Evolutions in both co-payment and generic market share for common medication in the Belgian reference pricing system.
BACKGROUND
In Belgium, a co-insurance system is applied in which patients pay a portion of the cost for medicines, called co-payment. Co-payment is intended to make pharmaceutical consumers more responsible, increase solidarity, and avoid or reduce moral hazards.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to study the possible influence of co-payment on sales volume and generic market share in two commonly used medicine groups: cholesterol-lowering medication [statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) and fibrates] and acid-blocking agents (proton pump inhibitors and histamine H2 receptor antagonists).


METHODS
The data were extracted from the Pharmanet database, which covers pharmaceutical consumption in all Belgian ambulatory pharmacies. First, the proportion of sales volume and costs of generic products were modelled over time for the two medicine groups. Second, we investigated the relation between co-payment and contribution by the national insurance agency using change-point linear mixed models.


RESULTS
The change-point analysis suggested several influential events. First, the generic market share in total sales volume was negatively influenced by the abolishment of the distinction in the maximum co-payment level for name brands and generics in 2001. Second, relaxation of the reimbursement conditions for generic omeprazole stimulated generic sales volume in 2004. Finally, an increase in co-payment for generic omeprazole was associated with a significant decrease in omeprazole sales volume in 2005. The observational analysis demonstrated several changes over time. First, the co-payment amounts for name-brand and generic drugs converged in the observed time period for both medicine groups under study. Second, the proportion of co-payment for the total cost of simvastatin and omeprazole increased over time for small packages, and more so for generic than for name-brand products. For omeprazole, both the proportion and the amount of co-payment increased over time. Third, over time the prescription of small packages shifted to an emphasis on larger packages.


CONCLUSIONS
As maximum co-payment levels decreased over time, they overruled the reference pricing system in Belgium. The changes in co-payment share over time also significantly affected sales volume, but whether physicians or patients are the decisive actors on the demand side of pharmaceutical consumption remains unclear.
Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Sociology and Health Policy, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium, jessica.fraeyman@ua.ac.be.
Jessica
J
Fraeyman
Moira
M
Verbelen
Niel
N
Hens
Guido
G
Van Hal
Hans
H
De Loof
Philippe
P
Beutels
D001530:Belgium; D017047:Cost Sharing / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
D016568:Drugs, Generic; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D019821:Simvastatin; D009853:Omeprazole