title: A research study of the association between maternal microchimerism and systemic lupus erythematosus in adults: a comparison between patients and healthy controls based on single-nucleotide polymorphism using quantitative real-time PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Naturally acquired microchimerism may arise in the mother and her child during pregnancy when bidirectional trafficking of cells occurs through the placental barrier. The occurrence of maternal microchimerism (maternal cells in the offspring) has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, especially in children. Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with a resemblance to graft-versus-host disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal microchimerism in the blood and SLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients with SLE, 17 healthy brothers of the patients, and an additional 12 unrelated healthy men were the subjects in this study. A single-nucleotide polymorphism unique to each mother was identified, and maternal microchimerism in the study group and in the control group was detected using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. No differences in the frequency or the concentration of maternal cells were apparent in the blood of patients with SLE or in that of the controls. Two patients and one control tested positive for maternal microchimerism, but the positive subjects were all negative at a follow-up 16 years later. The sensitivity of the method was estimated to 1/10.000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show no association between SLE and maternal microchimerism. The frequency of maternal microchimerism in the blood of adults overall may be lower than earlier reported.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna Maria Jonsson
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kanold
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svenungsson
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Götherström
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padyukov
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papadogiannakis
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzunel
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westgren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D046528:Chimerism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
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