title: Development of phytosanitary cold treatments for oranges infested with Bactrocera invadens and Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) by comparison with existing cold treatment schedules for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: Phytosanitary cold treatments were tested for Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta, and White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) using comparisons with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Oranges were infested by puncturing holes in the peel and allowing tephritids to oviposit in the holes. The treatments were initiated when the larvae reached late third instar because previous research had shown that stage to be the most cold tolerant for all three species. Results show that B. invadens is not more cold tolerant than C. capitata and B. zonata at 1.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C and lend support to the use of C. capitata cold treatment schedules for B. invadens. It cannot be concluded that B. zonata is not more cold tolerant than C. capitata.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insect Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA. Guy.Hallman@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Guy J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Mokhtar F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: El-Wakkad
authors.forename: Meshil D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tadrous
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jessup
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D033622:Ceratitis capitata; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000254:growth & development*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D007300:Insect Control; D007814:Larva; D013045:Species Specificity; D033621:Tephritidae