title: Human milk secretory immunoglobulin a and lactoferrin N-glycans are altered in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Very little is known about the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on lactation and milk components. Recent reports suggested that hyperglycemia during pregnancy was associated with altered breast milk immune factors. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and N-glycans of milk immune-modulatory proteins are implicated in modulation of infant immunity. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of GDM on HMO and protein-conjugated glycan profiles in breast milk. Milk was collected at 2 wk postpartum from women diagnosed with (n = 8) or without (n = 16) GDM at week 24-28 in pregnancy. Milk was analyzed for HMO abundances, protein concentrations, and N-glycan abundances of lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). HMOs and N-glycans were analyzed by mass spectrometry and milk lactoferrin and sIgA concentrations were analyzed by the Bradford assay. The data were analyzed using multivariate modeling confirmed with univariate statistics to determine differences between milk of women with compared with women without GDM. There were no differences in HMOs between milk from women with vs. without GDM. Milk from women with GDM compared with those without GDM was 63.6% lower in sIgA protein (P < 0.05), 45% higher in lactoferrin total N-glycans (P < 0.0001), 36-72% higher in lactoferrin fucose and sialic acid N-glycans (P < 0.01), and 32-43% lower in sIgA total, mannose, fucose, and sialic acid N-glycans (P < 0.05). GDM did not alter breast milk free oligosaccharide abundances but decreased total protein and glycosylation of sIgA and increased glycosylation of lactoferrin in transitional milk. The results suggest that maternal glucose dysregulation during pregnancy has lasting consequences that may influence the innate immune protective functions of breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, 5Foods for Health Institute, 6Department of Chemistry, and 7West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 8Agricultural Center and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Jennifer T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Smilowitz
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Totten
authors.forename: Jincui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grapov
authors.forename: Holiday A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lammi-Keefe
authors.forename: Carlito
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lebrilla
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: German
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism*; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D011134:Polysaccharides; D007781:Lactoferrin
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