title: Identification and functional characterization of a new IL-1 family member, IL-1Fm2, in most evolutionarily advanced fish.
abstract: The IL-1 family consists of 11 members that play an important role as key mediators in inflammation and immunity. Here, we report the identification of a new member of the IL-1 family (IL-1Fm2) that is present in species belonging to the most evolutionarily advanced group of teleost fish (Series Percomorpha), including Perciformes, Beloniformes, Gasterosteiformes, Cyprinodontiformes and Pleuronectiformes. However, IL-1Fm2 seems to be absent in Tetraodontiformes, which also belong to the Percomorpha. The expression pattern of gilthead seabream IL-1Fm2 revealed that although it was hardly induced by PAMPs, the combination of PAMPs and recombinant IL-1Fm2 synergistically induced its expression in macrophages and granulocytes. In addition, recombinant IL-1Fm2 was able to activate the respiratory burst of seabream phagocytes and to synergistically induce the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 when combined with PAMPs. Finally, although gilthead seabream IL-1Fm2 did not show a conserved caspase-1 processing site, macrophages processed IL-1Fm2 before being released. However, both pan-caspase and caspase-1 inhibitors failed to inhibit the processing and release of IL-1Fm2. These results demonstrate an important role of IL-1Fm2 in the regulation of fish immune responses, shed light on the evolution of the IL-1 family in vertebrates and point to the complexity of this cytokine family.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Angosto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Azucena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alcaraz-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarropoulou
authors.affiliation: Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abellán
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meseguer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sepulcre
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain vmulero@um.es.
authors.forename: Victoriano
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mulero
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002470:Cell Survival; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes / Q000276:immunology*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1
keywords: Inflammation; comparative immunology; cytokines; macrophages; neutrophils; phylogeny; teleosts