Posttranscriptional regulation of insulin family ligands and receptors.
Insulin system including ligands (insulin and IGFs) and their shared receptors (IR and IGFR) are critical regulators of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Altered insulin system is associated with major pathological conditions like diabetes and cancer. The mRNAs encoding for these ligands and their receptors are posttranscriptionally controlled by three major groups of regulators; (i) alternative splicing regulatory factors; (ii) turnover and translation regulator RNA-binding proteins (TTR-RBPs); and (iii) non-coding RNAs including miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, we discuss the influence of these regulators on alternative splicing, mRNA stability and translation. Due to the pathological impacts of insulin system, we also discussed the possibilities of discovering new potential regulators which will improve understanding of insulin system and associated diseases.
Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. abdelmohsenk@mail.nih.gov.
Amaresh C
AC
Panda
Ioannis
I
Grammatikakis
Je-Hyun
JH
Yoon
Kotb
K
Abdelmohsen
D017398:Alternative Splicing; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008024:Ligands; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D007328:Insulin; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D013002:Somatomedins; D011972:Receptor, Insulin