title: Inflammatory effects of autologous, genetically modified autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cells after intra-articular injection in horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical and inflammatory joint responses to intra-articular injection of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including autologous, genetically modified autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic cells in horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six five-year-old Thoroughbred mares had one fetlock joint injected with Gey's balanced salt solution as the vehicle control. Each fetlock joint of each horse was subsequently injected with 15 million MSC from the described MSC groups, and were assessed for 28 days for clinical and inflammatory parameters representing synovitis, joint swelling, and pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were not any significant differences between autologous and genetically modified autologous MSC for synovial fluid total nucleated cell count, total protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, fetlock circumference, oedema score, pain-free range-of-motion, and soluble gene products that were detected for at least two days. Allogeneic and xenogeneic MSC produced a greater increase in peak of inflammation at 24 hours than either autologous MSC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetically engineered MSC can act as vehicles to deliver gene products to the joint; further investigation into the therapeutic potential of this cell therapy is warranted. Intra-articular MSC injection resulted in a moderate acute inflammatory joint response that was greater for allogeneic and xenogeneic MSC than autologous MSC. Clinical management of this response may minimize this effect.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Alicia L. Bertone, DVM, PhD, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 380 VMAB, 1900 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, United States, Phone: +1 614 292 6661, Fax: +1 614 688 5642, E-mail: bertone.1@osu.edu.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pigott
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bertone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000145:classification*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
keywords: Mesenchymal stem cell; bone marrow; horse; inflammation