title: [TGF-β signaling pathways in cancers].
abstract: TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine involved in growth, cell differentiation and maintenanceof tissue homeostasis. In addition, TGF-β plays a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. TGF-β-induced signaling pathways have either tumor-suppression or tumor-promoting effects in a cancer-type-specific and stage-dependent manner. TGF-β at an early stage of cancer development induces signaling pathways involved in inhibitionof cell proliferation, induction of differentiation, apoptosis or autophagy, suppression of angiogenesis and inflammation. At a later stage of disease, TGF-β exerts metastasis-promoting activity associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, modulation of cancer microenvironment and extracellular matrix components, inflammation and immune suppression. Furthermore, the TGF-β pathways play a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem cell-like properties of tumor cells. The pleiotropic action of TGF-β during tumorigenesis depends on interactions with different signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, WNT, PI3K--AKT, NOTCH, INF-γ, TNF-α, and RAS-ERK.
authors.affiliation: Zakład Biologii Molekularnej Nowotworów, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Talar
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czyż
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases