title: Metabolic and structural changes in lower-limb skeletal muscle following neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be applied as a complementary intervention to regular exercise training programs. A distinction can be made between high-frequency (HF) NMES and low-frequency (LF) NMES. In order to increase understanding of the mechanisms of functional improvements following NMES, the purpose of this study was to systematically review changes in enzyme activity, muscle fiber type composition and muscle fiber size in human lower-limb skeletal muscles following only NMES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trials were collected up to march 2012 and were identified by searching the Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL and The Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases and reference lists. 18 trials were reviewed in detail: 8 trials studied changes in enzyme activities, 7 trials studied changes in muscle fiber type composition and 14 trials studied changes in muscle fiber size following NMES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methodological quality generally was poor, and the heterogeneity in study design, study population, NMES features and outcome parameters prohibited the use of meta-analysis. Most of the LF-NMES studies reported significant increases in oxidative enzyme activity, while the results concerning changes in muscle fiber composition and muscle size were conflicting. HF-NMES significantly increased muscle size in 50% of the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMES seems to be a training modality resulting in changes in oxidative enzyme activity, skeletal muscle fiber type and skeletal muscle fiber size. However, considering the small sample sizes, the variance in study populations, the non-randomized controlled study designs, the variance in primary outcomes, and the large heterogeneity in NMES protocols, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of stimulation frequencies on muscular changes.
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurice J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sillen
authors.forename: Frits M E
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.forename: Harry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Gosker
authors.forename: Emiel F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Martijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spruit
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes
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