title: Development of an integrative cessation program for co-smokers of cigarettes and cannabis: demand analysis, program description, and acceptability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco and cannabis use are strongly interrelated, but current national and international cessation programs typically focus on one substance, and address the other substance either only marginally or not at all. This study aimed to identify the demand for, and describe the development and content of, the first integrative group cessation program for co-smokers of cigarettes and cannabis.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, a preliminary study using expert interviews, user focus groups with (ex-)smokers, and an online survey was conducted to investigate the demand for, and potential content of, an integrative smoking cessation program (ISCP) for tobacco and cannabis co-smokers. This study revealed that both experts and co-smokers considered an ISCP to be useful but expected only modest levels of readiness for participation.Based on the findings of the preliminary study, an interdisciplinary expert team developed a course concept and a recruitment strategy. The developed group cessation program is based on current treatment techniques (such as motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy, and self-control training) and structured into six course sessions.The program was evaluated regarding its acceptability among participants and course instructors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the participants and course instructors evaluated the course positively. Participants and instructors especially appreciated the group discussions and the modules that were aimed at developing personal strategies that could be applied during simultaneous cessation of tobacco and cannabis, such as dealing with craving, withdrawal, and high-risk situations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a clear demand for a double cessation program for co-users of cigarettes and cannabis, and the first group cessation program tailored for these users has been developed and evaluated for acceptability. In the near future, the feasibility of the program will be evaluated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15248397.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction ISGF, University of Zurich, Konradstrasse 32, P, O, Box, 8031, Zurich, Switzerland. julia.becker@isgf.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hungerbuehler
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szamrovicz
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haubensack
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kormann
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaub
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D016730:Program Development; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Aug 1;110(3):177-82
references.pmid: 20378281
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Jan 1;99(1-3):240-7
references.pmid: 18926646
references.citation: Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2007 Dec;4(1):4-16
references.pmid: 18292704
references.citation: Eur Addict Res. 2011;17(1):1-9
references.pmid: 20881400
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2004 Sep 30;4:43
references.pmid: 15458567
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Jan 1;92(1-3):48-54
references.pmid: 17643868
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2008 Aug;35(2):158-76
references.pmid: 18617085
references.citation: Addiction. 2004 Jan;99(1):39-52
references.pmid: 14678061
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2009 Apr;32(2):142-9
references.pmid: 19003525
references.citation: J Drug Issues. 2009 Apr;39(2):313-328
references.pmid: 20401340
references.citation: BMJ. 1994 Oct 1;309(6958):842-6
references.pmid: 7950614
references.citation: Nicotine Tob Res. 2011 Aug;13(8):746-50
references.pmid: 21454910
references.citation: Addiction. 2012 Jul;107(7):1221-33
references.pmid: 22300456
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012 Dec 1;126(3):279-85
references.pmid: 22726914
references.citation: Addiction. 2008 Aug;103(8):1361-70
references.pmid: 18855826
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:409-31
references.pmid: 19327035
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983 Jun;51(3):390-5
references.pmid: 6863699
references.citation: Health Educ Res. 2010 Feb;25(1):74-82
references.pmid: 19515745
references.citation: Addiction. 2005 Oct;100(10):1518-25
references.pmid: 16185213
references.citation: Addiction. 2005 Aug;100(8):1036-9
references.pmid: 16042624
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003 Dec;22(4):391-9
references.pmid: 14660128
references.citation: Am J Addict. 2006 Jul-Aug;15(4):297-302
references.pmid: 16867925
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 2013 Feb;44(2):231-40
references.pmid: 22885010
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 May;155(2):171-9
references.pmid: 11401006
references.citation: Patient Educ Couns. 2006 Dec;64(1-3):235-41
references.pmid: 16616450
references.citation: Addiction. 2004 Jan;99(1):77-81
references.pmid: 14678065
references.citation: Addiction. 2012 Aug;107(8):1404-17
references.pmid: 22340422
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2012 Mar;32(2):105-21
references.pmid: 22245559
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 May 1;95(1-2):107-14
references.pmid: 18325694
references.citation: Subst Abus. 2004 Jun;25(2):35-43
references.pmid: 15982966
references.citation: Psychiatr Prax. 2004 Nov;31 Suppl 1:S140-1
references.pmid: 15570532
references.citation: J Addict Dis. 2003;22(3):51-62
references.pmid: 14621344
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002 Aug 1;67(3):243-8
references.pmid: 12127195
references.citation: J Subst Abuse. 2001;13(4):583-96
references.pmid: 11775084