title: Finite Element Analysis Examining the Effects of Cam FAI on Hip Joint Mechanical Loading Using Subject-Specific Geometries During Standing and Maximum Squat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) can impose elevated mechanical loading in the hip, potentially leading to an eventual mechanical failure of the joint. Since in vivo data on the pathomechanisms of FAI are limited, it is still unclear how this deformity leads to osteoarthritis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cam FAI on hip joint mechanical loading using finite element analysis, by incorporating subject-specific geometries, kinematics, and kinetics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The research objectives were to address and determine: (1) if hips with cam FAI demonstrate higher maximum shear stresses, in comparison with control hips; (2) the magnitude of the peak maximum shear stresses; and (3) the locations of the peak maximum shear stresses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using finite element analysis, two patient models were control-matched and simulated during quasi-static positions from standing to squatting. Intersegmental hip forces, from a previous study, were applied to the subject-specific hip geometries, segmented from CT data, to evaluate the maximum shear stresses on the acetabular cartilage and underlying bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak maximum shear stresses were found at the anterosuperior region of the underlying bone during squatting. The peaks at the anterosuperior acetabulum were substantially higher for the patients (15.2 ± 1.8 MPa) in comparison with the controls (4.5 ± 0.1 MPa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peaks were not situated on the cartilage, but instead located on the underlying bone. The results correspond with the locations of initial cartilage degradation observed during surgical treatment and from MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the pathomechanism of cam FAI. Changes may originate from the underlying subchondral bone properties rather than direct shear stresses to the articular cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: K C Geoffrey
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rouhi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamontagne
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Beaulé
keywords: cam femoroacetabular impingement; finite element analysis; finite element model; hip; impingement; subject-specific