title: Development of a job-exposure matrix for exposure to total and fine particulate matter in the aluminum industry.
abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that exposure to particulate matter (PM) at environmental concentrations increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)). Despite this, the health impacts of higher occupational exposures to PM(2.5) have rarely been evaluated. In part, this research gap derives from the absence of information on PM(2.5) exposures in the workplace. To address this gap, we have developed a job-exposure matrix (JEM) to estimate exposure to two size fractions of PM in the aluminum industry. Measurements of total PM (TPM) and PM(2.5) were used to develop exposure metrics for an epidemiologic study. TPM exposures for distinct exposure groups (DEGs) in the JEM were calculated using 8385 personal TPM samples collected at 11 facilities (1980-2011). For eight of these facilities, simultaneous PM(2.5) and TPM personal monitoring was conducted from 2010 to 2011 to determine the percent of TPM that is composed of PM(2.5) (%PM(2.5)) in each DEG. The mean TPM from the JEM was then multiplied by %PM(2.5) to calculate PM(2.5) exposure concentrations in each DEG. Exposures in the smelters were substantially higher than in fabrication units; mean TPM concentrations in smelters and fabrication facilities were 3.86 and 0.76 mg/m(3), and the corresponding mean PM(2.5) concentrations were 2.03 and 0.40 mg/m(3). Observed occupational exposures in this study generally exceeded environmental PM(2.5) concentrations by an order of magnitude.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Noth
authors.affiliation: Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dixon-Ernst
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Baylah
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tessier-Sherman
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S Katharine
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008669:Metallurgy; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D000535:Aluminum
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