title: How do people with persecutory delusions evaluate threat in a controlled social environment? A qualitative study using virtual reality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental factors have been associated with psychosis but there is little qualitative research looking at how the ongoing interaction between individual and environment maintains psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study investigates how people with persecutory delusions interpret events in a virtual neutral social environment using qualitative methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 participants with persecutory delusions and 20 controls entered a virtual underground train containing neutral characters. Under these circumstances, people with persecutory delusions reported similar levels of paranoia as non-clinical participants. The transcripts of a post-virtual reality interview of the first 10 participants in each group were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thematic analyses of interviews focusing on the decision making process associated with attributing intentions of computer-generated characters revealed 11 themes grouped in 3 main categories (evidence in favour of paranoid appraisals, evidence against paranoid appraisals, other behaviour).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with current persecutory delusions are able to use a range of similar strategies to healthy volunteers when making judgements about potential threat in a neutral environment that does not elicit anxiety, but they are less likely than controls to engage in active hypothesis-testing and instead favour experiencing "affect" as evidence of persecutory intention.
authors.affiliation: University College London,UK.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornells-Ambrojo
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford,UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: ICREA-University of Barcelona, Spain, and University College London,UK.
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.affiliation: University College London,UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swapp
authors.affiliation: University College London,UK.
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antley
authors.affiliation: University College London,UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012931:Social Environment; D063367:Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy / Q000379:methods
keywords: Paranoia; cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis; persecutory delusions; safety behaviours; virtual reality