title: Elevated depressive symptoms in metabolic syndrome in a general population of Japanese men: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncertainty still surrounds the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depression. We aimed to evaluate the association between MetS and elevated depressive symptoms in a general Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional survey of 3,113 community-dwelling individuals aged 40 years or over. MetS was defined according to the joint interim statement. MetS was diagnosed when a subject had three or more of the following components: 1) central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men, ≥ 80 cm in for women); 2) elevated blood pressure (≥ 130/85 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication); 3) hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 1.7 mmol/L); 4) low HDL cholesterol (< 1.0 mmol/L for men, < 1.3 mmol/L for women); and 5) elevated fasting plasma glucose (≥ 5.55 mmol/L or current use of antidiabetic medication). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The age- and multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated depressive symptoms were observed in 4.3% of male and 6.3% of female participants. In men, the age-adjusted prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms was significantly higher in subjects with MetS than in those without (7.1% versus 3.6%, p = 0.04). The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms rose progressively as the number of MetS components increased (3.5%, 3.6%, 5.8%, and 9.2% in male subjects with 0-1, 2, 3, and ≥ 4 components, respectively; p = 0.02 for trend). This association remained significant even after adjustment for age, marital status, history of cardiovascular disease, smoking habit, alcohol intake, and regular exercise. In women, on the other hand, there was no clear association between MetS and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MetS was associated with elevated depressive symptoms in a general population of Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. harima@envmed.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekita
authors.forename: Hisatomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arima
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonemoto
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ga
authors.forename: Takanari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazono
authors.forename: Shigenobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanba
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides
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