title: Male incontinence: onabotulinum toxin A and sacral nerve stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overactive bladder affects 10-12% of men, of which 13% are refractory to medical therapy and seek second-line treatment. This places a substantial clinical and economic burden on the National Health Service United Kingdom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review identifies current evidence for the use of onabotulinum toxin A and sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients who do not respond to optimal medical treatment. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation is not covered here. Clinical and financial implications of the treatments are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The focus will remain on recently published evidence, which may be useful to clinicians managing refractory patients.
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tina G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ockrim
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019468:Disease Management; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A