title: Creatine supplementation associated or not with strength training upon emotional and cognitive measures in older women: a randomized double-blind study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of creatine supplementation, associated or not with strength training, upon emotional and cognitive measures in older woman.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a 24-week, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated into one of the following groups (n=14 each): 1) placebo, 2) creatine supplementation, 3) placebo associated with strength training or 4) creatine supplementation associated with strength training. According to their allocation, the participants were given creatine (4 x 5 g/d for 5 days followed by 5 g/d) or placebo (dextrose at the same dosage) and were strength trained or not. Cognitive function, assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests involving memory, selective attention, and inhibitory control, and emotional measures, assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, were evaluated at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention. Muscle strength and food intake were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the 24-week intervention, both training groups (ingesting creatine supplementation and placebo) had significant reductions on the Geriatric Depression Scale scores when compared with the non-trained placebo group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and the non-trained creatine group (p < 0.001 for both comparison). However, no significant differences were observed between the non-trained placebo and creatine (p = 0.60) groups, or between the trained placebo and creatine groups (p = 0.83). Both trained groups, irrespective of creatine supplementation, had better muscle strength performance than the non-trained groups. Neither strength training nor creatine supplementation altered any parameter of cognitive performance. Food intake remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creatine supplementation did not promote any significant change in cognitive function and emotional parameters in apparently healthy older individuals. In addition, strength training per se improved emotional state and muscle strength, but not cognition, with no additive effects of creatine supplementation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01164020.
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christiano Robles Rodrigues
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto Abujabra
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Merege Filho
authors.forename: Fabiana Braga
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Benatti
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brucki
authors.forename: Rosa Maria R
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Ana Lucia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Sá Pinto
authors.forename: Fernanda Rodrigues
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Hamilton
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roschel
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gualano
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003401:Creatine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055070:Resistance Training; D057566:Self Report; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine