title: Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Burst suppression is an electroencephalogram pattern in which bursts of electrical activity alternate with an isoelectric state. This pattern is commonly seen in states of severely reduced brain activity such as profound general anesthesia, anoxic brain injuries, hypothermia and certain developmental disorders. Devising accurate, reliable ways to quantify burst suppression is an important clinical and research problem. Although thresholding and segmentation algorithms readily identify burst suppression periods, analysis algorithms require long intervals of data to characterize burst suppression at a given time and provide no framework for statistical inference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We introduce the concept of the burst suppression probability (BSP) to define the brain's instantaneous propensity of being in the suppressed state. To conduct dynamic analyses of burst suppression we propose a state-space model in which the observation process is a binomial model and the state equation is a Gaussian random walk. We estimate the model using an approximate expectation maximization algorithm and illustrate its application in the analysis of rodent burst suppression recordings under general anesthesia and a patient during induction of controlled hypothermia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BSP algorithms track burst suppression on a second-to-second time scale, and make possible formal statistical comparisons of burst suppression at different times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The state-space approach suggests a principled and informative way to analyze burst suppression that can be used to monitor, and eventually to control, the brain states of patients in the operating room and in the intensive care unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chemali
authors.forename: ShiNung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Purdon
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Solt
authors.forename: Emery N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D016011:Normal Distribution; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010830:Physostigmine
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