title: Multilevel analysis of the association between posterior restorations and gingival health in young adults: a population-based birth cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of direct posterior restorations with gingival bleeding and dental calculus in young adults from a birth cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample (n = 720) of 5914 infants born live in Pelotas, Brazil, in 1982, were prospectively investigated, and posterior restorations and periodontal health outcomes assessed when they were 24 years of age. Tooth-level exploratory variables included the presence and number of restoration's surfaces. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics, oral health instructions, dental floss usage, dental caries presence and smoking were also considered whilst gingival bleeding and dental calculus were the outcomes. Multilevel logistic regression was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class I cavities were found in 15.2% (95% CI 14.5-15.9) of the teeth and class II in 3.6% (3.3-4.0). Percentage of teeth with gingival bleeding was 6.1% (5.6-6.6) and that with dental calculus 22% (21.2-22.8). Even after all the individual variables were controlled for, the presence of a class I [OR1.51 (1.14-2.00)] and class II [OR 1.76 (1.04-2.97)] cavities was positively associated with gingival bleeding. Class I [OR1.36 (1.13-1.65)] and Class II [OR1.80 (1.28-2.53)] cavities were associated with dental calculus also.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior restoration and higher number of restored surfaces was associated with a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus around the restoration.
authors.affiliation: Post-graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Fernando
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Demarco
authors.forename: Marcos Britto
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.forename: Aluísio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Karen Glazer
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peres
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amalgam; calculus; cohort; composite; epidemiology; gingival bleeding