title: Breast surgery under local anesthesia: second-stage implant exchange, nipple flap reconstruction, and breast augmentation.
abstract: Breast reconstruction can be performed safely with local anesthesia. Utilization of the star flap method in conjunction with tattooing successfully provides optimal aesthetic results without the need for an additional donor site. When tissue expander to silicon implant exchange is part of the operative plan, use of triple antibiotic irrigation as well as the Keller Funnel is recommended. Breast augmentation and breast augmentation-mastopexy can also be performed with good results under local anesthetic in a private operating room setting. All other operative conditions, including sterility and sound operative surgical techniques, should be the mainstay of any practice.
authors.affiliation: Capital Area Plastic Surgery of New York, 377 Church Street, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. Electronic address: jkoumanis@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dimitri J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Koumanis
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colque
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Eisemann
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D018427:Breast Implants; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008408:Mastectomy; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D013524:Surgical Flaps
keywords: Areola; Breast reconstruction; Implant exchange; Local anesthesia; Nipple; Nipple-areola complex (NAC); Silicon breast implant; Star flap