title: Nanomechanical properties and molecular structures of in vitro mineralized tissues on anodically-oxidized titanium surfaces.
abstract: The biomechanical stability of mineralized tissues at the interface between implant surface and bone tissue is of critical importance. Anodically oxidized titanium prepared in a chloride solution results in enhanced mineralization of adherent osteoblasts and has antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms. We evaluated the nanomechanical properties and molecular structures of the in vitro mineralized tissues developing around anodically oxidized titanium surfaces with and without preparation in chloride solution. Anodically oxidized titanium surfaces showed superior osteogenic gene expressions than those of thermally oxidized and bare titanium surfaces. Preparation of anodically oxidized titanium in chloride enhanced the production of mineralized tissue around it. However, the mineralized tissue around anodically oxidized titanium prepared without chloride had increased mineral:matrix and cross-linking ratios, resulting in higher hardness and lower elasticity.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this study anodically oxidized titanium was used to enhance the biomechanical stability of mineralized tissues at the implant surface -- bone tissue interface. The mineralized tissue around anodically oxidized titanium prepared without chloride had increased mineral:matrix and cross-linking ratios, resulting in higher hardness and lower elasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: In-Kee
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.lastname: Wurihan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: yookun@dent.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Hysitron, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Biomaterials, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryutaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials and Engineering, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D004566:Electrodes; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002712:Chlorides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Implant; Nanoindentaion; Osteoblast; Raman spectroscopy; Reactive oxygen species; Titanium