title: Rapid dramatic alterations to the tumor microstructure in pancreatic cancer following irreversible electroporation ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NanoKnife(®) (Angiodynamics, Inc., NY, USA) or irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a newly available ablation technique to induce the formation of nanoscale pores within the cell membrane in targeted tissues. The purpose of this study was to elucidate morphological alterations following 30 min of IRE ablation in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry markers were compared with diffusion-weighted MRI apparent diffusion coefficient measurements before and after IRE ablation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry apoptosis index measurements were significantly higher in IRE-treated tumors than in controls. Rapid tissue alterations after 30 min of IRE ablation procedures (structural and morphological alterations along with significantly elevated apoptosis markers) were consistently observed and well correlated to apparent diffusion coefficient measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This imaging assay offers the potential to serve as an in vivo biomarker for noninvasive detection of tumor response following IRE ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N. Michigan Avenue, 16th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Zhuoli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Procissi
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Reed A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Omary
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: MRI biomarker; NanoKnife®; apoptosis; irreversible electroporation; pancreatic cancer; therapy response
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