title: Targeting nuclear import shuttles, importins/karyopherins alpha by a peptide mimicking the NFκB1/p50 nuclear localization sequence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported that a bifunctional nuclear transport modifier (NTM), cSN50.1 peptide, reduced atherosclerosis, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose along with liver fat and inflammatory markers, in a murine model of familial hypercholesterolemia. We determined that cSN50.1 improved lipid homeostasis by modulating nuclear transport of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins through interaction with importin β. Previous studies established that cSN50.1 and related NTMs also modulate nuclear transport of proinflammatory transcription factors mediated by binding of their nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) to importins/karyopherins α. However, selectivity and specificity of NTMs for importins/karyopherins α were undetermined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed interaction of the NTM hydrophilic module, N50 peptide, derived from the NLS of NFκB1/p50, with endogenous human importins/karyopherins α to determine the mechanism of NTM modulation of importin α-mediated nuclear transport. We show that N50 peptide forms stable complexes with multiple importins/karyopherins α. However, only interaction with importin α5 (Imp α5) displayed specific, high-affinity binding. The 2:1 stoichiometry of the N50-Imp α5 interaction (KD1 = 73 nmol/L, KD2 = 140 nmol/L) indicated occupancy of both major and minor NLS binding pockets. Utilizing in silico 3-dimensional (3-D) docking models and comparative structural analysis, we identified a structural component of the Imp α5 major NLS binding pocket that may stabilize N50 binding. Imp α5 also displayed rapid stimulus-induced turnover, which could influence its availability for nuclear transport during the inflammatory response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide direct evidence that N50 peptide selectively targets Imp α5, encouraging further refinement of NLS-derived peptides as new tools to modulate inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 37232, TN.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zienkiewicz
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Armitage
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawiger
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals / Q000502:physiology*; D028901:alpha Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D028901:alpha Karyopherins; C583494:cSN50.1 peptide
keywords: NFκB; cell‐penetrating peptide; importin; importin α diversity region; karyopherin; nuclear import adaptors; nuclear transport; steatohepatitis; transcription factor; vascular inflammation
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