Transcranial magnetic stimulation and sleep disorders: pathophysiologic insights.
The neural mechanisms underlying the development of the most common intrinsic sleep disorders are not completely known. Therefore, there is a great need for noninvasive tools which can be used to better understand the pathophysiology of these diseases. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a method to noninvasively investigate the functional integrity of the motor cortex and its corticospinal projections in neurologic and psychiatric diseases. To date, TMS studies have revealed cortical and corticospinal dysfunction in several sleep disorders, with cortical hyperexcitability being a characteristic feature in some disorders (i.e., the restless legs syndrome) and cortical hypoexcitability being a well-established finding in others (i.e., obstructive sleep apnea syndrome narcolepsy). Several research groups also have applied TMS to evaluate the effects of pharmacologic agents, such as dopaminergic agent or wake-promoting substances. Our review will focus on the mechanisms underlying the generation of abnormal TMS measures in the different types of sleep disorders, the contribution of TMS in enhancing the understanding of their pathophysiology, and the potential diagnostic utility of TMS techniques. We also briefly discussed the possible future implications for improving therapeutic approaches.
Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy. Electronic address: raffaele.nardone@asbmeran-o.it.
Raffaele
R
Nardone
Yvonne
Y
Höller
Francesco
F
Brigo
Frediano
F
Tezzon
Stefan
S
Golaszewski
Eugen
E
Trinka
D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
Insomnia; Narcolepsy; Obstructive sleep apnea; Periodic limb movements; Posttraumatic sleep–wake-disorders; REM sleep behavior disorder; Restless legs syndrome; Transcranial magnetic stimulation