title: Novel anticoagulants: bleeding risk and management strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-related gastrointestinal bleeding, summarize the management strategies and highlight the knowledge gaps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban differ from warfarin with their fixed oral dose and no requirement for routine monitoring. Patients at highest risk of thromboembolism benefit most from NOACs; however, there is a clinically significant risk for NOAC-related gastrointestinal bleeding. The management of NOACs in the acute and elective setting differs from that used with warfarin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of gastrointestinal risk is still unclear because of paucity of literature. Current risk-stratification models are incomplete and cannot be used solely to predict future risk. The periendoscopic management requires an understanding of drug half-life, metabolism and patient's ability to excrete the agent. Acute bleeding management relies on fluid resuscitation to promote renal excretion of active metabolite, withholding the doses and timely management of endoscopic stigmata. The administration of coagulation factors (fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrates or recombinant activated FVII) is more successful in reversing the activity of the upstream inhibitors of coagulation (rivaroxaban and apixaban) than dabigatran which is a direct thrombin inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona bHouston Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Neena S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin