title: Lymphatic filariasis in Nigeria; micro-stratification overlap mapping (MOM) as a prerequisite for cost-effective resource utilization in control and surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nigeria has a significant burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. A major concern to the expansion of the LF elimination programme is the risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with the use of ivermectin in areas co-endemic with Loa filariasis. To better understand this, as well as other factors that may impact on LF elimination, we used Micro-stratification Overlap Mapping (MOM) to highlight the distribution and potential impact of multiple disease interventions that geographically coincide in LF endemic areas and which will impact on LF and vice versa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LF data from the literature and Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) were collated into a database. LF prevalence distributions; predicted prevalence of loiasis; ongoing onchocerciasis community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTi); and long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net (LLIN) distributions for malaria were incorporated into overlay maps using geographical information system (GIS) software. LF was prevalent across most regions of the country. The mean prevalence determined by circulating filarial antigen (CFA) was 14.0% (n = 134 locations), and by microfilaria (Mf) was 8.2% (n = 162 locations). Overall, LF endemic areas geographically coincided with CDTi priority areas, however, LLIN coverage was generally low (<50%) in areas where LF prevalence was high or co-endemic with L. loa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extensive database and series of maps produced in this study provide an important overview for the LF Programme and will assist to maximize existing interventions, ensuring cost effective use of resources as the programme scales up. Such information is a prerequisite for the LF programme, and will allow for other factors to be included into planning, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities given the broad spectrum impact of the drugs used.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Patricia N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Okorie
authors.forename: George O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Ademowo
authors.forename: Yisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saka
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Chukwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okoronkwo
authors.forename: Moses J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bockarie
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kelly-Hope
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019371:Topography, Medical; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000302:isolation & purification*
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