title: Distal limb desensitisation following analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses using four different techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists about the desensitisation obtained after diagnostic analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) during lameness examinations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether DFTS analgesia results in inadvertent desensitisation of the palmar/plantar digital nerves and whether this depends on the injection technique used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crossover experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DFTS of 9 horses were injected with local anaesthetic solution and radiodense contrast medium using one of the following techniques: Proximal (at lateral proximal recess of the DFTS), Axial (axial to the lateral proximal sesamoid bone), Base (at base of the lateral proximal sesamoid bone), and Distal (at palmar/plantar mid-pastern). In total, 72 injections were performed. Skin desensitisation at the heel bulbs was tested with a dynamometer before and at 15, 30, 90 and 120 min after injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, complete desensitisation of a heel bulb at one or more time points after injection occurred in 22 limbs (30.6%). An additional 7 limbs were partially desensitised. Complete skin desensitisation occurred in 10, 3, 4 and 5 limbs using the Proximal, Axial, Base and Distal techniques respectively. Significant differences between techniques were only found at T30. The probability of skin desensitisation at the heel bulbs was 4 times higher when using the Proximal compared with the Axial and Base techniques in the forelimbs, and 3 times higher compared with the Axial and Distal techniques in the hindlimbs. Skin desensitisation nearly always occurred exclusively on the lateral heel bulb. Bilateral desensitisation only occurred in 5 limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anaesthesia of the palmar/plantar digital nerves with distal limb desensitisation often occurs after DFTS analgesia. A higher chance of desensitisation exists when injecting the proximal DFTS recess. It is advisable to verify skin sensitivity at the heel bulbs after DFTS analgesia to avoid false interpretations about the origin of pain causing lameness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordana
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duchateau
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanderperren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oosterlinck
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pille
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008619:Mepivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013710:Tendons; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D008619:Mepivacaine; C044834:iodixanol
keywords: diagnostic analgesia; digital flexor tendon sheath; horse; local anaesthesia; palmar/plantar digital nerve; synoviocentesis