title: Geographically structured populations of Cryptococcus neoformans Variety grubii in Asia correlate with HIV status and show a clonal population structure.
abstract: Cryptococcosis is an important fungal disease in Asia with an estimated 140,000 new infections annually the majority of which occurs in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS. Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii (serotype A) is the major causative agent of this disease. In the present study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using the ISHAM MLST consensus scheme for the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex was used to analyse nucleotide polymorphisms among 476 isolates of this pathogen obtained from 8 Asian countries. Population genetic analysis showed that the Asian C. neoformans var. grubii population shows limited genetic diversity and demonstrates a largely clonal mode of reproduction when compared with the global MLST dataset. HIV-status, sequence types and geography were found to be confounded. However, a correlation between sequence types and isolates from HIV-negative patients was observed among the Asian isolates. Observations of high gene flow between the Middle Eastern and the Southeastern Asian populations suggest that immigrant workers in the Middle East were originally infected in Southeastern Asia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand ; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Department of Yeast and Basidiomycete Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kantarawee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khayhan
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Sitali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simwami
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Retno
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wahyuningsih
authors.forename: Arunaloke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chowdhary
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Saad J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Taj-Aldeen
authors.forename: Ziauddin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.forename: Darma
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.forename: Ridhawati
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sjam
authors.forename: Pojana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sriburee
authors.forename: Wanqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Kunyaluk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaicumpar
authors.forename: Varaporn
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuddhakul
authors.forename: Wieland
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trilles
authors.forename: Leo J J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: van Iersel
authors.forename: Jacques F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Meis
authors.forename: Corné H W
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Klaassen
authors.forename: Teun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boekhout
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005843:Geography; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans
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