title: Genetic testing and genetic counseling among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorder in 2001 and 2007.
abstract: The rise in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has resulted in increased efforts to understand the causes of this complex set of disorders that emerge early in childhood. Although research in this area is underway and yielding useful, but complex information about ASD, guidelines for the use of genetic testing and counseling among children with ASD conflict. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of use of genetic testing and counseling before the widespread implementation of clinical chromosomal microarray (CMA) to establish a baseline for the use of both services and to investigate potential disparities in the use of both services among children with ASD. We found that about two-thirds of children with ASD received genetic testing or counseling and the use of both services is increasing with time, even in the pre-CMA era. Being female and having a comorbid intellectual disability diagnosis both increased the likelihood of receiving genetic testing and genetic counseling. Initial discrepancies in the use of both services based on race/ethnicity suggest that troubling disparities observed in other services delivered to children with ASD and other mental health disorders persist in genetic testing and counseling as well. These results should incentivize further investigation of the impact of genetic testing and counseling on children with ASD and their families, and should drive efforts to explore and confront disparities in the delivery of these services, particularly with the advancing scientific research on this topic.
authors.affiliation: A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St., Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3734, USA, ljl42@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Newschaffer
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mandell
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States
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