title: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: methodological approaches to evaluate the literature and establish best evidence.
abstract: METHODS
  Review of methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a detailed description of the methods undertaken in the articles in this focus issue pertaining to cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and to describe the process used to develop summary statements and clinical recommendations regarding factors associated with the mechanisms, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of CSM and OPLL.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We present methods used in conducting the systematic, evidence-based reviews and development of expert panel summary statements and clinical recommendations of the mechanisms, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of CSM and OPLL. Our intent is that clinicians will combine the information from these systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and primary research studies with an understanding of their own capacities and experience to better manage patients with CSM or OPLL and consider future research for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the systematic reviews, which make up the bulk of the studies in this focus issue, a systematic search and critical review of the English language literature was undertaken for articles published on the mechanisms, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of CSM and OPLL. Articles were screened for relevance using a priori criteria and relevant articles were critically reviewed. Whether an article was included for review depended on whether the study question was descriptive, one of therapy, or one of prognosis. The strength of evidence for the overall body of literature in each topic area was determined by 2 independent reviewers considering risk of bias, consistency, directness, and precision of results using a modification of the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Findings from articles meeting inclusion criteria were summarized. From these summaries, summary statements or clinical recommendations were formulated among subject experts through a modified Delphi process using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Methods for the 2 primary research studies and the narrative reviews are also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Because of the nature of questions that needed to be addressed, not all studies in this focus issue were amenable to systematic review. As a result, this focus issue consists of several different article types, including 1 research protocol, 2 primary research studies, 2 narrative literature reviews, 7 systematic reviews, and 3 articles that combine a systematic review component with either a narrative section (n = 2) or a provider survey (n = 1). In general, the strength of evidence ratings ranged from insufficient to moderate. Summary statements or clinical recommendations were made according to available evidence and study type: 16 summary statements were made across 8 articles, and 17 clinical recommendations were made across 9 articles. Three articles had both summary statements and clinical recommendations, 5 had summary statements only, 6 had clinical recommendations only, and 1 (the research protocol) was not amenable to either.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and primary research studies were undertaken to understand the mechanisms, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of CSM and OPLL and to provide summary statements and clinical recommendations. This article reports the methods used in the studies in this focus issue. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: The objectives of this focus issue were met using a variety of article and study designs, each of which has some unique methodological aspects associated with it. The reader should refer to the full article in this issue for additional details specific to that topic. The methods for systematic review follow accepted standards for rigor and, together with the application of Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation, are intended to allow for transparency in the process for creating the clinical recommendation.
authors.affiliation: *Spectrum Research, Inc., Tacoma, WA †Department of Surgery, Divisions of Neurosurgery and Orthopedic Surgery, Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario ‡Institute of Medical Sciences University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and §Neurosurgery, Neural Repair and Regeneration, Neuroscience Program, and Spinal Program, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Skelly
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Norvell
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dettori
authors.forename: Dena J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Jefferson R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tetreault
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D035081:Editorial Policies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*