title: The biomechanical influence of the facet joint orientation and the facet tropism in the lumbar spine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facet joint orientation and facet tropism (FT) are presented as the potential anatomical predisposing factors for lumbar degenerative changes that may lead in turn to early degeneration and herniation of the corresponding disc or degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, no biomechanical study of this concept has been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the biomechanical influence of the facet orientation and FT on stress on the corresponding segment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Finite element analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three models, F50, F55, and F60 were simulated with different facet joint orientations (50°, 55°, and 60° relative to coronal plane) at both L2-L3 facet joints. A FT model was also simulated to represent a 50° facet joint angle at the right side and a 60° facet joint angle at the left side in the L2-L3 segment. In each model, the intradiscal pressures were investigated under four pure moments and anterior shear force. Facet contact forces at the L2-L3 segment were also analyzed under extension and torsion moments and anterior shear force. This study was supported by 5000 CHF grant of 2011 AO Spine Research Korea fund. The authors of this study have no topic-specific potential conflicts of interest related to this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The F50, F55, and F60 models did not differ in the intradiscal pressures generated under four pure moments: but under anterior shear force, the F60 and FT models showed increases of intradiscal pressure. The F50 model under extension and the F60 model under torsion each generated an increase in facet contact force. In all conditions tested, the FT model yielded the greatest increase of intradiscal pressure and facet contact force of all the models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The facet orientation per se did not increase disc stress or facet joint stress prominently at the corresponding level under four pure moments, but FT could make the corresponding segment more vulnerable to external moments or anterior shear force.
authors.affiliation: Spine Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumiro, Bundang-gu, Sungnam 463-707, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Joong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Heoung-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Hwan-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyoung-Tak
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Choon-Ki
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bong-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yeom
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000209:etiology; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Facet joint orientation; Facet tropism; Finite element model; Spondylolisthesis