title: Dose-response plasma appearance of coffee chlorogenic and phenolic acids in adults.
abstract: METHODS
  Coffee contains phenolic compounds, mainly chlorogenic acids (CGAs). Even though coffee intake has been associated with some health benefits in epidemiological studies, the bioavailability of coffee phenolics is not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed a dose-response study measuring plasma bioavailability of phenolics after drinking three increasing, but still nutritionally relevant doses of instant pure soluble coffee. The study design was a one treatment (coffee) three-dose randomized cross-over design, with a washout period of 2 wks between visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CGAs, phenolic acids, and late-appearing metabolites all increased with increasing ingested dose. Hence, the sum of area under the curve was significantly higher for the medium to low dose, and high to medium dose, by 2.23- and 2.38-fold, respectively. CGAs were not well absorbed in their intact form, regardless of the dose. CGA and phenolic acids appeared rapidly in plasma, indicating an early absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Late-appearing metabolites were the most abundant, regardless of the dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed previous findings about coffee bioavailability but also showed that coffee phenolics appear in a positive dose-response manner in plasma when drank at nutritionally relevant doses.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renouf
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marmet
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giuffrida
authors.forename: Mélissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dionisi
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001682:Biological Availability; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Bioavailability; Chlorogenic acids; Coffee; Dose-response; Phenolic acids