title: Current concepts of contrast-induced nephropathy: a brief review.
abstract: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. Published studies on this condition have dramatically increased in recent years. This article aims to provide a brief literature review. English articles published from 1983 to 2012 were retrieved from PubMed by searching using the term "contrast-induced nephropathy." Patients with CIN were associated with increased resource utilization, prolonged hospital stay, and increased long-term mortality. CIN is defined as a ≥ 0.5 mg/dL rise in serum creatinine or a 25% increase, assessed within 48-72 hours after administration of contrast medium (CM). All patients receiving CM should be evaluated for their CIN risk, especially preexisting kidney disease. The CM should be prewarmed to 37 °C and injected at the lowest possible dose. Repeat injection within 72 hours should be avoided. Either iso-osmolar CM or low-osmolar CM, except ioxaglate or iohexol, can be used in all patients. Iso-osmolar CM iodixanol may be a better choice for high-risk patients with chronic kidney disease requiring intra-arterial administration. Nephrotoxic drugs should be stopped 2 days prior to when the patient undergoes a procedure. All patients receiving CM should be at an optimal volume status. Parenteral isotonic saline without any diuretic should be started 12 hours prior to CM at a rate of 1 mL/kg/h and continued for 24 hours if there is no contraindication. In patients who require shorter volume supplement periods or are at a higher risk, bicarbonate infusion (154 mEq/L, 3 mL/kg/h for 1 hour bolus prior to CM, followed by 1 mL/kg/h for 6 hours) may be used as an alternative to isotonic saline. Oral N-acetylcysteine (600 mg bid, starting on the day prior to the procedure) together with parenteral hydration is suggested for patients at risk. Hemodialysis/hemofiltration is only considered in chronic kidney disease stage 4/5 patients when an access is available. The other medications or techniques for reducing CIN risk are still unclear. CIN is a potentially preventable clinical condition. A careful review of published reports gives us a deeper understanding of CIN and a greater chance of decreasing its risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital-Heping Branch, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chao-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chih-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: N-acetylcysteine; contrast media; contrast-induced acute kidney injury; contrast-induced nephropathy; coronary angiography