Breast and gynecologic cancer-related extremity lymphedema: a review of diagnostic modalities and management options.
Lymphedema remains a poorly understood entity that can occur after lymphadenectomy. Herein, we will review the pathogenesis of lymphedema, diagnostic modalities and the natural history of extremity involvement. We will review the incidence of upper extremity lymphedema in patients treated for breast malignancies and lower extremity lymphedema in those treated for gynecologic malignancy. Finally, we will review traditional treatment modalities for lymphedema, as well as introduce new surgical treatment modalities that are under active investigation.
Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. pankaj.tiwari@osumc.edu.
Pankaj
P
Tiwari
Michelle
M
Coriddi
Ritu
R
Salani
Stephen P
SP
Povoski
D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D034941:Upper Extremity