title: Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is more common for women in both high- and low-income countries giving birth in health facilities, to labour in bed. There is no evidence that this is associated with any advantage for women or babies, although it may be more convenient for staff. Observational studies have suggested that if women lie on their backs during labour this may have adverse effects on uterine contractions and impede progress in labour, and in some women reduce placental blood flow.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of encouraging women to assume different upright positions (including walking, sitting, standing and kneeling) versus recumbent positions (supine, semi-recumbent and lateral) for women in the first stage of labour on duration of labour, type of birth and other important outcomes for mothers and babies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 January 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing women randomised to upright versus recumbent positions in the first stage of labour.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used methods described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions for carrying out data collection, assessing study quality and analysing results. Two review authors independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted data for each study. We sought additional information from trial authors as required. We used random-effects analysis for comparisons in which high heterogeneity was present. We reported results using the average risk ratio (RR) for categorical data and mean difference (MD) for continuous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results should be interpreted with caution as the methodological quality of the 25 included trials (5218 women) was variable.For Comparison 1: Upright and ambulant positions versus recumbent positions and bed care, the first stage of labour was approximately one hour and 22 minutes shorter for women randomised to upright as opposed to recumbent positions (average MD -1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.22 to -0.51; 15 studies, 2503 women; random-effects, T(2) = 2.39, Chi(2) = 203.55, df = 14, (P < 0.00001), I(2) = 93%). Women who were upright were also less likely to have caesarean section (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.94; 14 studies, 2682 women) and less likely to have an epidural (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.99, nine studies, 2107 women; random-effects, T(2) = 0.02, I(2) = 61%). Babies of mothers who were upright were less likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, however this was based on one trial (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.89, one study, 200 women). There were no significant differences between groups for other outcomes including duration of the second stage of labour, or other outcomes related to the well being of mothers and babies.For Comparison 2: Upright and ambulant positions versus recumbent positions and bed care (with epidural: all women), there were no significant differences between groups for outcomes including duration of the second stage of labour, or other outcomes related to the well being of mothers and babies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is clear and important evidence that walking and upright positions in the first stage of labour reduces the duration of labour, the risk of caesarean birth, the need for epidural, and does not seem to be associated with increased intervention or negative effects on mothers' and babies' well being. Given the great heterogeneity and high performance bias of study situations, better quality trials are still required to confirm with any confidence the true risks and benefits of upright and mobile positions compared with recumbent positions for all women. Based on the current findings, we recommend that women in low-risk labour should be informed of the benefits of upright positions, and encouraged and assisted to assume whatever positions they choose.
authors.affiliation: Health & Well Being Service Group and Tropical Health Research Unit for Nursing and Midwifery Practice, The Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Douglas, Queensland, Australia, 4810.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: G Justus
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hofmeyr
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Styles
mesh_terms: D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007747:Labor Stage, First / Q000502:physiology*; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*