title: From genes to milk: genomic organization and epigenetic regulation of the mammary transcriptome.
abstract: Even in genomes lacking operons, a gene's position in the genome influences its potential for expression. The mechanisms by which adjacent genes are co-expressed are still not completely understood. Using lactation and the mammary gland as a model system, we explore the hypothesis that chromatin state contributes to the co-regulation of gene neighborhoods. The mammary gland represents a unique evolutionary model, due to its recent appearance, in the context of vertebrate genomes. An understanding of how the mammary gland is regulated to produce milk is also of biomedical and agricultural importance for human lactation and dairying. Here, we integrate epigenomic and transcriptomic data to develop a comprehensive regulatory model. Neighborhoods of mammary-expressed genes were determined using expression data derived from pregnant and lactating mice and a neighborhood scoring tool, G-NEST. Regions of open and closed chromatin were identified by ChIP-Seq of histone modifications H3K36me3, H3K4me2, and H3K27me3 in the mouse mammary gland and liver tissue during lactation. We found that neighborhoods of genes in regions of uniquely active chromatin in the lactating mammary gland, compared with liver tissue, were extremely rare. Rather, genes in most neighborhoods were suppressed during lactation as reflected in their expression levels and their location in regions of silenced chromatin. Chromatin silencing was largely shared between the liver and mammary gland during lactation, and what distinguished the mammary gland was mainly a small tissue-specific repertoire of isolated, expressed genes. These findings suggest that an advantage of the neighborhood organization is in the collective repression of groups of genes via a shared mechanism of chromatin repression. Genes essential to the mammary gland's uniqueness are isolated from neighbors, and likely have less tolerance for variation in expression, properties they share with genes responsible for an organism's survival.
authors.affiliation: Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Danielle G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lemay
authors.forename: Katherine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Courtneay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freeman Zadrowski
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rijnkels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005796:Genes; D023281:Genomics; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000235:genetics; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones