Evaluation of the Housing First program in patients with severe mental disorders in France: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Recent studies in North American contexts have suggested that the Housing First model is a promising strategy for providing effective services to homeless people with mental illness. In the context of the highly generous French national health and social care system, which is easily accessible and does not require out-of-pocket payment, the French Health Ministry insists on rigorous techniques, including randomized protocols, to evaluate the impact of Housing First approaches in France.


METHODS
A prospective randomized trial was designed to assess the impact of a Housing First intervention on health outcomes and costs over a period of 24 months on homeless people with severe mental illness, compared to Treatment-As-Usual. The study is being conducted in four cities in France: Lille, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse. The inclusion criteria are as follows: over 18 years of age, absolutely homeless or in precarious housing, and possessing a 'high' level of need: diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and moderate to severe disability according to the Multnomah Community Ability Scale (score ≤ 62) and at least one of the following three criteria: 1) having been hospitalized for mental illness two or more times in any one year during the preceding five years; 2) co-morbid alcohol or substance use; and 3) having been recently arrested or incarcerated. Participants will be randomized to receiving the Housing First intervention or Treatment-As-Usual. The Housing First intervention provides immediate access to independent housing and community care. The primary outcome criterion is the use of high-cost health services (that is,, number of hospital admissions and number of emergency department visits) during the 24-month follow-up period. Secondary outcome measures include health outcomes, social functioning, housing stability and contact with police services. An evaluation of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of Housing First will also be conducted. A total of 300 individuals per group will be included.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to examine the impact of a Housing First intervention compared to Treatment-As-Usual in France. It should provide key information to policymakers concerning the cost-effectiveness and health outcomes of the Housing First model in the French context.


BACKGROUND
The current clinical trial number is NCT01570712.
Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279 Research Unit, Marseille 13385, France. pascal.auquier@univ-amu.fr.
Aurelie
A
Tinland
Cecile
C
Fortanier
Vincent
V
Girard
Christian
C
Laval
Benjamin
B
Videau
Pauline
P
Rhenter
Tim
T
Greacen
Bruno
B
Falissard
Themis
T
Apostolidis
Christophe
C
Lançon
Laurent
L
Boyer
Pascal
P
Auquier
D003156:Community Mental Health Services / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004637:Emergency Services, Psychiatric / Q000191:economics; D005602:France; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology*; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000191:economics; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome