title: In vivo analysis of Lrig genes reveals redundant and independent functions in the inner ear.
abstract: Lrig proteins are conserved transmembrane proteins that modulate a variety of signaling pathways from worm to humans. In mammals, there are three family members - Lrig1, Lrig2, and Lrig3--that are defined by closely related extracellular domains with a similar arrangement of leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin domains. However, the intracellular domains show little homology. Lrig1 inhibits EGF signaling through internalization and degradation of ErbB receptors. Although Lrig3 can also bind ErbB receptors in vitro, it is unclear whether Lrig2 and Lrig3 exhibit similar functions to Lrig1. To gain insights into Lrig gene functions in vivo, we compared the expression and function of the Lrigs in the inner ear, which offers a sensitive system for detecting effects on morphogenesis and function. We find that all three family members are expressed in the inner ear throughout development, with Lrig1 and Lrig3 restricted to subsets of cells and Lrig2 expressed more broadly. Lrig1 and Lrig3 overlap prominently in the developing vestibular apparatus and simultaneous removal of both genes disrupts inner ear morphogenesis. This suggests that these two family members act redundantly in the otic epithelium. In contrast, although Lrig1 and Lrig2 are frequently co-expressed, Lrig1(-/-);Lrig2(-/-) double mutant ears show no enhanced structural abnormalities. At later stages, Lrig1 expression is sustained in non-sensory tissues, whereas Lrig2 levels are enhanced in neurons and sensory epithelia. Consistent with these distinct expression patterns, Lrig1 and Lrig2 mutant mice exhibit different forms of impaired auditory responsiveness. Notably, Lrig1(-/-);Lrig2(-/-) double mutant mice display vestibular deficits and suffer from a more severe auditory defect that is accompanied by a cochlear innervation phenotype not present in single mutants. Thus, Lrig genes appear to act both redundantly and independently, with Lrig2 emerging as the most functionally distinct family member.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nishitani
authors.forename: Wei-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Goodrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C101671:Lrig1 protein, mouse; C496407:Lrig3 protein, mouse