title: Compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling of lopinavir in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lopinavir is a highly potent protease inhibitors commonly used in treatment of HIV infection. The drug has a very low bioavailability due to a rapid metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzyme. We aimed to develop a biologically relevant pharmacokinetic model of lopinavir with a description of a CYP3A4-mediated first pass metabolism and enterohepatic circulation (EHC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A theoretical model of lopinavir was developed using the classical pharmacokinetic modeling concept. The model consisted of one compartment with first-order absorption from gastrointestinal (GI) depot and first-order clearance into recycling depot which incorporated into the model structure using ACSLX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lopinavir plasma concentration-time course was successfully simulated against a dataset from the literature. The model had an absorption rate constant (Ka) of 0.991 h(-1), a reabsorption rate constant (K(reabsorb)) of 0.171 h(-1), and a volume of distribution (V/F) of 54.7 L. The 12 hours area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-12h) values from our model simulation compares to the experimental data were 0.8141 µg/ml.h and 0.7058 µg/ml.h, respectively. Maximum plasma concentration of the drug (Cmax) predicted from our model compare to the experimental data were 0.273 µg/ml and 0.442 µg/ml, respectively. While, minimum plasma concentration of the drug (C(trough)) predicted from our model compare to the experimental data were similar at 0.0015 µg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified one compartment with first-order absorption from gastrointestinal (GI) depot and first-order clearance into recycling depot describes a pharmacokinetic of oral single dose of lopinavir 400 mg. The model can also simulate a concentration-time course with a difference dosing and variable which can be used for further describing the pharmacology of the drug interaction when combine with the other drugs.
authors.forename: Khanita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duangchaemkarn
authors.forename: Manupat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lohitnavy
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir