title: Resection probability maps for quality assessment of glioma surgery without brain location bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative brain stimulation mapping reduces permanent postoperative deficits and extends tumor removal in resective surgery for glioma patients. Successful functional mapping is assumed to depend on the surgical team's expertise. In this study, glioma resection results are quantified and compared using a novel approach, so-called resection probability maps (RPM), exemplified by a surgical team comparison, here with long and short experience in mapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with glioma were included by two centers with two and fifteen years of mapping experience. Resective surgery was targeted at non-enhanced MRI extension and was limited by functional boundaries. Neurological outcome was compared. To compare resection results, we applied RPMs to quantify and compare the resection probability throughout the brain at 1 mm resolution. Considerations for spatial dependence and multiple comparisons were taken into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The senior surgical team contributed 56, and the junior team 52 patients. The patient cohorts were comparable in age, preoperative tumor volume, lateralization, and lobe localization. Neurological outcome was similar between teams. The resection probability on the RPMs was very similar, with none (0%) of 703,967 voxels in left-sided tumors being differentially resected, and 124 (0.02%) of 644,153 voxels in right-sided tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RPMs provide a quantitative volumetric method to compare resection results, which we present as standard for quality assessment of resective glioma surgery because brain location bias is avoided. Stimulation mapping is a robust surgical technique, because the neurological outcome and functional-based resection results using stimulation mapping are independent of surgical experience, supporting wider implementation.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: De Witt Hamer
authors.forename: Eef J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mandonnet
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Aeilko H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duffau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D055815:Young Adult
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