title: Co-existence of classical and alternative activation programs in macrophages responding to Toxoplasma gondii.
abstract: Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages are critical for defense against intracellular pathogens while alternatively-activated M2 macrophages mediate tissue homeostasis and repair. Whether these distinct activation programs are mutually exclusive or can co-exist within the same cell is unclear. Here, we report the co-existence of these programs in Toxoplasma gondii-elicited inflammatory macrophages. This is independent of parasite expression of the virulence factor ROP16 and host cell expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Furthermore, this observation was recapitulated by IFN-γ and IL-4 treated bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. These results highlight the multi-functionality of macrophages as they respond to diverse microbial and endogenous stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Veerupaxagouda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Yanlin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
authors.forename: Suhagi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Leah M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rommereim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bzik
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ 07101, USA. Electronic address: yapgs@njms.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Yap
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015800:Protozoan Proteins
keywords: Alternative activation; Classical activation; Macrophage; Toxoplasma gondii; Virulence factor