title: Effects of lexical tone contour on Mandarin sentence intelligibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the effects of lexical tone contour on the intelligibility of Mandarin sentences in quiet and in noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  A text-to-speech synthesis engine was used to synthesize Mandarin sentences with each word carrying the original lexical tone, flat tone, or a tone randomly selected from the 4 Mandarin lexical tones. The synthesized speech signals were presented to 11 normal-hearing listeners for recognition in quiet and in speech-shaped noise at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal-hearing listeners nearly perfectly recognized the Mandarin sentences produced with modified tone contours in quiet; however, performance declined substantially in noise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous findings to some extent, the present findings suggest that lexical tones are relatively redundant cues for Mandarin sentence intelligibility in quiet and that other cues could compensate for the distorted lexical tone contour. However, in noise, the results provide direct evidence that lexical tone contour is important for the recognition of Mandarin sentences.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lena L N
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001302:Audiometry, Speech; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D010700:Phonetics; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult