title: Osteoporosis and sarcopenia: the connections.
abstract: Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are the most frequent musculoskeletal disorders affecting older people. Osteoporosis is a widespread disorder affecting millions of individuals of all ethnic backgrounds worldwide, particularly among older women. It is characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in the risk of fracture. Sarcopenia is considered to be one of the major factors responsible for functional limitations and motor dependency in elderly persons. In age-related muscle atrophy, a decrease in muscle fiber size and number, and a preferential loss of type II fibers have been reported. A decrease in the circulating levels of specific hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1) has been shown to be associated with sarcopenia and this appears to play an important role in its pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", "PoliclinicoTor Vergata" Foundation, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy, umberto.tarantino@uniroma2.it.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.forename: Jacopo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celi
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Federico Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Liuni
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iundusi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gasbarra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications*; D011788:Quality of Life; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I