title: Warming intravenous fluids for improved patient comfort in the emergency department: a pilot crossover randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to test if intravenous (IV) fluids warmed to body temperature are associated with greater patient comfort than room temperature IV fluids in adult emergency department (ED) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a pilot double-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial. Enrolled subjects sequentially received boluses of body temperature (36°C) and room temperature (22 °C) IV fluid, with the order of boluses randomized. Each subject's level of discomfort was assessed prior to and after each bolus, using a 10 cm visual analog scale (Discomfort VAS), with higher scores indicating greater discomfort. We calculated the change in Discomfort VAS score associated with body temperature IV fluid (ΔVASbody) and room temperature IV fluid (ΔVASroom) by subtracting the score reported before the bolus from the score reported after that bolus. We compared changes in Discomfort VAS score with body temperature and room temperature IV fluid using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven subjects were included. Treatment with body temperature IV fluid was associated with a significant decrease in discomfort (median ΔVASbody: -0.7 cm; interquartile range (IQR): -4.5 cm to +0.4 cm) compared to room temperature IV fluid (median ΔVASroom: +1.2 cm; interquartile range: -0.1 cm to + 3.6 cm) (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small trial of adult ED patients, infusing IV fluids warmed to body temperature was associated with improved comfort compared to standard, room temperature IV fluids.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Wesley H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Self
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Candace D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: McNaughton
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Storrow
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Slovis
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Collins