title: Maturation of the developing human fetal prostate in a rodent xenograft model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer in men. The etiology of prostate cancer is unknown, although both animal and epidemiologic data suggest that early life exposures to various toxicants, may impact DNA methylation status during development, playing an important role.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed a xenograft model to characterize the growth and differentiation of human fetal prostate implants (gestational age 12-24 weeks) that can provide new data on the potential role of early life stressors on prostate cancer. The expression of key immunohistochemical markers responsible for prostate maturation was evaluated, including p63, cytokeratin 18, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, caldesmon, Ki-67, prostate-specific antigen, estrogen receptor-α, and androgen receptor. Xenografts were separated into epithelial and stromal compartments using laser capture microdissection (LCM), and the DNA methylation status was assessed in >480,000 CpG sites throughout the genome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Xenografts demonstrated growth and maturation throughout the 200 days of post-implantation evaluation. DNA methylation profiles of laser capture microdissected tissue demonstrated tissue-specific markers clustered by their location in either the epithelium or stroma of human prostate tissue. Differential methylated promoter region CpG-associated gene analysis revealed significantly more stromal than epithelial DNA methylation in the 30- and 90-day xenografts. Functional classification analysis identified CpG-related gene clusters in methylated epithelial and stromal human xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of human fetal prostate tissue establishes a xenograft model that demonstrates dynamic growth and maturation, allowing for future mechanistic studies of the developmental origins of later life proliferative prostate disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Camelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Saffarini
authors.forename: Elizabeth V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Spade
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huse
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kostadinov
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boekelheide
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011467:Prostate / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D051381:Rats; D011923:Rats, Nude
keywords: DNA methylation; human fetal prostate; immunohistochemistry; xenotransplantation
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