title: Sonographic localization of a nonpalpable shunt: Ultrasound-assisted ventricular shunt tap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients frequently present to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt malfunction, often requiring urgent management. A typical evaluation in the emergency room setting includes a thorough history and physical examination, noncontrasted head computed tomography (CT), shunt series, and occasionally a ventricular shunt tap.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a 53-year-old male who initially presented to the ED in acute status epilepticus. His history was notable for seizures and multiple craniectomies and cranioplasties with subsequent placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt secondary to traumatic brain injury. Imaging in the ED suggested possible shunt failure. No previous imaging was available for comparison, and therefore a ventricular shunt tap was attempted. Initially, the tap could not be performed, as the shunt was not palpable secondary to the thickness of his scalp and location of the reservoir near his complex cranial reconstruction site. We report, for the first time, the utility of emergency ultrasound (EUS) to aid in such an encounter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS revealed the exact location of his shunt reservoir, and therefore enabled the shunt tap, which ultimately led to the discovery of the patient's proximal shunt failure in a setting that may have otherwise been missed. The patient underwent urgent shunt revision with a good outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Buscher
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Tye
keywords: Hydrocephalus; shunt failure; ultrasound guidance; ventricular shunt tap
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