title: [Morphological and molecular bases of cardiac development].
abstract: The heart is a mesoderm-derived organ, whose formation is regulated by various genes. Initially, the most important is expression of Nkx2.5, CR1, pitx2, anf and mhc2a, which are responsible for differentiation of cardiomyocytes. In a later phase activation of mhc2b, pitx2c, mesp1, pcmf1, vmhc, xin, mcl2v, mlc2a, mlc2a, mef2, hand1 and hand2 was revealed. Their expression is regulated by various molecules, including transcription (XIN, GATA, MEF, Tbx5, Baf60c, PECAM, tie-2, MEF2) and growth (VEGF, FGF, PDGF) factors, as well as proteins (i.e., dickkopf-1, cerberus, cytotactin, fibrillin, nodal, thrombomodulin, Wnt, bone morphometric ones - BMP2, BMP 4, BMP5, BMP7) and other substances, such as retinoid and folic acid. Crucial steps in cardiac organogenesis are development of the ventricle and atrial formation, as well as septation and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations are: stenosis (coarctation) of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, bicuspid aortic valve, atrial and/or ventricular septal defect, persistent truncus arteriosus (Botallo duct), transposition of the great vessels, tricuspid atresia, hypoplastic left and right heart, as well as syndrome of Lutembachera, Cantrell, Ebstein, Eisenmenger and Shone and trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy of Fallot.
authors.affiliation: Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Człowieka Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobylińska
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dworzański
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cendrowska-Pinkosz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dworzańska
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hermanowicz-Dryka
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiszka
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Starosławska
authors.forename: Franciszek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burdan
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000254:growth & development*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000254:growth & development; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins