title: Standard versus accelerated initiation of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury (STARRT-AKI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury is a common and devastating complication of critical illness, for which renal replacement therapy is frequently needed to manage severe cases. While a recent systematic review suggested that "earlier" initiation of renal replacement therapy improves survival, completed trials are limited due to small size, single-centre status, and use of variable definitions to define "early" renal replacement therapy initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an open-label pilot randomized controlled trial. One hundred critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury will be randomly allocated 1:1 to receive "accelerated" initiation of renal replacement therapy or "standard" initiation at 12 centers across Canada. In the accelerated arm, participants will have a venous catheter placed and renal replacement therapy will be initiated within 12 hours of fulfilling eligibility. In the standard initiation arm, participants will be monitored over 7 days to identify indications for renal replacement therapy. For participants in the standard arm with persistent acute kidney injury, defined as a serum creatinine not declining >50% from the value at the time of eligibility, the initiation of RRT will be discouraged unless one or more of the following criteria are fulfilled: serum potassium ≥6.0 mmol/L; serum bicarbonate ≤10 mmol/L; severe respiratory failure (PaO₂/FiO₂<200) or persisting acute kidney injury for ≥72 hours after fulfilling eligibility. The inclusion criteria are designed to identify a population of critically ill adults with severe acute kidney injury who are likely to need renal replacement therapy during their hospitalization, but not immediately. The primary outcome is protocol adherence (>90%). Secondary outcomes include measures of feasibility (proportion of eligible patients enrolled in the trial, proportion of enrolled patients followed to 90 days for assessment of vital status and the need for renal replacement therapy) and safety (occurrence of adverse events).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal timing of renal replacement therapy initiation in patients with severe acute kidney injury remains uncertain, representing an important knowledge gap and a priority for high-quality research. This pilot trial is necessary to establish protocol feasibility, confirm the safety of participants and obtain estimated events rates for design of a large definitive trial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01557361.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 3C1,12 Walter C, Mackenzie Centre, 8440-112 St, Edmonton, NW RILF3 T6G2B7, Canada. bagshaw@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Orla M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Neill K J
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002170:Canada; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016638:Critical Illness; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine