C-reactive protein, fatal and nonfatal coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease in the prospective EPIC-Norfolk cohort study.
OBJECTIVE
Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Observational and experimental evidence suggest that CRP might differentially predict fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. Here, we sought to determine the predictive value of CRP for fatal and nonfatal CAD, stroke, or PAD.


RESULTS
CRP levels were measured in 18 450 apparently healthy participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort. Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify the association between CRP levels and fatal and nonfatal CAD events, strokes, and PAD events. Bootstrapping was applied to test for significant differences between the risk of fatal and nonfatal events. During 208 485 person-years at risk, 2915 CAD events, 361 strokes, and 657 PAD events occurred. CRP was associated with fatal and nonfatal CAD events and nonfatal PAD events. When adding CRP to predictive risk models for fatal and nonfatal events corrected for known cardiovascular risk factors, the net reclassification index was 2.1% for fatal and 1.9% for nonfatal events. Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios for fatal CAD events (hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.46) differed significantly (mean difference, 13%; 95% confidence interval, 5.1%-21.9%; P<0.001) from the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio for nonfatal CAD events (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.26).


CONCLUSIONS
In the EPIC-Norfolk cohort, CRP was associated with fatal and nonfatal CAD events, as well as nonfatal PAD events. Adding CRP to risk stratification models resulted in a small improvement in classification for both fatal and nonfatal events. Importantly, CRP was significantly more strongly associated with fatal CAD events than with nonfatal CAD events.
From the Department of Vascular Medicine (D.F.v.W., J.J.P.K., E.S.G.S.) and Department of Cardiology (S.M.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.J.W.); and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.A.-A., K.-T.K.).
Diederik F
DF
van Wijk
S Matthijs
SM
Boekholdt
Nicholas J
NJ
Wareham
Sara
S
Ahmadi-Abhari
John J P
JJ
Kastelein
Erik S G
ES
Stroes
Kay-Tee
KT
Khaw
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality*; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
C-reactive protein; atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; peripheral arterial disease; stroke