title: Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the rat liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the effects of resistance training on oxidative stress markers in the livers of ovariectomized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups (n = 8 per group): sham-operated sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-operated resistance training, and ovariectomized resistance training. During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails; the sessions were conducted 3 times per week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the levels of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, the enzymatic activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E concentrations, and the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed significant reductions in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (4.11±0.65 nmol/g tec), vitamin E concentration (55.36±11.11 nmol/g), and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase (0.49±0.16 arbitrary units) in the livers of ovariectomized rats compared with the livers of unovariectomized animals (5.71±0.71 nmol/g tec, 100.14±10.99 nmol/g, and 1.09±0.54 arbitrary units, respectively). Moreover, resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to reduce the oxidative stress in the livers of ovariectomized rats and induced negative changes in the hepatic anti-oxidative/oxidative balance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study was not able to attenuate the hepatic oxidative damage caused by ovariectomy and increased the hepatic oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Exercise of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São CarlosSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda Cury
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Uliana Sbeguen
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Stotzer
authors.forename: Mateus Moraes
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Domingos
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deminice
authors.forename: Gilberto Eiji
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Shiguemoto
authors.forename: Luciane Magri
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tomaz
authors.forename: Nuno Manuel Frade de
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Fabiano Candido
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Richard Diego
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Heloisa Sobreiro
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Selistre-de-Araújo
authors.forename: Alceu Afonso
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jordão-Júnior
authors.forename: Vilmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baldissera
authors.forename: Sérgio Eduardo de Andrade
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055070:Resistance Training; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; D002374:Catalase; D005978:Glutathione