title: Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The emptying of the gall bladder in response to feeding is pivotal for the digestion of fat, but the role of various food ingredients in contracting the gall bladder postprandially is not well understood. We hypothesized that different food ingredients, when consumed, will have a different effect on stimulating gall bladder emptying. To investigate this we designed two randomized, investigator-blind, cross-over studies in healthy subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gall bladder volumes serially and non-invasively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1: exploratory study evaluating the effects of 10 different food ingredients on gall bladder emptying in eight healthy subjects. The choice of ingredients varied from common items like coffee, tea and milk to actives like curcumin and potato protease inhibitor. Study 2: mechanistic study investigating the cholecystokinin (CCK) dose response to the best performer ingredient from Study 1 in 21 healthy subjects four ways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest gall bladder volume change in Study 1 was observed with fat, which therefore became the dose-response ingredient in Study 2, where the maximum % gall bladder volume change correlated well with CCK.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These serial test-retest studies showed that the fasted gall bladder volume varied remarkably between individuals and that individual day-to-day variability had wide coefficients of variation. Improved knowledge of how to stimulate bile release using food ingredients will be useful to improve in vitro-in vivo correlation of bioavailability testing of hydrophobic drugs. It could improve performance of cholesterol-lowering plant stanol and sterol products and possibly aid understanding of some cholesterol gallstone disease.
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marciani
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hoad
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Totman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costigan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chalkley
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ison
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gowland
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Spiller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D002766:Cholecystokinin
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