title: Determinants of pain treatment response and nonresponse: identification of TMD patient subgroups.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to determine if we could identify a specific subtype of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain patients that does not respond to treatment. Patients were 101 men and women with chronic TMD pain recruited from the community and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions: a standard conservative care (STD) condition or a standard care plus cognitive-behavioral therapy condition (STD + CBT) in which patients received all elements of STD but also received cognitive-behavioral coping skills training. Growth mixture modeling, incorporating a series of treatment-related predictors, was used to distinguish several distinct classes of responders or nonresponders to treatment based on reported pain over a 1-year follow-up period. Results indicated that treatment nonresponders accounted for 16% of the sample and did not differ from treatment responders on demographics or temporomandibular joint pathology, but that they reported more psychiatric symptoms, poorer coping, and higher levels of catastrophizing. Treatment-related predictors of membership in treatment responder groups versus the nonresponder group included the addition of CBT to STD, treatment attendance, and decreasing catastrophization. It was concluded that CBT may be made more efficacious for TMD patients by placing further emphasis on decreasing catastrophization and on individualizing care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article provides evidence that the TMD chronic pain population is heterogeneous and that a subsample of patients will be unresponsive to standard or psychosocial approaches. The addition of CBT to treatment may be helpful for this group, but new individualized approaches will be needed to treat all patients effectively.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut. Electronic address: Litt@nso.uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Litt
authors.forename: Felipe B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Porto
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000523:psychology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
keywords: Temporomandibular joint; chronic pain; cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT); nonresponders; pain trajectories