title: Prevalence of rheumatic and congenital heart disease in school children of Andhra Pradesh, South India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) using clinical and echocardiographic criteria in rural and urban school children in Andhra Pradesh, South India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4213 school children between 5 and 16 years of age were screened. 1177 were from rural schools and 3036 from urban schools. Prevalence of RHD and CHD was estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically RHD was present in 3 (prevalence 0.7/1000). Using echocardiography RHD was detected in 32 (7.6/1000), 11 (7.3/1000) from rural and 21 (7/1000) from urban schools. (P = 0.000, O.R = 0.093 and C.I. = 0.023-0.317). Total prevalence of RHD is 8.3/1000. Clinically CHD was present in 39 (9.2/1000) children, rural 9 (7.6/1000) and urban 30 (9.9/1000). Using echocardiography CHD was detected in 44 (10.4/1000) children, rural 11 (9.3/1000) and urban 33 (10.8/1000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RHD was detected several fold using echocardiographic screening than by clinical examination alone. Longitudinal follow-up of children with echocardiographically diagnosed subclinical RHD is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rama Kumari
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bhaskara Raju
authors.forename: Amar N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Patnaik
authors.forename: Ramachandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barik
authors.forename: Amarpal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pushpanjali
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laxmi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Satya Ramakrishna
keywords: Congenital heart disease (CHD); Echocardiography; Rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 Jun 26;125(25):3127-32
references.pmid: 22626741
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Apr;54:279-82
references.pmid: 16944609
references.citation: Indian Heart J. 2003 Nov-Dec;55(6):615-8
references.pmid: 14989511
references.citation: Indian Heart J. 1987 Jan-Feb;39(1):26-8
references.pmid: 3450558
references.citation: Natl Med J India. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):72-4
references.pmid: 19852341
references.citation: Indian Heart J. 2002 Jan-Feb;54(1):104-7
references.pmid: 11999080
references.citation: Indian Heart J. 1995 Jul-Aug;47(4):395-8
references.pmid: 8557287
references.citation: Echocardiography. 2010 Apr;27(4):448-53
references.pmid: 20345448
references.citation: Indian Heart J. 2003 Mar-Apr;55(2):158-60
references.pmid: 12921331
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1993;71(1):59-66
references.pmid: 8440039
references.citation: Heart. 2011 Dec;97(24):2018-22
references.pmid: 22076022
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2004;923:1-122, back cover
references.pmid: 15382606
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):256-63
references.pmid: 10648769
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 Dec;34(12):837-9
references.pmid: 3495530