title: Longitudinal differences in cognitive functioning among older adults with and without heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary data analyses were conducted to examine cognitive function and longitudinal cognitive decline among older adults with and without heart failure (HF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study were used to compare baseline (N = 2,790) and longitudinal (n = 692) changes in memory, reasoning, and speed of processing performance among participants (M age = 73.61, SD = 5.89) who self-reported HF at baseline, developed HF over time, or never reported HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there were differences in memory and speed of processing with participants who never reported HF performing better than those who reported developing HF over time, and those who reported HF at baseline performing the worst (ps < .05). Longitudinally, participants with self-reported HF at baseline showed declines in reasoning over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that cognitive difficulties in memory and speed may occur prior to a HF diagnosis, while those with HF may experience steeper declines in reasoning as measured by word series test.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: Jessie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alwerdt
authors.forename: Jerri D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Ponrathi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Athilingam
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Elise G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Valdés
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D057566:Self Report; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: cognition; heart failure; longitudinal; random effects models