title: Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in dialysis patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication in CKD patients, particularly in those with end-stage renal disease that requires dialysis. Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is a potent, non-aluminum, non-calcium phosphate binder. This systematic review evaluates the efficacy and safety of LC in CKD-MBD treatment for maintenance-dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of LC in maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis patients. Analysis was performed using the statistical software Review Manager 5.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen RCTs involving 3789 patients were identified and retained for this review. No statistical difference was found in all-cause mortality. The limited number of trials was insufficient to show the superiority of LC over other treatments in lowering vascular calcification or cardiovascular events and in improving bone morphology, bone metabolism, or bone turn-over parameters. LC decreased the serum phosphorus level and calcium × phosphate product (Ca × P) as compared to placebo. LC, calcium carbonate (CC), and sevelamer hydrochloride (SH) were comparable in terms of controlling the serum phosphorus, Ca × P product, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels. However, LC resulted in a lower serum calcium level and a higher bone-specific alkaline phosphatase level compared with CC. LC had higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels compared with SH. LC-treated patients appeared to have a higher rate of vomiting and lower risk of hypercalcemia, diarrhea, intradialytic hypotension, cramps or myalgia, and abdominal pain. Meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the incidence of other side effects. Accumulation of LC in blood and bone was below toxic levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LC has high efficacy in lowering serum phosphorus and iPTH levels without increasing the serum calcium. Current evidence does not show a higher rate of adverse effects for LC compared with other treatments, except for a higher incidence of vomiting. Moreover, LC accumulation in blood and bone was below toxic levels. Well-designed studies should be conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of LC.
authors.forename: Chenglong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. lizihx@163.com.
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Junming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C119467:lanthanum carbonate; D007811:Lanthanum