title: Educational intervention improves anticoagulation control in atrial fibrillation patients: the TREAT randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), most commonly with warfarin, requires maintenance of a narrow therapeutic target (INR 2.0 to 3.0) and is often poorly controlled in practice. Poor patient-understanding surrounding AF and its treatment may contribute to the patient's willingness to adhere to recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A theory-driven intervention, developed using patient interviews and focus groups, consisting of a one-off group session (1-6 patients) utilising an "expert-patient" focussed DVD, educational booklet, self-monitoring diary and worksheet, was compared in a randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN93952605) against usual care, with patient postal follow-ups at 1, 2, 6, and 12-months. Ninety-seven warfarin-naïve AF patients were randomised to intervention (n=46, mean age (SD) 72.0 (8.2), 67.4% men), or usual care (n=51, mean age (SD) 73.7 (8.1), 62.7% men), stratified by age, sex, and recruitment centre. Primary endpoint was time within therapeutic range (TTR); secondary endpoints included knowledge, quality of life, anxiety/depression, beliefs about medication, and illness perceptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervention patients had significantly higher TTR than usual care at 6-months (76.2% vs. 71.3%; p=0.035); at 12-months these differences were not significant (76.0% vs. 70.0%; p=0.44). Knowledge increased significantly across time (F (3, 47) = 6.4; p<0.01), but there were no differences between groups (F (1, 47) = 3.3; p = 0.07). At 6-months, knowledge scores predicted TTR (r=0.245; p=0.04). Patients' scores on subscales representing their perception of the general harm and overuse of medication, as well as the perceived necessity of their AF specific medications predicted TTR at 6- and 12-months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A theory-driven educational intervention significantly improves TTR in AF patients initiating warfarin during the first 6-months. Adverse clinical outcomes may potentially be reduced by improving patients' understanding of the necessity of warfarin and reducing their perception of treatment harm. Improving education provision for AF patients is essential to ensure efficacious and safe treatment. The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN93952605, and details are available at www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN93952605.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom ; School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Danielle E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Clarkesmith
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pattison
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010465:Perception; D011788:Quality of Life; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants
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