title: Biocide and copper tolerance in enterococci from different sources.
abstract: Antimicrobial resistance in enterococci is a matter of concern. A collection of 272 strains (including 107 Enterococcus faecalis and 165 Enterococcus faecium strains) isolated from meat and dairy products, seafood, vegetable foods, wildflowers, animal feces (ewe, goat, horse, mule), and hospitals were tested for sensitivity to biocides of different classes (quaternary ammonium compounds, a bisphenol, and a biguanide) and copper sulfate. Most isolates were inhibited at 25 mg of benzalkonium chloride or cetrimide per liter or at 2.5 mg of hexadecylpyridinium chloride per liter. Few isolates had MICs higher than 25 mg/liter for benzalkonium chloride (2.2%), cetrimide (0.74%), or hexadecylpyridinium chloride (0.37%), although they were all inhibited at 250 mg/liter. The population response to triclosan was very homogeneous, and most isolates (98.16%) were inhibited at 250 mg of triclosan per liter. Chlorhexidine showed the greatest variability, with MICs in a range from 2.5 to 2,500 mg/liter. Remarkably, 74.57% of isolates from clinical samples required 2,500 mg of chlorhexidine per liter for inhibition, compared to much-lower concentrations required for most isolates from other sources. Enterococci were inhibited by copper sulfate in a concentration range from 4 to 16 mM, with no bimodal distribution. However, most isolates required 12 mM (41.91%) or 16 mM (47.43%) for inhibition. The highest percentages of isolates requiring 16 mM CuSO4 were from vegetable foods, seafood, and wildflowers. The results from the present study suggest intermediate levels of copper tolerance and a low incidence of biocide tolerance in the enterococci investigated, except for chlorhexidine in clinical isolates.
authors.affiliation: Á rea de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Edificio B3 Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio Sánchez
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benomar
authors.forename: Hikmate
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abriouel
authors.forename: Magdalena Martínez
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cañamero
authors.forename: Rosario Lucas
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gálvez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D014260:Triclosan; D019327:Copper Sulfate; D002710:Chlorhexidine