title: Depressive symptoms, self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy and self-compassion in people living with HIV.
abstract: The aims of this study were to examine differences in self-schemas between persons living with HIV/AIDS with and without depressive symptoms, and the degree to which these self-schemas predict depressive symptoms in this population. Self-schemas are beliefs about oneself and include self-esteem, HIV symptom management self-efficacy, and self-compassion. Beck's cognitive theory of depression guided the analysis of data from a sample of 1766 PLHIV from the USA and Puerto Rico. Sixty-five percent of the sample reported depressive symptoms. These symptoms were significantly (p ≤ 0.05), negatively correlated with age (r = -0.154), education (r = -0.106), work status (r = -0.132), income adequacy (r = -0.204, self-esteem (r = -0.617), HIV symptom self-efficacy (r = - 0.408), and self-kindness (r = - 0.284); they were significantly, positively correlated with gender (female/transgender) (r = 0.061), white or Hispanic race/ethnicity (r = 0.047) and self-judgment (r = 0.600). Fifty-one percent of the variance (F = 177.530 (df = 1524); p < 0.001) in depressive symptoms was predicted by the combination of age, education, work status, income adequacy, self-esteem, HIV symptom self-efficacy, and self-judgment. The strongest predictor of depressive symptoms was self-judgment. Results lend support to Beck's theory that those with negative self-schemas are more vulnerable to depression and suggest that clinicians should evaluate PLHIV for negative self-schemas. Tailored interventions for the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV should be tested and future studies should evaluate whether alterations in negative self-schemas are the mechanism of action of these interventions and establish causality in the treatment of depressive symptoms in PLHIV.
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing, Rutgers , The State University of New Jersey , Newark , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivero-Mendez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: W-T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chaiphibalsarisdi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iipinge
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Portillo
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Corless
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tyer-Viola
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: C Dawson
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sefcik
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nokes
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirksey
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wantland
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Holzemer
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Webel
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brion
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009276:Namibia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Beck's cognitive theory of depression; HIV; HIV symptom management self-efficacy; self-compassion; self-esteem