title: Combined γ-tocotrienol and Met inhibitor treatment suppresses mammary cancer cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysregulation of Met signalling is associated with malignant transformation. Combined treatment has been shown to reduce Met activation and mammary tumour cell proliferation. Experiments here, were conducted to determine mechanisms involved in mediating anti-cancer effects of combined γ-tocotrienol and SU11274 (Met inhibitor) treatment in various mammary cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment effects on mouse (+SA) and human (MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) mammary cancer cell lines, and normal mouse (CL-S1) and human (MCF10A) mammary epithelial cell lines were compared. Cell proliferation and survival were determined by MTT assay and Ki-67 staining; protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was also used to characterize expression and localization of multiple epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Cell migration was determined using a wound-healing assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined treatment with γ-tocotrienol and SU11274 resulted in synergistic inhibition of +SA, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, but not CL-S1 or MCF10A cell growth that was associated with reduction in Akt STAT1/5 and NFκB activation and corresponding blockade in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as indicated by increased expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and cytokeratins 8/18 (epithelial markers) and corresponding reduction in vimentin (mesenchymal marker) and reduction in cancer cell motility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suggest that combined γ-tocotrienol and Met inhibitor treatment may provide benefit in treatment of breast cancers characterized by aberrant Met activity.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, 71291, LA, USA.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Akl
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Sylvester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D053533:Keratin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C478479:((3Z)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-((3,5-dimethyl-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-N-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide); D015820:Cadherins; D002839:Chromans; D007211:Indoles; D053538:Keratin-18; D053533:Keratin-8; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010879:Piperazines; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014746:Vimentin; D051176:beta Catenin; D014810:Vitamin E; C013649:plastochromanol 8; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
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