title: Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral co-infections among HIV-1 infected individuals in Nairobi, Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections among HIV-1 infected individuals are growing worldwide health problems characterized by lack of effective vaccines, need for expensive treatment, chronicity of morbidity and associated mortality. Their prevalence and distribution patterns continue to vary across geographical locations with high prevalence being detected among high risk populations. To determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV among HIV-1 infected individuals, blood samples were collected from consenting study subjects visiting comprehensive HIV clinics in Nairobi during the period between October and December 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from volunteers were screened with ELISA tests for detecting HIV, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total of three (300) hundred infected individuals consisting of 129 (43%) males and 171 (57%) females 15.3% (46/300) were HIV-1 co-infected with either HBV or HCV or both, 10.3% (31/300) with HIV-1 and HCV and 6% (18/300) with HIV-1 and HBV infections. However, only three individuals (1%) were coinfected with the three viruses (HIV/HBV/HCV).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though, low levels of co-infection with all three viruses were reported, there could be higher prevalence rates than reported here especially among high risk populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. akibera2000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Beatrice Mukami
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Muriuki
authors.forename: Michael Muita
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gicheru
authors.forename: Dorcas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wachira
authors.forename: Anthony Kebira
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nyamache
authors.forename: Samoel Ashimosi
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khamadi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies
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