title: A multicentre year-long randomised controlled trial of exercise training targeting physical functioning in men with prostate cancer previously treated with androgen suppression and radiation from TROG 03.04 RADAR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term prostate cancer (PCa) survivors are at increased risk for comorbidities and physical deconditioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of a year-long randomised controlled trial of exercise training in PCa survivors >5 yr postdiagnosis on physical functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2010 and 2011, 100 long-term PCa survivors from Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 03.04 Randomised Androgen Deprivation and Radiotherapy previously treated with androgen-deprivation therapy and radiation therapy were randomly assigned to 6 mo of supervised exercise followed by 6 mo of a home-based maintenance programme (n=50) or printed educational material about physical activity (n=50) for 12 mo across 13 university-affiliated exercise clinics in Australia and New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supervised resistance and aerobic exercise or printed educational material about physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary end point was a 400-m walk as a measure of cardiovascular fitness. Secondary end points were physical function, patient-reported outcomes, muscle strength, body composition, and biomarkers. Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 6 and 12 mo adjusted for baseline values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants undergoing supervised exercise showed improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness performance at 6 mo (-19 s [p=0.029]) and 12 mo (-13 s [p=0.028]) and better lower-body physical function across the 12-mo period (p<0.01). Supervised exercise also improved self-reported physical functioning at 6 (p=.006) and 12 mo (p=0.002), appendicular skeletal muscle at 6 mo (p=0.019), and objective measures of muscle strength at 6 and 12 mo (p<0.050). Limitations included the restricted number of participants undertaking body composition assessment, no blinding to group assignment for physical functioning measures, and inclusion of well-functioning individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supervised exercise training in long-term PCa survivors is more effective than physical activity educational material for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, muscle strength, and self-reported physical functioning at 6 mo. Importantly, these benefits were maintained in the long term with a home-based programme with follow-up at 12 mo.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The effect of an exercise intervention on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in prostate cancer patients from the RADAR study, ACTRN: ACTRN12609000729224.
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia. Electronic address: d.galvao@ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spry
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Newcastle Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denham
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Taaffe
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Prue
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cormie
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia; Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D013997:Time Factors; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL
keywords: Androgen deprivation; Musculoskeletal system; Physical exercise; Physical function; Quality of life; Resistance training