title: Surface passivation of carbon nanoparticles with branched macromolecules influences near infrared bioimaging.
abstract: A superior and commercially exploitable 'green synthesis' of optically active carbon nanoparticle (OCN) is revealed in this work. The naked carbon particles (<20 nm) were derived from commercial food grade honey. The fluorescence properties of these particles were significantly enhanced by utilizing hyberbranched polymer for surface passivation. A dramatic increase in near infrared emission was achieved compared to a linear polymer (PEG) coated carbon nanoparticles. Interestingly, as passivating agent becomes more extensively branched (pseudo generation 2 to 4), the average radiant efficiency amplifies considerably as a direct result of the increasing surface area available for light passivation. The particles showed negligible loss of cell viability in presence of endothelial cells in vitro. Preliminary in vivo experiment showed high contrast enhancement in auxiliary lymphnode in a mouse model. The exceptionally rapid lymphatic transport of these particles suggests that such an approach may offer greater convenience and reduced procedural expense, as well as improved surgical advantage as the patient is positioned on the table for easier resection.
authors.affiliation: 1. Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA. ; 2. Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging in College of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Radiology, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luderer
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Corban
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Allen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stacy
authors.forename: Baozhong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: Dipanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D011108:Polymers; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Carbon nanoparticle; contrast agent; hyperbranched polymer; near infrared imaging; surface passivation.
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 Jul 19;49(31):5310-4
references.pmid: 20572221
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2013;3:1473
references.pmid: 23502324
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2012 Sep 21;4(18):5581-4
references.pmid: 22864922
references.citation: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Mar;13(4):504-22
references.pmid: 22216767
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2012 Nov 21;4(22):6967-70
references.pmid: 23076865
references.citation: Theranostics. 2012;2(3):235-7
references.pmid: 22448193
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2012 Sep 25;24(37):5104-10
references.pmid: 22718562
references.citation: J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 May 1;397:39-44
references.pmid: 23484769
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2010 Aug;7(8):603-14
references.pmid: 20676081
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Feb;31(2):148-53
references.pmid: 23292608
references.citation: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Jun 7;13(21):9929-41
references.pmid: 21380462
references.citation: Curr Drug Metab. 2012 Oct;13(8):1046-56
references.pmid: 22380012
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Jun 21;128(24):7756-7
references.pmid: 16771487
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2012 Sep 18;45(9):1470-9
references.pmid: 22720781
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2010 May 12;110(5):2641-84
references.pmid: 20356094
references.citation: Nano Lett. 2012 Jul 11;12(7):3613-20
references.pmid: 22694219
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2010 May;31(14):4088-93
references.pmid: 20172607
references.citation: Chemistry. 2010 Feb 1;16(5):1459-63
references.pmid: 20033968
references.citation: Theranostics. 2012;2(3):295-301
references.pmid: 22448196
references.citation: Small. 2012 Jan 23;8(2):281-90
references.pmid: 22095931
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(34):6473-5
references.pmid: 17645271
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2009 Aug 25;3(8):2367-75
references.pmid: 19702326
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2013 Jan 7;5(1):147-50
references.pmid: 23154790
references.citation: Nano Res. 2013;6(5):312-325
references.pmid: 23824757
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 Sep 10;49(38):6726-44
references.pmid: 20687055
references.citation: Theranostics. 2012;2(3):302-12
references.pmid: 22509196
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2012 Sep 21;4(18):5572-5
references.pmid: 22786671