title: Therapeutic horse riding improves cognition, mood arousal, and ambulation in children with dyspraxia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the physical motion of a horse (riding therapy) combined with the audiovisual perception of this motion on a group of children with dyspraxia in terms of cognition, mood arousal, and gait variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a pretest/post-test.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the Fettercairn Youth Horse Project, Fettercairn, Tallaght, Dublin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty (40) children ranging from 6 to 15 years of age with a primary diagnosis of dyspraxia were the study subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children meeting inclusion criteria participated in six 30-minute horse-riding sessions and two 30-minute audiovisual screening sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Standard Progressive Matrices test (also known as the Ravens test) was used to measure aspects of general intelligence. A Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI) questionnaire was used to assess cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression. A GAITRite Pressure Mapping System analyzed foot function and gait variability by measuring single and double support, cycle time, cadence, toe in/out, and stride length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements were evident on the Ravens test and the CDI by the end of the study period. The amount of both single and double support required while completing the walking task also was significantly reduced. Improvements were visible on toe in/out values, cycle time, and cadence. Changes in stride length did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the theory that riding therapy and/or the perception of beat-based rhythms, as experienced by the rider on the horse, stimulates cognition, mood, and gait parameters. In addition, the data also pointed to the potential value of an audiovisual approach to equine therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Limerick School of Art and Design, Limerick Institute of Technology , Co. Limerick, Ireland .
authors.forename: Caren E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hession
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Watterson
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lehane
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oxley
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001072:Apraxias / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056147:Equine-Assisted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011581:Psychological Tests; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology