title: Land-based versus aquatic resistance therapeutic exercises for older women with sarcopenic obesity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcopenic obesity is a health condition that combines excess adipose tissue and loss of muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenic obesity predisposes to more functional disabilities than obesity or sarcopenia alone. Progressive resistance exercises are recommended for older people as a potential treatment for sarcopenia and also for obesity. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating which programmes are best applied to older people, and no studies have investigated their effects on sarcopenic obese people. The aims of this protocol study are to investigate and compare the efficacy of land-based and aquatic resistance exercise programmes on improving muscle performance, functional capacity and quality of life of older women with sarcopenic obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a protocol study for a parallel randomised controlled clinical trial. Eligible participants are older women (≥65 years) with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 and hand grip strength ≤21 kg force. A total sample of 36 participants will be randomly allocated to one of the intervention groups in blocks of three: land-based, aquatic or control. Each intervention group will undergo 2-week sessions of a 10-week therapeutic exercise programme for strength, power and endurance training of the lower-limb muscles. Participants in the control group will not participate in any strengthening activity for lower limbs and will receive telephone calls once a week. Baseline and final evaluation of outcomes will encompass muscle performance of the lower limbs assessed by an isokinetic dynamometer; functional tests of usual walking speed, maximal walking speed (shuttle walking test), stair speed and the Short Physical Performance Battery; and health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Questionnaire - SF-36). Data collectors will be blinded to randomisation and will not be in touch with participants during the interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first randomised controlled trial designed to evaluate resistance exercises in older patients with sarcopenic obesity. If our hypothesis proves correct, both intervention programmes will be effective, with the land-based exercises conferring better results in muscle performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-9p5q67.
authors.affiliation: Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901 Brazil. joao.marcos.dd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karina Simone
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: de Souza Vasconcelos
authors.forename: João Marcos Domingues
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Marília Caixeta
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.forename: Ana Cisalpino
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Marcela Machado
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Rosângela Corrêa
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dias
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006875:Hydrotherapy; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2009 Aug;33(8):885-92
references.pmid: 19564878
references.citation: Obes Res. 2004 Jun;12(6):913-20
references.pmid: 15229329
references.citation: Cad Saude Publica. 2006 Dec;22(12):2623-36
references.pmid: 17096041
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Nov;20(4):811-8
references.pmid: 17194242
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;76(2):473-81
references.pmid: 12145025
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Feb;41(2):459-71
references.pmid: 19127177
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Jul;41(7):1510-30
references.pmid: 19516148
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD002759
references.pmid: 12804434
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 May;56(5):B209-17
references.pmid: 11320101
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2007 May;39(2):175-91
references.pmid: 17695343
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Mar;56(3):M146-56
references.pmid: 11253156
references.citation: Trials. 2010 Jul 28;11:82
references.pmid: 20667082
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 May;88(5):604-9
references.pmid: 17466729
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253
references.pmid: 11234459
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Jan;65(1):71-7
references.pmid: 19887536
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Mar;34(3):544-51
references.pmid: 11880822
references.citation: Thorax. 1992 Dec;47(12):1019-24
references.pmid: 1494764
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Feb 1;587(3):509-10
references.pmid: 19047198
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Jul 15;156(2):110-21
references.pmid: 12117699
references.citation: Aust Fam Physician. 2006 Mar;35(3):130-4
references.pmid: 16525526
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2004 Nov;33(6):548-55
references.pmid: 15385272
references.citation: J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M85-94
references.pmid: 8126356
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2010 Jul;39(4):412-23
references.pmid: 20392703
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Nov;11(6):693-700
references.pmid: 18827572
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;82(5):923-34
references.pmid: 16280421
references.citation: Obes Res. 2004 Dec;12(12):1995-2004
references.pmid: 15687401
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:520258
references.pmid: 20224659
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Sep;29(9):1011-29
references.pmid: 15925957
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Feb;16(2):241-56
references.pmid: 18239630
references.citation: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;14(10):858-65
references.pmid: 10521885
references.citation: Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003 Sep;61(3B):777-81
references.pmid: 14595482