title: Ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block for pyloromyotomy in infants: a retrospective analysis of a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the applicability of US-guided rectus sheath block and to find out the efficacy of analgesia provided using this method without the need for opioids in conventional Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) surgery in infants.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study describes the provision of intra- as well as postoperative analgesia by the use of an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block in infants undergoing conventional HPS surgery under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anesthetic protocols of 26 infants undergoing HPS surgery were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weight of the infants ranged from 2.6 to 4.6 kg. The rectus sheath block was regarded as successful in all patients as there was no heart rate increase upon surgical skin incision in any of the patients. Two out of 26 (7.6%) babies needed additional intraoperative rescue analgesia and were administered fentanyl at 20 and 40 min after skin incision. Two more (a total of 4; 15.3%) babies required postoperative analgesia and were administered tramadol droplets and liquid ibuprofen at 15, 120 and 150 min postoperatively. Duration of surgery was significantly longer in those two patients who required intraoperative rescue analgesia (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test: P < 0.05). These were also the only two patients who received one intra- and one postoperative dose of opioid each (7.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US-guided rectus sheath block seems to be a simple and quick method for the provision of intra- and postoperative analgesia in infants undergoing conventional HPS surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Klinikum Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breschan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.forename: Haro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stettner
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feigl
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semmelrock
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Likar
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D046248:Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic / Q000601:surgery*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D014147:Tramadol; D005283:Fentanyl; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; infant; ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block