title: Protective effects of higher cognitive reserve for neuropsychological and daily functioning among individuals infected with hepatitis C.
abstract: Higher levels of cognitive reserve (CR) can be protective against the neuropsychological manifestation of neural injury across a variety of clinical disorders. However, the role of CR in the expression of neurocognitive deficits among persons infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not well understood. Thirty-nine HCV-infected participants were classified as having either high (n = 19) or low (n = 20) CR based on educational attainment, oral word reading, and IQ scores. A sample of 40 demographically comparable healthy adults (HA) was also included. All participants completed the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, and Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Linear regression analyses, controlling for gender, depression, and lifetime substance use disorders, found significant effects of HCV/CR group on verbal fluency, executive functions, and daily functioning T scores, but not in learning or the BRIEF-A. Pairwise comparisons revealed that the HCV group with low CR performed significantly below the HCV high CR and HA cohorts, who did not differ from one another. Findings indicate that higher levels of CR may be a protective factor in the neurocognitive and real-world manifestation of neural injury commonly associated with HCV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolessar
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kriz
authors.forename: J Renee
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olavarria
authors.forename: Anna W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Flora
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Loftis
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huckans
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D058245:Cognitive Reserve / Q000502:physiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
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