title: Predictors of time to complete toileting for children with spina bifida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research has shown that children with spina bifida use clean intermittent catheterisation for urination, a rather complex procedure that increases the time taken to completion. However, no studies have analysed the factors impacting on the time taken to complete the urination that could inform occupational therapy practice. Therefore, the aim was to identify the variables that predict extended time children with spina bifida take to complete urination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty children, aged 5-18 years old with spina bifida using clean intermittent catheterisation, were observed while toileting and responding to a set of assessments tools, among them the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. A logistic regression was used to identify which variables were independently associated with an extended toileting time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with spina bifida do take long time to urinate. More than half of this study's participants required more than five minutes completing urination, but not all required extended times. Ambulant, independent girls were more likely to perform toileting in less than six minutes compared with other children with spina bifida. However, age, IQ, maintained focus on the task, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, time processing abilities and self-reported ratings of independence appeared to be of no relevance, to predict extended toileting times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To minimise occupational disruption caused by extended toileting times, occupational therapists should utilise the relevant predictors: gender, independence and ambulation when they prioritise children for relevant interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, CHIRI, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gribble
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donlau
authors.forename: Torbjorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falkmer
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014039:Toilet Training; D014546:Urinary Catheterization
keywords: MMC; children; myelomeningocele; occupational disruption; spina bifida; toileting