Prevalence of causes of secondary osteoporosis and contribution to lower bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Eighty-one percent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients had one or more of seven evaluated causes of secondary osteoporosis, and this rate increases with age. The type and number of causes were associated with a lower bone mineral density (BMD), and with an increased rate of osteopenia/osteoporosis, regardless of age and body mass index.


BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to determine whether factors of secondary osteoporosis were associated with lower BMD in HIV.


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 285 HIV-infected patients (25 % females) evaluating the impact of seven different factors of reduced BMD: hyperthyroidism, diabetes, chronic viral hepatitis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypovitaminosis D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and hypogonadism. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan of the femoral neck was obtained at the clinical visit.


RESULTS
Mean age was 45.7 years; osteopenia and osteoporosis were diagnosed in 38 and 6 %, respectively. Overall, 230 patients (81 %) had secondary factors; 107 (38 %) had only 1 cause, 94 (33 %) had 2, and 28 (10 %) had 3 or more, predominantly vitamin D deficiency in 61 %, hepatitis C virus coinfection in 45 %, and secondary hyperparathyroidism in 27 %. The number of secondary factors was closely related to a lower BMD, which is statistically significant for patients having ≥2 causes (0.77 vs 0.73 g/cm(2), p = 0.02). The rate of osteopenia ranged from 36 % without any cause to 57 % with three or more, osteoporosis from 0 to 19 %, and Z-score <-2 SD from 0 to 27 %, respectively. In a multivariate linear regression, adjusting by age, body mass index, and HIV-related factors, the number of secondary factors was independently associated with a lower BMD (ß coefficient -0.134; p = 0.02), mainly due to patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and CKD.


CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of secondary causes of osteoporosis is observed in HIV-infected patients, and its type and cumulative number determine a lower BMD, after adjusting by age and body mass index.
Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Cra. de Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain, jcasado.hrc@gmail.com.
J L
JL
Casado
S
S
Bañon
R
R
Andrés
M J
MJ
Perez-Elías
A
A
Moreno
S
S
Moreno
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology