title: Bone formation in calvarial defects by injectable nanoparticular scaffold loaded with stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Calcium phosphates are one of biomaterials that are used for bone regeneration. In this study, calcium phosphate nanoparticles such as hydroxyapatite (HA)/fluorapatite (FA),with chitosan gel filled with unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) were used for healing calvarial bone in rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The healing effects of these injectable scaffolds, with and without stem cells, in bone regeneration were investigated by computed tomography (CT) analysis and pathology assays after 28 days of grafting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of CT analysis showed that bone regeneration on the scaffolds, and the amounts of regenerated new bone for USSC scaffold were significantly greater than the scaffold without cell and untreated controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the combination of scaffold especially with USSC could be considered as a useful method for bone regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Department of Biomaterial Engineering , Tonekabon Branch , Iran +98 1924274415 ; +98 192 427 4411 ; kia_esm@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biazar
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heidari Keshel
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei Tavirani
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jahandideh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology* / Q000293:injuries; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D005782:Gels; D048271:Chitosan; D017886:Durapatite; C020243:calcium phosphate; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C025105:fluorapatite