title: The Compass-like locus, exclusive to the Ambulacrarians, encodes a chromatin insulator binding protein in the sea urchin embryo.
abstract: Chromatin insulators are eukaryotic genome elements that upon binding of specific proteins display barrier and/or enhancer-blocking activity. Although several insulators have been described throughout various metazoans, much less is known about proteins that mediate their functions. This article deals with the identification and functional characterization in Paracentrotus lividus of COMPASS-like (CMPl), a novel echinoderm insulator binding protein. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the CMPl factor, encoded by the alternative spliced Cmp/Cmpl transcript, is the founder of a novel ambulacrarian-specific family of Homeodomain proteins containing the Compass domain. Specific association of CMPl with the boxB cis-element of the sns5 chromatin insulator is demonstrated by using a yeast one-hybrid system, and further corroborated by ChIP-qPCR and trans-activation assays in developing sea urchin embryos. The sns5 insulator lies within the early histone gene cluster, basically between the H2A enhancer and H1 promoter. To assess the functional role of CMPl within this locus, we challenged the activity of CMPl by two distinct experimental strategies. First we expressed in the developing embryo a chimeric protein, containing the DNA-binding domain of CMPl, which efficiently compete with the endogenous CMPl for the binding to the boxB sequence. Second, to titrate the embryonic CMPl protein, we microinjected an affinity-purified CMPl antibody. In both the experimental assays we congruently observed the loss of the enhancer-blocking function of sns5, as indicated by the specific increase of the H1 expression level. Furthermore, microinjection of the CMPl antiserum in combination with a synthetic mRNA encoding a forced repressor of the H2A enhancer-bound MBF1 factor restores the normal H1 mRNA abundance. Altogether, these results strongly support the conclusion that the recruitment of CMPl on sns5 is required for buffering the H1 promoter from the H2A enhancer activity, and this, in turn, accounts for the different level of accumulation of early linker and nucleosomal transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavalieri
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melfi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spinelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D038101:Insulator Elements / Q000235:genetics*; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D047328:Paracentrotus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D009698:Nucleoproteins; D009707:Nucleosomes