Hyphenation of optimized microfluidic sample preparation with nano liquid chromatography for faster and greener alkaloid analysis.
A glass liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) microchip with three parallel 3.5 cm long and 100 μm wide interconnecting channels was optimized in terms of more environmentally friendly (greener) solvents and extraction efficiency. In addition, the optimized chip was successfully hyphenated with nano-liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection (nanoLC-UV-MS) for on-line analysis. In this system, sample pretreatment, separation and detection are integrated, which significantly shortens the analysis time, saves labor and drastically reduces solvent consumption. Strychnine was used as model analyte to determine the extraction efficiency of the optimized 3-phase chip. Influence of organic solvent, pH of feed phase, type of alkaloid, and flow rates were investigated. The results demonstrated that the 3-phase chip nanoLC-UV/MS hyphenation combines rapid (~25 s) and efficient (extraction efficiency >90%) sample prep, with automated alkaloid analyses. The method was applied to real samples including Strychnos nux-vomica seeds, Cephaelis ipecacuanha roots, Atropa belladonna leaves, and Vinca minor leaves.
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
Yao
Y
Shen
Teris A
TA
van Beek
Han
H
Zuilhof
Bo
B
Chen
D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
D000085:Acetates; D000470:Alkaloids; D012997:Solvents; C006848:butyl acetate
3-Phase microfluidic chip; Alkaloid extraction; Automated sample preparation; Low solvent consumption; nanoLC hyphenation