title: The effect of rumination on craving across the continuum of drinking behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rumination is an abstract, persistent, and repetitive thinking style that can be adopted to control negative affect. Recent studies have suggested the role of rumination as direct or indirect cognitive predictor of craving experience in alcohol-related problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to explore the effect of rumination induction on craving across the continuum of drinking behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants of three groups of alcohol-dependent drinkers (N=26), problem drinkers (N=26) and social drinkers (N=29) were randomly allocated to two thinking manipulation tasks: distraction versus rumination. Craving was measured before and after manipulation and after a resting phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings showed that rumination had a significant effect on increasing craving in alcohol-dependent drinkers, relative to distraction, but not in problem and social drinkers. This effect was independent of baseline depression and rumination and was maintained across the resting phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rumination showed a direct causal impact on craving that is specific for a population of alcohol-dependent drinkers.
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, London, UK; "Studi Cognitivi" Cognitive Psychotherapy School, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: g.caselli@studicognitivi.net.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caselli
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gemelli
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Querci
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lugli
authors.forename: Flaviano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canfora
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annovi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rebecchi
authors.forename: Giovanni M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sassaroli
authors.forename: Marcantonio M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Alcohol dependence; Alcohol use; Craving; Depression; Experimental study; Problem drinking