title: Improving aerosol drug delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation with redesigned components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation with an endotracheal tube (ETT) can often benefit from pharmaceutical aerosols; however, drug delivery through the ventilator circuit is known to be very inefficient. The objective of this study was to improve the delivery of aerosol through an invasive mechanical ventilation system by redesigning circuit components using a streamlining approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Redesigned components were the T-connector interface between the nebulizer and ventilator line and the Y-connector leading to the ETT. The streamlining approach seeks to minimize aerosol deposition and loss by eliminating sharp changes in flow direction and tubing diameter that lead to flow disruption. Both in vitro experiments and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were applied to analyze deposition and emitted dose of drug for multiple droplet size distributions, flows, and ETT sizes used in adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental results demonstrated that the streamlined components improved delivery through the circuit by factors ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 compared with a commercial system for adult ETT sizes of 8 and 9 mm. The overall delivery efficiency was based on the bimodal aspect of the aerosol distributions and could not be predicted by median diameter alone. CFD results indicated a 20-fold decrease in turbulence in the junction region for the streamlined Y resulting in a maximum 9-fold decrease in droplet deposition. The relative effectiveness of the streamlined designs was found to increase with increasing particle size and increasing flow, with a maximum improvement in emitted dose of 1.9-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Streamlined components can significantly improve the delivery of pharmaceutical aerosols during mechanical ventilation based on an analysis of multiple aerosol generation devices, ETT sizes, and flows.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering.
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azimi
authors.forename: Laleh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Golshahi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindle
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: T-connector; Y-connector; endotracheal tube; improved aerosol delivery; mechanical ventilation; mesh nebulizer; pharmaceutical aerosols; respiratory drug delivery; streamlined designs