Combined tibial tubercle osteotomy with medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy minimizes changes in patellar height: a prospective cohort study with historical controls.
BACKGROUND
Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for the treatment of varus gonarthrosis can be associated with inadvertent decreases in patellar height.


OBJECTIVE
Decreases in patellar height observed after medial opening wedge HTO can be minimized with the addition of a tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO).


METHODS
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
Twenty-nine patients undergoing medial opening wedge HTO with a concurrent TTO were matched with 29 controls who previously underwent medial opening wedge HTO without a TTO. Both groups had substantial varus malalignment (mean mechanical axis angle, -10° ± 3°) requiring large corrections. Measurements of patellar height and posterior tibial slope were calculated from standing lateral radiographs and compared preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Patellar height measures included the Blackburne-Peel index, Caton-Deschamps index, Miura-Kawamura index, Insall-Salvati ratio, and modified Insall-Salvati ratio.


RESULTS
The changes in the Blackburne-Peel, Caton-Deschamps, and Miura-Kawamura indices were significantly less in the HTO/TTO group versus the HTO group. There were 3 of 29 (10%) new cases that met the radiographic criteria for patella infera in the HTO/TTO group versus 11 of 29 (38%) new cases of patella infera found postoperatively in the HTO group, suggesting an absolute risk reduction of 28% with TTO. The changes in the Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Deschamps indices were correlated to a larger preoperative varus deformity in the coronal plane (r = 0.52 and r = 0.41, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
The addition of a TTO when performing a medial opening wedge HTO minimizes the decreases in patellar height associated with the procedure.
Trevor B. Birmingham, and J. Robert Giffin, FRCS(C Wolf Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada. rgiffin@uwo.ca / tbirming@uwo.ca).
P David
PD
Longino
Trevor B
TB
Birmingham
William J
WJ
Schultz
Rebecca F
RF
Moyer
J Robert
JR
Giffin
D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D010329:Patella / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*
knee; opening wedge; osteotomy; patella; patellar height; tibial osteotomy; tubercle osteotomy