Negotiating markets for health: an exploration of physicians' engagement in dual practice in three African capital cities.
Scarce evidence exists on the features, determinants and implications of physicians' dual practice, especially in resource-poor settings. This study considered dual practice patterns in three African cities and the respective markets for physician services, with the objective of understanding the influence of local determinants on the practice. Forty-eight semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in the three cities to understand features of the practice and the respective markets. A survey was carried out in a sample of 331 physicians to explore their characteristics and decisions to work in public and private sectors. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were employed to explore differences in physicians' engagement in dual practice across the three locations. Different forms of dual practice were found to exist in the three cities, with public physicians engaging in private practice outside but also inside public facilities, in regulated as well as unregulated ways. Thirty-four per cent of the respondents indicated that they worked in public practice only, and 11% that they engaged exclusively in private practice. The remaining 55% indicated that they engaged in some form of dual practice, 31% 'outside' public facilities, 8% 'inside' and 16% both 'outside' and 'inside'. Local health system governance and the structure of the markets for physician services were linked to the forms of dual practice found in each location, and to their prevalence. Our analysis suggests that physicians' decisions to engage in dual practice are influenced by supply and demand factors, but also by how clearly separated public and private markets are. Where it is possible to provide little-regulated services within public infrastructure, less incentive seems to exist to engage in the formal private sector, with equity and efficiency implications for service provision. The study shows the value of analysing health markets to understand physicians' engagement in professional activities, and contributes to an evidence base for its regulation.
International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Associated Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal and Institute for International Health Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK grusso@ihmt.unl.pt.
Giuliano
G
Russo
International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Associated Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal and Institute for International Health Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.
Barbara
B
McPake
International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Associated Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal and Institute for International Health Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.
Inês
I
Fronteira
International Public Health and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Centre for Malaria and Tropical Diseases, Associated Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal and Institute for International Health Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.
Paulo
P
Ferrinho
D000349:Africa; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010820:Physicians; D011216:Practice Management, Medical; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*
Cape Verde; Dual practice; Guinea Bissau; Mozambique; health system research in low-income countries; human resources for health; multiple job-holding; physicians in Africa