title: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines.
abstract: Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are tumor-selective, multi-mechanistic antitumor agents. They kill infected cancer and associated endothelial cells via direct oncolysis, and uninfected cells via tumor vasculature targeting and bystander effect. Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. With this favorable immune backdrop, genetic engineering of OVs and rational combinations further potentiate OVs as cancer vaccines. OVs armed with GM-CSF (such as T-VEC and Pexa-Vec) or other immunostimulatory genes, induce potent anti-tumor immunity in both animal models and human patients. Combination with other immunotherapy regimens improve overall therapeutic efficacy. Coadministration with a HDAC inhibitor inhibits innate immunity transiently to promote infection and spread of OVs, and significantly enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves the therapeutic index. Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. Combination with cyclophosphamide further induces ICD, depletes Treg, and thus potentiates antitumor immunity. In summary, OVs properly armed or in rational combinations are potent therapeutic cancer vaccines.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. GuoZS@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Zuqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Magesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sathaiah
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravindranathan
authors.forename: Zongbi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yukai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zong Sheng
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016923:Cell Death; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D045142:Cross-Priming; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
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