Sample preparation for arsenic speciation in terrestrial plants--a review.
Arsenic is an element widely present in nature. Additionally, it may be found as different species in several matrices and therefore it is one of the target elements in chemical speciation. Although the number of studies in terrestrial plants is low, compared to matrices such as fish or urine, this number is raising due to the fact that this type of matrix are closely related to the human food chain. In speciation analysis, sample preparation is a critical step and several extraction procedures present drawbacks. In this review, papers dealing with extraction procedures, analytical methods, and studies of species conservation in plants cultivated in terrestrial environment are critically discussed. Analytical procedures based on extractions using water or diluted acid solutions associated with HPLC-ICP-MS are good alternatives, owing to their versatility and sensitivity, even though less expensive strategies are shown as feasible choices.
Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, PO Box 676, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Embrapa Southeast Livestock, PO Box 339, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
Clarice D B
CD
Amaral
Joaquim A
JA
Nóbrega
Ana R A
AR
Nogueira
D000143:Acids; D001151:Arsenic / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014867:Water
D000143:Acids; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D001151:Arsenic
(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly (n=2–11); AAS; AFS; Analytical methods; Arsenic speciation; As; AsB; AsC; CRM; DMA; ESI-MS/MS; ESI–MS; ESI–TOF–MS; ETAAS; FAAS; GFAAS; HG; HPLC; HR; IC; ICP–MS; ICP–OES; LA; LC; LOD; MAE; MMA; MPE; PAA; PAO; PCn; PCs; PLE; RT; SEC; SON; Sample preparation; Species stability; TFA; TMA; TMAO; Terrestrial plant; UV; X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence; XANES; XRF; arsenic; arsenobetaine; arsenocholine; atomic absorption spectrometry; atomic florescence spectrometry; certified reference material; dimethylarsinic acid; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; flame atomic absorption spectrometry; graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; high resolution; high-performance liquid chromatography; hydride generation; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; ion chromatography; laser ablation; limit of detection; liquid chromatography; microwave-assisted extraction; modified protein extraction; monomethylarsonic acid; o-APAA; o-aminophenylarsonic acid; p-APAA; p-aminophenylarsonic acid; phenylarsine oxide; phenylarsonic acid; phytochelatins; pressurized liquid extraction; room temperature; size exclusion chromatography; sonication solvent extraction; tetramethylarsonium ion; trifluoroacetic acid; trimethylarsine oxide; ultraviolet