title: Benefits of deep encoding in Alzheimer disease. Analysis of performance on a memory task using the Item Specific Deficit Approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the aim of this study is to test the encoding deficit hypothesis in Alzheimer disease (AD) using a recent method for correcting memory tests. To this end, a Spanish-language adaptation of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test was interpreted using the Item Specific Deficit Approach (ISDA), which provides three indices: Encoding Deficit Index, Consolidation Deficit Index, and Retrieval Deficit Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the performances of 15 patients with AD and 20 healthy control subjects and analysed results using either the task instructions or the ISDA approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  patients with AD displayed deficient encoding of more than half the information, but items that were encoded properly could be retrieved later with the help of the same semantic clues provided individually during encoding. Virtually all the information retained over the long-term was retrieved by using semantic clues. Encoding was shown to be the most impaired process, followed by retrieval and consolidation. Discriminant function analyses showed that ISDA indices are more sensitive and specific for detecting memory impairments in AD than are raw scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that patients with AD present impaired information encoding, but they benefit from semantic hints that help them recover previously learned information. This should be taken into account for intervention techniques focusing on memory impairments in AD.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Neuropsicología, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, España. Electronic address: javixent@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oltra-Cucarella
authors.affiliation: NEPSA Rehabilitación Neurológica, Salamanca, España; Hospital Centro de Cuidados Laguna, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Elvira
authors.affiliation: Programa de Neuropsicología Clínica, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España; Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Neurorrehabilitación, Valencia, España.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duque
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011939:Mental Recall; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning
keywords: Alzheimer disease; Codificación; Consolidación; Consolidation; Encoding; Enfermedad de Alzheimer; Evocación; Memoria; Memory; Procesamiento; Processing; Retrieval