title: Die Fledermaus: regarding optokinetic contrast sensitivity and light-adaptation, chicks are mice with wings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Through adaptation, animals can function visually under an extremely broad range of light intensities. Light adaptation starts in the retina, through shifts in photoreceptor sensitivity and kinetics plus modulation of visual processing in retinal circuits. Although considerable research has been conducted on retinal adaptation in nocturnal species with rod-dominated retinas, such as the mouse, little is known about how cone-dominated avian retinas adapt to changes in mean light intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used the optokinetic response to characterize contrast sensitivity (CS) in the chick retina as a function of spatial frequency and temporal frequency at different mean light intensities. We found that: 1) daytime, cone-driven CS was tuned to spatial frequency; 2) nighttime, presumably rod-driven CS was tuned to temporal frequency and spatial frequency; 3) daytime, presumably cone-driven CS at threshold intensity was invariant with temporal and spatial frequency; and 4) daytime photopic CS was invariant with clock time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Light- and dark-adaptational changes in CS were investigated comprehensively for the first time in the cone-dominated retina of an avian, diurnal species. The chick retina, like the mouse retina, adapts by using a "day/night" or "cone/rod" switch in tuning preference during changes in lighting conditions. The chick optokinetic response is an attractive model for noninvasive, behavioral studies of adaptation in retinal circuitry in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Stell
mesh_terms: D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D017120:Nystagmus, Optokinetic / Q000502:physiology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013045:Species Specificity