title: Skeletal muscle metabolic gene response to carbohydrate feeding during exercise in the heat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heat stress down-regulates mitochondrial function, while carbohydrate supplementation attenuates the exercise induced stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. The effects of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise in the heat on metabolic mRNA have not been investigated in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of exercise with and without carbohydrate supplementation on skeletal muscle metabolic response in the heat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight recreationally active males (4.05 ± 0.2 L.min-1) completed 2 trials which included 1 hr of cycling at 70% workload max and 3 hr recovery in a hot environment. Both trials were conducted in a climate controlled environmental chamber (38°C and 40% RH). The trials differed by the consumption of either a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) containing beverage (8 ml.kg-1.hr-1) or placebo (P) during exercise in random order. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before exercise, immediately post-exercise and at the end of the 3 hr recovery period. Muscle was analyzed for muscle glycogen and mRNA related to metabolic and mitochondrial development (MFN2, PGC-1α, GLUT4, UCP3). Expired gases were measured to determine whole body substrate use during exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbohydrate oxidation and muscle glycogen utilization did not differ between trials, whereas fat oxidation was elevated during exercise in P. Exercise caused an increase in PGC-1α, and GLUT4 (P < 0.05) independent of exogenous carbohydrate provision. Carbohydrate consumption attenuated the mRNA response in UCP3 (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that the provision of exogenous carbohydrate attenuates the stimulation of mRNA expression of UCP3 following exercise in the heat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Human Performance, Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. charles.dumke@umontana.edu.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.forename: Dustin R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cuddy
authors.forename: Walter S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hailes
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ruby
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