title: Legal substance use and the development of a DSM-IV cannabis use disorder during adolescence: the TRAILS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether early onset of tobacco or alcohol use, and continued use of tobacco or alcohol in early adolescence, are related to a higher likelihood of developing a cannabis use disorder during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were used from four consecutive assessment waves of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), a general Dutch population study. TRAILS is an ongoing longitudinal study that will follow the same group of adolescents from the ages of 10 to 24 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1108 (58% female) adolescents (mean ages at the four assessment waves are 11.09, 13.56, 16.27 and 19.05 years, respectively)
  
  
  METHODS
  Cannabis use disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (CIDI). Adolescent tobacco and alcohol use were assessed using self-report questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early-onset tobacco use [odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-3.14, P < 0.05], but not early-onset alcohol use (OR = 1.33, CI = 0.84-2.12, P > 0.05), was associated with a higher likelihood of developing a cannabis use disorder. Similarly, adolescents who reported continued use of tobacco (OR = 2.47, CI = 1.02-5.98, P < 0.05), but not continued use of alcohol (OR = 1.71, CI = 0.87-3.38, P > 0.05), were more likely to develop a cannabis use disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early-onset and continued tobacco use appear to predict the development of a cannabis use disorder in adolescence, whereas early onset and continued alcohol use do not.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prince van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Hanneke E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Creemers
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Wilma A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
authors.forename: Floor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Oort
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescence; DSM-IV cannabis use disorder; alcohol use; cannabis use; tobacco use