title: Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO₂: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact role of primary nanoparticle (NP) size and their degree of agglomeration in aerosols on the determination of pulmonary effects is still poorly understood. Smaller NP are thought to have greater biological reactivity, but their level of agglomeration in an aerosol may also have an impact on pulmonary response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of primary NP size and the agglomeration state in aerosols, using well-characterized TiO₂ NP, on their relative pulmonary toxicity, through inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative stress effects in Fisher 344 male rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different sizes of TiO₂ NP, i.e., 5, 10-30 or 50 nm, were inhaled as small (SA) (< 100 nm) or large agglomerates (LA) (> 100 nm) at 20 mg/m³ for 6 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the controls, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) showed that LA aerosols induced an acute inflammatory response, characterized by a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, while SA aerosols produced significant oxidative stress damages and cytotoxicity. Data also demonstrate that for an agglomeration state smaller than 100 nm, the 5 nm particles caused a significant increase in cytotoxic effects compared to controls (assessed by an increase in LDH activity), while oxidative damage measured by 8-isoprostane concentration was less when compared to 10-30 and 50 nm particles. In both SA and LA aerosols, the 10-30 nm TiO₂ NP size induced the most pronounced pro-inflammatory effects compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study showed that initial NP size and agglomeration state are key determinants of nano-TiO₂ lung inflammatory reaction, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induced effects.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noël
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cloutier
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.affiliation: Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul, De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada. truchon.ginette@irsst.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Ginette
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Truchon
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D016207:Cytokines; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium