title: Culture-adapted Plasmodium falciparum isolates from UK travellers: in vitro drug sensitivity, clonality and drug resistance markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The screening of lead compounds against in vitro parasite cultures is an essential step in the development of novel anti-malarial drugs, but currently relies on laboratory parasite lines established in vitro during the last century. This study sought to establish in continuous culture a series of recent Plasmodium falciparum isolates to represent the current parasite populations in Africa, all of which are now exposed to artemisinin combination therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-treatment P. falciparum isolates were obtained in EDTA, and placed into continuous culture after sampling of DNA. One post-treatment blood sample was also collected for each donor to monitor parasite clonality during clearance in vivo. IC₅₀ estimates were obtained for 11 anti-malarial compounds for each established parasite line, clonal multiplicity measured in vivo and in vitro, and polymorphic sites implicated in parasite sensitivity to drugs were investigated at the pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfap2mu loci before and after treatment, and in the cultured lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasmodium falciparum isolates from seven malaria patients with recent travel to three West African and two East African countries were successfully established in long-term culture. One of these, HL1211, was from a patient with recrudescent parasitaemia 14 days after a full course of artemether-lumefantrine. All established culture lines were shown to be polyclonal, reflecting the in vivo isolates from which they were derived, and at least two lines reliably produce gametocytes in vitro. Two lines displayed high chloroquine IC₅₀ estimates, and carried the CVIET haplotype at codons 72-76, whereas the remaining five lines carried the CVMNK haplotype and were sensitive in vitro. All were sensitive to the endoperoxides dihydroartemisinin and OZ277, but IC₅₀ estimates for lumefantrine varied, with the least sensitive parasites carrying pfmdr1 alleles encoding Asn at codon 86.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes the establishment in continuous culture, in vitro drug sensitivity testing and molecular characterization of a series of multiclonal P. falciparum isolates taken directly from UK malaria patients following recent travel to various malaria-endemic countries in Africa. These "HL" isolates are available as an open resource for studies of drug response, antigenic diversity and other aspects of parasite biology.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. colin.sutherland@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Donelly A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van Schalkwyk
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burrow
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Nahla B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Gadalla
authors.forename: Khalid B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Beshir
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hasford
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Xavier C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D014195:Travel; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D015800:Protozoan Proteins
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