title: Food choking hazards in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on pediatric food choking risks, with the long-term goal of supporting legislation regulating the production, labeling, and distribution of high-risk foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search (Keywords: choking, obstruction, asphyxiation, foreign body, food) was conducted in July-September 2010 with publication dates ranging from 1966 to 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles related to pediatric foreign body aspiration (FBA) were selected by three independent reviewers. 1145 articles were initially identified. Abstracts were then screened utilizing a tool designed to isolate relevant pediatric choking events; this tool helped to only select abstracts which presented data on patients younger than 18 years of age who had choked on food items. Through this, a total of 72 pertinent articles were isolated (55 observational studies, 17 case reports/series).
  
  
  METHODS
  For each study, patient age, sex, foreign body location, presenting signs and symptoms, utility of radiographic studies, and type of foreign body detected in the majority of study participants were determined. A "majority" of patients for each study was predetermined arbitrarily to be 2/3 of the studied population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of patients in each observational study was determined to be: male (87% of all studies) and age <5 years (95% of all studies). Aspirated foreign bodies were mostly detected in the right main bronchus foreign body (72% of all studies), and there were abnormal radiographic signs (81% of all studies) at the time of evaluation. Food-object foreign bodies were the most frequent factors associated with choking (94% of all studies).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood aspiration of food-objects is a significant public health issue. Although there is substantial legislation regulating non-food items that pose a choking hazard, equivalent guidelines do not exist for high-risk foods. Our study identifies and confirms several risk factors for pediatric FBA events. In doing so, it echoes the concerns and suggestions of various groups in supporting the development of legislation which may reduce the incidence of food-object aspiration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sidell
authors.forename: Irene A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tumaini R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Coker
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Nina L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014132:Trachea; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Asphyxiation; Choking; Food; Foreign body; Obstruction