title: Membrane-based, sedimentation-assisted plasma separator for point-of-care applications.
abstract: Often, high-sensitivity, point-of-care (POC) clinical tests, such as HIV viral load, require large volumes of plasma. Although centrifuges are ubiquitously used in clinical laboratories to separate plasma from whole blood, centrifugation is generally inappropriate for on-site testing. Suitable alternatives are not readily available to separate the relatively large volumes of plasma from milliliters of blood that may be needed to meet stringent limit-of-detection specifications for low-abundance target molecules. We report on a simple-to-use, low-cost, pump-free, membrane-based, sedimentation-assisted plasma separator capable of separating a relatively large volume of plasma from undiluted whole blood within minutes. This plasma separator consists of an asymmetric, porous, polysulfone membrane housed in a disposable chamber. The separation process takes advantage of both gravitational sedimentation of blood cells and size exclusion-based filtration. The plasma separator demonstrated a "blood in-plasma out" capability, consistently extracting 275 ± 33.5 μL of plasma from 1.8 mL of undiluted whole blood within less than 7 min. The device was used to separate plasma laden with HIV viruses from HIV virus-spiked whole blood with recovery efficiencies of 95.5% ± 3.5%, 88.0% ± 9.5%, and 81.5% ± 12.1% for viral loads of 35,000, 3500, and 350 copies/mL, respectively. The separation process is self-terminating to prevent excessive hemolysis. The HIV-laden plasma was then injected into our custom-made microfluidic chip for nucleic acid testing and was successfully subjected to reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), demonstrating that the plasma is sufficiently pure to support high-efficiency nucleic acid amplification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, ‡Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, §Department of Microbiology, ∇Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and ⊥Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Changchun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauk
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Frederic D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Bushman
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Collman
authors.forename: Haim H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bau
mesh_terms: D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010949:Plasma; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial