title: How much can diptera-borne viruses persist over unfavourable seasons?
abstract: Diptera are vectors of major human and animal pathogens worldwide, such as dengue, West-Nile or bluetongue viruses. In seasonal environments, vector-borne disease occurrence varies with the seasonal variations of vector abundance. We aimed at understanding how diptera-borne viruses can persist for years under seasonal climates while vectors overwinter, which should stop pathogen transmission during winter. Modeling is a relevant integrative approach for investigating the large panel of persistence mechanisms evidenced through experimental and observational studies on specific biological systems. Inter-seasonal persistence of virus may occur in hosts due to viremia duration, chronic infection, or vertical transmission, in vector resistance stages, and due to a low continuous transmission in winter. Using a generic stochastic modeling framework, we determine the parameter ranges under which virus persistence could occur via these different mechanisms. The parameter ranges vary according to the host demographic regime: for a high host population turnover, persistence increases with the mechanism parameter, whereas for a low turnover, persistence is maximal for an optimal range of parameter. Persistence in hosts due to long viremia duration in a few hosts or due to vertical transmission is an effective strategy for the virus to overwinter. Unexpectedly, a low continuous transmission during winter does not give rise to certain persistence, persistence barely occurring for a low turnover of the susceptible population. We propose a generic framework adaptable to most diptera-borne diseases. This framework allows ones to assess the plausibility of each persistence mechanism in real epidemiological situations and to compare the range of parameter values theoretically allowing persistence with the range of values determined experimentally.
authors.affiliation: UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risques en santé animale, INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, France ; UMR 5251, Université de Bordeaux, IMB, Bordeaux, France ; UMR 5251, CNRS, IMB, Talence, France.
authors.forename: Maud V P
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Balenghien
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seegers
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langlais
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ezanno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004175:Diptera / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011336:Probability; D012621:Seasons; D014766:Viremia / Q000635:transmission; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000635:transmission*
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