title: Maternal influenza-like illness, medication use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects in offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between maternal influenza and congenital heart defects (CHDs), and whether the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (antibiotics, antipyretic-analgesic drugs) modified this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed 294 fetuses with CHDs and 416 control fetuses without any abnormalities identified from February 2010 through October 2011 in this hospital-based case-control study. Participating mothers were interviewed to determine whether they had been infected with "influenza" during the early pregnancy period or had used any medicine (TCM, Western medicine) to treat influenza. A logistic regression model was used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs while controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant associations between maternal influenza and CHDs in the aggregate (AOR, 1.60; 95%CI, 1.12 to 2.28) and specific subtypes, namely septal defects (AOR, 2.12; 95%CI, 1.38 to 3.26) and conotruncal defects (AOR, 1.60; 95%CI, 1.01 to 2.51). Maternal medication use (i.e. TCM or Western medicine) in the setting of influenza tended to decrease these associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal influenza during second-third months of pregnancy increased the risk for CHDs, with septal defects and conotruncal defects in particular being observed. The use of medication for influenza might attenuate such associations.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China .
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Xinlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shengli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fengzhi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D058633:Antipyretics