title: A new operational paradigm for small-scale ASR in saline aquifers.
abstract: A new operational paradigm is presented for small-scale aquifer storage and recovery systems (ASR) in saline aquifers. Regular ASR is often not feasible for small-scale storage in saline aquifers because fresh water floats to the top of the aquifer where it is unrecoverable. In the new paradigm, fresh water storage is combined with salt water extraction from below the fresh water cone. The salt water extraction counteracts the buoyancy due to the density difference between fresh water and salt water, thus preventing the fresh water from floating up. The proposed approach is applied to assess the feasibility of ASR for the seasonal storage of fresh water produced by desalination plants in tourist resorts along the Egyptian Red Sea coast. In these situations, the continuous extraction of salt water can be used for desalination purposes. An analytical Dupuit solution is presented for the steady flow of salt water toward a well with a volume of fresh water floating on top of the cone of depression. The required salt water discharge for the storage of a given volume of fresh water can be computed with the analytical solution. Numerical modeling is applied to determine how the stored fresh water can be recovered. Three recovery approaches are examined. Fresh water recovery rates on the order of 70% are achievable when salt water is extracted in high volumes, subsurface impermeable barriers are constructed at a distance from the well, or several fresh water recovery drains are used. The effect of ambient flow and interruptions of salt water pumping on the recovery efficiency are reported.
authors.affiliation: Royal HaskoningDHV, P.O. Box 8520, 3009 AM Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Ginkel
authors.forename: Theo N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Olsthoorn
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakker
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D054712:Salinity; D014872:Water Movements; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*