Cardiac matrix: a clue for future therapy.
Cardiac muscle is unique because it contracts ceaselessly throughout the life and is highly resistant to fatigue. The marvelous nature of the cardiac muscle is attributed to its matrix that maintains structural and functional integrity and provides ambient micro-environment required for mechanical, cellular and molecular activities in the heart. Cardiac matrix dictates the endothelium myocyte (EM) coupling and contractility of cardiomyocytes. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate matrix degradation that determines cardiac fibrosis and myocardial performance. We have shown that MMP-9 regulates differential expression of micro RNAs (miRNAs), calcium cycling and contractility of cardiomyocytes. The differential expression of miRNAs is associated with angiogenesis, hypertrophy and fibrosis in the heart. MMP-9, which is involved in the degradation of cardiac matrix and induction of fibrosis, is also implicated in inhibition of survival and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSC). Cardiac matrix is distinct because it renders mechanical properties and provides a framework essential for differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) into specific lineage. Cardiac matrix regulates myocyte contractility by EM coupling and calcium transients and also directs miRNAs required for precise regulation of continuous and synchronized beating of cardiomyocytes that is indispensible for survival. Alteration in the matrix homeostasis due to induction of MMPs, altered expression of specific miRNAs or impaired signaling for contractility of cardiomyocytes leads to catastrophic effects. This review describes the mechanisms by which cardiac matrix regulates myocardial performance and suggests future directions for the development of treatment strategies in cardiovascular diseases.
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
Paras Kumar
PK
Mishra
Srikanth
S
Givvimani
Vishalakshi
V
Chavali
Suresh C
SC
Tyagi
D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000473:pathology*; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
APT; Angiogenesis; CPC; CSC; CVD; DNA methyl transferase; DNMT; ECM; Heart; MMP; MicroRNA; ROS; SERCA; Stem cell; TIMP; VEGF; acute pulmonary thromboembolism; cardiac progenitor cell; cardiac stem cell; cardiovascular disease; extracellular matrix; matrix metalloproteinase; miRNA; reactive oxygen species; sarco endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)ATPase; tissue inhibitor of MMP; vascular endothelial growth factor