title: Suberin-associated fatty alcohols in Arabidopsis: distributions in roots and contributions to seed coat barrier properties.
abstract: Suberin is found in a variety of tissues, such as root endoderms and periderms, storage tuber periderms, tree cork layer, and seed coats. It acts as a hydrophobic barrier to control the movement of water, gases, and solutes as well as an antimicrobial barrier. Suberin consists of polymerized phenolics, glycerol, and a variety of fatty acid derivatives, including primary fatty alcohols. We have conducted an in-depth analysis of the distribution of the C18:0 to C22:0 fatty alcohols in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots and found that only 20% are part of the root suberin polymer, together representing about 5% of its aliphatic monomer composition, while the remaining 80% are found in the nonpolymeric (soluble) fraction. Down-regulation of Arabidopsis FATTY ACYL REDUCTASE1 (FAR1), FAR4, and FAR5, which collectively produce the fatty alcohols found in suberin, reduced their levels by 70% to 80% in (1) the polymeric and nonpolymeric fractions from roots of tissue culture-grown plants, (2) the suberin-associated root waxes from 7-week-old soil-grown plants, and (3) the seed coat suberin polymer. By contrast, the other main monomers of suberin were not altered, indicating that reduced levels of fatty alcohols did not influence the suberin polymerization process. Nevertheless, the 75% reduction in total fatty alcohol and diol loads in the seed coat resulted in increased permeability to tetrazolium salts and a higher sensitivity to abscisic acid. These results suggest that fatty alcohols and diols play an important role in determining the functional properties of the seed coat suberin barrier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
authors.forename: Sollapura J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vishwanath
authors.forename: Dylan K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Pulsifer
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scandola
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascal
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joubès
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dittrich-Domergue
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lessire
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Domergue
mesh_terms: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C120919:FAR1 protein, Arabidopsis; C000589113:FATTY ACYL REDUCTASE4, Arabidopsis; C000589114:FATTY ACYL REDUCTASE5 protein, Arabidopsis; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D008055:Lipids; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014885:Waxes; C065875:suberin; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases
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