title: Dietary and urinary metabonomic factors possibly accounting for higher blood pressure of black compared with white Americans: results of International Collaborative Study on macro-/micronutrients and blood pressure.
abstract: Black compared with non-Hispanic white Americans have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and rates of prehypertension/hypertension. Reasons for these adverse findings remain obscure. Analyses here focused on relations of foods/nutrients/urinary metabolites and higher black blood pressure for 369 black compared with 1190 non-Hispanic white Americans aged 40 to 59 years from 8 population samples. Multiple linear regression, standardized data from four 24-hour dietary recalls per person, two 24-hour urine collections, and 8 blood pressure measurements were used to quantitate the role of foods, nutrients, and metabolites in higher black blood pressure. Compared with non-Hispanic white Americans, blacks' average systolic/diastolic pressure was higher by 4.7/3.4 mm Hg (men) and 9.0/4.8 mm Hg (women). Control for higher body mass index of black women reduced excess black systolic/diastolic pressure to 6.8/3.8 mm Hg. Lesser intake of vegetables, fruits, grains, vegetable protein, glutamic acid, starch, fiber, minerals, and potassium, and higher intake of processed meats, pork, eggs, and sugar-sweetened beverages, along with higher cholesterol and higher Na/K ratio, related to in higher black blood pressure. Control for 11 nutrient and 10 non-nutrient correlates reduced higher black systolic/diastolic pressure to 2.3/2.3 mm Hg (52% and 33% reduction in men) and to 5.3/2.8 mm Hg (21% and 27% reduction in women). Control for foods/urinary metabolites had little further influence on higher black blood pressure. Less favorable multiple nutrient intake by blacks than non-Hispanic white Americans accounted, at least in part, for higher black blood pressure. Improved dietary patterns can contribute to prevention/control of more adverse black blood pressure levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 N Lake Shore Dr, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611. j-stamler@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ivan K S
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Queenie
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Anisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wijeyesekera
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Garcia-Perez
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chadeau-Hyam
authors.forename: Timothy M D
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ebbels
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Iorio
authors.forename: Joram
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posma
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People
keywords: African American; blood pressure; eating; nutrients