title: Cancer risk estimates from radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis after total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a frequent complication following total hip arthroplasty. This study was conducted to calculate the radiation dose to organs-at-risk and estimate the probability of cancer induction from radiotherapy for HO prophylaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hip irradiation for HO with a 6 MV photon beam was simulated with the aid of a Monte Carlo model. A realistic humanoid phantom representing an average adult patient was implemented in Monte Carlo environment for dosimetric calculations. The average out-of-field radiation dose to stomach, liver, lung, prostate, bladder, thyroid, breast, uterus, and ovary was calculated. The organ-equivalent-dose to colon, that was partly included within the treatment field, was also determined. Organ dose calculations were carried out using three different field sizes. The dependence of organ doses upon the block insertion into primary beam for shielding colon and prosthesis was investigated. The lifetime attributable risk for cancer development was estimated using organ, age, and gender-specific risk coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a typical target dose of 7 Gy, organ doses varied from 1.0 to 741.1 mGy by the field dimensions and organ location relative to the field edge. Blocked field irradiations resulted in a dose range of 1.4-146.3 mGy. The most probable detriment from open field treatment of male patients was colon cancer with a high risk of 564.3 × 10(-5) to 837.4 × 10(-5) depending upon the organ dose magnitude and the patient's age. The corresponding colon cancer risk for female patients was (372.2-541.0) × 10(-5). The probability of bladder cancer development was more than 113.7 × 10(-5) and 110.3 × 10(-5) for males and females, respectively. The cancer risk range to other individual organs was reduced to (0.003-68.5) × 10(-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for cancer induction from radiation therapy for HO prophylaxis after total hip arthroplasty varies considerably by the treatment parameters, organ site in respect to treatment volume and patient's gender and age. The presented risk estimates may be useful in the follow-up studies of irradiated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazonakis
authors.forename: Theoharris
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berris
authors.forename: Efrossyni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyraraki
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damilakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D009928:Organ Specificity; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors