title: The saliva microbiome of Pan and Homo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is increasingly recognized that the bacteria that live in and on the human body (the microbiome) can play an important role in health and disease. The composition of the microbiome is potentially influenced by both internal factors (such as phylogeny and host physiology) and external factors (such as diet and local environment), and interspecific comparisons can aid in understanding the importance of these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To gain insights into the relative importance of these factors on saliva microbiome diversity, we here analyze the saliva microbiomes of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) from two sanctuaries in Africa, and from human workers at each sanctuary. The saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species are more similar to one another, and the saliva microbiomes of the two human groups are more similar to one another, than are the saliva microbiomes of human workers and apes from the same sanctuary. We also looked for the existence of a core microbiome and find no evidence for a taxon-based core saliva microbiome for Homo or Pan. In addition, we studied the saliva microbiome from apes from the Leipzig Zoo, and found an extraordinary diversity in the zoo ape saliva microbiomes that is not found in the saliva microbiomes of the sanctuary animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater similarity of the saliva microbiomes of the two Pan species to one another, and of the two human groups to one another, are in accordance with both the phylogenetic relationships of the hosts as well as with host physiology. Moreover, the results from the zoo animals suggest that novel environments can have a large impact on the microbiome, and that microbiome analyses based on captive animals should be viewed with caution as they may not reflect the microbiome of animals in the wild.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D-04103, Germany. stoneking@eva.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nasidze
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quinque
authors.forename: Mingkun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Horz
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Garriga
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halbwax
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoneking
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D019974:Pan paniscus / Q000382:microbiology*; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000382:microbiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2011 Feb 1;27(3):431-2
references.pmid: 21149340
references.citation: Int J Oral Sci. 2011 Apr;3(2):49-54
references.pmid: 21485308
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):215-21
references.pmid: 22699610
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2010 Nov 16;8(11):e1000546
references.pmid: 21103409
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Jan;4(1):17-27
references.pmid: 19710709
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 7;109(32):13034-9
references.pmid: 22826227
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2012 Jan;14(1):4-12
references.pmid: 22004523
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2010 Sep 28;11:523
references.pmid: 20920195
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2010 Nov;156(Pt 11):3282-3287
references.pmid: 20847007
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 7;104(32):13146-51
references.pmid: 17664430
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2007 Nov 30;7:108
references.pmid: 18047683
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Dec;10(6):821-8
references.pmid: 18179393
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2009 Jul;26(7):1641-50
references.pmid: 19377059
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7402):207-14
references.pmid: 22699609
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Oct;6(10):776-88
references.pmid: 18794915
references.citation: Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1647-51
references.pmid: 18497261
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Jul;19(7):1141-52
references.pmid: 19383763
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2010 Oct;60(3):665-76
references.pmid: 20625712
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Feb 25;32(4):1363-71
references.pmid: 14985472
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2010 Jun 1;26(11):1463-4
references.pmid: 20395285
references.citation: Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):970-4
references.pmid: 21596990
references.citation: BMC Syst Biol. 2007 Aug 06;1:37
references.pmid: 17683609
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2012 Jun 14;13(6):R42
references.pmid: 22698087
references.citation: J Oral Pathol Med. 1994 Mar;23(3):104-13
references.pmid: 8021843
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2009 Sep-Oct;17(5):375-80
references.pmid: 19936511
references.citation: Evol Bioinform Online. 2007 Feb 23;1:47-50
references.pmid: 19325852
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):480-4
references.pmid: 19043404
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jul;8(7):471-80
references.pmid: 20514044
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jul;8(7):523-9
references.pmid: 20531276
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23352
references.pmid: 21858083
references.citation: ISME J. 2010 Aug;4(8):962-74
references.pmid: 20336157
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Oct 18;449(7164):804-10
references.pmid: 17943116
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Oct;192(19):5002-17
references.pmid: 20656903
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Dec 15;9:259
references.pmid: 20003481
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Sep;45(9):3082-5
references.pmid: 17634300
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2006 Jun 15;353(2):272-7
references.pmid: 16620753
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D141-5
references.pmid: 19004872
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2008;3(2):267-78
references.pmid: 18274529
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2009 May 15;25(10):1335-7
references.pmid: 19307242
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Aug;1230:74-107
references.pmid: 21824167
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Dec;19(12):2317-23
references.pmid: 19819907
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23503
references.pmid: 21853142
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Apr;19(4):636-43
references.pmid: 19251737