title: Neuroglobin over expressing mice: expression pattern and effect on brain ischemic infarct size.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is a major cause of death and severe disability, but effective treatments are limited. Neuroglobin, a neuronal heme-globin, has been advocated as a novel pharmacological target in combating stroke and neurodegenerative disorders based on cytoprotective properties. Using thoroughly validated antibodies and oligos, we give a detailed brain anatomical characterization of transgenic mice over expressing Neuroglobin. Moreover, using permanent middle artery occlusion the effect of elevated levels of Neuroglobin on ischemic damage was studied. Lastly, the impact of mouse strain genetic background on ischemic damage was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A four to five fold increase in Neuroglobin mRNA and protein expression was seen in the brain of transgenic mice. A β-actin promoter was used to drive Neuroglobin over expression, but immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed over expression to be confined to primarily the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and only in neurons. The level and expression pattern of endogenous Neuroglobin was unaffected by insertion of the over expressing Ngb transgene. Neuroglobin over expression resulted in a significant reduction in infarct volume 24 hours after ischemia. Immunohistochemistry showed no selective sparing of Neuroglobin expressing cells in the ischemic core or penumbra. A significant difference in infarct volume was found between mice of the same strain, but from different colonies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to some previous reports, Neuroglobin over expression is not global but confined to a few well-defined brain regions, and only in neurons. This study confirms previous reports showing a correlation between reduced infarct volume and elevated Neuroglobin levels, but underlines the need to study the likely contribution from compensatory mechanisms to the phenotype following a genetic perturbation. We also stress, that care should be taken when comparing results where different mouse strains and colonies have been used due to large genetic background contribution to the observed phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zindy
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Raida
authors.forename: Christian Ansgar
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hundahl
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nyengaard
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hay-Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D013045:Species Specificity; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D005914:Globins