title: A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance.
abstract: To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
authors.affiliation: Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Geale
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kasari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: FMD antigen banks; emergency vaccination; foot-and-mouth disease; higher potency vaccine; international trade; surveillance