Prognostication after cardiac arrest.
The best predictor of good outcome after cardiac arrest is awakening from coma. The longer it takes to regain consciousness, the greater the risk of permanent brain injury. A reliable neurological assessment could previously be performed on day 3 after arrest; absence of or a stereotypic motor reaction to pain and absence of cranial nerve reflexes were reliable predictors of poor outcome, but this has changed. The introduction of therapeutic hypothermia and concurrent sedation and muscle relaxation has affected the reliability of the clinical investigation. This is probably due to increased use of sedative drugs and delayed metabolism during hypothermia but could, in addition, be explained by delayed maturation and recovery processes of brain ischaemia. A clinical neurological assessment should no longer be the sole decisive method for prognostication after cardiac arrest. Instead, a clinical investigation should be used in combination with independent and objective methods, above all neurophysiology (electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials), while biomarkers and brain imaging may be valuable adjuncts.
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: hans.friberg@skane.se.
Hans
H
Friberg
Tobias
T
Cronberg
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology; D003128:Coma / Q000209:etiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
EEG; SSEP; biomarkers; brain imaging; cardiac arrest; coma; neurological examination; outcome; prognostication