title: Lymphatic vascular response to acute inflammation.
abstract: During acute inflammation, functioning lymphatics are believed to reduce edema and to provide a transiting route for immune cells, but the extent at which the dermal lymphatic remodeling impacts lymphatic transport or the factors regulating these changes remains unclear. Herein we quantify the increase in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and examine the expression of pro-angiogenenic and lymphangiogenic factors during acute cutaneous hypersensitivity (CHS). We found that LECs actively proliferate during CHS but that this proliferation does not affect the lymphatic vessel density. Instead, lymphatic remodeling is accompanied by lymphatic vessel leakiness and lower ejection of lymph fluid, which is observed only in the proximal lymphatic vessel draining the inflamed area. LECs and the immune cells release growth factors and cytokines during inflammation, which impact the lymphatic microenvironment and function. We identified that FGF-2, PLGF-2, HGF, EGF, and KC/CXCL17 are differentially expressed within tissues during acute CHS, but both VEGF-C and VEGF-D levels do not significantly change. Our results indicate that VEGF-C and VEGF-D are not the only players and other factors may be responsible for the LECs proliferation and altered lymphatic function in acute CHS.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pier-Anne
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lachance
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hazen
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sevick-Muraca
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines