title: Empirical validation of viral quasispecies assembly algorithms: state-of-the-art and challenges.
abstract: Next generation sequencing (NGS) is superseding Sanger technology for analysing intra-host viral populations, in terms of genome length and resolution. We introduce two new empirical validation data sets and test the available viral population assembly software. Two intra-host viral population 'quasispecies' samples (type-1 human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C virus) were Sanger-sequenced, and plasmid clone mixtures at controlled proportions were shotgun-sequenced using Roche's 454 sequencing platform. The performance of different assemblers was compared in terms of phylogenetic clustering and recombination with the Sanger clones. Phylogenetic clustering showed that all assemblers captured a proportion of the most divergent lineages, but none were able to provide a high precision/recall tradeoff. Estimated variant frequencies mildly correlated with the original. Given the limitations of currently available algorithms identified by our empirical validation, the development and exploitation of additional data sets is needed, in order to establish an efficient framework for viral population reconstruction using NGS.
authors.affiliation: 1] University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Northwest Institute of Bio-Health Informatics, Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, Manchester, UK [2] University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Mattia C F
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Prosperi
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Amanda D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Maureen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goodenow
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salemi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D019065:Virus Assembly