title: A survey study of the association between mobile phone use and daytime sleepiness in California high school students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mobile phone use is near ubiquitous in teenagers. Paralleling the rise in mobile phone use is an equally rapid decline in the amount of time teenagers are spending asleep at night. Prior research indicates that there might be a relationship between daytime sleepiness and nocturnal mobile phone use in teenagers in a variety of countries. As such, the aim of this study was to see if there was an association between mobile phone use, especially at night, and sleepiness in a group of U.S. teenagers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire containing an Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) modified for use in teens and questions about qualitative and quantitative use of the mobile phone was completed by students attending Mountain View High School in Mountain View, California (n = 211).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate regression analysis indicated that ESS score was significantly associated with being female, feeling a need to be accessible by mobile phone all of the time, and a past attempt to reduce mobile phone use. The number of daily texts or phone calls was not directly associated with ESS. Those individuals who felt they needed to be accessible and those who had attempted to reduce mobile phone use were also ones who stayed up later to use the mobile phone and were awakened more often at night by the mobile phone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between daytime sleepiness and mobile phone use was not directly related to the volume of texting but may be related to the temporal pattern of mobile phone use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 3801 Miranda Avenue (151Y), Stanford CA 94305, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. jzeitzer@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Nila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeitzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2011 Jan 31;11:66
references.pmid: 21281471
references.citation: Sleep Med. 2007 Sep;8(6):602-12
references.pmid: 17383934
references.citation: J Adolesc. 2007 Aug;30(4):569-85
references.pmid: 16979753
references.citation: Sleep. 1991 Dec;14(6):540-5
references.pmid: 1798888
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):768-75
references.pmid: 15342852
references.citation: Sleep. 2011 Aug 01;34(8):1013-20
references.pmid: 21804663
references.citation: Environ Health. 2008 May 21;7:18
references.pmid: 18495003
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2006 May 02;6:116
references.pmid: 16670019
references.citation: Sleep. 2007 Sep;30(9):1220-3
references.pmid: 17910394