title: Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus induces and benefits from cell stress, autophagy, and apoptosis.
abstract: The mode and timing of virally induced cell death hold the potential of regulating viral yield, viral transmission, and the severity of virally induced disease. Orbiviruses such as the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are nonenveloped and cytolytic. To date, the death of cells infected with EHDV, the signal transduction pathways involved in this process, and the consequence of their inhibition have yet to be characterized. Here, we report that the Ibaraki strain of EHDV2 (EHDV2-IBA) induces apoptosis, autophagy, a decrease in cellular protein synthesis, the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the phosphorylation of the JNK substrate c-Jun. The production of infectious virions decreased upon inhibition of apoptosis with the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone), upon inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or via the knockout of the autophagy regulator Atg5, or upon treatment of infected cells with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor roscovitine, which also inhibited c-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, Q-VD-OPH, SP600125, and roscovitine partially reduced EHDV2-IBA-induced cell death, and roscovitine diminished the induction of autophagy by EHDV2-IBA. Taken together, our results imply that EHDV induces and benefits from the activation of signaling pathways involved in cell stress and death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shai
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmukler
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yaniv
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ziv
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Velizar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bumbarov
authors.forename: Hagai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yadin
authors.forename: Nechama I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Smorodinsky
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bacharach
authors.forename: Ronit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinkas-Kramarski
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000821:virology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4