title: Effects of phosphine fumigation on survivorship of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs.
abstract: Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), eggs were subjected to phosphine fumigations under normal atmospheric and elevated oxygen levels in laboratory-scale chamber experiments to compare their susceptibilities to the two different fumigation methods. In fumigations conducted under atmospheric oxygen at 5 and 10 degrees C, egg survivorship decreased with increase in phosphine concentration but then increased at a concentration of 3,000 ppm; this increase was significant at 10 degrees C. Based on egg survivorship data, phosphine fumigations conducted in a 60% oxygen atmosphere were significantly more effective than those conducted under atmospheric oxygen conditions. Oxygenated phosphine fumigations at 5 and 10 degrees C killed all 1,998 and 2,213 E. postvittana eggs treated, respectively, after 72 h of exposure. These results indicate the great potential of oxygenated phosphine fumigation for the control of E. postvittana eggs.
authors.affiliation: USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Crop Improvement and Protection Unit, 1636 East Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA. yongbiao.liu@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Yong-Biao
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Spencer S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Walse
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002140:California; D005651:Fumigation; D007306:Insecticides; D009036:Moths; D010063:Ovum; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010720:Phosphines
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010720:Phosphines; C044646:phosphine; D010100:Oxygen