title: Adrenergic pathway activation enhances brown adipose tissue metabolism: a [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT study in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pharmacologic approaches to study brown adipocyte activation in vivo with a potential of being translational to humans are desired. The aim of this study was to examine pre- and postsynaptic targeting of adrenergic system for enhancing brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism quantifiable by [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A β₃-adrenoreceptor selective agonist (CL 316243), an adenylyl cyclase enzyme activator (forskolin) and a potent blocker of presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (atomoxetine), were injected through the tail vein of Swiss Webster mice 30 minutes before intravenous (iv) administration of [(18)F]FDG. The mice were placed on the PET/CT bed for 30 min PET acquisition followed by 10 min CT acquisition for attenuation correction and anatomical delineation of PET images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activated interscapular (IBAT), cervical, periaortic and intercostal BAT were observed in 3-dimentional analysis of [(18)F]FDG PET images. CL 316243 increased the total [(18)F]FDG standard uptake value (SUV) of IBAT 5-fold greater compared to that in placebo-treated mice. It also increased the [(18)F]FDG SUV of white adipose tissue (2.4-fold), and muscle (2.7-fold), as compared to the control. There was no significant difference in heart, brain, spleen and liver uptakes between groups. Forskolin increased [(18)F]FDG SUV of IBAT 1.9-fold greater than that in placebo-treated mice. It also increased the [(18)F]FDG SUV of white adipose tissue (2.2-fold) and heart (5.4-fold) compared to control. There was no significant difference in muscle, brain, spleen, and liver uptakes between groups. Atomoxetine increased [(18)F]FDG SUV of IBAT 1.7-fold greater than that in placebo-treated mice. There were no significant differences in all other organs compared to placebo-treated mice except liver (1.6 fold increase). A positive correlation between SUV levels of IBAT and CT Hounsfield unit (HU) (R(2)=0.55, p<0.001) and between CT HU levels of IBAT and liver (R(2)=0.69, p<0.006) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three pharmacologic approaches reported here enhanced BAT metabolism by targeting different sites in adrenergic system as measured by [(18)F]FDG PET/CT.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, Medical Sciences B-138, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-5000, USA.
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mirbolooki
authors.forename: Sanjeev Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Cristian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Constantinescu
authors.forename: Min-Liang
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jogeshwar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000322:Adrenergic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic / Q000378:metabolism*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000322:Adrenergic Agonists; D011941:Receptors, Adrenergic; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: BAT; Brown fat; Diabetes; Molecular imaging; Obesity