title: Racial disparities in red meat and poultry intake and breast cancer risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research on the role of red meat and poultry consumption in breast carcinogenesis is inconclusive, but the evidence in African-American (AA) women is lacking. The association between consuming meat and breast cancer risk was examined in the Women's Circle of Health Study involving 803 AA cases, 889 AA controls, 755 Caucasian cases, and 701 Caucasian controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary information was collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from logistic regression models adjusting for potential covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the fourth versus the first quartiles, among Caucasian women, processed meat (OR = 1.48; 95 % CI 1.07-2.04), unprocessed red meat (OR = 1.40; 95 % CI 1.01-1.94), and poultry intakes (OR = 1.42; 95 % CI 1.01-1.99) increased breast cancer risk. Risk associated with poultry intake was more dominant in premenopausal women (OR = 2.33; 95 % CI 1.44-3.77) and for women with ER- tumors (OR = 2.55; 95 % CI 1.29-5.03) in the Caucasian group. Associations in AA women were mostly null except for a significant increased risk trend with processed meat consumption for ER+ tumors (OR = 1.36; 95 % CI 0.94-1.97, p trend = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, associations between breast cancer risk and consumption of red meat and poultry were of different magnitude in AA and Caucasian women, with further differences noted by menopausal and hormone receptor status in Caucasian women. This is the first study to examine racial differences in meat and breast cancer risk and represents some of the first evidence in AA women.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany St, Room 5549-10, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA, chandrur@cinj.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Urmila
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zirpoli
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciupak
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pawlish
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Kitaw
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demissie
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ambrosone
authors.forename: Elisa V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Bandera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011200:Poultry; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult