title: Improving hand hygiene compliance in healthcare settings using behavior change theories: reflections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hand hygiene is the most effective method for preventing healthcare-associated infections, hand hygiene practice falls short in many healthcare facilities. The compliance rate is mostly linked to system design and easily accessible hand hygiene products. System change, healthcare worker motivation, and complex behavioral considerations seem to play a significant role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article discusses the application of behavioral theories in hand hygiene promotion in a theoretical manner. The program relies on the transtheoretical model (TTM) of health behavior change, John Keller's (ARCS) Model of Motivational Design, and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Thus, the program links attitudes and behavior to hand hygiene promotion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TTM of health behavior change helps to tailor interventions to predict and motivate individual movement across the pathway to change. A program could be based on this theory with multiple intercalations with John Keller's ARCS and the TPB. Such a program could be strengthened by linking attitudes and behavior to promote hand hygiene. The program could utilize different strategies such as organization cultural change that may increase the attention as well as fostering the movement in the ARCS stages. In addition, modeling TPB by creating peer pressure, ability to overcome obstacles, and increasing knowledge of the role of hand hygiene may lead to the desired outcome. The understanding and application of behavior change theories may result in an effective program to improve awareness and raise intention and thus may increase the potential for success of hand hygiene promotion programs.
authors.affiliation: a Specialty Internal Medicine Unit , Saudi Aramco Medica Services Organization , Saudi Aramco , Dharan , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jaffar A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Al-Tawfiq
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pittet
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D006268:Health Facilities; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009042:Motivation; D015279:Organizational Culture; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior