title: HPV infection: immunological aspects and their utility in future therapy.
abstract: High prevalence and mortality rates of cervical cancer create an imperative need to clarify the uniqueness of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection, which serves as the key causative factor in cervical malignancies. Understanding the immunological details and the microenvironment of the infection can be a useful tool for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Chronic infection and progression to carcinogenesis are sustained by immortalization potential of HPV, evasion techniques, and alterations in the microenvironment of the lesion. Inside the lesion, Toll-like receptors expression becomes irregular; Langerhans cells fail to present the antigens efficiently, tumor-associated macrophages aggregate resulting in an unsuccessful immune response by the host. HPV products also downregulate the expression of microenvironment components which are necessary for natural-killer cells response and antigen presentation to cytotoxic cells. Additionally HPV promotes T-helper cell 2 (Th2) and T-regulatory cell phenotypes and reduces Th1 phenotype, leading to suppression of cellular immunity and lesion progression to cancer. Humoral response after natural infection is inefficient, and neutralizing antibodies are not adequate in many women. Utilizing this knowledge, new endeavors, such as therapeutic vaccination, aim to stimulate cellular immune response against the virus and alter the milieu of the lesion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric-Adolescent Gynecology and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Athens University, Medical School, Aretaieion Hospital, Vassilisis, Sofias Avenue 76, 11528 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efthimios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deligeoroglou
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannouli
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulos
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karountzos
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vatopoulou
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Creatsas
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
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