title: Glycerol and fatty acids in serum predict the development of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes in Finnish men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association of fasting serum glycerol and fatty acids (FAs) as predictors for worsening of hyperglycemia and incident type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the population-based METabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) Study included 9,398 Finnish men (mean age 57 ± 7 years). At baseline, levels of serum glycerol, free FAs (FFAs), and serum FA profile, relative to total FAs, were measured with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, levels of glycerol, FFAs, monounsaturated FAs, saturated FAs, and monounsaturated n-7 and -9 FAs, relative to total FAs, were increased in categories of fasting and 2-h hyperglycemia, whereas the levels of n-3 and n-6 FAs, relative to total FAs, decreased (N = 9,398). Among 4,335 men with 4.5-year follow-up data available, 276 developed type 2 diabetes. Elevated levels of glycerol, FFAs, monounsaturated FAs, and saturated and monounsaturated n-7 and -9 FAs, relative to total FAs, predicted worsening of hyperglycemia and development of incident type 2 diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors. n-6 FAs, mainly linoleic acid (LA), relative to total FAs, were associated with reduced risk for the worsening of hyperglycemia and conversion to type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our large population-based study shows that fasting serum levels of glycerol, FFAs, monounsaturated FAs, saturated FAs, and n-7 and -9 FAs are biomarkers for an increased risk of development of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes, whereas high levels of serum n-6 FAs, reflecting dietary intake of LA, were associated with reduced risk for hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Markku Laakso, markku.laakso@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Yuvaraj
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mahendran
authors.forename: Henna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cederberg
authors.forename: Jagadish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangipurapu
authors.forename: Antti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kangas
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soininen
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Korpela
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005990:Glycerol
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