title: Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth.
abstract: Ancient DNA analyses have provided enhanced resolution of population histories in many Pleistocene taxa. However, most studies are spatially restricted, making inference of species-level biogeographic histories difficult. Here, we analyse mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in the woolly mammoth from across its Holarctic range to reconstruct its history over the last 200 thousand years (kyr). We identify a previously undocumented major mtDNA lineage in Europe, which was replaced by another major mtDNA lineage 32-34 kyr before present (BP). Coalescent simulations provide support for demographic expansions at approximately 121 kyr BP, suggesting that the previous interglacial was an important driver for demography and intraspecific genetic divergence. Furthermore, our results suggest an expansion into Eurasia from America around 66 kyr BP, coinciding with the first exposure of the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Pleistocene. Bayesian inference indicates Late Pleistocene demographic stability until 20-15 kyr BP, when a severe population size decline occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, , 10405 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, , Stockholm 10691, Sweden, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, , London SW7 5BD, UK, Northeast Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Magadan 685000, Russia, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 119071, Russia, Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, , 10691 Uppsala, Sweden, Operational Direction 'Earth and History of Life', Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, , Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palkopoulou
authors.forename: Love
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalén
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vartanyan
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sablin
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: Veronica Nyström
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Edmark
authors.forename: Mikael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brandström
authors.forename: Mietje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Germonpré
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005580:Fossils; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D056665:Mammoths / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011157:Population Dynamics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012800:Siberia
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Mammuthus primigenius; ancient DNA; climate; extinction; refugia
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