title: Behavioral and clinical correlates of serum bilirubin concentrations in Japanese men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A considerable interest has been drawn to potential protective effects of bilirubin against oxidative stress-related diseases. Smoking is known to be associated with lower concentrations of serum bilirubin, but other behavioral correlates of serum bilirubin have not been well studied. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the associations of behavioral and clinical factors with serum total bilirubin in Japanese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects comprised of 4802 men and 6414 women aged 49-76 years who participated in the baseline survey of an ongoing cohort study on lifestyle-related diseases in Fukuoka, Japan. With consideration to time of the day of blood sampling and fasting hours, the associations with smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, coffee, tea, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol with serum bilirubin were evaluated by analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While smoking was negatively associated with serum bilirubin, alcohol consumption was positively associated with serum bilirubin in both men and women. Coffee consumption was associated with lower bilirubin concentrations in both sexes. In the multiple linear regression analysis, HDL cholesterol was positively and HbA1c was negatively associated with bilirubin in both men and women, and the associations were more evident in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking, alcohol use and coffee consumption were important behavioral correlates of serum bilirubin in Japanese men and women. Serum HDL cholesterol was a measurable clinical correlate of bilirubin in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. mayatnkmayatnk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Budhathoki
authors.forename: Akie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: Suminori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.forename: Hisaya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawate
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohnaka
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takayanagi