title: Epidemiology, impact, and treatment options of restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients: an evidence-based review.
abstract: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) (or Willis-Ekbom disease) is a neurological disorder with high prevalence among the end-stage renal disease population. This is one of the most predominant types of secondary RLS, and it is called uremic RLS. Despite the fact that uremic RLS has been less studied compared to idiopathic RLS, recent studies now shed light in many aspects of the syndrome including clinical characteristics, impact, epidemiology, and treatment options. The current review discusses the above topics with special emphasis given on the management of uremic RLS, including the management of symptoms that often appear during a hemodialysis session. Uremic RLS symptoms may be ameliorated by using pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Evidence so far shows that both approaches may be effective in terms of reducing the RLS symptom's severity; nevertheless, more research is needed on the efficiency of treatments for uremic RLS.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus [2] Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, LIVE Lab, Thessaly, Greece.
authors.forename: Christoforos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Giannaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hadjigeorgiou
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, LIVE Lab, Thessaly, Greece [2] Department of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karatzaferi
authors.affiliation: The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Marios C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pantzaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stefanidis
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, LIVE Lab, Thessaly, Greece [2] Department of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece [3] Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Giorgos K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Sakkas
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014511:Uremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy