title: The nitrate reductase inhibitor, tungsten, disrupts actin microfilaments in Zea mays L.
abstract: Tungsten is a widely used inhibitor of nitrate reductase, applied to diminish the nitric oxide levels in plants. It was recently shown that tungsten also has heavy metal attributes. Since information about the toxic effects of tungsten on actin is limited, and considering that actin microfilaments are involved in the entry of tungsten inside plant cells, the effects of tungsten on them were studied in Zea mays seedlings. Treatments with sodium tungstate for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h were performed on intact seedlings and seedlings with truncated roots. Afterwards, actin microfilaments in meristematic root and leaf tissues were stained with fluorescent phalloidin, and the specimens were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. While the actin microfilament network was well organized in untreated seedlings, in tungstate-treated ones it was disrupted in a time-dependent manner. In protodermal root cells, the effects of tungsten were stronger as cortical microfilaments were almost completely depolymerized and the intracellular ones appeared highly bundled. Fluorescence intensity measurements confirmed the above results. In the meristematic leaf tissue of intact seedlings, no depolymerization of actin microfilaments was noticed. However, when root tips were severed prior to tungstate application, both cortical and endoplasmic actin networks of leaf cells were disrupted and bundled after 24 h of treatment. The differential response of root and leaf tissues to tungsten toxicity may be due to differential penetration and absorption, while the effects on actin microfilaments could not be attributed to the nitric oxide depletion by tungsten.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis-Dimosthenis S
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Adamakis
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panteris
authors.forename: Eleftherios P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Eleftheriou
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050901:Nitrate Reductase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014414:Tungsten / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D050901:Nitrate Reductase; D014414:Tungsten