title: Suppression of inflammation with conditional deletion of the prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor in macrophages and brain microglia.
abstract: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent lipid signaling molecule, modulates inflammatory responses through activation of downstream G-protein coupled EP(1-4) receptors. Here, we investigated the cell-specific in vivo function of PGE2 signaling through its E-prostanoid 2 (EP2) receptor in murine innate immune responses systemically and in the CNS. In vivo, systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a broad induction of cytokines and chemokines in plasma that was significantly attenuated in EP2-deficient mice. Ex vivo stimulation of peritoneal macrophages with LPS elicited proinflammatory responses that were dependent on EP2 signaling and that overlapped with in vivo plasma findings, suggesting that myeloid-lineage EP2 signaling is a major effector of innate immune responses. Conditional deletion of the EP2 receptor in myeloid lineage cells in Cd11bCre;EP2(lox/lox) mice attenuated plasma inflammatory responses and transmission of systemic inflammation to the brain was inhibited, with decreased hippocampal inflammatory gene expression and cerebral cortical levels of IL-6. Conditional deletion of EP2 significantly blunted microglial and astrocytic inflammatory responses to the neurotoxin MPTP and reduced striatal dopamine turnover. Suppression of microglial EP2 signaling also increased numbers of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra independent of MPTP treatment, suggesting that microglial EP2 may influence development or survival of DA neurons. Unbiased microarray analysis of microglia isolated from adult Cd11bCre;EP2(lox/lox) and control mice demonstrated a broad downregulation of inflammatory pathways with ablation of microglial EP2 receptor. Together, these data identify a cell-specific proinflammatory role for macrophage/microglial EP2 signaling in innate immune responses systemically and in brain.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, and Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025.
authors.forename: Jenny U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Suraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Ludmila A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lokteva
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Woodling
authors.forename: Novie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Holden D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cekanaviciute
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buckwalter
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Manning-Bog
authors.forename: Katrin I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Andreasson
mesh_terms: D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine