Serum calcium concentration and prostate cancer risk: a multicenter study.
This study sought to further evaluate the possible effects of serum calcium level on prostate cancer (PC) risk, with considering the age, body mass index (BMI), and sex steroid hormones. Using data from a prospective multicenter study, serum calcium concentration, as well as thorough demographic and medical characteristics, were determined in 194 cases with newly diagnosed, clinicopathologically confirmed PC and 317 controls, without any malignant disease, admitted to the same network of hospitals. Serum total and ionized calcium levels were categorized into tertiles. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for major potential confounders, including age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, education, occupation, marital status, family history of PC, and sex hormones level. The mean serum calcium level (±SD) in case and control groups was 9.22 (±0.46) mg/dl and 9.48 (±0.51) mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjustment for mentioned confounders, a significant trend of decreasing risk was found for serum total calcium concentration (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.12-0.59, comparing the highest with the lowest tertile) and ionized calcium (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.10-0.58). An increase of 1 mg/dl in serum calcium level was associated with a significant decrease in PC risk (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.34-0.76). Our findings reveal the inverse association between serum total and ionized concentrations and PC risk, which supports the hypothesis that calcium may protect against PC. Furthermore, no evidence was found regarding age, BMI, and sex steroid hormones to modify the association between serum calcium and PC risk.
a Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
Sepehr
S
Salem
Mostafa
M
Hosseini
Farzad
F
Allameh
Shahab
S
Babakoohi
Abdolrasoul
A
Mehrsai
Gholamreza
G
Pourmand
D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D002118:Calcium