title: Bi-tangential hybrid IMRT for sparing the shoulder in whole breast irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A bi-tangential technique is proposed to reduce undesired doses to the shoulder produced by standard tangential irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6 patients affected by shoulder pain and reduced functional capacity after whole-breast irradiation were retrospectively analysed. The standard tangential plan used for treatment was compared with (1) a single bi-tangential plan where, to spare the shoulder, the lateral open tangent was split into two half-beams at isocentre, with the superior portion rotated by 10-20° medially with respect to the standard lateral beam; (2) a double bi-tangential plan, where both the tangential open beams were split. The planning target volume (PTV) coverage and the dose to the portion of muscles and axilla included in the standard tangential beams were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTV95 % of standard plan (91.9 ± 3.8) was not significantly different from single bi-tangential plan (91.8 ± 3.4); a small but significant (p < 0.01) decrease was observed with the double bi-tangential plan (90.1 ± 3.7). A marked dose reduction to the muscle was produced by the single bi-tangential plan around 30-40 Gy. The application of the double bi-tangential technique further reduced the volume receiving around 20 Gy, but did not markedly affect the higher doses. The dose to the axilla was reduced both in the single and the double bi-tangential plans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single bi-tangential technique would have been able to reduce the dose to shoulder and axilla, without compromising target coverage. This simple technique is valuable for irradiation after axillary lymph node dissection or in patients without dissection due to negative or low-volume sentinel lymph node disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio-Oncology, Regional Oncological Hospital, via Jenner, 09121, Cagliari, Italy, paolofarace@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farace
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Deidda
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iamundo de Cumis
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iamundo de Curtis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deiana
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Farigu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porru
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000528:radiation effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome