title: Mechanisms of muscle growth and atrophy in mammals and Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy) that accompanies disuse and systemic diseases is highly debilitating. Although the pathogenesis of this condition has been primarily studied in mammals, Drosophila is emerging as an attractive system to investigate some of the mechanisms involved in muscle growth and atrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this review, we highlight the outstanding unsolved questions that may benefit from a combination of studies in both flies and mammals. In particular, we discuss how different environmental stimuli and signaling pathways influence muscle mass and strength and how a variety of disease states can cause muscle wasting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies in Drosophila and mammals should help identify molecular targets for the treatment of muscle wasting in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Oncology, IRCCS, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piccirillo
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demontis
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perrimon
authors.forename: Alfred L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004330:Drosophila / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000502:physiology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055435:Myostatin / Q000378:metabolism; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D059748:Proteolysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055435:Myostatin; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: animal models of muscle wasting; muscle atrophy; proteostasis; skeletal muscle growth
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