title: Chitosan nanoencapsulated exogenous trypsin biomimics zymogen-like enzyme in fish gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: Exogenous proteolytic enzyme supplementation is required in certain disease conditions in humans and animals and due to compelling reasons on use of more plant protein ingredients and profitability in animal feed industry. However, limitations on their utility in diet are imposed by their pH specificity, thermolabile nature, inhibition due to a variety of factors and the possibility of intestinal damage. For enhancing the efficacy and safety of exogenous trypsin, an efficient chitosan (0.04%) nanoencapsulation-based controlled delivery system was developed. An experiment was conducted for 45 days to evaluate nanoencapsulated trypsin (0.01% and 0.02%) along with 0.02% bare trypsin and 0.4% chitosan nanoparticles against a control diet on productive efficiency (growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio), organo-somatic indices, nutrient digestibility, tissue enzyme activities, hematic parameters and intestinal histology of the fish Labeo rohita. All the synthesized nanoparticles were of desired characteristics. Enhanced fish productive efficiency using nanoencapsulated trypsin over its bare form was noticed, which corresponded with enhanced (P<0.01) nutrient digestibility, activity of intestinal protease, liver and muscle tissue transaminases (alanine and aspartate) and dehydrogenases (lactate and malate), serum blood urea nitrogen and serum protein profile. Intestinal tissues of fish fed with 0.02% bare trypsin showed broadened, marked foamy cells with lipid vacuoles. However, villi were healthier in appearance with improved morphological features in fish fed with nanoencapsulated trypsin than with bare trypsin, and the villi were longer in fish fed with 0.01% nanoencapsulated trypsin than with 0.02% nanoencapsulated trypsin. The result of this premier experiment shows that nanoencapsulated trypsin mimics zymogen-like proteolytic activity via controlled release, and hence the use of 0.01% nanoencapsulated trypsin (in chitosan nanoparticles) over bare trypsin can be favored as a dietary supplement in animals and humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Subodh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Arvind R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferosekhan
authors.forename: Dushyant C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: Asim Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.forename: Sanjay Balkrishna
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jadhao
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000737:chemistry*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000201:enzymology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D014357:Trypsin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D048271:Chitosan; D014357:Trypsin; D009584:Nitrogen
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