title: Reducing excess radiation from portal imaging of pediatric brain tumors.
abstract: Previously we have shown that our routine portal imaging (PI) of the craniofacial region in pediatric brain tumor patients contributed an additional 2%-3% of the prescribed dose and up to 200 cGy to the planning target volume (PTV) and nearby organs at risk (OARs). The purpose of this study is to quantify the reduction in dose to PTV and OARs from portal imaging (PI) of the craniofacial region of pediatric patients treated after the implementation of changes in our portal imaging practices. Twenty consecutive pediatric patients were retrospectively studied since the implementation of changes to our portal imaging procedure. Each received portal imaging of treatment fields and orthogonal setup fields to the craniofacial region. PI modifications included a reduction in the field size of setup orthogonal fields without loss of radiographic information needed for treatment verification. In addition, treatment fields were imaged using a single exposure, rather than double exposure. Dose-volume histograms were generated to quantify the dose to the target and critical structures through PI acquisition. These results were compared with our previous cohort of 20 patients who were treated using the former portal imaging practices. The mean additional target dose from portal imaging following the new guidelines was 1.5% of the prescribed dose compared to 2.5% prior to the new portal image practices (p &lt; 0.001). With the new portal imaging practices, the percentage decrease in portal imaging dose to the brainstem, optic structures, cochlea, hypothalamus, temporal lobes, thyroid, and eyes were 25%, 35%, 35%, 51%, 45%, 80%, and 55%, respectively. Reductions in portal imaging doses were significant in all OARs with exception of the brainstem, which showed a trend towards significance. Changes to portal imaging practices can reduce the radiation dose contribution from portal imaging to surrounding OARs by up to 80%. This may have implications on both late toxicity and second cancer development in pediatric brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: New York University Langone Medical Center. mosesmt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hitchen
authors.forename: Ashwatha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narayana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011859:Radiography; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Apr;18(4):1033-40
references.pmid: 19336557
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):610-7
references.pmid: 19147025
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2004 Jul;77(919):557-61
references.pmid: 15238401
references.citation: J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2012 Jan 05;13(1):3385
references.pmid: 22231206
references.citation: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2008;131(4):431-43
references.pmid: 18667400
references.citation: Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Jul;6(3):570-86
references.pmid: 19560746
references.citation: Ann ICRP. 2012 Feb;41(1-2):1-322
references.pmid: 22925378
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jul 1;101(13):946-58
references.pmid: 19535780
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1998 May;16(5):1723-8
references.pmid: 9586884
references.citation: Radiat Res. 2009 Jul;172(1):1-9
references.pmid: 19580502
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2011 Dec 20;29(36):4776-80
references.pmid: 22042949
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 May 15;21(1):109-22
references.pmid: 2032882
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3691-7
references.pmid: 19581535