title: The expanding roles of the Sd(a)/Cad carbohydrate antigen and its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The histo-blood group antigens are carbohydrate structures present in tissues and body fluids, which contribute to the definition of the individual immunophenotype. One of these, the Sd(a) antigen, is expressed on the surface of erythrocytes and in secretions of the vast majority of the Caucasians and other ethnic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the multiple and unsuspected aspects of the biology of the Sd(a) antigen and its biosynthetic enzyme β1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4GALNT2) in various physiological and pathological settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunodominant sugar of the Sd(a) antigen is a β1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Its cognate glycosyltransferase B4GALNT2 displays a restricted pattern of tissue expression, is regulated by unknown mechanisms - including promoter methylation, and encodes at least two different proteins, one of which with an unconventionally long cytoplasmic portion. In different settings, the Sd(a) antigen plays multiple and unsuspected roles. 1) In colon cancer, its dramatic down-regulation plays a potential role in the overexpression of sialyl Lewis antigens, increasing metastasis formation. 2) It is involved in the lytic function of murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 3) It prevents the development of muscular dystrophy in various dystrophic murine models, when overexpressed in muscular fibers. 4) It regulates the circulating half-life of the von Willebrand factor (vWf), determining the onset of a bleeding disorder in a murine model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of the Sd(a) antigen has a wide impact on the physiology and the pathology of different biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: fabio.dallolio@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dall'Olio
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malagolini
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiricolo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trinchera
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harduin-Lepers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D009844:Oligosaccharides; C106678:Sd(a) determinant; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases; C071413:beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2
keywords: AchR; B4GALNT1; B4GALNT2; Bleeding disorder; CTL; DAPC; DBA; DMD; Dolichos biflorus agglutinin; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Epigenetic control; Fuc; Gal; GalNAc; GdA; GdC; GdF; GdS; Glc; GlcNAc; Glycosyltransferase; HPA; Helix pomatia agglutinin; Histo-blood group antigen; Muscular dystrophy; N-CAM; N-acetylgalactosamine; N-acetylglucosamine; N-acetylneuraminic acid; N-glycolylneuraminic acid; NK; Neu5Ac; Neu5Gc; PHA; Sia; Sialyl Lewis antigen; THGP; TLC; Tamm–Horsfall glycoprotein; VVA; Vicia villosa agglutinin; aa; acetylcholine receptor; amino acids; base pairs; bp; cytotoxic T lymphocytes; dystrophin-associated protein complex; fucose; galactose; glucose; glycodelin-A; glycodelin-C; glycodelin-F; glycodelin-S; natural killer cell; neural cell adhesion molecule; nt; nucleotides; phytohaemagglutinin; sLe(a); sLe(x); sialic acid; sialyl Lewis a; sialyl Lewis x; thin layer chromatography; vWf; von Willebrand factor; α-DG; α-dystroglycan; β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1; β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2; β-DG; β-dystroglycan