title: Stem cells: a recapitulation of development.
abstract: Pluripotent stem cells are cells that can differentiate into any tissue from all germ layers and include embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPS). Embryonic stem cells are derived from 8-day blastocysts obtained from unutilized embryos following in vitro fertilization, while iPS is obtained following transfection of dermal fibroblasts with pluripotent genes (sex determining region Y-binding, Kruppel-like factor 4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and c-Myc). The major challenge is to differentiate these cells into lung epithelium for therapeutic applications as well as to model lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. In this review, the developmental pathways of the lung and how these pathways have been recapitulated in vitro to induce differentiation of pluripotent cells to lung epithelium were examined.
authors.affiliation: Lung Institute of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuben
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warburton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: lung development; lung differentiation; stem cell