title: A scoping literature review of the provision of orthoses and prostheses in resource-limited environments 2000-2010. Part one: considerations for success.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature Review
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We estimate that over 29 million people worldwide in resource-limited environments (RLEs) are in need of orthotic and prosthetic (O&P) devices and services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to ascertain the current state of O&P provision in RLEs and identify factors that may lead to more successful O&P provision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a comprehensive scoping literature review of all information related to O&P provision in RLEs published from 2000 to 2010. We targeted Vietnam, Cambodia, Tanzania, Malawi, Colombia, and the Navajo Nation, but also included information about developing countries in general. We searched academic databases and grey literature. We extracted information from each article in the areas of design, manufacturing, distribution, service provision, and technology transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified commonly reported considerations and strategies for O&P provision from 431 articles. Analysis of expert consensus documents revealed recurring themes for improving O&P provision. We found that some suggestions from the consensus documents are being followed, but many are overlooked or have not yet been implemented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Areas for improvement include conducting field testing during the design process, providing services to rural environments, offering follow-up services, considering government collaboration, and encouraging an active role of the orthosis/prosthesis user. Outcomes and research studies will be further discussed in Part Two.
authors.affiliation: Whirlwind Wheelchair International, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA andrea@whirlwindwheelchair.org.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Alena M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.affiliation: Whirlwind Wheelchair International, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Center, Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Demneh
authors.affiliation: Whirlwind Wheelchair International, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kim D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Reisinger
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011203:Poverty; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011642:Publications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Orthotics; developing countries; developing world; low-income countries; prosthetics