title: Paraffin-gel tissue-mimicking material for ultrasound-guided needle biopsy phantom.
abstract: Paraffin-gel waxes have been investigated as new soft tissue-mimicking materials for ultrasound-guided breast biopsy training. Breast phantoms were produced with a broad range of acoustical properties. The speed of sound for the phantoms ranged from 1425.4 ± 0.6 to 1480.3 ± 1.7 m/s at room temperature. The attenuation coefficients were easily controlled between 0.32 ± 0.27 dB/cm and 2.04 ± 0.65 dB/cm at 7.5 MHz, depending on the amount of carnauba wax added to the base material. The materials do not suffer dehydration and provide adequate needle penetration, with a Young's storage modulus varying between 14.7 ± 0.2 kPa and 34.9 ± 0.3 kPa. The phantom background material possesses long-term stability and can be employed in a supine position without changes in geometry. These results indicate that paraffin-gel waxes may be promising materials for training radiologists in ultrasound biopsy procedures.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Electronic address: vieira@if.ufg.br.
authors.forename: Sílvio L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Theo Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.forename: Antonio A O
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Carneiro
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010232:Paraffin / Q000737:chemistry*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D010232:Paraffin
keywords: Biopsy training; Breast phantoms; Carnauba wax; Elasticity; Paraffin-gel waxes; Tissue-mimicking; Ultrasound imaging