title: Using a mobility assistance dog reduces upper limb effort during manual wheelchair ramp ascent in an individual with spinal cord injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the mechanical and muscular efforts generated in the non-dominant upper limb (U/L) when ascending a ramp with and without the use of a mobility assistance dog (AD(Mob)) in a manual wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participant ascended a ramp at natural speed using his personal wheelchair with (three trials) and without (three trials) his AD(Mob). Movement parameters of the wheelchair, head, trunk, and non-dominant U/L (i.e. hand, forearm, and arm segments) were recorded with a motion analysis system. The orthogonal force components applied on the hand rims by the U/Ls were computed with instrumented wheels. Muscular activity data of the clavicular fibers of the pectoralis major, the anterior fibers of the deltoid, the long head of the biceps brachii, and the long head of the triceps brachii were collected at the non-dominant U/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During uphill propulsion with the AD(Mob), the total and tangential forces applied at the non-dominant handrim, along with the rate of rise of force, were reduced while mechanical efficiency was improved compared to uphill propulsion without the AD(Mob). Similarly, the resultant net joint movements (wrist, elbow, and shoulder) and the relative muscular demands (biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, pectoralis major) decreased during uphill propulsion with an AD(Mob) versus without an AD(Mob).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propelling uphill with the assistance of an AD(Mob) reduces U/L efforts and improves efficiency compared to propelling uphill without its assistance in a manual wheelchair user with a spinal cord injury.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Canada; and School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Dany
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Canada; and School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanchet
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Institut de Réadaptation Gingras-Lindsay-de-Montréal, Canada; and School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martin-Lemoyne
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Institut de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Québec, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Institut de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Québec, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Routhier
authors.affiliation: School of Rehabilitation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Corriveau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D014910:Wheelchairs