title: Fixed dystonia of the left hand in a violinist: a rare functional disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fixed dystonia leads to an immobile abnormal posturing of the affected limb. There is an ongoing debate whether this condition is psychogenic in origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a 21-year-old violinist with fixed dystonia after an acute overuse injury with a transient cyanosis but no signs for psychological trauma. After Incobotulinumtoxin injection, symptoms subsided within 8 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our case corroborates the notion that fixed dystonias after minor injuries are functional disorders. It underlines the necessity of a biopsychosocial approach to functional disorders, considering the possibility of an overlay between organic and non-organic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, University for Music, Drama and Media Hannover, 30175 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andreas K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jahnke
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
keywords: Fixed dystonia; hyperkinetic movements; musician; psychogenic; task specific
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