title: Robust suppression of env-SHIV viremia in Macaca nemestrina by 3-drug ART is independent of timing of initiation during chronic infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an important model organism for studies of HIV pathogenesis and preclinical evaluation of anti-HIV therapies. The successful translation of NHP-derived data to clinically relevant anti-HIV studies will require better understanding of the viral strains and NHP species used and their responses to existing antiretroviral therapies (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were productively infected with the SIV/HIV chimeric virus SHIV-1157 ipd3N4 following intravenous challenge. After 8 or 27 weeks, ART (PMPA, FTC, raltegravir) was initiated. Viral load, T-cell counts, and production of SHIV-specific antibodies were monitored throughout the course of infection and ART.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ART led to a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma viral load. Suppression of plasma viremia by ART was independent of the timing of initiation during chronic infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a new NHP model of HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy, which should prove applicable to multiple clinically relevant anti-HIV approaches.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Younan
authors.forename: Patricia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Polacino
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Maurice
authors.forename: Hannah W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prlic
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Jerome
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Woolfrey
authors.forename: Shiu-Lok
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kiem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016180:Lentivirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017958:Lentiviruses, Primate / Q000187:drug effects*; D008254:Macaca nemestrina; D019562:Viral Load; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: HIV; SHIV; antiretroviral therapy; pigtailed macaque; viral reservoir
references.citation: BMC Infect Dis. 2001;1:9
references.pmid: 11504564
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Feb 18;19(3):251-9
references.pmid: 15718835
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2013 Jan 31;10:9
references.pmid: 23369442
references.citation: Virology. 2012 Jun 20;428(1):11-20
references.pmid: 22507218
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2011 Feb;17(1):120-30
references.pmid: 21165785
references.citation: J Virol. 1997 Jan;71(1):284-90
references.pmid: 8985348
references.citation: Virol J. 2012 Nov 14;9:269
references.pmid: 23150992
references.citation: J Immunol. 1979 Oct;123(4):1548-50
references.pmid: 113458
references.citation: J Virol. 2013 Apr;87(7):3760-73
references.pmid: 23325697
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2012 Jun;18(3):222-30
references.pmid: 22549763
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2000 Aug;29(3-4):114-26
references.pmid: 11085573
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2011 Dec;22(12):1475-82
references.pmid: 21787196
references.citation: J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(8):4938-49
references.pmid: 12663799
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 2010 Aug;72(8):1057-61
references.pmid: 20224239
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2007 Aug;36(4-5):254-65
references.pmid: 17669214
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Jan;82(2):638-51
references.pmid: 17959660
references.citation: J Virol. 2012 Dec;86(23):12525-30
references.pmid: 22933296
references.citation: J Virol. 2012 Jan;86(2):1203-13
references.pmid: 22090099
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2010 Sep 26;7:78
references.pmid: 20868521
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 4;105(9):3569-74
references.pmid: 18287033
references.citation: J Immunol. 2012 Nov 1;189(9):4338-48
references.pmid: 23041569
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2006 Mar;36(3):583-92
references.pmid: 16506292
references.citation: Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):456-9
references.pmid: 1531159
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2009 May 11;206(5):1117-34
references.pmid: 19414559
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2012 Apr 24;9:32
references.pmid: 22531456
references.citation: Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012 Nov;7(6):505-13
references.pmid: 22964889
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Nov;81(22):12210-7
references.pmid: 17804491
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2011 Apr;40(2):88-103
references.pmid: 21044089
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2009 Jul 14;6:65
references.pmid: 19602283
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2013 Feb;123(2):903-7
references.pmid: 23321668
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2011 Jan 27;9 Suppl 1:S7
references.pmid: 21284906
references.citation: Virology. 2012 Nov 10;433(1):73-84
references.pmid: 22874069
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Jun;42(2):155-61
references.pmid: 16760797
references.citation: J Virol. 1999 Apr;73(4):3134-46
references.pmid: 10074165
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Feb;67(2):312-21
references.pmid: 22127587
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2008 Oct 17;5:94
references.pmid: 18928523
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32827
references.pmid: 22427893
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Nov;81(22):12145-55
references.pmid: 17855539
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Dec 15;112(13):4981-90
references.pmid: 18820133
references.citation: Retrovirology. 2010 Oct 13;7:88
references.pmid: 20942954
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Sep 1;118(9):2520-9
references.pmid: 21757617
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22010
references.pmid: 21799765
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7213-7
references.pmid: 2550935
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(6):e1002774
references.pmid: 22737073
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 17;368(3):218-30
references.pmid: 23323898
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 02;4(11):e7693
references.pmid: 19888329
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Dec;10(12):852-67
references.pmid: 23154262
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2000 Aug;29(3-4):143-7
references.pmid: 11085576
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012 Dec 1;61(4):425-35
references.pmid: 22820802
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2010 Jul;120(7):2345-54
references.pmid: 20551514
references.citation: Antivir Ther. 2004 Feb;9(1):57-65
references.pmid: 15040537
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2011 Aug;40(4):214-23
references.pmid: 21781129
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Sep;80(17):8729-38
references.pmid: 16912320
references.citation: J Neurovirol. 2005 Apr;11(2):180-9
references.pmid: 16036796
references.citation: Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008 Nov;7(9):1419-34
references.pmid: 18980543