title: Modeling bromide effects on yields and speciation of dihaloacetonitriles formed in chlorinated drinking water.
abstract: This study examined effects of bromide on yields and speciation of dihaloacetonitrile (DHAN) species that included dichloro-, bromochloro- and dibromoacetonitriles generated in chlorinated water. Experimental data obtained using two water sources, varying concentrations and characters of Natural Organic Matter (NOM), bromide concentrations, reaction times, chlorine doses, temperatures and pHs were interpreted using a semi-phenomenological model that assumed the presence of three kinetically distinct sites in NOM (denoted as sites S1, S2 and S3) and the occurrence of sequential incorporation of bromine and chlorine into them. One site was found to react very fast with the chlorine and bromine but its contribution in the DHAN generation was very low. The site with the highest contribution to the yield of DHAN (>70%) has the lowest reaction rates. The model introduced dimensionless coefficients (denoted as φ1(DHAN), φ2(DHAN) and φ3(DHAN)) applicable to the initial DHAN generation sites and their monochlorinated and monobrominated products, respectively. These parameters were used to quantify the kinetic preference to bromine incorporation over that of chlorine. Values of these coefficients optimized for DHAN formation were indicative of the strongly preferential incorporation of bromine into the engaged NOM sites. The same set of φ(i)(DHAN) coefficients could be used to model the speciation of DHAN released from their kinetically different precursors. The dimensionless speciation coefficients φ(i)(DHAN) were determined to be site specific and dependent on the NOM content and character as well as pH. The presented model of DHAN formation and speciation can help quantify in more detail the generation of DHAN and provide more insight necessary for further assessment of their potential health effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania, Italy. Electronic address: proccaro@dica.unict.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roccaro
authors.forename: Hyun-shik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Federico G A
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Vagliasindi
authors.forename: Gregory V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Korshin
mesh_terms: D001966:Bromine / Q000737:chemistry*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D054879:Halogenation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D001966:Bromine
keywords: Chlorine dose; Natural organic matter; Nitrogenous disinfection by-products; Reaction time; Temperature; pH