title: Biodiversity offsets and the challenge of achieving no net loss.
abstract: Businesses, governments, and financial institutions are increasingly adopting a policy of no net loss of biodiversity for development activities. The goal of no net loss is intended to help relieve tension between conservation and development by enabling economic gains to be achieved without concomitant biodiversity losses. biodiversity offsets represent a necessary component of a much broader mitigation strategy for achieving no net loss following prior application of avoidance, minimization, and remediation measures. However, doubts have been raised about the appropriate use of biodiversity offsets. We examined what no net loss means as a desirable conservation outcome and reviewed the conditions that determine whether, and under what circumstances, biodiversity offsets can help achieve such a goal. We propose a conceptual framework to substitute the often ad hoc approaches evident in many biodiversity offset initiatives. The relevance of biodiversity offsets to no net loss rests on 2 fundamental premises. First, offsets are rarely adequate for achieving no net loss of biodiversity alone. Second, some development effects may be too difficult or risky, or even impossible, to offset. To help to deliver no net loss through biodiversity offsets, biodiversity gains must be comparable to losses, be in addition to conservation gains that may have occurred in absence of the offset, and be lasting and protected from risk of failure. Adherence to these conditions requires consideration of the wider landscape context of development and offset activities, timing of offset delivery, measurement of biodiversity, accounting procedures and rule sets used to calculate biodiversity losses and gains and guide offset design, and approaches to managing risk. Adoption of this framework will strengthen the potential for offsets to provide an ecologically defensible mechanism that can help reconcile conservation and development. Balances de Biodiversidad y el Reto de No Obtener Pérdida Neta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina, 124, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-320, Brazil. tobyagardner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Toby A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Amrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: VON Hase
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brownlie
authors.forename: Jonathan M M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ekstrom
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.forename: Conrad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Savy
authors.forename: R T Theo
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treweek
authors.forename: Graham T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ussher
authors.forename: Gerri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ten Kate
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D012306:Risk; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: evaluación de impacto; impact assessment; mitigación; mitigation; riesgo; risk