title: Middle school food environments and racial/ethnic differences in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: findings from the Healthy Choices study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have demonstrated disproportionate clustering of fast food outlets around schools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine if racial/ethnic differences in middle school student self-reported sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is explained by differential distributions of food outlets surrounding their schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline (2005) data were analyzed from 18,281 middle school students in 47 Massachusetts schools participating in Healthy Choices, an obesity prevention program. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association of individual race/ethnicity and daily SSB consumption and the potential mediating effect of the density of food outlets (the number of fast food outlets and convenience stores in a 1500 m buffer area surrounding the school) on this association adjusting for individual and school demographics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More SSB consumption was reported by students of all racial/ethnic minority groups compared to their White peers except Asians. The density of fast food restaurants and convenience stores was not associated with individual SSB consumption (β=0.001, p=0.875) nor did it mediate the association of race/ethnicity and SSB consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial and ethnic differences in SSB consumption among MA middle school students cannot be fully explained by the location of fast food restaurants and convenience stores.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: tracy.richmond@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Tracy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Spadano-Gasbarro
authors.forename: Courtney E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.forename: S Bryn
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Greaney
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mezegebu
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004326:Drinking; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: FRL; Fast food; Free and reduced lunch; HC; Healthy Choices Study; NAICS; North American Industry Classification System; Race/ethnicity; SSB; Schools; Sugar sweetened beverages; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
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