title: Phylogeny drives large scale patterns in Australian marine bioactivity and provides a new chemical ecology rationale for future biodiscovery.
abstract: Twenty-five years of Australian marine bioresources collecting and research by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) has explored the breadth of latitudinally and longitudinally diverse marine habitats that comprise Australia's ocean territory. The resulting AIMS Bioresources Library and associated relational database integrate biodiversity with bioactivity data, and these resources were mined to retrospectively assess biogeographic, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns in cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and central nervous system (CNS)-protective bioactivity. While the bioassays used were originally chosen to be indicative of pharmaceutically relevant bioactivity, the results have qualified ecological relevance regarding secondary metabolism. In general, metazoan phyla along the deuterostome phylogenetic pathway (eg to Chordata) and their ancestors (eg Porifera and Cnidaria) had higher percentages of bioactive samples in the assays examined. While taxonomy at the phylum level and higher-order phylogeny groupings helped account for observed trends, taxonomy to genus did not resolve the trends any further. In addition, the results did not identify any biogeographic bioactivity hotspots that correlated with biodiversity hotspots. We conclude with a hypothesis that high-level phylogeny, and therefore the metabolic machinery available to an organism, is a major determinant of bioactivity, while habitat diversity and ecological circumstance are possible drivers in the activation of this machinery and bioactive secondary metabolism. This study supports the strategy of targeting phyla from the deuterostome lineage (including ancestral phyla) from biodiverse marine habitats and ecological niches, in future biodiscovery, at least that which is focused on vertebrate (including human) health.
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Evans-Illidge
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fromont
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Battershill
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.forename: Carsten W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kininmonth
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001315:Australia; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001688:Biological Products / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D043344:Chordata / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000379:methods; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020864:Calcium Channels, N-Type; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
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