title: Production of gaba (γ - Aminobutyric acid) by microorganisms: a review.
abstract: GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a four carbon non-protein amino acid that is widely distributed in plants, animals and microorganisms. As a metabolic product of plants and microorganisms produced by the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that directly affects the personality and the stress management. A wide range of traditional foods produced by microbial fermentation contain GABA, in which GABA is safe and eco-friendly, and also has the possibility of providing new health-benefited products enriched with GABA. Synthesis of GABA is catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase, therefore, the optimal fermentation condition is mainly based on the biochemical properties of the enzyme. Major GABA producing microorganisms are lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which make food spoilage pathogens unable to grow and act as probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. The major factors affecting the production of GABA by microbial fermentation are temperature, pH, fermentation time and different media additives, therefore, these factors are summarized to provide the most up-dated information for effective GABA synthesis. There has been a huge accumulation of knowledge on GABA application for human health accompanying with a demand on natural GABA supply. Only the GABA production by microorganisms can fulfill the demand with GABA-enriched health beneficial foods.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk 712-749 , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Radhika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhakal
authors.forename: Vivek K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Bajpai
authors.forename: Kwang-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Baek
keywords: GABA (γ -aminobutyric acid); GABA-enriched food.; lactic acid bacteria; microorganisms; optimal conditions
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1997 May;179(10):3362-4
references.pmid: 9150237
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Jan;30(1):41-6
references.pmid: 12545385
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1992 Sep;174(18):5820-6
references.pmid: 1522060
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008 Dec;19(6):597-605
references.pmid: 18992815
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2003 Sep;67(3):429-53, table of contents
references.pmid: 12966143
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1999 Jan;82(1):23-31
references.pmid: 10022003
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 1995 Jan;24(3):343-62
references.pmid: 7710912
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1992 Feb 15;204(1):93-8
references.pmid: 1740158
references.citation: Microb Cell Fact. 2010 Nov 12;9:85
references.pmid: 21070676
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1998 Jun;81(6):1486-91
references.pmid: 9684157
references.citation: EMBO J. 2003 Aug 15;22(16):4027-37
references.pmid: 12912902
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 1999 Nov;4(11):446-452
references.pmid: 10529826
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2001 Apr 11;65(1-2):1-10
references.pmid: 11322691
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Mar;57(3):490-5
references.pmid: 12627188
references.citation: J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jan;17(1):104-9
references.pmid: 18051360
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 May;67(5):1018-23
references.pmid: 12834278
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Jan 31;121(2):123-38
references.pmid: 18022269
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997 Jul;61(7):1168-71
references.pmid: 9255981
references.citation: Jpn J Pharmacol. 2002 Aug;89(4):388-94
references.pmid: 12233817
references.citation: Food Microbiol. 2009 Feb;26(1):16-20
references.pmid: 19028299
references.citation: Biochem J. 1993 Aug 1;293 ( Pt 3):735-8
references.pmid: 8352739
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 17;55(21):8787-92
references.pmid: 17880152
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2004 Sep;92(3):411-7
references.pmid: 15469644
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2007 May;98(8):1675-9
references.pmid: 17055264
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2010 Feb 28;137(2-3):236-45
references.pmid: 20071045
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1953 Mar;1(2):97-102
references.pmid: 13031515
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2010 May;38(5):1439-45
references.pmid: 19787432
references.citation: Arch Microbiol. 1979 Oct;123(1):73-9
references.pmid: 543776
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2002;93(1):95-7
references.pmid: 16233172
references.citation: Tissue Cell. 2002 Feb;34(1):1-6
references.pmid: 11989965
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 Apr 1;96(5):924-31
references.pmid: 16952178
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1973 Jun;114(3):1090-8
references.pmid: 4197264
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1971 Nov;108(2):817-23
references.pmid: 5001872
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1994 May 1;221(3):997-1002
references.pmid: 8181483
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 Mar;86(2):731-41
references.pmid: 20013120
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 May 14;147(1):45-52
references.pmid: 21458095
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1976 Dec;128(3):722-9
references.pmid: 825509
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2010 Nov;39(5):1107-16
references.pmid: 20364279
references.citation: Biokhimiia. 1972 May-Jun;37(3):572-8
references.pmid: 5045104
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Feb;68(2):444-7
references.pmid: 14981313
references.citation: J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2008 Oct;54(5):267-76
references.pmid: 19029768
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Nov;73(22):7283-90
references.pmid: 17890341
references.citation: J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Nov;30(11):669-76
references.pmid: 14625794
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Mar;64(3):617-9
references.pmid: 10803966
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1959 Apr;234(4):932-6
references.pmid: 13654294
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Mar 15;130(1):12-6
references.pmid: 19167126
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 27;56(16):6936-43
references.pmid: 18627167
references.citation: Biochimie. 1974;56(6-7):823-32
references.pmid: 4447797
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1998 Jan;27(2):299-310
references.pmid: 9484886
references.citation: Life Sci. 2006 Jun 13;79(3):259-64
references.pmid: 16464476
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1975 Oct;124(1):232-42
references.pmid: 170245
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1959 Apr;234(4):937-40
references.pmid: 13654295
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2008 Apr;34(3):473-8
references.pmid: 17514494
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2001;20(3):331-4
references.pmid: 11354609
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1974 Oct 15;47(2):199-203
references.pmid: 4154214
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000 Mar 5;67(5):575-84
references.pmid: 10649232
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1999 Jun;181(11):3525-35
references.pmid: 10348866
references.citation: Mycopathologia. 1996 Feb;133(2):119-21
references.pmid: 20882470