with Mypt1 and assemble an active myosin phosphatase complex. In addition, expression of this complex results in dephosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain and large scale rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Morpholino knock-down of ppp1cba and ppp1cbb results in severe defects in morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation through loss of myosin phosphatase function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work demonstrates that zebrafish have two genes encoding PP1β, both of which can interact with Mypt1 and assemble an active myosin phosphatase. In addition, both genes are required for convergence and extension during gastrulation and correct dosage of the protein products is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vaishali
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayashankar
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Brandon W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Dale C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Weiser
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D024722:Cardiac Myosins / Q000378:metabolism; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018994:Myosin Light Chains; C107184:myosin light chain 2; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase; D024722:Cardiac Myosins
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