title: The effect of breast hypertrophy on patient posture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the reasons women with macromastia chose to undergo a breast reduction is to relieve their complaints of back, neck, and shoulder pain. We hypothesized that changes in posture after surgery may be the reason for the pain relief and that patient posture may correlate with symptomatic macromastia and may serve as an objective measure for complaints. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of reduction mammaplasty on the posture of women with macromastia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective controlled study at a university medical center. Forty-two patients that underwent breast reduction were studied before surgery and an average of 4.3 years following surgery. Thirty-seven healthy women served as controls. Standardized lateral photos were taken. The inclination angle of the back was measured. Regression analysis was performed for the inclination angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperatively, the mean inclination angle was 1.61 degrees ventrally; this diminished postoperatively to 0.72 degrees ventrally. This change was not significant (P-value=0.104). In the control group that angle was 0.28 degrees dorsally. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the inclination was dependent on body mass index (BMI) and having symptomatic macromastia; on multiple regression it was only dependent on BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inclination angle of the back in breast reduction candidates is significantly different from that of controls; however, this difference is small and probably does not account for the symptoms associated with macromastia. Back inclination should not be used as a surrogate "objective" measure for symptomatic macromastia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lapid
authors.forename: E Joline
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Groof
authors.forename: Leonard Umc
authors.initials: LU
authors.lastname: Corion
authors.forename: Mark Jc
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smeulders
authors.forename: Chantal Mam
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van der Horst
keywords: Back pain; Gigantomastia; Kyphosis