title: Sociodemographic predictors of multiple non-communicable disease risk factors among older adults in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours are important risk factors of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to explore the sociodemographic predictors of multiple non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors experienced by elderly South Africans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a national population-based cross-sectional survey with a sample of 3,840 individuals aged 50 years or above in South Africa in 2008. The outcome variable was the co-existence of multiple NCD risk factors (tobacco use, alcohol, physical inactivity, fruit and vegetable intake, overweight or obesity, and hypertension) in each individual. The exposure variables were sociodemographic characteristics, namely, age, gender, education, wealth status, population group, marital status, and residence. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the association between sociodemographic variables and multiple NCD risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of NCD risk factors among all participants was three (95% confidence interval: 2.81-3.10). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that being female, being in the age group of 60-69 years, and being from the Coloured and Black African race were associated with a higher number of NCD risk factors. Marital status, educational level, wealth, and residence were not significantly associated with the number of NCD risk factors experienced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-existence of multiple lifestyle NCD risk factors among the elderly is a public health concern. Comprehensive health-promotion interventions addressing the co-existence of multiple NCD risk factors tailored for specific sociodemographic groups are needed.
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS/STI/and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; nphaswanamafuya@hsrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Phaswana-Mafuya
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peltzer
authors.forename: Witness
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chirinda
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Musekiwa
authors.forename: Zamakayise
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kose
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004194:Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: South Africa; ageing; risk factors; self-reported
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