title: Procyanidins from evening primrose (Oenothera paradoxa) defatted seeds inhibit invasiveness of breast cancer cells and modulate the expression of selected genes involved in angiogenesis, metastasis, and apoptosis.
abstract: There is a growing interest in plant polyphenols (including flavanols) that exhibit pleiotropic biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Here, we report for the first time the inhibition of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell viability and invasiveness by an evening primrose flavanol preparation (EPFP). We observed a decrease in MDA-MB-231 viability of 50% vs. a control after 72 h of incubation with EPFP at a concentration of 58 μM gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and an inhibition of their invasiveness of 65% vs. a control at 75 μM GAE after 48 h of incubation. EPFP caused a 10-fold reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity at 100 μM GAE. Furthermore, through modulation of mRNA expression, EPFP reduced the expression levels of the following proteins: antiapoptotic Bcl-2, angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and 2 transcription factors (c-Jun, c-Fos). Moreover, analysis by flow cytometry revealed that EPFP induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, our data shows that EPFP inhibits cell viability by increasing apoptosis and decreases cell invasiveness by decreasing angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Enzymology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lewandowska
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szewczyk
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Owczarek
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hrabec
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podsędek
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sosnowska
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hrabec
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018890:Chemoprevention; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D031664:Oenothera / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; D044946:Biflavonoids; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9