Treatment receipt and outcomes among lung cancer patients with depression.
OBJECTIVE
Among lung cancer patients, depression has been associated with increased mortality, although the mechanisms are unknown. We evaluated the association of depression with mortality and receipt of cancer therapies among depressed veterans with lung cancer.


METHODS
A retrospective, cohort study of lung cancer patients in the Veterans Affairs-Northwest Health Network from 1995 to 2010. Depression was defined by ICD-9 coding within 24 months before lung cancer diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional analysis and logistic regression were used.


RESULTS
In total, 3869 lung cancer patients were evaluated; 14% had a diagnosis of depression. A diagnosis of depression was associated with increased mortality among all stage lung cancer patients (hazard ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.27, P = 0.01). Among early-stage (I and II) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, the hazard ratio was 1.37 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.68, P = 0.003). There was no association of depression diagnosis with surgery (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval: 0.56-1.22, P = 0.34) among early-stage NSCLC patients. A depression diagnosis was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.89-1.16, P = 0.78) or chemotherapy (odds ratio = 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.83-1.39, P = 0.59) or radiation (odds ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.81-1.34, P = 0.75) receipt among advanced-stage (III and IV) NSCLC patients. Increased utilisation of health services for depression was associated with increased mortality among depressed patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Depression is associated with increased mortality in lung cancer patients and this association is higher among those with increased measures of depression care utilisation. Differences in lung cancer treatment receipt are probably not responsible for the observed mortality differences between depressed and non-depressed patients. Clinicians should recognise the significant effect of depression on lung cancer survival.
Health Services Research & Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: sullivad@ohsu.edu.
D R
DR
Sullivan
Health Services Research & Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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L
Ganzini
Health Services Research & Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
J P
JP
Duckart
Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
A
A
Lopez-Chavez
Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
M E
ME
Deffebach
Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
S M
SM
Thielke
Health Services Research & Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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CG
Slatore
D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D000928:Antidepressive Agents
Depression; epidemiology; lung cancer; lung cancer treatment; patient outcomes