title: Loss of the histidine kinase DhkD results in mobile mounds during development of Dictyostelium discoideum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histidine kinases are receptors for sensing cellular and environmental signals, and in response to the appropriate cue they initiate phosphorelays that regulate the activity of response regulators. The Dictyostelium discoideum genome encodes 15 histidine kinases that function to regulate several processes during the multicellular developmental program, including the slug to culmination transition, osmoregulation, and spore differentiation. While there are many histidine kinases, there is only a single response regulator, RegA. Not surprisingly given the ubiquitous involvement of cAMP in numerous processes of development in Dictyostelium, RegA is a cAMP phosphodiesterase that is activated upon receiving phosphates through a phosphorelay. Hence, all of the histidine kinases characterized to date regulate developmental processes through modulating cAMP production. Here we investigate the function of the histidine kinase DhkD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dhkD gene was disrupted, and the resulting cells when developed gave a novel phenotype. Upon aggregation, which occurred without streaming, the mounds were motile, a phenotype termed the pollywog stage. The pollywog phenotype was dependent on a functional RegA. After a period of random migration, the pollywogs attempted to form fingers but mostly generated aberrant structures with no tips. While prestalk and prespore cell differentiation occurred with normal timing, proper patterning did not occur. In contrast, wild type mounds are not motile, and the cAMP chemotactic movement of cells within the mound facilitates proper prestalk and prespore patterning, tip formation, and the vertical elongation of the mound into a finger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We postulate that DhkD functions to ensure the proper cAMP distribution within mounds that in turn results in patterning, tip formation and the transition of mounds to fingers. In the absence of DhkD, aberrant cell movements in response to an altered cAMP distribution result in mound migration, a lack of proper patterning, and an inability to generate normal finger morphology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Charles K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018503:Genome, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D000071677:Histidine Kinase; D010641:Phenotype; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000071677:Histidine Kinase; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases