title: Red but not white meat consumption is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation in Brazilian middle-aged men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of diet on metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress are not completely known.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study assessed the association of red meat and white meat consumption with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation in Brazilian middle-aged men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 296 subjects (age: 50.5 ± 5.0 years, body mass index: 25.8 ± 3.5 kg/m(2)) were evaluated. Anthropometry, lifestyle features, blood biochemical parameters, diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, a lipid peroxidation marker (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were assessed. Dietary intake was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects included in the highest tertile red meat (≥81.5 g/d) and saturated fatty acid from red meat consumption (≥4.3 g/d) had higher occurrence of central obesity (nearly 60%, p < 0.01), hypertriglyceridaemia (nearly 43%, p < 0.01) and metabolic syndrome (35%, p < 0.01). They also had higher values of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, regardless of interfering factors. There were no associations of highest white meat tertile (≥39.4 g/d) and saturated fatty acid from white meat (≥1.0 g/d) consumption with the assessed parameters (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red meat consumption was cross-sectionally associated with the occurrence of central obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and metabolic syndrome as well as with higher homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations and triglycerides:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. The content of saturated fatty acid from red meat consumption may be a factor that contributed to this relationship, while white meat consumption was not associated with metabolic syndrome and the assessed biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cocate
authors.affiliation: Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio José
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rita de Cássia G
authors.initials: Rde C
authors.lastname: Alfenas
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria do Carmo G
authors.initials: Mdo C
authors.lastname: Peluzio
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giana Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Departament of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliziária C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jéssica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buthers
authors.affiliation: Departament of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departament of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil helenhermana@ufv.br.
authors.forename: Helen Hermana M
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hermsdorff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress
keywords: Meat; abdominal obesity; metabolic syndrome; oxidized LDL