title: Methylarsonous acid causes oxidative DNA damage in cells independent of the ability to biomethylate inorganic arsenic.
abstract: Inorganic arsenic (iAs) and its toxic methylated metabolite, methylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), both have carcinogenic potential. Prior study shows iAs-induced malignant transformation in both arsenic methylation-proficient (liver) and methylation-deficient (prostate) cells, but only methylation-proficient cells show oxidative DNA damage (ODD) during this transformation. To further define whether arsenic methylation is necessary for transformation or ODD induction, here we chronically exposed these same liver or prostate cell lines to MMA(III) (0.25-1.0 μM) and tested for acquired malignant phenotype. Various metrics of oncogenic transformation were periodically assessed along with ODD during chronic MMA(III) exposure. Methylation-deficient and methylation-proficient cells both acquired a cancer phenotype with MMA(III) exposure at about 20 weeks, based on increased matrix metalloproteinase secretion, colony formation, and invasion. In contrast, prior work showed iAs-induced transformation took longer in biomethylation-deficient cells (~30 weeks) than in biomethylation-proficient cells (~18 weeks). In the present study, MMA(III) caused similar peak ODD levels at similar concentrations and at similar exposure times (18-22 weeks) in both cell types. At the approximate peak of ODD production, both cell types showed similar alterations in arsenic and oxidative stress adaptation factors (i.e., ABCC1, ABCC2, GST-π, SOD-1). Thus, MMA(III) causes oncogenic transformation associated with ODD in methylation-deficient cells, indicating that further methylation is not required to induce ODD. Together, these results show that MMA(III) and iAs cause an acquired malignant phenotype in methylation-deficient cells, yet iAs does not induce ODD. This indicates iAs likely has both genotoxic and non-genotoxic mechanisms dictated by the target cell's ability to methylate arsenic.
authors.affiliation: National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 111 Alexander Drive, MD E1-07, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Tokar
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Waalkes
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000473:pathology; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; D001152:Arsenicals; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human; C487216:Pten protein, rat; C020300:monomethylarsonic acid