title: More physically active and leaner adolescents have higher energy intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether youths who engage in vigorous physical activity are more likely to have lean bodies while ingesting relatively large amounts of energy. For this purpose, we studied the associations of both physical activity and adiposity with energy intake in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects were adolescents who participated in 1 of 2 cross-sectional studies, the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study (n = 1450; mean age, 14.6 years) or the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS; n = 321; mean age, 15.6 years). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and energy intake was measured by 24-hour recall. In the HELENA study, body composition was assessed by 2 or more of the following methods: skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis, plus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or air-displacement plethysmography in a subsample. In the EYHS, body composition was assessed by skinfold thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat mass was inversely associated with energy intake in both studies and using 4 different measurement methods (P ≤ .006). Overall, fat-free mass was positively associated with energy intake in both studies, yet the results were not consistent across measurement methods in the HELENA study. Vigorous physical activity in the HELENA study (P < .05) and moderate physical activity in the EYHS (P < .01) were positively associated with energy intake. Overall, results remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding factors, after mutual adjustment among the main exposures (physical activity and fat mass), and after the elimination of obese subjects, who might tend to underreport energy intake, from the analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that more physically active and leaner adolescents have higher energy intake than less active adolescents with larger amounts of fat mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: mmcuenca@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuenca-García
authors.affiliation: Promoting Fitness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain; Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Francisco B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Promoting Fitness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Granada University, Granada, Spain; Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonatan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Basque Country University, Vitoria, Spain.
authors.forename: Idoia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Labayen
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition, and Development Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Growth, Exercise, Nutrition, and Development Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza University, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicente-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Exercise, and Healthy Lifestyle Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-National Institute of Physical Activity, Madrid Technical University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ascensión
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polito
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CIC-PT-9301-Health and Medical Research National Institute-University Hospital, Lille, France; Unité INSERM U995 and Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beghin
authors.affiliation: Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Acki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wästlund
authors.affiliation: Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences/Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hurtig-Wennlöf
authors.affiliation: Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagströmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnár
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, Crete University, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutin
authors.affiliation: Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status
keywords: BIA; BMI; BMR; Basal metabolic rate; Bioelectrical impedance; Body mass index; DIAT; DXA; Dietary Intake Assessment Tool; Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; EYHS; European Youth Heart Study; HELENA; Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; METs; MSM; Metabolic equivalents; Multiple Source Method; TEE; Total energy expenditure