title: Clinical assessment of the shoulder.
abstract: The shoulder joint is complex in structure and functionality. It is often difficult to assess clinically due to the great variety of associated pathology. This article presents an overview of the anatomy of the shoulder region and associated pathologies, whilst providing a summary of the clinical examination of the shoulder and associated 'special tests'. A full history is vital when assessing shoulder pathology. No particular test is fully sensitive or specific alone and accuracy varies between both clinicians and patients alike. Assessment of the shoulder should be conducted systematically with a range of tests combined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, East Cheshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Macclesfield District General Hospital, Victoria Road, Macclesfield, SK10 3BL, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashwin
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waseem
keywords: Shoulder assessment; clinical examination; special test.