title: MYC amplification and overexpression in primary cutaneous angiosarcoma: a fluorescence in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: MYC, a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 8q24, is involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Previous studies have documented high-level MYC gene amplification and MYC overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in post-irradiation angiosarcomas, but not in primary cutaneous angiosarcoma (AS-C) or in other radiation-associated vascular proliferations, such as atypical vascular lesions. Prompted by our recent finding of MYC amplification in a primary hepatic AS, we analyzed a large number of well-characterized AS-C for MYC amplification and protein overexpression. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from 38 AS-C were retrieved from our archives and were examined by IHC analysis and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), using a commercially available antibody and probe. For FISH analysis, the number of copies of MYC was compared with the control gene, CEN8 (MYC/CEN8 ratio). All cases occurred on sun-exposed skin; no patient was known to have a history of therapeutic irradiation. Possible associations between survival and a wide variety of clinicopathological variables were evaluated using the log-rank test. By IHC analysis, MYC overexpression was present in 9/38 (24%) AS-C (2-3+: 6 cases, 16%; 1+: 3 cases, 8%). By FISH analysis, 2/5 (40%) informative cases with 2-3+ immunostaining showed high-level gene amplification. One additional case with 3+ immunostaining showed higher level aneusomy of chromosome 8 (5-8 MYC and CEN8). Two out of fourteen (14%) IHC-negative cases also carried MYC amplification (one high level and one lower level). Low copy number gain of chromosome 8 (3-5 MYC and CEN8) was observed in AS-C with or without MYC expression. MYC amplification and MYC protein overexpression were not correlated with clinical outcome. We have shown, for the first time, MYC gene amplification and protein overexpression in primary (non-radiation-associated) AS of the skin. MYC protein overexpression in cases lacking gene amplification likely reflects other mechanisms of MYC activation. The study of a larger number of AS-C showing MYC amplification may be necessary to determine whether the behavior of such cases differs from their more common non-amplified counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Wonwoo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shon
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Sukov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Folpe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006394:Hemangiosarcoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc