title: Arp2/3-mediated actin-based motility: a tail of pathogen abuse.
abstract: Intracellular pathogens have developed elaborate mechanisms to exploit the different cellular systems of their unwilling hosts to facilitate their entry, replication, and survival. In particular, a diverse range of bacteria and viruses have evolved unique strategies to harness the power of Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization to enhance their cell-to-cell spread. In this review, we discuss how studying these pathogens has revolutionized our molecular understanding of Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly and revealed key signaling pathways regulating actin assembly in cells. Future analyses of microbe-host interactions are likely to continue uncovering new mechanisms regulating actin assembly and dynamics, as well as unexpected cellular functions for actin. Further, studies with known and newly emerging pathogens will also undoubtedly continue to enhance our understanding of the role of the actin cytoskeleton during pathogenesis and potentially highlight future therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic address: welch@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Way
mesh_terms: D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D014780:Viruses / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D051376:Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex; D000199:Actins
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Sep;17(5):945-51
references.pmid: 8596443
references.citation: Blood. 2004 Dec 15;104(13):4010-9
references.pmid: 15284122
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2004 Aug;6(8):761-9
references.pmid: 15236643
references.citation: Cell. 2008 May 30;133(5):841-51
references.pmid: 18510928
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Oct 7;401(6753):613-6
references.pmid: 10524632
references.citation: Virology. 1998 Apr 25;244(1):20-6
references.pmid: 9581774
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2013 Jun 3;23(11):999-1006
references.pmid: 23707428
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Jul 26;190(2):187-95
references.pmid: 20660627
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Oct 3;195(1):7-17
references.pmid: 21969466
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Mar 24;136(6):1307-22
references.pmid: 9087445
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1990 Apr;58(4):1048-58
references.pmid: 2108086
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2002 Apr 30;12(9):740-5
references.pmid: 12007418
references.citation: J Virol. 1991 Mar;65(3):1219-27
references.pmid: 1995943
references.citation: EMBO J. 2008 Nov 5;27(21):2817-28
references.pmid: 18923421
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1996 Jul;109 ( Pt 7):1739-47
references.pmid: 8832396
references.citation: Virology. 2012 Feb 20;423(2):143-51
references.pmid: 22209233
references.citation: J Virol. 1999 Apr;73(4):2863-75
references.pmid: 10074134
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Feb 11;76(3):505-17
references.pmid: 8313471
references.citation: EMBO J. 1998 May 15;17(10):2767-76
references.pmid: 9582270
references.citation: J Virol. 1997 May;71(5):3904-15
references.pmid: 9094667
references.citation: Virology. 1979 Oct 15;98(1):142-53
references.pmid: 573519
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(10):3867-71
references.pmid: 2542950
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2012 Aug 1;125(Pt 15):3519-27
references.pmid: 22935654
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1998 Jun;79 ( Pt 6):1415-25
references.pmid: 9634084
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2001 Sep;3(9):633-47
references.pmid: 11553015
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 Aug 7;150(3):527-38
references.pmid: 10931865
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Jul;2(7):441-8
references.pmid: 10878810
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1989 Oct;109(4 Pt 1):1597-608
references.pmid: 2507553
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Oct;25(20):8834-43
references.pmid: 16199863
references.citation: Virology. 1993 Nov;197(1):245-54
references.pmid: 8212560
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Jul 15;9(14):759-62
references.pmid: 10421578
references.citation: J Invertebr Pathol. 1989 Mar;53(2):169-82
references.pmid: 2656869
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Sep;49(5):1361-75
references.pmid: 12940993
references.citation: J Virol. 1976 May;18(2):636-43
references.pmid: 1271521
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2002 Jul;13(7):2383-96
references.pmid: 12134077
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Jan;14(1):7-12
references.pmid: 23212475
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;19(6):276-85
references.pmid: 19406642
references.citation: Virology. 1988 Apr;163(2):547-53
references.pmid: 3281373
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Apr 16;97(2):221-31
references.pmid: 10219243
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2001 Jul;11(7):286-7
references.pmid: 11434350
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1997 Mar 24;136(6):1323-32
references.pmid: 9087446
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1989 Jan;171(1):353-9
references.pmid: 2644195
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2001 Sep;2(9):850-7
references.pmid: 11559594
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1992 Sep;60(9):3609-19
references.pmid: 1500169
references.citation: Virology. 1987 Jan;156(1):32-9
references.pmid: 18644552
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2004 May;85(Pt 5):1279-1290
references.pmid: 15105545
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;118(1):71-81
references.pmid: 1618908
references.citation: EMBO J. 2011 Feb 2;30(3):456-67
references.pmid: 21217643
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Mar 5;458(7234):87-91
references.pmid: 19262673
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):4908-13
references.pmid: 10220392
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Nov;18(3):413-23
references.pmid: 8748026
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Oct 28;401(6756):926-9
references.pmid: 10553910
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Oct;192(19):5249-52
references.pmid: 20693329
references.citation: J Virol. 2012 Jul;86(13):7427-43
references.pmid: 22532690
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2013 Feb;81(2):598-607
references.pmid: 23230296
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(16):6068-72
references.pmid: 2117270
references.citation: Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):531-5
references.pmid: 18436786
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1994 Oct;127(1):107-15
references.pmid: 7929556
references.citation: Virology. 1999 Nov 10;264(1):1-4
references.pmid: 10544124
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Jan;85(1):21-31
references.pmid: 20962097
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 May 31;145(5):1009-26
references.pmid: 10352018
references.citation: Arch Virol. 2006 Nov;151(11):2161-80
references.pmid: 16763732
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2012 Dec;80(12):4071-7
references.pmid: 22966049
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Jul;130(2):331-43
references.pmid: 7615635
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Jul 23;6(1):10-21
references.pmid: 19616762
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2012 Sep;93(Pt 9):1876-1886
references.pmid: 22622330
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;131(2):385-97
references.pmid: 7593166
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1993 May;61(5):1926-35
references.pmid: 8478082
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14671-6
references.pmid: 9405671
references.citation: Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1968 Aug;21(4):259-73
references.pmid: 4884612
references.citation: Virology. 1957 Feb;3(1):160-72
references.pmid: 13409767
references.citation: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1970;17(3):221-36
references.pmid: 4101180
references.citation: Nature. 1997 Jan 16;385(6613):265-9
references.pmid: 9000076
references.citation: EMBO J. 2011 Aug 31;30(17):3527-39
references.pmid: 21878994
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 14;273(33):20992-5
references.pmid: 9694849
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2006 Feb;8(2):233-41
references.pmid: 16441434
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;3(10):897-904
references.pmid: 11584271
references.citation: Virology. 1994 Oct;204(1):376-90
references.pmid: 8091668
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Sep 20;146(6):1333-50
references.pmid: 10491395
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;11(1):62-74
references.pmid: 19997130
references.citation: Arch Virol. 1982;74(1):11-20
references.pmid: 6891579
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2002 Sep 17;12(18):1617-22
references.pmid: 12372256
references.citation: J Virol. 2001 Jan;75(1):303-10
references.pmid: 11119600
references.citation: Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):124-9
references.pmid: 15297625
references.citation: EMBO J. 1997 Sep 1;16(17):5433-44
references.pmid: 9312002
references.citation: J Virol. 1998 May;72(5):4192-204
references.pmid: 9557708
references.citation: Virology. 2000 May 25;271(1):26-36
references.pmid: 10814567
references.citation: FEBS J. 2011 Dec;278(23):4526-43
references.pmid: 21466657
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Dec 7;378(6557):636-8
references.pmid: 8524400
references.citation: Nature. 1991 Jul 11;352(6331):126-31
references.pmid: 2067574
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1995 Nov;18(3):425-36
references.pmid: 8748027
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2010 Nov 1;191(3):571-84
references.pmid: 21041447
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Dec 17;6(6):536-50
references.pmid: 20006842
references.citation: Virology. 1981 Sep;113(2):556-64
references.pmid: 7269254
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;11(10):1233-40
references.pmid: 19749745
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1999 Jun;112 ( Pt 11):1697-708
references.pmid: 10318762
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1981 Mar;132(1):81-7
references.pmid: 7193591
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Sep 13;12(3):346-59
references.pmid: 22980331
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2011 Oct;13(10):1460-9
references.pmid: 21790944
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2002 Apr;4(4):223-33
references.pmid: 11952639
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2001 Jan 23;11(2):130-5
references.pmid: 11231131
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2003 May;4(5):523-9
references.pmid: 12776739
references.citation: Science. 2010 Feb 12;327(5967):873-876
references.pmid: 20093437
references.citation: Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):521-31
references.pmid: 1739966
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jun 16;9(7):487-98
references.pmid: 21677684
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Jul 1;176(1):117-24
references.pmid: 10418138
references.citation: Nat Med. 2005 Jul;11(7):731-9
references.pmid: 15980865
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6572-6
references.pmid: 7604035
references.citation: Science. 1998 Jul 3;281(5373):105-8
references.pmid: 9651243
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jun;9(6):427-39
references.pmid: 21522191
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Nov 18;8(5):433-44
references.pmid: 21075354
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 29;286(30):26987-95
references.pmid: 21646350
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Sep 17;6(3):268-78
references.pmid: 19748468
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Jan 29;427(6973):457-61
references.pmid: 14749835
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 Jan 28;9(2):89-92
references.pmid: 10021367
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1999 May 20;9(10):555-8
references.pmid: 10339430
references.citation: Virology. 1998 Mar 30;243(1):167-77
references.pmid: 9527926
references.citation: Int J Med Microbiol. 2004 Apr;293(7-8):549-55
references.pmid: 15149030
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1996 Nov;135(3):647-60
references.pmid: 8909540
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2013 Mar;9(3):e1003239
references.pmid: 23555252
references.citation: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2005 Feb;8(1):35-45
references.pmid: 15694855
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;118(1):83-93
references.pmid: 1618909
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;11(4):237-51
references.pmid: 20237478
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Jul;85(14):7402-10
references.pmid: 21543482
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2008 Oct;16(10):472-9
references.pmid: 18789694
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Jan 17;3(1):39-47
references.pmid: 18191793
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2001 May;3(5):484-91
references.pmid: 11331876
references.citation: Nature. 1992 May 21;357(6375):257-60
references.pmid: 1589024
references.citation: Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):464-7
references.pmid: 17053146
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2002 Dec;83(Pt 12):2915-2931
references.pmid: 12466468
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Sep 20;146(6):1319-32
references.pmid: 10491394
references.citation: EMBO J. 2005 Mar 23;24(6):1287-300
references.pmid: 15729356
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jul 23;118(2):203-16
references.pmid: 15260990
references.citation: Lab Invest. 1972 Jun;26(6):694-700
references.pmid: 4624183
references.citation: Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):551-5
references.pmid: 3524856