title: Effect of tamoxifen on postmenopausal endometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect oftamoxifen on the endometrium of45 postmenopausal women with breast cancer, as evidenced by hysteroscopic, ultrasound, histological methods, and by immunohistochemical investigation of the expression of Bcl-2 and Ki67.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five postmenopausal women with breast cancer (ER and/or PgR positive) undergoing tamoxifen therapy for six to 48 months, were selected from the files of the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens Aretaieion Hospital, among a total of 120 patients treated from 2004-2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultrasound findings during the follow-up period revealed 18 cases of thickened endometrium, 14 cases of suspected polyps, one case with accumulation of endometrial fluid, and 12 cases of heterogeneous endometrial echo texture. The patients had undergone hysteroscopy because of thickened endometrium (18/45 patients), postmenopausal bleeding (14/45 patients), and polyps (13/45 patients). The endometrial tissue samples were examined in the Pathology Department of Aretaieion Hospital and showed in 23 cases with adenomatous endometrial polyps, 15 cases with endometrial cystic atrophy, two cases with adenomatous hyperplasia, and five cases with mucosal endometrial adhesions. Immunohistochemical investigation of Bcl-2 and KJ67 expression was undertaken on paraffin blocks and showed elevated expression in the cases with endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, in contrast to atrophic endometria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term tamoxifen therapy of postmenopausal women with breast cancer is associated with uterine pathology. Ultrasonography alone is useful in asymptomatic patients selecting cases with increased endometrial thickness for further investigation. Hysteroscopy is an accurate method for diagnosing endometrial disease because it provides a direct view of the uterine cavity, reveals focal lesions, and enables targeted biopsies to be performed at the same time. Pathological findings show elevated expression of Ki67 and Bcl-2 in hyperplastic endometria and adenomatous polyps, consistent with an elevated glandular cell proliferation due to tamoxifen effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece. kalamp@yahoo.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalampokas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sofoudis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anastasopoulos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boutas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Melloy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondi-Pafiti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalampokas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Botsis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salakos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013629:Tamoxifen