title: Bone disease in the setting of HIV infection: update and review of the literature.
abstract: The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s has transformed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection into a chronic disease. HIV-infected patients are living longer and are facing several non-AIDS-associated morbidities related with aging, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, osteopenia and fragility fractures. The prevalence of bone disease is higher among HIV-infected subjects. In addition to traditional risk factors, HAART, chronic inflammation and the virus itself have been suggested to contribute to bone loss in the setting of HIV infection. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about risk factors for low bone mineral density in HIV-positive patients as well as current recommendations for fracture screening and treatment in this specific population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. gnunnari@hotmail.com  
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Castronuovo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cacopardo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinzone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Rosa
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martellotta
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schioppa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nunnari
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D015519:Bone Density; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors