title: Orthopedic evaluation and surgical treatment of the spastic shoulder.
abstract: The spastic shoulder can often result from brain injury that causes disruption in the upper motor neuron inhibitory pathways. Patients develop dyssynergic muscle activation, muscle weakness, and contractures and often present with fixed adduction and internal rotation deformity to the limb. This article reviews the importance of a comprehensive preoperative evaluation and discusses appropriate treatment strategies based on preoperative evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Rothman Institute, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Electronic address: surena.namdari@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Surena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namdari
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Horneff
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016472:Motor Neuron Disease / Q000628:therapy; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012782:Shoulder; D012785:Shoulder Joint
keywords: Brain injury; Orthopedic evaluation; Spastic shoulder; Surgical treatment