title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter -308 and -238 polymorphisms in patients with lung cancer as a second primary tumor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer is the most common second primary cancer. We investigated whether the TNF-alpha-308 and TNF-alpha-238 polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility and severity of lung cancer as the second primary cancer (LC2).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 104 patients from the group LC2. The control subjects included 2 groups. The first control group (LC1) comprised 201 unrelated patients with lung cancer as a first primary cancer. The second control group (HC) comprised 230 healthy blood donors, matched for sex and age to the study group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of the TNF-alpha-238 polymorphism GG genotype and the G allele were higher in the LC2 group than in the LC1 group, but the differences did not reach significance (p=0.054 and p=0.057, respectively). Similar differences were found in the TNF-alpha-238 polymorphism GG genotype and G allele between the LC2 group and the HC group (p=0.054 and p=0.057, respectively). In terms of the different types of lung cancer, patients with a second primary NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) more frequently had TNF-alpha-238 polymorphism GG genotypes and G alleles than patients with a first primary NSCLC (the differences approached statistical significance: p=0.060, p=0.064, respectively). All (100%) patients of group LC2 (n=104) had the GG genotype and the G allele. GG genotype was exclusive and no A allele was found in group LC2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TNF-alpha-238 polymorphism GG genotype and the G allele could have a promotional effect on the development of NSCLC in the group of patients with LC2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Veljko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Flego
authors.forename: Smiljana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ristić
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dević Pavlić
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matanić Lender
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bulat-Kardum
authors.forename: Miljenko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapović
authors.forename: Andjelka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radojčić Badovinac
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics*; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha