title: Investigation of residual fluoroquinolones in a soil-vegetable system in an intensive vegetable cultivation area in Northern China.
abstract: One of the largest vegetable cultivation field sites in Northeast China was selected to investigate the occurrence and distribution pattern of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the soil-vegetable system. A total of 100 surface soil samples and 68 vegetable samples were collected from this study area. The antibiotic concentration was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results indicated the presence of FQs in all soil samples. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) had the highest mean concentration, at 104.4 μg · kg(-1) in the soil, a level that represents a relatively high risk to the environment and to human health. However, in the vegetable samples, norfloxacin (NOR) was significantly higher than CIP and enrofloxacin (ENR), ranging from 18.2 to 658.3 μg · kg(-1). The transfer ability of NOR in soil-vegetables is greater than that of CIP and ENR. Moreover, we found that the solanaceous fruits had a higher antibiotic accumulation ability than the leafy vegetables. Taken together, these data indicate that greater attention should be paid to the region in which vegetables with higher accumulation ability are grown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yun-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Cang-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hui-Nan
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jin-Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009643:Norfloxacin; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D009643:Norfloxacin
keywords: Accumulation ability; Environment risk; Intensive vegetable cultivation area; Soil; Vegetables; Veterinary antibiotic