title: Upper limb evaluation with robotic exoskeleton. Normative values for indices of accuracy, speed and smoothness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Robotic rehabilitation devices for upper limb function (ULF) provide global indicators of a patient's ability, but the temporal evolution of motion related to motor control is disregarded.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine normative values for indices of accuracy, speed and smoothness in the evaluation of upper limb function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five healthy individuals performed the Armeo®Spring device "Vertical Capture" task. Custom stand-alone software was developed to provide the following indices: global Hand Path Ratio (HPR), local HPR in the target area (locHPR), vertical and horizontal overshoot (vertOS, horOS), maximum and mean velocity (maxVel, meanVel), mean/maximum velocity, number of peaks in velocity profiles (NVelPeaks) and normalized jerk (NormJerk). The dependence of indices on task characteristics was analyzed by an ANCOVA test. Indices inner relationships were assessed by a correlation and a factor analysis. Normative values were then provided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4,268 single reaching movements were analyzed. Four indices were not affected by movement direction. Indices were minimally influenced by the difficulty level. Based upon correlation and factor analysis indices and can be grouped into three assessment fields, dealing with precision, velocity and smoothness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a tool to assess ULF in dynamic condition. Normative values were obtained to be used as references in assessing patients.
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy Motion Analysis Laboratory, AUSL of Reggio Emilia, Correggio, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longhi
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giannotti
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giacobbi
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruscelli
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montanari
authors.affiliation: Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Sol et Salus Hospital, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazzoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Armeo<formula>$^{\regd}$</formula>Spring; Upper limb; normative values; robotic device; robotic rehabilitation