Apelin and its receptor APJ in cardiovascular diseases.
Apelin is an adipokine that has been identified as an endogenous ligand for the orphan receptor APJ. Apelin and APJ are expressed in a diverse range of tissues with particular preponderance for the heart and vasculature. Apelin has powerful positive inotropic actions and causes endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation. Growing evidence shows that apelin/APJ system functions as a critical mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis and is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting apelin/APJ axis produces protection against cardiovascular diseases. In the current review we have summarized recent data concerning the role and therapeutic potential of apelin/APJ in several major cardiovascular diseases. An increased understanding of the cardiovascular actions of apelin/APJ system will help to develop novel therapeutic interventions for cardiovascular diseases.
Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
Xiao-Hua
XH
Yu
Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
Zhi-Bin
ZB
Tang
Department of Clinical Medicine, Huaihua Medical College, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China.
Li-Jing
LJ
Liu
Department of Clinical Medicine, Huaihua Medical College, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China.
Hong
H
Qian
Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
Shi-Lin
SL
Tang
Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
Da-Wei
DW
Zhang
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China. Electronic address: pgtian555@hotmail.com.
Guo-Ping
GP
Tian
Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China. Electronic address: tangchaoke@qq.com.
Chao-Ke
CK
Tang
D000073861:Apelin; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*
C115436:APLN protein, human; D000073861:Apelin; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
ABCA1; ACAT1; APJ; ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; Ang II; Ang-1; Apelin; Atherosclerosis; BMP; BNP; CAD; COX-2; FGF2; GSK; HDAC; HIF-1α; Heart failure; Hypertension; ICAM-1; IRS1; JNK; MCP-1; MEF2; MIRI; NO; PAH; PDGF-BB; PGE2; PI3K; PKB; PKC; PPAR response elements; PPREs; TGF-β; TNF-α; VCAM-1; VEGFA; VSMC; acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1; angiopoietin-1; angiotensin II; apo E; apolipoprotein E; bone morphogenic protein; brain natriuretic peptide; c-Jun N-terminal kinase; coronary heart disease; cyclooxygenase-2; fibroblast growth factor 2; glycogen synthase kinase; histone deacetylase; hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; insulin receptor substrate 1; intercellular adhesion molecule-1; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury; myocyte enhancer factor 2; nitric oxide; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; platelet-derived growth factor-BB; prostaglandin E2; protein kinase B; protein kinase C; pulmonary arterial hypertension; transforming growth factor-β; tumor necrosis factor-α; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; vascular endothelial growth factor type A; vascular smooth muscle cell