title: Two neglected biologic risk factors in bone grafting and implantology: high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low serum vitamin D.
abstract: Following a failure of a bone graft or an implant placement, the hypothesis of a biological abnormality is rarely considered as a possible cause. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature for dyslipidemia or vitamin D deficiency may explain this lack of consideration. Excess low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (dyslipidemia) is responsible for a slower bone metabolism or lower dental implant osseointegration. In addition, vitamin D is a key factor for linking innate and adaptive immunity. Both of these factors are compromised under the conditions of vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency slows implant osseointegration and increases the risk of graft infection. Vitamin D is also involved in immune function and therefore allergic reactions.
authors.affiliation: 1  Pain Clinic, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choukroun
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russe
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Testori
authors.forename: Yataro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komiyama
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palacci
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tunali
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choukroun
mesh_terms: D016025:Bone Transplantation; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014807:Vitamin D