title: Trauma-related symptoms in Sri Lankan adult survivors after the tsunami: pretraumatic and peritraumatic factors.
abstract: Limited research has addressed factors associated with psychological distress following disasters among non-Western populations. The 2004 tsunami affected 1.7 million people across South Asia and Africa, with considerable variations in trauma-related outcomes. Pretraumatic and peritraumatic conditions associated with trauma-related symptoms in 305 Sri Lankan adult survivors (28% male, aged 18-83 years; mean = 39.9 years; standard deviation = 15.3), clinically assessed 1 month posttsunami, were evaluated retrospectively. Outcome measures were total scores on 11 trauma-related symptoms. Multivariate linear regression analyses tested for associations between pretraumatic and peritraumatic conditions and symptom scores, with peritraumatic conditions adjusted for pretraumatic variables. Pretraumatic conditions of female gender, employment, prior health and social issues, and substance use and peritraumatic conditions of loss of family, witnessing the tsunami, or suffering an injury were associated with trauma-related symptoms. The findings facilitate understanding cultural contexts that define risk factors associated with trauma-related symptoms in Sri Lankans, which are critical for developing culturally appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia cgunaratne@csu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Charini D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gunaratne
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004190:Disasters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D057192:Tsunamis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sri Lanka; adult survivors; cross-cultural; cross-cultural communication; education; natural disasters; occupational and environmental health; population health; psychological/behavioral medicine; public health; trauma; tsunami