title: Effectiveness of puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration in the treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydatid disease of the liver is endemic in cattle rearing areas of the world. A variety of treatment options are available in its management. The common treatment options are medical therapy, surgery and puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration (PAIR) therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of PAIR therapy in the treatment of hepatic hydatid disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross sectional study was carried out on 15 consecutive patients (Male: 2, Female: 13; Age group: 11-80 years) with hepatic hydatid disease and were treated by PAIR therapy and followed up for a period of 1 year. The cysts were punctured under local anesthesia with an 18G needle using sonographic guidance. Betadine (10% povidone iodine + 1% free iodine) was used as scolicidal agent and allowed to act for 30 min. Cysts larger than 5 cm (n = 5) were drained using an 8F pig tail catheter. The therapeutic response was studied by assessing the reduction in the cyst size, progressive solidification of the cyst, calcification of the wall and increase in the echogenicity of the cyst with pseudomass appearance on serial ultrasound examinations performed on the next day, after 1 month, at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients (66.7%) had Gharbi type I cysts, two (13.3%) had type II and three (20%) had type III cysts. All the patients (100%) showed reduction in cyst size over a 3-6 month period. Pseudomass appearance with solidification was seen in 73% of the patients and calcification was seen in 46.6%. None of the patients developed anaphylaxis, recurrence or peritoneal seedlings. Pain at the injection site was the most common complication observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAIR therapy is an effective minimally invasive treatment for Gharbi type I-III hepatic hydatid cysts. It is a cost effective and safe procedure with significant reduction in the duration of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis, JSS Medical College, Mysore, India.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: Dhiman S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Dalip
authors.forename: Jhobta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anupam
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaisiram
keywords: Echinococcosis; Image-Guided Biopsy; Povidone Iodine
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