title: Synthesis, physicochemical properties of allopurinol derivatives and their biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi.
abstract: Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) leading to a huge number of infections and deaths per year, because in addition to many sufferers only having limited access to health services only an inefficient chemotherapy is available using drugs such as benznidazole and nifurtimox. Here, C6-alkyl (2a-c) and N1-acyl (3a-c) derivatives of Allopurinol (Allop, compound with activity against T. cruzi) were synthesized in good yields and their structures were unambiguously characterized. Only 2a, 2b and 3c showed inhibitory activity against the proliferative stages of the parasite when tested at 1 μg mL(-1) with the 3c derivative exhibiting an IC50 value similar to that of Allop and not being toxic for mammalian cells. Relevant pharmaceutical physicochemical properties (pKa, stability, solubility, lipophilicity) were also determined as well by using Lipinski's rule, polar surface area and molecular rigidity. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the studied derivatives had optimal properties for bioavailability and oral absorption. For the stability studies, Micellar Liquid Chromatography was used as the analytical method which was fully validated according to the FDA guidelines and shown to be a suitable, sensitive and simple method for routine analysis of these Allop derivatives.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. Electronic address: moraviolo@fcq.unc.edu.ar.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raviolo
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Solana
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Novoa
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gualdesi
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Alba-Soto
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Briñón
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D012995:Solubility; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D000493:Allopurinol
keywords: Allopurinol derivatives; Physicochemical properties; Trypanocidal activity; Trypanosoma cruzi