title: Silver nanoparticles incite size- and dose-dependent developmental phenotypes and nanotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
abstract: Nanomaterials possess distinctive physicochemical properties and promise a wide range of applications, from advanced technology to leading-edge medicine. However, their effects on living organisms remain largely unknown. Here we report that the purified silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) (97 ± 13 nm) incite specific developmental stage embryonic phenotypes and nanotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, upon acute exposure of given stage embryos to the NPs (0-24 pM) for only 2 h. The critical concentrations of the NPs that cause 50% of embryos to develop normally for cleavage, early gastrula, early segmentation, late segmentation, and hatching stage zebrafish embryos are 3.5, 4, 6, 6, and 8 pM, respectively, showing that the earlier developmental stage embryos are much more sensitive to the effects of the NPs than the later stage embryos. Interestingly, distinctive phenotypes (head abnormality and no eyes) are observed only in cleavage and early gastrula stage embryos treated with the NPs, showing the stage-specific effects of the NPs. By comparing these Ag NPs with smaller Ag NPs (13.1 ± 2.5 nm), we found that the embryonic phenotypes strikingly depend upon the sizes of Ag NPs and embryonic developmental stages. These notable findings suggest that the Ag NPs are unlike any conventional chemicals or ions. They can potentially enable target-specific study and therapy for early embryonic development in size-, stage-, dose-, and exposure duration-dependent manners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University , Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Kerry J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Prakash D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nallathamby
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong Nancy
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D010641:Phenotype; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D012834:Silver
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2011 Mar;40(3):1647-71
references.pmid: 21082078
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2012 Apr 28;4(9):2797-812
references.pmid: 22331098
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2008 Jul;2(7):1371-80
references.pmid: 19206304
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2010 Sep;2(9):1715-22
references.pmid: 20820702
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2011 Mar 22;5(3):1805-17
references.pmid: 21323332
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2013 Dec 7;5(23):11625-36
references.pmid: 24056877
references.citation: Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):517-20
references.pmid: 8036493
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 20;49(28):5942-53
references.pmid: 20540528
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Dec 17;130(50):17095-105
references.pmid: 19053435
references.citation: Biosci Rep. 2005 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):289-97
references.pmid: 16307377
references.citation: Small. 2009 Aug 17;5(16):1897-910
references.pmid: 19437466
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2011 Sep 1;3(9):3567-72
references.pmid: 21633732
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Aug;397(8):3317-28
references.pmid: 20544182
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2007 Dec;18(6):565-71
references.pmid: 18160274
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):904-17
references.pmid: 23621491
references.citation: Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2011 Jun;93(2):115-33
references.pmid: 21671352
references.citation: Genome Res. 2000 Dec;10(12):1903-14
references.pmid: 11116086
references.citation: Analyst. 2012 Jul 7;137(13):2973-86
references.pmid: 22563577
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2007 Jun;5(6):e150
references.pmid: 17535112
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2012 Jan 21;4(2):380-5
references.pmid: 22117236
references.citation: J Mater Chem. 2010 Jan 1;20(44):9867-9876
references.pmid: 22707855
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2009 Oct;1(1):138-52
references.pmid: 20644873
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 May;8(5):353-67
references.pmid: 17440532
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2005 Jul;86(1):6-19
references.pmid: 15703261
references.citation: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2013;15:253-82
references.pmid: 23642243
references.citation: Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):904-5
references.pmid: 8178149
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 May 21;25(5):1029-46
references.pmid: 22486336
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2004 Aug 17;43(32):10400-13
references.pmid: 15301539
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Aug;21(8):879-83
references.pmid: 12894204
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 1995 Jul;203(3):253-310
references.pmid: 8589427
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2007 May;97(1):163-80
references.pmid: 17301066
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2007 Sep;1(2):133-43
references.pmid: 19122772
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2007 Oct 15;79(20):7708-18
references.pmid: 17867652
references.citation: Development. 1994 Jul;120(7):1791-8
references.pmid: 7924986
references.citation: Bioessays. 2003 Sep;25(9):904-12
references.pmid: 12938180
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2005 Aug;1(2):260-76
references.pmid: 16132083
references.citation: Genome Res. 2005 Sep;15(9):1307-14
references.pmid: 16109975
references.citation: Interface Focus. 2013 Jun 6;3(3):20120098
references.pmid: 24427540
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;52:433-53
references.pmid: 22017682
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):498-503
references.pmid: 23594743