title: Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: developing a culture of inclusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cultural and linguistic diversity is a core feature of the Australian population and a valued element of national identity. The proportion of the population that will be overseas-born is projected to be 32% by 2050. While a very active process of mental health system reform has been occurring for more than two decades - at national and state and territory levels - the challenges presented by cultural and linguistic diversity have not been effectively met. A key area in which this is particularly an issue is in the collection, analysis and reporting of mental health data that reflect the reality of population diversity. The purpose of this study was to examine: what is known about the mental health of immigrant and refugee communities in Australia; whether Australian mental health research pays adequate attention to the fact of cultural and linguistic diversity in the Australian population; and whether national mental health data collections support evidence-informed mental health policy and practice and mental health reform in multicultural Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of three components - a brief review of what is known about mental health in, and mental health service use by, immigrant and refugee communities; an examination of national data collections to determine the extent to which relevant cultural variables are included in the collections; and an examination of Australian research to determine the extent to which immigrant and refugee communities are included as participants in such research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review of Australian research on mental health of immigrant and refugee communities and their patterns of mental health service use generated findings that are highly variable. The work is fragmented and usually small-scale. There are multiple studies of some immigrant and refugee communities and there are no studies of others. Although there is a broadly consistent pattern of lower rates of utilisation of specialist public mental health services by immigrants and refugees the absence of adequate population epidemiological data prevents judgments about whether the observed patterns constitute under-utilisation. There are virtually no data on quality of service outcomes. The examination of national data collections revealed multiple gaps in these data collections. The review of papers published in four key Australian journals to determine whether immigrants and refugees are included in mental health research studies revealed a high rate (9.1%) of specific exclusion from studies (usually due to low English fluency) and a much higher rate of general neglect of the issue of population diversity in study design and reporting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there are many positive statements of policy intent in relation to immigrant and refugee communities in national mental health policies and strategies there is virtually no reporting by Commonwealth or State and Territory governments of whether policies that are relevant to immigrant and refugee communities are effectively implemented. It is not possible, on the basis of the data collected, to determine whether immigrant and refugee communities are benefiting from the mental health system reforms that are being actively carried out. The majority of Australian mental health research does not adequately include immigrant and refugee samples. On the basis of the findings of this study eight strategies have been recommended that will contribute to the development of a culture of inclusion of all Australians in the national mental health research enterprise.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. h.minas@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minas
authors.forename: Ritsuko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakuma
authors.forename: Lay San
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Too
authors.forename: Hamza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vayani
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orapeleng
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prasad-Ildes
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Procter
authors.forename: Daryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oehm