title: Are two interviews better than one? eyewitness memory across repeated cognitive interviews.
abstract: Eyewitnesses to a filmed event were interviewed twice using a Cognitive Interview to examine the effects of variations in delay between the repeated interviews (immediately & 2 days; immediately & 7 days; 7 & 9 days) and the identity of the interviewers (same or different across the two repeated interviews). Hypermnesia (an increase in total amount of information recalled in the repeated interview) occurred without any decrease in the overall accuracy. Reminiscence (the recall of new information in the repeated interview) was also found in all conditions but was least apparent in the longest delay condition, and came with little cost to the overall accuracy of information gathered. The number of errors, increased across the interviews, but the relative accuracy of participants' responses was unaffected. However, when accuracy was calculated based on all unique details provided across both interviews and compared to the accuracy of recall in just the first interview it was found to be slightly lower. The identity of the interviewer (whether the same or different across interviews) had no effects on the number of correct details. There was an increase in recall of new details with little cost to the overall accuracy of information gathered. Importantly, these results suggest that witnesses are unlikely to report everything they remember during a single Cognitive Interview, however exhaustive, and a second opportunity to recall information about the events in question may provide investigators with additional information.
authors.affiliation: Research and Documentation Centre, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geralda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Odinot
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: La Rooy
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Millen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult