title: Exploiting nanotechnology to overcome tumor drug resistance: Challenges and opportunities.
abstract: Tumor cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs through multiple mechanisms. Overexpression of efflux transporters is an important source of drug resistance. Efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein reduce intracellular drug accumulation and compromise drug efficacy. Various nanoparticle-based approaches have been investigated to overcome efflux-mediated resistance. These include the use of formulation excipients that inhibit transporter activity and co-delivery of the anticancer drug with a specific inhibitor of transporter function or expression. However, the effectiveness of nanoparticles can be diminished by poor transport in the tumor tissue. Hence, adjunct therapies that improve the intratumoral distribution of nanoparticles may be vital to the successful application of nanotechnology to overcome tumor drug resistance. This review discusses the mechanisms of tumor drug resistance and highlights the opportunities and challenges in the use of nanoparticles to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs against resistant tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Ameya R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kirtane
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kalscheuer
authors.forename: Jayanth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panyam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001692:Biological Transport; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers
keywords: ABC; ATP-binding cassette; BCRP; CMC; CSCs; ECM; EGF; EGFR; EMT; Efflux inhibitors; Efflux transporters; Endocytosis; Excipients; Extracellular matrix; GFP; HIF; HLB; HRE; HRG; IFP; Interstitial fluid pressure; MDR; MRP; NBDs; NPs; Nanoparticles; P-glycoprotein; P-gp; PEG; PI3K; PLGA; TGF β; TMDs; Transport barriers; Tumor penetration; VEGF; VEGFR; breast cancer resistance protein; cancer stem cells; critical micellar concentration; epidermal growth factor; epidermal growth factor receptor; epithelial to mesenchymal transition; extracellular matrix; green fluorescent protein; histidine rich glycoprotein; hydrophilic lipophilic balance; hypoxia inducible factor; hypoxia responsive element; interstitial fluid pressure; multidrug resistance; multidrug resistance associated protein; nucleotide binding domains; phosphoinositol-3-kinase; poly(ethylene glycol); poly(lactide-co-glycolide); transforming growth factor β; transmembrane domains; vascular endothelial growth factor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
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