title: Quantifying discipline practices using absolute versus relative frequencies: clinical and research implications for child welfare.
abstract: In the parent intervention outcome literatures, discipline practices are generally quantified as absolute frequencies or, less commonly, as relative frequencies. These differences in methodology warrant direct comparison as they have critical implications for study results and conclusions among treatments targeted at reducing parental aggression and harsh discipline. In this study, we directly compared the absolute frequency method and the relative frequency method for quantifying physically aggressive, psychologically aggressive, and nonaggressive discipline practices. Longitudinal data over a 3-year period came from an existing data set of a clinical trial examining the effectiveness of a psychosocial treatment in reducing parental physical and psychological aggression and improving child behavior (N = 139). Discipline practices (aggressive and nonaggressive) were assessed using the Conflict Tactics Scale. The two methods yielded different patterns of results, particularly for nonaggressive discipline strategies. We suggest that each method makes its own unique contribution to a more complete understanding of the association between parental aggression and intervention effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lindhiem
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kolko
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: discipline; externalizing behavior; measurement; parenting