title: Activation of the Interferon Pathway is Dependent Upon Autoantibodies in African-American SLE Patients, but Not in European-American SLE Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antibodies directed at RNA-binding proteins (anti-RBP) are associated with high serum type I interferon (IFN), which plays an important role in SLE pathogenesis. African-Americans (AA) are more likely to develop SLE, and SLE is also more severe in this population. We hypothesized that peripheral blood gene expression patterns would differ between AA and European-American (EA) SLE patients, and between those with anti-RBP antibodies and those who lack these antibodies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood RNA from 33 female SLE patients and 16 matched female controls from AA and EA ancestral backgrounds was analyzed on Affymetrix Gene 1.0 ST gene expression arrays. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to compare the top differentially expressed canonical pathways amongst the sample groups. An independent cohort of 116 SLE patients was used to replicate findings using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both AA and EA patients with positive anti-RBP antibodies showed over-expression of similar IFN-related canonical pathways, such as IFN Signaling (P = 1.3 × 10(-7) and 6.3 × 10(-11) in AA vs. EA respectively), Antigen Presenting Pathway (P = 1.8 × 10(-5) and 2.5 × 10(-6)), and a number of pattern recognition receptor pathways. In anti-RBP negative (RBP-) patients, EA subjects demonstrated similar IFN-related pathway activation, whereas no IFN-related pathways were detected in RBP-AA patients. qPCR validation confirmed similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that IFN-induced gene expression is completely dependent on the presence of autoantibodies in AA SLE patients but not in EA patients. This molecular heterogeneity suggests differences in IFN-pathway activation between ancestral backgrounds in SLE. This heterogeneity may be clinically important, as therapeutics targeting this pathway are being developed.
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago , Chicago IL , USA.
authors.forename: Kichul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koldobskaya
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Niewold
keywords: ancestral background; autoantibodies; interferon alpha; interferon gamma; systemic lupus erythematosus