title: Staining properties of brilliant blue depending on different incubation times and solvents in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intravitreous injection of vital dyes, e.g. brilliant blue (BBG), promotes better visualization of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). This paper investigates the staining properties of BBG depending on different incubation times and 2 types of solvents--5% glucose (GL) or saline solution--in a prospective study in patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper investigates various aspects of BBG in various methods. An interventional prospective study was conducted in patients to examine the binding properties of the blue dye diluted in either saline or 5% GL to epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and ILMs. Forty-nine consecutive patients older than 18 years scheduled for macular ERM, vitreomacular traction and macular hole surgeries were prospectively recruited. The primary outcomes of this study were the degree of ILM and ERM staining. The secondary outcomes of the study were the need of reinjection of BBG or any other dye, the ability of BBG to stain the vitreous, and frequency of complications. The staining of the ILM and ERM were graded as no staining, little, moderate or strong staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no correlation between age (p = 0.32) or gender (p = 0.33) in the staining affinity of BBG to either the ILM or ERM. BBG may be an appropriate staining agent for the ILM in the majority (82%) of surgeries; however, in approximately half of the cases (45%) surgeons considered BBG not enough for ERM coloring and visualization. There is a tendency of BBG to stain the ILM better when saline solution is used compared to GL 5%; however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.64). There was no difference in the staining efficacy of BBG to the ERMs by either solution (p = 0.70), despite the low staining affinity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BBG became the state-of-the-art dye for ILM identification. Differences in staining properties may imply that BBG should not be considered as first-line stain for ERM surgery. BBG is effective in ILM staining in over 80% of macular hole surgeries.
authors.affiliation: Vision Institute IPEPO, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Maurício
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Penha
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.forename: Gustavo B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Michel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Farah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005947:Glucose; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012997:Solvents; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012997:Solvents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D005947:Glucose; C004692:coomassie Brilliant Blue