title: Larger fig wasps are more careful about which figs to enter--with good reason.
abstract: Floral longevity reflects a balance between gains in pollinator visitation and the costs of flower maintenance. Because rewards to pollinators change over time, older flowers may be less attractive, reducing the value of extended longevity. Un-pollinated figs, the inflorescences of Ficus species, can remain receptive for long periods, but figs that are older when entered by their host-specific fig wasp pollinators produce fewer seeds and fig wasp offspring. Our field experiments with Ficushispida, a dioecious fig tree, examined how the length of time that receptive figs have remained un-pollinated influences the behaviour and reproductive success of its short-lived fig wasp pollinator, Ceratosolensolmsi marchali. The results were consistent in three different seasons, and on male and female trees, although receptivity was greatly extended during colder months. Pollinators took longer to find the ostioles of older figs, and longer to penetrate them. They also became increasingly unwilling to enter figs as they aged, and increasing numbers of the wasps became trapped in the ostiolar bracts. Larger individuals were particularly unwilling to enter older figs, resulting in older figs being pollinated by smaller wasps. On female trees, where figs produce only seeds, seed production declined rapidly with fig age. On male trees, the numbers and size of fig wasp offspring declined, and a higher proportion were male. Older male figs are harder to enter, especially for larger individuals, and offer poorer quality oviposition opportunities. This study opens an interesting new perspective on the coevolution of figs and their pollinators, especially factors influencing pollinator body size and emphasises the subtleties of interactions between mutualists.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China ; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Da-Rong
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Yan-Qiong
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D030681:Ficus / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers; D054817:Pollination; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*