title: Haemophilus parainfluenzae expresses diverse lipopolysaccharide O-antigens using ABC transporter and Wzy polymerase-dependent mechanisms.
abstract: Lipopolysaccharide O-antigens are the basis of serotyping schemes for Gram negative bacteria and help to determine the nature of host-bacterial interactions. Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal commensal of humans but is also an occasional pathogen. The prevalence, diversity and biosynthesis of O-antigens were investigated in this species for the first time. 18/18 commensal H. parainfluenzae isolates contain a O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster flanked by glnA and pepB, the same position as the hmg locus for tetrasaccharide biosynthesis in Haemophilus influenzae. The O-antigen loci show diverse restriction digest patterns but fall into two main groups: (1) those encoding enzymes for the synthesis and transfer of FucNAc4N in addition to the Wzy-dependent mechanism of O-antigen synthesis and transport and (2) those encoding galactofuranose synthesis/transfer enzymes and an ABC transporter. The other glycosyltransferase genes differ between isolates. Three H. parainfluenzae isolates fell outside these groups and are predicted to synthesise O-antigens containing ribitol phosphate or deoxytalose. Isolates using the ABC transporter system encode a putative O-antigen ligase, required for the synthesis of O-antigen-containing LPS glycoforms, at a separate genomic location. The presence of an O-antigen contributes significantly to H. parainfluenzae resistance to the killing effect of human serum in vitro. The discovery of O-antigens in H. parainfluenzae is striking, as its close relative H. influenzae lacks this cell surface component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom(1). Electronic address: r.young@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rosanna E B
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Twelkmeyer
authors.forename: Varvara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitiazeva
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: Elke K H
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Schweda
authors.forename: Derek W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D044135:Haemophilus parainfluenzae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D019081:O Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019081:O Antigens; D016695:Glycosyltransferases
keywords: Cell surface; Host–bacterial interaction; Lipopolysaccharide; O-antigen; Pasteurellaceae
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