title: Impaired sustained attention in adult patients with type 1 diabetes is related to diabetes per se.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 1 diabetes have altered sleep characteristics and are thought to have deficits in sustained attention. We compared the sustained attention to response task (SART) of patients with type 1 diabetes to that of healthy controls, and related results with sleep characteristics and disease-related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  SART was applied in 122 patients and 109 controls. Glucoregulation was assessed by HbA1c values and a questionnaire assessing glycaemic history. Clinical parameters were obtained from medical charts. Polyneuropathy was assessed by neurological examination and quantitative sensory testing. Sleep characteristics were assessed with sleep questionnaires. Anxiety and depression scores were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SART reaction time (RT) was significantly longer than in controls (327 ± 5 vs. 285 ± 3 ms, p < 0.001), although there were no significant differences in error scores. Repeated measurement analyses showed that diabetes per se was associated with prolonged RT (p < 0.001) and more commission errors (p = 0.010). None of the sleep-related and diabetes-related factors were significantly associated with these SART parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with type 1 diabetes had impaired sustained attention, which was associated with diabetes per se but not with disturbed sleep characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (MvD, ED, EPMC, JAR), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donga
authors.forename: Mojca K M
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: van Schie
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.forename: Eleonora P M
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Corssmit
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romijn
authors.forename: J Gert
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D001288:Attention; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: cognitive testing; sleep characteristics; sustained attention; type 1 diabetes mellitus; vigilance