title: Panax ginseng exerts antiproliferative effects on rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
abstract: It has been proposed that ginseng has chemopreventive effects against several types of cancer in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive activities of fresh ginseng against hepatocarcinogenesis have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we hypothesized that these ginseng species may prevent hepatocarcinogenesis but that the chemopreventive mechanisms may differ by species. To determine the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of 3 different types of fresh ginseng on hepatocarcinogenesis, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diethylnitrosamine and fed diets containing 2% Panax japonicus CA Meyer (JN), P. quinquefolius L (QQ), or P. ginseng CA Meyer (GS) for 10 weeks. Glutathione S-transferase P form (GST-P)-positive foci, a stable marker for rat hepatocarcinogenesis, were shown in all carcinogen-injected rats; but only the GS diet significantly reduced the area and number (62% and 68%, respectively; P < .05) of GST-P-positive foci compared with the diethylnitrosamine control group. In addition, the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive hepatocytes in the GST-P-positive area was significantly decreased in the GS group but not in the JN or QQ groups. Using cDNA microarray analyses to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we observed that the p53 signaling pathway was altered by the GS diet and that the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin G1, Cdc2a, and Igf-1, which are involved in the p53 signaling pathway, was downregulated by the GS diet. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that GS, but not JN or QQ, induces cell cycle arrest in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study suggests that fresh GS has potential chemopreventive effects and may prove to be a therapeutic agent against hepatocarcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College station TX 77843, USA.
authors.forename: Hyemee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hae-Jeung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Dae Joong
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae Myoung
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyun-Seuk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Haymie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056766:Cyclin G1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; C530106:Ccnd1 protein, rat; C534704:Ccng1 protein, rat; D056766:Cyclin G1; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C548904:insulin-like growth factor-1, rat; D019938:Cyclin D1; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: 3,3′-diaminobenzidine; Cell cycle; DAB; DAVID; DEN; Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery; GS; GST-P–positive foci; Ginseng; Hepatocarcinogenesis; JN; PCNA; PH; Panax ginseng CA Meyer; Panax japonicus CA Meyer; Panax quinquefolius L; QQ; Rat; TUNEL; diethylnitrosamine; glutathione S-transferase P form–positive foci; partial hepatectomy; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick end labeling