title: Biomarkers in bladder cancer: translational and clinical implications.
abstract: Bladder cancer is associated with high recurrence and mortality rates. These tumors show vast heterogeneity reflected by diverse morphologic manifestations and various molecular alterations associated with these disease phenotypes. Biomarkers that prospectively evaluate disease aggressiveness, progression risk, probability of recurrence and overall prognosis would improve patient care. Integration of molecular markers with conventional pathologic staging of bladder cancers may refine clinical decision making for the selection of adjuvant and salvage therapy. In the past decade, numerous bladder cancer biomarkers have been identified, including various tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, growth factors, growth factor receptors, hormone receptors, proliferation and apoptosis markers, cell adhesion molecules, stromal factors, and oncoproteins. Recognition of two distinct pathways for urothelial carcinogenesis represents a major advance in the understanding and management of this disease. Nomograms for combining results from multiple biomarkers have been proposed to increase the accuracy of clinical predictions. The scope of this review is to summarize the major biomarker findings that may have translational and clinical implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Electronic address: liang_cheng@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Darrell D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lisha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017978:Receptors, Growth Factor; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019098:Telomerase
keywords: Biomarkers; Prognosis; Tumorigenesis; Urinary bladder; Urothelial carcinoma