title: The critical importance of defined media conditions in Daphnia magna nanotoxicity studies.
abstract: Due to the widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the likelihood of them entering the environment has increased and they are known to be potentially toxic. Currently, there is little information on the dynamic changes of AgNPs in ecotoxicity exposure media and how this may affect toxicity. Here, the colloidal stability of three different sizes of citrate-stabilized AgNPs was assessed in standard strength OECD ISO exposure media, and in 2-fold (media2) and 10-fold (media10) dilutions by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and these characteristics were related to their toxicity towards Daphnia magna. Aggregation in undiluted media (media1) was rapid, and after diluting the medium by a factor of 2 or 10, aggregation was reduced, with minimal aggregation over 24h occurring in media10. Acute toxicity measurements were performed using 7nm diameter particles in media1 and media10. In media10 the EC50 of the 7nm particles for D. magna neonates was calculated to be 7.46μgL(-1) with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of 6.84μgL(-1) and 8.13μgL(-1) respectively. For media1, an EC50 could not be calculated, the lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) of 11.25μgL(-1) indicating a significant reduction in toxicity compared to that in media10. The data suggest the increased dispersion of nanoparticles leads to enhanced toxicity, emphasising the importance of appropriate media composition to fully assess nanoparticle toxicity in aquatic ecotoxicity tests.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Römer
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gavin
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Merrifield
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chipman
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Viant
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003621:Daphnia; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012834:Silver
keywords: Daphnia magna; Ecotoxicity; Silver nanoparticles