title: Correlation of serum magnesium with cardiovascular risk factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients--a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in serum magnesium (Mg) may affect some clinical features of patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). The aims of our study were to evaluate the correlation between serum Mg concentration and clinical characteristics in Chinese HD patients, and to determine whether it has any relevance for cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  98 chronic HD patients were recruited, and clinical features related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) were measured: the correlation between Mg and these characteristics was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients who were hypomagnesemic, serum Mg, creatinine (Scr), albumin (Alb), pre-albumin (pre-Alb) levels, protein catabolic rate per normalized body weight (nPCR), dietary protein intake (DPI), triceps skin fold (TSF) thickness, mid-arm circumference (MAC), mean mid-arm circumference (MAMC), subjective global assessment (SGA) scores and Kt/V were lower than in hypermagnesemic patients. On the other hand, the incidence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH), levels of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), C reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, carotid artery plaque (CAP), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) (all p<0.05, respectively) were higher in patients with low serum magnesium. Correlation analysis showed Mg to be not only positively associated with the nutritional status index, but also negatively correlated with other characteristics, such as IDH incidence, Kt/V, Ca, P, iPTH, CRP, HDL-c, CAP, CIMT (p<0.05, respectively). There was no significant correlation between Mg and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), lipoprotein-a (LP-a), cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), or subjective global assessment (SGA) scores (p>0.05, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that Mg was negatively associated with CIMT, a direct predictor of CVD (β coefficient=-0.260, p=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that lower serum Mg reflects poorer nutritional status and that it is also associated with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients, such as greater incidence of IDH, poorer HD adequacy, deteriorating calcium-phosphate metabolism, inflammation and CIMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xintian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hualin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Shougang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhuang
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008274:Magnesium
keywords: calcium-phosphate metabolism; cardiovascular disease; hemodialysis; hemodialysis efficiency; inflammation; intradialytic hypotension; magnesium; nutrition status