title: Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in two children with mucopolysaccharidosis VI: clinical and biochemical outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is an autosomal recessive progressive multiorgan disorder due to mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme Arylsulfatase B (ARSB). Dysfunctional ARSB causes lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Currently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is preferred to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) due to the treatment-related risks of the latter. However, ERT constitutes an expensive life-long treatment. Increased experience and safety of SCT-procedures in recent years suggest that SCT should be further explored as a treatment option.This is the first report on haploidentical SCT in patients with MPS VI. The primary objective was to assess the treatment safety and clinical and biochemical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two siblings diagnosed with MPS VI at 10 months of age and at birth with genotype p.C192R, reported as mild to intermediate phenotype, underwent unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation pre-symptomatic. Due to graft failure, both patients were urgently re-transplantated with haploidentical SCT with the father as donor. Continuous clinical and biochemical status was monitored and concluded 3.8 and 4.6 years after the haploidentical SCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Haploidentical SCT resulted in prompt and sustained engraftment. Complete donor chimerism was achieved in both patients, apart from mixed B cells chimerism in patient 2. ARSB activity in leukocytes post transplant increased from 0.0 to 19.0 μkat/kg protein (patient 1) and from 3.6 to 17.9 μkat/kg protein (patient 2) (ref. 17-40). Total urinary GAG normalized in both patients, although patient 2's values slightly exceed normal range since 6 months. However, dermatan sulfaturia was substantially normalized since 16 months and 12 months post-SCT, respectively. Height was -1.85 SD and -1.27 SD at follow-up. Patient 1 had impaired visual acuity and discrete hepatomegaly. Patient 2 had elevated intraocular pressure and X-ray revealed steep acetabular angles and slightly flattened lumbar vertebrae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that young children with MPS VI tolerate haploidentical SCT. Normalization of enzyme production and dermatan sulfaturia indicates correction of the inborn error of metabolism and coincide with no obvious symptoms of progressive MPS VI up to 4.6 years post-SCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. jacek.toporski@skane.se.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Domniki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papadopoulou
authors.forename: Jan-Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Månsson
authors.forename: Albert N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Békássy
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turkiewicz
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toporski
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Øra
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009087:Mucopolysaccharidosis VI / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020051:N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020051:N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-Sulfatase