title: A pilot study of a home-based motivational exercise program for African American breast cancer survivors: clinical and quality-of-life outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African American breast cancer survivors engage in less physical activity compared with their Caucasian counterparts. There is a need for exercise intervention research that focuses on improving the overall health and long-term survivorship of African American breast cancer survivors, especially because they often have worse outcomes than Caucasian survivors. Study objectives were to determine whether African American participants increase physical activity and explore whether exercise had a positive impact on fitness and health.
  
  
  METHODS
  African American breast cancer survivors, stage 0 to IIIA, within 2 years of completing primary cancer treatments were recruited for a 16-week home-based aerobic and resistance training exercise pilot study. Outcome measures assessed at baseline and postintervention included physical activity questionnaires and accelerometry, cardiopulmonary function (VO2peak) with gas exchange, muscle strength, Selective Functional Movement Assessment, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans for body composition analysis. Assessments for fatigue and quality of life (QOL) were also completed at baseline and postintervention. Motivational interviewing was utilized to determine goals and explore exercise facilitators/barriers. Participants completed weekly exercise logs and received weekly phone calls. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to detect significant changes in physical activity and also changes in fitness/health parameters, fatigue, and QOL. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between physical activity and health measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17 women enrolled; 13 completed the intervention (76%). Mean age of the participants was 51 years. There was a significant increase in total minutes of weekly physical activity postintervention ( : = 271 minutes, S: = 151; : = .001). Significant improvements were found in cardiopulmonary fitness as measured by VO2peak with a mean increase of 2.03 mL/kg/min ( : = .01). Several strength measures significantly increased and also functional movement ( : = .005). Positive correlations existed between physical activity and several physical measures, with significant relationships between functional movement and some strength measures (eg, left arm extension: RS : = 0.61, : = .002). Total QOL and fatigue scores improved, but neither was significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention led to increased physical activity. As a result of increased levels of physical activity, improvements on several fitness/health parameters occurred.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.forename: Hojin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Claudio L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Battaglini
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: African American; breast cancer; exercise; fitness; physical activity; quality of life; survivorship