title: Anatomical evidence that the superior colliculus controls saccades through central mesencephalic reticular formation gating of omnipause neuron activity.
abstract: Omnipause neurons (OPNs) within the nucleus raphe interpositus (RIP) help gate the transition between fixation and saccadic eye movements by monosynaptically suppressing activity in premotor burst neurons during fixation, and releasing them during saccades. Premotor neuron activity is initiated by excitatory input from the superior colliculus (SC), but how the tectum's saccade-related activity turns off OPNs is not known. Since the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF) is a major SC target, we explored whether this nucleus has the appropriate connections to support tectal gating of OPN activity. In dual-tracer experiments undertaken in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), cMRF neurons labeled retrogradely from injections into RIP had numerous anterogradely labeled terminals closely associated with them following SC injections. This suggested the presence of an SC-cMRF-RIP pathway. Furthermore, anterograde tracers injected into the cMRF of other macaques labeled axonal terminals in RIP, confirming this cMRF projection. To determine whether the cMRF projections gate OPN activity, postembedding electron microscopic immunochemistry was performed on anterogradely labeled cMRF terminals with antibody to GABA or glycine. Of the terminals analyzed, 51.4% were GABA positive, 35.5% were GABA negative, and most contacted glycinergic cells. In summary, a trans-cMRF pathway connecting the SC to the RIP is present. This pathway contains inhibitory elements that could help gate omnipause activity and allow other tectal drives to induce the bursts of firing in premotor neurons that are necessary for saccades. The non-GABAergic cMRF terminals may derive from fixation units in the cMRF.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, Periodontics and Preventive Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, Neurology, and Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.
authors.forename: Niping
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D013477:Superior Colliculi / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*