title: Patterned neuronal networks using nanodiamonds and the effect of varying nanodiamond properties on neuronal adhesion and outgrowth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Detonation nanodiamond monolayer coatings are exceptionally biocompatible substrates for in vitro cell culture. However, the ability of nanodiamond coatings of different origin, size, surface chemistry and morphology to promote neuronal adhesion, and the ability to pattern neurons with nanodiamonds have yet to be investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various nanodiamond coatings of different type are investigated for their ability to promote neuronal adhesion with respect to surface coating parameters and neurite extension. Nanodiamond tracks are patterned using photolithography and reactive ion etching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Universal promotion of neuronal adhesion is observed on all coatings tested and analysis shows surface roughness to not be a sufficient metric to describe biocompatibility, but instead nanoparticle size and curvature shows a significant correlation with neurite extension. Furthermore, neuronal patterning is achieved with high contrast using patterned nanodiamond coatings down to at least 10 µm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of nanoparticle size and curvature being influential upon neuronal adhesion has great implications towards biomaterial design, and the ability to pattern neurons using nanodiamond tracks shows great promise for applications both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Edgington
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thalhammer
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bongrain
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bergonzo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scorsone
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jackman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoepfer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D018130:Diamond; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D018130:Diamond