title: Associations between food groups, dietary patterns, and cardiorespiratory fitness in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated the association between overall diet and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate associations of food groups, a diet-quality score, and dietary patterns with CRF in black and white adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 2632 participants aged 38-50 y who attended the year 20 exam of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study and Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Fitness Study (CFS) conducted in 2005-2006. Diet was assessed by using a validated diet history. A dietary score and 2 types of patterns were included as follows: the a priori diet-quality score and meat and fruit-vegetable dietary patterns derived from principal components analysis. CRF was assessed by using a graded exercise treadmill test. Linear regression models regressed the treadmill duration on food groups and dietary scores and patterns overall and in race-sex subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grains (whole and refined), processed meats, and beverages (coffee, meal-replacement drinks, beer, and wine) were positively associated with the treadmill duration overall; whole fruit (not juices), organ meats, fried meats and fish, and soy and nondairy products were negatively associated. The a priori diet-quality score was positively associated with the duration overall and in all race-sex subgroups (P <0.05) except black men. The meat pattern was negatively associated with the duration in white men and white women only. The fruit-vegetable pattern was positively associated with duration in white women only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the a priori diet-quality score was positively associated with CRF in this cohort of black and white adults, whereas the meat dietary pattern was negatively associated only in whites. The CARDIA study and CFS were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005130 and NCT00106457, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine (JMS and CEL) and the Department of Surgery (JSR), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DRJ and LMS); the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA (BS); and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (MRC).
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Lyn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sternfeld
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Joshua S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People