title: Neuroinflammation and β amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease: in vivo quantification with molecular imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its relationship with underlying β amyloid deposition remains unclear. In vivo visualization of microglial activation has become possible with the development of molecular imaging ligands when used with positron emission tomography (PET). The translocator protein (TSPO) is upregulated during neuroinflammation. Consequently, targeting TSPO with radiolabeled ligands for PET is an attractive biomarker for neuroinflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the research literature on PET imaging which studied in vivo neuroinflammation in AD subjects and its relationship with amyloid load was performed, including papers published between 2001 and 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies were included using either [(11)C]PK-11195 or another non-TSPO radioligand that binds to the monoaminooxidase B. All the studies evaluated amyloid load with [(11)C]PIB. Microglial activation and astrocytosis are potentially early phenomena in AD. However, the individual levels of amyloid deposition and microglial activation were not correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noninvasive in vivo molecular imaging to visualize neuroinflammation in AD may contribute to our understanding of the kinetics of neuroinflammation and its relationship to the hallmarks of the disease. Both are important for the development of future therapeutic modalities and for quantifying the efficacy of future disease-modifying treatments.
authors.affiliation: Memory Clinic (CMRR), Tours University Hospita, Tours, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hommet
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mondon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Camus
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beaufils
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arlicot
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corcia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paccalin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Minier
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gosselin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guilloteau
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chalon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D007546:Isoquinolines; D000226:Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases / Q000378:metabolism; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013844:Thiazoles; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C475519:2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D007546:Isoquinolines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013844:Thiazoles; D016875:tau Proteins; D000226:Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; C037850:PK 11195