title: Infrared microspectroscopy identifies biomolecular changes associated with chronic oxidative stress in mammary epithelium and stroma of breast tissues from healthy young women: implications for latent stages of breast carcinogenesis.
abstract: Studies of the decades-long latent stages of breast carcinogenesis have been limited to when hyperplastic lesions are already present. Investigations of earlier stages of breast cancer (BC) latency have been stymied by the lack of fiducial biomarkers needed to identify where in histologically normal tissues progression toward a BC might be taking place. Recent evidence suggests that a marker of chronic oxidative stress (OxS), protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), can meet this need. Specifically: (1) 4HNE immunopositive (4HNE+) mammary epithelial (ME) cells were found to be prevalent in normal (reduction mammoplasty) tissues of most women (including many teenagers) studied, representative of those living in the United States' high risk-posing environment and: (2) marked (> 1.5-fold) differences were identified between tissues of healthy young women with many vs. few 4HNE+ ME cells in the relative levels of transcripts for 42 of the 84 OxS-associated genes represented in SABioscience Oxidative-Stress/Oxidative-Defense PCR array. Herein we used synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to identify molecular changes associated with 4HNE adducts in basal and luminal ME cells in terminal ductal units (TDLU), which are the cells of origin of BC, and associated intralobular and interlobular stroma, known contributors to carcinogenesis. Multivariate analysis-derived wavenumbers differentiated 4HNE+ and 4HNE- cells in each of the anatomical compartments. Specifically, principal component and linear discriminant analyses of mid-infrared spectra obtained from these cells revealed unambiguous, statistically highly significant differences in the "biochemical fingerprint" of 4HNE+ vs. 4HNE- luminal and basal ME cells, as well as between associated intralobular and interlobular stroma. These findings demonstrate further SR-FTIR microspectroscopy's ability to identify molecular changes associated with altered physiological and/or pathophysiological states, in this case with a state of chronic OxS that provides a pro-carcinogenic microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biophotonics; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Imran I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA.
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Simon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Fogarty
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fullwood
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institut; Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quaroni
authors.affiliation: Center for Biophotonics; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Francis L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA; Department of Pathology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weisz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001940:Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012016:Reference Values; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
keywords: Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy; adaptation to chronic oxidative stress; biochemical-cell fingerprint; breast carcinogenesis; chronic oxidative stress; evolutionary model of carcinogenesis; synchrotron radiation