title: Low openness on the revised NEO personality inventory as a risk factor for treatment-resistant depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, we reported that low reward dependence, and to a lesser extent, low cooperativeness in the Temperature and Character Inventory (TCI) may be risk factors for treatment-resistant depression. Here, we analyzed additional psychological traits in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered Costa and McCrae's five-factor model personality inventory, NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R), to antidepressant-treatment resistant depressed patients (n=35), remitted depressed patients (n=27), and healthy controls (n=66). We also evaluated the relationships between scores on NEO and TCI, using the same cohort of patients with treatment-resistant depression, as our previous study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with treatment-resistant depression showed high scores for neuroticism, low scores for extraversion, openness and conscientiousness, without changes in agreeableness, on the NEO. However, patients in remitted depression showed no significant scores on NEO. Patients with treatment-resistant depression and low openness on NEO showed positive relationships with reward dependence and cooperativeness on the TCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many studies have reported that depressed patients show high neuroticism, low extraversion and low conscientiousness on the NEO. Our study highlights low openness on the NEO, as a risk mediator in treatment-resistant depression. This newly identified trait should be included as a risk factor in treatment-resistant depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan ; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirayama
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muneoka
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
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