title: A model of memory impairment in schizophrenia: cognitive and clinical factors associated with memory efficiency and memory errors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Memory impairments in patients with schizophrenia have been associated with various cognitive and clinical factors. Hallucinations have been more specifically associated with errors stemming from source monitoring failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a broad investigation of verbal memory and visual memory as well as source memory functioning in a sample of patients with schizophrenia. Various memory measures were tallied, and we studied their associations with processing speed, working memory span, and positive, negative, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Superficial and deep memory processes were differentially associated with processing speed, working memory span, avolition, depression, and attention disorders. Auditory/verbal and visual hallucinations were differentially associated with specific types of source memory error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We integrated all the results into a revised version of a previously published model of memory functioning in schizophrenia. The model describes the factors that affect memory efficiency, as well as the cognitive underpinnings of hallucinations within the source monitoring framework.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Research and Development, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Spain. Electronic address: gildas.brebion@pssjd.org.
authors.forename: Gildas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brébion
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.forename: Ruth I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ohlsen
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001244:Association; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning
keywords: Hallucinations; Memory; Processing speed; Schizophrenia; Source monitoring