title: Cryptogenic stroke: how to define it? How to treat it?
abstract: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Cryptogenic strokes (CS) account for almost a quarter of ischemic strokes despite modern diagnostic evaluation. A working definition of CS based on stroke classification systems is essential for accurate conceptualization of this common entity. Mechanistic categories (potential paradoxical embolism; atherosclerotic disease of the aorta or supra-aortic vasculature; and occult arrhythmia) should aide in parsing the often heterogeneous mix of conditions included in the CS subtype. Despite efforts to unravel mechanisms of CS, specific or targeted recurrent stroke prevention strategies are lacking. For example, recent trials have shown no clear benefit of patent foramen ovale closure in stroke prevention after CS. There are promising ongoing clinical trials that will address appropriate diagnostic evaluations in CS as well as novel therapeutic interventions. Overall, a standardized approach must be framed to diagnose and manage patients with CS and guide clinical practice and future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lakeshore Drive, Abbott Hall-Suite 1417, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Ava L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Liberman
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants