title: Lanthanide near infrared imaging in living cells with Yb3+ nano metal organic frameworks.
abstract: We have created unique near-infrared (NIR)-emitting nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nano-MOFs) incorporating a high density of Yb(3+) lanthanide cations and sensitizers derived from phenylene. We establish here that these nano-MOFs can be incorporated into living cells for NIR imaging. Specifically, we introduce bulk and nano-Yb-phenylenevinylenedicarboxylate-3 (nano-Yb-PVDC-3), a unique MOF based on a PVDC sensitizer-ligand and Yb(3+) NIR-emitting lanthanide cations. This material has been structurally characterized, its stability in various media has been assessed, and its luminescent properties have been studied. We demonstrate that it is stable in certain specific biological media, does not photobleach, and has an IC50 of 100 μg/mL, which is sufficient to allow live cell imaging. Confocal microscopy and inductively coupled plasma measurements reveal that nano-Yb-PVDC-3 can be internalized by cells with a cytoplasmic localization. Despite its relatively low quantum yield, nano-Yb-PVDC-3 emits a sufficient number of photons per unit volume to serve as a NIR-emitting reporter for imaging living HeLa and NIH 3T3 cells. NIR microscopy allows for highly efficient discrimination between the nano-MOF emission signal and the cellular autofluorescence arising from biological material. This work represents a demonstration of the possibility of using NIR lanthanide emission for biological imaging applications in living cells with single-photon excitation.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foucault-Collet
authors.forename: Kristy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gogick
authors.forename: Kiley A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villette
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pallier
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.forename: Claudine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kieda
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Geib
authors.forename: Nathaniel L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Rosi
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petoud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003460:Crystallization; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D017785:Photons; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; C029547:polyvinylidene chloride; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D015018:Ytterbium
keywords: bioanalysis; bioimaging; luminescence; nanoparticle; sensitization