title: Dietary calcium intake in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteopenia and increased risk for fractures in IBD result from several factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the dietary intake of calcium in IBD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 22-item quantitative validated frequency food questionnaire was used for quantifying dietary calcium in relation to gender and age, in 187 IBD patients, 420 normal- and 276 diseased controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mann-Whitney, chi-square- and T-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean calcium intake was 991.0 ± 536.0 (105.8% Recommended Daily Allowances) and 867.6 ± 562.7 SD mg/day (93.8% RDA) in healthy and diseased controls, and 837.8 ± 482.0 SD mg/day (92.7% RDA) in IBD, P<0.001. Calcium intake was high in celiac disease (1165.7 ± 798.8 SD mg/day, 120% RDA), and non-significantly lower in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease (798.7 ± 544.1 SD mg/day vs 881.9 ± 433.0). CD and UC females, but not males, had a mean calcium intake well under RDA. In all study groups the intake was lower in patients believing that consumption of lactose-containing food induced symptoms, versus those who did not (105.8% vs 114.3% RDA in normal controls; 100.4% vs 87.6% RDA in IBD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet in IBD patients contained significantly less calcium than in healthy controls. Gender and age, more than diagnosis, are central in determining inadequate calcium intake, more so in IBD. Self-reported lactose intolerance, leading to dietary restrictions, is the single major determinant of low calcium intake. Inadequate calcium intake is present in one third of IBD patients and represents a reversible risk factor for osteoporosis, suggesting the need for tailored nutritional advice in IBD.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: vernia@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vernia
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loizos
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Di Giuseppantonio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiappini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Santi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cannizzaro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: Crohn's disease; Dietary calcium; IBD; Lactose intolerance; Osteoporosis; Ulcerative colitis