title: Disturbances in reality testing as markers of risk in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review from a developmental psychopathology perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This comprehensive review examined the prevalence and progression of disturbances in reality testing (DRT), defined as psychotic symptoms, cognitive disruptions, and thought problems, in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (O-BD). Our approach was grounded in a developmental psychopathology perspective and considered a broader phenotype of risk within the bipolar-schizophrenia spectrum as measured by categorical and dimensional assessments of DRT in high-risk youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant studies were identified from numerous sources (e.g., PubMed, reference sections, and colleagues). Inclusion criteria were: (i) family risk studies published between 1975 and 2012 in which O-BD were contrasted with a comparison group (e.g., offspring of parents who had other psychiatric disorders or were healthy) on DRT outcomes and (ii) results reported for categorical or dimensional assessments of DRT (e.g., schizophrenia, psychotic symptoms, cluster A personality traits, or thought problems), yielding a total of 23 studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three key findings emerged: (i) categorical approaches of DRT in O-BD produced low incidence base rates and almost no evidence of significant differences in DRT between O-BD and comparison groups, whereas (ii) many studies using dimensional assessments of DRT yielded significant group differences in DRT. Furthermore, (iii) preliminary evidence from dimensional measures suggested that the developmental progression of DRT in O-BD might represent a prodrome of severe psychological impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary but promising evidence suggests that DRT is a probable marker of risk for future impairment in O-BD. Methodological strengths and weaknesses, the psychometric properties of primary DRT constructs, and future directions for developmental and longitudinal research with O-BD are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Klimes-Dougan
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D011599:Psychopathology; D011936:Reality Testing
keywords: bipolar disorder; developmental pathways; family risk; psychosis; thought problems
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