title: The worldwide association between television viewing and obesity in children and adolescents: cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies exploring the effect of television viewing on obesity throughout childhood are conflicting. Most studies have been confined to single high-income countries. Our aim was to examine the association between television viewing habits and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescents and children in a multicentre worldwide sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children Phase Three, adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years completed questionnaires which included questions on television viewing habits, height and weight. Parents/guardians of children aged between 5 and 8 years completed the same questionnaire on behalf of their children. The questionnaire asked "During a normal week, how many hours a day (24 hours) do you (does your child) watch television?" Responses were categorised as; "short" (<1 hour), "moderate" (1 to ≤3 hours), "long" (3 to ≤5 hours) and "prolonged" (>5 hours).
  
  
  RESULTS
  207,672 adolescents from 37 countries and 77,003 children from 18 countries provided data. Daily television viewing in excess of one hour was reported in 89% of adolescents and 79% of children. Compared with adolescents in the short viewing group, those in the moderate, long and prolonged groups had BMIs that were 0.14 kg/m(2), 0.21 kg/m(2), 0.30 kg/m(2) and 0.08 kg/m(2), 0.16 kg/m(2) and 0.17 kg/m(2) larger for females and males respectively (both P<0.001). Compared with children in the short viewing group, those in the moderate, long and prolonged groups had BMIs that were 0.24 kg/m(2), 0.34 kg/m(2), 0.36 kg/m(2) and 0.19 kg/m(2), 0.32 kg/m(2) and 0.36 kg/m(2) larger for females and males respectively (both P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased television viewing hours were positively associated with BMI in both adolescents and children with an apparent dose response effect. These findings extend the evidence that television viewing contributes to increased BMI in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Braithwaite
authors.forename: Alistair W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hancox
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: Rinki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013690:Television