title: Faces of a changing climate: semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin analysis of grain grown in exceptional climatic conditions in Norway.
abstract: Recent climatological research predicts a significantly wetter climate in Southern Norway as a result of global warming. Thus, the country has already experienced unusually wet summer seasons in the last three years (2010-2012). The aim of this pilot study was to apply an existing multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for the semi-quantitative determination of 320 fungal and bacterial metabolites in Norwegian cereal grain samples from the 2011 growing season. Such knowledge could provide important information for future survey and research programmes in Norway. The method includes all regulated and well-known mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone. In addition, a wide range of less studied compounds are included in the method, e.g., Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids and other metabolites produced by fungal species within Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. Altogether, 46 metabolites, all of fungal origin, were detected in the 76 barley, oats and wheat samples. The analyses confirmed the high prevalence and relatively high concentrations of type-A and -B trichothecenes (e.g., deoxynivalenol up to 7230 µg/kg, HT-2 toxin up to 333 µg/kg). Zearalenone was also among the major mycotoxins detected (maximum concentration 1670 µg/kg). Notably, several other Fusarium metabolites such as culmorin, 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol and avenacein Y were co-occurring. Furthermore, the most prevalent Alternaria toxin was alternariol with a maximum concentration of 449 µg/kg. A number of Penicillium and Aspergillus metabolites were also detected in the samples, e.g., sterigmatocystin in concentrations up to 20 µg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Oslo N-0454, Norway. silvio.uhlig@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uhlig
authors.forename: Gunnar Sundstøl
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: Ingerd Skow
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Hofgaard
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000378:metabolism; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism; D057231:Climate Change; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004876:Ergot Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009664:Norway; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004876:Ergot Alkaloids; D009183:Mycotoxins