title: Predicting the likelihood of additional lymph node metastasis in sentinel lymph node positive breast cancer: validation of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) nomogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify important clinicopathological parameters that are most helpful in predicting additional non-sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis among patients with a positive SLN biopsy in the Singapore breast cancer population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1409 patients who underwent SLN biopsy were reviewed over a 5 year period from July 2004 to October 2009. A Singapore General Hospital (SGH) nomogram was developed from predictors in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) nomogram using 266 patients with primary invasive breast cancer and a positive SLN biopsy who subsequently had an axillary lymph node dissection. The SGH nomogram was calibrated using bootstrapped data, while the MSKCC nomogram was calibrated using SGH data. The performance of these two nomograms was compared with the calculation of the area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve and adequacy indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MSKCC nomogram achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.716 (range 0.653-0.779) in our study population, while the SGH nomogram, which used only three pathological parameters, lymphovascular invasion, number of positive and negative SLN biopsies, achieved an AUC of 0.750 (range 0.691-0.808). The SGH nomogram with a higher adequacy index (0.969) provided better estimates compared with the MSKCC nomogram (0.689).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the MSKCC nomogram was validated in our local patient population. The SGH nomogram showed promise to be equally, if not, more predictive as a model in our own population, while using only three pathological parameters.
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Koy Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chue
authors.forename: Wei Sean
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: Aye Aye
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thike
authors.forename: Syed Salahuddin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Hui Hua
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chow Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Gay Hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Preetha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madhukumar
authors.forename: Benita Kiat Tee
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Kong Wee
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Puay Hoon
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D049451:Nomograms; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breast Cancer; Breast Pathology; Lymph Nodes