title: Inflammatory status modulates plasma lipid and inflammatory marker responses to kiwifruit consumption in hypercholesterolaemic men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kiwifruit has the potential to improve markers of metabolic dysfunction, but the response may be influenced by inflammatory state. We aimed to investigate whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of consuming two green kiwifruit daily on plasma lipids and markers of inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five hypercholesterolaemic men completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in, before randomisation to a controlled cross-over study of two 4-week interventions of two green kiwifruit/day plus healthy diet (intervention) or healthy diet alone (control). Anthropometric measures and fasting blood samples (plasma lipids, serum apolipoproteins A1 and B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10) were taken at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Subjects were divided into low and medium inflammatory groups, using pre-intervention hs-CRP concentrations (hs-CRP <1 and 1-3 mg/L, respectively). In the medium inflammatory group the kiwifruit intervention resulted in significant improvements in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mean difference 0.08 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.12] mmol/L [P < 0.001]), total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C ratio (-0.29 [-0.45, -0.14] mmol/L [P = 0.001]), plasma hs-CRP (-22.1 [-33.6, -4.97]% [P = 0.01]) and IL-6 (-43.7 [-63.0, -14.1]% [P = 0.01]) compared to control treatment. No effects were seen in the low inflammatory group. There were significant between inflammation group differences for TC/HDL-C (P = 0.02), triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C (P = 0.05), and plasma IL-6 (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory state modulated responses to the kiwifruit intervention by improving inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in subjects with modestly elevated CRP, suggesting this group may particularly benefit from the regular consumption of green kiwifruit. Registered 16th March 2010, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (no. ACTRN12610000213044), www.ANZCTR.org.au.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: C.Gammon@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: von Hurst
authors.affiliation: Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102904, North Shore City 0745, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stonehouse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; Cardiovascular risk; Inflammation; Kiwifruit; Lipids