title: Characteristics of fast-food/takeaway-food and restaurant/café-food consumers among New Zealand adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate: (i) the percentage of the New Zealand (NZ) population reporting fast food/takeaway food and restaurant/café food per day; (ii) examine demographic factors associated with their use; (iii) quantify their contribution to energy intake; and (iv) describe the specific types of foods reported from both sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four hour diet recalls from the cross-sectional 2008/09 NZ Adult Nutrition Survey were used to identify fast-food and restaurant-food consumers.
  
  
  METHODS
  NZ households.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged 15 years and older (n 4721).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 28 % reported consuming at least one fast food and 14 % a restaurant food within the 24 h diet recall. Fast-food consumption was not associated with level of education or an area-based measure of socio-economic status, but a higher education was positively associated with restaurant-food consumption. Individual factors such as ethnicity, household size, age, sex and marital status were found to be important influences on the use of fast food and restaurant food. Fast-food consumption was more prevalent among participants living in urban areas, young adults (19-30 years) and Māori compared with NZ European and Others. The most frequently reported fast foods were bread-based dishes, potatoes (including fries) and non-alcoholic beverages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the high reported consumption of fast food by young adults, health promotion initiatives both to improve the nutritional quality of fast-food menus and to encourage healthier food choices would likely make a large impact on the overall diet quality of this group.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56,Dunedin 9054,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Preventive and Social Medicine,University of Otago,Dunedin,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew Robert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56,Dunedin 9054,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Ann
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56,Dunedin 9054,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Winsome Ruth
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Parnell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D012147:Restaurants; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult