title: Structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have indicated that the psychopathological dimensions of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are influenced by a unitary liability factor. However, to our knowledge, the underlying etiological nature of the individual criteria for BPD as defined by the DSM-IV has not been explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for the symptoms of BPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate twin study with BPD criteria assessed by personal interview within a general community setting. Participants included 2794 young adults from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 9 criteria for BPD assessed by the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A common pathway model dominated by 1 highly heritable (55%) general BPD factor that strongly influenced all 9 BPD criteria (standardized path coefficients, 0.53-0.79) fit the data best. The model also included 2 additional common liability factors, mainly influencing criteria reflecting the affective and interpersonal dimensions. Both of these were mostly influenced by environmental liability factors (heritability, 29.3% and 2.2%). With 1 exception (criterion 2, unstable and intense relationships), the specific criteria were strongly influenced by environmental factors. Five of the 9 criterion-specific genetic effects were either 0 or negligible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that most of the genetic effects on the individual BPD criteria derive from 1 highly heritable general BPD factor, whereas the environmental influences were mostly criterion specific.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 2Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ystrom
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Aggen
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mazzeo
authors.forename: Gun Peggy
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tambs
authors.forename: Nikolai O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Czajkowski
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D014427:Twins / Q000523:psychology*
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