title: Human tooth germ stem cell response to calcium-silicate based endodontic cements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of endodontic cements on human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs). MTA Fillapex, a mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based, salicylate resin containing root canal sealer, was compared with iRoot SP, a bioceramic sealer, and AH Plus Jet, an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate cytotoxicity, all materials were packed into Teflon rings (4 mmµ3 mm) and co-cultured with hTGSCs with the aid of 24-well Transwell permeable supports, which had a pore size of 0.4 µm. Coverslips were coated with MTA Fillapex, iRoot SP and AH Plus Jet and each coverslip was placed onto the bottom of one well of a six-well plate for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Before the cytotoxicity and SEM analysis, all samples were stored at 37ºC and at 95% humidity and 5% CO2 for 24 hours to set. The cellular viability was analyzed using MTS test (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The cytotoxic effects and SEM visualization of the tested materials were analyzed at 24-hour, 72-hour, one-week and two-week periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the 1st day, only MTA Fillapex caused cytotoxicity compared to negative control (NC) group (p<0.008). No significant difference was observed between the other tested materials at this period (p>0.05). After 14 days of incubation with the test materials, MTA Fillapex exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with iRoot SP, AH Plus Jet and the NC group (P<0.008). In the SEM analysis, the highest levels of cell attachment were observed for iRoot SP and the control group. After 24 hours, MTA Fillapex reduced the number of cells attached to the surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, sealers exerted different cytotoxic effects on hTGSCs. Although all materials have exerted cellular toxicity, iRoot SP and AH Plus Jet may promote better attachment to hTGSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra Pamukçu
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Güven
authors.forename: Mehmet Emir
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Yalvaç
authors.forename: Mehmet Baybora
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kayahan
authors.forename: Hakkı
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sunay
authors.forename: Fikrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Şahın
authors.forename: Gündüz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bayirli
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000633:toxicity; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000633:toxicity; D017640:Silicates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014083:Tooth Germ / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C031293:calcium silicate
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