title: The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Breakfast skipping is associated with obesity and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Later chronotypes, individuals who have a preference for later bed and wake times, often skip breakfast. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships among breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. We collected sleep timing and 24-h dietary recall from 194 non-shift-working type 2 diabetes patients who were being followed in outpatient clinics. Mid-sleep time on free days (MSF) was used as an indicator of chronotype. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values were obtained from medical records. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic, sleep, and dietary variables were computed to determine whether breakfast skipping was associated with HbA1C. Additional regression analyses were performed to test if this association was mediated by chronotype. There were 22 participants (11.3%) who self-reported missing breakfast. Breakfast skippers had significantly higher HbA1C levels, higher body mass indices (BMI), and later MSF than breakfast eaters. Breakfast skipping was significantly associated with higher HbA1C values (B = 0.108, p = 0.01), even after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, number of diabetes complications, insulin use, depressive symptoms, perceived sleep debt, and percentage of daily caloric intake at dinner. The relationship between breakfast skipping and HbA1C was partially mediated by chronotype. In summary, breakfast skipping is associated with a later chronotype. Later chronotype and breakfast skipping both contribute to poorer glycemic control, as indicated by higher HbA1C levels. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether behavioral interventions targeting breakfast eating or sleep timing may improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , USA .
authors.forename: Sirimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reutrakul
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hood
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teodori
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D062408:Breakfast; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012890:Sleep; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human