title: Formation and dynamics of a toroidal bubble during laser propelling a cavity object in water.
abstract: We captured stable self-oscillations of a toroidal bubble moving away from a laser propelled cavity object in water using a high-speed imaging system. The entire laser propelling process generates a hemispherical bubble, two toroidal bubbles, and a microbubble cluster. The hemispherical bubble is formed by laser breakdown in water. The toroidal bubbles are formed by the variation of the pressure field as a result of the propagation, reflection, and convergence of the laser plasma shockwave in the cavity.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hong-Chao
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhong-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiao-Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Ni