title: Determination of anti-anxiety and anti-epileptic drugs in hospital effluent and a preliminary risk assessment.
abstract: In this study, an analytical methodology was developed for the determination of psycho-active drugs in the treated effluent of the University Hospital at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS - Brazil. Samples were collected from point A (Emergency) and point B (General effluent). The adopted methodology included a pre-concentration procedure involving the use of solid phase extraction and determination by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The limit of detection for bromazepam and lorazepam was 4.9 ± 1.0 ng L(-1) and, for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam was 6.1 ± 1.5 ng L(-1). The limit of quantification was 30.0 ± 1.1 ng L(-1), for bromazepam, clonazepam and lorazepam; for carbamazepine was 50.0 ± 1.8 ng L(-1) and was 40.0 ± 1.0 ng L(-1) for diazepam. The mean concentrations in the Emergency and General effluent treated currents were as follows: for bromazepam, 195 ± 6 ng L(-1) and 137 ± 7 ng L(-1); for carbamazepine, 590 ± 6 ng L(-1) and 461 ± 10 ng L(-1); for diazepam, 645 ± 1 ng L(-1) and 571 ± 10 ng L(-1); for lorazepam, 96 ± 7 ng L(-1) and 42 ± 4 ng L(-1); and for clonazepam, 134 ± 10 ng L(-1) and 57 ± 10 ng L(-1). A preliminary risk assessment was conducted: carbamazepine and diazepam require considerable attention owing to their environmental toxicity. The occurrence of these psychoactive-drugs and the environmental risks that they pose demonstrated the need for a more efficient treatment system. As far we are aware, there have been no comparable studies to this on the hazards of hospital effluents in Brazil, and very few that have carried out a risk assessment of psycho-active drugs in hospital effluent in general.
authors.affiliation: LATER - Research Laboratory for the Treatment of Effluents and Residues, Chemistry Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; LAMIC - Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.forename: Carla G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Luciane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minetto
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mallmann
authors.forename: Ayrton F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006761:Hospitals; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Anti-anxiety; Anti-epileptic; Hospital effluent; LC–ESI-MS/MS_QTrap; Risk assessment