title: Influenza transmission in a cohort of households with children: 2010-2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Households play a major role in community spread of influenza and are potential targets for mitigation strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled and followed 328 households with children during the 2010-2011 influenza season; this season was characterized by circulation of influenza A (H3N2), A (H1N1)pdm09 and type B viruses. Specimens were collected from subjects with acute respiratory illnesses and tested for influenza in real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Influenza cases were classified as community-acquired or household-acquired, and transmission parameters estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Influenza was introduced to 78 (24%) households and transmission to exposed household members was documented in 23 households. Transmission was more likely in younger households (mean age <22 years) and those not reporting home humidification, but was not associated with household vaccination coverage. The secondary infection risk (overall 9.7%) was highest among young children (<9 years) and varied substantially by influenza type/subtype with the highest risk for influenza A (H3N2). The serial interval (overall 3.2 days) also varied by influenza type and was longest for influenza B. Duration of symptomatic illness was shorter in children compared with adults, and did not differ by influenza vaccination status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective study of households with children over a single influenza season identified differences in household transmission by influenza type/subtype, subject age, and home humidification, suggesting possible targets for interventions to reduce transmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ohmit
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cowling
authors.forename: Emileigh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Rachel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Malosh
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Arnold S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Monto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; D009981:Influenza B virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction