title: Use of a safe, reproducible, and rapid aerosol delivery method to study infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in mice.
abstract: Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a saprophytic bacterium readily isolated from wet soils of countries bordering the equator. Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted clone of B. pseudomallei that does not persist outside of its equine reservoir and causes the zoonosis glanders, which is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Infection by these organisms typically occurs via percutaneous inoculation or inhalation of aerosols, and the most common manifestation is severe pneumonia leading to fatal bacteremia. Glanders and melioidosis are difficult to diagnose and require prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. There are no vaccines available to protect against either Burkholderia species, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents given that B. mallei has previously been utilized in this manner. Hence, experiments were performed to establish a mouse model of aerosol infection to study the organisms and develop countermeasures. Using a hand-held aerosolizer, BALB/c mice were inoculated intratracheally with strains B. pseudomallei 1026b and B. mallei ATCC23344 and growth of the agents in the lungs, as well as dissemination to the spleen, were examined. Mice infected with 10(2), 10(3) and 10(4) organisms were unable to control growth of B. mallei in the lungs and bacteria rapidly disseminated to the spleen. Though similar results were observed in mice inoculated with 10(3) and 10(4) B. pseudomallei cells, animals infected with 10(2) organisms controlled bacterial replication in the lungs, dissemination to the spleen, and the extent of bacteremia. Analysis of sera from mice surviving acute infection revealed that animals produced antibodies against antigens known to be targets of the immune response in humans. Taken together, these data show that small volume aerosol inoculation of mice results in acute disease, dose-dependent chronic infection, and immune responses that correlate with those seen in human infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lafontaine
authors.forename: Shawn M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Teresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Xiudan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents; D042726:Burkholderia mallei / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016957:Burkholderia pseudomallei / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005896:Glanders / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008554:Melioidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents