title: Phenotyping dividing cells in mouse models of neurodegenerative basal ganglia diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mice generated by a Cre/LoxP transgenic paradigm were used to model neurodegenerative basal ganglia disease of which Huntington disease (HD) is the prototypical example. In HD, death occurs in striatal projection neurons as well as cortical neurons. Cortical and striatal neurons that express the D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1a) degenerate in HD. The contribution that death of specific neuronal cell populations makes to the HD disease phenotype and the response of the brain to loss of defined cell subtypes is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drd1a-expressing cells were targeted for cell death and three independent lines generated; a striatal-restricted line, a cortical-restricted line and a global line in which Drd1a cells were deleted from both the striatum and cortex. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the first, the proliferative marker Ki-67 was used to identify proliferating cells in eighty-week-old mice belonging to a generic global line, a global in which Drd1a cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP-global) and in eighty-week-old mice of a cortical line. In the second experiment, the proliferative response of four-week-old mice belonging to GFP-global and striatal lines was assessed using the thymidine analogue BrdU. The phenotype of proliferating cells was ascertained by double staining for BrdU and Olig2 (an oligodendrocyte marker), Iba1 (a microglial cell marker), S100β (an astroglial cell marker), or NeuN (a neuronal cell marker).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, we found that Ki-67-expressing cells were restricted to the striatal side of the lateral ventricles. Control mice had a greater number of Ki-67+ cells than mutant mice. There was no overlap between Ki-67 and GFP staining in control or mutant mice, suggesting that cells did not undergo cell division once they acquired a Drd1a phenotype. In contrast, in the second study we found that BrdU+ cells were identified throughout the cortex, striatum and periventricular region of control and mutant mice. Mutant mice from the GFP-global line showed increased BrdU+ cells in the cortex, striatum and periventricular region relative to control. Striatal line mutant mice had an increased number of BrdU+ cells in the striatum and periventricular region, but not the cortex. The number of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons generated from dividing progenitors was increased relative to control mice in most brain regions in mutant mice from the GFP-global line. In contrast, striatal line mutant mice displayed an increase only in the number of dividing microglia in striatal and periventricular regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetically programmed post-natal ablation of Drd1a-expressing neurons is associated with an extensive proliferative response involving multiple cell lineages. The nature of the tissue response has the potential not only to remove cellular debris but also to forge physiologically meaningful brain repair. Age related deficits in proliferation are seen in mutant lines. A blunted endogenous reparative response may underlie the cumulative deficits characteristic of age related neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. john.drago@florey.edu.au.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smardencas
authors.forename: Kerelos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
authors.forename: Hyun Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Massalas
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schütz
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drago
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000473:pathology*; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D055495:Neurogenesis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; C498355:Mki67 protein, mouse