title: Raman molecular fingerprint of non-structural protein 1 in phosphate buffer saline with gold substrate.
abstract: SERS is a form of Raman spectroscopy that is enhanced with nano-sensing chip as substrate. It can yield distinct biochemical fingerprint for molecule of solids, liquids and gases. Vice versa, it can be used to identify unknown molecule. It has further advantage of being non-invasive, non-contact and cheap, as compared to other existing laboratory based techniques. NS1 has been clinically accepted as an alternative biomarker to IgM in diagnosing viral diseases carried by virus of flaviviridae. Its presence in the blood serum at febrile stage of the flavivirus infection has been proven. Being an antigen, it allows early detection that can help to reduce the mortality rate. This paper proposes SERS as a technique for detection of NS1 from its scattering spectrum. Contribution from our work so far has never been reported. From our experiments, it is found that NS1 protein is Raman active. Its spectrum exhibits five prominent peaks at Raman shift of 548, 1012, 1180, 1540 and 1650 cm(-1). Of these, peak at 1012 cm(-1) scales the highest intensity. It is singled out as the peak to fingerprint the NS1 protein. This is because its presence is verified by the ring breathing vibration of the benzene ring structure side chain molecule. The characteristic peak is found to vary in proportion to concentration. It is found that for a 99% change in concentration, a 96.7% change in intensity is incurred. This yields a high sensitivity of about one a.u. per ppm. Further investigation from the characterization graph shows a correlation coefficient of 0.9978 and a standard error estimation of 0.02782, which strongly suggests a linear relationship between the concentration and characteristic peak intensity of NS1. Our finding produces favorable evidence to the use of SERS technique for detection of NS1 protein for early detection of flavivirus infected diseases with gold substrate.
authors.forename: A R M
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Radzol
authors.forename: Khuan Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mansor
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D016014:Linear Models; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C100315:NS1 protein, Flavivirus; D010710:Phosphates; D012997:Solvents; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D006046:Gold