Psychological consequences in victims of maritime piracy: the Italian experience.
OBJECTIVE
Maritime piracy is a worrying phenomenon. Its recurrence in the last few years iscausing several problems to the safety of maritime routes. In spite of the number of seafarers kidnappedand maintained in captivity, psychological/mental disorders developed in victims of these criminal actshave not been investigated. This study has assessed psychological consequences of kidnapping in a groupof Italian seafarers held in captivity from 7 to 10 months.


METHODS
Four Italian seafarers were examined at the 5th month after release. An initial, semi-structured interview was followed by 2 structured clinical evaluations for assessing the possible presence of psychopathological disorders. Instruments used were the Cognitive Behavioural Assessment (CBA 2.0) and the Clinician-Administered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale (CAPS-DX).


RESULTS
All victims showed high scores of state anxiety (56.00 ± 3.36) and social adjustment disorder (12.75 ± 2.21) to CBA 2.0. Moreover, 3 of them revealed traits of anxiety (58.75 ± 8.50) and emotionalinstability (8.25 ± 2.50). Two of them had somatic disorders (63.25 ± 15.94), depression (17.25 ± 4.78) and phobic problems (91.00 ± 7.02). In 3 of 4 victims examined, a PTSD diagnosis was made. Symptomsof recall resulted in higher CAPS-DX (13.00 ± 4.05) scores.


CONCLUSIONS
Traumatic experiences such as being kept in captivity by pirates could entail relevant psychopathological disorders in victims and their families. Quality care interventions, aimed to develop paradigms for resilience training, represent a priority. An international partnerships and collaboration between institutions, clinicians and seafarer organisations can be useful to evaluate psychological conditions of these workers.
Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Centre, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. zielozielo@op.pl.
Antonio Rosario
AR
Ziello
Rolando
R
Degli Angioli
Angiola Maria
AM
Fasanaro
Francesco
F
Amenta
D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009326:Naval Medicine; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012767:Ships; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology