title: Triglyceride recrystallized phytosterols in fat-free milk improve lipoprotein profiles more than unmodified free phytosterols in hypercholesterolemic men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Foods incorporating plant sterols (PS) consistently decrease serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), although results vary depending on the PS form and food matrix. The objective was to study the effect of a novel triglyceride-recrystallized phystosterol (TRP) incorporated into fat-free milk on markers of cardiovascular risk compared to unmodified free sterols alone in the same fat-free milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypercholesterolemic men and women (n = 13 males/7 females; 56 ± 10 years; body mass index 27.3 ± 5.9 kg/m(2)) participated in 3 sequential 4-week phases of 480 mL milk consumption. During phase 1 (control) all subjects consumed 2% milk containing no PS, followed by phase 2 with fat-free milk containing free PS (2 g/d fPS) and phase 3 with fat-free milk with TRP (2 g/d). After each phase, determinations of lipoprotein cholesterol distribution, particle concentration via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), apolipoproteins, inflammatory markers, and fat-soluble dietary antioxidants were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass, body composition, dietary energy and macronutrients, and physical activity were unaffected throughout the study. Compared to the control 2% milk, LDL-C was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by fPS (-9.1%) and was further decreased by TRP (-15.4%); reductions with TRP were significantly greater. Total LDL particle concentration was decreased to a greater extent after TRP (-8.8%) than fPS (-4.8%; p < 0.05). Only TRP significantly decreased serum levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB; -6%), interleukin-8 (IL-8; -11%) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1; -19%). Plasma α- and γ-tocopherols and carotenoids, normalized to cholesterol, remained unchanged throughout the study with the exception that β-carotene was lowered by 18%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, TRP in fat-free milk may provide cardiovascular benefits beyond that of fPS by inducing more substantial decreases in LDL cholesterol and particle concentration, associated with declines in markers of vascular inflammation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Kinesiology , The Human Performance Laboratory.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kunces
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kupchak
authors.forename: Brittanie M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Freidenreich
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Aristizabal
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saenz
authors.forename: Ruisong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maresh
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pronczuk
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Volek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000097:blood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D016209:Interleukin-8; D010840:Phytosterols; D014280:Triglycerides; D002338:Carotenoids; D024505:Tocopherols