title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among chronic methamphetamine users: frequency, persistence, and adverse effects on everyday functioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is widely regarded as a common comorbidity of methamphetamine (MA) dependence, but the frequency, persistence, and real-world impact of ADHD among MA users are not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred individuals with MA use disorders within 18months of evaluation and 355 non-MA using comparison subjects completed a comprehensive neuropsychiatric research battery, including self-report measures of everyday functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounds, lifetime diagnoses of ADHD as determined by a structured clinical interview were significantly more prevalent among the MA participants (21%) versus comparison subjects (6%), particularly the hyperactive and combined subtypes. MA use was also associated with an increased persistence of combined subtype of ADHD into adulthood. Among the MA users, lifetime ADHD diagnoses were uniquely associated with greater concurrent risk of declines in instrumental activities of daily living, elevated cognitive symptoms in day-to-day life, and unemployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate that ADHD is prevalent among chronic MA users, who are at increased risk for persistence of childhood diagnoses of ADHD into their adult years. ADHD also appears to play an important role in MA-associated disability, indicating that targeted ADHD screening and treatment may help to improve real-world outcomes for individuals with MA use disorders.
authors.affiliation: Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Obermeit
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cattie
authors.forename: Khalima A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bolden
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marquine
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: J Hampton
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Steven Paul
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Comorbidity; Developmental disorder; Disability; Functioning; Neuropsychiatry; Substance abuse
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