title: Studies on the inactivation of human parvovirus 4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) is a novel parvovirus, which like parvovirus B19 (B19V) can be a contaminant of plasma pools used to prepare plasma-derived medicinal products. Inactivation studies of B19V have shown that it is more sensitive to virus inactivation strategies than animal parvoviruses. However, inactivation of PARV4 has not yet been specifically addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment of parvoviruses by heat or low-pH conditions causes externalization of the virus genome. Using nuclease treatment combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction, the extent of virus DNA externalization was used as an indirect measure of the inactivation of PARV4, B19V, and minute virus of mice (MVM) by pasteurization of albumin and by low-pH treatment. Infectivity studies were performed in parallel for B19V and MVM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PARV4 showed greater resistance to pasteurization and low-pH treatment than B19V, although PARV4 was not as resistant as MVM. There was a 2- to 3-log reduction of encapsidated PARV4 DNA after pasteurization and low-pH treatment. In contrast, B19V was effectively inactivated while MVM was stable under these conditions. Divalent cations were found to have a stabilizing effect on PARV4 capsids. In the absence of divalent cations, even at neutral pH, there was a reduction of PARV4 titer, an effect not observed for B19V or MVM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the case of heat treatment and incubation at low pH, PARV4 shows intermediate resistance when compared to B19V and MVM. Divalent cations seem important for stabilizing PARV4 virus particles.
authors.affiliation: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Baylis
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Tuke
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blümel
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D017992:Parvovirus; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D061352:Pasteurization; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D038301:Virus Inactivation
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases