title: Association of breakfast intake with cardiometabolic risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  this study aimed to evaluate the association of breakfast intake with cardiometabolic risk factors in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian pediatrics.
  
  
  METHODS
  the study participants considered of 5,625 school students aged 10-18 years, studied in the third survey of the national school-based surveillance system (CASPIAN-III). They were classified into three groups based on the number of days they ate breakfast: "regular breakfast eater" (6-7days/week), "often breakfast eater" (3-5days/week), and "seldom breakfast eater" (0-2 days/week). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria modified for the pediatric age group. Moreover, high total cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and generalized obesity were included as other cardiometabolic risk factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between the breakfast intake category and cardiometabolic risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the number of subjects classified as "regular", "often" and "seldom" breakfast eaters were 2,653(47.3%), 1,327(23.7%) and 1,624(29.0%), respectively. The average of triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body mass index (BMI) were higher in the "seldom breakfast eater" group (P for trend<0.001), whereas the mean of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was lower in this group than their other counterparts. Seldom breakfast eaters had an increased risk of obesity, elevated TG and LDL-C, as well as low HDL-C compared to "regular breakfast eaters". The risk of MetS was significantly increased in subjects who seldom ate breakfast (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.18-3.27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  skipping breakfast is associated with increased risk of MetS and other cardiometabooic factors in children and adolescents. Promoting the benefit of eating breakfast could be a simple and important implication to prevent these risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shafiee
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelishadi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.forename: Mohammad Esmaeil
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Motlagh
authors.forename: Majzobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: Gelayol
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ardalan
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taslimi
authors.forename: Parinaz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poursafa
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heshmat
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Breakfast consumption; Cardiovascular risk factors; Consumo de café da manhã; Fatores de risco cardiovascular; Metabolic syndrome; Síndrome metabólica