Presentation, treatment, and outcome differences between men and women undergoing revascularization or amputation for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease.
OBJECTIVE
Prior studies have suggested treatment and outcome disparities between men and women for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease after surgical bypass. Given the recent shift toward endovascular therapy, which has increasingly been used to treat claudication, we sought to analyze sex disparities in presentation, revascularization, amputation, and inpatient mortality.


METHODS
We identified individuals with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia (CLI) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2009. We compared presentation at time of intervention (intermittent claudication vs CLI), procedure (open surgery vs percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting vs major amputation), and in-hospital mortality for men and women. Regional and ambulatory trends were evaluated by performing a separate analysis of the State Inpatient and Ambulatory Surgery Databases from four geographically diverse states: California, Florida, Maryland, and New Jersey.


RESULTS
From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified 1,797,885 patients (56% male) with intermittent claudication (26%) and CLI (74%), who underwent 1,865,999 procedures (41% open surgery, 20% percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting, and 24% amputation). Women were older at the time of intervention by 3.5 years on average and more likely to present with CLI (75.9% vs 72.3%; odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.23; P < .01). Women were more likely to undergo endovascular procedures for both intermittent claudication (47% vs 41%; OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.25-1.28; P < .01) and CLI (21% vs 19%; OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.13-1.15; P < .01). From 1998 to 2009, major amputations declined from 18 to 11 per 100,000 in men and 16 to 7 per 100,000 in women, predating an increase in total CLI revascularization procedures that was seen starting in 2005 for both men and women. In-hospital mortality was higher in women regardless of disease severity or procedure performed even after adjusting for age and baseline comorbidities (.5% vs .2% after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting for intermittent claudication; 1.0% vs .7% after open surgery for intermittent claudication; 2.3% vs 1.6% after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting for CLI; 2.7% vs 2.2% after open surgery for CLI; P < .01 for all comparisons).


CONCLUSIONS
There appears to be a preference to perform endovascular over surgical revascularization among women, who are older and have more advanced disease at presentation. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stenting continues to be popular and is increasingly being performed in the outpatient setting. Amputation and in-hospital mortality rates have been declining, and women now have lower amputation but higher mortality rates than men. Recent improvements in outcomes are likely the result of a combination of improved medical management and risk factor reduction.
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Ruby C
RC
Lo
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Rodney P
RP
Bensley
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Suzanne E
SE
Dahlberg
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Robina
R
Matyal
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Allen D
AD
Hamdan
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Mark
M
Wyers
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Elliot L
EL
Chaikof
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: mscherm@bidmc.harvard.edu.
Marc L
ML
Schermerhorn
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D023821:Limb Salvage; D016015:Logistic Models; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality