title: Is the Whipple procedure harmful for long-term outcome in treatment of chronic pancreatitis? 15-years follow-up comparing the outcome after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy and Frey procedure in chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to report on 15-year long-term results of a randomized controlled trial comparing extended drainage procedure (Frey) and classical resectional procedure [pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PD)] in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic pancreatitis is a common inflammatory disease with a prevalence of 10 to 30 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. It is characterized by the progressive conversion of pancreatic parenchyma to fibrous tissue. Different surgical procedures are used in treatment of persistent pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis with inflammatory mass in the pancreatic head were randomly assigned in 2 treatment groups (PD, n = 32) and (Frey, n = 32). The perioperative course of the randomized controlled trial and the 7 years follow-up have been previously published. All participating patients were contacted with a standardized, validated questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30) to evaluate the long-term survival, quality-of-life pain, and exocrine and endocrine function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 15-year long-term follow-up, the pain control was good and comparable between both groups, but the quality of life was better after Frey procedure in regard of the physical status [PD: 100 (0-100) vs PD: 60 (0-100) (P = 0.011)]. No significant differences in terms of the Pain Score were detected between both groups [PD: 7 (0-100) vs Frey 4 (0-100) P = 0.258]. Seven patients after Frey OP and 6 patients after PD were free of pain. Analyzing the postoperative overall survival, a higher long-term mortality was found after PD (53%) than that found after Frey procedure (30%) resulting in a longer mean survival (14.5 ± 0.8 vs 11.3 ± 0.8 years; P = 0.037). No correlation between endocrine or exocrine pancreatic function and pain was found, whereas continuous alcohol consumption was associated with poorer outcome regarding quality of life (P < 0.001) and pain score (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD and Frey procedure provide good and permanent pain relief and improvement of the quality of life in long-term follow-up. In addition, a longer survival was found after the organ sparing resection. Together with better short-term results, the organ-sparing procedure seems to be favorable in treatment of chronic pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomkoetter
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutup
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Erbes
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vashist
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bockhorn
authors.forename: Jakob R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Izbicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010186:Pancreatic Function Tests; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000601:surgery*; D011708:Pylorus / Q000601:surgery; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome