title: Floral polymorphism in Chamaecrista flexuosa (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae): a possible case of atypical enantiostyly?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reciprocal herkogamy, including enantiostyly and heterostyly, involves reciprocity in the relative positions of the sexual elements within the flower. Such systems result in morphologically and, since pollen is deposited on and captured from different parts of the pollinator, functionally distinct floral forms. Deviations from the basic pattern may modify the functionality of these mechanisms. For heterostylous species, such deviations are generally related to environmental disturbances, pollination services and/or reduced numbers of one floral morph. Deviations for enantiostylous species have not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate enantiostyly in Chamaecrista flexuosa, in particular the presence of deviations from the standard form, in an area of coastal vegetation in north-east Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observations and investigations of floral biology, the reproductive system, pollinator behaviour, floral morphology and morphometry were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In C. flexuosa flowers, anthers of different size but similar function are grouped. The flowers were self-compatible and set fruits after every treatment, except in the spontaneous self-pollination experiment, thereby indicating their dependence on pollen vectors. The flowers were pollinated by bees, especially Xylocopa cearensis and X. grisencens. Pollen is deposited and captured from the ventral portion of the pollinator's body. Variations in the spatial arrangement of floral elements allowed for the identification of floral morphs based on both morphological and functional criteria. Using morphological criteria, morphologically right (MR) and morphologically left (ML) floral morphs were identified. Three floral morphs were identified using functional criteria: functionally right (FR), functionally central (FC) and functionally left (FL). Combinations of morphologically and functionally defined morphs did not occur in equal proportions. There was a reduced frequency of the MR-FR combination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate the occurrence of an atypical enantiostyly in C. flexuosa. This seems to improve reproductive success by increasing the efficiency of pollen deposition and capture.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica.
authors.forename: Natan Messias
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Cibele Cardoso
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Ana Virgínia
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Reinaldo Rodrigo
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Isabel Cristina
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001938:Brazil; D001947:Breeding; D031288:Chamaecrista / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction
keywords: Breeding system; Caesalpinioideae; Chamaecrista flexuosa; Fabaceae; enantiostyly; floral polymorphism; pollen flow; reciprocal herkogamy
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