title: Diagnostic utility of whole exome sequencing in patients showing cerebellar and/or vermis atrophy in childhood.
abstract: Cerebellar and/or vermis atrophy is recognized in various types of childhood disorders with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Although careful evaluation of clinical features and neuroimaging can lead to correct diagnosis of disorders, their diagnosis is sometimes difficult because clinical features can overlap with each other. In this study, we performed family-based whole exome sequencing of 23 families including 25 patients with cerebellar and/or vermis atrophy in childhood, who were unable to be diagnosed solely by clinical examination. Pathological mutations of seven genes were found in ten patients from nine families (9/23, 39.1 %): compound heterozygous mutations in FOLR1, C5orf42, POLG, TPP1, PEX16, and de novo mutations in CACNA1A, and ITPR1. Patient 1A with FOLR1 mutations showed extremely low concentration of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, and Patient 6 with TPP1 mutations demonstrated markedly lowered tripeptidyl peptidase 1 activity in leukocytes. Furthermore, Patient 8 with PEX16 mutations presented a mild increase of very long chain fatty acids in the serum as supportive data for genetic diagnosis. The main clinical features of these ten patients were nonspecific and mixed, and included developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, hypotonia, and epilepsy. Brain MRI revealed both cerebellar and vermis atrophy in eight patients (8/10, 80 %), vermis atrophy/hypoplasia in two patients (2/10, 20 %), and brainstem atrophy in one patient (1/10, 10 %). Our data clearly demonstrate the utility of whole exome sequencing for genetic diagnosis of childhood cerebellar and/or vermis atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan, t116017g@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iai
authors.forename: Sumimasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Yume
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimozawa
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomita-Katsumoto
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsurusaki
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Yoshikatsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Naomichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Hirotomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saitsu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D059472:Exome; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D000091346:Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1; D055815:Young Adult