The current status and trend of clinical pharmacology in developing countries.
BACKGROUND
Several international forums for promoting clinical pharmacology in developing countries have been held since 1980, and several clinical pharmacology programmes targeting developing countries were instituted such that the status of clinical pharmacology in developing countries is not where it was 50 years ago. Therefore, a survey and an appraisal of the literature on the current status of clinical pharmacology in developing countries were undertaken with a hope that it would enable development of appropriate strategies for further promotion of clinical pharmacology in these countries.


METHODS
First, nine determinants (or enabling factors) for running a successful clinical pharmacology programme were identified, i.e., disease burden, drug situation, economic growth, clinical pharmacology activities, recognition, human capital, government support, international collaboration, and support for traditional/alternative medicines. These factors were then evaluated with regard to their current status in the developing countries that responded to an electronic questionnaire, and their historical perspective, using the literature appraisal. From these, a projected trend was constructed with recommendations on the way forward.


RESULTS
Clinical pharmacology services, research and teaching in developing countries have improved over the past 50 years with over 90% of countries having the appropriate policies for regulation and rational use of medicines in place. Unfortunately, policy implementation remains a challenge, owing to a worsening disease burden and drug situation, versus fewer clinical pharmacologists and other competing priorities for the national budgets. This has led to a preference for training 'a physician clinical pharmacologist' in programmes emphasizing local relevancy and for a shorter time, and the training of other professionals in therapeutics for endemic diseases (task shifting), as the most promising strategies of ensuring rational use of medicines.


CONCLUSIONS
Clinical pharmacology in developing countries is advancing in a different way to that in the developed world and continuing support for these efforts will go a long way in promoting improved health for all.
Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, P, O, Box 339 (G6), Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. waluboa@ufs.ac.za.
Andrew
A
Walubo
D003906:Developing Countries; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D006078:Government Programs; D007391:International Cooperation; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends*; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012957:Societies, Pharmaceutical / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D014944:World Health Organization