title: Stable isotope ratio analysis of breastfeeding and weaning practices of children from medieval Fishergate House York, UK.
abstract: Rib collagen of 51 juveniles and 11 adult females from the late medieval Fishergate House cemetery site (York, UK) were analyzed using nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratio analysis to determine the weaning age for this population and to reconstruct diet. The juveniles' ages ranged from fetal to 5-6 years, while the females were of reproductive age. Previous researchers suggested that the children from Fishergate House might have been weaned later than the medieval British norm of 2 years, based on a mortality peak at 4-6 years of age. The results show weaning was complete by 2 years of age, agreeing with previous British weaning studies. The adult female δ(15) N values have a mean of 11.4‰ ± 1.1‰ and the δ(13) C values have a mean of -19.4‰ ± 0.4‰. These findings are consistent with previous isotopic studies of female diet in York during this period, though slightly lower. The weaned juvenile nitrogen values were found to be higher than the adult females (12.4‰ ± 1.0‰ for δ(15) N and -19.7‰ ± 0.5‰ for δ(13) C), which might indicate a dependence on higher trophic level proteins such as marine fish or pork. Marine fish is considered a high status food and children are considered low-status individuals at this time, making this a particularly interesting finding. Weaning does not appear to coincide with peak mortality, suggesting environment factors may be playing a larger role in child mortality at Fishergate House.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada, T6G2H4.
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Burt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000266:history*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D012272:Ribs / Q000737:chemistry*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014886:Weaning / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
keywords: Britain; medieval; stable isotope ratio analysis; subadults; weaning