title: A history of shoulder surgery.
abstract: Shoulder surgery has emerged from being a marginalised sub-speciality to being an area of much research and advancement within the last seventy years. This has been despite the complexity of the joint, and success majorly rests on parallel development of biomedical technology. This article looks at the past and present of shoulder surgery and discusses future directions in the speciality.
authors.affiliation: Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waseem
keywords: Orthopaedic surgery; arthroplasty; arthroscopy; biological therapy; proximal humeral fractures; rotator cuff; shoulder instability; shoulder surgery; stem cell therapy.