title: Prevalence and distribution of metabolic syndrome in a southern Chinese population. Relation to exercise, smoking, and educational level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and distribution of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the impact of exercise, smoking, and educational level on the risk of MetS in a southern Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zhuhai City, China from June to August 2012. Data on exercise, smoking, and educational level, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, lipid, and glucose levels were collected. The prevalence of MetS (as defined by the International Diabetes Federation) was determined. Data necessary to evaluate MetS, the socio-economic characteristics, and lifestyle were obtained for 4645 subjects aged 18-75 years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19.8% of the participants had MetS. The adjusted odds of having MetS were lower among males (adjusted odds: 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-1.01) compared with females. Those participants who currently smoked had a higher risk of developing MetS compared with non-smokers (adjusted odds: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.13-2.50). Those who had no physical exercise had a higher risk of developing MetS compared with those who physically exercised more than 60 minutes/day (adjusted odds: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.12-2.23;). Compared with those with no education, every category of attained educational level had a lower risk of developing MetS (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings in this study revealed that current smokers had a greater risk of developing MetS compared with non-smokers. Increased physical activity and higher levels of education attained served as protective factors for the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephronology, Institute of Nephronology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li-Qin
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xin-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-Lei
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kang-Ping
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holthofer
authors.forename: He-Qun
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking