title: Prevalence and predictors of anal incontinence during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence and predictors of anal incontinence (AI) in late pregnancy and 1 year after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two maternity units in Norway 2009-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primiparae aged 18 years or over.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primiparae answered questions on the St. Mark's score about AI during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. One year later, the same questionnaires were distributed by postal mail. Socio-economic and delivery-related data were obtained from hospital records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported AI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Answers on AI in late pregnancy were obtained from 1571 women, and 1030 responded 1 year later. Twenty-four per cent experienced one and 4.7% experienced three or more AI symptoms in late pregnancy. One year later, this was reduced to 19% and 2.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. Formed and loose stool incontinence were strongly associated at both time points. The main predictor of AI 1 year after delivery was AI in late pregnancy. Obstetric anal sphincter injury increased the risk of incontinence of stool and flatus (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-9.6) after delivery. Urgency was associated with greater age (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.3) and operative delivery (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in four primiparae experienced AI in late pregnancy. One year later, still one in five suffered from incontinence. Sphincter injury predicted incontinence of stool and flatus, whereas greater age and operative delivery predicted urgency. The identification and adequate follow-up of pregnant women with AI may reduce AI after delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wibe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stordahl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Backe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mørkved
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005414:Flatulence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anal incontinence; post partum; predictors; pregnancy; prevalence