title: A genetically-encoded KillerRed protein as an intrinsically generated photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received considerable attention as a therapeutic treatment for cancer and other diseases; however, it is frequently accompanied by prolonged phototoxic reaction of the skin due to slow clearance of synthetic photosensitizers (PSs) administered externally. This study was designed to investigate the genetic use of pKillerRed-mem, delivered using complexes of chitosan (CS) and poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γPGA), to intracellularly express a membrane-targeted KillerRed protein that can be used as a potential PS for PDT. Following transfection with CS/pKillerRed/γPGA complexes, a red fluorescence protein of KillerRed was clearly seen at the cellular membranes. When exposed to green-light irradiation, the KillerRed-positive cells produced an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. Data from viability assays indicate that ROS have an important role in mediating KillerRed-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and anti-proliferation, suggesting that KillerRed can be used as an intrinsically generated PS for PDT treatments. Notably, the phototoxic reaction of KillerRed toward cells gradually became negligible over time, presumably because of its intracellular degradability. These experimental results demonstrate that this genetically encoded KillerRed is biodegradable and has potential for PDT-induced destruction of diseased cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Zi-Xian
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hsiang-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hsing-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C508771:killer red protein, Anthomedusae; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: Degradable photosensitizer; Fluorescence protein; Gene therapy; Photocytotoxicity; Reactive oxygen species