Interactions between cytokines, congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract and chronic kidney disease.
Fetal hydronephrosis is the most common anomaly detected on antenatal ultrasound, affecting 1-5% of pregnancies. Postnatal investigation has the major aim in detecting infants with severe urinary tract obstruction and clinically significant urinary tract anomalies among the heterogeneous universe of patients. Congenital uropathies are frequent causes of pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). Imaging techniques clearly contribute to this purpose; however, sometimes, these exams are invasive, very expensive, and not sufficient to precisely define the best approach as well as the prognosis. Recently, biomarkers have become a focus of clinical research as potentially useful diagnostic tools in pediatric urological diseases. In this regard, recent studies suggest a role for cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of CAKUT and for the progression to CKD. Some authors proposed that the evaluation of these inflammatory mediators might help the management of postnatal uropathies and the detection of patients with high risk to developed chronic kidney disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to revise general aspects of cytokines and the link between cytokines, CAKUT, and CKD by including experimental and clinical evidence.
Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. acssilva@hotmail.com
Ana Cristina
AC
Simões e Silva
Flávia Cordeiro
FC
Valério
Mariana Affonso
MA
Vasconcelos
Débora Marques
DM
Miranda
Eduardo Araújo
EA
Oliveira
D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*
D016207:Cytokines