title: Small RNAs in plant defense responses during viral and bacterial interactions: similarities and differences.
abstract: Small non-coding RNAs constitute an important class of gene expression regulators that control different biological processes in most eukaryotes. In plants, several small RNA (sRNA) silencing pathways have evolved to produce a wide range of small RNAs with specialized functions. Evidence for the diverse mode of action of the small RNA pathways has been highlighted during plant-microbe interactions. Host sRNAs and small RNA silencing pathways have been recognized as essential components of plant immunity. One way plants respond and defend against pathogen infections is through the small RNA silencing immune system. To deal with plant defense responses, pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid and counterattack this defense strategy. The relevance of the small RNA-mediated plant defense responses during viral infections has been well-established. Recent evidence points out its importance also during plant-bacteria interactions. Herein, this review discusses recent findings, similarities and differences about the small RNA-mediated arms race between plants and these two groups of microbes, including the small RNA silencing pathway components that contribute to plant immune responses, the pathogen-responsive endogenous sRNAs and the pathogen-delivered effector proteins.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peláez
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanchez
keywords: RNA silencing; immunity; plant pathogens; small RNAs; susceptibility
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Jan;23(1):273-88
references.pmid: 21245466
references.citation: Mol Plant Pathol. 2010 Sep;11(5):641-9
references.pmid: 20696002
references.citation: Plant J. 2013 Jan;73(2):289-301
references.pmid: 23050939
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2011 Jan 1;25(1):64-76
references.pmid: 21156810
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004 May;16(5):1235-50
references.pmid: 15084715
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 31;109(5):1790-5
references.pmid: 22307647
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14;2(2):e219
references.pmid: 17299599
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2008 Dec;21(12):1528-38
references.pmid: 18986249
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19593-8
references.pmid: 17164336
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Sep 18;17(18):1615-21
references.pmid: 17869109
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2006 Aug;18(8):2051-65
references.pmid: 16861386
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Nov;8(11):884-96
references.pmid: 17943195
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2008 Apr;49(4):493-500
references.pmid: 18344228
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Aug;7(8):e1002176
references.pmid: 21901091
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2002 Mar;14(3):629-39
references.pmid: 11910010
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 23;106(25):10354-8
references.pmid: 19515815
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 5;107(1):484-9
references.pmid: 19966292
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2010 Feb;22(2):481-96
references.pmid: 20190077
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2011 Sep;92(Pt 9):2222-2226
references.pmid: 21593273
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 May 10;6(5):e19549
references.pmid: 21572953
references.citation: Virol J. 2011 May 19;8:238
references.pmid: 21592402
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002434
references.pmid: 22242006
references.citation: Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):912-6
references.pmid: 20413458
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Aug 6;582(18):2753-60
references.pmid: 18625233
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2009 Sep;21(9):2780-96
references.pmid: 19767456
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Oct 12;48(1):109-20
references.pmid: 22940249
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 Nov;19(11):3778-90
references.pmid: 17993621
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2010;48:225-46
references.pmid: 20687832
references.citation: Plant J. 2012 Jan;69(1):104-15
references.pmid: 21880078
references.citation: J Virol. 2012 Jun;86(12):6847-54
references.pmid: 22496240
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004 May;16(5):1302-13
references.pmid: 15100397
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Sep;82(18):8997-9007
references.pmid: 18596098
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Sep 16;431(7006):356-63
references.pmid: 15372043
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Apr 4;133(1):116-27
references.pmid: 18342361
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 18;104(38):15156-61
references.pmid: 17827277
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jan 23;378(4):799-803
references.pmid: 19084500
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2012 Jan 25;12(2):89-100
references.pmid: 22273771
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 Jun;19(6):2053-63
references.pmid: 17586651
references.citation: Sci China Life Sci. 2012 Feb;55(2):109-18
references.pmid: 22415681
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006 May;4(5):405-11
references.pmid: 16518419
references.citation: RNA. 2007 Aug;13(8):1268-78
references.pmid: 17592042
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2010 Aug;153(4):1759-70
references.pmid: 20508137
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 May;83(10):5005-13
references.pmid: 19279102
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Sep;24(9):3575-89
references.pmid: 23001036
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2011 Jul;156(3):1556-64
references.pmid: 21576511
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Dec;79(24):15209-17
references.pmid: 16306592
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 May 9;16(9):927-32
references.pmid: 16682354
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Jan;39(1):775-84
references.pmid: 21590278
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;894:39-56
references.pmid: 22678571
references.citation: Virus Res. 2012 May;165(2):231-5
references.pmid: 22387565
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Apr 01;6(4):e1000838
references.pmid: 20368973
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Nov;81(21):11768-80
references.pmid: 17715232
references.citation: Cell. 2000 May 26;101(5):533-42
references.pmid: 10850495
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Sep 25;109(39):15942-6
references.pmid: 23019378
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46443
references.pmid: 23071571
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2011 May;7(5):e1002035
references.pmid: 21589905
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2011 May 6;42(3):356-66
references.pmid: 21549312
references.citation: EMBO J. 2008 Aug 6;27(15):2102-12
references.pmid: 18615098
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(21):6233-46
references.pmid: 17090584
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2010 Jun;15(6):337-45
references.pmid: 20427224
references.citation: EMBO J. 2010 Oct 20;29(20):3507-19
references.pmid: 20823831
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Aug 6;582(18):2679-84
references.pmid: 18619960
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7410-8
references.pmid: 15919897
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2009 Aug;12(4):465-72
references.pmid: 19608454
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Sep 18;17(18):1609-14
references.pmid: 17869110
references.citation: Plant J. 2009 Jun;58(6):940-51
references.pmid: 19220787
references.citation: EMBO J. 2006 Jul 26;25(14):3347-56
references.pmid: 16810317
references.citation: EMBO J. 2005 Sep 7;24(17):3147-57
references.pmid: 16096641
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jul 15;6(7):e1000996
references.pmid: 20657820
references.citation: Virol J. 2010 Oct 25;7:281
references.pmid: 20973960
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Jan 31;6(1):e14639
references.pmid: 21305057
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Jun;82(11):5167-77
references.pmid: 18353962
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 7;103(6):1994-9
references.pmid: 16446454
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 19;102(29):10381-6
references.pmid: 16006510
references.citation: Phytopathology. 2007 Mar;97(3):366-72
references.pmid: 18943658
references.citation: Virol J. 2011 Mar 29;8:143
references.pmid: 21447165
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2006 Dec 1;20(23):3255-68
references.pmid: 17158744
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Mar;38(3):1523-31
references.pmid: 20853150
references.citation: Planta. 2009 Mar;229(4):1009-14
references.pmid: 19148671
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2011 Jul;156(3):1548-55
references.pmid: 21606315
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(8):3797-806
references.pmid: 17267504
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 7;109(32):E2183-91
references.pmid: 22733782
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2011 Oct;7(10):e1002329
references.pmid: 22028660
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2011 Jan;75(1-2):93-105
references.pmid: 21153682
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2003 Mar;16(3):206-16
references.pmid: 12650452
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Mar;24(3):859-74
references.pmid: 22408077
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 17;104(29):12157-62
references.pmid: 17615233
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2003 Feb;4(2):205-17
references.pmid: 12586064
references.citation: Mol Plant Pathol. 2013 Jan;14(1):30-43
references.pmid: 22947170
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 May;2(5):E104
references.pmid: 15024409
references.citation: Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):964-7
references.pmid: 18703740
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Nov-Dec;1809(11-12):601-12
references.pmid: 21550428
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1993 Dec;5(12):1749-1759
references.pmid: 12271055
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Dec;85(24):13384-97
references.pmid: 21994448
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Aug 23;110(4):513-20
references.pmid: 12202040
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2003 May 13;13(10):843-8
references.pmid: 12747833
references.citation: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2004 Apr;14(2):174-80
references.pmid: 15196464
references.citation: J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7812-8
references.pmid: 15919934
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jan 8;105(1):157-61
references.pmid: 18165314
references.citation: Science. 2010 Nov 19;330(6007):1061-4
references.pmid: 21097929
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2010 Jul 01;10:138
references.pmid: 20594353
references.citation: EMBO J. 2002 Jun 17;21(12):3070-80
references.pmid: 12065420
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2011 Dec 1;25(23):2540-53
references.pmid: 22156213
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1558-60
references.pmid: 18610513
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2006 Dec 15;20(24):3407-25
references.pmid: 17182867
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2012 Dec;160(4):2137-54
references.pmid: 23071252
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2006 Feb;38(2):258-63
references.pmid: 16429161
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2009 Dec 30;9:152
references.pmid: 20042107
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2010 May;24(9):904-15
references.pmid: 20439431
references.citation: Science. 1999 Oct 29;286(5441):950-2
references.pmid: 10542148
references.citation: Plant J. 2007 Apr;50(1):140-8
references.pmid: 17397509
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):323-9
references.pmid: 17108957
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2010 Apr;152(4):2222-31
references.pmid: 20164210
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Apr 17;20(8):2069-78
references.pmid: 11296239
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4971
references.pmid: 19308254
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2005 Aug;138(4):1842-52
references.pmid: 16040651
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Sep;24(9):3613-29
references.pmid: 23023169
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Apr;23(4):1625-38
references.pmid: 21467580
references.citation: Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):68-71
references.pmid: 16741077
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Oct;6(10):973-9
references.pmid: 16177805
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Feb;37(2):865-74
references.pmid: 19685166
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2007 Dec 1;21(23):3123-34
references.pmid: 18003861
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2004 May 15;18(10):1179-86
references.pmid: 15131083
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2003 Apr 29;13(9):784-9
references.pmid: 12725739
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 22;98(11):6516-21
references.pmid: 11353867
references.citation: Plant J. 2012 Jan;69(1):14-25
references.pmid: 21883552
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Oct;81(19):10379-88
references.pmid: 17634237
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2009;25:21-44
references.pmid: 19575669
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2008 Apr 10;9:160
references.pmid: 18402695
references.citation: Cell. 2003 Dec 26;115(7):799-811
references.pmid: 14697199
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):18002-7
references.pmid: 17071740
references.citation: RNA. 2011 Jun;17(6):1148-58
references.pmid: 21531919
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 23;105(38):14732-7
references.pmid: 18799732
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Jul 9;582(16):2445-52
references.pmid: 18558089
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Jun 14;411(6839):826-33
references.pmid: 11459065
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Jan;24(1):259-74
references.pmid: 22247253
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 20;101(16):6297-302
references.pmid: 15079073
references.citation: Plant J. 2004 Jun;38(6):1004-14
references.pmid: 15165191
references.citation: Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):436-9
references.pmid: 16627744
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2011 May;7(5):e1002022
references.pmid: 21573142
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2011 May;7(5):e1002021
references.pmid: 21573143