title: Haptoglobin2-2 phenotype is an additional risk factor of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association between haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes and risk of the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 45 normotensive type 2 diabetic patients (duration more than 5 years) admitted in the hospital divided into two groups (with and without DR) on the basis of fundus examination by direct ophthalmoscopy. Serum samples of all patients were subjected for Hp phenotyping by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DR was associated significantly in diabetic patients with Hp2-2 phenotype (79.31%) than diabetic patients with Hp2-1 phenotype (43.75%) and Hp2-2 had higher odds ratio (OR) for DR in univariate analysis (OR 4.929, [95% confidence interval [CI] (1.297-18.733)], P = 0.016) and multivariate analysis (OR 7.704 [95% CI (0.887-66.945)], P = 0.064). Furthermore, Hp2-2 was associated significantly with severe forms of DR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hp2-2 phenotype is associated with susceptibility to DR showing a graded risk relationship to the number of Hp2 alleles. Determination of Hp phenotype may be useful in the risk assessment and management of DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, S. R. T. R. Medical College, Ambajogai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Mukund R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mogarekar
authors.forename: Mahesh H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hampe
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; diabetic retinopathy; haptoglobin
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