title: Factors associated with proximal carotid axis occlusion in patients with acute stroke and atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are more likely to exhibit proximal carotid axis occlusion than those without AF. However, clinical characteristics associated with proximal arterial occlusion (PAO) in acute stroke patients with AF are not fully known. This study was aimed to elucidate the factors correlated with PAO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke developed in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory and AF who underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 24 h from onset were retrospectively enrolled. Prior users of warfarin were excluded. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the site of arterial occlusion: occlusion at the internal carotid artery (ICA), at the horizontal segment of the MCA (M1), and at the MCA branch or no identifiable occlusion. Clinical characteristics were compared between the 3 groups, and the factors associated with proximal vessel occlusion were evaluated with ordinal logistic regression analysis. All variables identified on univariable analyses with P values less than .1 were entered into the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 244 patients (124 women, median 80 years old [interquartile range 72-87], median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score 16 [7-22]) were studied. MRA was performed median 2.7 h (1.5-8.9) after stroke onset. Occlusion site was the ICA in 34 patients, M1 in 78, and MCA branch or no occlusion in the remaining 132. As the occlusion site was more proximal, patients were older and more female, the initial NIHSS score was higher, levels of d-dimer and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were higher, and histories of heart failure and systemic embolism were more common. On multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.26), advanced age (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.84 for every 10 years), history of systemic embolism (OR 14.9, 95% CI 1.41-157.75), and higher BNP level (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.07 for every 100 pg/mL) were independent factors associated with the risk of occlusion at more proximal arteries. The risk was 2.68-fold higher (95% CI 1.28-5.61) in patients having 2 of the following factors: female sex, age more than 80 years, systemic embolism, and BNP greater than 250 pg/mL; and 4.50-fold (2.11-9.59) higher in those having 3 or 4 of the 4 factors compared with those without any of these factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female sex, advanced age, history of systemic embolism, and higher BNP level were independently associated with more proximal carotid axis occlusion. Patients with AF having these factors may be prone to have relatively large thrombi in the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan. Electronic address: sato.shoichiro@ncvc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuronuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagatsuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoda
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain
keywords: Acute ischemic stroke; arterial occlusion; atrial fibrillation; magnetic resonance angiography