title: A BCI using VEP for continuous control of a mobile robot.
abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) translates brain activity into commands to control devices or software. Common approaches are based on visual evoked potentials (VEP), extracted from the electroencephalogram (EEG) during visual stimulation. High information transfer rates (ITR) can be achieved using (i) steady-state VEP (SSVEP) or (ii) code-modulated VEP (c-VEP). This study investigates how applicable such systems are for continuous control of robotic devices and which method performs best. Eleven healthy subjects steered a robot along a track using four BCI controls on a computer screen in combination with feedback video of the movement. The average time to complete the tasks was (i) 573.43 s and (ii) 222.57 s. In a second non-continuous trial-based validation run the maximum achievable online classification accuracy over all subjects was (i) 91.36 % and (ii) 98.18 %. This results show that the c-VEP fits the needs of a continuous system better than the SSVEP implementation.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kapeller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hintermuller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abu-Alqumsan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pruckl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D033281:Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio