title: Morphology of the proboscis of Hubrechtella Juliae (Nemertea, Pilidiophora): implications for pilidiophoran monophyly.
abstract: The proboscis of Hubrechtella juliae was examined using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to reveal more features of basal pilidiophoran nemerteans for morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The proboscis glandular epithelium consists of sensory cells and four types of gland cells (granular, bacillary, mucoid, and pseudocnidae-containing cells) that are not associated with any glandular systems; rod-shaped pseudocnidae are 15-25 μm in length; the central cilium of the sensory cells is enclosed by two rings of microvilli. The nervous plexus lies in the basal part of glandular epithelium and includes 26-33 (11-12 in juvenile) irregularly anastomosing nerve trunks. The proboscis musculature includes four layers: endothelial circular, inner diagonal, longitudinal, and outer diagonal; inner and outer diagonal muscles consist of noncrossing fibers; in juvenile specimen, the proboscis longitudinal musculature is divided into 7-8 bands. The endothelium consists of apically situated support cells with rudimentary cilia and subapical myocytes. Unique features of Hubrechtella's proboscis include: acentric filaments of the pseudocnidae; absence of tonofilament-containing support cells; two rings of microvilli around the central cilium of sensory cells; the occurrence of subendothelial diagonal muscles and the lack of an outer diagonal musculature (both states were known only in Baseodiscus species). The significance of these characters for nemertean taxonomy and phylogeny is discussed. The proboscis musculature in H. juliae and most heteronemerteans is bilaterally arranged, which can be considered a possible synapomorphy of Hubrechtellidae + Heteronemertea (= Pilidiophora).
authors.affiliation: A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Chernyshev
authors.forename: Timur Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Magarlamov
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Turbeville
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004727:Endothelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008871:Microvilli / Q000648:ultrastructure; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009474:Neurons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: confocal laser-scanning microscopy; endothelium; gland epithelium; homology; musculature; nervous plexus; pseudocnidae; scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy