title: Motor imagery in bipolar depression with slowed movement.
abstract: We hypothesized that motor retardation in bipolar depression is mediated by disruption of the pre-executive stages of motor production. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural activity during motor imagery and motor execution to elucidate whether brain regions that mediate planning, preparation, and control of movement are activated differently in subjects with bipolar depression (n = 9) compared with healthy controls (n = 12). We found significant between-group differences. During motor imagery, the patients activated the posterior medial parietal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the premotor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the frontal poles more than the controls did. Activation in the brain areas involved in motor selection, planning, and preparation was altered. In addition, limbic and prefrontal regions associated with self-reference and the default mode network were altered during motor imagery in bipolar depression with motor retardation.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; †Department of Diagnostic Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; ‡Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; §Department NVS, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; ∥Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Radiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and ¶Department of Energy and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Benny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liberg
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landén
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rahm
authors.forename: Lars-Olof
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiberg-Kristoffersen
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wahlund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054022:Cerebrum / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008032:Limbic System / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology