title: Hyponatremia is an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients due to worsening heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyponatremia is common and is associated with poor in-hospital outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF). However, it is unknown whether hyponatremia is associated with long-term adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics, clinical status on admission, and management during hospitalization according to the serum sodium concentration on admission, and determine whether hyponatremia was associated with in-hospital as well as long-term outcomes in 1677 patients hospitalized with worsening HF on index hospitalization registered in the database of the Japanese Cardiac Registry of Heart Failure in Cardiology (JCARE-CARD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the characteristics and in-hospital treatment in 1659 patients hospitalized with worsening HF by using the JCARE-CARD database. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to serum sodium concentration on admission <135mEq/mL (n=176; 10.6%) or ≥135mEq/mL (n=1483; 89.4%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 70.7 years and 59.2% were male. Etiology was ischemic in 33.9% and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 42.4%. After adjustment for covariates, hyponatremia was independently associated with in-hospital death [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.453, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.265-4.755, p=0.008]. It was significantly associated also with adverse long-term (mean 2.1±0.8 years) outcomes including all-cause death (OR 1.952, 95% CI 1.433-2.657), cardiac death (OR 2.053, 95% CI 1.413-2.983), and rehospitalization due to worsening HF (OR 1.488, 95% CI 1.134-1.953).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatremia was independently associated with not only in-hospital but also long-term adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with worsening HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Social Welfare Corporation Hokkaido Social Work Association Obihiro Hospital, Obihiro 080-0805, Japan.
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinugawa
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0329, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuchihashi-Makaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishimori
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. Electronic address: htsutsui@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
keywords: Heart failure; Hyponatremia; Outcomes; Prognosis; Sodium