title: Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring.
abstract: The present study was designed to determine the effects of both Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on oxidative stress and trace element levels in the kidney and testis of growing rats from pregnancy to 6 weeks of age. Thirty-two rats and their 96 newborn offspring were equally divided into four different groups, namely, control, 2.45 GHz, 900 MHz, and 1800 MHz groups. The 2.45 GHz, 900 MHz, and 1,800 MHz groups were exposed to EMR for 60 min/day during pregnancy and growth. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks of the experiment, kidney and testis samples were taken from decapitated rats. Results from the fourth week showed that the level of lipid peroxidation in the kidney and testis and the copper, zinc, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant status (TAS) values in the kidney decreased in the EMR groups, while iron concentrations in the kidney as well as vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations in the testis increased in the EMR groups. Results for fifth-week samples showed that iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene concentrations in the kidney increased in the EMR groups, while the GSH and TAS levels decreased. The sixth week results showed that iron concentrations in the kidney and the extent of lipid peroxidation in the kidney and testis increased in the EMR groups, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased. There were no statistically significant differences in kidney chromium, magnesium, and manganese concentrations among the four groups. In conclusion, Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR caused oxidative damage by increasing the extent of lipid peroxidation and the iron level, while decreasing total antioxidant status, copper, and GSH values. Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR may cause precocious puberty and oxidative kidney and testis injury in growing rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Özorak
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazıroğlu
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Çelik
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.forename: Derviş
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Özçelik
authors.forename: Mehmet Okan
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Özkaya
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Çetin
authors.forename: Mehmet Cemal
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kahya
authors.forename: Seyit Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements