title: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge and treated biosolids: effect factors and mass balance.
abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been consistently detected in sewage sludge and treated biosolids. Two hundred and eighty-eight samples including primary sludge (PS), waste biological sludge (WBS) and treated biosolids from fifteen wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Canada were analyzed to investigate the factors affecting accumulation of PBDEs in sludge and biosolids. Factors examined included environmental/sewershed conditions and operational parameters of the WWTPs. PBDE concentrations in PS, WBS and treated biosolids were 230-82,000 ng/g, 530-8800 ng/g and 420-6000 ng/g, respectively; BDE-209,-99, and -47 were the predominant congeners. Concentrations were influenced by industrial input, leachate, and temperature. Several examinations including the measurement of BDE-202 indicated minimal debromination during wastewater treatment. Estimated solids-liquid distribution coefficients were moderately correlated to hydraulic retention time, solids loading rate, mixed liquor suspended solids, solids retention time, and removal of organic solids, indicating that PBDE partitioning to solids can be optimized by WWTPs' operational conditions. Solids treatment type strongly affected PBDE levels in biosolids: 1.5 times increase after solids digestion, therefore, digestion efficiency could be a potential factor for variability of PBDEs concentration. In contrast, alkaline treatment reduced PBDE concentrations in biosolids. Overall, mass balance approaches confirmed that PBDEs were removed from the liquid stream through partitioning to solids. Variability of PBDE levels in biosolids could result in different PBDEs burdens to agricultural land, and different exposure levels to soil organisms.
authors.affiliation: Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd., P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theocharides
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaee
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether
keywords: Biosolids; Mass balance; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Sewage sludge; Sludge treatment; Solids-liquid distribution coefficient