title: Phenotypic variation among Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from the Sacramento Valley, California: horizontal and vertical transmission of West Nile virus, diapause potential, autogeny, and host selection.
abstract: The vector competence and bionomics of Culex pipiens form pipiens L. and Cx. pipiens f. molestus Forskäl were evaluated for populations from the Sacramento Valley. Both f. pipiens and f. molestus females became infected, produced disseminated infections, and were able to transmit West Nile virus. Form molestus females also transmitted West Nile virus vertically to egg rafts and F1 progeny, whereas f. pipiens females only transmitted to egg rafts. Culex pipiens complex from urban Sacramento blood-fed on seven different avian species and two mammalian species. Structure analysis of blood-fed mosquitoes identified K = 4 genetic clusters: f. molestus, f. pipiens, a group of genetically similar hybrids (Cluster X), and admixed individuals. When females were exposed as larvae to midwinter conditions in bioenvironmental chambers, 85% (N = 79) of aboveground Cx. pipiens complex females and 100% (N = 34) of underground f. molestus females did not enter reproductive diapause.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, California.
authors.forename: Brittany M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nelms
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kothera
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thiemann
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: Harry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Reisen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003465:Culex / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D064666:Diapause, Insect; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D007814:Larva / Q000821:virology; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
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