title: The market dynamics of generic medicines in the private sector of 19 low and middle income countries between 2001 and 2011: a descriptive time series analysis.
abstract: This observational study investigates the private sector, retail pharmaceutical market of 19 low and middle income countries (LMICs) in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East/South Africa analyzing the relationships between volume market share of generic and originator medicines over a time series from 2001 to 2011. Over 5000 individual pharmaceutical substances were divided into generic (unbranded generic, branded generic medicines) and originator categories for each country, including the United States as a comparator. In 9 selected LMICs, the market share of those originator substances with the largest decrease over time was compared to the market share of their counterpart generic versions. Generic medicines (branded generic plus unbranded generic) represent between 70 and 80% of market share in the private sector of these LMICs which exceeds that of most European countries. Branded generic medicine market share is higher than that of unbranded generics in all three regions and this is in contrast to the U.S. Although switching from an originator to its generic counterpart can save money, this narrative in reality is complex at the level of individual medicines. In some countries, the market behavior of some originator medicines that showed the most temporal decrease, showed switching to their generic counterpart. In other countries such as in the Middle East/South Africa and Asia, the loss of these originators was not accompanied by any change at all in market share of the equivalent generic version. For those countries with a significant increase in generic medicines market share and/or with evidence of comprehensive "switching" to generic versions, notably in Latin America, it would be worthwhile to establish cause-effect relationships between pharmaceutical policies and uptake of generic medicines. The absence of change in the generic medicines market share in other countries suggests that, at a minimum, generic medicines have not been strongly promoted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America ; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Warren A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Veronika J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057915:Drug Substitution / Q000191:economics*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics*; D049674:History, 21st Century; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic