title: Progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges for estrus induction and synchronization influences on goats vaginal flora and antimicrobial susceptibility.
abstract: The objective was to characterize vaginal bacteria, their antimicrobial sensitivity, and the incidence of vaginitis, in goats before and after insertion of intravaginal sponges containing progesterone. Sponges were inserted in 37 Saanen goats and removed after 6, 9 or 12d (G6, G9 and G12). At sponge removal, all goats had clinical signs of vaginitis. Sampling was conducted just before sponge insertion and at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after sponge removal. Vaginal secretions were subjected to standard bacteriological procedures, including isolation of bacteria, subculture, and determination of sensitivity to antimicrobials (gentamicin, cefalotin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, penicillin G and cefoxitin). Ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were the most effective for coliforms (100% sensitivity), whereas ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tetracycline were the most effective for cocci (100, 98.6 and 97.2% sensitivity, respectively). In contrast, the least effective antimicrobials were cefalotin for the coliforms, and penicillin for the cocci (37.5 and 64.4% sensitivity, respectively), regardless of duration of implant presence and interval from implant removal to sampling. In conclusion, insertion of intravaginal progestin-impregnated sponges induced clinical vaginitis in goats. Members of Staphylococcus genus were the most frequently recovered species of the vaginal samples cultured, and all isolates were resistant to several antimicrobials.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Hernani Mello 101, Niteroi, RJ 24210-130, Brazil. Electronic address: pennanet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Penna
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Libonati
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Director
authors.forename: Ana Clara
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sarzedas
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Felipe Z
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.forename: Jeferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lilenbaum
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004973:Estrus Synchronization; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011372:Progestins
keywords: Goats; Progestin-impregnated intravaginal sponges; Vaginitis