title: A meta-analysis of carbon nanotube pulmonary toxicity studies--how physical dimensions and impurities affect the toxicity of carbon nanotubes.
abstract: This article presents a regression-tree-based meta-analysis of rodent pulmonary toxicity studies of uncoated, nonfunctionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) exposure. The resulting analysis provides quantitative estimates of the contribution of CNT attributes (impurities, physical dimensions, and aggregation) to pulmonary toxicity indicators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: neutrophil and macrophage count, and lactate dehydrogenase and total protein concentrations. The method employs classification and regression tree (CART) models, techniques that are relatively insensitive to data defects that impair other types of regression analysis: high dimensionality, nonlinearity, correlated variables, and significant quantities of missing values. Three types of analysis are presented: the RT, the random forest (RF), and a random-forest-based dose-response model. The RT shows the best single model supported by all the data and typically contains a small number of variables. The RF shows how much variance reduction is associated with every variable in the data set. The dose-response model is used to isolate the effects of CNT attributes from the CNT dose, showing the shift in the dose-response caused by the attribute across the measured range of CNT doses. It was found that the CNT attributes that contribute the most to pulmonary toxicity were metallic impurities (cobalt significantly increased observed toxicity, while other impurities had mixed effects), CNT length (negatively correlated with most toxicity indicators), CNT diameter (significantly positively associated with toxicity), and aggregate size (negatively correlated with cell damage indicators and positively correlated with immune response indicators). Increasing CNT N2 -BET-specific surface area decreased toxicity indicators.
authors.affiliation: Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gernand
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Casman
mesh_terms: D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D011336:Probability; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
keywords: Carbon nanotubes; inhalation; meta-analysis; regression tree; toxicity