title: Image-guided radiotherapy with implanted markers and kilovoltage imaging and 6-dimensional position corrections for intrafractional motion of the prostate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess intrafractional prostate and patient movement using intra-prostatic fiducials and stereoscopic kilovoltage (kV) X-ray imaging in a 6-dimensional (6D) position correction protocol. To evaluate potential gains of intra-treatment repositioning with respect to treatment margins.
  
  
  METHODS
  In intensity-modulated radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients were positioned according to internal fiducials in six dimensions by the use of ExacTrac/Novalis Body™ (ET/NB) System and a robotic couch. Intrafractional displacement of both, prostate and patient were analyzed in 427 treatment fractions of 13 patients. Systematic and random components were specified and used for intra-treatment margin calculation. The potential reduction of treatment margins, and intrafractional repositioning by use of the ET Snap Verification presumed, was simulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean treatment duration was 14.2±2.6 min. Standard deviations (SDs) of the effective intrafractional target displacement in superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) axes were 2.4 mm and 2.1 mm, respectively. Systematic errors for patient were 1.8 and 1.7 mm, and for prostate movement were 2.1 and 2.0 mm in SI and AP, respectively. The SDs of intrafractional rotation errors of the prostate around SI and left right (LR) were on average 2.2 and 3.6 degrees, respectively. Margins covering intrafractional motion were 4.5 and 4.3 mm in SI and AP without intrafractional correction and were estimated to 2.9 mm and 2.8 mm in SI and AP, respectively for simulated intra-treatment intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After positioning according to fiducials, intrafractional motion is significant for treatment margins. Despite correcting rotational deviations by couch angulation, the systematic error for the component of prostate motion was somewhat larger than that of patient displacement. Intrafractional correction could be useful in reducing treatment margins.
authors.affiliation: Department for Radiation Oncology, Charité School of Medicine and University Hospital Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany, Harun.Badakhshi@charite.de.
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Badakhshi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wust
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Budach
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Graf
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Prostate cancer; image-guided intervention; infrafractional motion