title: Shrinkage stress development in dental composites--an analytical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive mathematical model for shrinkage stress development in dental composites that can account for the combined effect of material properties, specimen geometry and external constraints.
  
  
  METHODS
  A viscoelastic model that includes the composite's elastic, creep and shrinkage strains, and their interaction with the sample's dimensions and the external constraint is developed. The model contains two dimensionless parameters. The first one represents the compliance of the external constraint relative to that of the composite sample, and the second controls the rate of shrinkage stress decay through creep. The resulting differential equation is solved for two special cases: zero compliance and zero creep. Predictions for shrinkage stress measurements are then made using the analytical solutions for instruments with different compliances, samples with different thicknesses and composites with different filler fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model correctly predicts how shrinkage stress increases with time, its dependence on the interaction between the entire system's compliance and the material properties, and the effect of the filler fraction on its maximum value. Comparisons with reported shrinkage stress measurements have provided very good agreement between theory and experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provided by the model can help to resolve most, if not all, of the seemingly conflicting experimental observations reported in the literature. They can also provide some useful guidelines for optimizing the mechanical performance of dental composite restorations. The compliance ratio, a new parameter derived from the model, represents a fuller description of the constraints of the system.
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, United States. Electronic address: alexfok@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Alex S L
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fok
mesh_terms: D003731:Dental Caries; D003764:Dental Materials; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials
keywords: Compliance; Dental composites; Filler fraction; Mathematical model; Shrinkage stress
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