title: Living on a volcano's edge: genetic isolation of an extremophile terrestrial metazoan.
abstract: Communities of organisms inhabiting extreme terrestrial environments provide a unique opportunity to study evolutionary forces that drive population structure and genetic diversity under the combined challenges posed by multiple geogenic stressors. High abundance of an invasive pantropical earthworm (and the absence of indigenous lumbricid species) in the Furnas geothermal field (Sao Miguel Island, Azores) indicates its remarkable tolerance to high soil temperature, exceptionally high carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels, and elevated metal bioavailability, conditions which are lethal for the majority of terrestrial metazoans. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers were used to analyze the relationship between populations living inside and outside the geothermal field. Results showed that Pontoscolex corethrurus (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae) to be a genetically heterogeneous complex within the Sao Miguel landscape and is probably differentiated into cryptic species. The population exposed to the hostile soil conditions within the volcanic caldera possesses the lowest within-population mitochondrial diversity but an unexpectedly high degree of nuclear variability with several loci evidencing positive selection, parameters indicative of a genetically unique population only distantly related to conspecifics living outside the caldera. In conclusion, P. corethrurus inhabiting active volcanic soil is a discrete extremophile population that has evolved by tolerating a mixture of non-anthropogenic chemical and physical stressors.
authors.affiliation: 1] Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK [2] Centro de Investigação de Recursos Naturais (CIRN), Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.identifier: 0000000258702537
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Langebio, CINVESTVAV, Irapuato-León, México.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montiel
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orozco-terWengel
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos (CVARG), Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kille
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012987:Soil
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1999 Jan;16(1):37-48
references.pmid: 10331250
references.citation: Evol Appl. 2012 Feb;5(2):117-29
references.pmid: 25568035
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2007 Sep;16(18):3737-58
references.pmid: 17850542
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2008 Dec 16;9:539
references.pmid: 19087322
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2011 Mar;20(6):1108-21
references.pmid: 21244537
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2001 Aug;17(8):754-5
references.pmid: 11524383
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2008 Nov;17(21):4684-98
references.pmid: 18992008
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007 Jul;44(1):436-49
references.pmid: 17420144
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2004 Oct;2(10):e354
references.pmid: 15486587
references.citation: Science. 1987 May 15;236(4803):787-92
references.pmid: 3576198
references.citation: Mol Ecol Notes. 2007 Jul 1;7(4):574-578
references.pmid: 18784791
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2012 Oct 1;28(19):2537-9
references.pmid: 22820204
references.citation: Math Biosci. 2007 Jan;205(1):19-31
references.pmid: 17087977
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Nov 11;23(21):4407-14
references.pmid: 7501463
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Jun;158(2):695-700
references.pmid: 11404333
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2005 Feb;14(2):415-24
references.pmid: 15660934
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 2003 Aug 7;270 Suppl 1:S96-9
references.pmid: 12952648
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2005 Jul;14(8):2611-20
references.pmid: 15969739
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Dec 10;396(6711):572-5
references.pmid: 9859991
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2013 Feb;110(2):131-7
references.pmid: 23211786
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Jul;25(7):1253-6
references.pmid: 18397919
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2009 Aug;52(2):293-302
references.pmid: 19364539
references.citation: Mol Ecol Resour. 2008 Jul;8(4):725-35
references.pmid: 21585880
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 10;99(25):15904-7
references.pmid: 12473746
references.citation: Aquat Toxicol. 2009 Oct 19;95(1):71-9
references.pmid: 19747740
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2010 Mar;158(3):883-90
references.pmid: 19818541
references.citation: J Hered. 1997 Jul-Aug;88(4):285-93
references.pmid: 9262010
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2011 Jun 15;27(12):1717-8
references.pmid: 21505032
references.citation: Evol Bioinform Online. 2007 Feb 23;1:47-50
references.pmid: 19325852
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Feb 8;108(6):2349-54
references.pmid: 21262834
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2009 Feb 1;407(4):1362-72
references.pmid: 18996571
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2011 Oct 13;11:300
references.pmid: 21995558
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2003 Jul;12(7):1979-91
references.pmid: 12803646
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):393-8
references.pmid: 23151582
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2005;39:197-218
references.pmid: 16285858
references.citation: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2006 Nov;41(2):445-53
references.pmid: 16782357
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2011 Nov;20(22):4737-55
references.pmid: 22008223
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 Jan;74(1):25-32
references.pmid: 20797787
references.citation: Genetics. 2000 Jun;155(2):945-59
references.pmid: 10835412
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 9;105(36):13486-91
references.pmid: 18757756
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2012 Dec;21(24):5911-7
references.pmid: 23121160
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jul 19;7:121
references.pmid: 17640383
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 1998 May;13(5):202-6
references.pmid: 21238268
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Oct 12;101(41):14812-7
references.pmid: 15465915
references.citation: Genet Res. 1974 Feb;23(1):23-35
references.pmid: 4407212
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Dec 29;5(12):e15629
references.pmid: 21206917
references.citation: Brief Bioinform. 2008 Jul;9(4):299-306
references.pmid: 18417537
references.citation: Mol Ecol. 2002 Jan;11(1):139-51
references.pmid: 11903911
references.citation: Gravit Space Biol Bull. 2000 Jun;13(2):13-23
references.pmid: 11543277
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Oct 1;99(20):12949-54
references.pmid: 12351680
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1972 May;53(2):393-406
references.pmid: 5025106
references.citation: J Hered. 2001 Jul-Aug;92(4):371-3
references.pmid: 11535656
references.citation: Genetics. 2003 Aug;164(4):1567-87
references.pmid: 12930761