title: Sternal fracture: isolated lesion versus polytrauma from associated extrasternal injuries--analysis of 1,867 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sternal fractures fall into two distinct categories as follows: (1) isolated sternal fracture (ISF) without associated injury and (2) polytrauma sternal fracture (PSF) with associated extrasternal injury. PSF can be sufficiently severe to require hospitalization, while ISF is usually a mild insult manageable in an ambulatory setting. Nonetheless, most patients with ISF are hospitalized. The disconnect between treatment based on existing evidence and actual clinical practice may be caused in large part by the small patient cohorts in published studies conducive to inaccurate conclusions. This article addresses the issue by analyzing prospectively collected data on a far larger population than hitherto available.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Israeli National Trauma Registry (INTR) collects data prospectively on patients admitted to trauma centers in Israel. We analyzed the INTR database on sternal fractures for demographics, mechanisms and severity of injury, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1997 and 2008, the INTR received data on 1,867 consecutive patients hospitalized with sternal fractures. The injury was sustained most often during motor vehicle accidents (84.1%), followed by falls (10.3%) and other blunt or penetrating mechanisms (5.6%). ISF was sustained in 26.4%, and PSF was sustained in 73.6%. Associated injuries involved most parts of the body. Cardiac contusions or lacerations were diagnosed in 1.8% of the 1,867 patients. ISF was associated with a lower incidence of cardiorespiratory compromise, more favorable trauma scores (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score > 14, Revised Trauma Score > 11), and use of fewer intensive care facilities or operations compared with PSF. Endotracheal intubation, chest tube insertion, or thoracotomy was not performed in any ISF patient but was performed in 16.9% of the PSF cohort. The differences between ISF and PSF were statistically significant in all analyzed indices of injury severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study produced compelling evidence that ISF is an identifiable and mild injury. Consequently, pain, the major clinical manifestation of ISF, can usually be treated in outpatient settings. To avoid the inconvenience, risk of complications, and cost associated with hospitalization, discharge from the emergency department merits serious consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level II.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Thoracic Surgery (D.D.O., I.M., R.W., S.P.G., R.L.B.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Thoracic Surgery (M.M.D.), Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery (D.O.D.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Israel National Centre for Trauma and Emergency Research (K.P., A.G., I.R.), Gertner Institute, Tel Hashomer; School of Public Health (K.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.forename: Kobi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peleg
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Givon
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Radomislensky
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makey
authors.forename: Malcolm M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Decamp
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.forename: Sidhu P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gangadharan
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012042:Registries; D013249:Sternum / Q000293:injuries*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult