title: Development and usability testing of FOCUS: a smartphone system for self-management of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mobile Health (mHealth) approaches can support the rehabilitation of individuals with psychiatric conditions. In the current article, we describe the development of a smartphone illness self-management system for people with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted with consumers and practitioners at a community-based rehabilitation agency. Stage 1: 904 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed a survey reporting on their current use of mobile devices and interest in mHealth services. Eight practitioners completed a survey examining their attitudes and expectations from an mHealth intervention, and identified needs and potential obstacles. Stage 2: A multidisciplinary team incorporated consumer and practitioner input and employed design principles for the development of e-resources for people with schizophrenia to produce an mHealth intervention. Stage 3: 12 consumers participated in laboratory usability sessions. They performed tasks involved in operating the new system, and provided "think aloud" commentary and post-session usability ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  570 (63%) of survey respondents reported owning a mobile device and many expressed interest in receiving mHealth services. Most practitioners believed that consumers could learn to use and would benefit from an mHealth intervention. In response, we developed a smartphone system that targets medication adherence, mood regulation, sleep, social functioning, and coping with symptoms. Usability testing revealed several design vulnerabilities, and the system was adapted to address consumer needs and preferences accordingly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through a comprehensive development process, we produced an mHealth illness self-management intervention that is likely to be used successfully, and is ready for deployment and systemic evaluation in real-world conditions.
authors.affiliation: Dartmouth College.
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ben-Zeev
authors.affiliation: Thresholds-Dartmouth Research Center.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Thresholds-Dartmouth Research Center.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Northwestern University.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Begale
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Northwestern University.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duffecy
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies, Northwestern University.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D040421:Cell Phone; D003256:Community Participation; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063731:Mobile Applications; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface
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