title: The first year of behavioral development and maternal care of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) calves in human care.
abstract: The current study provides additional information for the behavioral development and maternal care of belugas or white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the care of humans. The behaviors and mother-calf interactions of two female beluga calves were recorded from birth to 12 months as part of a longitudinal study of beluga behavioral development. As expected, the primary calf activity for both calves involved swimming with their mothers. The calves initiated the majority of the separations from and reunions with their mothers and exhibited early bouts of independence. Both mothers bonded with their calves and displayed similar maternal care behaviors but exhibited different behavioral patterns. Despite differences in social groupings, housing, and physical health, the two female belugas followed the behavioral development of beluga calves observed previously.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osborn
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D050643:Beluga Whale / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D019370:Observation
keywords: Delphinapterus leucas; behavioral development; beluga; calf behavior; cetacean; maternal care