title: Increased accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles by magnetizable implant materials for the treatment of implant-associated complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In orthopaedic surgery, accumulation of agents such as anti-infectives in the bone as target tissue is difficult. The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as carriers principally enables their accumulation via an externally applied magnetic field. Magnetizable implants are principally able to increase the strength of an externally applied magnetic field to reach also deep-seated parts in the body. Therefore, the integration of bone-addressed therapeutics in MNPs and their accumulation at a magnetic orthopaedic implant could improve the treatment of implant related infections. In this study a martensitic steel platelet as implant placeholder was used to examine its accumulation and retention capacity of MNPs in an in vitro experimental set up considering different experimental frame conditions as magnet quantity and distance to each other, implant thickness and flow velocity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnetic field strength increased to approximately 112% when a martensitic stainless steel platelet was located between the magnet poles. Therewith a significantly higher amount of magnetic nanoparticles could be accumulated in the area of the platelet compared to the sole magnetic field. During flushing of the tube system mimicking the in vivo blood flow, the magnetized platelet was able to retain a higher amount of MNPs without an external magnetic field compared to the set up with no mounted platelet during flushing of the system. Generally, a higher flow velocity led to lower amounts of accumulated MNPs. A higher quantity of magnets and a lower distance between magnets led to a higher magnetic field strength. Albeit not significantly the magnetic field strength tended to increase with thicker platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A martensitic steel platelet significantly improved the attachment of magnetic nanoparticles in an in vitro flow system and therewith indicates the potential of magnetic implant materials in orthopaedic surgery. The use of a remanent magnetic implant material could improve the efficiency of capturing MNPs especially when the external magnetic field is turned off thus facilitating and prolonging the effect. In this way higher drug levels in the target area might be attained resulting in lower inconveniences for the patient.
authors.affiliation: Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany. nina.angrisani@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Angrisani
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foth
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kietzmann
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Gian Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Angrisani
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Janin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reifenrath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001860:Bone Plates; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D059346:Magnets; D008954:Models, Biological; D012212:Rheology; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D013193:Stainless Steel; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide