title: Programmed death 1 and B and T lymphocyte attenuator immunoreceptors and their association with malignant T-lymphoproliferative disorders: brief review.
abstract: Malignant T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases are relatively rare. T cells are activated through the T-cell receptor with the aid of costimulating molecules that can be either excitatory or inhibitory. Such pathways have been also implicated in mechanisms of malignant T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases' persistence and relapse by circumventing immune responses. To date, three major immunoinhibitory molecules have been recognized, namely programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Although CTLA-4 is considered the 'gatekeeper' of immune tolerance, PD-1 negatively regulates immune responses broadly, whereas BTLA activation has been shown to inhibit CD8+ cancer-specific T cells. Both PD-1 and BTLA downregulate proximal T-cell receptor signalling cascade and are involved in immune evasion of leukaemias and lymphomas, even after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These immunoregulatory molecules can have seemingly a synergistic effect on weakening the immune response of patients with haematological malignancies, and their manipulation represents a very active field of preclinical as well as clinical interest.
authors.affiliation: Hematology, Lymphomas' and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, General Hospital of Athens "O Evaggelismos", Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Stamatis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karakatsanis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertsias
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roussou
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boumpas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D019139:Tumor Escape
chemical_list: C482586:BTLA protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic
keywords: immune evasion; immunoinhibitory molecules; malignant T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases