title: Prevalence and associated factors of glaucoma in rural central India. The Central India Eye and Medical Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of glaucoma in rural Central India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population-based Central India Eye and Medical Study is a population-based study performed in a rural region of Central India. The study included 4711 subjects (aged 30+ years). A detailed ophthalmic and medical examination was performed. Glaucoma was defined by glaucomatous optic disc morphology, and in a second step, by the criteria of the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optic disc photographs were available for 4570 (97.0%) subjects. Glaucoma was detected in 122 subjects (51 unilateral) (2.67% (95%CI: 2.20, 3.14). Glaucoma prevalence for the age groups of 30-39yrs, 40-49yrs, 50-59yrs, 60-69yrs, 70-79yrs, and 80+ years was 0.54% (95%CI: 0.11, 0.98), 1.03% (95%CI: 0.49, 1.57), 1.40% (95%CI: 0.58, 2.23), 6.62% (95%CI: 4.92, 8.31), 8.71% (95%CI: 5.55, 11.75), and 14.3% (95%CI: 4.13, 24.4), respectively. In multivariable analysis, glaucoma was associated with higher age (P<0.001), lower body mass index (P = 0.025), lower blood hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.03), higher intraocular pressure (P<0.001), disc hemorrhages (P<0.001), higher prevalence of myopic retinopathy (P<0.001), lower level of education (P = 0.03), longer axial length (P<0.001), thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (P<0.001), higher vertical cup/disc diameter ratio (P<0.001), and narrow anterior chamber angle (P = 0.02). Ratio of open-angle glaucoma to angle-closure glaucoma was 7.7:1 (1.93% (95%CI: 1.64, 2.22) to 0.24% (95%CI: 0.14, 0.34)). Using the ISGEO criteria, glaucoma prevalence was 2.8% (95%CI: 2.3, 3.3) with a less clear association with older age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glaucoma prevalence in remote rural Central India is comparable to other regions. Associated factors were older age, lower body mass index, lower blood concentration of hemoglobin, lower level of education, higher intraocular pressure, disc hemorrhage, myopic retinopathy, and longer axial length. The ratio of open-angle glaucoma to angle-closure glaucoma was about 8:1.
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: Arshia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matin
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhojwani
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Maithili
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khare
authors.forename: Shubhra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Karishma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhate
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.forename: Purna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.forename: Songhomitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda-Jonas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*