title: Retinoblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor of childhood. Treatment and diagnostic modalities associated to this condition are changing rapidly as our understanding of this condition crystallizes. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the current understanding of retinoblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knowledge on tumorigenesis and genomic expression has expanded tremendously with the development of a mouse model for retinoblastoma. Tumor hypoxia has been identified as a significant step in the tumor progression and a novel target for future treatments. Current globe-sparing therapies, including periocular carboplatin, selective ophthalmic artery chemoreduction, intravitreal melphalan, and focal consolidation are being used and investigated actively. Diagnosis and the management of retinoblastoma is also undergoing major advances including wide-field photography, autofluorescence, and high-resolution optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Progressive advances in the understanding of retinoblastoma pathogenesis continue to lead treatment strategies. Improvements in the diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma are improving morbidity and mortality associated to this condition in the developed nations. However, it is of outmost importance to flatten the international boundaries to offer prompt care to retinoblastoma children in underdeveloped communities.
authors.affiliation: aMurray Ocular Oncology and Retina bDepartment of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.forename: Ditte J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wildner
authors.forename: Aaron S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy