title: Flexible ureterorenoscopy for lower pole stones: influence of the collecting system's anatomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of renal anatomy on the success rate of flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS) for lower pole stones is less clear than it is on shock wave lithotripsy, for which it is a recognized influence factor. We analyzed safety and efficiency of fURS using modern endoscopes for lower pole stones dependent on the collecting system's configuration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive sample of 111 fURS for lower pole stones at our tertiary care center between January 2010 and September 2012 from our prospectively kept database. All procedures were performed with modern flexible ureterorenoscopes, nitinol baskets, holmium laser lithotripsy, and ureteral access sheaths whenever needed. The infundibular length (IL) and width (IW) and infundibulopelvic angle (IPA) were measured and the data were stratified for stone-free status and complications classified by the Clavien-Dindo scale. Univariate and multifactorial statistical analyses were performed. Correlation of operation time (OR-time) with anatomical parameters was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight (88.3%) of the 111 patients were stone free after a single fURS. On multifactorial analysis, the stone size and IL had significant influence on the stone-free rate (SFR) (p<0.01), whereas IW did not. An acute IPA (<30°) also had significant influence (p=0.01). The incidence of complications and OR-time were not influenced by the pelvicaliceal anatomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  fURS is a safe and efficient treatment option for lower pole kidney stones. A long infundibulum and a very acute IPA (<30°) negatively affect the SFR. However, with second look procedures, a complete stone clearance is achievable even in case of unfavorable anatomic conditions. A narrow infundibulum has no negative effect while using modern endoscopes. The complication rate is not affected by the collecting system's anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sindelfingen-Boeblingen Medical Center, University of Tübingen , Sindelfingen, Germany .
authors.forename: Jan Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jessen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Honeck
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wendt-Nordahl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D007685:Kidney Tubules, Collecting / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D007902:Length of Stay; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D018666:Ureteroscopy