title: Local atomic and electronic structure of boron chemical doping in monolayer graphene.
abstract: We use scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the atomic and electronic structure of boron-doped and nitrogen-doped graphene created by chemical vapor deposition on copper substrates. Microscopic measurements show that boron, like nitrogen, incorporates into the carbon lattice primarily in the graphitic form and contributes ~0.5 carriers into the graphene sheet per dopant. Density functional theory calculations indicate that boron dopants interact strongly with the underlying copper substrate while nitrogen dopants do not. The local bonding differences between graphitic boron and nitrogen dopants lead to large scale differences in dopant distribution. The distribution of dopants is observed to be completely random in the case of boron, while nitrogen displays strong sublattice clustering. Structurally, nitrogen-doped graphene is relatively defect-free while boron-doped graphene films show a large number of Stone-Wales defects. These defects create local electronic resonances and cause electronic scattering, but do not electronically dope the graphene film.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States.
authors.forename: Liuyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levendorf
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goncher
authors.forename: Theanne
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schiros
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pálová
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zabet-Khosousi
authors.forename: Kwang Taeg
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nordlund
authors.forename: Cherno
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaye
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hybertsen
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reichman
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Jiwoong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Abhay N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Pasupathy
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D004581:Electronics; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D003300:Copper; D009584:Nitrogen; D001895:Boron