title: Biogeography of Deep-sea benthic bacteria at regional scale (LTER HAUSGARTEN, Fram Strait, Arctic).
abstract: Knowledge on spatial scales of the distribution of deep-sea life is still sparse, but highly relevant to the understanding of dispersal, habitat ranges and ecological processes. We examined regional spatial distribution patterns of the benthic bacterial community and covarying environmental parameters such as water depth, biomass and energy availability at the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site HAUSGARTEN (Eastern Fram Strait). Samples from 13 stations were retrieved from a bathymetric (1,284-3,535 m water depth, 54 km in length) and a latitudinal transect (∼ 2,500 m water depth; 123 km in length). 454 massively parallel tag sequencing (MPTS) and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) were combined to describe both abundant and rare types shaping the bacterial community. This spatial sampling scheme allowed detection of up to 99% of the estimated richness on phylum and class levels. At the resolution of operational taxonomic units (97% sequence identity; OTU3%) only 36% of the Chao1 estimated richness was recovered, indicating a high diversity, mostly due to rare types (62% of all OTU3%). Accordingly, a high turnover of the bacterial community was also observed between any two sampling stations (average replacement of 79% of OTU3%), yet no direct correlation with spatial distance was observed within the region. Bacterial community composition and structure differed significantly with increasing water depth along the bathymetric transect. The relative sequence abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes decreased significantly with water depth, and that of Deferribacteres increased. Energy availability, estimated from phytodetrital pigment concentrations in the sediments, partly explained the variation in community structure. Overall, this study indicates a high proportion of unique bacterial types on relatively small spatial scales (tens of kilometers), and supports the sampling design of the LTER site HAUSGARTEN to study bacterial community shifts in this rapidly changing area of the world's oceans.
authors.affiliation: HGF-MPG Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany ; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soltwedel
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boetius
authors.forename: Alban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramette
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D001419:Bacteria; D044822:Biodiversity; D017753:Ecosystem; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D014871:Water Microbiology
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Sep;65(9):3982-9
references.pmid: 10473405
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 1995 Oct;146(8):697-706
references.pmid: 8584792
references.citation: Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2012;4:79-112
references.pmid: 22457970
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7537-41
references.pmid: 19801464
references.citation: Extremophiles. 2009 Mar;13(2):233-46
references.pmid: 19153801
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul;6(7):733-44
references.pmid: 15186352
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Feb;4(2):159-70
references.pmid: 19829317
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22427-32
references.pmid: 20018741
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Apr;4(4):564-76
references.pmid: 20010630
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(21):7188-96
references.pmid: 17947321
references.citation: ISME J. 2011 Feb;5(2):351-61
references.pmid: 20686511
references.citation: Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2012;4:449-66
references.pmid: 22457983
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27310
references.pmid: 22194782
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24570
references.pmid: 21931760
references.citation: Science. 2007 Apr 27;316(5824):567-70
references.pmid: 17463282
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Apr;75(8):2495-505
references.pmid: 19201961
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2006 Sep;21(9):501-7
references.pmid: 16815589
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jun;9(6):403-13
references.pmid: 21572457
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Dec;4(12):1591-602
references.pmid: 20535221
references.citation: Evolution. 1993 Feb;47(1):264-279
references.pmid: 28568097
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Aug;38(15):e155
references.pmid: 20547594
references.citation: ISME J. 2012 Apr;6(4):724-32
references.pmid: 22071347
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):12115-20
references.pmid: 16880384
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):20292-7
references.pmid: 21969552
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Mar;77(6):2008-18
references.pmid: 21257812
references.citation: ISME J. 2012 Mar;6(3):542-53
references.pmid: 21975598
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 May 14;10(7):497-506
references.pmid: 22580365
references.citation: Biometrics. 2006 Mar;62(1):245-53
references.pmid: 16542252
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Jan 08;9:5
references.pmid: 19133117
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Oct;65(10):4630-6
references.pmid: 10508099
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2004 Jun;57(3):351-67
references.pmid: 15134883
references.citation: Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1461-4
references.pmid: 16527980
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 20;104(8):2761-6
references.pmid: 17296935
references.citation: ISME J. 2012 Aug;6(8):1499-505
references.pmid: 22318305
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2008 Sep;23(9):518-28
references.pmid: 18584909