title: Influence of substrate curvature on osteoblast orientation and extracellular matrix deposition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of microchannel diameter in hydroxyapatite (HAp) substrates on osteoblast behavior were investigated in this study. Microchannels of 100, 250 and 500 μm diameter were created on hydroxyapatite disks. The changes in osteoblast precursor growth, differentiation, extra cellular matrix (ECM) secretion and cell attachment/orientation were investigated as a function of microchannel diameter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Curvature did not impact cellular differentiation, however organized cellular orientation was achieved within the 100 and 250 μm microchannels (mc) after 6 days compared to the 12 days it took for the 500mc group, while the flat substrate remained disorganized. Moreover, the 100, 250 and 500mc groups expressed a specific shift in orientation of 17.45°, 9.05°, and 22.86° respectively in 24 days. The secreted/mineralized ECM showed the 100 and 250mc groups to have higher modulus (E) and hardness (h) (E = 42.6GPa; h = 1.6GPa) than human bone (E = 13.4-25.7GPa; h = 0.47-0.74GPa), which was significantly greater than the 500mc and control groups (p < 0.05). It was determined that substrate curvature affects the cell orientation, the time required for initial response, and the shift in orientation with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate the ability of osteoblasts to organize and mineralize differentially in microchannels similar to those found in the osteons of compact bone. These investigations could lead to the development of osteon-like scaffolds to support the regeneration of organized bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA. m_pilia@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilia
authors.forename: Teja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guda
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Appleford