title: Oral contraceptive use and cancer: final report from the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This analysis provides the final results on cancer incidence in relation to oral contraceptive (OC) use from the Oxford-Family Planning Association (Oxford-FPA) contraceptive study, which closed at the end of 2010. An additional 6 years of observation have been added since our last report and there has been an increase in the numbers of cancers of over 50% at seven of the sites considered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Oxford-FPA study includes 17032 women aged 25-39 years recruited from 1968 to 1974 at contraceptive clinics in England and Scotland. These women were using OCs, a diaphragm or an intrauterine device. Information about cancer incidence among them has been collected from recruitment until closure of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OC use was not related to nonreproductive cancer. Breast cancer findings (1087 cases) were entirely negative; the rate ratio (RR) comparing ever users of OCs with never users was 1.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9-1.1]. Only two cases of cervical cancer have been added since our last report (total: 61 cases); the RR comparing ever use with never use is now 3.4 (95% CI: 1.6-8.9). The risk of this disease increases sharply with duration of OC use and declines steadily with interval since last OC use. OC use protects against both uterine body cancer (124 cases) and ovarian cancer (143 cases). The RRs comparing ever use with never use were 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3-0.7) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.4-0.7), respectively. Protection against both these cancers increased with duration of OC use and waned with interval since last use, but an effect was still present 28 or more years after discontinuation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, OC use had no effect on nonreproductive cancers or on breast cancer. The risk of cervical cancer was increased and that of uterine body cancer and ovarian cancer was decreased by OC use. All these effects increased with duration of use and declined with interval since last use. The beneficial effects of OC use on cancer outweighed the adverse effects. These findings should reassure older women who used OCs in the past.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Health Care Epidemiology, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LF UK. Electronic address: martin.vessey@dph.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vessey
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral
keywords: Breast cancer; Cancer registry; Cohort study; Fertility control; Reproductive cancer