Risk factors for falls of older citizens.
OBJECTIVE
Fall prevention is a major issue in the ageing society. This study provides an overview of all risk factors for falls of older citizens.


METHODS
A literature search was conducted to retrieve studies of the past 25 years. All participants from the studies lived in the community or institutions and were aged 60 or older. The following key word combinations were used, limited to the title: elderly or older people or older adults and fall and risk. The risk factors were categorised as relevant and amendable, relevant but non amendable, inconclusive or unsupported.


RESULTS
In total 30 publications were studied in 2013 in Enschede, the Netherlands. The relevant intrinsic risk factors are muscle strength, balance capacity, reactive power, dual tasking and sleep disturbance. Relevant extrinsic risk factors are home hazards, wrong use of assistive devices and bad footwear. Behaviour-related risk factors are hurrying, risk taking, physical inactivity and fear of falling. Relevant symptoms that could be caused by underlying risk factors are mobility problems, gait problems, vertigo, use of assisting devices and history of falls.


CONCLUSIONS
Several risk factors are determined to be relevant and amendable. The provided overview could be used to create fall preventive measures for elderly.
Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
C
C
Boelens
E E G
EE
Hekman
G J
GJ
Verkerke
D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D004856:Postural Balance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications
Aging; falls; risk factors