title: A refined examination of the facial cues contributing to vicarious effects on self-pain and spinal responses.
abstract: Vicarious pain has been shown to enhance observers' nociceptive reactivity and pain perception. We exposed healthy participants to specific parts of facial pain expressions in order to investigate which components are required to induce this modulation. We created 2 classes of stimuli: one containing the most useful information for identification of pain expressions (diagnostic) and one containing the least useful information (antidiagnostic). Twenty-eight normal volunteers received electrical stimulation of the sural nerve immediately after they viewed these stimuli. Subjective ratings (intensity and unpleasantness) as well as the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) evoked by the shock were recorded. Results show that diagnostic stimuli lead to higher subjective ratings of shock pain than the antidiagnostic stimuli, but the stimuli classes had no significant impact on the NFR. A control experiment showed that our facial stimuli were given very low valence and arousal ratings compared to stimuli previously used to demonstrate the effect of emotional pictures on pain. Thus, the results are unlikely to be explained by emotions felt by the observer and suggest a vicarious facilitation of supraspinal pain processing induced by key features underlying pain expressions recognition. Results provide further support to the perception-action model of empathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that visual features that are efficiently used for the recognition of pain expressions are sufficient to induce a vicarious facilitation of self-pain. Supraspinal pain responses were modulated by the informativeness of the areas of the pain expressions that participants viewed prior to the painful stimulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fiset
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Taschereau-Dumouchel
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gosselin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rainville
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Bubbles technique; Nociceptive flexion reflex (RIII reflex); facial expression; intensity; pain modulation; unpleasantness