title: A comparison of recording modalities of P300 event-related potentials (ERP) for brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A brain-computer interface aims at restoring communication and control in severely disabled people by identification and classification of EEG features such as event-related potentials (ERPs). The aim of this study is to compare different modalities of EEG recording for extraction of ERPs. The first comparison evaluates the performance of six disc electrodes with that of the EMOTIV headset, while the second evaluates three different electrode types (disc, needle, and large squared electrode).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers gave informed consent and were randomized to try the traditional EEG system (six disc electrodes with gel and skin preparation) or the EMOTIV Headset first. Together with the six disc electrodes, a needle and a square electrode of larger surface were simultaneously recording near lead Cz. Each modality was evaluated over three sessions of auditory P300 separated by one hour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statically significant effect was found for the electrode type, nor was the interaction between electrode type and session number. There was no statistically significant difference of performance between the EMOTIV and the six traditional EEG disc electrodes, although there was a trend showing worse performance of the EMOTIV headset. However, the modality-session interaction was highly significant (P<0.001) showing that, while the performance of the six disc electrodes stay constant over sessions, the performance of the EMOTIV headset drops dramatically between 2 and 3h of use. Finally, the evaluation of comfort by participants revealed an increasing discomfort with the EMOTIV headset starting with the second hour of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study does not recommend the use of one modality over another based on performance but suggests the choice should be made on more practical considerations such as the expected length of use, the availability of skilled labor for system setup and above all, the patient comfort.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMR805, centre d'investigation clinique et d'innovation technologique (CICIT), hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, 104, boulevard Raymond-Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; EA4497, université Versailles Saint-Quentin (UVSQ), Versailles, France; UVSQ, hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, Garches, France; Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: louis.mayaud@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayaud
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Congedo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Laghenhove
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orlikowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figère
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azabou
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cheliout-Heraut
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain-computer interface; Casque d’électroencéphalographie; EEG headset; Event related potentials; Interface cerveau-ordinateur; Needle electrode; P300; Potentiels évoqués; Électrode aiguille