title: A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform construct validation of the population-based Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) using dietary data from two different dietary assessments and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as the construct validator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data derived from (i) three 24 h dietary recalls (24HR) at baseline and at the end of each subsequent quarter (i.e. up to fifteen over a year) and (ii) a 7 d dietary recall (7DDR) measured at baseline and then quarterly, regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of the DII score on serum hs-CRP as dichotomous (≤3 mg/l, >3 mg/l), while controlling for important potential confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing data from the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS), a longitudinal observational study of healthy participants recruited in Worcester, MA, USA and participants were followed for 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants who had at least one hs-CRP measurement over her/his 1-year participation (n 495 for 24HR, n 559 for 7DDR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher DII scores were associated with values of hs-CRP >3 mg/l (OR = 1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·16, P = 0·035 for the 24HR; and OR = 1·10; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·19, P = 0·015 for the 7DDR).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The population-based DII was associated with interval changes in hs-CRP using both the 24HR and 7DDR. The success of this first-of-a-kind attempt at relating individuals' intakes of inflammation-modulating foods using this refined DII, and the finding that there is virtually no drop-off in predictive capability using a structured questionnaire in comparison to the 24HR standard, sets the stage for use of the DII in a wide variety of other epidemiological and clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Suite 241,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Suite 241,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.affiliation: 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Suite 241,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Arnold School of Public Health,University of South Carolina,Columbia,SC,USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.affiliation: 3Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine,Department of Medicine,University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester,MA,USA.
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 4Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,Department of Medicine,University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester,MA,USA.
authors.forename: Ira S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.affiliation: 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Suite 241,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tabung
authors.affiliation: 1Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene Street,Suite 241,Columbia,SC 29208,USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein