title: Pharmacological treatment for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a pulmonary dysfunction in the context of liver cirrhosis characterized by arterial deoxygenation. Affected patients have increased morbidity and mortality, and many of them expire before undergoing liver transplantation. Therefore, finding medical therapy as a bridge to transplantation or as a final treatment is necessary. In this study, we aimed to review the current literature about pharmacological options available for treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMED and Scopus search was conducted in January 2013 on the English literature published in any time period to find human and animal studies reporting pharmacological therapy of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 451 studies, 29 relevant articles were included. The number of patients, type, dose, duration, and mechanism of drugs in these studies was extracted and summarized separately. Most of pharmacologic agents act through inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and reduction in nitric oxide production, inactivation of endothelin-1, and treatment of bacterial translocation and pulmonary angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several drugs have been applied for the treatment of HPS with conflicting results. However, no large randomized trial has been conducted probably due to low number of patients. Multicentered clinical trials are necessary to investigate these drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.forename: Amir A'lam
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kamyab
authors.forename: Seung Kew
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase