title: Literature review: preoperative radiotherapy and rectal cancer - impact on acute symptom presentation and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a critical review of published literature detailing side effects of preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer and the impact of their treatment on their quality of life which will assist in guiding nursing management in the future.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer leads to a number of side effects that have a negative influence on patients' quality of life. Although studies have investigated the various adverse effects that can occur, these have not yet been critically appraised and synopsised to form a comprehensive review of their prevalence and effects on the quality of life of patients with rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This literature review study addresses the aims and objectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a literature search of electronic databases, 23 articles were retrieved that met the selection criteria with papers discussed in relation to symptoms that present due to this treatment, with six of these 23 studies also referring to health-related quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative radiotherapy leads to a number of common adverse effects including diarrhoea, dermatological problems, micturition problems, fatigue, sexual dysfunction and pain. Some can lead to a decline in quality of life during treatment and cause prolonged surgical recovery times, but there appears to be no long-term deterioration in quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a paucity of literature that specifically examines fatigue and quality of life in relation to patients with rectal cancer during preoperative radiotherapy treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness of the prevalence and severity of the acute side effects of preoperative radiotherapy will enable nurses to thoroughly assess these symptoms, plan and implement appropriate interventions and evaluate outcomes. This will assist in optimising the quality of life of patients with rectal cancer and may hasten postoperative recovery times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Gorman
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denieffe
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gooney
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: adverse effects; quality of life; radiotherapy; rectal cancer; side effects