title: 6-Shogaol inhibits chondrocytes' innate immune responses and cathepsin-K activity.
abstract: METHODS
  Ginger has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat osteoarthritis. Indeed, scientific research has reported that ginger derivatives (GDs) have the potential to control innate immune responses. Given the widespread use and demonstrated properties of GDs, we set out to study their anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic properties in chondrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  6-shogaol (6-S), the most active GD, was obtained from ginger. 6-S was not toxic as measured by MTT assay, and inhibited NO production and IL-6 and MCP-1 induced gene expression in LPSbut not in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. 6-S also inhibited LPS-mediated ERK1/2 activation as well as NOS2 and MyD88 induced expression as determined by Western blot. Moreover, zymography revealed that 6-S inhibited matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2/9 induction in LPS-treated cells. Hydrated 6-S was modified to obtain a compound (SSi6) without 6-S potential anti-inflammatory properties. Both 6-S and SSi6 inhibited cathepsin-K activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  6-S blocked TLR4-mediated innate immune responses and MMP induction in chondrocytes. These results, together with GDs-mediated cathepsin-K inhibition, suggest the potential for GDs use against cartilage and bone degradation. Therefore, considering that clinical trials involving oral administration of ginger achieved relevant nontoxic GDs serum concentrations, we suggest that a ginger-supplemented diet might reduce OA symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Osteoarticular Pathology Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda Reyes Católicos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villalvilla
authors.forename: Jame's A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Largo
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gualillo
authors.forename: Paulo Cezar
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herrero-Beaumont
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056657:Cathepsin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D002396:Catechols; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D010936:Plant Extracts; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C040115:shogaol; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D056657:Cathepsin K; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Chondrocytes; Ginger; Inflammation; Osteoarthritis; TLRs