title: Standard and emerging treatment options for diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus affecting 30-50% of patients and is a major cause for increased costs, morbidity and mortality. Strict diabetes control prevents this complication and may restore neurologic deficits in the early stages. Several efforts have been undertaken to alter the natural history of this complication, including the use of aldose reductase and protein kinase-C inhibitors, as well as antioxidants. Available data so far do not support the use of aldose reductase inhibitors due to safety issues and efficacy. Protein kinase-C inhibitors have provided encouraging initial results but their development has been halted. Antioxidants, like a-lipoic acid, improve some neurological deficits and painful symptoms. There are effective and safe medications such as anticonvulsants, antidepressants and opioids for the management of patients with painful symptoms. In this revew we present standard and emerging treatment modalities for the etiologic and symptomatic treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tentolouris
authors.forename: Kleopatra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alexiadou
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makrilakis
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liatis
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jude
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece. ntentol@med.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boulton
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000592:standards / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors