title: Sampling of illicit drugs for quantitative analysis--part II. Study of particle size and its influence on mass reduction.
abstract: The basic goal in sampling for the quantitative analysis of illicit drugs is to maintain the average concentration of the drug in the material from its original seized state (the primary sample) all the way through to the analytical sample, where the effect of particle size is most critical. The size of the largest particles of different authentic illicit drug materials, in their original state and after homogenisation, using manual or mechanical procedures, was measured using a microscope with a camera attachment. The comminution methods employed included pestle and mortar (manual) and various ball and knife mills (mechanical). The drugs investigated were amphetamine, heroin, cocaine and herbal cannabis. It was shown that comminution of illicit drug materials using these techniques reduces the nominal particle size from approximately 600 μm down to between 200 and 300 μm. It was demonstrated that the choice of 1 g increments for the primary samples of powdered drugs and cannabis resin, which were used in the heterogeneity part of our study (Part I) was correct for the routine quantitative analysis of illicit seized drugs. For herbal cannabis we found that the appropriate increment size was larger. Based on the results of this study we can generally state that: An analytical sample weight of between 20 and 35 mg of an illicit powdered drug, with an assumed purity of 5% or higher, would be considered appropriate and would generate an RSDsampling in the same region as the RSDanalysis for a typical quantitative method of analysis for the most common, powdered, illicit drugs. For herbal cannabis, with an assumed purity of 1% THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or higher, an analytical sample weight of approximately 200 mg would be appropriate. In Part III we will pull together our homogeneity studies and particle size investigations and use them to devise sampling plans and sample preparations suitable for the quantitative instrumental analysis of the most common illicit drugs.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Institute Zurich, P.O. Box, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: Michael.Bovens@for-zh.ch.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovens
authors.affiliation: Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 314/4, 1903 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Csesztregi
authors.affiliation: Forensic Equity, 39 Chatsworth Ave, Wokingham, Berkshire RG415EU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franc
authors.affiliation: Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 314/4, 1903 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Police Scientiﬁque, Service Central des Laboratoires, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dujourdy
keywords: Illicit drugs; Mass reduction; Particle size; Quantitative sampling; Sampling; Sampling theory