title: The BTB-containing protein Kctd15 is SUMOylated in vivo.
abstract: Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain containing 15 (Kctd15) has a role in regulating the neural crest (NC) domain in the embryo. Kctd15 inhibits NC induction by antagonizing Wnt signaling and by interaction with the transcription factor AP-2α activation domain blocking its activity. Here we demonstrate that Kctd15 is SUMOylated by SUMO1 and SUMO2/3. Kctd15 contains a classical SUMO interacting motif, ψKxE, at the C-terminal end, and variants of the motif within the molecule. Kctd15 SUMOylation occurs exclusively in the C-terminal motif. Inability to be SUMOylated did not affect Kctd15's subcellular localization, or its ability to repress AP-2 transcriptional activity and to inhibit NC formation in zebrafish embryos. In contrast, a fusion of Kctd15 and SUMO had little effectiveness in AP-2 inhibition and in blocking of NC formation. These data suggest that the non-SUMOylated form of Kctd15 functions in NC development.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Valeria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Zarelli
authors.forename: Igor B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Dawid
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D058207:Sumoylation; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C552182:KCTD15 protein, human; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D025842:SUMO-1 Protein; D050656:Transcription Factor AP-2; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C552213:kctd15b protein, zebrafish