title: Can't escape it: the out-of-pocket cost of health care in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the annual out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on health care as directly reported by Australian households grouped into older households (those with a reference person aged ≥ 65 years) and younger households (those with a reference person aged < 65 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive analysis of statutory data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probability sample of 9774 households across all states and territories.
  
  
  METHODS
  OOP expenditure on health care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean annual OOP expenditure on health care among the older households was estimated as $3585 ± $686 (9.4% of the total expenditure on all goods and services), and among the younger households, it was $3377 ± $83 (4.7% of the total expenditure on all goods and services). Cost of medicines (mainly non-prescription drugs and to a lesser extent the copayments for Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme scripts) was the biggest item of expenditure for the older households, and the cost of private health insurance (PHI) was the most expensive item for the younger households. Overall, the OOP expenditure, as reported by the Australian households, was $28.7 ± $1.3 billion compared with $21.2 billion as reported by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Unlike our estimate, the Institute's figure was based on statutory data collections and did not include the cost of PHI premiums.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OOP expenses account for almost a quarter (22%) of the total health care costs in Australia. The mean annual OOP expenditure was slightly higher for the older households compared with the younger households, despite the fact that the older households had significantly lower income and had greater access to health care cards, which were used to defray additional health care costs associated with age.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. farhat.yusuf@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Leeder
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged