title: Seroepidemiology of high-risk HPV in HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM: the H2M study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men who have sex with men (MSM), in particular HIV-infected MSM, are at increased risk for diseases related to human papilloma virus (HPV). Our goal was to assess the effect of HIV status on the presence of type-specific antibodies against seven high-risk HPV types in HPV-unvaccinated MSM. Moreover, we compared determinants of HPV seropositivity between HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSM ≥18 years of age were recruited from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies, a sexually transmitted infection clinic, and an HIV-treatment center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants completed a risk-factor questionnaire; serum samples were analyzed using a fluorescent bead-based multiplex assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSM (n = 795) were recruited in 2010 to 2011; 758 MSM were included in this analysis. Median age was 40.1 years (interquartile range 34.8-47.5) and 308 MSM (40.6%) were HIV-infected. Seroprevalence of HPV-16 was 37.1% in HIV-negative and 62.7% in HIV-infected MSM (P < 0.001); seroprevalence of HPV-18 was 29.1% in HIV-negative MSM and 42.5% in HIV-infected MSM (P < 0.001). Similar patterns of seroprevalence were observed for HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. In multivariable analyses, HPV seropositivity was associated with HIV infection [adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.6]. In multivariable analyses stratified by HIV status, increasing age and number of lifetime male sex partners were significantly associated with HPV seropositivity in HIV-negative, but not HIV-infected MSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seroprevalence of high-risk HPV types is high among unvaccinated MSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection is a strong and independent determinant for HPV seropositivity, which we hypothesize is because of increased persistence of HPV infection in HIV-infected MSM.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam; Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit-University Medical Center (VUmc); Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center; Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM), Bilthoven; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sofie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.forename: Fiona R M
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: van der Klis
authors.forename: Marianne A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Sande
authors.forename: Rutger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schepp
authors.forename: Arjen G C L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bogaards
authors.forename: Hester E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: de Melker
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: Maarten F Schim
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van der Loeff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies