title: Fruit and vegetable intake and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological evidence for the impact of fruit and vegetable intake on breast cancer risk among the Japanese populations is scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and breast cancer risk among 47,289 Japanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted under a population-based prospective cohort design. Dietary assessment was performed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average of 10.2 years of follow-up, 452 cases of breast cancer were newly diagnosed. No association with breast cancer risk was seen for intake of total fruits and vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, green-leaf vegetables, yellow vegetables, or tomato products in overall or postmenopausal women. Cruciferous vegetable intake was associated with a statistically significant decrease in risk of premenopausal breast cancer [multivariable-RRQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.64 (95 % CI = 0.38-1.10; p trend = .046)] and showed a marginally inverse association with ER+ PR+ tumors [RRper 100 g increment = 0.64 (95 % CI = 0.41-1.00)]. In contrast, positive associations were seen between intake of total fruits and citrus fruits and breast cancer risk in overall and premenopausal women. However, these associations for fruit were all attenuated with additional adjustment for vitamin C intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest an overall null association between total fruit and vegetable intake and breast cancer risk. Intake of cruciferous vegetable showed a statistically significant association with a decreased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Medical Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, 3-11-3 Setagaya, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, r-suzuki@thcu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasazuki
authors.forename: Norie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Taiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazu
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone