title: Effect of tramadol at different doses on orthodontic tooth movement and bone resorption in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tramadol is an opioid agonist that has the potential of being abused. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different doses of tramadol on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and bone resorption in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two male rats were assigned randomly to two experimental groups and one control group. Nickel-titanium coil springs were used to exert orthodontic force. The rats in the control group and experimental group-1, respectively, received a daily injection of 0.1 ml of normal saline and 10 mg/kg of tramadol for 14 days. The rats in experimental group-2 received 10 mg/kg of the same drug on days 1-4, 20 mg/kg on days 5-8, 40 mg/kg on days 9-12 and 60 mg/kg on days 13 and 14. OTM was measured on days 4, 8, 12, and 14. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed. Histological analysis was also performed to evaluate the number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and Howship's lacunae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis with analysis of variance tests showed that the rats in experimental group-2 had significantly decreased OTM compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05), whereas OTM for the rats in experimental group-1 was comparable to that in the control group (P > 0.05). The histological evaluations did not show any significant difference among the groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of tramadol hydrochloride on OTM depends on the dosage used. High doses of the drug reduce the extent of OTM significantly.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aghili
authors.forename: Mahdjoube Goldani
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Moghadam
authors.forename: Soghra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yassaei
authors.forename: Amir Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fattahi Meybodi
authors.forename: Seyed Mohamad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ali Tabatabaei
keywords: Orthodontic tooth movement; rat; tramadol
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