title: Patterns of spread of influenza A in Canada.
abstract: Understanding spatial patterns of influenza transmission is important for designing control measures. We investigate spatial patterns of laboratory-confirmed influenza A across Canada from October 1999 to August 2012. A statistical analysis (generalized linear model) of the seasonal epidemics in this time period establishes a clear spatio-temporal pattern, with influenza emerging earlier in western provinces. Early emergence is also correlated with low temperature and low absolute humidity in the autumn. For the richer data from the 2009 pandemic, a mechanistic mathematical analysis, based on a transmission model, shows that both school terms and weather had important effects on pandemic influenza transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, , Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China, Department of Biology, McMaster University, , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada , L8S 4L8, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada , L8S 4L8, Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, , Dundee DD1 4HN, UK, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada , L8S 4K1.
authors.forename: Daihai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dushoff
authors.forename: Raluca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eftimie
authors.forename: David J D
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Earn
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D015994:Incidence; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D058873:Pandemics; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: influenza; pandemic; school term; spatial pattern; vaccination; weather
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