title: The creation of an abbreviated version of the PSEQ: the PSEQ-2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-efficacy is an effective coping strategy associated with less pain and disability. The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable tool to measure this strategy, but could be inconvenient to implement in a busy surgical practice owing to its length.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a shorter version of the 10-item PSEQ.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 316 patients (53% men, mean age of 46 y) with a variety of upper extremity diagnosis were enrolled in this study. In addition to demographic information, patients completed the PSEQ measure of self-efficacy, the QuickDASH measure of disability, and an ordinal measure of pain intensity. We conducted inter-item correlation analyses for the PSEQ and selected questions based on the magnitude of their correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questions 8 and 9 were selected to form the PSEQ-2. The PSEQ-2 showed good internal consistency (α = 0.90) and had a large correlation with the original PSEQ (r = 0.76). Both the PSEQ-2 and the original PSEQ correlated significantly with QuickDASH and pain intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides preliminary evidence that a shortened version of the PSEQ might be useful as a screening instrument to identify patients with hand and upper extremity conditions who have low self-efficacy and might benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic level III.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Arjan G J
authors.initials: AGJ
authors.lastname: Bot
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Sjoerd P F T
authors.initials: SPFT
authors.lastname: Nota
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Electronic address: dring@partners.org.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ring
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult