title: Association of breakfast consumption with objectively measured and self-reported physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of breakfast consumption with objectively measured and self-reported physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Cross-Sectional Study. Breakfast consumption was assessed by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls and by a 'Food Choices and Preferences' questionnaire. Physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and speed/agility) were measured and self-reported. Socio-economic status was assessed by questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten European cities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n 2148; aged 12·5-17·5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breakfast consumption was not associated with measured or self-reported physical activity. However, 24 h recall breakfast consumption was related to measured sedentary time in males and females; although results were not confirmed when using other methods to assess breakfast patterns or sedentary time. Breakfast consumption was not related to muscular fitness and speed/agility in males and females. However, male breakfast consumers had higher cardiorespiratory fitness compared with occasional breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers, while no differences were observed in females. Overall, results were consistent using different methods to assess breakfast consumption or cardiorespiratory fitness (all P ≤ 0·005). In addition, both male and female breakfast skippers (assessed by 24 h recall) were less likely to have high measured cardiorespiratory fitness compared with breakfast consumers (OR = 0·33; 95% CI 0·18, 0·59 and OR = 0·56; 95%CI 0·32, 0·98, respectively). Results persisted across methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skipping breakfast does not seem to be related to physical activity, sedentary time or muscular fitness and speed/agility as physical fitness components in European adolescents; yet it is associated with both measured and self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness, which extends previous findings.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medical Physiology,School of Medicine,Granada University,Avenida Madrid s/n,18012 Granada,Spain.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Physical Education and Sport,School of Sport Sciences,Granada University,Granada,Spain.
authors.forename: Jonatan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Physical Education and Sport,School of Sport Sciences,Granada University,Granada,Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,University of the Basque Country,UPV/EHU,Vitoria,Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Labayen
authors.affiliation: 5ImFINE Research Group,Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences - INEF,Technical University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: 6GENUD (Growth,Exercise,Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud,Zaragoza University,Zaragoza,Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: 7Immunonutrition Research Group,Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,Institute of Food Science,Technology and Nutrition,Spanish National Research Council,Madrid,Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomez-Martinez
authors.affiliation: 8National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition,Rome,Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ciarapica
authors.affiliation: 3Unit for Preventive Nutrition,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition,Karolinska Institutet,Huddinge,Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hallström
authors.affiliation: 3Unit for Preventive Nutrition,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition,Karolinska Institutet,Huddinge,Sweden.
authors.forename: Acki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wästlund
authors.affiliation: 10Department of Pediatrics,Pécs University,Pécs,Hungary.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: 11Inserm U995,Lille2 University,Lille,France.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: 12Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: 13Department of Pediatrics,School of Medicine,Vienna University,Vienna,Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: 14Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic,Crete University,Heraklion,Crete,Greece.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: 15Department of Public Health,Ghent University,Ghent,Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: 3Unit for Preventive Nutrition,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition,Karolinska Institutet,Huddinge,Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medical Physiology,School of Medicine,Granada University,Avenida Madrid s/n,18012 Granada,Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015415:Biomarkers; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
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