title: High γ power in ECoG reflects cortical electrical stimulation effects on unit activity in layers V/VI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cortical electrical stimulation (CES) has been used extensively in experimental neuroscience to modulate neuronal or behavioral activity, which has led this technique to be considered in neurorehabilitation. Because the cortex and the surrounding anatomy have irregular geometries as well as inhomogeneous and anisotropic electrical properties, the mechanism by which CES has therapeutic effects is poorly understood. Therapeutic effects of CES can be improved by optimizing the stimulation parameters based on the effects of various stimulation parameters on target brain regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we have compared the effects of CES pulse polarity, frequency, and amplitude on unit activity recorded from rat primary motor cortex with the effects on the corresponding local field potentials (LFP), and electrocorticograms (ECoG). CES was applied at the surface of the cortex and the unit activity and LFPs were recorded using a penetrating electrode array, which was implanted below the stimulation site. ECoGs were recorded from the vicinity of the stimulation site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time-frequency analysis of LFPs following CES showed correlation of gamma frequencies with unit activity response in all layers. More importantly, high gamma power of ECoG signals only correlated with the unit activity in lower layers (V-VI) following CES. Time-frequency correlations, which were found between LFPs, ECoGs and unit activity, were frequency- and amplitude-dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The signature of the neural activity observed in LFP and ECoG signals provides a better understanding of the effects of stimulation on network activity, representative of large numbers of neurons responding to stimulation. These results demonstrate that the neurorehabilitation and neuroprosthetic applications of CES targeting layered cortex can be further improved by using field potential recordings as surrogates to unit activity aimed at optimizing stimulation efficacy. Likewise, the signatures of unit activity observed as changes in high gamma power in ECoGs suggest that future cortical stimulation studies could rely on less invasive feedback schemes that incorporate surface stimulation with ECoG reporting of stimulation efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdan-Shahmorad
authors.forename: Daryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kipke
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lehmkuhle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats