title: The Biological Residue of Childhood Poverty.
abstract: Children raised in poverty are prone to physical health problems late in life. To understand these findings and address the scientific challenge they represent, we must formulate integrative conceptual frameworks at the crossroads of behavioral and biomedical science, with a strong developmental emphasis. In this article, we outline such a framework and discuss research bearing on its validity. We address how childhood poverty gets under the skin, at the level of tissues and organs, in a manner that affects later disease risks. We also tackle questions about resilience; Even with lengthy exposure to childhood poverty, why do only a subset of people acquire diseases? Why are some individuals protected while others remain vulnerable? Maternal nurturance might be a source of resilience, buffering children from the long-term health consequences of poverty. We conclude with research priorities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Cells to Society (C2S): The Center on Social Disparities and Health, Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Jan;78(1):158-72
references.pmid: 10653512
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2011 Nov;137(6):959-97
references.pmid: 21787044
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2010 Jun;21(6):848-56
references.pmid: 20431047
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 3;359(1):61-73
references.pmid: 18596274
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul;16(7):729-37
references.pmid: 20479762
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Feb;1186:37-55
references.pmid: 20201867
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007 Nov;21 Suppl 3:8-14
references.pmid: 17935570
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 15;60(8):819-24
references.pmid: 16712805
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66(4):553-8
references.pmid: 15272102
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2005 Jan-Feb;17(1):81-94
references.pmid: 15612049
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Feb;17(1):3-12
references.pmid: 12615044
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2011 Dec;22(12):1591-9
references.pmid: 22123777
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Oct;35(5):1272-7
references.pmid: 16551770
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:175-99
references.pmid: 16903807
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Apr;6(4):318-28
references.pmid: 16557263
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 27;166(21):2356-61
references.pmid: 17130389
references.citation: Annu Rev Public Health. 2010;31:329-47 3p following 347
references.pmid: 20070189
references.citation: Child Dev. 2004 Jul-Aug;75(4):1039-52
references.pmid: 15260863
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2006 Jul;20(4):339-48
references.pmid: 16289758
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Aug;23(3):921-38
references.pmid: 21756442
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25;106(34):14716-21
references.pmid: 19617551
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2012 Feb-Mar;74(2):178-86
references.pmid: 22286848
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 11;107(19):8507-12
references.pmid: 20442329
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Oct 15;166(8):966-74
references.pmid: 17641151
references.citation: J Immunol. 2008 Mar 15;180(6):3919-25
references.pmid: 18322200
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Mar 19;140(6):871-82
references.pmid: 20303877
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2007 Mar;43(2):341-51
references.pmid: 17352543
references.citation: Chest. 2007 Nov;132(5 Suppl):757S-769S
references.pmid: 17998340
references.citation: Am Psychol. 2012 May-Jun;67(4):309-18
references.pmid: 22390355
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Oct 12;12(11):623-37
references.pmid: 21989194
references.citation: Am Psychol. 2005 Nov;60(8):783-96
references.pmid: 16351405
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008 May;62(5):387-90
references.pmid: 18413449
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2010 Apr 1;100 Suppl 1:S186-96
references.pmid: 20147693
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 Jun 3;301(21):2252-9
references.pmid: 19491187
references.citation: Am Psychol. 2004 Feb-Mar;59(2):77-92
references.pmid: 14992634
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Dec;163(12):1135-43
references.pmid: 19996051
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2002 Mar;128(2):330-66
references.pmid: 11931522
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62:501-30
references.pmid: 20636127