Maternal stress and placental vascular function and remodeling.
This review discusses the importance of placental vascular development, as reflected by placental angiogenesis and placental blood flow, to placental function in normal pregnancies. We then summarize our current understanding of how maternal stress, including inadequate maternal nutrition as well as the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), leads to compromised placental angiogenesis and function and the subsequent effects on fetal and neonatal growth and development. Finally, we discuss several promising therapeutic approaches to 'rescue' placental vascular development and function in compromised pregnancies, leading to improved pregnancy and postnatal outcomes.
Department of Animal Sciences, NDSU 7630, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58103-6050, USA. larry.reynolds@ndsu.edu.
Lawrence P
LP
Reynolds
Kimberly A
KA
Vonnahme
Caleb O
CO
Lemley
Dale A
DA
Redmer
Anna T
AT
Grazul-Bilska
Pawel P
PP
Borowicz
Joel S
JS
Caton
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*