title: Gait detection in children with and without hemiplegia using single-axis wearable gyroscopes.
abstract: In this work, we develop a novel gait phase detection algorithm based on a hidden Markov model, which uses data from foot-mounted single-axis gyroscopes as input. We explore whether the proposed gait detection algorithm can generate equivalent results as a reference signal provided by force sensitive resistors (FSRs) for typically developing children (TD) and children with hemiplegia (HC). We find that the algorithm faithfully reproduces reference results in terms of high values of sensitivity and specificity with respect to FSR signals. In addition, the algorithm distinguishes between TD and HC and is able to assess the level of gait ability in patients. Finally, we show that the algorithm can be adapted to enable real-time processing with high accuracy. Due to the small, inexpensive nature of gyroscopes utilized in this study and the ease of implementation of the developed algorithm, this work finds application in the on-going development of active orthoses designed for therapy and locomotion in children with gait pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abaid
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrarca
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porfiri
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005684:Gait; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2013 Feb;37(2):183-9
references.pmid: 22840891
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 2010 May;132(5):051004
references.pmid: 20459205
references.citation: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011 Mar;47(1):35-47
references.pmid: 21304448
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2012 Sep;36(4):657-61
references.pmid: 22796244
references.citation: J Biomech. 2002 May;35(5):689-99
references.pmid: 11955509
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2009 Feb;17(1):2-8
references.pmid: 19211317
references.citation: IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2011 Jul;15(4):594-601
references.pmid: 21317087
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2004 Dec;20(3):273-9
references.pmid: 15531174
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2004 Mar;12(1):81-8
references.pmid: 15068191
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2009 Aug;197(3):297-310
references.pmid: 19578840
references.citation: J Biomech. 2011 Jul 7;44(10):1901-8
references.pmid: 21571278
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011 Jun;49(6):707-12
references.pmid: 21267666
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2009 Nov;30(4):523-7
references.pmid: 19729307
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005495
references.pmid: 17443595
references.citation: Pediatr Neurol. 2011 Apr;44(4):239-53
references.pmid: 21397164
references.citation: Sensors (Basel). 2010;10(2):1154-75
references.pmid: 22205862
references.citation: Chaos. 2009 Jun;19(2):026109
references.pmid: 19566269
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2001 Mar;9(1):59-68
references.pmid: 11482364
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56956
references.pmid: 23431395
references.citation: Med Eng Phys. 2003 Jan;25(1):75-8
references.pmid: 12485788
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2003 Oct;50(10):1208-11
references.pmid: 14560775
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2010 Mar;31(3):322-5
references.pmid: 20034797
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2002 Mar;10(1):22-9
references.pmid: 12173736
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2013 Jan;37(1):49-54
references.pmid: 22819009
references.citation: Phys Ther. 2000 Oct;80(10):974-85
references.pmid: 11002433
references.citation: J Biomech. 2008;41(1):216-20
references.pmid: 17897652
references.citation: IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2008 Jul;12(4):413-23
references.pmid: 18632321
references.citation: Natl Health Stat Report. 2009 Nov 4;(19):1-23
references.pmid: 20108700
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:4369-73
references.pmid: 22255307
references.citation: Cleve Clin J Med. 2005 Jul;72(7):586, 589-90, 592-4 passim
references.pmid: 16044655
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 07;4(12):e8193
references.pmid: 19997606