title: A 24-hour approach to the study of health behaviors: temporal relationships between waking health behaviors and sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although sleep is often associated with waking health behaviors (WHB) such as alcohol consumption, caffeine use, smoking, and exercise, the causal direction of these relationships is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study used time series data to examine the temporal dynamics of WHB and sleep characteristics in participants of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Sleep Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred three women completed daily assessments of WHB and wore wrist actigraphs to measure sleep characteristics for the duration of the study (mean = 29.42 days, SD = 6.71).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vector autoregressive modeling revealed that weekly patterns of sleep and WHB best predicted subsequent sleep and WHB suggesting that the associations between WHB and sleep persist beyond their immediate influence. Some WHB predicted some subsequent sleep characteristics, but sleep did not predict subsequent WHB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel findings provide insight into the temporal dynamics of 24-h behaviors and encourage consideration of both sleep and WHB in health promotion and behavior change efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Room E-1131, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Leah A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Krafty
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buysse
authors.forename: Howard M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kravitz
authors.forename: Joyce T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bromberger
authors.forename: Huiyong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Martica H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking; D016387:Women's Health
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