title: Epithelioid hemangioma of the spine: a case series of six patients and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epithelioid hemangioma (EH) of bone is a benign vascular tumor that can be locally aggressive. It rarely arises in the spine, and the optimum management of EH of the vertebrae is not well delineated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The report describes our experience treating six patients with EH of the spine in an effort to document the treatment of the rare spinal presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is designed as a retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A continuous series of patients with the diagnosis of EH of the spine who presented at our institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and radiographic follow-up of the patient population is documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Bone Sarcoma Registry at our institution was used to obtain a list of all patients diagnosed with EH of the spine. Medical records, radiographs, and pathology reports were retrospectively reviewed in all cases. Only biopsy-proven cases were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The six patients included five men and one woman who ranged in age from 20 to 58 years (with an average age of 40 years). The follow-up available for all six patients ranged from 6 to 115 (average 46.8) months. All patients presented with lytic vertebral body lesions. Five patients presented with pain secondary to their tumor, and the tumor in the sixth patient was found incidentally during the workup for a herniated disc. Three patients required surgical management for instability secondary to the destructive nature of their tumors, and two other patients required emergent decompression secondary to spinal cord compression by the tumor. The sixth patient was treated expectantly after biopsy confirmation. Three patients received postoperative radiation therapy as gross tumor remained after surgery. Three patients had gross total resections and did not receive postoperative radiation. Preoperative embolization was used in four patients. One patient continued to have back pain after surgery and radiation and another continued to have ataxia after surgery and radiation. No tumor locally recurred or progressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that EH of the spine can be locally aggressive and lead to instability and cord compression. Surgery is required in such instances; however, observation should be considered in patients without instability or cord compression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Langensteinbach, Langensteinbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boyaci
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hornicek
authors.forename: G Petur
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: DeLaney
authors.forename: Frank X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Pedlow
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carrier
authors.forename: Jurgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D018323:Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Benign vascular tumor; Case study; Epithelioid hemangioma; Spinal cord compression; Spine