title: Reuse of hazardous calcium fluoride sludge from the integrated circuit industry.
abstract: The Chinese integrated circuit industry has been transformed from a small state-owned sector into a global competitor, but chip manufacturing produces large amounts of calcium fluoride sludges (CFS). In China, landfill is a current option for treating CFS. In order to solve the problem of unavailable landfill sites and prevent fluorine from dissolved CFS polluting water sources, CFS was tested as a component for a ceramic product made with sodium borate, sodium phosphate and waste alumina using a low-temperature sintering technology, and the effects of various factors on characteristics of the ceramic were investigated to optimize the process. The best sintering temperature was controlled at 700°C, and the optimal raw material ratio of the ceramic was 11% sodium borate, 54% sodium phosphate, 30% CFS and 5% waste alumina. The CFS ceramic was characterized by a morphological structure and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that CFS was transformed into Na2Ca(PO4)F as an inert and a main crystalline phase in the ceramic, which was enclosed by the borophosphate glass. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, corrosion resistance and compressive strength tests verified CFS ceramic as a qualified construction ceramic material, and the fluorine from CFS was solidified in the inert crystalline phase, which would not be released to cause secondary pollution. This novel technology not only avoids the CFS hydrolyzing reaction forming harmful hydrofluoric acid gas at 800°C and above, but also produces high-performance ceramics as a construction material, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development.
authors.affiliation: 1College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Zhenbang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: YiLi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Guangren
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D003343:Corrosion; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D044367:Phase Transition; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012722:Sewage; D002124:Calcium Fluoride
keywords: CaF                  2                sludge; borophosphate; ceramics; sintering; solidification