title: Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, over one billion children and adolescents live in war-affected settings. At present, only limited research has investigated linkages between disrupted social ecology and adverse mental health outcomes among war-affected youth. In this study, we examine three community-level characteristics - social disorder and collective efficacy within the community, as reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma as reported by youth - in relation to externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms among male and female former child soldiers in postconflict Sierra Leone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 243 former child soldiers (30% female, mean age at baseline: 16.6 years) and their primary caregivers participated in interviews in 2004 and 2008, as part of a larger prospective cohort study of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. Two-point growth models were estimated to examine the relationship between community-level characteristics and externalizing and internalizing outcomes across the time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both social disorder within the community, reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma, reported by youth, positively covaried with youths' externalizing and internalizing scores - indicating that higher levels of each at baseline and follow-up were associated with higher levels of mental health problems at both time points (p < .05). The relationship between collective efficacy and mental health outcomes was nonsignificant (p > .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers a rare glimpse into the role that the postconflict social context plays in shaping the mental health among former child soldiers. Results indicate that both social disorder and perceived stigma within the community demonstrate an important relationship to externalizing and internalizing problems among adolescent ex-combatants. Moreover, these relationships persisted over a 4-year period of follow-up. These results underscore the importance of the postconflict social environment and the need to develop postconflict interventions that address community-level processes in addition to the needs of families and individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Betancourt
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McBain
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012807:Sierra Leone; D012931:Social Environment; D057545:Social Stigma; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Social ecology; child soldiers; externalizing; internalizing; mental health; post-conflict; war