title: Kinematic mental simulations in abduction and deduction.
abstract: We present a theory, and its computer implementation, of how mental simulations underlie the abductions of informal algorithms and deductions from these algorithms. Three experiments tested the theory's predictions, using an environment of a single railway track and a siding. This environment is akin to a universal Turing machine, but it is simple enough for nonprogrammers to use. Participants solved problems that required use of the siding to rearrange the order of cars in a train (experiment 1). Participants abduced and described in their own words algorithms that solved such problems for trains of any length, and, as the use of simulation predicts, they favored "while-loops" over "for-loops" in their descriptions (experiment 2). Given descriptions of loops of procedures, participants deduced the consequences for given trains of six cars, doing so without access to the railway environment (experiment 3). As the theory predicts, difficulty in rearranging trains depends on the numbers of moves and cars to be moved, whereas in formulating an algorithm and deducing its consequences, it depends on the Kolmogorov complexity of the algorithm. Overall, the results corroborated the use of a kinematic mental model in creating and testing informal algorithms and showed that individuals differ reliably in the ability to carry out these tasks.
authors.affiliation: Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375.
authors.forename: Sangeet Suresh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khemlani
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mackiewicz
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bucciarelli
authors.forename: Philip N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Johnson-Laird
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cognitive processes; informal programming; problem solving; reasoning