title: Beneficial effects of vildagliptin on retinal injury in obese type 2 diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vildagliptin is an oral inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, an enzyme mainly responsible for inactivating incretins, and one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, effects of vildagliptin on retinal injury in diabetes remain unclear. We examined here whether oral administration of vildagliptin inhibited gene expression of inflammatory and thrombogenic parameters in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats (OLETF rats), an animal model of obese type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  OLETF rats at 22 weeks of age were given vehicle or 3 mg/kg of vildagliptin for another 10 weeks. Gene expression was analyzed in quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vildagliptin significantly inhibited the increase in body weight and decreased average fasting blood glucose in the OLETF rats. Compared with 22-week-old OLETF rats, gene expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and pigment epithelium-derived factor were significantly increased in the retinas of OLETF rats at 32 weeks of age, all of which were inhibited by treatment with vildagliptin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated for the first time that vildagliptin inhibited inflammatory and thrombogenic reactions in the retinas of obese type 2 diabetic rats. Vildagliptin may play a protective role against diabetic retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Sho-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Sae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
mesh_terms: D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000077597:Vildagliptin
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D000077597:Vildagliptin; D000218:Adamantane