title: Basal ganglia morphology links the metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors that are often comorbid with depressive symptoms. Individual components of the MetS also covary with the morphology of basal ganglia regions that are altered by depression. However, it remains unknown whether the covariation between the MetS and depressive symptomatology can be accounted for in part by morphological changes in the basal ganglia. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that increased depressive symptoms among individuals with the MetS might be statistically mediated by reduced gray matter volume in basal ganglia regions. The presence of the MetS was determined in 147 middle-aged adults using the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Basal ganglia volumes were determined on an a priori basis by automated segmentation of high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Even after controlling for demographic and other confounding factors, having the MetS and meeting more MetS criteria covaried with reduced globus pallidus volume. Meeting more MetS criteria and reduced pallidal volume were also related to depressive symptoms. Moreover, the MetS-depression association was statistically mediated by pallidal volume. In summary, reduced globus pallidus volume is a neural correlate of the MetS that may partly account for its association with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Ikechukwu C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Onyewuenyi
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: Israel C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.forename: Kirk I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gianaros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: Basal ganglia; Cardiovascular disease; Depression; Metabolic syndrome