title: Sources of unintentionally produced polychlorinated naphthalenes.
abstract: The European Union has proposed that polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) should be included in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, signifying that there will be an increase in activities aimed at reducing PCN emissions. It has been speculated that the unintentional formation and emission of PCNs from industrial activities are the main current sources, because they have ceased to be manufactured as industrial chemicals in many countries. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in research into the unintentional formation and emission of PCNs from various industries that use thermal processes. The sampling and analysis of PCNs, and their formation mechanisms during thermal processes, are reviewed and discussed. The emission levels, emission profiles, and emission factors of PCNs from a number of industries that use thermal processes are summarized and compared, and this will provide helpful information for planning PCN source control measures and studying the source-receptor relationships of PCNs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: Guorui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005062:European Union; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009281:Naphthalenes
keywords: Emission factors; Emission inventory; Emission profiles; Persistent organic pollutants; Polychlorinated naphthalenes