title: A Design Full of Holes: Functional Nanofilm-Coated Microdomains in Alginate Hydrogels.
abstract: This study demonstrates the successful manufacture and functional characterization of alginate hydrogels containing a variety of encapsulates within polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated micropores. These microporous alginate (MPA) hydrogels are preparedviaone-step internal ionotropic gelation of the alginate using polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated CaCO3microspheres along with the weak acid glucono-δ-lactone. Here, successful encapsulation of a model macromolecule and fluorescent nanoparticles within microcapsules-distributed throughout the larger alginate hydrogel-is confirmed with confocal microscopy, while the porous morphology of the MPA hydrogels is examined with scanning electron microscopy. Hydrogels constructed with uncoated CaCO3microspheres release their contents into the surrounding environment, while those constructed with polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated CaCO3microspheres retain the materials within the pores. MPA hydrogels containing the model enzyme glucose oxidase retained activity and are capable of reacting with small molecules from the external environment. The ability to encapsulate an assortment of functional materials within a moldable, biocompatible alginate matrix gives this approach great flexibility and potential in a wide variety of biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, United States.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Dustin W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McShane
references.citation: J Microencapsul. 1992 Jul-Sep;9(3):309-16
references.pmid: 1403481
references.citation: J Pharm Sci. 1993 Sep;82(9):912-7
references.pmid: 8229689
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2001 Mar;22(6):511-21
references.pmid: 11219714
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2003 Jan;24(2):305-12
references.pmid: 12419632
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2001 Nov 1;73(21):5310-5
references.pmid: 11721934
references.citation: Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2004 Nov 29;111(1-2):49-61
references.pmid: 15571662
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1996 May 20;50(4):374-81
references.pmid: 18626986
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2004 Sep-Oct;5(5):1962-72
references.pmid: 15360312
references.citation: J Control Release. 2009 Feb 20;134(1):26-34
references.pmid: 19027807
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010 May;93(2):333-40
references.pmid: 20225212
references.citation: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Jun 21;13(23):11110-7
references.pmid: 21566821
references.citation: Biosens Bioelectron. 2005 Jul 15;21(1):212-6
references.pmid: 15967372
references.citation: Soft Matter. 2007 Dec 11;4(1):122-130
references.pmid: 32907092
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1998 Feb 15;70(4):811-7
references.pmid: 9491756
references.citation: Langmuir. 2004 Dec 21;20(26):11545-51
references.pmid: 15595782
references.citation: J Control Release. 1999 Mar 8;58(1):21-8
references.pmid: 10021486
references.citation: Acta Chem Scand. 1967;21(1):98-110
references.pmid: 6031334
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1984 Jan;26(1):53-8
references.pmid: 18551586
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22079
references.pmid: 21814567
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2008 Aug;8(8):2432-6
references.pmid: 18611056
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1992 Jan 20;39(2):186-94
references.pmid: 18600930
references.citation: Langmuir. 2004 Apr 13;20(8):3398-406
references.pmid: 15875874
references.citation: Biotechnol Prog. 2005 May-Jun;21(3):918-25
references.pmid: 15932274
references.citation: Biotechnol Lett. 2006 Nov;28(21):1701-12
references.pmid: 16912921
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2008 May 1;355(1-2):259-68
references.pmid: 18272307
references.citation: Materials (Basel). 2013 Mar 26;6(4):1285-1309
references.pmid: 28809210
references.citation: Macromol Biosci. 2006 Aug 7;6(8):623-33
references.pmid: 16881042
references.citation: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010 Apr;2(4):991-7
references.pmid: 20384292
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1989 Jan 5;33(1):79-89
references.pmid: 18587846
references.citation: Biomacromolecules. 2005 Mar-Apr;6(2):927-31
references.pmid: 15762661
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011 Jul;98(1):40-52
references.pmid: 21523903
references.citation: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998 May 4;31(3):267-285
references.pmid: 10837629
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2007 Feb 15;79(4):1339-48
references.pmid: 17297932
references.citation: Acta Biomater. 2009 May;5(4):969-82
references.pmid: 19117820
references.citation: Biomaterials. 1997 May;18(10):707-13
references.pmid: 9158852
references.citation: J Phys Chem B. 2005 Jul 14;109(27):13159-65
references.pmid: 16852639
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2006 Feb 3;308(1-2):160-7
references.pmid: 16359836
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2008 Mar 1;80(5):1408-17
references.pmid: 18237153