Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission.
BACKGROUND
Successful performers in weight-sensitive sports are characterised by low body mass (BM) and fat content. This often requires chronic energy restriction and acute weight loss practices.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate current use of body composition (BC) assessment methods and identify problems and solutions with current BC approaches.


METHODS
A 40-item survey was developed, including demographic and content questions related to BC assessment. The survey was electronically distributed among international sporting organisations. Frequencies and χ(2) analyses were computed.


RESULTS
216 responses were received, from 33 countries, representing various institutions, sports and competitive levels. Of the sample, 86% of respondents currently assess BC, most frequently using skinfolds (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK): 50%; non-ISAK, conventional: 40%; both: 28%), dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (38%), bioelectrical impedance (29%), air displacement plethysmography (17%) and hydrostatic weighing (10%). Of those using skinfolds, more at the international level used ISAK, whereas conventional approaches were more reported at regional/national level (p=0.006). The sport dietitian/nutritionist (57%) and physiologist/sports scientist (54%) were most frequently the professionals assessing BC, followed by MDs and athletic trainers, with some reporting coaches (5%). 36% of 116 respondents assessed hydration status and more (64%) did so at international than regional/national level (36%, p=0.028). Of 125 participants answering the question of whether they thought that BC assessment raised problems, 69% said 'yes', with most providing ideas for solutions.


CONCLUSIONS
Results show high use of BC assessment but also a lack of standardisation and widespread perception of problems related to BM and BC in sport. Future work should emphasise standardisation with appropriate training opportunities and more research on BC and performance.
Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado, , Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA.
Nanna L
NL
Meyer
Jorunn
J
Sundgot-Borgen
Timothy G
TG
Lohman
Timothy R
TR
Ackland
Arthur D
AD
Stewart
Ronald J
RJ
Maughan
Suzanne
S
Smith
Wolfram
W
Müller
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001828:Body Image; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D011364:Professional Practice; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
Body composition methodology; Eating disorders; Exercise and/or caloric restriction effects on body weight/composition; Injury Prevention; Sports and nutrition