title: [History of occupational health physician and industrial safety and health law].
abstract: In Japan, an employer of a workplace with 50 or more employees is legally required to assign an occupational health physician. The assignment rate in 2010 was reported as 87.0%. This policy started with the provision of "factory physician"in the Factory Law in 1938, then the Labour Standard Law stipulated "physician hygienist" in 1947, and finally the Industrial Safety and Health Law defined "occupational health physician" in 1972. In 1996, a revision of the law then required those physicians to complete training courses in occupational medicine, as designated by an ordinance. Historically, an on-site physician was expected to cure injuries and to prevent communicable diseases of factory workers. The means of occupational hygienic management by working environment measurements, etc., and of health management by health examinations, etc., were developed. Localized exhaust ventilation and personal protection equipment became widely utilized. Qualification systems for non-medical experts in occupational hygiene were structured, and relationships between employers and occupational health physicians were stipulated in the legislative documents. Currently, the Japan Medical Association and the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan educate and train occupational health physicians, and the Japan Society for Occupational Health maintains a specialized board certification system for these physicians. In the future, additional efforts should be made to strengthen the expertise of occupational health physicians, to define and recognize the roles of non-medical experts in occupational hygiene, to incorporate occupational health services in small enterprises, to promote occupational health risk assessment in the workplace, and to reorganize the current legislation, amended repeatedly over the decades.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
authors.forename: Seichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horie
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007878:Legislation as Topic / Q000639:trends; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000193:education / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D054538:Occupational Health Physicians / Q000266:history* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011009:Pneumoconiosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012955:Societies, Medical