title: Cognitive ability predicts motor learning on a virtual reality game in patients with TBI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtual reality games and simulations have been utilized successfully for motor rehabilitation of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Little is known, however, how TBI-related cognitive decline affects learning of motor tasks in virtual environments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To fill this gap, we examined learning within a virtual reality game involving various reaching motions in 14 patients with TBI and 15 healthy individuals with different cognitive abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants practiced ten 90-second gaming trials to assess various aspects of motor learning. Cognitive abilities were assessed with a battery of tests including measures of memory, executive functioning, and visuospatial ability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, participants with TBI showed both reduced performance and a slower learning rate in the virtual reality game compared to healthy individuals. Numerous correlations between overall performance and several of the cognitive ability domains were revealed for both the patient and control groups, with the best predictor being overall cognitive ability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results may provide a starting point for rehabilitation programs regarding which cognitive domains interact with motor learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Rochelle L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Reid L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Skeel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ksenia I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Ustinova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive ability; traumatic brain injury; virtual reality