title: EPA protects against muscle damage in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by promoting a shift from the M1 to M2 macrophage phenotype.
abstract: In dystrophic mdx mice and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, inflammation contributes to myonecrosis. Previously, we demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreased inflammation and necrosis in dystrophic muscle. In the present study, we examined the effects of EPA and the corticoid deflazacort (DFZ) as modulators of M1 (iNOS-expressing cells) and M2 (CD206-expressing cells) macrophages. Mdx mice (14 days old) received EPA or DFZ for 16 days. The diaphragm, biceps brachii and quadriceps muscles were studied. Immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and ELISA assays showed that EPA increased interleucin-10, reduced interferon-γ and was more effective than DFZ in promoting a shift from M1 to M2.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samara Camaçari de
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Leticia Montanholi
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Apolinário
authors.forename: Selma Maria Michelin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Matheus
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Santo Neto
authors.forename: Maria Julia
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011282:Pregnenediones; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C036763:monocyte-macrophage differentiation antigen; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D003402:Creatine Kinase; C021988:deflazacort
keywords: Deflazacort; Dystrophy; EPA; Inflammation; M1 macrophages; M2 macrophages