title: Phylogenetic relationships among the North American cleomoids (Cleomaceae): a test of Iltis's reduction series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A monophyletic group composed of five genera of the Cleomaceae represents an intriguing lineage with outstanding taxonomic and evolutionary questions. Generic boundaries are poorly defined, and historical hypotheses regarding the evolution of fruit type and phylogenetic relationships provide testable questions. This is the first detailed phylogenetic investigation of all 22 species in this group. We use this phylogenetic framework to assess generic monophyly and test Iltis's evolutionary "reduction series" hypothesis regarding phylogeny and fruit type/seed number. •
  
  
  METHODS
  Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of four plastid intergenic spacer region sequences (rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16, ycf1-rps15, and psbA-trnH) and one nuclear (ITS) region were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among the NA cleomoid species. Stochastic mapping and ancestral-state reconstruction were used to study the evolution of fruit type. •
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both analyses recovered nearly identical phylogenies. Three of the currently recognized genera (Wislizenia, Carsonia, and Oxystylis) are monophyletic while two (Cleomella and Peritoma) are para- or polyphyletic. There was a single origin of the two-seeded schizocarp in the ancestor of the Oxystylis-Wislizenia clade and a secondary derivation of elongated capsule-type fruits in Peritoma from a truncated capsule state in Cleomella. •
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our well-resolved phylogeny supports most of the current species circumscriptions but not current generic circumscriptions. Additionally, our results are inconsistent with Iltis's hypothesis of species with elongated many-seed fruits giving rise to species with truncated few-seeded fruits. Instead, we find support for the reversion to elongated multiseeded fruits from a truncate few-seeded ancestor in Peritoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236 USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Riser
authors.forename: Warren M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Cardinal-McTeague
authors.forename: Jocelyn C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sytsma
authors.forename: Eric H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Roalson
mesh_terms: D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000145:classification*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D011336:Probability
keywords: Carsonia; Cleomaceae; Cleomella; Oxystylis; Peritoma; Wislizenia; fruit evolution; reduction series