title: Age at first introduction to complementary foods is associated with sociodemographic factors in children with increased genetic risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Infant's age at introduction to certain complementary foods (CF) has in previous studies been associated with islet autoimmunity, which is an early marker for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Various maternal sociodemographic factors have been found to be associated with early introduction to CF. The aims of this study were to describe early infant feeding and identify sociodemographic factors associated with early introduction to CF in a multinational cohort of infants with an increased genetic risk for T1D. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young study is a prospective longitudinal birth cohort study. Infants (N = 6404) screened for T1D high risk human leucocyte antigen-DQ genotypes (DR3/4, DR4/4, DR4/8, DR3/3, DR4/4, DR4/1, DR4/13, DR4/9 and DR3/9) were followed for 2 years at six clinical research centres: three in the United States (Colorado, Georgia/Florida, Washington) and three in Europe (Sweden, Finland, Germany). Age at first introduction to any food was reported at clinical visits every third month from the age of 3 months. Maternal sociodemographic data were self-reported through questionnaires. Age at first introduction to CF was primarily associated with country of residence. Root vegetables and fruits were usually the first CF introduced in Finland and Sweden and cereals were usually the first CF introduced in the United States. Between 15% and 20% of the infants were introduced to solid foods before the age of 4 months. Young maternal age (<25 years), low educational level (<12 years) and smoking during pregnancy were significant predictors of early introduction to CF in this cohort. Infants with a relative with T1D were more likely to be introduced to CF later.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden.|Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Klinikum rechts der lsar, Technische Universität, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Carin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrén Aronsson
authors.affiliation: Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.affiliation: Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vehik
authors.affiliation: Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silvis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Klinikum rechts der lsar, Technische Universität, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Research Center for Child Health, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Norris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002523:Edible Grain; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018517:Plant Roots; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens
keywords: TEDDY; breastfeeding; complementary foods; infant feeding; newborn feeding behaviours; socioeconomic factors
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