Using nanostructured conductive carbon tape modified with bismuth as the disposable working electrode for stripping analysis in paper-based analytical devices.
Low cost disposable working electrodes are specifically desired for practical applications of electrochemical detection considering maturity of electrochemical stations and data collection protocols. In this paper double-sided conductive adhesive carbon tape with nanostructure was applied to fabricate disposable working electrodes. Being supported by indium tin oxide glass, the prepared carbon tape electrodes were coated with bismuth film for stripping analysis of heavy metal ions. By integrating the bismuth modified electrodes with paper-based analytical devices, we were able to differentiate Zn, Cd and Pb ions with the sample volume of around 15 μL. After the optimization of parameters, including modification of bismuth film and the area of the electrodes, etc., Pb ions could be measured in the linear range from 10 to 500 μg/L with the detection limit of 2 μg/L. Our experimental results revealed that the disposable modified electrodes could be used to quantify migrated lead from toys with the results agreed well with that using atomic absorption spectrometry. Although bismuth modification and stripping analysis could be influenced by the low conductivity of the carbon tape, the low cost disposable carbon tape electrodes take the advantages of large-scaled produced double-sided carbon tape, including its reproducible nanostructure and scaled-up fabrication process. In addition, the preparation of disposable electrodes avoids time-consuming pretreatment and experienced operation. This study implied that the carbon tape might be an alternative candidate for practical applications of electrochemical detection.
Institute of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Public Health, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China; Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, People's Republic of China.
Qiu-Mei
QM
Feng
Qing
Q
Zhang
Chuan-Guo
CG
Shi
Jing-Juan
JJ
Xu
Ning
N
Bao
Hai-Ying
HY
Gu
D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes / Q000191:economics; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D049329:Nanostructures; D010209:Paper; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D002244:Carbon; D015032:Zinc; D001729:Bismuth
Bismuth modified electrodes; Carbon tape electrodes; Heavy metal ions; Paper-based analytical devices; Stripping voltammetry