title: Human pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol, an antihyperglycemic flavonoid from hops.
abstract: METHODS
  Xanthohumol (XN) is a bioactive prenylflavonoid from hops. A single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in men (n = 24) and women (n = 24) to determine dose-concentration relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects received a single oral dose of 20, 60, or 180 mg XN. Blood was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Plasma levels of XN and its metabolites, isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6PN) were measured by LC-MS/MS. Xanthohumol (XN) and IX conjugates were dominant circulating flavonoids among all subjects. Levels of 8PN and 6PN were undetectable in most subjects. The XN PK profile showed peak concentrations around 1 h and between 4-5 h after ingestion. The maximum XN concentrations (C(max)) were 33 ± 7 mg/L, 48 ± 11 mg/L, and 120 ± 24 mg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. Using noncompartmental modeling, the area under the curves (AUC(0→∞)) for XN were 92 ± 68 h × μg/L, 323 ± 160 h × μg/L, and 863 ± 388 h × μg/L for the 20, 60, and 180 mg dose, respectively. The mean half-life of XN was 20 h for the 60 and 18 h for the 180 mg dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  XN has a distinct biphasic absorption pattern with XN and IX conjugates being the major circulating metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: LeeCole
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Legette
authors.forename: Chanida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karnpracha
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Jaewoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bobe
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Rosita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Proteau
authors.forename: Jonathan Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Purnell
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D027582:Humulus / Q000737:chemistry*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D011427:Propiophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: C521871:6-prenylnaringenin; C119737:8-prenylnaringenin; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D011427:Propiophenones; D044004:Xanthones; C512910:isoxanthohumol; C104536:xanthohumol
keywords: Flavonoids; Hops; Human metabolism; Pharmacokinetics; Xanthohumol
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