title: Neuroprotective effects of swimming training in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine (DA) depletion in the striatum. Exercise has been shown to be a promising non-pharmacological approach to reduce the risk of neurodegeneration diseases. This study was designed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of swimming training (ST) in a mouse model of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in mice. The present study demonstrated that a 4-week ST was effective in attenuating the following impairments resulting from 6-OHDA exposure: (i) depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test; (ii) increase in the number of falls in the rotarod test; (iii) impairment on long-term memory in the object recognition test; (iv) increase of the reactive species and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) levels; (v) inhibition of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity; (vi) rise of the glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and vii) decrease of DA, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels. The mechanisms involved in this study are the modulation of GPx, GR and GST activities as well as IL-1β level in a PD model induced by 6-OHDA, protecting against the decrease of DA, DOPAC and HVA levels in the striatum of mice. These findings reinforce that one of the effects induced by exercise on neurodegenerative disease, such as PD, is due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We suggest that exercise attenuates cognitive and motor declines, depression, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation induced by 6-OHDA supporting the hypothesis that exercise can be used as a non-pharmacological tool to reduce the symptoms of PD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: A T R
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Goes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Fabbro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: De Gomes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Boeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, CEP 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: cristianoricardojesse@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jesse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000201:enzymology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D019417:Hindlimb Suspension; D006892:Hydroxydopamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006892:Hydroxydopamines; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase
keywords: 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein; 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 6-OHDA; 6-hydroxydopamine; ANOVA; BW; CAT; CS; DA; DAT; DCF; DCHF-DA; DOPAC; EDTA; GPx; GR; GST; H(2)O(2); HVA; IL-1β; LTM; NADPH; OFT; ORT; PD; Parkinson’s disease; RS; SAP; ST; STM; TST; analysis of variance; body weight; catalase; citrate synthase; cognitive impairment; dopamine; dopamine transporter; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; exercise; glutathione S-transferase; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; homovanillic acid; hydrogen peroxide; interleukin 1-beta; long-term memory; neuroinflammation; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase; object recognition test; open-field test; oxidative stress; reactive species; short-term memory; swimming adaption period; swimming training; tail suspension test