title: The esophageal mucosa and submucosa: immunohistology in GERD and Barrett's esophagus.
abstract: This paper presents commentaries on the microscopic morphology of esophageal squamous epithelium; the frequency of duplication of the muscularis mucosae (MM) in Barrett's esophagus (BE); the significance of multilayered epithelium; whether cells in the lamina propria reflect those in the epithelium; how stem cells are identified in the squamous esophagus; dilated intercellular spaces; the metastasizing potential of early carcinoma-dependent, molecular or immunohistochemical tests that improve diagnosis; the role of immunohistochemistry IHC in grading of neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus and defining the risk of progression to adenocarcinoma; the roles of CDX1 and CDX2 in squamous and cardiac mucosa; and the role of desmosomal cadherins and lectins in squamous and cardiac mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Appelman
authors.affiliation: St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Streutker
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Neurath
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Melissa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Upton
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sagaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Zimaity
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bellizzi
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
keywords: dilated intercellular spaces; eosinophilic esophagitis; lamina propria; markers; multilayered epithelium; muscularis mucosae; transcription factors