Decellularized human tendon-bone grafts for composite flexor tendon reconstruction: a cadaveric model of initial mechanical properties.
OBJECTIVE
After complex hand trauma, restoration of tendon strength is challenging. Tendon insertion tears typically heal as fibrous scars after surgical reconstruction and create a weak point at the tendon-bone interface. In addition, major tendon loss may overwhelm the amount of available autograft for reconstruction. An off-the-shelf product may help address these challenges. We hypothesized that decellularized human flexor digitorum profundus and distal phalanx tendon-bone composite grafts were a feasible option for flexor tendon reconstruction after complex hand trauma. By replacing the entire injured composite segment, the need for tendon repair within the tendon sheath, reconstruction of the tendon-bone interface, and use of limited autograft could be eliminated.


METHODS
Paired human cadaver forearms were dissected to obtain the flexor digitorum profundus tendon with an attached block of distal phalanx. Tendon-bone grafts were pair-matched and divided into 2 groups: decellularized grafts (n = 12) and untreated (control) grafts (n = 11). Grafts in the decellularized group were subjected to physiochemical decellularization. Pair-matched tendon-bone grafts (decellularized and untreated) were placed back into the flexor tendon sheath and secured distally using a tie-over button and proximally by weaving the graft into the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the distal forearm. The ultimate load, location of failure, and excursion were determined.


RESULTS
Decellularized tendon-bone composite grafts demonstrated no significant difference in ultimate failure load or stiffness compared with untreated grafts. Both groups eventually failed in varied locations along the repair. The most common site of failure in both groups was the tie-over button. The decellularized group failed at the tendon-bone insertion in 3 specimens (25%) compared with none in the untreated group. Both groups demonstrated an average tendon excursion of approximately 82 mm before failure.


CONCLUSIONS
Decellularization of human flexor tendon-distal phalanx tendon-bone constructs did not compromise initial strength despite chemical and mechanical decellularization in a cadaveric model. At the time of repair, decellularized flexor tendon-bone grafts can exceed the strength and excursion needed for hand therapy immediately after reconstruction.


CONCLUSIONS
These tendon-bone grafts may become an option for complex hand reconstruction at or near tendon-bone insertions and throughout the tendon sheath. Further work is required to assess the role of reseeding in an in vivo model.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center; and Section of Plastic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford, CA.
Paige M
PM
Fox
Simon
S
Farnebo
Derek
D
Lindsey
Julia
J
Chang
Taliah
T
Schmitt
James
J
Chang
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005542:Forearm / Q000601:surgery; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery / Q000637:transplantation*; D013718:Tensile Strength; D023822:Tissue Engineering
Tendon; bone; grafts; hand reconstruction