title: Ordered kinetochore assembly in the human-pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: Kinetochores facilitate interaction between chromosomes and the spindle apparatus. The formation of a metazoan trilayered kinetochore is an ordered event in which inner, middle, and outer layers assemble during disassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis. The existence of a similar strong correlation between kinetochore assembly and nuclear envelope breakdown in unicellular eukaryotes is unclear. Studies in the hemiascomycetous budding yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans suggest that an ordered kinetochore assembly may not be evolutionarily conserved. Here, we utilized high-resolution time-lapse microscopy to analyze the localization patterns of a series of putative kinetochore proteins in the basidiomycetous budding yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogen. Strikingly, similar to most metazoa but atypical of yeasts, the centromeres are not clustered but positioned adjacent to the nuclear envelope in premitotic C. neoformans cells. The centromeres gradually coalesce to a single cluster as cells progress toward mitosis. The mitotic clustering of centromeres seems to be dependent on the integrity of the mitotic spindle. To study the dynamics of the nuclear envelope, we followed the localization of two marker proteins, Ndc1 and Nup107. Fluorescence microscopy of the nuclear envelope and components of the kinetochore, along with ultrastructure analysis by transmission electron microscopy, reveal that in C. neoformans, the kinetochore assembles in an ordered manner prior to mitosis in concert with a partial opening of the nuclear envelope. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that kinetochore dynamics in C. neoformans is reminiscent of that of metazoans and shed new light on the evolution of mitosis in eukaryotes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Successful propagation of genetic material in progeny is essential for the survival of any organism. A proper kinetochore-microtubule interaction is crucial for high-fidelity chromosome segregation. An error in this process can lead to loss or gain of chromosomes, a common feature of most solid cancers. Several proteins assemble on centromere DNA to form a kinetochore. However, significant differences in the process of kinetochore assembly exist between unicellular yeasts and multicellular metaozoa. Here, we examined the key events that lead to formation of a proper kinetochore in a basidiomycetous budding yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans. We found that, during the progression of the cell cycle, nonclustered centromeres gradually clustered and kinetochores assembled in an ordered manner concomitant with partial opening of the nuclear envelope in this organism. These events have higher similarity to mitotic events of metazoans than to those previously described in other yeasts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kozubowski
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.forename: Shreyas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridhar
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Indrani
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heitman
authors.forename: Kaustuv
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanyal
mesh_terms: D015825:Chromosomes, Fungal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018386:Kinetochores / Q000378:metabolism*; D008938:Mitosis
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins