title: Functional convergence of structurally distinct thioesterases from cyanobacteria and plants involved in phylloquinone biosynthesis.
abstract: The synthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in photosynthetic organisms requires a thioesterase that hydrolyzes 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) to release 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA). Cyanobacteria and plants contain distantly related hotdog-fold thioesterases that catalyze this reaction, although the structural basis of these convergent enzymatic activities is unknown. To investigate this, the crystal structures of hotdog-fold DHNA-CoA thioesterases from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis (Slr0204) and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDHNAT1) were determined. These enzymes form distinct homotetramers and use different active sites to catalyze hydrolysis of DHNA-CoA, similar to the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (4-HBA-CoA) thioesterases from Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. Like the 4-HBA-CoA thioesterases, the DHNA-CoA thioesterases contain either an active-site aspartate (Slr0204) or glutamate (AtDHNAT1) that are predicted to be catalytically important. Computational modeling of the substrate-bound forms of both enzymes indicates the residues that are likely to be involved in substrate binding and catalysis. Both enzymes are selective for DHNA-CoA as a substrate, but this selectivity is achieved using divergent predicted binding strategies. The Slr0204 binding pocket is predominantly hydrophobic and closely conforms to DHNA, while that of AtDHNAT1 is more polar and solvent-exposed. Considered in light of the related 4-HBA-CoA thioesterases, these structures indicate that hotdog-fold thioesterases using either an active-site aspartate or glutamate diverged into distinct clades prior to the evolution of strong substrate specificity in these enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Science Innovation and Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Furt
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madzelan
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basset
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology*; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006836:Hydro-Lyases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009284:Naphthols / Q000737:chemistry; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding; D017510:Protein Folding; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D046939:Synechocystis / Q000201:enzymology*; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009284:Naphthols; D009285:Naphthoquinones; C024023:1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D010837:Vitamin K 1; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D006836:Hydro-Lyases; C021853:naphthoate synthetase
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Synechocystis; hotdog fold; phylloquinone; thioesterases; vitamin K