title: Periodontal disease is an independent predictor of intracardiac calcification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory condition worldwide and is associated with incident coronary disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that periodontal disease would also be associated with cardiac calcification, a condition which shares many risk factors with atherosclerosis and is considered a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study at two sites (USA and Japan) involving subjects with both clinical echocardiograms and detailed dental examinations. Semiquantitative scoring systems were used to assess severity of periodontal disease and echocardiographic calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six of 73 subjects (77%) had cardiac calcifications, and 51% had moderate to severe periodontal disease (score > 2). In unadjusted analysis, a significant relationship between periodontal score and cardiac calcification (Spearman rho = 0.4, P = 0.001) was noted, with increases in mean calcification score seen across increasing levels of periodontal disease. On multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for age, gender, race, glomerular filtration rate, and traditional risk factors, this association remained significant (P = 0.024). There was no significant interaction by study site, race, or gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a multiracial population, we found a significant association between the degree of periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory condition, and cardiac calcification. Further, higher periodontal scores were associated with greater degrees of calcification.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein Medical Center and Jefferson Medical College, 5501 Old York Road, Levy, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
authors.forename: Gregg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pressman
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qasim
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyamae
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arishiro
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Notohara
authors.forename: Vitalie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Crudu
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Figueredo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States