title: Differences in participation based on self-esteem in power and manual wheelchair users on a university campus: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of self-esteem and wheelchair type with participation of young adult manual and power wheelchair users with diverse physical disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large University Campus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of college students (N = 39) with self-reported physical disabilities who are full time wheelchair users (>40 per week) and are two or more years post illness or injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to measure self-esteem, and the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique was used to measure participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-esteem correlated highly with cognitive independence (CI) (r = 0.58), mobility (r = 0.67) and social integration (SI) (r = 0.52). Use of manual wheelchair was significantly related to higher levels of CI and mobility while longer use of any wheelchair (power or manual) was significantly associated with higher levels of mobility and SI. In addition higher self-esteem independently predicted a significant proportion of the variance in CI, mobility and SI, while type of wheelchair predicted a significant proportion of the variance in CI (p < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High self-esteem was found to be the strongest predictor of participation in a population of young adults with mobility limitations. Better understanding of the factors influencing participation may help to facilitate new interventions to minimize the disparities between persons with disabilities and their able bodied peers. Implication for Rehabilitation A total of 46.8% of wheelchair users report the desire for increased community participant but face significant barriers. The type of wheelchair has been identified as having a large impact on participation. This study found self-esteem to be the strongest predictor of participation, which is notable because self-esteem is a characteristic that is potentially modifiable with treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL , USA .
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Alex W K
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Salentine
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012649:Self Concept; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Community participation; disability; self-esteem; wheelchairs