title: Stat3 inhibition attenuates mechanical allodynia through transcriptional regulation of chemokine expression in spinal astrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is known to induce cell proliferation and inflammation by regulating gene transcription. Recent studies showed that Stat3 modulates nociceptive transmission by reducing spinal astrocyte proliferation. However, it is unclear whether Stat3 also contributes to the modulation of nociceptive transmission by regulating inflammatory response in spinal astrocytes. This study aimed at investigating the role of Stat3 on neuroinflammation during development of pain in rats after intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Stat3 specific siRNA oligo and synthetic selective inhibitor (Stattic) were applied to block the activity of Stat3 in primary astrocytes or rat spinal cord, respectively. LPS was used to induce the expression of proinflammatory genes in all studies. Immunofluorescence staining of cells and slices of spinal cord was performed to monitor Stat3 activation. The impact of Stat3 inhibition on proinflammatory genes expression was determined by cytokine antibody array, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mechanical allodynia, as determined by the threshold pressure that could induce hind paw withdrawal after application of standardized von Frey filaments, was used to detect the effects of Stat3 inhibition after pain development with intrathecal LPS injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intrathecal injection of LPS activated Stat3 in reactive spinal astrocytes. Blockade of Stat3 activity attenuated mechanical allodynia significantly and was correlated with a lower number of reactive astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn. In vitro study demonstrated that Stat3 modulated inflammatory response in primary astrocytes by transcriptional regulation of chemokine expression including Cx3cl1, Cxcl5, Cxcl10 and Ccl20. Similarly, inhibition of Stat3 reversed the expression of these chemokines in the spinal dorsal horn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stat3 acted as a transcriptional regulator of reactive astrocytes by modulating chemokine expression. Stat3 regulated inflammatory response in astrocytes and contributed to pain modulation. Blockade of Stat3 represents a new target for pain control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gin
authors.forename: Christopher H K
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Matthew T V
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000473:pathology; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor