title: Beverages contribute extra calories to meals and daily energy intake in overweight and obese women.
abstract: Caloric beverages may promote obesity by yielding energy without producing satiety, but prior laboratory and intervention studies are inconclusive. This study examined whether the diets of free-living overweight and obese women show evidence that calories from beverages are offset by reductions in solid food within individual eating occasions and across entire days. Eighty-two women weighed and recorded all consumed foods and beverages for seven days. Beverages were coded as high-calorie (≥ 0.165 kcal/g) or low-calorie (<0.165 kcal/g), and total energy intake and energy intake from solid food were calculated for each eating occasion and day. In covariate-adjusted models, energy intake from solid food did not differ between eating occasions that included high-calorie or low-calorie beverages and those with no reported beverage. Energy intake from solid food was also unrelated to the number of high-calorie or low-calorie beverages consumed per day. On average, eating occasions that included a high-calorie beverage were 169 kcal higher in total energy than those with no reported beverage, and 195 kcal higher in total energy than those that included a low-calorie beverage. Each high-calorie beverage consumed per day contributed an additional 147 kcal to women's daily energy intake, whereas low-calorie beverage intake was unrelated to daily energy intake. Beverages contributed to total energy intake in a near-additive fashion among free-living overweight and obese women, suggesting a need to develop more effective interventions to reduce caloric beverage intake in the context of weight management, and to potentially reexamine dietary guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St., Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, United States. Electronic address: brad_appelhans@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Appelhans
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bleil
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nackers
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Whited
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pagoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Beverages; Dietary compensation; Food form; Obesity; Satiety
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