title: Memory, mood, and vitamin D in persons with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in recent years has suggested a role of vitamin D in the central nervous system. The final converting enzyme and the vitamin D receptor are found throughout the human brain. From animal studies vitamin D appears important in neurodevelopment, up-regulation of neurotrophic factors, stabilization of mitochondrial function, and antioxidation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between serum vitamin D and neuropsychiatric function in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an add-on study to a longitudinal study following neuropsychiatric function in persons with PD. Baseline neuropsychiatric performance and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were examined for 286 participants with PD. Measures of global cognitive function (MMSE, MOCA, Mattis Dementia Scale), verbal memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test), fluency (animals, vegetables, and FAS words), visuospatial function (Benton Line Orientation), executive function (Trails Making Test and Digit-Symbol Substitution), PD severity (Hoehn & Yahr and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) and depression (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) were administered. Multivariate linear regression assessed the association between vitamin D concentration and neuropsychiatric function, in the entire cohort as well as the non-demented and demented subsets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a multivariate model, higher vitamin D concentrations were associated with better performance on numerous neuropsychiatric tests in the non-demented subset of the cohort. Significant associations were specifically found between vitamin D concentration and verbal fluency and verbal memory (t = 4.31, p < 0.001 and t = 3.04, p = 0.0083). Vitamin D concentrations also correlated with depression scores (t = -3.08, p = 0.0083) in the non-demented subset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher plasma vitamin D is associated with better cognition and better mood in this sample of PD patients without dementia. Determination of causation will require a vitamin D intervention study.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Research, Education & Clinical Center (PADRECC), Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Amie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Murchison
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zabetian
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Leverenz
authors.forename: G Stennis
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montine
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Gene L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Parkinson's disease; cognition; dementia; depression; vitamin D