title: Bacterial persister cell formation and dormancy.
abstract: Bacterial cells may escape the effects of antibiotics without undergoing genetic change; these cells are known as persisters. Unlike resistant cells that grow in the presence of antibiotics, persister cells do not grow in the presence of antibiotics. These persister cells are a small fraction of exponentially growing cells (due to carryover from the inoculum) but become a significant fraction in the stationary phase and in biofilms (up to 1%). Critically, persister cells may be a major cause of chronic infections. The mechanism of persister cell formation is not well understood, and even the metabolic state of these cells is debated. Here, we review studies relevant to the formation of persister cells and their metabolic state and conclude that the best model for persister cells is still dormancy, with the latest mechanistic studies shedding light on how cells reach this dormant state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Knabel
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kwan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Jul;192(13):3379-84
references.pmid: 20435730
references.citation: Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Aug 15;23(16):4648-51
references.pmid: 23810498
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2013 May;195(9):2011-20
references.pmid: 23457248
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2008 Aug;69(4):841-57
references.pmid: 18532983
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jul;57(7):3230-9
references.pmid: 23629720
references.citation: Microb Biotechnol. 2009 Jan;2(1):75-90
references.pmid: 21261883
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Jan 1;391(1):209-13
references.pmid: 19909729
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1983 Aug;155(2):768-75
references.pmid: 6348026
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2013 Jun;15(6):1734-44
references.pmid: 23289863
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2011 Jun;7(6):359-66
references.pmid: 21516113
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2007 May 18;7:42
references.pmid: 17511876
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Sep;66(3):373-95, table of contents
references.pmid: 12208995
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Aug;297(1):73-9
references.pmid: 19508279
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000437
references.pmid: 19325885
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jul;77(14):4878-85
references.pmid: 21622798
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jul;39(13):5513-25
references.pmid: 21422074
references.citation: Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1622-5
references.pmid: 15308767
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2012 Jun;84(5):979-89
references.pmid: 22515815
references.citation: J Biosci. 2008 Dec;33(5):795-805
references.pmid: 19179767
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2013 Mar;340(2):73-85
references.pmid: 23289536
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2013 May 23;50(4):475-87
references.pmid: 23665232
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Jan;5(1):48-56
references.pmid: 17143318
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 13;107(28):12541-6
references.pmid: 20616060
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov;55(11):5380-3
references.pmid: 21844322
references.citation: Science. 2011 Nov 18;334(6058):982-6
references.pmid: 22096200
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Jan;188(1):305-16
references.pmid: 16352847
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:357-72
references.pmid: 20528688
references.citation: Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):91-5
references.pmid: 23288538
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2012 Mar;14(3):669-79
references.pmid: 22026739
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2010 Feb 23;8(2):e1000317
references.pmid: 20186264
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2009 Aug;58(Pt 8):1067-1073
references.pmid: 19528167
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Mar 18;8(5):431-3
references.pmid: 22426114
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Feb 16;10(3):203-12
references.pmid: 22337166
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 May;64(4):515-24
references.pmid: 14727089
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45778
references.pmid: 23029239
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Nov;50(4):1199-213
references.pmid: 14622409
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 5;107(1):228-33
references.pmid: 19966295
references.citation: Microb Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;5(4):509-22
references.pmid: 22221537
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2009 Dec;5(12):e1000706
references.pmid: 20041169
references.citation: Nature. 2011 May 12;473(7346):216-20
references.pmid: 21562562
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Mar;57(3):1468-73
references.pmid: 23295927
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Mar;5(3):e1000390
references.pmid: 19282968
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Mar;52(3 Pt 1):381-90; quiz 391-2
references.pmid: 15761415
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Oct;8(10):855-61
references.pmid: 22941047
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jan 16;323(5912):396-401
references.pmid: 19150849
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Sep;34(9):1623-8
references.pmid: 2285273
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jan 15;230(1):13-8
references.pmid: 14734160
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2012 Dec;158(Pt 12):3014-3019
references.pmid: 23023972
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2004 Dec;186(24):8172-80
references.pmid: 15576765
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2013 Feb 04;13:25
references.pmid: 23379956
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Jun;51(6):2092-9
references.pmid: 17420206
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Jun;53(6):2253-8
references.pmid: 19307375
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jun 11;93(12):6059-63
references.pmid: 8650219
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2011 Jul;193(14):3598-605
references.pmid: 21602347
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 12;6:53
references.pmid: 16768798
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul;73(13):4100-9
references.pmid: 17483266
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;322:107-31
references.pmid: 18453274
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 9;108(32):13206-11
references.pmid: 21788497