LIHNCS - Lugol's iodine in head and neck cancer surgery: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of Lugol's iodine to assist excision of moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ at mucosal resection margins of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Oral cavity and oropharynx cancer are increasing in incidence worldwide but survival outcomes have not significantly improved over the last three decades. The presence of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ at surgical margins following resection of squamous carcinoma of the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck has been shown to be associated with a higher incidence of local recurrence and reduced survival. While invasive carcinoma in mucosal surfaces can usually be distinguished from adjacent normal mucous membrane, pre-malignant disease is much less readily distinguished at operation. We describe a protocol for a randomised, controlled trial in which we will assess the effectiveness of Lugol's iodine staining in allowing visualisation and excision of cancer margin dysplasia at time of primary surgery.


METHODS
We will recruit 300 patients diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. All participants will be planned for primary surgery with curative intent. After completion of baseline assessment participants will be randomised into either a standard surgical treatment arm or surgical treatment including Lugol's iodine staining.


CONCLUSIONS
This paper describes the rationale and design of a unique trial in head and neck surgical oncology. If margin dysplasia visualisation with Lugol's iodine allows complete excision of high-risk, pre-cancer mucosa at time of primary surgery, this may lead to a reduction in local recurrence and improved survival.


BACKGROUND
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03712770.
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal infirmary, Bradford, UK. jim.mccaul@me.com.
James A
JA
McCaul
James A
JA
Cymerman
Stuart
S
Hislop
Chris
C
McConkey
Jeremy
J
McMahon
Hisham
H
Mehanna
Richard
R
Shaw
David N
DN
Sutton
Janet
J
Dunn
D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004739:England; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D004396:Coloring Agents; D007454:Iodides; C010389:Lugol's solution