title: Effects of smoking on outcomes after acute atherothrombotic stroke in Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of smoking on clinical outcomes following acute stroke remain controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the influence of smoking on 90-day outcomes after acute atherothrombotic stroke in 292 Japanese men extracted from the database of the Edaravone and Argatroban Stroke Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke randomized parallel-group trial that tested the safety and efficacy of edaravone and argatroban therapy in 814 patients in 2004-2008. Smokers were matched with non-smokers of the same age for identical age distribution in the smoker and non-smoker groups. Poor 90-day outcomes (defined as death, Barthel index<60, or modified Rankin score>3) were evaluated using a logistic regression model. Significant variables (P<0.05) in univariate analysis were further evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis using a forward-selection method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body temperature, age, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score at admission, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status were selected in the final model. Smokers had significantly increased odds of poor 90-day functional outcomes independent of other statistically significant predictor variables (adjusted odds ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-4.55; P=0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japanese men, smoking leads to poor functional outcomes at 3 months after acute atherothrombotic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Center of Medical Information Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan; Integrated Center for Advanced Medical Technologies, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan. Electronic address: kumagain@kochi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Yoshiyasu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuhara
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iiyama
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takekawa
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Origasa
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D044466:Asian People; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000077553:Edaravone; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013449:Sulfonamides; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D013449:Sulfonamides; D001120:Arginine; C031942:argatroban; D000077553:Edaravone; D000983:Antipyrine
keywords: Acute atherothrombotic stroke; Age disparity between smokers and non-smokers; Gender difference; Japanese men; Poor outcome; Prognostic factor; Smoking