Fast LC-MS/MS analysis of tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A in dried blood spots and the influence of the hematocrit and immunosuppressant concentration on recovery.
We developed a method for the analysis of four immunosuppressants in dried blood spot (DBS) samples to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring for transplant patients outside the hospital. An 8mm disc from the central part of the DBS was punched, extracted and followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The method was validated with ranges from 1.00-50.0 µg/L for tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus, and from 20.0-2000 µg/L for cyclosporin A. The validation showed a maximum overall bias of 13.0% for the sirolimus LLOQ, while the maximum overall CV was 15.7% for the everolimus LLOQ. All four immunosuppressants showed to be stable in DBS for at least 7 days at 22°C. The volume of the blood spot showed to have minor effect on measured concentrations. A cross-validation test between the 31 ET CHR paper and the Whatman FTA DMPK-C cards showed no significant difference between the two types of paper. During validation the hematocrit (HT) showed to have significant influence on the analytical results. When the measured concentrations were corrected for the effect of the HT, biases improved significantly. Additional recovery tests proved that the combination of especially low HT and high concentration does not only affect the spot size but can also affect the extraction recoveries of sirolimus and especially everolimus. Although the tested parameters like HT and concentrations are extreme and unlikely for routine analysis of outpatients, the fundamental effect of the combination of these parameters on extraction recoveries are proven with this research. The protein binding in the blood and hydrogen binding to the cellulose of the paper is suggested to influence extractions and gives new insights in the extraction methodology of DBS samples. The observed HT effect during the validation appeared to be negligible during the correlation study as no concentration corrections for the HT values were needed. Nevertheless, results from DBS samples with extremely high concentrations combined with extremely low HT values should be interpreted with caution. The patient correlation study showed good correlations with R(2) values higher than 0.87 between venous whole blood and venous DBS samples were observed for all four immunosuppressants. The Passing & Bablok plots showed positive biases of the slopes of 18% for tacrolimus and less than 12% for sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A. The validated method, proved stability of the immunosuppressants in DBS, and the correlation study showed the capability of the DBS method to be used as an alternative for whole blood analysis in therapeutic drug monitoring.
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Laboratory for Clinical and Forensic Toxicology and Drugs Analysis, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.koster@umcg.nl.
Remco A
RA
Koster
Jan-Willem C
JW
Alffenaar
Ben
B
Greijdanus
Donald R A
DR
Uges
D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood*; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004355:Drug Stability; D000068338:Everolimus; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus
Cyclosporin A; Dried blood spot; Everolimus; Hematocrit; Sirolimus; Tacrolimus