title: Characterizing cardiopulmonary arrest during interventional radiology procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Careful case selection and preparation can prevent most cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in the interventional radiology (IR) suite. A series of CPAs was analyzed to provide insight into risk factors for these events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-institution CPA database was used to identify all code team activations from January 1, 2005, to May 30, 2011, in the IR department. Medical records were searched for medical history, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, moderate sedation, and outcomes. Procedural data and procedure classification was acquired from the HI-IQ database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 36,489 procedures and 23 CPAs during the study period. Of the 23 patients with CPAs, 12 (52%) were male and 11 (48%) female, and average age was 57 years ± 19 (standard deviation). Risk factors included a 56% incidence of diabetes mellitus, 48% incidence of hypertension, and 78% incidence of renal failure. Of the patients with kidney disease, 56% were chronically dialysis-dependent, and an additional 9% were undergoing central venous catheter placement for new hemodialysis. Seventy-eight percent had ASA status of III or greater, and 57% underwent moderate sedation during the procedure. Relative risk of a CPA during dialysis shunt interventions versus arterial interventions was 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-11.3; P = .045). Eight of 23 (35%) died: one (12%) during resuscitation and seven (88%) after resuscitation (P = .070).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common comorbidity of patients with CPA in IR was kidney disease, and the most patients who had CPA underwent dialysis access-related procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Box 800170, Lee St., Room 2231, Charlottesville, VA 22908. Electronic address: grr2q@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: George Richard
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rueb
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gilliland
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Patrie
authors.forename: Wael E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Saher S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sabri
authors.forename: Auh W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Angle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D015897:Comorbidity; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ACS-NSQIP; ASA; American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program; American Society of Anesthesiologists; CAD; CKD; CPA; DM; ESRD; IR; NRCR; National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; cardiopulmonary arrest; chronic kidney disease; coronary artery disease; diabetes mellitus; end-stage renal disease; interventional radiology