title: Upper body central venous catheters in pediatric cardiac surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A central venous catheter located in the jugular or subclavian vein provides rapid, reliable vascular access for pediatric heart surgery. However, intravascular catheters are associated with vessel injury. Stenosis or thrombosis of central veins in the upper body can lead to 'superior vena cava syndrome' with markedly elevated venous pressures in the head and neck, causing facial swelling and headaches. This complication may be especially serious for patients with superior cavopulmonary (Glenn) or total cavopulmonary (Fontan) circulation. The authors hypothesized that upper body central line placement would be associated with a low risk of venous thrombosis or stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-year retrospective review of infant and univentricular cardiac procedures at a single institution was performed. Two hundred and thirty-five consecutive cardiac surgical patients <1 year of age or undergoing palliation for univentricular cardiac anatomy up to five years of age during January 2010 to December 2012 were included in this study. Upper body central lines are routinely placed by the anesthesiologist after induction of anesthesia for pediatric cardiac surgery at the study institution. The major exception is existing central venous access via an umbilical vein or femoral vein. Patients <2 years of age received a 4.0-French, 5-cm double-lumen central line [Cook Medical polyurethane, no antibiotic or heparin coating]. Those over two years of age received a 5.0-French, 8-cm triple lumen central line [Cook Medical polyurethane, no antibiotic or heparin coating]. A retrospective review of charts, hospital reports, echocardiographic studies, and cardiac catheterization studies was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined population of infants <1 year of age and patients <5 years of age with functional univentricular hearts totaled 235 patients who underwent 261 cardiac surgical operations. In this cohort of 261 cases, 171 size 4.0 or 5.0-French upper body central lines were inserted. A total of 158 right internal jugular vein catheters were placed. Two left internal jugular lines, two left subclavian lines, and nine right subclavian lines were placed in this population after failure to obtain right internal jugular access. Due to the small sample size (N = 13), the central lines not placed in the right internal jugular vein were excluded from further review. Two cases with right internal jugular venous lines were excluded due to death (without known stenosis or thrombosis) with the line in place. Twenty-three size 4.0- or 5.0-French right internal jugular central venous lines were placed in patients over one year of age (range 1.1-4.3 years) having modified Glenn- or Fontan-type surgery. The central lines were removed with a median of 1.4 days after insertion (range 0.7-8.2 days) for these older children, compared with a median of 4.2 days of age (range 0.3-19.3 days) for the 133 children <1 year of age. Retrospective chart review of nursing notes, progress notes, cardiology notes, discharge summaries, echocardiographic reports, and cardiac catheterization reports for all patients who received an upper body central venous line (internal jugular or subclavian) showed no definitive diagnosis of an upper body venous stenosis or thrombosis related to the central venous line. A further targeted review of echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization studies for univentricular cardiac patients failed to show stenosis or thrombosis of a vessel associated with upper body central line placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes one institution's experience with routine upper body central venous catheter placement for neonatal and infant cardiac surgery as well as univentricular cardiac palliation (Glenn and Fontan procedures) with minimal risk of clinically significant catheter-associated vessel thrombosis or stenosis. No upper body central venous stenosis or thrombosis was detected in association with perioperative catheter placement in the upper body central venous system, primarily the right internal jugular vein in 156 cases. Right internal jugular central line placement for infant cardiac surgery can be utilized with a low risk of direct venous thrombosis or stenosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, Tampa, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Dien N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Janet H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: J Blaine
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Vener
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000379:methods*; D062905:Central Venous Catheters; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007601:Jugular Veins; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013350:Subclavian Vein; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: CVP lines; congenital heart disease; infant; invasive monitors; morbidity; pediatric cardiac surgery