title: Cross-resistance between cyenopyrafen and pyridaben in the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyenopyrafen is an inhibitor of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It has a molecular structure that shares some common features with frequently used complex I inhibitors such as pyridaben. To evaluate whether this similarity in structure poses a cross-resistance risk that might complicate resistance management, we selected for pyridaben and cyenopyrafen resistance in the laboratory and characterized resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The selection for cyenopyrafen conferred cross-resistance to pyridaben and vice versa. Resistance towards these both acaricides was incompletely dominant in adult females. However, in eggs maternal effects were observed in pyridaben resistance, but not in the cyenopyrafen-resistance (completely dominant). In the cyenopyrafen resistant strain, the LC50 of eggs remained lower than the commercially recommended concentration. The common detoxification mechanisms by cytochrome P450 was involved in resistance to these acaricides. Carboxyl esterases were also involved in cyenopyrafen resistance as a major factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although cross-resistance suggests that pyridaben resistance would confer cyenopyrafen cross-resistance, susceptibility in eggs functions to delay the development of cyenopyrafen resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osakabe
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000181:Acrylonitrile / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013983:Tick Control
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011724:Pyridazines; C000591892:cyenopyrafen; C428725:pyridaben; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000181:Acrylonitrile
keywords: Tetranychus urticae; acaricide resistance; cross-resistance; cyenopyrafen; pyridaben