title: The frozen shoulder: myths and realities.
abstract: Frozen shoulder is a common, disabling but self-limiting condition, which typically presents in three stages and ends in resolution. Frozen shoulder is classified as primary (idiopathic) or secondary cases. The aetiology for primary frozen shoulder remains unknown. It is frequently associated with other systemic conditions, most commonly diabetes mellitus, or following periods of immobilisation e.g. stroke disease. Frozen shoulder is usually diagnosed clinically requiring little investigation. Management is controversial and depends on the phase of the condition. Non-operative treatment options for frozen shoulder include analgesia, physiotherapy, oral or intra-articular corticosteroids, and intra-articular distension injections. Operative options include manipulation under anaesthesia and arthroscopic release and are generally reserved for refractory cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Macclesfield District General Hospital, Victoria Road, Macclesfield, SK10 3BL, UK.
authors.forename: Mathias Thomas
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Yousaf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waseem
keywords: Frozen shoulder; adhesive capsulitis; arthroscopic release