title: Epidural and subdural stimulation.
abstract: Cortical stimulation, either transcranial or by means of electrodes implanted epidurally or subdurally, is used increasingly to treat neuropsychiatric diseases. In cases where transcranial stimulation gives only short-term success, implanted electrodes can yield results that are similar but long-term. Epidural stimulation is used widely to treat chronic neuropathic pain, whereas newer fields are in movement disorders, tinnitus, depression, and functional rehabilitation after stroke. For epidural stimulation, computational models explain the geometry of stimulation parameters (anodal, cathodal, and bifocal) and are used for targeting to yield the best clinical results. Nevertheless, the role of the cerebrospinal fluid layer also has to be taken into consideration. Subdural or intrasulcal stimulation allows a more focused stimulation with lower current intensities. This advantage, however, is counterbalanced by a higher complication rate with regard to epileptic seizures, subdural or intracerebral hemorrhages, and wound infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany. Electronic address: Volker.Tronnier@uk-sh.de.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tronnier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rasche
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; depression; extradural; intradural; pain; rehabilitation; stimulation; tinnitus