The intoeing child: etiology, prognosis, and current treatment options.
Intoeing, a common entrance complaint in infants, toddlers, and young children, is best defined as internal rotation of the long axis of the foot to the line of progression. Intoeing may be caused by primary deformities within the foot, issues with tibial torsion, and femoral antetorsion (anteversion). Problems within the foot include hallux varus, metatarsus adductus, talipes equinovarus, and pes cavus, each of which has specific treatments available. Treatment must be individualized, and the risks and complications weighed against the predictable morbidity of intoeing.
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IIlinois; Private Practice, 10540 West Cermak Road, Westchester, IL 60154, USA. Electronic address: Eharrisdpm@AOL.com.
Edwin
E
Harris
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D014034:Toes
Adducted gait; Anteversion; Hallux varus; Internal tibial torsion; Intoeing; Metatarsus adductus; Pes cavus; Talipes equinovarus