title: Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study is designed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin (HES) and ellagic acid (EA) against Aeromonas hydrophila. A hydrophila, an uncommon human pathogen, can cause invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals and common clinical presentations in acute gastrointestinal illness, soft-tissue infections and sepsis. The antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants against A. hydrophila have received only cursory attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values in vitro. Moreover, the effects of HES and EA against bacterial colonization were studied in vivo. Also, humoral immune response was tested against A. hydrophila-LPS or A. hydrophila-ECP antigen preparations and the intestinal histopathological alterations were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data revealed that the treatments with HES and EA each had antimicrobial activities against A. hydrophila. Both HES and EA treatments significantly increased anti-LPS IgM levels and reduced anti-LPS and anti-ECP IgA levels to their normal values in comparison to the infected group, which recorded significantly elevated levels two week post-infection. In conclusion, the present data suggest that HES and EA have antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities against murine A. hydrophila infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data warrant clinical studies to delineate HES and EA roles in human infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. Electronic address: elsaad1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdelaziz S A
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Abuelsaad
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.forename: Adnan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Solumani
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D006569:Hesperidin
keywords: Aeromonas; Antimicrobial; Ellagic acid; Hesperidin; Humoral response; Immunomodulating