title: Antiretroviral medication: an emerging category of prescription drug misuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prescription drug abuse has been a focus of public health concern over the past two decades with many studies addressing patterns of narcotic analgesic abuse and diversion. Most research in this domain has centered on controlled substances with known abuse liability. However, the scientific literature has been virtually silent regarding other prescribed medications with previously undocumented addictive potential, such as antiretroviral (ARV) medications for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the available evidence that suggests a growing problem of ARV diversion and abuse and explores the reasons for the misuse of these medications based on the theoretical neuropsychiatric effects of ARVs and the drug-drug interactions between ARVs and other drugs of abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Review of media reports and qualitative studies suggest that ARV medications are emerging drugs of abuse. Claims about the psychoactive effects of ARV medications are supported by scientific case reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article reviews the evidence to date of an emerging problem of diversion and misuse of ARV medications for recreational purposes. Implications of ARV misuse and diversion are discussed with suggestions for future research and intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Glen P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Hilary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Surratt
authors.forename: Frances R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D002188:Cannabis; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003042:Cocaine; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D064226:Prescription Drug Diversion; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003042:Cocaine