title: Surface characteristics and bioactivity of an anodized titanium surface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface properties and biological response of an anodized titanium surface by cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercial pure titanium (Ti) disks were prepared. The samples were divided into an untreated machined Ti group and anodized Ti group. The anodization of cp-Ti was formed using a constant voltage of 270 V for 60 seconds. The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and an image analyzing microscope. The surface roughness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy and a profilometer. The contact angle and surface energy were analyzed. Cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated using mouse MC3T3-E1 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anodized Ti group had a more porous and thicker layer on its surface. The surface roughness of the two groups measured by the profilometer showed no significant difference (P>0.001). The anodized Ti dioxide (TiO2) surface exhibited better corrosion resistance and showed a significantly lower contact angle than the machined Ti surface (P>0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the cell viability between the two groups (P>0.001), the anodized TiO2 surface showed significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the surface modification of Ti by anodic oxidation improved the osteogenic response of the osteoblast cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bo-Ah
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xing-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cell proliferation; Dental implants; Titanium; Titanium oxide
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