title: The immunological effects of oil sands surface waters and naphthenic acids on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: There is concern surrounding the immunotoxic potential of naphthenic acids (NAs), a major organic constituent in waters influenced by oil sands contamination. To assess the immunological response to NAs, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) waterborne exposures were conducted with oil sands-influenced waters, NAs extracted and purified from oil sands tailings waters, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as a positive control. After a 7d exposure, blood, spleen, head kidney, and gill samples were removed from a subset of fish in order to evaluate the distribution of thrombocytes, B-lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and T-lymphocytes using fluorescent antibodies specific for those cell types coupled with flow cytometry. The remaining trout in each experimental tank were injected with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida and held in laboratory water for 21 d and subjected to similar lymphatic cell evaluation in addition to evaluation of antibody production. Fluorescent metabolites in bile as well as liver CYP1A induction were also determined after the 7 and 21 d exposure. Oil sands waters and extracted NAs exposures resulted in an increase in bile fluorescence at phenanthrene wavelengths, though liver CYP1A was not induced in those treatments as it was with the BaP positive control. Trout in the oil sands-influenced water exposure showed a decrease in B- and T-lymphocytes in blood as well as B-lymphocytes and myeloid cells in spleen and an increase in B-lymphocytes in head kidney. The extracted NAs exposure showed a decrease in thrombocytes in spleen at 8 mg/L and an increase in T-lymphocytes at 1mg/L in head kidney after 7d. There was a significant decrease in antibody production against A. salmonicida in both oil sands-influenced water exposures. Because oil sands-influenced waters affected multiple immune parameters, while extracted NAs impacts were limited, the NAs tested here are likely not the cause of immunotoxicity found in the oil sands-influenced water.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada. Electronic address: liane.leclair@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liane A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leclair
authors.forename: Gillian Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Phalen
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Köllner
authors.forename: Natacha S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
mesh_terms: D048409:Aeromonas salmonicida; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000633:toxicity; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000276:immunology*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C046170:naphthenic acid
keywords: Fish; Immunotoxicity; Naphthenic acids; Oil sands; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons