title: An in vitro study on focusing fs-laser pulses into ocular media for ophthalmic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate femtosecond (fs)-laser patterns within ocular media for ophthalmic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitreous and crystalline lens tissue from porcine eyes were treated with 2-dimensional fs-laser patterns and inspected under the optical microscope. Time resolved pump-probe experiments were conducted on vitreous tissue and gelatin, which should act as a model for crystalline lens tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within crystalline lens tissue, pulse overlap leads to the formation of large bubbles, which is caused by subsequent energy input from the surrounding plasma channel. This effect can be used for bubble size control. Vitreous tissue behaves similar to water under fs-laser treatment, but it still allows fs-laser cutting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bubble size control by laser bursts may reduce optical side-effects of fs-laser treatment. Furthermore, fs-laser treatment could be used for vitreoretinal applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, Jena, 07743, Germany; Faculty SciTec, Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena, Carl-Zeiß-Promenade 2, Jena, 07745, Germany.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merker
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kammel
authors.forename: Kathleen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kunert
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: cavitation bubble; crystalline lens; femtosecond laser; photodisruption; vitreoretinal surgery; vitreous body