title: Cerebellum.
abstract: The cerebellum plays an essential role in movement execution and motor control by modulating the primary motor cortex (M1) through cerebellothalamocortical connections. Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows direct investigations of neural networks by stimulating neural structures noninvasively in humans. The motor evoked potential (MEP) to single-pulse TMS of M1 is used to measure the motor cortical excitability. A conditioning stimulus over the cerebellum preceding a test stimulus of the contralateral M1 enables us to study the cerebellar regulatory effects on M1. In this chapter we describe this cerebellar stimulation method and its usefulness as a diagnostic tool in clinical neurophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Department of Neurology & Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Groiss
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ugawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: TES; TMS; ataxia; ataxic hemiparesis; cerebellar TMS; cerebellar facilitation; cerebellar inhibition; cerebellar stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation