title: Anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides from the fruits of four Tibetan plateau indigenous medicinal plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L., Lycium barbarum L., Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. are traditional medicinal food of Tibetans and used to alleviate fatigue caused by oxygen deficiency for thousands of years. The present study focused on exploiting natural polysaccharides with remarkable anti-fatigue activity from the four Qinghai-Tibet plateau characteristic berries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides, Lycium barbarum, Lycium ruthenicum and Nitraria tangutorum were collected from Haixi national municipality of Mongol and Tibetan (N 36.32°, E98.11°; altitude: 3100 m), Qinghai, China. Their polysaccharides (HRWP, LBWP, LRWP and NTWP) were isolated by hot-water extraction, and purified by DEAE-Cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. The total carbohydrate, uronic acid, protein and starch contents of polysaccharides were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The molecular weight distributions of polysaccharides were determined by gel filtration chromatography. Their monosaccharide composition analysis was performed by the method of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) pre-column derivatization and RP-HPLC analysis. HRWP, LBWP, LRWP and NTWP (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were orally administrated to mice once daily for 15 days, respectively. Anti-fatigue activity was assessed using the forced swim test (FST), and serum biochemical parameters were determined by an autoanalyzer and commercially available kits; the body and organs were also weighted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LBWP, LRWP and NTWP were mainly composed of glucans and some RG-I pectins, and HRWP was mainly composed of HG-type pectin and some glucans. All the four polysaccharides decreased immobility in the FST, and the effects of LBWP and NTWP were demonstrated in lower doses compared with HRWP and LRWP. There was no significant difference in liver and heart indices between non-treated and polysaccharide-treated mice, but the spleen indices were increased in LBWP and NTWP (200mg/kg) group. Moreover, the FST-induced reduction in glucose (Glc), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increase in creatine phosphokinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, all indicators of fatigue, were inhibited by HRWP, LBWP, LRWP and NTWP to a certain extent while the effects of LBWP and NTWP were much better than that of HRWP and LRWP at the same dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water-soluble polysaccharides HRWP, LBWP, LRWP and NTWP, from the fruits of four Tibetan plateau indigenous berry plants, significantly exhibited anti-fatigue activities for the first time, through triglyceride (TG) (or fat) mobilization during exercise and protecting corpuscular membrane by prevention of lipid oxidation via modifying several enzyme activities. Moreover, it is demonstrated that LBWP and NTWP are more potent than HRWP and LRWP, which were proposed to be applied in functional foods for anti-fatigue and antioxidant potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Hailiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Cen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005638:Fruit; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013550:Swimming; D018609:Tibet; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Anti-fatigue; Anti-oxidant; Forced swimming test; Polysaccharide; Tibetan Plateau characteristic berry