title: Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression in cancer patients assessed by diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments, and to study differences in prevalence between type of instrument, type of cancer and treatment phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in four databases to select studies on the prevalence of depression among adult cancer patients during or after treatment. A total of 211 studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooled mean prevalence of depression was calculated using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale (HADS-D) ≥ 8, HADS-D ≥11, Center for Epidemiologic Studies ≥ 16, and (semi-)structured diagnostic interviews were used to define depression in 66, 53, 35 and 49 studies, respectively. Respective mean prevalence of depression was 17% (95% CI = 16-19%), 8% (95% CI = 7-9%), 24% (95% CI = 21-26%), and 13% (95% CI = 11-15%) (p < 0.001). Prevalence of depression ranged from 3% in patients with lung cancer to 31% in patients with cancer of the digestive tract, on the basis of diagnostic interviews. Prevalence of depression was highest during treatment 14% (95% CI = 11-17%), measured by diagnostic interviews, and 27% (95% CI = 25-30%), measured by self-report instruments. In the first year after diagnosis, prevalence of depression measured with diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments were 9% (95% CI = 7-11%) and 21% (95% CI = 19-24%), respectively, and they were 8% (95% CI = 5-12%) and 15% (95% CI = 13-17%) ≥ 1 year after diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pooled mean prevalence of depression in cancer patients ranged from 8% to 24% and differed by the type of instrument, type of cancer and treatment phase. Future prospective studies should disentangle whether differences in prevalence of depression are caused by differences in the type of instrument, type of cancer or treatment phase. © 2013 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M H
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Krebber
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Buffart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kleijn
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Riepma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Bree
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leemans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brug
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Straten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Verdonck-de Leeuw
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: cancer; depression; epidemiology; meta-analysis; neoplasms; oncology