Quantification of human urinary exosomes by nanoparticle tracking analysis.
Exosomes are vesicles that are released from the kidney into urine. They contain protein and RNA from the glomerulus and all sections of the nephron and represent a reservoir for biomarker discovery. Current methods for the identification and quantification of urinary exosomes are time consuming and only semi-quantitative. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) counts and sizes particles by measuring their Brownian motion in solution. In this study, we applied NTA to human urine and identified particles with a range of sizes. Using antibodies against the exosomal proteins CD24 and aquaporin 2 (AQP2), conjugated to a fluorophore, we could identify a subpopulation of CD24- and AQP2-positive particles of characteristic exosomal size. Extensive pre-NTA processing of urine was not necessary. However, the intra-assay variability in the measurement of exosome concentration was significantly reduced when an ultracentrifugation step preceded NTA. Without any sample processing, NTA tracked exosomal AQP2 upregulation induced by desmopressin stimulation of kidney collecting duct cells. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was also able to track changes in exosomal AQP2 concentration that followed desmopressin treatment of mice and a patient with central diabetes insipidus. When urine was stored at room temperature, 4°C or frozen, nanoparticle concentration was reduced; freezing at -80°C with the addition of protease inhibitors produced the least reduction. In conclusion, with appropriate sample storage, NTA has potential as a tool for the characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles in human urine.
J. W. Dear: University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. james.dear@ed.ac.uk.
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Oosthuyzen
Nicole E L
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Sime
Jessica R
JR
Ivy
Emma J
EJ
Turtle
Jonathan M
JM
Street
John
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Pound
Louise E
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Bath
David J
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Webb
Christopher D
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Gregory
Matthew A
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Bailey
James W
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Dear
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D051399:Aquaporin 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002460:Cell Line; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003919:Diabetes Insipidus / Q000652:urine; D055354:Exosomes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D016482:Urinalysis; D055815:Young Adult
C496024:Aqp2 protein, mouse; D051399:Aquaporin 2; D015415:Biomarkers; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin