title: Perceptions and experiences of female genital mutilation after immigration to Sweden: an explorative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to explore how women from part of the world where female genital mutilation (FGM) is normative perceive and experience FGM after immigrating to Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interviews were conducted with eight women from Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The women's feelings were ambivalent: though they opposed FGM, on the one hand, because of its negative effects on health, they acknowledged the practice's positive cultural aspects on the other hand. The themes that emerged from the interviews are the role of FGM in ensuring virginity and protecting a family's honor, its role in avoiding shame and enhancing purity, social pressure experienced after immigration, an understanding of FGM as a symbol of the country of origin, and support for changing the tradition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that women originating from communities where FGM is normative live in a context in which the practice is viewed as an important aspect of life even after immigration. More research concerning this complex and deeply rooted cultural issue is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isman
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ekéus
authors.forename: Vanja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berggren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D001294:Attitude to Health; D019093:Circumcision, Female; D003469:Culture; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D012931:Social Environment; D013548:Sweden; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ethics; Female genital mutilation; Midwife; Prevalence