title: Abnormal functional connectivity of amygdala in late-onset depression was associated with cognitive deficits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with decreased function of cortico-limbic circuits, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of MDD. Abnormal functional connectivity (FC) with the amygdala, which is involved in cortico-limbic circuits, has also been observed in MDD. However, little is known about connectivity alterations in late-onset depression (LOD) or whether disrupted connectivity is correlated with cognitive impairment in LOD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of twenty-two LOD patients and twenty-two matched healthy controls (HC) underwent neuropsychological tests and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and FC with bilateral amygdala seeds were used to analyze blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI data between two groups. Compared with HC, LOD patients showed decreased ReHo in the right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus. In the LOD group, the left amygdala had decreased FC with the right middle frontal gyrus and the left superior frontal gyrus in the amygdala positive network, and it had increased FC with the right post-central gyrus in the amygdala negative network. However, significantly reduced FC with the right amygdala was observed in the right middle occipital gyrus in the amygdala negative network. Further correlative analyses revealed that decreased FC between the amygdala and the right middle occipital gyrus was negatively correlated with the verbal fluency test (VFT, r = -0.485, P = 0.022) and the digit span test (DST, r = -0.561, P = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings of reduced activity of the prefrontal gyrus and abnormal FC with the bilateral amygdala may be key markers of cognitive dysfunction in LOD patients.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital and Institute of Neuropsychiatry of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Yonggui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Zhenghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Wenhao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 Oct 20;48(2):175-87
references.pmid: 16242399
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 15;107(24):11020-5
references.pmid: 20534464
references.citation: Brain Struct Funct. 2008 Sep;213(1-2):93-118
references.pmid: 18704495
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep 1;54(5):515-28
references.pmid: 12946880
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2008 Oct 30;164(1):48-57
references.pmid: 18804352
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:341-61
references.pmid: 9509268
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 May;63(5):530-8
references.pmid: 16651510
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;37(2):99-108
references.pmid: 12842163
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Feb 1;59(3):2142-54
references.pmid: 22019881
references.citation: Radiology. 2006 Jul;240(1):177-86
references.pmid: 16684919
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 May;58(5):M461-7
references.pmid: 12730257
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 May-Jun;10(3):275-82
references.pmid: 11994214
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 Nov-Dec;10(6):687-95
references.pmid: 12427577
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Apr 1;45(2):614-26
references.pmid: 19110061
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2006 Nov 22;148(1):33-45
references.pmid: 17029760
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):691-8
references.pmid: 15800140
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2003 May;33(4):675-81
references.pmid: 12785469
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Sep;19(9):771-6
references.pmid: 21873832
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2008 Dec;111(2-3):145-52
references.pmid: 18372048
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 May 1;51(9):693-707
references.pmid: 11983183
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 May;22(1):394-400
references.pmid: 15110032
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2008 Jun;18(6):1374-83
references.pmid: 17928332
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Summer;9(3):471-81
references.pmid: 9276848
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;162(9):1588-601
references.pmid: 16135616
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 May 1;65(9):812-8
references.pmid: 19028381
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;66(3):275-85
references.pmid: 19255377
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Nov 1;50(9):651-8
references.pmid: 11704071
references.citation: Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(3):345-57
references.pmid: 18979948
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 15;61(2):198-209
references.pmid: 17027931
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):813-29
references.pmid: 11063977
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jun 1;65(11):951-8
references.pmid: 19028382
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jan;35(1):192-216
references.pmid: 19693001
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;50(10):1027-41.e3
references.pmid: 21961777
references.citation: CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010 Dec;16(6):374-9
references.pmid: 20875046
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2006 Aug;94(1-3):219-29
references.pmid: 16740316
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;21(6):562-7
references.pmid: 18852563
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;184:488-95
references.pmid: 15172942
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:545-74
references.pmid: 11752496
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr;985:420-44
references.pmid: 12724175
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;168(2):173-82
references.pmid: 21078708
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;158(6):899-905
references.pmid: 11384897
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Sep 1;62(5):429-37
references.pmid: 17210143
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:439-41
references.pmid: 22440651
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 1;67(5):465-70
references.pmid: 20004363
references.citation: Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 1989;9:197-215
references.pmid: 2514765
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2010 Mar;121(3):273-7
references.pmid: 19647324
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Oct;35(9):1929-45
references.pmid: 21192971
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 May 15;57(10):1079-88
references.pmid: 15866546
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 3;39(2):326-31
references.pmid: 22796277
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1998 Feb;7(2):119-32
references.pmid: 9558644
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2012 Jun;33(6):1352-63
references.pmid: 21618660
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1999 Nov;29(6):1307-21
references.pmid: 10616937
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2011 Nov;134(1-3):272-9
references.pmid: 21757239
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2008 Feb;38(2):163-75
references.pmid: 17588275
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Jun 4-10;365(9475):1961-70
references.pmid: 15936426
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Mar;34(4):932-43
references.pmid: 18536699
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 2004 Sep;50(1):1-11
references.pmid: 15288493
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Mar;60(1):623-32
references.pmid: 22233733
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):431-8
references.pmid: 21810475
references.citation: Brain. 2012 May;135(Pt 5):1498-507
references.pmid: 22418737
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2012 Feb 1;227(1):30-5
references.pmid: 22036698
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1998 Feb;7(2):133-49
references.pmid: 9558645
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;59(7):597-604
references.pmid: 12090812
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Nov 15;43(3):645-55
references.pmid: 18761094
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2008 Dec 30;164(3):237-44
references.pmid: 19013058