title: Are food restriction and pressure-to-eat parenting practices associated with adolescent disordered eating behaviors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations between parental pressure-to-eat and food restriction and adolescent disordered eating behaviors, within a sample of parent-adolescent pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (N = 2,231) and their parents (N = 3,431) participated in two, coordinated, population-based studies designed to examine factors associated with weight and weight-related behaviors in adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, higher levels of pressure-to-eat or food restriction were significantly and positively associated with use of disordered eating behaviors among boys. For every one unit increase [Scale Range: 1 (low control) to 4 (high control)] in mothers' food restriction, boys were twice as likely to engage in extreme weight control behaviors (p ≤ .01). Examination of the association between food-related parenting practices and disordered eating behaviors among girls revealed fewer significant associations. However, analyses revealed that for every one unit increase in mothers' food restriction, girls were 1.33 times more likely to engage in extreme weight control behaviors (p = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings provide evidence of an association between controlling food-related parenting practices and adolescent disordered eating behaviors, particularly in boys. Future longitudinal research is needed to establish directionality of observed associations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: MacLehose
authors.forename: Jayne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fulkerson
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumark-Sztainer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: adolescent; binge eating; child-feeding; cross-sectional; dieting; population-based; pressure-to-eat; restriction; weight control behaviors