title: Photothermal ablation of pancreatic cancer cells with hybrid iron-oxide core gold-shell nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photothermal ablation is a minimally invasive approach, which typically involves delivery of photothermal sensitizers to targeted tissues. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate that gold nanoparticles are phagocytosed by pancreatic cancer cells, thus permitting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sensitizer delivery and photothermal ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iron-oxide core/gold-shell nanoparticles (GoldMag®, 30 nm diameter; Xi'an GoldMag Biotechnology Co, Xi'an, People's Republic of China) were used. In a 96-well plate, 3 × 10⁴ PANC-1 (human pancreatic cancer cell line) cells were placed. GoldMag (0, 25, or 50 μg/mL) was added to each well and 24 hours allowed for cellular uptake. Samples were then divided into two groups: one treated with photothermal ablation (7.9 W/cm²) for 5 minutes, the other not treated. Photothermal ablation was performed using laser system (BWF5; B&W Tek, Inc, Newark, DE, USA). Intraprocedural temperature changes were measured using a fiber optic temperature probe (FTP-LN2; Photon Control Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada). After 24 hours, the remaining number of viable cells was counted using trypan blue staining; cell proliferation percentage was calculated based on the total number of viable cells after treatment compared with control. MRI of GoldMag uptake was performed using a 7.0T ClinScan system (Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature curves demonstrated that with increased GoldMag uptake, laser irradiation produced higher temperature elevations in the corresponding samples; temperature elevations of 12.89°C, 35.16°C, and 79.51°C were achieved for 0, 25, and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. Without photothermal ablation, the cell proliferation percentage changed from 100% to 71.3% and 47.0% for cells treated with 25 and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. Photothermal ablation of PANC-1 cells demonstrated an effective treatment response, specifically a reduction to only 61%, 21.9%, and 2.3% cell proliferation for cells treated with 0, 25, and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. MRI was able to visualize GoldMag uptake within PANC-1 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that photothermal ablation may be effective in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. GoldMag nanoparticles could serve as photothermal sensitizers, and MRI is feasible to quantify delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Zhuoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Procissi
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huan
authors.forename: Guohong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Reed A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Omary
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D006046:Gold / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D006046:Gold
keywords: hybrid nanoparticles; magnetic resonance imaging; photothermal ablation therapy
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