title: Parkinson's disease and history of outdoor occupation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human and animal studies, albeit not fully consistent, suggest that vitamin D may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ultraviolet radiation converts vitamin D precursor to the active form. This study examined the hypothesis that working outdoors is associated with a decreased risk of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD cases were enrolled from Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Puget Sound region in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic in Seattle. Participants included 447 non-Hispanic Caucasian newly diagnosed PD cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 and 578 unrelated neurologically normal controls enrolled in Group Health Cooperative, frequency matched by race/ethnicity, age and gender. Subjects' amount of outdoor work was estimated from self-reported occupational histories. Jobs were categorized by degree of time spent working outdoors. A ten-year lag interval was included to account for disease latency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outdoor work was inversely associated with risk of PD (outdoor only compared to indoor only): OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.44-1.25. However, there was no trend in relation to portion of the workday spent laboring outdoors and PD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational sunlight exposure and other correlates of outdoor work is not likely to have a substantial role in the etiology of PD.
authors.affiliation: United States Army, Madigan Army Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Searles Nielsen
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Littell
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Longstreth
authors.forename: Phillip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Checkoway
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Occupation; Parkinson's disease; Ultraviolet radiation; Vitamin D
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