title: Supplementation of soft drinks with metallic ions reduces dissolution of bovine enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of metallic ions to carbonated drinks on their erosive potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Powdered enamel was added to carbonated beverages (Coca-ColaTM or Sprite ZeroTM and shaken for 30 s. The samples were then immediately centrifuged and the supernatant removed. This procedure was repeated 5 times with the beverages containing Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ or Zn2+ (1.25-60 mmol/L). For Coca-ColaTM, the concentration of each ion that exhibited the highest protection was also evaluated in combination with Fe2+. The phosphate or calcium released were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For Coca-ColaTM, the best protective effect was observed for Zn2+ alone (10 mmol/L) or in combination (1 mmol/L) with other ions (12% and 27%, respectively, when compared with the control). Regarding Sprite ZeroTM, the best protective effect was observed for Cu2+ at 15 and 30 mmol/L, which decreased the dissolution by 22-23%. Zn2+ at 2.5 mmol/L also reduced the dissolution of powdered enamel by 8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the combination of metallic ions can be an alternative to reduce the erosive potential of Coca-ColaTM. Regarding Sprite ZeroTM, the addition of Cu2+ seems to be the best alternative.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, BauruSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Aparecida Barbosa da Silva
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Aline de Lima
authors.initials: Ade L
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Flávia de Moraes
authors.initials: Fde M
authors.lastname: Italiani
authors.forename: Melissa Thiemi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Juliano Pelim
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pessan
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002417:Cattle; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D010710:Phosphates; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium
references.citation: Caries Res. 2010;44(4):390-401
references.pmid: 20699615
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995 Feb;79(2):185-9
references.pmid: 7614182
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Nov;52(11):1109-11
references.pmid: 17559795
references.citation: Caries Res. 1993;27(5):387-93
references.pmid: 8242676
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Feb;52(2):128-32
references.pmid: 17045952
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1991 Jun;70(6):942-7
references.pmid: 2045572
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr;104(2 ( Pt 2)):178-90
references.pmid: 8804885
references.citation: Caries Res. 2011;45(5):448-52
references.pmid: 21876354
references.citation: Br J Anaesth. 1999 Dec;83(6):972-3
references.pmid: 10700813
references.citation: Br Dent J. 1987 Jan 24;162(2):65-7
references.pmid: 3468968
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr;104(2 ( Pt 2)):162-77
references.pmid: 8804884
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2006 Oct;51(10):844-8
references.pmid: 16782041
references.citation: Caries Res. 2001 May-Jun;35(3):229-34
references.pmid: 11385205
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Jul;52(7):614-7
references.pmid: 17244512
references.citation: Caries Res. 1991;25(2):81-7
references.pmid: 2059980
references.citation: Connect Tissue Res. 2012;53(3):229-35
references.pmid: 22141735
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1979 Nov 13;18(23):5067-73
references.pmid: 40596
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2003 Jan;48(1):25-30
references.pmid: 12615138
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2004 Dec;17(8):544-53
references.pmid: 15617053
references.citation: J Oral Rehabil. 2001 Sep;28(9):860-4
references.pmid: 11580825
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 May-Jun;20(3):318-22
references.pmid: 22858697
references.citation: Med Clin North Am. 1976 Jul;60(4):713-27
references.pmid: 131890
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Jun;102 Suppl 2:5-46
references.pmid: 7925188
references.citation: Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:158-170
references.pmid: 21701198