title: Exercise reduces activation of microglia isolated from hippocampus and brain of aged mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is associated with low-grade neuroinflammation that includes basal increases in proinflammatory cytokines and expression of inflammatory markers on microglia. Exercise can reduce neuroinflammation following infection in aged animals, but whether exercise modulates basal changes in microglia activation is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated changes in basal microglia activation in cells isolated from the hippocampus and remaining brain following running-wheel access.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult (4 months) and aged (22 months) male and female BALB/c mice were housed with or without running wheels for 10 weeks. Microglia were isolated from the hippocampus or remaining brain. Flow cytometry was used to determine microglia (CD11b+ and CD45(low)) that co-labeled with CD86, CD206, and MHC II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aged mice showed a greater proportion of CD86 and MHC II positive microglia. In aged females, access to a running wheel decreased proportion of CD86+ and MHC II+ microglia in the hippocampus whereas aged males in the running group showed a decrease in the proportion of CD86+ microglia in the brain and an increase in the proportion of MHC II+ microglia in hippocampus and brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these data indicate that running-wheel access modulates microglia activation, but these effects vary by age, sex, and brain region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, Urbana, IL 61801-3873, USA. kohmanr@uncw.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kohman
authors.forename: Tushar K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 10;31(32):11578-86
references.pmid: 21832188
references.citation: FASEB J. 2005 Aug;19(10):1329-31
references.pmid: 15919760
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2012 Feb;21(2):175-84
references.pmid: 21735317
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33 Suppl 1:S295-302
references.pmid: 22751176
references.citation: Neuroscientist. 2009 Apr;15(2):134-48
references.pmid: 19307421
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 1998 Dec;56(5):571-89
references.pmid: 9775404
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2009 Oct;118(4):475-85
references.pmid: 19513731
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(4):1263-72
references.pmid: 16981890
references.citation: Front Neurosci. 2012 Feb 21;6:26
references.pmid: 22363256
references.citation: CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2011 Feb;10(1):108-18
references.pmid: 21143141
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e22654
references.pmid: 21857943
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 1998 Sep-Oct;19(5):497-503
references.pmid: 9880052
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 May;27(5):717-22
references.pmid: 15890435
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 2012 Mar 20;105(5):1219-25
references.pmid: 21549726
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Mar;22(3):301-11
references.pmid: 17951027
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Jul;26(5):754-65
references.pmid: 22155499
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2010 Dec 1;213(2):246-52
references.pmid: 20472002
references.citation: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009 May;29(2):381-93
references.pmid: 19389588
references.citation: Behav Neurosci. 2003 Dec;117(6):1243-56
references.pmid: 14674844
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Nov;32(11):2030-44
references.pmid: 20018408
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2007 Sep;30(9):464-72
references.pmid: 17765329
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2012 Jun 28;9:147
references.pmid: 22742584
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1999 Mar 5;65(2):198-205
references.pmid: 10064890
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1990;39(1):151-70
references.pmid: 2089275
references.citation: Behav Neurosci. 2011 Feb;125(1):1-9
references.pmid: 21319881
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1999 Jan 1;93(1-2):139-48
references.pmid: 10378877
references.citation: Glia. 2007 Oct;55(13):1374-84
references.pmid: 17661344
references.citation: Glia. 1993 Jan;7(1):60-7
references.pmid: 8423063
references.citation: Glia. 2007 Mar;55(4):412-24
references.pmid: 17203473
references.citation: Glia. 2008 Jun;56(8):888-94
references.pmid: 18338796
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2009 Oct;19(10):937-50
references.pmid: 19132736
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jan;43(1):22-4
references.pmid: 18927158
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2009 Mar;85(3):352-70
references.pmid: 19028958
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2013 May 10;10:61
references.pmid: 23663962
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Oct;84(4):932-9
references.pmid: 18495785
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Oct;24(7):1058-68
references.pmid: 20153418
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2008 Apr 09;5:13
references.pmid: 18400101
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Jul;26(5):803-10
references.pmid: 22056294
references.citation: Brain Res. 2002 Nov 22;956(1):30-5
references.pmid: 12426043
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Nov;26(10):2795-803
references.pmid: 18001276
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Oct;37(10):1688-99
references.pmid: 22497984