title: Antagonist molecules in the treatment of angina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of chronic angina has evolved dramatically in the last few decades with several options for pharmacotherapy outlined in various evidence-based guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  There is a growing list of drugs that are currently being investigated for treatment of chronic angina. These also include several herbal medications, which are now being scientifically evaluated as potential alternative or even adjunctive therapy for angina. Gene- and cell-based therapies have opened yet another avenue for management of chronic refractory angina in 'no-option' patients who are not candidates for either percutaneous or surgical revascularization and are on optimal medical therapy. An extensive review of literature using PUBMED, Cochrane database, clinical trial databases of the USA and European Union was done and summarized in this review. This review will attempt to discuss the traditional as well as novel therapeutic agents for angina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options are now available for treatment and management of chronic refractory angina. Renewed interest in traditional therapies and cell- and gene-based modalities with targeted drug delivery systems will open the doors for personalized therapy for patients with chronic refractory angina.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine , 1600 SW Archer Road, P.O. Box 100277, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277 , USA.
authors.forename: Ashish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000628:therapy*; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
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