title: Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid.
abstract: The relationship of drug concentrations between oral fluid and whole blood was evaluated by studying the linear correlation of concentrations and calculating the oral fluid to blood concentration ratios (OF/B) for different substances. Paired oral fluid and whole blood samples were collected from volunteers and persons suspected of drug use in four European countries. Oral fluid samples were collected with the Saliva∙Sampler™ device. All samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse and psychoactive medicines with validated gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods. The median OF/B ratios were, for amphetamines 19-22, for opioids 1.8-11, for cocaine and metabolites 1.7-17, for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 14, for benzodiazepines 0.035-0.33, and for other psychoactive medicines 0.24-3.7. Most of the these results were close to theoretical values based on the physicochemical properties of the drugs and to values presented earlier, but there was a lot of inter-individual variation in the OF/B ratios. For all substances, except for lorazepam (R(2)  = 0.031) and THC (R(2)  = 0.030), a correlation between the oral fluid and whole blood concentrations was observed. Due to large variation seen here, drug findings in oral fluid should not be used to estimate the corresponding concentrations in whole blood (or vice versa). However, detection of drugs in oral fluid is a sign of recent drug use and oral fluid can be used for qualitative detection of several drugs, e.g. in epidemiological prevalence studies. By optimizing the sampling and the analytical cut-offs, the potential of oral fluid as a confirmation matrix could be enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langel
authors.forename: Hallvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Favretto
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
authors.forename: Elisabeth Leere
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Øiestad
authors.forename: Santo Davide
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Alain G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Verstraete
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: DRUID project; driving under the influence; drugs of abuse; oral fluid to whole blood ratio