Non-destructive analysis of the conformational differences among feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products from bioethanol production with molecular spectroscopy.
The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of using molecular spectroscopy with multivariate technique as a fast method to detect the source effects among original feedstock sources of wheat and their corresponding co-products, wheat DDGS, from bioethanol production. Different sources of the bioethanol feedstock and their corresponding bioethanol co-products, three samples per source, were collected from the same newly-built bioethanol plant with current bioethanol processing technology. Multivariate molecular spectral analyses were carried out using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The molecular spectral data of different feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products were compared at four different regions of ca. 1800-1725 cm(-1) (carbonyl CO ester, mainly related to lipid structure conformation), ca. 1725-1482 cm(-1) (amide I and amide II region mainly related to protein structure conformation), ca. 1482-1180 cm(-1) (mainly associated with structural carbohydrate) and ca. 1180-800 cm(-1) (mainly related to carbohydrates) in complex plant-based system. The results showed that the molecular spectroscopy with multivariate technique could reveal the structural differences among the bioethanol feedstock sources and among their corresponding co-products. The AHCA and PCA analyses were able to distinguish the molecular structure differences associated with chemical functional groups among the different sources of the feedstock and their corresponding co-products. The molecular spectral differences indicated the differences in functional, biomolecular and biopolymer groups which were confirmed by wet chemical analysis. These biomolecular and biopolymer structural differences were associated with chemical and nutrient profiles and nutrient utilization and availability. Molecular spectral analyses had the potential to identify molecular structure difference among bioethanol feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products.
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Gamage
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Jonker
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Zhang
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Yu
D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
D056804:Biofuels; D000431:Ethanol
ADF; ADICP; ADIN; ADL; AECP; AHCA; AMCP; ARUP; Bioethanol co-products; CA; CB1; CB2; CC; CFat; CHO; CP; Cu; D; DE(3x); DM; DMCP; DMFP; DOM; DPB; DRUP; DVBE; DVME; DVMFE; ECP; ED; EDCP; FA; FOM; Feedstock sources; K(d); K(p); MCP(FOM); MCP(RDP); MCPE; MCPN; ME(3x); MP; Molecular spectral analysis; NDF; NDICP; NE; NE(g); NE(m); NEL(3x); NFC; NPN; NSC; OM; PB1; PB2; PB3; PC; PCA; RDP; S; SCP; T(0); TDN(1x); TP; U; acid detergent fibre; acid detergent insoluble crude protein; acid detergent insoluble nitrogen; acid detergent lignin; agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis; carbohydrate; copper; correction for endogenous protein losses associated with digestion process; crude fat; crude protein; degraded protein balance; digestible energy at a production level when intake is 3 times maintenance intake; digestible organic matter; dry matter; effective degradability; effective degradability of crude protein; endogeneous protein in the faeces associated with the digestion; endogenous protein losses in the faeces; fatty acids; fermentable organic matter in the rumen; intermediately degradable true protein; intermediately degraded carbohydrate sub-fraction; intestinally digestible microbial protein; intestinally digestible rumen undegradable protein; lag time; metabolizable energy at a production level when intake is 3 times maintenance intake; metabolizable protein; microbial crude protein produced based on fermentable organic matter; microbial crude protein produced based on rumen degradable protein; microbial protein synthesized based on rumen available N; microbial protein synthesized based on rumen available energy from anaerobic fermentation; microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and absorbed in small intestine; nNDF; net energy; net energy for gain; net energy for lactation when intake is 3 times maintenance intake; net energy for maintenence; neutral detergent fibre NE(L), Net energy for lactation; neutral detergent insoluble crude protein; nitrogen corrected neutral detergent fibre NDICP, neutral detergent insoluble crude protein; non protein nitrogen; non structural carbohydrate; non-fibrous carbohydrate; organic matter; potentially degradable fraction of in situ rumen incubation; principal component analysis; rapidly degradable true protein; rapidly fermented carbohydrate sub-fraction; rate constant for in situ rumen degradation of D fraction; rate of passage; rumen degraded protein; rumen undegraded feed protein digested and absorbed in small intestne; slowly degradable true protein; slowly degraded carbohydrate sub-fraction; soluble crude protein; soluble fraction; tdCP; tdFA; tdNDF; tdNFC; total digestible nutrient at a maintenance level; true protein; truly absorbable endogenous protein; truly absorbable microbial protein synthesized in the rumen; truly absorbed bypass feed protein in small intestine; truly digestible NDF; truly digestible crude protein; truly digestible fatty acids; truly digestible non-fibrous carbohydrate; unavailable carbohydrate fraction (cell wall as per CNCPS); undegradable fraction; undegradable protein