title: Residual mechanical effectiveness of external ankle tape before and after competitive professional soccer performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the presupposed preventive residual mechanical effectiveness of the widespread use of adhesive elastic ankle tape after a nonlaboratory, realistic soccer-specific outfield intervention reflecting a soccer halftime.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective nonrandomized test-retest design was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen professional male outfield players (mean age, 25.5) without any signs of chronic ankle instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were investigated before and after a 45-minute soccer-specific field intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The passive inversion range of motion (ROM) of the ankle was tested unloaded on a self-developed inversion device with and without a standardized ankle tape before and after the intervention. Additionally, electromyography signal was taken to assure the inactivity of the protective evertor muscles, and reliability tests for the inversion device (test-retest and trial to trial) were conducted in 12 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tape restricted the maximum passive inversion ROM of the uninjured ankle significantly to 50.3%. The protection declined nearly completely after 45 minutes of outfield soccer performance to a negligible nonsignificant ROM restriction of 9.7%. Pearson correlation coefficient for the reliability was 0.931 (P ≤ 0.001) for the test-retest and 0.983 (P ≤ 0.001) for the trial-to-trial test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial significant protection of external ankle-tape support declines almost completely without relevant remaining residual mechanical effect after 45 minutes, reflecting a soccer halftime. The so far presupposed residual mechanical effectiveness of tape to prevent injury is increasingly irrelevant during soccer performance and consequently antidromic to the increasing injury risk toward the end of a soccer halftime.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; †Department of Orthopedics, Sportklinik Stuttgart GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany; and ‡Department of Orthopedics and Biomechanics, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mauch
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Böhle
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055052:Athletic Tape; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult