title: Solid cancer incidence other than lung, liver and bone in Mayak workers: 1948-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer incidence in the Mayak Production Association (PA) cohort was analysed to investigate for the first time whether external gamma-ray and internal plutonium exposure are associated with raised incidence of solid cancers other than lung, liver and bone (other solid cancers).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort includes 22,366 workers of both sexes who were first employed between 1948 and 1982. A total of 1447 cases of other solid cancers were registered in the follow-up period until 2004. The Poisson regression was used to estimate the excess relative risk (ERR) per unit of cumulative exposure to plutonium and external gamma-ray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A weak association was found between cumulative exposure to external gamma-ray and the incidence of other solid cancers (ERR/Gy=0.07; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.01-0.15), but this association lost its significance after adjusting for internal plutonium exposure. There was no indication of any association with plutonium exposure for other solid cancers. Among 16 individual cancer sites, there was a statistically significant association with external exposure for lip cancer (ERR/Gy=1.74; 95% CI: 0.37; 6.71) and with plutonium exposure for pancreatic cancer (ERR/Gy=1.58; 95% CI; 0.17; 4.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of Mayak workers does not provide evidence of an increased risk of other solid cancers. The observed increase in the risk of cancer of the lip and pancreas should be treated with caution because of the limited amount of relevant data and because the observations may be simply due to chance.
authors.affiliation: Public Health England (PHE), Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Labutina
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009688:Nuclear Reactors; D054043:Nuclear Weapons; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011005:Plutonium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D011005:Plutonium
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2009 Jan 13;100(1):206-12
references.pmid: 19127272
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2007 Apr;167(4):396-416
references.pmid: 17388693
references.citation: Radiat Res. 1999 Oct;152(4):352-63
references.pmid: 10477912
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 1999 Mar;79(7-8):1288-301
references.pmid: 10098774
references.citation: Health Phys. 2013 Apr;104(4):366-78
references.pmid: 23439140
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2013 Mar;179(3):332-42
references.pmid: 23391147
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2008 Aug 15;123(4):905-11
references.pmid: 18528867
references.citation: Health Phys. 2013 Aug;105(2):165-76
references.pmid: 23799501
references.citation: Health Phys. 2007 Sep;93(3):190-206
references.pmid: 17693770
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2007 Jul;168(1):1-64
references.pmid: 17722996
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2003 Jun;159(6):787-98
references.pmid: 12751962
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2012 Mar;177(3):229-43
references.pmid: 22171960
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2010 Dec;174(6):816-24
references.pmid: 21128806
references.citation: Health Phys. 2012 Jul;103(1):3-14
references.pmid: 22647906