"Black Bone" MRI: a potential non-ionizing method for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis--a preliminary feasibility study.
OBJECTIVE
CT offers a three-dimensional solution to the inaccuracies associated with lateral cephalogram-based cephalometric analysis. However, it is associated with significant concerns regarding ionizing radiation exposure. MRI offers a non-ionizing alternative, but this has been less well investigated. We present a novel gradient echo MRI sequence ("Black Bone") and highlight the potential of this sequence in cephalometric analysis.


METHODS
After regional ethics approval, "Black Bone" imaging was obtained in eight patients in whom lateral cephalograms were available. "Black Bone", T1 and T2 weighted spin echo imaging were obtained in the mid-sagittal plane, and measurements were compared with those obtained on the lateral cephalogram using both the Advantage Windows Workstation (GE Medical Systems, Buckinghamshire, UK) and the Dolphin(®) cephalometric software (v. 11.5.04.23, Premium; Dolphin Imaging, Chatsworth, CA) by one assessor. Further assessment was made by scoring the ease of landmark identification on a ten-point scale.


RESULTS
"Black Bone" imaging surpassed T1 and T2 weighted imaging in terms of cephalometric landmark identification. A number of mid-sagittal cephalometric landmarks could not be clearly identified on T2 weighted imaging, making analysis impossible. Measurements on "Black Bone" demonstrated the smallest discrepancy when compared with those obtained on the lateral cephalogram. The discrepancy seen between measurements completed on mid-sagittal MRI and the lateral cephalogram was compounded by inherent inaccuracies of the lateral cephalogram. The overall mean discrepancy between distance measurements on "Black Bone" imaging and those on the lateral cephalogram was 1-2 mm.


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, "Black Bone" MRI offered an improved method of cephalometric landmark identification over routine MRI sequences, and provides a potential non-ionizing alternative to CT for three-dimensional cephalometrics.
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
K A
KA
Eley
S R
SR
Watt-Smith
S J
SJ
Golding
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult
cephalometry; dentofacial deformities; magnetic resonance imaging; malocclusion