title: Ductus venosus closure results in transient portal hypertension--is this the silent trigger for necrotizing enterocolitis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The etiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains elusive and no definite trigger has been identified. There are no studies to date examining the potential role of closure of the ductus venosus (DV), its effect on increasing portal venous pressure (PVP) and its association to mesenteric venous ischemia in the development of NEC. Our aim was to develop an animal model to examine this physiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen near-term lambs were used. The DV was occluded in experimental animals by a balloon tip catheter, while the sham controls underwent catheterization without DV occlusion. Vital signs and PVP were monitored for 4h, followed by intestinal biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental group (n=5) demonstrated a significant increase in PVP following DV occlusion (11.87 mm Hg [95% CI: 11.40-12.34]), compared to controls (8.95 mm Hg [95% CI: 8.34-9.56]) (F=12.16, p=0.001). Histology of the terminal ileum showed vacuolar degeneration, indicative of reversible cellular damage in the experimental group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that DV closure in the neonatal lamb leads to transient portal hypertension which is associated with cellular damage and inflammatory changes of the intestinal mucosa. Additional studies will be necessary to determine if the transient portal hypertension following DV closure leads to clinically apparent intestinal ischemia and NEC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Mustafa N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sulemanji
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azpurua
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Potanos
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.forename: Shaun M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kunisaki
authors.forename: Biren
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Heung Bae
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000196:embryology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005318:Fetal Heart; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology; D007082:Ileum / Q000473:pathology; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012756:Sheep; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: ANOVA; CVP; DA; DV; Ductus venosus; NEC; Necrotizing enterocolitis; PVP; Portal venous pressure; SaO(2); TUNEL; TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling; analysis of variance; central venous pressure; ductus arteriosus; ductus venosus; necrotizing enterocolitis; oxygen saturation; portal venous pressure