title: Longitudinal relationships between whole body and central adiposity on weight-bearing bone geometry, density, and bone strength: a pQCT study in young girls.
abstract: Longitudinal relationships between adiposity (total body and central) and bone development were assessed in young girls. Total body and android fat masses were positively associated with bone strength and density parameters of the femur and tibia. These results suggest adiposity may have site-specific stimulating effects on the developing bone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Childhood obesity may impair bone development, but the relationships between adiposity and bone remain unclear. Failure to account for fat pattern may explain the conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Longitudinal associations of total body fat mass (TBFM) and android fat mass (AFM) with 2-year changes in weight-bearing bone parameters were examined in 260 girls aged 8-13 years at baseline. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to measure bone strength index (BSI, square milligrams per quartic millimeter), strength-strain index (SSI, cubic millimeters), and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, milligrams per cubic centimeter) at distal metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions of the femur and tibia. TBFM and AFM were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline TBFM and AFM were positively associated with the change in femur BSI (r = 0.20, r = 0.17, respectively) and femur trabecular vBMD (r = 0.19, r = 0.19, respectively). Similarly, positive associations were found between TBFM and change in tibia BSI and SSI (r = 0.16, r = 0.15, respectively), and femur total and trabecular vBMD (r = 0.12, r = 0.14, respectively). Analysis of covariance showed that girls in the middle thirds of AFM had significantly lower femur trabecular vBMD and significantly higher tibia cortical vBMD than girls in the highest thirds of AFM. All results were significant at p < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas baseline levels of TBFM and AFM are positive predictors of bone strength and density at the femur and tibia, higher levels of AFM above a certain level may impair cortical vBMD growth at weight-bearing sites. Future studies in obese children will be needed to test this possibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 1713 E. University Blvd. #93, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0093, USA, dladdu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deepika R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Laddu
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Farr
authors.forename: Monica J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Laudermilk
authors.forename: Vinson R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Blew
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stump
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Houtkooper
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Going
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*