title: High-fidelity simulation-based team training in urology: evaluation of technical and nontechnical skills of urology residents during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of low-risk simulation training for resident education is rapidly expanding as teaching centers integrate simulation-based team training (SBTT) sessions into their education curriculum. SBTT is a valuable tool in technical and communication skills training and assessment for residents. We created a unique SBTT scenario for urology residents involving a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urology residents were randomly paired with a certified registered nurse anesthetists or an anesthesia resident. The scenario incorporated a laparoscopic right partial nephrectomy utilizing a unique polyvinyl alcohol kidney model with an embedded 3cm lower pole exophytic tumor and the high-fidelity SimMan3G mannequin. The Urology residents were instructed to pay particular attention to the patient's identifying information provided at the beginning of the case. Two scripted events occurred, the patient had an anaphylactic reaction to a drug and, after tumor specimen was sent for a frozen section, the confederate pathologist called into the operating room (OR) twice, first with the wrong patient name and subsequently with the wrong specimen. After the scenario was complete, technical performance and nontechnical performance were evaluated and assessed. A debriefing session followed the scenario to discuss and assess technical performance and interdisciplinary nontechnical communication between the team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All Urology residents (n = 9) rated the SBTT scenario as a useful tool in developing communication skills among the OR team and 88% rated the model as useful for technical skills training. Despite cuing to note patient identification, only 3 of 9 (33%) participants identified that the wrong patient information was presented when the confederate "pathologist" called in to report pathology results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All urology residents rated SBTT sessions as useful for the development of communication skills between different team members and making residents aware of unlikely but potential critical errors in the OR. We will continue to use SBTT as a useful method to develop resident technical and nontechnical skills outside of the high-risk operating environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Corollos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Abdelshehid
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quach
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graversen
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lusch
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zarraga
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alipanah
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
mesh_terms: D057189:Checklist; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D003697:Delphi Technique; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D010348:Patient Care Team; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*
keywords: Interpersonal and Communication Skills; Patient Care; Professionalism; interdisciplinary communication; partial nephrectomy; simulation; team training