title: Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if presence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and their clustering as metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased arterial stiffness and accelerated progression over time among youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of 298 youth with type 1 diabetes (age 14.5 years; 46.3% female; duration 4.8 years), with two research visits conducted 5 years apart. CV factors included: waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), fasting lipids (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol [LDL-c], triglycerides), albumin/creatinine ratio, and HbA1c. MetS was based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for youth. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the carotid-femoral segment was measured by tonometry. Mixed models were used to assess the rate of progression in PWV and the association between CV factors and PWV over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PWV increased significantly over time (0.145 m/s/year; P < 0.0001). MetS (P = 0.0035), large waist (P < 0.0001), and elevated BP (P = 0.0003) at baseline were each associated with worse PWV over time. These baseline factors, however, did not significantly influence the rate of progression. Increases in waist circumference (P < 0.0001), LDL-c levels (P = 0.0156), and declining glucose control (HbA1c; P = 0.0419) were independently associated with higher PWV over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence, clustering, and worsening of CV risk factors are associated with increased arterial stiffness over time in youth with type 1 diabetes. Whether improvement in CV risk factors early in life will slow the progression of arterial stiffness and reduce the burden of CV disease in this population requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Dana Dabelea, dana.dabelea@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: R Paul
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wadwa
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Santica M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Marcovina
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*