title: Quick adaptation of Ralstonia Solanacearum to copper stress to recover culturability and growth in water and soil.
abstract: Cells of Ralstonia solanacearum were exposed to Cu in distilled water, and the resulting Cu-stressed non-culturable cells were inoculated to natural (non-pasteurized) and pasteurized soils in order to examine their culturability and recovery. Exposing the cells to 20 μM CuSO4 produced transitory non-culturable cells, which exhibited a remarkable recovery in culturability after incubation in the solution for 36 h, reaching a density near the initial level by 108 h. To determine whether such non-culturable cells actually "resuscitated" or multiplied after adapting to Cu toxicity, growth curves were constructed in order to contrast the rates of increase in culturable cell numbers between Cu-stressed or non-stressed inocula. Additionally, fresh non-stressed cells were exposed to CuSO4 in the presence of nalidixic acid by adding the antibiotic at different times after the onset of Cu stress to verify any cell multiplication during the population increase. The results revealed that the non-culturable cells surviving Cu toxicity adapted very quickly to Cu and began multiplying within 12 h, because only the Cu-stressed cells that were increasing in the exponential growth phase, but not those in the stationary phase, were killed by the antibiotic. Such cells exhibited an apparent tolerance to this metal when inoculated to a freshly prepared solution of CuSO4, and also detoxified the ion in the solution in which they grew. The presence of nutrients greatly counteracted the effect of Cu in water microcosms, since culturable cells were detected and increased in number even when exposed to 40 μM CuSO4. In contrast, when inoculated to non-pasteurized soil, Cu-stressed cells showed no such recoveries. However, when the soil was pasteurized before inoculation or added with nutrients, culturable cells were recovered and increased in number. This indicates that increased nutrient availability in soil allows Cu-stressed cells to quickly overcome the stress and increase in culturable populations.
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan.
authors.forename: Sergio Daniel Moreira
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ascarrunz
authors.forename: Tomohide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Natsuaki
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fukui
keywords: Ralstonia solanacearum; adaptation to copper; detection; non-culturable cells; survival
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