title: Ascorbate-induced generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is unaffected by varying levels of iron and 2-oxoglutarate.
abstract: Tet (ten-eleven translocation) methylcytosine dioxygenases, which belong to the iron and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA. We recently reported that ascorbate (vitamin C) induces Tet-mediated generation of 5hmC. To initially delineate the role of ascorbate on 5hmC generation, we analyzed whether the effect of ascorbate is dependent upon the conditions of other components involved in the hydroxylation of 5mC catalyzed by Tet. We found that removing iron from the culture medium did not affect the induction of 5hmC by ascorbate (10 μM) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The effect of ascorbate did not involve an increased expression of Tet1-3 or isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1-2), the enzymes responsible for producing 2OG. Interestingly, MEFs cultured with different concentrations of glucose, a major precursor of 2OG, exhibited nearly identical responses to ascorbate treatment. Further, blocking the uptake of the reduced form of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, through the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) inhibited the effect of ascorbate on 5hmC. However, inhibition of the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), which mediate the incorporation of the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), did not modify the ability of ascorbate to induce 5hmC generation. These results indicate that the effect of ascorbate on 5hmC is not dependent upon iron uptake, the expression of Tet and IDH, or the production of 2OG, suggesting that ascorbate may directly participate in the generation of 5hmC, most likely as a cofactor of Tet.
authors.affiliation: John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.forename: Juan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Züchner
authors.forename: Gaofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049308:Dioxygenases; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D060347:Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters; C540839:TET1 protein, mouse; C011865:5-hydroxymethylcytosine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine; D007501:Iron; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D049308:Dioxygenases; C551914:Tet2 protein, mouse; C551915:Tet3 protein, mouse; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate; 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine; Ascorbate; Glucose; Iron; Isocitrate dehydrogenase; Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter; Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase
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