Impact of hemodialysis on exhaled volatile organic compounds in end-stage renal disease: a pilot study.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the feasibility of nanomaterial-based sensors for identifying patterns of exhaled volatile organic compound of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and study the impact of hemodialysis (HD) on these patterns.


METHODS
Exhaled breath samples were collected from a group of 37 volunteers (26 ESRD HD patients; 11 healthy controls); a third of the samples were randomly blinded for determining the sensitivity/specificity of the method. Discriminant function analysis was used to build a model for discriminating ESRD patients and healthy controls (classification accuracy for blind samples: 80%), based on the signals of the nanomaterial sensors.


CONCLUSIONS
The breath pattern of the ESRD patients approached the healthy pattern during the HD treatment, without reaching it completely. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified four volatile organic compounds as potential ESRD biomarkers. Although this pilot study has yielded encouraging results, additional large-scale clinical studies are required to develop a fast, noninvasive breath test for monitoring HD adequacy in real time.
Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel.
Suheir
S
Assady
Ophir
O
Marom
Matan
M
Hemli
Radu
R
Ionescu
Raneen
R
Jeries
Ulrike
U
Tisch
Zaid
Z
Abassi
Hossam
H
Haick
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001944:Breath Tests; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
breath test; carbon nanotube; dialysis adequacy; end-stage renal disease; gold nanoparticle; hemodialysis; sensor; volatile organic compound