title: Cyclic changes and relationship between peripheral and endometrial NK cells from women with repeated failure after artificial insemination by donor sperm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclic changes of peripheral natural killer (pNK) cells and/or endometrial NK (eNK) cells during menstrual cycle remain controversial, and their relationship remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood and endometrial biopsies were simultaneously obtained from women (n = 23) undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID) for at least three cycles at both proliferative (days 9-11) and secretory phases (days 20-23) of menstrual cycle. The percentages of CD3(-) CD56(+), CD3(-) CD56(dim) CD16(+), CD3(-) CD56(bright) CD16(-) pNK, and eNK cell subsets within lymphocytes were determined by three-color flow cytometry. The correlation between the percentages of pNK and eNK cells was further analyzed by Spearman's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of CD3(-) CD56(+), CD3(-) CD56(dim) CD16(+), and CD3(-) CD56(bright ) CD16(-) pNK cells were not statistically different between the proliferative and secretory phases (P > 0.05, respectively). However, the percentages of CD3(-) CD56(+) and CD3(-) CD56(bright ) CD16(-) eNK cells were significantly decreased at the secretory phase, compared with those in the proliferative phase (P < 0.05, respectively). No correlation between the percentages of all pNK cell parameters and those of CD3(-) CD56(bright ) CD16(-) eNK cells (the major subset of NK cells in uterus) was found in the same women throughout the menstrual cycle (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a menstrual-cycle-dependent change in the percentage of eNK cells in women undergoing AID treatment, but not pNK cells. Moreover, the percentage of pNK cells may not reflect that of eNK cells during menstrual cycle.
authors.affiliation: Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hospital for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwak-Kim
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000276:immunology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D010507:Periodicity; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D017211:Treatment Failure; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD
keywords: Endometrium; flow cytometry; natural killer cell; peripheral blood