title: Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial of a nonoperative strategy (watchful waiting) for men with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the long-term crossover (CO) rate in men undergoing watchful waiting (WW) as a primary treatment strategy for their asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With an average follow-up of 3.2 years, a randomized controlled trial comparing WW with routine repair for male patients with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias led investigators to conclude that WW was an acceptable option [JAMA. 2006;295(3):285-292]. We now analyze patients in the WW group after an additional 7 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the conclusion of the original study, 254 men who had been assigned to WW consented to longer-term follow-up. These patients were contacted yearly by mail questionnaire. Nonresponders were contacted by phone or e-mail for additional data collection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one of the 254 men (31.9%) crossed over to surgical repair before the end of the original study, December 31, 2004, with a median follow-up of 3.2 (range: 2-4.5) years. The patients have now been followed for an additional 7 years with a maximum follow-up of 11.5 years. The estimated cumulative CO rates using Kaplan-Meier analysis was 68%. Men older than 65 years crossed over at a considerably higher rate than younger men (79% vs 62%). The most common reason for CO was pain (54.1%). A total of 3 patients have required an emergency operation, but there has been no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men who present to their physicians because of an inguinal hernia even when minimally symptomatic should be counseled that although WW is a reasonable and safe strategy, symptoms will likely progress and an operation will be needed eventually.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Surgery, Creighton University, Omaha, NE †Hines VA Hospital, Cooperative Study Program Coordinator Center, Hines, IL.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbons
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ramanan
authors.forename: Shipra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.forename: Domenic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Reda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000628:therapy*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting; D055815:Young Adult