title: Dry eye disease: prevalence, distribution and determinants in a hospital-based population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, distribution and risk factors for dry eye disease (DED) in a tertiary ophthalmic outpatient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based survey conducted at the Eye clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, between September and December, 2011. The participants comprised adult ophthalmic outpatients aged 18 years or older. Participants' sociodemographic data were obtained. Dry eye disease was assessed subjectively with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire; and objectively with Schirmer's test and Tear-film Break-up Time (TBUT). An OSDI score of ≥ 50 with a TBUT of <10s or Schirmer's test reading of <10mm was considered diagnostic of DED. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed. In all comparisons, a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants (n=402) comprised 193 males and 209 females who were aged 50.1 ± 19.06 SD years (range 18-94 years). The majorities of the participants were married - 74.1%, possessed formal education - 86.0% and were civil servants - 33.6%. The prevalence of DED was 19.2%. Dry eye disease was significantly associated with age>40 years (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.06-3.35, p=0.0004), non-possession of formal education (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21-0.74, p=0.001) but not gender (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.89-2.46, p=0.158).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of DED among ophthalmic outpatients at UNTH, Enugu, is comparatively high. Older age and illiteracy are predictors of DED. There is need for high index of diagnostic suspicion to prevent sight-threatening complications of DED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Stella N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Onwubiko
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria. Electronic address: xy3165767@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Boniface I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Eze
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nnemma N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Udeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Obinna C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Arinze
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ernest N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Onwasigwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, PMB 01139 Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rich E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Umeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Determinants; Dry eye; Hospital; Population; Prevalence