title: Novel banana peel pectin mediated green route for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their spectral characterization.
abstract: Hydroxyapatite [HAP, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is the main inorganic component of natural bone and is widely used in various biomedical applications. In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of HAP nanoparticles by banana peel pectin mediated green template method. The pectin extracted from the peels of banana and its various concentrations were exploited in our study to achieve a controlled crystallinity, particle size as well as uniform morphology of HAP. The extracted pectin was characterized by spectral techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the functional group analysis, proton-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C NMR) for the identification of H and C atoms in the extracted pectin, respectively. The HAP nanoparticles were synthesized using different concentrations of the as-extracted pectin. The purity, crystallinity and morphology of the as-synthesized HAP nanoparticles were evaluated by FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Moreover the antibacterial activity of HAP nanoparticles was evaluated against the gram positive and negative bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), respectively. The experimental results revealed that the HAP nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of an optimized concentration of pectin are pure, low crystalline, spherical and discrete particles with reduced size. Also, the HAP sample derived in the presence of pectin showed an enhanced antibacterial activity than that of the HAP synthesized in the absence of pectin. Hence, the HAP nanoparticles synthesized using pectin as a green template can act as a good biomaterial for biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamilnadu, India; Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamilnadu, India. Electronic address: dhanaraj_gopi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gopi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanimozhi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhuvaneshwari
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Indira
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kavitha
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D017886:Durapatite / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010368:Pectins; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Banana peels; Green template; HAP nanoparticles; Pectin