title: Synthesis and biological evaluation of direct thrombin inhibitors bearing 4-(piperidin-1-yl)pyridine at the P1 position with potent anticoagulant activity.
abstract: The design and synthesis of a new class of nonpeptide direct thrombin inhibitors, built on the structure of 1-(pyridin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide, are described. Starting from a strongly basic 1-amidinopiperidine derivative (6) showing poor thrombin (fIIa) and factor Xa (fXa) inhibition activities, anti-fIIa activity and artificial membrane permeability were considerably improved by optimizing the basic P1 and the X-substituted phenyl P4 binding moieties. Structure-activity relationship studies, usefully complemented with molecular modeling results, led us to identify compound 13b, which showed excellent fIIa inhibition (Ki = 6 nM), weak anti-Xa activity (Ki = 5.64 μM), and remarkable selectivity over other serine proteases (e.g., trypsin). Compound 13b showed in vitro anticoagulant activity in the low micromolar range and significant membrane permeability. In mice (ex vivo), 13b demonstrated anticoagulant effects at 2 h after oral dosing (100 mg·kg(-1)), with a significant 43% prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), over controls (P < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Modesto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Candia
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiorella
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopopolo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carotti
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Marcello Diego
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lograno
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Carrupt
authors.forename: Benny D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Belviso
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caliandro
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Altomare
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D002417:Cattle; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005170:Factor X / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010880:Piperidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010880:Piperidines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D005170:Factor X; D057057:Serine Proteases; D013917:Thrombin