title: Tonic stimulation of the pharyngeal mucosa causes pain and a reversible increase of inflammatory mediators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a model of the inflammatory component of non-infectious sore throat using tonic stimulation and quantification of inflammatory mediators in pharyngeal lavage fluid.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cold dry air.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tonic stimulation of the pharynx was achieved using a constant stream of cold dry air to the back of the throat. Following optimization of stimulation conditions (phase 1), pharyngeal pain, irritation, and swallowing discomfort were assessed using visual analog scales, and the concentration of inflammatory markers were measured in pharyngeal lavage fluid (phase 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimum conditions for tonic pharyngeal stimulation were cold dry air at 12 °C, relative humidity 20 %, at a flow rate of 12 L/min for 15 min. Analysis of pharyngeal lavage fluid collected 5 min after stimulation showed significant increases in prostaglandin E₂ (P = 0.018), thromboxane B₂ (P < 0.001), and substance P (P < 0.001), but no increase in peptidoleukotriene. When the stimulus was removed, the level of inflammatory markers in pharyngeal lavage fluid returned to baseline by 30 min post-stimulation. These objective measures mirrored subjective pain ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tonic stimulation of the pharyngeal mucosa with cold dry air causes pain and an increase of inflammatory mediators which are reversible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, Germany, renner@pharmakologie.uni-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Bertold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Gabi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahne
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grosan
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kettenmann
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobal
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shephard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000276:immunology*; D010146:Pain / Q000276:immunology*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000276:immunology*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators
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