title: Patient reported differences in dry eye disease between men and women: impact, management, and patient satisfaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dry eye disease affects women twice as often as men, but there is little information on whether dry eye treatments, treatment satisfaction, or the impact of dry eye disease on patients' lives and vision might differ by sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire survey of 4000 participants in the Women's Health Study and the Physicians' Health Studies I and II with a prior report of a diagnosis of DED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among participants who re-confirmed a diagnosis of dry eye disease, we assessed symptoms, treatments, patient satisfaction and impact of dry eye disease, and analyzed differences between men and women using regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final study population consisted of 1,518 women (mean age 70.7 years) and 581 men (mean age 76.7 years), with a mean reported duration of dry eye disease of 10.5 years and 10.1 years, respectively. The frequency and severity of dry eye disease symptoms were higher among women (each P<0.0001), and women reported a greater impact on everyday activities (P<0.0001). Women were more likely to use artificial tears (P<0.0001) use them more often (P<0.0001), and to use Restasis® (P<0.0001), omega-3 fatty acids (P=0.0006), and have punctal occlusion (P=0.005). Women spent more money per month on dry eye treatments (P<0.0001), but reported greater dissatisfaction with treatment side effects (P=0.001), and the amount of time before treatments started working (P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that dry eye disease is generally experienced as being more severe among women, having a greater impact on their self-assessed well-being.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schaumberg
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Jim Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States