title: Column comparison and method development for the analysis of short-chain carboxylic acids by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with UV detection.
abstract: Short-chain carboxylic acids are relevant in pharmaceutical, food quality control, and biomedical analysis. In this study, 11 acids commonly found in drugs and in food products were selected. Wine was chosen as matrix for testing the method. The test compounds were used for comparing the selectivity of four 150 × 2.1 mm zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) columns (ZIC-HILIC 5 μm, 200 Å, and 3.5 μm, 100 Å, ZIC-pHILIC 5 μm, ZIC-cHILIC 3 μm, 100 Å) while varying the conditions to optimize for low UV wavelength detection and achieve high sensitivity. Retention using potassium phosphate and ammonium carbonate as mobile-phase components at pH 6.0, 7.5, and 8.5-8.9 was studied considering recent hypotheses on HILIC mechanism-related with the Hofmeister series effect and ion hydration. An isocratic method with UV detection at 200 nm and mobile phase consisting of 75% acetonitrile and 10 mM potassium phosphate at pH 6.0 applied to a ZIC-cHILIC column was found provisionally optimal and partially validated for the 11 analytes. Satisfactory results (R(2) from 0.9940 to >0.9999), and recoveries from 93-106% for all analytes evidenced the method as suitable for wine analysis. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported on the direct ZIC-HILIC separation and UV detection of the acids considered here in wine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marrubini
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pedrali
authors.forename: Petrus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hemström
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appelblad
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massolini
mesh_terms: D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids
keywords: HILIC; Organic acids; UV; Wine; Zwitterionic