title: Measurement of muscle architecture concurrently with muscle hardness using ultrasound strain elastography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The B-mode ultrasound image that can measure muscle architecture is displayed side by side with the ultrasound strain elastogram that can assess muscle hardness. Consequently, muscle architecture can be measured concurrently with muscle hardness using ultrasound strain elastography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the measurement of muscle architecture concurrently with muscle hardness using ultrasound strain elastography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concurrent measurements of muscle architectural parameters (muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) and muscle hardness of the medial gastrocnemius were performed with ultrasound strain elastography. Separate measurements of the muscle architectural parameters were also performed for use as reference values for the concurrent measurements. Both types of measurements were performed twice at 20° dorsiflexion, neutral position, and 30° plantar flexion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coefficients of variance of the muscle architectural parameters obtained from the concurrent measurements (≤7.6%) were significantly higher than those obtained from the separate measurements (≤2.4%) (all P < 0.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients of the architectural parameters were lower in the concurrent measurements (≥0.74) than in the separate measurements (≥0.97). However, there were no significant differences in any muscle architectural parameters between the concurrent and separate measurements (all P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of ultrasound strain elastography for the concurrent measurement of muscle architecture and muscle hardness is feasible.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan chinokentaro@idaten.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chino
authors.affiliation: College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Sports Medicine, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D006244:Hardness / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Fascicle length; Young’s modulus; muscle thickness; pennation angle; real-time elastography; ultrasonography