title: Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the management of HIV, women and men generally undergo the same treatment pathway, with gender differences being given limited consideration. This is in spite of accumulating evidence that there are a number of potential differences between women and men which may affect response to treatment, pharmacokinetics, toxicities and coping. There are also notable psychological, behavioural, social and structural factors that may have a unique impact on women living with HIV (WLWH). Despite our increasing knowledge of HIV and advances in treatment, there are significant gaps in the data relating specifically to women. One of the factors contributing to this situation is the under-representation of women in all aspects of HIV clinical research. Furthermore, there are clinical issues unique to women, including gynaecologic and breast diseases, menopause-related factors, contraception and other topics related to women's and sexual health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using scoping review methodology, articles from the literature from 1980 to 2012 were identified using appropriate MeSH headings reflecting the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. Titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether they were relevant to non-reproductive health in WLWH, and papers meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review summarizes our current knowledge of the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. It suggests that there are a number of gender differences in disease and treatment outcomes, and distinct women-specific issues, such as menopause and co-morbidities, that pose significant challenges to the care of WLWH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on a review of this evidence, outstanding questions and areas where further studies are required to determine gender differences in the efficacy and safety of treatment and other clinical and psychological issues specifically affecting WLWH have been identified. Well-controlled and adequately powered clinical studies are essential to help provide answers to these questions and to contribute to activities aimed at improving the health and wellbeing of WLWH.
authors.affiliation: Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; mona.loutfy@wchospital.ca.
authors.forename: Mona R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Loutfy
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherr
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg-Schwan
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Arminio Monforte
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060728:Reproductive Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: HIV; gender; pharmacokinetics; safety; stigma; women