title: Differential pressure in shunt therapy: investigation of position-dependent intraperitoneal pressure in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The differential pressure between the intracranial and intraperitoneal cavities is essential for ventriculoperitoneal shunting. A determination of the pressure in both cavities is decisive for selecting the appropriate valve type and opening pressure. The intraperitoneal pressure (IPP)-in contrast to the intracranial pressure-still remains controversial with regard to its normal level and position dependency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used 6 female pigs for the experiments. Two transdermal telemetric pressure sensors (cranial and caudal) were implanted intraperitoneally with a craniocaudal distance of 30 cm. Direct IPP measurements were supplemented with noninvasive IPP measurements (intragastral and intravesical). The IPP was measured with the pigs in the supine (0°), 30°, 60°, and vertical (90°) body positions. After the pigs were euthanized, CT was used to determine the intraperitoneal probe position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With pigs in the supine position, the mean (± SD) IPP was 10.0 ± 3.5 cm H2O in a mean vertical distance of 4.5 ± 2.8 cm to the highest level of the peritoneum. The difference between the mean IPP of the cranially and the caudally implanted probes (Δ IPP) increased according to position, from 5.5 cm H2O in the 0° position to 11.5 cm H2O in the 30° position, 18.3 cm H2O in the 60° position, and 25.6 cm H2O in the vertical body position. The vertical distance between the probe tips (cranially implanted over caudally implanted) increased 3.4, 11.2, 19.3, and 22.3 cm for each of the 4 body positions, respectively. The mean difference between the Δ IPP and the vertical distance between both probe tips over all body positions was 1.7 cm H2O.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IPP is subject to the position-dependent hydrostatic force. Normal IPP is able to reduce the differential pressure in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Florian Baptist
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Freimann
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ötvös
authors.forename: Sascha Santosh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vajkoczy
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sprung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D011187:Posture; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt