title: Dosage considerations for transcranial direct current stimulation in children: a computational modeling study.
abstract: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is being widely investigated in adults as a therapeutic modality for brain disorders involving abnormal cortical excitability or disordered network activity. Interest is also growing in studying tDCS in children. Limited empirical studies in children suggest that tDCS is well tolerated and may have a similar safety profile as in adults. However, in electrotherapy as in pharmacotherapy, dose selection in children requires special attention, and simple extrapolation from adult studies may be inadequate. Critical aspects of dose adjustment include 1) differences in neurophysiology and disease, and 2) variation in brain electric fields for a specified dose due to gross anatomical differences between children and adults. In this study, we used high-resolution MRI derived finite element modeling simulations of two healthy children, ages 8 years and 12 years, and three healthy adults with varying head size to compare differences in electric field intensity and distribution. Multiple conventional and high-definition tDCS montages were tested. Our results suggest that on average, children will be exposed to higher peak electrical fields for a given applied current intensity than adults, but there is likely to be overlap between adults with smaller head size and children. In addition, exposure is montage specific. Variations in peak electrical fields were seen between the two pediatric models, despite comparable head size, suggesting that the relationship between neuroanatomic factors and bioavailable current dose is not trivial. In conclusion, caution is advised in using higher tDCS doses in children until 1) further modeling studies in a larger group shed light on the range of exposure possible by applied dose and age and 2) further studies correlate bioavailable dose estimates from modeling studies with empirically tested physiologic effects, such as modulation of motor evoked potentials after stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sudha Kilaru
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Preet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Minhas
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Marom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bikson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological