title: Update on antioxidant micronutrients in the critically ill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate recent evidence on pharmaconutrition with antioxidant micronutrients, for different populations of adult critically ill patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the last few years, different studies have shown that high-dose trace elements and vitamins, especially parenteral selenium and zinc, may be able to improve relevant clinical outcomes in the most seriously ill patients. High-dose selenite monotherapy reduces mortality, particularly when a pharmacological loading dose is given in the early stage of severe sepsis and septic shock. Notwithstanding, the recently published REducing Deaths due to OXidative Stress study using an antioxidant cocktail and parenteral selenite, in addition to standard enteral nutrition, was unable to show any benefits for patients with multiple organ failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence supporting the concept of pharmaconutrition with high-dose micronutrients. Selenium therapy may be able to decrease infections and reduce mortality in sepsis, but more research is needed to better understand pharmacokinetics, optimal composition, timing, duration, and dose of antioxidant cocktails for the critically ill.
authors.affiliation: aFaculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Department of Critical Care, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clínicas (University Hospital), Montevideo, Uruguay bFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada cFaculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Manzanares
authors.forename: Pascal L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Langlois
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D018977:Micronutrients; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc