Harzianolide, a novel plant growth regulator and systemic resistance elicitor from Trichoderma harzianum.
A detailed understanding of the effect of natural products on plant growth and protection will underpin new product development for plant production. The isolation and characterization of a known secondary metabolite named harzianolide from Trichoderma harzianum strain SQR-T037 were described, and the bioactivity of the purified compound as well as the crude metabolite extract in plant growth promotion and systemic resistance induction was investigated in this study. The results showed that harzianolide significantly promoted tomato seedling growth by up to 2.5-fold (dry weight) at a concentration of 0.1 ppm compared with the control. The result of root scan suggested that Trichoderma secondary metabolites may influence the early stages of plant growth through better root development for the enhancement of root length and tips. Both of the purified harzianolide and crude metabolite extract increased the activity of some defense-related enzymes to response to oxidative stress. Examination of six defense-related gene expression by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that harzianolide induces the expression of genes involved in the salicylic acid (PR1 and GLU) and jasmonate/ethylene (JERF3) signaling pathways while crude metabolite extract inhibited some gene expression (CHI-II and PGIP) related to basal defense in tomato plants. Further experiment showed that a subsequent challenge of harzianolide-pretreated plants with the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resulted in higher systemic resistance by the reduction of lesion size. These results indicate that secondary metabolites of Trichoderma spp., like harzianolide, may play a novel role in both plant growth regulation and plant defense responses.
Agricultural Ministry Key Lab of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
Feng
F
Cai
Guanghui
G
Yu
Ping
P
Wang
Zhong
Z
Wei
Lin
L
Fu
Qirong
Q
Shen
Wei
W
Chen
D002073:Butanes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D005658:Fungi; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007783:Lactones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
D002073:Butanes; D007783:Lactones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; C577797:harzianolide
1,3 β-glucanase; CAT; CEE; CHI-II; ET; EtOAc; FW; GC/MS; GLU; Harzianolide; IAA; ISR; Induced systemic resistance; JA; JERF3; NBT; PAL; PDA; PGIP; PGK; PGPR; POD; PR; PR1; Plant growth promotion; SA; SAR; SOD; Trichoderma; U; catalase; chitinase class II; crude ethyl acetate extract; ethyl acetate; ethylene; fresh weight; gas chromatography–coupled mass spectrometry; indoleacetic acid; induced systemic resistance; jasmonate and ethylene responsive factor 3; jasmonic acid; nitro blue tetrazolium chloride; one enzyme unit; pathogenesis-related proteins; pathogenesis-related-protein 1; peroxidase; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; phosphoglycerate kinase; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; polygalacturonase inhibitor protein; potato dextrose agar; qRT-PCR; quantitative reverse transcription PCR; salicylic acid; superoxide dismutase; systemic acquired resistance