High-dimensional nested analysis of variance to assess the effect of production season, quality grade and steam pasteurization on the phenolic composition of fermented rooibos herbal tea.
A nested analysis of variance combined with simultaneous component analysis, ASCA, was proposed to model high-dimensional chromatographic data. The data were obtained from an experiment designed to investigate the effect of production season, quality grade and post-production processing (steam pasteurization) on the phenolic content of the infusion of the popular herbal tea, rooibos, at 'cup-of-tea' strength. Specifically, a four-way analysis of variance where the experimental design involves nesting in two of the three crossed factors was considered. For the purpose of the study, batches of fermented rooibos plant material were sampled from each of four quality grades during three production seasons (2009, 2010 and 2011) and a sub-sample of each batch was steam-pasteurized. The phenolic content of each rooibos infusion was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD). In contrast to previous studies, the complete HPLC-DAD signals were used in the chemometric analysis in order to take into account the entire phenolic profile. All factors had a significant effect on the phenolic content of a 'cup-of-tea' strength rooibos infusion. In particular, infusions prepared from the grade A (highest quality) samples contained a higher content of almost all phenolic compounds than the lower quality plant material. The variations of the content of isoorientin and orientin in the different quality grade infusions over production seasons are larger than the variations in the content of aspalathin and quercetin-3-O-robinobioside. Ferulic acid can be used as an indicator of the quality of rooibos tea as its content generally decreases with increasing tea quality. Steam pasteurization decreased the content of the majority of phenolic compounds in a 'cup-of-tea' strength rooibos infusion.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemometric Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, The University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
I
I
Stanimirova
M
M
Kazura
D
D
de Beer
E
E
Joubert
A E
AE
Schulze
T
T
Beelders
A
A
de Villiers
B
B
Walczak
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D036903:Aspalathus / Q000737:chemistry*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D047188:Chalcones / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005285:Fermentation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis*; D061352:Pasteurization; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012621:Seasons; D013227:Steam
D047188:Chalcones; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D010636:Phenols; D013227:Steam; C517016:aspalathin; C004999:ferulic acid; C065886:orientin
Analysis of variance-simultaneous component analysis; Antioxidant capacity; Chemometrics; Mixed-effects modeling; Phenolic content