Bradykinin-forming components in Kuwaiti patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes is the most common risk factor in inducing hypertension, nephropathy and retinopathy. The bradykinin (BK)-forming system has been proposed to protect cardiovascular and renal functions. We therefore evaluated urinary active and proactive kallikrein, total kininogen, plasma tissue kallikrein, plasma creatinine, plasma glucose and plasma HbA1c in newly diagnosed untreated type 2 diabetic patients and healthy subjects. In diabetic patients, urinary and plasma tissue kallikrein concentrations were significantly increased. In addition, plasma prekallikrein levels were also significantly higher. However, urinary kininogen values were significantly reduced in diabetic patients when compared with healthy subjects. This is the first investigation among Kuwaiti Arab patients with type 2 diabetes showing abnormal activities in the BK-forming system. High levels of plasma prekallikrein may be a risk factor for developing high blood pressure as well as nephropathy. The urinary and plasma tissue kallikrein concentrations were higher in diabetic patients, which could indicate the hyperactivities of these components, and may result in increased levels of plasma glucose to induce diabetes. Furthermore, the urinary kininogen levels were reduced in diabetic patients. These alterations might reflect the utilization of urinary kininogen to form BK, a potent inflammatory agent. However, this hypothesis needs further investigation.
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
J N
JN
Sharma
K A S
KA
Al-Shoumer
K M
KM
Matar
H Y
HY
Al-Gharee
N V
NV
Madathil
D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000652:urine; D007704:Kininogens / Q000652:urine; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001920:Bradykinin; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007610:Kallikreins; D007704:Kininogens; D020840:Tissue Kallikreins; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human