title: Perfluorinated compound levels in cord blood and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic data regarding the potential neurotoxicity of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are inconclusive. We investigated the associations between in utero exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) and early childhood neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 239 mother-infant pairs in northern Taiwan from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study, which was established in 2004. We examined the association between PFCs in cord blood and children's neurodevelopment at 2 years of age, using the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers. This tool contains cognitive, language, motor, social, and self-help domains; test scores were further transformed into developmental quotients according to standardized norms. All multivariate regression models were adjusted for infant sex and gestational age, maternal education, family income, cord blood cotinine levels, postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and breastfeeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal PFOS concentrations in both untransformed and natural log (Ln)-transformed values were associated with adverse performance on the whole test and the domains related to development. A dose-response relationship was observed when PFOS levels were categorized into four groups. This association was most obvious in relation to the gross-motor subdomain. Across the PFOS interquartile range, the quotients of the gross-motor subdomain decreased by 3.7 points (95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.0 to -1.5), with an increasing odds ratio of poor performance (2.4; 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.2). In contrast, measures of association between PFOA concentrations and test scores were close to null.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal exposure to PFOS, but not PFOA, may affect children's development, especially gross-motor development at 2 years of age.
authors.affiliation: From the aInstitute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; bDepartment of Pediatrics, Cardinal Tien Hospital Yonghe Branch, New Taipei, Taiwan; cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; dSchool and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; eDepartment of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; fInstitute of Clinical Genomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; gInstitute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; hDepartment of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; iDepartment of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and jDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Hua-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Suh-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.forename: Yi-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Ting-Wen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Guang-Wen
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.forename: Chia-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wu-Shiun
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Pau-Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid