title: Cost-effectiveness of renin-guided treatment of hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A plasma renin activity (PRA)-guided strategy is more effective than standard care in treating hypertension (HTN). However, its clinical implementation has been slow, presumably due in part to economic concerns. We estimated the cost effectiveness of a PRA-guided treatment strategy compared with standard care in a treated but uncontrolled HTN population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of PRA-guided therapy compared to standard care using a state-transition simulation model with alternate patient characteristic scenarios and sensitivity analyses. Patient-specific inputs for the base case scenario, males average age 63 years, reflected best available data from a recent clinical trial of PRA-guided therapy. Transition probabilities were estimated using Framingham risk equations or derived from the literature; costs and utilities were derived from the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case scenario for males, the lifetime discounted costs and QALYs were $23,648 and 12.727 for PRA-guided therapy and $22,077 and 12.618 for standard care, respectively. The base case ICER was $14,497/QALY gained. In alternative scenario analyses varying patient input parameters, the results were sensitive to age, gender, baseline systolic blood pressure, and the addition of cardiovascular risk factors. Univariate sensitivity analyses demonstrated that results were most sensitive to varying the treatment effect of PRA-guided therapy and the cost of the PRA test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that PRA-guided therapy compared with standard care increases QALYs and medical costs in most scenarios. PRA-guided therapy appears to be most cost effective in younger persons and those with more cardiovascular risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. steven.smith@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D012083:Renin
keywords: blood pressure; cost-effectiveness; hypertension; pharmacoeconomics; plasma renin activity; renin-guided therapy.