title: Structural and cognitive deficits in chronic carbon monoxide intoxication: a voxel-based morphometry study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication may develop ongoing neurological and psychiatric symptoms that ebb and flow, a condition often called delayed encephalopathy (DE). The association between morphologic changes in the brain and neuropsychological deficits in DE is poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological tests were conducted on 11 CO patients with DE, 11 patients without DE, and 15 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy subjects. Differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between the subgroups were assessed and further correlated with diminished cognitive functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a group, the patients had lower regional GMV compared to controls in the following regions: basal ganglia, left claustrum, right amygdala, left hippocampus, parietal lobes, and left frontal lobe. The reduced GMV in the bilateral basal ganglia, left post-central gyrus, and left hippocampus correlated with decreased perceptual organization and processing speed function. Those CO patients characterized by DE patients had a lower GMV in the left anterior cingulate and right amygdala, as well as lower levels of cognitive function, than the non-DE patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CO intoxication in the chronic stage showed a worse cognitive and morphologic outcome, especially those with DE. This study provides additional evidence of gray matter structural abnormalities in the pathophysiology of DE in chronic CO intoxicated patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, 83305, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. u64lin@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pei-Chin
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nai-Wen
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Kun-Hsien
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Ching-Po
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Re-Wen
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shau-Hsuan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Wei-Che
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests