title: Peritoneal dialysis access: open versus laparoscopic surgical techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To outline pros and cons with the open and laparoscopic techniques when placing peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists regarding which technique, the open and laparoscopic, if any, is superior to the other. In addition, there is the question of which approach is best in rescuing malfunctioning PD catheters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rather than promoting one doctrine fits all, philosophically, doing the right thing for the patient by specific criteria is ethically the better model. These specific selection criteria include patient characteristics, the team's skills and knowledge and institutional resources and commitment. Also, the sophistication of a PD unit for training and monitoring of patients is crucial for successful outcomes. Open paramedian and two laparoscopic approaches are described in detail, outlining advantages and disadvantages of each, with suggestions when one method is preferred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, the laparoscopic technique is associated with longer operative times, higher costs and the need to utilize general anesthesia. It is, however, the preferred method when rescuing malfunctioning catheters and may increase the PD patient population in patients with previous abdominal surgeries. The dialysis access surgeon should be familiar with both open and laparoscopic techniques and appropriately choose the ideal method based upon the individual patient and institutional resources.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas - USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santarelli
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ceraudo
authors.forename: Meri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedone
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slakey
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallieni
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D018579:Patient Selection; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects