title: Metabolic markers and microecological characteristics of tongue coating in patients with chronic gastritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), tongue diagnosis has been an important diagnostic method for the last 3000 years. Tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive, simple and valuable diagnostic tool. TCM treats the tongue coating on a very sensitive scale that reflects physiological and pathological changes in the organs, especially the spleen and stomach. Tongue coating can diagnose disease severity and determine the TCM syndrome ("Zheng" in Chinese). The biological bases of different tongue coating appearances are still poorly understood and lack systematic investigation at the molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tongue coating samples were collected from 70 chronic gastritis patients and 20 normal controls. 16S rRNA denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (16S rRNA-DGGE) and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were designed to profile tongue coatings. The statistical techniques used were principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten potential metabolites or markers were found in chronic gastritis patients, including UDP-D-galactose, 3-ketolactose, and vitamin D2, based on LC-MS. Eight significantly different strips were observed in samples from chronic gastritis patients based on 16S rRNA-DGGE. Two strips, Strips 8 and 10, were selected for gene sequencing. Strip 10 sequencing showed a 100% similarity to Rothia mucilaginosa. Strip 8 sequencing showed a 96.2% similarity to Moraxella catarrhalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in glucose metabolism could possibly form the basis of tongue coating conformation in chronic gastritis patients. The study revealed important connections between metabolic components, microecological components and tongue coating in chronic gastritis patients. Compared with other diagnostic regimens, such as blood tests or tissue biopsies, tongue coating is more amenable to, and more convenient for, both patients and doctors.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Road, Pu dong district, Shanghai 201203, China. li_fufeng@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Zhu-Mei
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Yi-Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei-Fei
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Chun-Rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xiao-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Shun-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Fu-Feng
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014059:Tongue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
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