title: Physiotherapy versus placebo or no intervention in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite medical therapies and surgical interventions for Parkinson's disease (PD), patients develop progressive disability. Physiotherapy aims to maximise functional ability and minimise secondary complications through movement rehabilitation within a context of education and support for the whole person. The overall aim is to optimise independence, safety, and well-being, thereby enhancing quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy intervention compared with no intervention in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified relevant trials by conducting electronic searches of numerous literature databases (e.g. MEDLINE, EMBASE) and trial registers, and by handsearching major journals, abstract books, conference proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved publications. The literature search included trials published up to the end of January 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials of physiotherapy intervention versus no physiotherapy intervention in patients with PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted data from each article. We used standard meta-analysis methods to assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy intervention compared with no physiotherapy intervention. Trials were classified into the following intervention comparisons: general physiotherapy, exercise, treadmill training, cueing, dance, and martial arts. We used tests for heterogeneity to assess for differences in treatment effect across these different physiotherapy interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 39 trials with 1827 participants. We considered the trials to be at a mixed risk of bias as the result of unreported allocation concealment and probable detection bias. Compared with no intervention, physiotherapy significantly improved the gait outcomes of speed (mean difference 0.04 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02 to 0.06, P = 0.0002); two- or six-minute walk test (13.37 m, 95% CI 0.55 to 26.20, P = 0.04) and Freezing of Gait questionnaire (-1.41, 95% CI -2.63 to -0.19, P = 0.02); functional mobility and balance outcomes of Timed Up & Go test (-0.63 s, 95% CI -1.05 to -0.21, P = 0.003), Functional Reach Test (2.16 cm, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.43, P = 0.0008), and Berg Balance Scale (3.71 points, 95% CI 2.30 to 5.11, P < 0.00001); and clinician-rated disability using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (total -6.15 points, 95% CI-8.57 to -3.73, P < 0.00001; activities of daily living: -1.36, 95% CI -2.41 to -0.30, P = 0.01; and motor: -5.01, 95% CI -6.30 to -3.72, P < 0.00001). No difference between arms was noted in falls (Falls Efficacy Scale: -1.91 points, 95% CI -4.76 to 0.94, P = 0.19) or patient-rated quality of life (PDQ-39 Summary Index: -0.38 points, 95% CI -2.58 to 1.81, P = 0.73). One study reported that adverse events were rare; no other studies reported data on this outcome. Indirect comparisons of the different physiotherapy interventions revealed no evidence that the treatment effect differed across physiotherapy interventions for any of the outcomes assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefit for physiotherapy was found in most outcomes over the short term (i.e. < 3 months) but was significant only for speed, two- or six-minute walk test, Freezing of Gait questionnaire, Timed Up & Go, Functional Reach Test, Berg Balance Scale, and clinician-rated UPDRS. Most of the observed differences between treatments were small. However, for some outcomes (e.g. speed, Berg Balance Scale, UPDRS), the differences observed were at, or approaching, what are considered minimal clinically important changes. These benefits should be interpreted with caution because the quality of most of the included trials was not high. Variation in measurements of outcome between studies meant that our analyses include a small proportion of the participants recruited.This review illustrates that a wide range of approaches are employed by physiotherapists to treat patients with PD. However, no evidence of differences in treatment effect was noted between the different types of physiotherapy interventions being used, although this was based on indirect comparisons. A consensus menu of 'best practice' physiotherapy is needed, as are large, well-designed randomised controlled trials undertaken to demonstrate the longer-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of 'best practice' physiotherapy in PD.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Robert Aitken Institute, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Smitaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Charmaine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meek
authors.forename: Clare P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Herd
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sackley
authors.forename: Katherine H O
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wheatley
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ives
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016138:Walking; D057832:Watchful Waiting
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