title: Longitudinal study of respiratory function and symptoms in a non-smoking group of long-term officially-acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution is known to be a leading cause of respiratory symptoms. Many cross-sectional studies reported that air pollution caused respiratory disease in Japanese individuals in the 1960s. Japan has laws regulating air pollution levels and providing compensation for victims of pollution-related respiratory disease. However, long-term changes in respiratory function and symptoms in individuals who were exposed to air pollution in the 1960s have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal respiratory function and symptoms in older, non-smoking, long-term officially-acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 563 officially-acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness living in Kurashiki, Okayama who were aged ≥ 65 years in 2009. Data were retrospectively collected from yearly respiratory symptom questionnaires and spirometry examinations conducted from 2000 to 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Respiratory function declined significantly from 2000 to 2009 (p < 0.01), but the mean annual changes were relatively small. The change in mean vital capacity was -40.5 ml/year in males and -32.7 ml/year in females, and the change in mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second was -27.6 ml/year in males and -23.9 ml/year in females. Dyspnea was the only symptom that worsened significantly from 2000 to 2009 in both sexes (males: p < 0.05, females: p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the high concentrations of air pollutants around 1970 resulted in a decrease in respiratory function and an increase in respiratory symptoms in the study population. From 2000 to 2009, the mean annual changes in respiratory function were within the normal range, even though the severity of dyspnea worsened. The changes in respiratory function and symptoms over the study period were probably due to aging. The laws governing air pollution levels and providing compensation for officially-acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness in Japan may be effective for respiratory disease cause by pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan. tanakataka@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.forename: Yorihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yanagita
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishinakagawa
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.forename: Yudai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kozu
authors.forename: Sumihisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senjyu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking; D013147:Spirometry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants