title: Pulmonary toxicity of perfluorinated silane-based nanofilm spray products: solvent dependency.
abstract: A number of cases of pulmonary injury by use of aerosolized surface coating products have been reported worldwide. The aerosol from a commercial alcohol-based nanofilm product (NFP) for coating of nonabsorbing surfaces was found to induce severe lung damage in a recent mouse bioassay. The NFP contained a 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trialkoxysilane (POTS) and the effects were associated with the hydrolyzed forms of the silane; increase in hydrolyzation resulted in faster induction of compromised breathing and induction of lung damage. In this study, the impact of the solvent on the toxicity of POTS has been investigated. BALB/cA mice were exposed to aerosolized water-based NFPs containing POTS, and solutions of hydrolyzed POTS in methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, respectively. No acute respiratory effect was observed at exposure concentrations up to 110 mg/m³ with an aqueous solution of POTS. However, exposure to POTS in methanol resulted in a decrease of the tidal volume--an effect that did not resolve within the recovery period. After 27 min of exposure, the tidal volume had decreased by 25%, indicating partial alveolar collapse. For POTS in ethanol and 2-propanol, a 25% reduction of the tidal volume was observed after 13 and 9 min, respectively; thus, the tidal volume was affected by increase of the chain length. This was confirmed in vitro by investigating lung surfactant function after addition of POTS in different solvents. The addition of vaporized methanol, 2-propanol, or acetone to aerosolized POTS in methanol further exacerbated the tidal volume reduction, demonstrating that the concentration of vaporized solvent participated in the toxicity of POTS.
authors.affiliation: * Danish NanoSafety Centre, National Research Centre for Working Environment (NRCWE), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Asger W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.forename: Jitka S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Jorid B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sørli
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Peder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolkoff
authors.forename: Gunnar D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Søren T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000633:toxicity; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000737:chemistry; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010743:Phospholipids; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; C078272:SF-RI 1, bovine surfactant preparation; D012821:Silanes; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D019840:2-Propanol; D000432:Methanol
keywords: inhalation toxicology; perfluoronated agents; pulmonary or respiratory system; respiratory toxicology.