title: Association of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins-related markers and low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity with cardiovascular risk: effectiveness of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis as a method of determining low-density lipoprotein particle size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite well-controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hypertriglyceridemia is an independent predictor of coronary events. We investigated the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through examining the relation between triglyceride (TG) metabolism and LDL-heterogeneity as assessed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated LDL-particle size [relative LDL migration (LDL-Rm value)] measured by PAGE with the LipoPhor system (Joko, Tokyo, Japan) was evaluated in 645 consecutive patients with one additional risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Multivariate regression analysis after adjustments for traditional risk factors revealed an elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs)-related markers [TG, remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C), very LDL (VLDL) fraction, apolipoprotein (apo) C-II, and apo C-III] level to be an independent predictor of smaller-size LDL-particle size, both in the overall population, and in a subset of patients with serum LDL-C <100 mg/dL. Even among the patients with LDL-C levels <100 mg/dL, the serum levels of atherogenic lipid markers in those with a LDL-Rm value ≥0.40, suggesting the presence of large amounts of small-dense LDL and upper limit (mean+2 standard deviation) in this population, were significantly higher than in those with a LDL-Rm value <0.40. Moreover, the serum levels of TRLs-related markers showed high accurate area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (TG, 0.896; RLP-C, 0.875; VLDL fraction, 0.803; apo C-II, 0.778; and apo C-III, 0.804, respectively) in terms of evaluation of the indicators of LDL-Rm value ≥0.40.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To further reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, it may be of particular importance to pay attention not only to the quantitative change in the serum LDL-C, but also TG-metabolism associated with LDL-heterogeneity. Combined evaluation of TRLs-related markers and LDL-Rm value may be useful for assessing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: tanishigem@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Shigemasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D012306:Risk; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; C030087:lipoprotein triglyceride
keywords: Coronary artery disease; Low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity; Triglyceride; Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins