title: The mechanics of hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel: towards developing a vessel for delivery of preadipocytes to native tissues.
abstract: Promising treatment approaches in repairing tissue defects include implementation of regenerative medicine strategies, particularly delivery of preadipocytes to sites where adipose tissue damage needs to be repaired or where fat needs to be generated. In this study, we suggest that the injectable hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide (HA/ADH) hydrogel may be an adipose-tissue-like material in terms of biological compatibility as well as mechanical behavior. First, we show that the hydrogel enables and supports growth, proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Second, given that adipose tissue is a weight-bearing biological structure, we investigate the large deformation mechanical behavior of the hydrogel with and without embedded preadipocytes, by performing confined and unconfined compression tests and then calibrating a strain energy density (SED) function to the results. Four test groups were examined: (1) Hydrogel specimens right after the preparation without cells, (2) and (3) 3-days-cultured hydrogel specimens with and without cells, respectively, and (4) 6-days-cultured hydrogel specimens with cells. A one-term Ogden SED was found to adequately describe the hyperelastic behavior of the hydrogel specimens in all experimental groups. Importantly, we found that the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, when subjected to compression, are in good agreement with those of native adipose tissue, with the better fit occurring 3-6 days after preparation of the hydrogel. Third, computational finite element studies of the mechanical (stress-strain) behavior of the HA/ADH hydrogel when containing mature adipocytes indicated that the stiffnesses of the constructs were mildly affected by the presence of the adipocytes. Hence, we conclude that injectable HA/ADH hydrogel may serve as a vessel for protecting preadipocytes during, and at a short-term after delivery to native tissues, e.g. in research towards regenerative medicine in tissue reconstructions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors.forename: Naama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shoham
authors.forename: Aviad Levi
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sasson
authors.forename: Feng-Huei
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Dafna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benayahu
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haj-Ali
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gefen
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000272:Adipates / Q000737:chemistry*; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007267:Injections; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D000272:Adipates; D020100:Hydrogels; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; C010011:adipic dihydrazide
keywords: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; ADSC; ATCC; Adipose-derived stem cells; American type culture collection; DDW; DM; DMEM; Differentiation medium; Double distilled water; Dulbecco′s modified eagle medium; ECM; Extracellular matrix; FBS; FE; Fetal bovine serum; Finite element; GM; Growth medium; HA/ADH; HEPES; Hyaluronic acid/adipic acid dihydrazide; LD; Lipid droplet; Oxi-HA; Oxidated hyaluronic acid; PBS; Penicillin–streptomycin; Pen–Strep; Phosphate-buffered saline; SED; Strain energy density; VOI; Volume of interest