title: Paradoxical effects of heme arginate on survival of myocutaneous flaps.
abstract: Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) contributes to partial flap and solid organ transplant failure. Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an inducible, cytoprotective enzyme which protects against IRI in solid organ transplant models. Heme arginate (HA), a HO-1 inducer, is a promising, translatable, preconditioning agent. This study investigated the effects of preconditioning with HA on the clinical outcome of a myocutaneous IRI model. Forty male Lewis rats were randomized to intravenously receive 1) Control-NaCl, 2) HA, 3) HA and tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a HO-1 inhibitor; and 4) SnMP alone. Twenty-four hours later, an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was performed under isoflurane anesthesia. Viability of flaps was measured clinically and by laser-Doppler perfusion scanning. In vitro work on human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) assessed the effects of HA, SnMP, and the iron chelator desferrioxamine on 1) cytotoxicity, 2) intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and 3) ROS-mediated DNA damage. In contrast to our hypothesis, HA preconditioning produced over 30% more flap necrosis at 48 h compared with controls (P = 0.02). HA-containing treatments produced significantly worse flap perfusion at all postoperative time points. In vitro work showed that HA is cytotoxic to keratinocytes. This cytotoxicity was independent of HO-1 and was mediated by the generation of ROS by free heme. In contrast to solid organ data, pharmacological preconditioning with HA significantly worsened clinical outcome, thus indicating that this is not a viable approach in free flap research.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and.
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Edmunds
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czopek
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wigmore
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kluth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006418:Heme / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D064827:Myocutaneous Flap / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006418:Heme; D001120:Arginine; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C048849:heme arginate
keywords: free tissue transfer; heme arginate; heme-oxygenase-1; ischemia reperfusion injury; myocutaneous flap