title: Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is associated with anxiety disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent research demonstrated that bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is associated with many coexisting physical and psychiatric conditions. In this study, we explored the potential association between anxiety disorder (AD) and BPS/IC using a case-controlled population-based approach in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on the sampled subjects analyzed in this study were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Our study included 396 female cases with BPS/IC and 1,980 randomly selected female controls. We excluded subjects who had a history of major psychosis (except AD) or a substance-related disorder. A conditional logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the association between a previous diagnosis of AD and IC/BPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,376 sampled subjects, 136 (5.72%) had received an AD diagnosis. AD was found in 64 (16.16%) cases and in 72 (3.64%) controls (P < 0.001). The conditional logistic regression analysis (conditioned on age group and the index year) suggested that compared to controls, the OR for prior AD among cases was 4.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.32-9.08, P < 0.001). After adjusting for chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, migraines, sicca syndrome, allergies, asthma, and an overactive bladder, the OR for prior AD among cases was 4.37 (95% CI = 2.16-8.85, P < 0.001) compared to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was an association between AD and BPS/IC, even after taking demographic characteristics, medical co-morbidities, and substance-related disorders into consideration. Results of this study should alert clinicians to evaluate and monitor the presence of BPS/IC in patients with AD.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Hsuan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Shih-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Herng-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis; interstitial cystitis; rheumatoid arthritis