title: Aerodynamic implications of gull's drooped wing-tips.
abstract: When in gliding flight, gulls are observed to adopt a drooped wing-tip configuration. This paper investigates whether this configuration might represent an aerodynamic optimum or if it is the result of constraints imposed by the gull's anatomy. A computational model was developed for the aerodynamic performance of a gull in gliding flight. This model was used in conjunction with both global and local optimizers to determine the most aerodynamically optimal configuration for cases where the gull was constrained to move its wing within its natural flapping cycle as well as when the wing had full freedom of motion. The results of this analysis determined the best wing configuration for a gull in gliding flight and demonstrated that such a configuration not only had the highest lift-to-drag ratio but also could be achieved within the constraints of the kinematics of the gull wing. These results are of interest outside studies of gulls, since the drooped wing-tip configuration could be relevant for new designs of small air vehicles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: W D E
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Allan
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D017276:Friction; D008954:Models, Biological; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*