title: Genome-wide study of the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the early stages of wine fermentation.
abstract: This work was designed to identify yeast cellular functions specifically affected by the stress factors predominating during the early stages of wine fermentation, and genes required for optimal growth under these conditions. The main experimental method was quantitative fitness analysis by means of competition experiments in continuous culture of whole genome barcoded yeast knockout collections. This methodology allowed the identification of haploinsufficient genes, and homozygous deletions resulting in growth impairment in synthetic must. However, genes identified as haploproficient, or homozygous deletions resulting in fitness advantage, were of little predictive power concerning optimal growth in this medium. The relevance of these functions for enological performance of yeast was assessed in batch cultures with single strains. Previous studies addressing yeast adaptation to winemaking conditions by quantitative fitness analysis were not specifically focused on the proliferative stages. In some instances our results highlight the importance of genes not previously linked to winemaking. In other cases they are complementary to those reported in previous studies concerning, for example, the relevance of some genes involved in vacuolar, peroxisomal, or ribosomal functions. Our results indicate that adaptation to the quickly changing growth conditions during grape must fermentation require the function of different gene sets in different moments of the process. Transport processes and glucose signaling seem to be negatively affected by the stress factors encountered by yeast in synthetic must. Vacuolar activity is important for continued growth during the transition to stationary phase. Finally, reduced biogenesis of peroxisomes also seems to be advantageous. However, in contrast to what was described for later stages, reduced protein synthesis is not advantageous for the early (proliferative) stages of the fermentation process. Finally, we found adenine and lysine to be in short supply for yeast growth in some natural grape musts.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain.
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangado
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Zoel
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Salvadó
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D005285:Fermentation; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D057895:Haploinsufficiency / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014920:Wine
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Sep;75(18):5761-72
references.pmid: 19633105
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Mar;153(Pt 3):877-886
references.pmid: 17322208
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):207-10
references.pmid: 11752295
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Nov;8(7):1137-46
references.pmid: 18503542
references.citation: Biochem J. 2003 Feb 15;370(Pt 1):35-46
references.pmid: 12401115
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun;70(6):3392-400
references.pmid: 15184136
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Oct;75(20):6600-12
references.pmid: 19700545
references.citation: OMICS. 2010 Apr;14(2):201-10
references.pmid: 20210661
references.citation: Yeast. 2005 Apr 15;22(5):369-83
references.pmid: 15806604
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2009 Feb;9(1):32-44
references.pmid: 19054128
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8778-83
references.pmid: 12077312
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Aug;6(5):744-50
references.pmid: 16879425
references.citation: Science. 1999 Aug 6;285(5429):901-6
references.pmid: 10436161
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Oct;19(10):1836-42
references.pmid: 19622793
references.citation: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2002 Apr;25(1):153-61
references.pmid: 12086182
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Dec;6(8):1167-83
references.pmid: 17156014
references.citation: Yeast. 2003 Dec;20(16):1369-85
references.pmid: 14663829
references.citation: Yeast. 2007 Jul;24(7):551-60
references.pmid: 17506111
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2010 Feb;10(1):72-82
references.pmid: 19840118
references.citation: Database (Oxford). 2012 Mar 20;2012:bar062
references.pmid: 22434830
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Jan;40(1):113-7
references.pmid: 18157128
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2007;2(11):2958-74
references.pmid: 18007632
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jul 25;418(6896):387-91
references.pmid: 12140549
references.citation: Yeast. 2006 Apr 15;23(5):351-9
references.pmid: 16598687
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2007 Mar;7(2):304-16
references.pmid: 17132143
references.citation: J Appl Genet. 2009;50(3):301-10
references.pmid: 19638689
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Aug;71(5):699-712
references.pmid: 16607525
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Feb;8(1):35-52
references.pmid: 18215224
references.citation: FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Mar;6(2):249-67
references.pmid: 16487347
references.citation: G3 (Bethesda). 2011 Oct;1(5):353-67
references.pmid: 22384346