title: Race/ethnic difference in diabetes and diabetic complications.
abstract: Health disparities in diabetes and its complications and comorbidities exist globally. A recent Endocrine Society Scientific Statement described the Health Disparities in several endocrine disorders, including type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarize that statement and provide novel updates on race/ethnic differences in children and adults with type 1 diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes, and in Latino subpopulations. We also review race/ethnic differences in the epidemiology of diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes complications and mortality in the United States and globally. Finally, we discuss biological, behavioral, social, environmental, and health system contributors to diabetes disparities to identify areas for future preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St, Ste 333, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Elias K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Spanakis
authors.forename: Sherita Hill
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Golden
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology
references.citation: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 Oct;6(10):589-93
references.pmid: 20680035
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32 Suppl 2:S102-11
references.pmid: 19246575
references.citation: Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:129-43
references.pmid: 17533172
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2008 Jan;66(1):2-20
references.pmid: 18254880
references.citation: J Natl Med Assoc. 2003 Sep;95(9):774, 779-89
references.pmid: 14527045
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21(8):1230-5
references.pmid: 9702425
references.citation: Diabetes. 1996 Jun;45(6):742-8
references.pmid: 8635647
references.citation: J Diabetes Complications. 2009 Nov-Dec;23(6):371-5
references.pmid: 18599323
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2007 Winter;17(1):143-52
references.pmid: 17274224
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2007 May;97(5):926-32
references.pmid: 17395847
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32 Suppl 2:S123-32
references.pmid: 19246577
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2013 Jan;36 Suppl 1:S11-66
references.pmid: 23264422
references.citation: Med Care Res Rev. 2007 Oct;64(5 Suppl):101S-56S
references.pmid: 17881626
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2006 Apr;30(4):333-9
references.pmid: 16530621
references.citation: Health Soc Care Community. 2010 Nov;18(6):572-87
references.pmid: 21040063
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32 Suppl 2:S112-22
references.pmid: 19246576
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2001 Oct;21(3):197-202
references.pmid: 11567840
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Jul;26(7):2189-93
references.pmid: 12832333
references.citation: Med Care Res Rev. 2010 Oct;67(5 Suppl):163S-197S
references.pmid: 20675350
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 9;363(24):2339-50
references.pmid: 21142536
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53
references.pmid: 9742976
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):240-6
references.pmid: 17977939
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32 Suppl 2:S141-7
references.pmid: 19246579
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2002 Fall;12(4):523-9
references.pmid: 12477138
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Jul;51(7):2170-8
references.pmid: 12086947
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2398-403
references.pmid: 19033420
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):273-8
references.pmid: 18000180
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2004 Sep;94(9):1549-54
references.pmid: 15333313
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 May 15;287(19):2519-27
references.pmid: 12020332
references.citation: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012 Apr;19(2):93-6
references.pmid: 22262000
references.citation: Diabetes. 1982 Nov;31(11):952-6
references.pmid: 6757013
references.citation: JAMA. 2012 Nov 7;308(17):1775-84
references.pmid: 23117778
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1997 May;20(5):757-9
references.pmid: 9135938
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2009 Feb;36(2):174-81
references.pmid: 19135908
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1994 Jun;17(6):585-91
references.pmid: 8082529
references.citation: Adv Data. 2008 Jan 22;(394):1-22
references.pmid: 18271366
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;32(1):26-8
references.pmid: 12690000
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Feb 15;165(4):389-97
references.pmid: 17148499
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2280-8
references.pmid: 16123507
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2009 Oct 12;169(18):1698-704
references.pmid: 19822827
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32 Suppl 2:S133-40
references.pmid: 19246578
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1998 Sep;21(9):1432-8
references.pmid: 9727887
references.citation: Health Bull (Edinb). 1993 Sep;51(5):276-84
references.pmid: 8225953
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1620-5
references.pmid: 11297594
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):354-61
references.pmid: 14747213
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;88(7):3251-7
references.pmid: 12843172
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2007 Winter;17(1):135-42
references.pmid: 17274223
references.citation: J Diabetes Complications. 1992 Oct-Dec;6(4):236-41
references.pmid: 1482781
references.citation: Diabetes Educ. 2004 Jul-Aug;30(4):665-75
references.pmid: 15669782
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jan 5;152(1):10-7
references.pmid: 20048267
references.citation: JAMA. 2012 Feb 1;307(5):491-7
references.pmid: 22253363
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Sep;29(9):2130-6
references.pmid: 16936167
references.citation: Ethn Dis. 2008 Summer;18(3):330-5
references.pmid: 18785448
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2007 Sep 24;167(17):1853-60
references.pmid: 17893306
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1998 Aug;105(8):1373-9
references.pmid: 9709745
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Mar 1;154(5):303-9
references.pmid: 21357907
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;82(6):1210-7
references.pmid: 16332653
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Mar 9;55(10):966-73
references.pmid: 20202512
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):E1579-639
references.pmid: 22730516
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403
references.pmid: 11832527
references.citation: Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Sep;39(9):1489-501
references.pmid: 16076917
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1997 Nov;20(11):1670-76
references.pmid: 9353606
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1):105-7
references.pmid: 17934145
references.citation: Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Dec;9(6):435-9
references.pmid: 19954688
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 1997 Jul;7(5):322-33
references.pmid: 9250627
references.citation: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Jan;75(1):119-22
references.pmid: 16782225
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2007 Oct 29;7:308
references.pmid: 17967177
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1999 Oct;22(10):1679-82
references.pmid: 10526734
references.citation: Epidemiol Rev. 2009;31:7-20
references.pmid: 19589839