title: Prolonged social withdrawal disorder: a hikikomori case in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Japanese term hikikomori means literally 'to be confined'. Social withdrawal can be present in severe psychiatric disorders; however, in Japan, hikikomori is a defined nosologic entity. There have been only a few reported cases in occidental culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a case report of a Spanish man with prolonged social withdrawal lasting for 4 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a case of prolonged social withdrawal not bound to culture, as well as the second case of hikikomori reported in Spain. We propose prolonged social withdrawal disorder as a disorder not linked to culture, in contrast to hikikomori.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further documentation of this disorder is still needed to encompass all cases reported in Japan and around the world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain santiovejero@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ovejero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caro-Cañizares
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: de León-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baca-Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D013030:Spain; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Hikikomori; social isolation; social withdrawal