title: Approaches to aspects of optimisation of protection in diagnostic radiology in six continents.
abstract: There has been an expansion in the use of x-ray imaging during the last 20 years. Effective arrangements for justification of exposures as well as for optimisation of protection are crucial. The amount of effort put into the latter, the way in which it is organised and the groups carrying this out vary across the globe. A simple survey of organisational arrangements relating to performance testing of x-ray equipment, management of patient dose and other aspects of implementing optimisation has been undertaken. A total of 137 completed survey forms were received from medical physicists in 48 countries. Results for individual countries from which more responses were received, or for groups of neighbouring ones, are compared to portray variations. Some performance testing of x-ray equipment was mandated in most countries (more than 90%), with the tests being performed primarily by hospital or private medical physicists, although other groups are involved. Testing of equipment prior to clinical use was generally high for most regions, but the frequency was lower in Latin America. There was considerable variation in the frequency and regularity of subsequent testing. The prevalence of patient dose surveys was high in Europe, but lower in other continents. Organisational arrangements for testing performance of x-ray equipment, patient dose surveys and implementing optimisation of protection in medical exposures across the globe can be divided into five main groups. Hospital medical physicists take the lead in western Europe and Australia with the involvement of radiographers. Private medical physicists test equipment in Brazil, the USA and New Zealand, and have some responsibility for optimisation in Brazil. University personnel have significant involvement, together with medical physicists in eastern Europe, but the extent of the coverage is uncertain. Government personnel and service engineers carry out equipment testing in many countries of Africa and Asia, while radiographers have a significant role in Thailand and other countries where the number of medical physicists is limited. In order for dose surveys to have an impact, action must be taken upon the findings, but there must be an effective link between surveyors and radiology facility staff to ensure that this is done.
authors.affiliation: Health Physics, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Heron
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borrás
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sookpeng
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramirez
mesh_terms: D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D011859:Radiography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*