title: The effect of dietary counseling on nutrient intakes in gastric banding surgery patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is some evidence that bariatric surgery patients who undergo the purely restrictive procedures, such as the gastric banding (GB) or the vertical banded gastroplasty surgery, do not meet the dietary reference intakes for several nutrients. Whether dietary counseling improves micronutrient and macronutrient intakes was examined in GB surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three GB surgery patients received dietary and behavioral counseling for 12 weeks to limit energy intake and improve nutrient intakes. Food intake was assessed by 3-day food record at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Postintervention data were available in 21 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, more than 50% of the subjects reported inadequate dietary intakes of 13 nutrients but overconsumption of sodium and percent energy from saturated and trans-fatty acids. Mixed-effects model for repeated measures revealed a significant reduction in energy (P = 0.0007), absolute protein (P = 0.04), cholesterol (P = 0.045), and potassium (P = 0.01) intake and an increase in vitamin K (P = 0.03) intake and percent energy from protein (P = 0.005) during the 12 weeks. The McNemar test showed a reduction in the proportion of the subjects with an inadequate intake of vitamin K (P = 0.008) but an increase in the proportion of the subjects with an inadequate intake of thiamin (P = 0.03) at 12 weeks. The proportion of the subjects who did not meet the nutrient requirements for the remaining 27 nutrients was generally high and remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intervention improved the intake of some nutrients in the GB surgery patients. However, most nutrient intake requirements remained unmet by many subjects. These results indicate that nutritional counseling beyond 12 weeks is warranted in GB surgery patients to improve their dietary nutrient intakes.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, †Department of Internal Medicine, and ‡Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas; §Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX; and ∥Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams-Huet
authors.forename: Sneha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quittner
authors.forename: Abhimanyu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015930:Diet Records; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged