title: Withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs: guidelines of the Italian League Against Epilepsy.
abstract: The Italian League Against Epilepsy has issued evidence-based guidelines to help practicing physicians in their decision to stop or withhold antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients achieving a prolonged period of seizure freedom. Six adult and two child neurologists, divided into four pairs, critically appraised 128 published reports and provided graded recommendations answering 15 key questions: length of the seizure-free period after treatment initiation, difference in seizure-free periods in children and adults, electroencephalography (EEG) pattern at the time of discontinuation, etiology of epilepsy, seizure type(s), patient's age and sex, family history of epilepsy, history of febrile seizures, epilepsy syndrome, seizure frequency before entering remission, duration of active epilepsy, tapering period, number and type of AEDs taken at time of discontinuation, combination of risk factors for recurrence, and length of patient monitoring after treatment discontinuation. Based on the available data, the following recommendations can be outlined: (1) antiepileptic treatment might be discontinued after a minimum period of 2 years of seizure freedom; shorter seizure-free periods are associated to a higher risk of relapse; (2) in children, AED discontinuation could be considered after less than two seizure-free years because of a marginally higher risk of relapse for early withdrawal; (3) factors, such as abnormal EEG (including epileptiform abnormalities) at the time of treatment discontinuation, a documented etiology of seizures (including mental retardation, perinatal insults, and abnormal neurologic examination), partial seizures, or an older age at disease onset, enhance the risk of relapse; however, patients should not be encouraged to withhold treatment unless a combination of two or more of these factors is present; (4) female sex, family history of epilepsy, history of febrile seizures, disease length/severity, and number and type of drugs taken should not influence the decision to stop treatment; (5) epilepsy syndrome should be always included in the decision process; (6) slow (at least 6 months) AED discontinuation should be encouraged; in any case the duration of the tapering period should be tailored to the patient's needs and preference; and (7) patient discontinuing treatment should be followed for no <2 years. As a general habit, the decision to stop treatment should be discussed and shared with each patient, taking into account social and personal complications of a seizure relapse and the medical complications of chronic AED treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Institute of Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beghi
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giussani
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iudice
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Neve
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: Luigi M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Specchio
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verrotti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capovilla
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michelucci
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaccara
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; EEG; Epilepsy; Etiology; Seizure; Seizure freedom; Withdrawal