Changes in synaptic transmission and protein expression in the brains of adult offspring after prenatal inhibition of the kynurenine pathway.
During early brain development, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in cell migration, neuritogenesis, axon guidance and synapse formation, but the mechanisms which regulate NMDA receptor density and function remain unclear. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes an agonist (quinolinic acid) and an antagonist (kynurenic acid) at NMDA receptors and we have previously shown that inhibition of the pathway using the kynurenine-3-monoxygenase inhibitor Ro61-8048 in late gestation produces rapid changes in protein expression in the embryos and effects on synaptic transmission lasting until postnatal day 21 (P21). The present study sought to determine whether any of these effects are maintained into adulthood. After prenatal injections of Ro61-8048 the litter was allowed to develop to P60 when some offspring were euthanized and the brains removed for examination. Analysis of protein expression by Western blotting revealed significantly reduced expression of the GluN2A subunit (32%) and the morphogenetic protein sonic hedgehog (31%), with a 29% increase in the expression of doublecortin, a protein associated with neurogenesis. No changes were seen in mRNA abundance using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Neuronal excitability was normal in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices but paired-pulse stimulation revealed less inhibition at short interpulse intervals. The amount of long-term potentiation was decreased by 49% in treated pups and recovery after low-frequency stimulation was delayed. The results not only strengthen the view that basal, constitutive kynurenine metabolism is involved in normal brain development, but also show that changes induced prenatally can affect the brains of adult offspring and those changes are quite different from those seen previously at weaning (P21). Those changes may be mediated by altered expression of NMDAR subunits and sonic hedgehog.
Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
C M
CM
Forrest
O S
OS
Khalil
M
M
Pisar
K
K
McNair
E
E
Kornisiuk
M
M
Snitcofsky
N
N
Gonzalez
D
D
Jerusalinsky
L G
LG
Darlington
T W
TW
Stone
D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D007737:Kynurenine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013844:Thiazoles; C000714848:Dcx protein, rat; C110196:Ro 61-8048
3,4-dimethoxy-N-[4-(3-nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-benzenesulfonamide; ANOVA; CED; COX-2; Cambridge Electronic Design; DISC-1; Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1; HRP; IDO; KMO; LTD; LTP; N-methyl-d-aspartate; NMDA; P; PCNA; PPF; PPI; PSD-95; Post-Synaptic Density molecule-95; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Ro61-8048; TBST; TH; Tris-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween; VAMP-1; Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein-1; aCSF; analysis of variance; artificial cerebrospinal fluid; cyclo-oxygenase-2; doublecortin; fEPSP; field excitatory postsynaptic potential; hedgehog; horseradish peroxidase; indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; kynurenic acid; kynurenine-3-monoxygenase; kynurenines; long-term depression; long-term potentiation; neurodevelopment; paired-pulse facilitation; paired-pulse inhibition; postnatal day; qt-PCR; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; tryptophan; tyrosine hydroxylase