title: Association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and failure to monitor renal function with adverse outcomes in people with diabetes: a primary care cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a known risk factor for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. We investigate the relationship between CKD stage, proteinuria, hypertension and these adverse outcomes in the people with diabetes. We also study the outcomes of people who did not have monitoring of renal function.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of people with type 1 and 2 diabetes (N = 35,502) from the Quality Improvement in Chronic Kidney Disease (QICKD) cluster randomised trial was followed up over 2.5 years. A composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and end stage renal failure comprised the outcome measure. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to determine correlates with this outcome. Known cardiovascular and renal risk factors were adjusted for.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteinuria and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were independently associated with adverse outcomes in people with diabetes. People with an eGFR < 60 ml/min, proteinuria, and hypertension have the greatest odds ratio (OR) of adverse outcome; 1.58 (95% CI 1.36-1.83). Renal function was not monitored in 4460 (12.6%) people. Unmonitored renal function was associated with adverse events; OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.13-1.63) in people with hypertension and OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.07-1.64) in those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteinuria, eGFR < 60 ml/min, and failure to monitor renal function are associated with cardiovascular and renal events and mortality in people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Management and Policy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. andy@mcgov.co.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rusholme
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: van Vlymen
authors.forename: Harshana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liyanage
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Charles R V
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tomson
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Lusignan
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
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