title: The epidemiology and burden of COPD in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Abstract Background: In the developing world, COPD continues to be an under studied, diagnosed and treated disorder. In the present study, we analyzed the prevalence, mortality and resource utilization of COPD in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in order to guide future research and public policies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed following MOOSE and PRISMA guidance. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, countries' Ministries of Health, proceedings, and doctoral theses from January 1990 to October 2012. We included studies with a validated definition of COPD that assessed the incidence, prevalence, use of health care resources or costs since 1985. Using EROS, a web-based software, pairs of reviewers independently selected, performed quality assessment (using a STROBE-based checklist) and extracted the study data. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Arcsine transformations and random-effects model were used for proportion meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  26 articles met entry criteria. The pooled COPD prevalence defined by GOLD criteria (11 cities, 6 countries) was 13.4% (95%CI, 10.1-17.1). Most patients suffer mild or moderate COPD and were undertreated according to international guidelines. The prevalence increased by age and was 1.75 times higher in men than women. 35 of every 1,000 hospitalizations were due to COPD, most of high economic cost, and the COPD in-hospital mortality ranged from 6.7% to 29.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  COPD burden in LAC is high, especially for men and older persons; however few persons had severe disease. COPD patients often received inappropriate treatment and had high exacerbation and hospitalization rates leading to high economic costs.
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria , Buenos Aires , Argentina.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapponi
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alison
authors.forename: Mazzoni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agustina
authors.forename: Glujovsky
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demián
authors.forename: Cesaroni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silvana
authors.forename: Sobrino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Edgardo
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Prevalence; adult; cost of illness; population surveillance