title: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in middle-school children: association with cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors.
abstract: To examine factors associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels among middle school children. HDL-C levels were the primary outcome of interest. A total of 1,104 middle-school children (mean age 11.6 years, 51.2% female) were included in this analysis, of whom 177 (16%) had an HDL-C level ≤40 mg/dL. More than half of those with low HDL-C were overweight or obese (62.2%) and had greater systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride (TRG) levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with children with an HDL-C level >40 mg/dL. Among those with an HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL, 35% also had body mass index ≥85% and TRG levels ≥150 mg/dL. Exercise habits were significantly associated with HDL-C level, whereas sedentary behaviors, such as screen time, were not significantly associated with HDL-C level. Fruit and vegetable intake was also not significantly associated with HDL-C level. Children with low HDL-C levels are more likely to be overweight and to have other physiological indicators of increased cardiovascular risk. Further research is needed to determine if school-based interventions can result in long-term improvements in HDL-C.
authors.affiliation: Michigan Cardiovascular Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-0363, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: Roopa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gurm
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuRussel-Weston
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aaronson
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gakenheimer
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smolarski
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simhaee
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Corriveau
authors.forename: Caren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: Ravi M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides