title: Effects of water flow rate on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket bonded to enamel surface after Er:YAG laser ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of water flow rate on enamel surface roughness and shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets after Er:YAG laser ablation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is well known that external water supply is a fundamental requirement for Er:YAG laser efficiency on dental hard tissues. However, there is no consensus considering the water flow rate used during Er:YAG laser ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty sound human upper premolar teeth were used in the present study. Seventy-six teeth were assigned into four groups according to surface treatments. The 37% phosphoric acid-etched group served as the control. Er:YAG laser irradiation was performed in three subgroups with water flow rates of 25, 36, and 48 mL/min, respectively. All specimens were subjected to a SBS test. One specimen from each different surface treatment modality was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the SBS value of each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the control group had the highest SBS value, statistically no significant differences were found among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Er:YAG laser application with a water flow rate of 48 mL/min produced better enamel surface alterations without any thermal damage to yield higher SBS values.
authors.affiliation: 1 Private Orthodontist , Mersin, Turkey .
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Topcuoglu
authors.forename: Ridvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oksayan
authors.forename: K Ebru
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ademci
authors.forename: Merve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goymen
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usumez
authors.forename: Aslihan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Usumez
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D001641:Bicuspid; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D033081:Shear Strength; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C516047:Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer; D014867:Water