title: Effects of Allium victorialis leaf extracts and its single compounds on aldose reductase, advanced glycation end products and TGF-β1 expression in mesangial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidences suggest that aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors and advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation inhibitors may prevent chronic hyperglycemia-induced long-term complication in diabetes. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Allium species have been utilized in folk medicine throughout the world for the treatment of various physical disorders. However, the benefits of Allium victorialis (A. victorialis) against diabetic complications, especially nephropathy, have yet to be explored. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of the compounds isolated from A. victorialis leaf on diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro AR activity, AGEs formation, and AGE-receptor for AGEs (RAGE) binding in human RAGE (hRAGE)-overexpressing cells were tested. High glucose-induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) expression was also examined in mouse kidney mesangial cells (MMCs) cultured under high glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the isolated eight compounds from A. victorialis leaf extracts tested, quercitrin exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on AR activity (IC₅₀ value of 0.17 μM) and AGEs formation (IC₅₀ value of 4.20 μM). Furthermore, quercitrin disrupted AGE-RAGE binding in a concentration-dependent manner in hRAGE-overexpressing cells. Additionally, of the eight compounds tested, ferulic acid significantly reduced high glucose-induced TGF-β1 expression and secretion in MMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that active compounds isolated from A. victorialis leaf exhibit inhibitory effects on AR activity in rat lenses and AGE formation. Further, ferulic acid reduces TGF-β1 mRNA expression and secretion in MMCs under diabetic conditions. Thus, A. victorialis is a good candidate for the development of treatments for diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Korean Medicine-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. jskim@kiom.re.kr.
authors.forename: Young Sook
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Ik Soo
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: So-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Song Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Sea-Kwang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Myung-Hwa
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000490:Allium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050527:Mesangial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D005947:Glucose