title: Association of geographical factors with administration of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke if administered within a few hours of stroke onset. Because of this time restriction, tPA administration remains infrequent. Ambulance use is an effective strategy for increasing tPA administration but may be influenced by geographical factors. The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between tPA administration and ambulance use and to examine how patient travel distance and population density affect tPA utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed administrative claims data from 114,194 acute ischemic stroke cases admitted to 603 hospitals between July 2010 and March 2012. Mixed-effects logistic regression models of patients nested within hospitals with a random intercept were generated to analyze possible predictive factors (including patient characteristics, ambulance use, and driving time from home to hospital) of tPA administration for different population density categories to investigate differences in these factors in various regional backgrounds. Approximately 5.1% (5797/114,194) of patients received tPA. The composition of baseline characteristics varied among the population density categories, but adjustment for covariates resulted in all factors having similar associations with tPA administration in every category. The administration of tPA was associated with patient age and severity of stroke symptoms, but driving time showed no association. Ambulance use was significantly associated with tPA administration even after adjustment for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between ambulance use and tPA administration suggests the importance of calling an ambulance for suspected stroke. Promoting ambulance use for acute ischemic stroke patients may increase tPA use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Economics and Quality Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunisawa
authors.forename: Toshitaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ukawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikai
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otsubo
authors.forename: Koichi B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minematsu
authors.forename: Kiyohide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fushimi
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imanaka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011156:Population Density; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: emergency medical services; health services research; ischemic stroke; tissue‐type plasminogen activator
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