title: Direct and interactive influence of explanatory variables on properties of a calcium phosphate cement for vertebral body augmentation.
abstract: We used the response surface methodology to investigate the direct and interactive effects of three explanatory variables on three properties of a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for use in vertebroplasty (VP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP). The variables were poly(ethylene glycol) content of the cement liquid (PEG), powder-to-liquid ratio (PLR), and the amount of Na2HPO4 added to an aqueous solution of 4 wt/wt% poly(acrylic acid) (as the cement liquid) (SPC). The properties were injectability (I), final setting time (F), and 5-day compressive strength (UCS). We found that (1) there was an interactive effect between the variables on I and F but not on UCS; (2) the maximum I (98%) was obtained with PEG = 20 wt/wt% and PLR = 2 g mL(-1); (3) F = 15 min (the proposed optimum value for a CPC for use in VP and BKP) was obtained with PEG = 4 wt/wt% and PLR = 2.9 g mL(-1); and (4) the maximum UCS (39 MPa) was obtained with SPC = 0 and PLR = 3.5 g mL(-1).
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Werdofa
authors.forename: Gladius
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D006801:Humans; D058498:Kyphoplasty; D008422:Materials Testing; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000628:therapy; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C020243:calcium phosphate
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