title: Irrigation protocol among endodontic faculty and post-graduate students in dental colleges of India: A survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irrigation protocol is the most critical step during the disinfection of an infected root canal system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the root canal irrigation trends being practiced among the endodontic teaching faculty and post-graduate students in the dental colleges present in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A postal invitation to participate in this national survey was sent to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontic of 294 Dental Colleges present in India. A total of 2389 forms were successfully delivered out of which 794 duly filled forms were received back. Survey participants were asked about their irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, smear layer removal protocol, and use of adjuncts during irrigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This survey elicited a positive response rate of 33.23%. Our data indicated that 92.8% of respondents use sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the primary endodontic irrigant, with 26 gauge needle being most preferred for syringe irrigation, with 49.3% of them using it at a concentration of 2.6-4.0%. 68% of our respondents aim to remove the smear layer during the endodontic treatment while 47% reported using ultrasonic activation as an adjunct during their irrigation protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this survey are that the majority of teaching institutions in India are employing NaOCl (2.6-4.0%) as the primary endodontic irrigant. The concept of smear layer removal is high (68%), and there is a general trend (78%) to modify the irrigation protocol according to the status of the pulp, status of the periapex and in retreatment cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Velayutham
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gopikrishna
authors.forename: Sharath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pare
authors.forename: Ar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pradeep Kumar
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lakshmi Narayanan
keywords: Irrigation adjuncts; root canal irrigants; smear layer; sodium hypochlorite; survey