title: Whole-slide imaging and automated image analysis: considerations and opportunities in the practice of pathology.
abstract: Digital pathology, the practice of pathology using digitized images of pathologic specimens, has been transformed in recent years by the development of whole-slide imaging systems, which allow for the evaluation and interpretation of digital images of entire histologic sections. Applications of whole-slide imaging include rapid transmission of pathologic data for consultations and collaborations, standardization and distribution of pathologic materials for education, tissue specimen archiving, and image analysis of histologic specimens. Histologic image analysis allows for the acquisition of objective measurements of histomorphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical properties of tissue sections, increasing both the quantity and quality of data obtained from histologic assessments. Currently, numerous histologic image analysis software solutions are commercially available. Choosing the appropriate solution is dependent on considerations of the investigative question, computer programming and image analysis expertise, and cost. However, all studies using histologic image analysis require careful consideration of preanalytical variables, such as tissue collection, fixation, and processing, and experimental design, including sample selection, controls, reference standards, and the variables being measured. The fields of digital pathology and histologic image analysis are continuing to evolve, and their potential impact on pathology is still growing. These methodologies will increasingly transform the practice of pathology, allowing it to mature toward a quantitative science. However, this maturation requires pathologists to be at the forefront of the process, ensuring their appropriate application and the validity of their results. Therefore, histologic image analysis and the field of pathology should co-evolve, creating a symbiotic relationship that results in high-quality reproducible, objective data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. Email: websterj@gene.com.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Dunstan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation; D016208:Databases, Factual; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D010341:Pathology, Veterinary / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D019113:Telepathology / Q000379:methods
keywords: digital pathology; image analysis; quantitative pathology; whole-slide imaging