Sinus node dysfunction after partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair.
OBJECTIVE
Repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to superior vena cava using an internal patch has been described as a potential cause of obstruction at the systemic or pulmonary vein level and of sinus node dysfunction. Our experience with this operation was reviewed.


METHODS
From 1991 to 2011, 59 patients with a diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to superior vena cava underwent surgical repair with intracardiac patch rerouting alone (45 patients) or with associated superior vena cava patch enlargement (14 patients). Follow-up evaluation was performed, including electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram Holter monitor recording, and exercise stress test.


RESULTS
There were no early or late deaths and no reoperations at a mean follow-up of 46 ± 45 months. All patients were asymptomatic in New York Heart Association class I. Echocardiographic evaluation excluded any obstruction at the pulmonary or systemic vein level. At follow-up, 55 patients (93%) presented sinus rhythm and were free from antiarrhythmic medications, 2 patients (3%) presented atrial fibrillation, 1 patient (2%) presented atrial fibrillation and asymptomatic sinus node dysfunction, and 1 patient (2%) presented ectopic atrial rhythm. Electrocardiogram Holter recording demonstrated sinus node dysfunction in 6 of 34 patients (18%). Exercise stress test showed chronotropic incompetence in 8 of 27 patients (30%): All except 1 patient presented sinus rhythm at basal electrocardiogram, and only 4 patients had some evidence of sinus node dysfunction on electrocardiogram Holter recording.


CONCLUSIONS
Intracardiac repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection can be performed with good results at medium-term follow-up. The rate of sinus node dysfunction or other arrhythmias and obstruction at pulmonary or systemic vein level is comparable to other techniques. Exercise stress test evaluation is the best way to detect asymptomatic sinus node dysfunction.
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: pace@aosp.bo.it.
Carlo
C
Pace Napoleone
Pediatric Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy.
Elisabetta
E
Mariucci
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy.
Emanuela
E
Angeli
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy.
Guido
G
Oppido
Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna Medical School, Bologna, Italy.
Gaetano D
GD
Gargiulo
D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011668:Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012587:Scimitar Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012804:Sick Sinus Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012849:Sinoatrial Node / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome