title: Influence of microbial and synthetic surfactant on the biodegradation of atrazine.
abstract: The present study reports the effect of surfactants (rhamnolipids and triton X-100) on biodegradation of atrazine herbicide by strain A6, belonging to the genus Acinetobacter. The strain A6 was able to degrade nearly 80 % of the 250-ppm atrazine after 6 days of growth. The bacterium degraded atrazine by de-alkylation process. Bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity as well as atrazine solubility increased in the presence of surfactant. However, addition of surfactant to the mineral salt media reduced the rate and extent of atrazine degradation by decreasing the bioavailability of herbicide. On the contrary, addition of surfactant to atrazine-contaminated soil increased the rate and extent of biodegradation by increasing the bioavailability of herbicide. As compared to triton X-100, rhamnolipids were more efficient in enhancing microbial degradation of atrazine as a significant amount of atrazine was removed from the soil by rhamnolipids. Surfactants added for the purpose of hastening microbial degradation may have an unintended inhibitory effect on herbicide degradation depending upon contiguous condition, thus highlighting the fact that surfactant must be judiciously used in bioremediation of herbicides.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
authors.forename: Anil Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, 160036, India. ssc@imtech.res.in.
authors.forename: Swaranjit Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cameotra
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D001280:Atrazine
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Jun;79(4):671-7
references.pmid: 18443784
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Aug;66(8):3262-8
references.pmid: 10919779
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2013 Jan;172:108-15
references.pmid: 23022948
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Jul;49(7):3296-303
references.pmid: 11453766
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009 Dec;49(6):721-9
references.pmid: 19818008
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2000 Oct;41(8):1301-5
references.pmid: 10901262
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Nov;77(2):447-55
references.pmid: 17899072
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1988 Feb;15(1):46-54
references.pmid: 3359955
references.citation: Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2013 Jul;170(5):1038-56
references.pmid: 23640260
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 May;86(5):1585-92
references.pmid: 20169342
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 Dec;60(12):4297-302
references.pmid: 7811069
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006 Jul 1;299(1):88-94
references.pmid: 16556447
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):195-201
references.pmid: 16433351
references.citation: Int J Mol Sci. 2011 Jan 18;12(1):633-54
references.pmid: 21340005
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2006 Mar;62(9):1403-10
references.pmid: 16005939
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2012 May;184(5):3077-84
references.pmid: 21713483
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Mar;106(3):986-92
references.pmid: 19191954
references.citation: Biotechnol Adv. 2007 Jan-Feb;25(1):99-121
references.pmid: 17156965
references.citation: Microbiol Res. 2009;164(3):297-303
references.pmid: 17416508
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2005 Jan;133(2):183-98
references.pmid: 15519450
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2011 Jul;84(4):369-75
references.pmid: 21531437
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7;317(3):697-702
references.pmid: 15081396
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2011 Jan;82(1):56-63
references.pmid: 21044795
references.citation: Chem Cent J. 2009 Jul 01;3:7
references.pmid: 19570217
references.citation: Biodegradation. 2010 Nov;21(6):979-87
references.pmid: 20401520
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2009 Jul;76(4):494-501
references.pmid: 19356785
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2005 Mar;59(1):69-74
references.pmid: 15698646
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Feb;73(2):878-82
references.pmid: 15664929
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Jan;58(1):39-45
references.pmid: 11831474