title: Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged in recent years as a novel therapy in the treatment of refractory psychiatric disease, including major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Standardized outcome scales were crucial in establishing that DBS was an effective therapy for movement disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to better characterize the evidence supporting DBS for various psychiatric diseases, we performed a pooled analysis of those studies which incorporated specific standardized rating scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was conducted to identify all studies reporting DBS for MDD, OCD, and TS. The search yielded a total of 49 articles, of which 24 were included: 4 related to MDD (n = 48), 10 to OCD (n = 64), and 10 to TS (n = 46).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A meta-analysis of DBS for MDD, OCD, and TS in studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales showed that the outcome scales all improved in a statistically significant fashion for these psychiatric diseases. Our pooled analysis suggests that DBS for TS has the highest efficacy amongst the psychiatric diseases currently being treated with DBS, followed by OCD and MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS for psychiatric diseases remains investigational; however, even when studies failing to incorporate standardized outcome scales are excluded, there is statistically significant evidence that DBS can improve symptoms in MDD, OCD, and TS. Standardized disease-specific outcome scales facilitate pooled analysis and should be a required metric in future studies of DBS for psychiatric disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nangunoori
authors.forename: Nestor D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Tomycz
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Whiting
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome