title: Synergism of a natural plant product, oleanolic acid with calcineurin inhibitor in prolonging islet allograft survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural plant-derived triterpenoid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Since inflammatory cytokines released following islet transplantation hinders engraftment and long-term function, we determined the synergistic ability of OA to with Cyclosporine-A (CSA), a calcineurin inhibitor in improving islet allograft's function and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were rendered diabetic using streptozotocin (200mg/kg). BALB/c islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule alone (control) or along with administration of OA alone, CSA alone or a combination of both OA and CSA (OA+CSA). T-cell infiltration was analyzed by immunohistochemistry; cytokine concentration was analyzed by Luminex; T-cell cytokine phenotype was analyzed by ELISpot; and alloimmune response was analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OA+CSA markedly prolonged islet allograft survival compared to controls (37 ± 5 days vs. 8 ± 3 days). A significant decrease of CD4+ (34 ± 9 vs. 154 ± 42 cells/hpf) and CD8+ T-cellular (46 ± 22 vs. 224 ± 51 cells/hpf, p<0.0001) infiltration into the graft in OA+CSA treated mice compared to controls. A significant decrease in T cell infiltration was demonstrated in the OA+CSA cohort over either compound application individually. An increase in anti-inflammatory molecules, IL-10 (2.4-fold) and vascular endothelial growth factor (1.6-fold), along with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β (1.3-2.4-fold) and IL-17 (3.2-fold) was demonstrated. OA+CSA also significantly decreased the frequency of allo-specific T-cell responses. Development of antibodies against donor antigens was also delayed (39 vs 22 days; p<0.05) in the OA+CSA cohort over administration of either agent individually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OA and CSA exert synergistic effect towards enhancing islet allograft survival and function. This synergistic effect resulted in markedly reduced graft infiltrating cells with attenuation of inflammatory cytokine milieu leading to impairment of both cellular and humoral alloimmune responses. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches involving combination of OA with calcineurin-inhibitor based immunosuppressant CSA will produce potential beneficial outcomes in clinical islet transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Nataraju
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angaswamy
authors.forename: Venkatswarup
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiriveedhi
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banan
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benshoff
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohanakumar
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000276:immunology; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000819:agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019703:Calcineurin
keywords: CSA; Cyclosporine; Cyclosporine-A; Cytokines; Diabetes; IP-10; ITx; Islet transplantation; MCP-1; NFBG; OA; Oleanolic acid; T lymphocytes; inducible protein-10; islet cell transplantation; monocyte chemotactic protein-1; non-fasting blood glucose; oleanolic acid