title: Dynamic heterogeneity of exercising muscle blood flow and O2 utilization.
abstract: Resolving the bases for different physiological functioning or exercise performance within a population is dependent on our understanding of control mechanisms. For example, when most young healthy individuals run or cycle at moderate intensities, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics are rapid and the amplitude of the VO2 response is not constrained by O2 delivery. For this to occur, muscle O2 delivery (i.e., blood flow × arterial O2 concentration) must be coordinated superbly with muscle O2 requirements (VO2), the efficacy of which may differ among muscles and distinct fiber types. When the O2 transport system succumbs to the predations of aging or disease (emphysema, heart failure, and type 2 diabetes), muscle O2 delivery and O2 delivery-VO2 matching and, therefore, muscle contractile function become impaired. This forces greater influence of the upstream O2 transport pathway on muscle aerobic energy production, and the O2 delivery-VO2 relationship(s) assumes increased importance. This review is the first of its kind to bring a broad range of available techniques, mostly state of the art, including computer modeling, radiolabeled microspheres, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, and phosphorescence quenching to resolve the O2 delivery-VO2 relationships and inherent heterogeneities at the whole body, interorgan, muscular, intramuscular, and microvascular/myocyte levels. Emphasis is placed on the following: 1) intact humans and animals as these provide the platform essential for framing and interpreting subsequent investigations, 2) contemporary findings using novel technological approaches to elucidate O2 delivery-VO2 heterogeneities in humans, and 3) future directions for investigating how normal physiological responses can be explained by O2 delivery-VO2 heterogeneities and the impact of aging/disease on these processes.
authors.affiliation: 1Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, JAPAN; 2Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Turku PET Centre and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, THE NETHERLANDS; and 4Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
authors.forename: Shunsaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.forename: Harry B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Rossiter
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heinonen
authors.forename: Timothy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Musch
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Poole
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008833:Microcirculation; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate