title: [Adolf Abraham Gustav Bingel (1901-1982): pioneer of electroconvulsive treatment in Germany].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adolf Bingel, internal medicine specialist, neurologist and psychiatrist, was a pioneer in the establishment of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) in Germany. Thanks to his dedication, the psychiatric department of the University of Erlangen was Germany's first clinic to offer ECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analysed relevant archival material and the secondary literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a consequence of denazification, Adolf Bingel was classified as a hanger-on by the Tribunal in Heidelberg. In 1946 the accredited German scientist moved to Houston as a "Paperclip-Boy".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ECT-pioneer Bingel has repeatedly been mistaken for the co-inventor of pneumo-encephalograpy, whose name was also Adolf Bingel. This confusion in names has to be corrected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 1957 Bingel was awarded the title Associate Professor Emeritus by the University of Erlangen. In 1959 he became Associate Professor of Neurology/Baylor University College in Houston/Texas.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kornhuber
mesh_terms: D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D028683:National Socialism; D009462:Neurology / Q000266:history; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history; D013781:Texas