title: Universal method for protein bioconjugation with nanocellulose scaffolds for increased cell adhesion.
abstract: Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is an emerging biomaterial since it is biocompatible, integrates well with host tissue and can be biosynthesized in desired architecture. However, being a hydrogel, it exhibits low affinity for cell attachment, which is crucial for the cellular fate process. To increase cell attachment, the surface of BNC scaffolds was modified with two proteins, fibronectin and collagen type I, using an effective bioconjugation method applying 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium (CDAP) tetrafluoroborate as the intermediate catalytic agent. The effect of CDAP treatment on cell adhesion to the BNC surface is shown for human umbilical vein endothelial cells and the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2. In both cases, the surface modification increased the number of cells attached to the surfaces. In addition, the morphology of the cells indicated more healthy and viable cells. CDAP activation of bacterial nanocellulose is shown to be a convenient method to conjugate extracellular proteins to the scaffold surfaces. CDAP treatment can be performed in a short period of time in an aqueous environment under heterogeneous and mild conditions preserving the nanofibrillar network of cellulose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: kuzmenko@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Volodymyr
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kuzmenko
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sämfors
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hägg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gatenholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024042:Collagen Type I; D005353:Fibronectins; D009570:Nitriles; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C067292:1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: 1-Cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate; 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; BNC; Bacterial nanocellulose; CDAP; Cell adhesion; Cell morphology; DAPI; ECM; Extracellular matrix; HUVECs; Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; MSCs; Mesenchymal stem cells; Nanocellulose; Protein bioconjugation; TEA; Triethylamine