title: Bone growth, limb proportions and non-specific stress in archaeological populations from Croatia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of environmental factors and, in particular, non-specific stress on the growth patterns of limbs and other body dimensions of children from past populations is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses whether growth of mediaeval and post-mediaeval children aged between 0-11.5 years from Adriatic (coastal) and continental Croatia varies by region and by the prevalence and type of non-specific stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental ages were estimated using the Moorrees, Fanning and Hunt (MFH) scoring method. Growth of long bone diaphyses (femur, tibia, humerus, radius and ulna) was assessed by using a composite Z-score statistic (CZS). Clavicular length was measured as a proxy for upper trunk width, distal metaphyseal width of the femur was measured as a proxy for body mass and upper and lower intra-limb indices were calculated. Differences between sub-sets sampled by (a) region and (b) active vs healed non-specific stress indicators and (c) intra-limb indices were tested by Mann--Whitney U-tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adriatic children attained larger dimensions-per-age than continental children. Children with healed stress lesions had larger dimensions-per-age than those with active lesions. No inter-regional difference was found in intra-limb indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the complexity of growth patterns in past populations and indicate that variation in environmental conditions such as diet and differences in the nature of non-specific stress lesions both exert a significant effect on long bone growth.
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology, Newman Building, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland .
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pinhasi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slaus
mesh_terms: D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D000886:Anthropometry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle / Q000254:growth & development; D017523:Croatia; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000254:growth & development; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011884:Radius / Q000254:growth & development; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000254:growth & development; D014457:Ulna / Q000254:growth & development