title: TOOKAD(®) Soluble vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy: determination of optimal treatment conditions and assessment of effects in patients with localised prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the optimal treatment conditions and effects of TOOKAD(®) Soluble vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy in patients with localised prostate cancer. To evaluate the safety and quality of life after TOOKAD(®) Soluble VTP treatment in patients with localised prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men (aged >18 years) diagnosed with localised prostate cancer, who were suitable for active surveillance, were invited to take part in the study. Patients who had received prior or current treatment for their cancer were excluded. There were two parts to the study: in part one, patients were assigned to one of two treatment groups based on the size of their prostates (patients with prostate size <60 mL would receive 4 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble and patients with prostate size ≥60 mL would receive 6 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble both activated with 200 J/cm light). In part two, patients were assigned to one of two treatment groups based on predefined criteria and received either 4 or 6 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble and 200 or 300 J/cm light. VTP was conducted under general anaesthesia using TOOKAD(®) Soluble administered intravenously and activated by light-diffusing fibres within the prostate via the perineum. Follow-up was conducted for 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) carried out at 1 week after VTP and transrectal prostate biopsy at 6 months were the key endpoints. Adverse event (AE) recording and patient-reported outcome measures were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 86 patients were enrolled in the study and 85 patients received treatment. Of the 85 treated patients, one patient discontinued (due to withdrawal of consent). At 6 months, 61/83 (74%) patients who underwent prostate biopsy had histopathology that was negative for prostate cancer (95% confidence interval (CI) 62.7-82.6%). Considering patients who received 4 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble and 200 J/cm light (unilateral), which are considered optimal treatment parameters, 38/46 (83%) patients had histopathology from the biopsies that was negative for prostate cancer at 6 months (95% CI 68.6-92.2%; P < 0.001). The mean percentage of necrosis of the targeted prostate tissue at 7 days after VTP was 78% overall (83 patients) with extraprostatic necrosis reported in 76% (63/83) of patients. Considering patients who received 4 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble and 200 J/cm light (unilateral), the mean 7-day necrosis percentage was 88% (46 patients) with extraprostatic necrosis reported in 72% (33/46) of patients. All occurrences of extraprostatic necrosis were considered clinically acceptable and none were associated with any clinical sequelae. The mean percentage prostate necrosis at 7 days was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) in patients treated with a therapeutic light density index (LDI) of ≥1 than those treated with a LDI of <1. The percentage of patients with negative biopsies at 6 months was also higher in patients treated with a therapeutic LDI of ≥1 than those treated with a LDI of <1 (78.6% and 63.0%, respectively). In all, 87% (75/86) of patients reported at least one treatment-emergent AE during the study. Most AEs were mild or moderate in intensity and considered related to the technical procedures of the study. No treated patients had hypotension or discontinued due to AEs. Eight patients (9.3%) had serious AEs; none resulted in discontinuation from the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biopsy data, post-treatment dynamic contrast-enhancement MRI at 1 week after VTP and analysis of the safety data have shown that 4 mg/kg TOOKAD(®) Soluble and 200 J/cm light are the optimal treatment conditions for the VTP procedure resulting in >80% of patients treated with this regimen having a negative biopsy at 6 months. Overall, the treatment was well tolerated and exhibited early signs of efficacy for minimally invasive focal treatment of localised prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Abdel-Rahmène
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Azzouzi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barret
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villers
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Avigdor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scherz
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Wildt
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Souhil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lebdai
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emberton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001429:Bacteriochlorophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001706:Biopsy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001429:Bacteriochlorophylls; C456120:palladium-bacteriopheophorbide
keywords: TOOKAD® Soluble; VTP; focal therapy; photodynamic; prostate; vascular