title: Transvaginal removal of mesh exposure involving the bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present three cases of transvaginal removal of mesh exposure involving the bladder, including patient follow-up. Mesh exposure occurred secondary to placement of transvaginal mesh for management of pelvic organ prolapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pure transvaginal technique was performed to remove mesh exposure involving the bladder. Patient follow-ups were carefully recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All operative steps were completed transvaginally. The duration of follow-up for the three cases was 6, 11, and 19 months. One patient experienced recurrence of mesh exposure during follow-up. The other two patients were symptom-free after surgery. There were no major postoperative complications and no recurrence of cystocele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvaginal removal of mesh exposure involving the bladder is feasible. The pure transvaginal approach is applicable to various conditions with good outcomes, yet it cannot guarantee that exposure of residual fibers within the bladder will not recur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tong-Xin
authors.initials: TX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056887:Pelvic Organ Prolapse / Q000601:surgery; D013526:Surgical Mesh / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*; D014621:Vagina