title: Increased amoeboid microglial density in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's patients.
abstract: The olfactory bulb (OB) is affected early in both Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), evidenced by the presence of disease-specific protein aggregates and an early loss of olfaction. Whereas previous studies showed amoeboid microglia in the classically affected brain regions of PD and AD patients, little was known about such changes in the OB. Using a morphometric approach, a significant increase in amoeboid microglia density within the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) of AD and PD patients was observed. These amoeboid microglia cells were in close apposition to β-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau or α-synuclein deposits, but no uptake of pathological proteins by microglia could be visualized. Subsequent analysis showed (i) no correlation between microglia and α-synuclein (PD), (ii) a positive correlation with β-amyloid (AD), and (iii) a negative correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau (AD). Furthermore, despite the observed pathological alterations in neurite morphology, neuronal loss was not apparent in the AON of both patient groups. Thus, we hypothesize that, in contrast to the classically affected brain regions of AD and PD patients, within the AON rather than neuronal loss, the increased density in amoeboid microglial cells, possibly in combination with neurite pathology, may contribute to functional deficits.
authors.affiliation: Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karlijn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Doorn
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goudriaan
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blits-Huizinga
authors.forename: John G J M
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.forename: Annemieke J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rozemuller
authors.forename: Piet V J M
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Hoogland
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drukarch
authors.forename: Wilma D J
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: van de Berg
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; anterior olfactory nucleus; hyperphosphorylated tau; microglia; neuroinflammation; olfactory bulb; α-synuclein; β-amyloid
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