title: Impact of expanded antiretroviral use on incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in children with HIV in Kenya.
abstract: METHODS
  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Recent ART recommendations have increased the number of children on ART.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and incidence of TB in HIV-infected children after the implementation of expanded ART guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study including HIV-infected children aged 6 weeks to 14 years was conducted in Kenya. The primary outcome measure was clinically diagnosed TB. Study participants were screened for prevalent TB at enrollment using Kenya's national guidelines and followed at monthly intervals to detect incident TB. Predictors of TB were assessed using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 689 participants (median age 6.4 years), 509 (73.9%) were on ART at baseline. There were 51 cases of prevalent TB (7.4%) and 10 incident cases, with over 720.3 child-years of observation (incidence 1.4 per 100 child-years). Months on ART (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.91, P = 0.003; aOR 0.91, P< 0.001) and months in care before ART (aHR 0.87, P= 0.001; aOR 0.92, P < 0.001) were protective against incident and prevalent TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ART was protective against TB in this cohort of HIV-infected children with high levels of ART use. Optimal TB prevention strategies should emphasize early ART in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Family AIDS Care and Education Services, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Abuogi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mwachari
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shade
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yienya
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanguli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amukoye
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
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