title: Revisiting the evidence on health and health care disparities among the Roma: a systematic review 2003-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a systematic review of the epidemiological and health service utilization literature related to the Roma population between 2003 and 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of empirical research related to Roma health and health care utilization published between 2003 and 2012 identified through electronic databases (PsycInfo, Medline, Google Scholar). Methodological rigor was evaluated using a six-point set of design criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found evidence for lower self-reported health and significantly higher mortality risk for Roma compared to non-Roma, and greater prevalence of health risk factors for Roma children, including environmental risks, low birth weight, and lower vaccination coverage. Studies of non-communicable and infectious disease remain insufficient to make firm conclusions on disparities. Barriers to care include lack of documentation and affordability of care, though more studies on health care utilization are needed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Roma youth and adults are in need of programs that reduce health disparities and their increased mortality risk. Reducing exposure to risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and poor living conditions may be a target for interventions. More intervention studies and rigorous evaluations are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, bcook@cha.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Geoffrey Ferris
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lessios
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006178:Romani People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult