title: Infanticide as a male reproductive strategy has a nutritive risk effect in brown bears.
abstract: Behavioural strategies to reduce predation risk can incur costs, which are often referred to as risk effects. A common strategy to avoid predation is spatio-temporal avoidance of predators, in which prey typically trade optimal resources for safety. Analogous with predator-prey theory, risk effects should also arise in species with sexually selected infanticide (SSI), in which females with dependent offspring avoid infanticidal males. SSI can be common in brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations and explains spatio-temporal segregation among reproductive classes. Here, we show that in a population with SSI, females with cubs-of-the-year had lower quality diets than conspecifics during the SSI high-risk period, the mating season. After the mating season, their diets were of similar quality to diets of their conspecifics. Our results suggest a nutritive risk effect of SSI, in which females with cubs-of-the-year alter their resource selection and trade optimal resources for offspring safety. Such risk effects can add to female costs of reproduction and may be widespread among species with SSI.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, , Vienna 1180, Austria.
authors.forename: S M J G
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steyaert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reusch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunberg
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hackländer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zedrosser
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013548:Sweden; D001503:Ursidae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: brown bear; risk effects; segregation; sexually selected infanticide