title: Telesonography: virtual 3D image processing of remotely acquired abdominal, vascular, and fetal sonograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design and test a new telesonography technique using remote volume acquisition by untrained operators in locations without access to trained sonographers, postprocessing, and interpretation done at expert centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The technique was tested with 84 sonograms of organs acquired in pregnant women (n = 8) and patients with various abdominal pathologic conditions (n = 11) located in French Guyana (France), Ceuta (Spain), and Murighiol (Romania). An operator inexperienced in sonography (US) placed the transducer over the predetermined acoustic window for each organ, then swept it from a -45° to a +45° position to scan the targeted organ. The acquired volume dataset was sent to an expert center via the Internet and reconstructed using a proprietary software, which allowed a trained sonographer to navigate through the appropriately reconstructed sonograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After three-dimensional processing at the expert center, the organs scanned in the obstetrical cases were adequately visualized by the expert in seven of eight (88%) examinations of the fetal head, femur, and umbilical cord and eight of eight (100%) examinations of the fetal abdomen and placenta, whereas in the general abdominal cases, the liver, gallbladder, portal vein, and right kidney were correctly visualized in 10 of 11 (91%) examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Telesonography allowed untrained operators to scan and transfer the US volume datasets over the Internet to an expert center where an expert sonographer could navigate through the reconstructed US volume and visualize sonograms of diagnostic quality.
authors.affiliation: UMPS-CERCOM University Hospital Trousseau, 37044, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arbeille
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fornage
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgescu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blouin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cristea
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carles
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D020407:Internet; D011247:Pregnancy; D012984:Software; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
keywords: instrumentation; sonography; space medicine; telemedicine; three-dimensional