title: Dietary intake measurement using 7 d diet diaries in British men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study: a focus on methodological issues.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to describe the energy, nutrient and crude v. disaggregated food intake measured using 7 d diet diaries (7dDD) for the full baseline Norfolk cohort recruited for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) study, with emphasis on methodological issues. The first data collection took place between 1993 and 1998 in Norfolk, East Anglia (UK). Of the 30,445 men and women, aged 40-79 years, registered with a general practitioner invited to participate in the study, 25,639 came for a health examination and were asked to complete a 7dDD. Data from diaries with data recorded for at least 1 d were obtained for 99% members of the cohort; 10,354 (89·8%) of the men and 12,779 (91·5%) of the women completed the diet diaries for all 7 d. Mean energy intake (EI) was 9·44 (SD 2·22) MJ/d and 7·15 (SD 1·66) MJ/d, respectively. EI remained approximately stable across the days, but there was apparent under-reporting among the participants, especially among those with BMI >25 kg/m². Micronutrient density was higher among women than among men. In conclusion, under-reporting is an issue, but not more so than that found in national surveys. How foods were grouped (crude or disaggregated) made a difference to the estimates obtained, and comparison of intakes showed wide limits of agreement. The choice of variables influences estimates obtained from the food group data; while this may not alter the ranking of individuals within studies, this issue may be relevant when comparing absolute food intakes between studies.
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Marleen A H
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lentjes
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McTaggart
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Natasha A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parry-Smith
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.affiliation: Strangeways Research Laboratories, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhaniani
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Diet and Health Group, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Ailsa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients