title: Discordance Between Spatial Distributions of Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial Haplotypes in African Green Monkeys (Chlorocebusspp.): A Result of Introgressive Hybridization or Cryptic Diversity?
abstract: Introgressive hybridization may cause substantial discordances among phylogenies based on different genetic markers. Such discordances have been found in diverse mammal species including primates. A recent study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed several poly- and paraphyletic relationships in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus), suggesting contemporary and/or ancient introgressive hybridization among almost all parapatric species of the genus. However, mtDNA analyses alone do not allow us to draw conclusions concerning introgression events. In this study we analyzed two Y chromosomal (Y-chr) markers for 30 African green monkey samples and compared the resulting genetic relationships to those based on published mtDNA data. In line with the results for mtDNA, we found no Y-chr evidence of hypothesized hybridization amongChlorocebus sabaeusandC. tantalusin the northern part of the contact zone in West Africa, and we found two distinct and distantly related Y-chr haplotypes within the range ofC. tantalus, suggesting possible cryptic genetic diversity rather than ancient introgressive hybridization in this species. In contrast, Y-chr data revealed monophyletic relationships withinChlorocebus pygerythrusfrom East Africa, suggesting that mtDNA paraphylies found in this species are most likely to be the result of ancient introgressive hybridization and subsequent cytonuclear extinction of an earlier taxon. Our results accentuate the importance of analyzing sex chromosomal data in addition to mtDNA to obtain more information on the potential outcomes of hybridization with respect to genetic and species diversity. Analysis of more diverse nuclear marker sets is needed to obtain a more complete picture of the African green monkey evolution.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Ethology Laboratory and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ; Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haus
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zinner
keywords: Ancient hybridization; Nuclear swamping; Old World monkeys; Outcomes of hybridization