Identifying better surgical candidates among recursive partitioning analysis class 2 patients who underwent surgery for intracranial metastases.
OBJECTIVE
The management of patients with brain metastases is typically dependent on their prognosis. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) is the most commonly used method for prognosticating survival, but has limitations for patients in the intermediate class. The aims of this study were to ascertain preoperative risk factors associated with survival, develop a preoperative prognostic grading system, and evaluate the utility of this system in predicting survival for RPA class 2 patients.


METHODS
Adult patient who underwent intracranial metastatic tumor surgery at an academic tertiary care institution from 1997 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify preoperative factors associated with survival. The identified associations were then used to develop a grading system. Survival as a function of time was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival rates were compared using log-rank analyses.


RESULTS
A total of 421 (59%) of 708 patients were RPA class 2. The preoperative factors found to be associated with poorer survival were: male gender (P < 0.0001), motor deficit (P = 0.0007), cognitive deficit (P = 0.0004), nonsolitary metastases (P = 0.002), and tumor size >2 cm (P = 0.003). Patients having 0-1, 2, and 3-5 of these variables were assigned a preoperative grade of A, B, and C, respectively. Patients with a preoperative grade of A, B, and C had a median survival of 17.0, 10.3, and 7.3 months, respectively. These grades had distinct survival times (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study devised a preoperative grading system that may provide prognostic information for RPA class 2 patients, which may also guide medical and surgical therapies before any intervention is pursued.
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Electronic address: Kaisorn@jhmi.edu.
Kaisorn L
KL
Chaichana
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Shami
S
Acharya
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mariana
M
Flores
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Olindi
O
Wijesekera
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Daniele
D
Rigamonti
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jon D
JD
Weingart
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Alessandro
A
Olivi
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Chetan
C
Bettegowda
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Gary L
GL
Gallia
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Henry
H
Brem
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Michael
M
Lim
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Neuro-Oncology Outcomes Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Electronic address: aquinon2@jhmi.edu.
Alfredo
A
Quinones-Hinojosa
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013534:Survival; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
Breast; Gastrointestinal; Lung; Melanoma; Metastatic brain tumor; Prognosis; RPA; Recurrence; Renal; Surgery; Survival