title: Prefrontal hemodynamic changes during cigarette smoking in young adult smokers with and without ADHD.
abstract: Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have elevated smoking prevalence and reduced cessation rates compared to the general population. However, the effects of cigarette smoking on underlying brain activity in smokers with ADHD are not well characterized. Non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to characterize how cigarette smoking affects prefrontal brain hemodynamics in smokers with and without ADHD. Prefrontal changes of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO2 and HHb) were measured in six male adult smokers with ADHD and six age- and gender-matched control smokers. NIRS measurements were separated into four sequential time intervals, i.e., before smoking, during smoking, after smoking, and during a breath hold. Prefrontal HbO2 was lower during smoking in smokers with ADHD compared to control smokers. More specifically, smokers with ADHD showed decreased prefrontal HbO2 during smoking compared to breath hold, before and after smoking periods. In contrast, control smokers showed increased prefrontal HbO2 from before smoking to breath hold. Decreased prefrontal HbO2 in smokers with ADHD may reflect a smoking-induced change in prefrontal brain activity and microvasculature, which is not found in smokers without ADHD. The lower prefrontal HbO2 may be a biomarker for increased susceptibility to tobacco smoke in smokers with ADHD. Smoking in individuals with ADHD may increase vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries in the prefrontal cortex, which may contribute to a reduction in HbO2. The findings highlight the importance of smoking cessation, in particular in those smokers who use nicotine to self-medicate ADHD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: University of California Irvine, Department of Pediatrics, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: jgehrick@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Jean-G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gehricke
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polzonetti
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caburian
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gratton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult; D014026:Nicotiana
keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Brain activity; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Prefrontal oxygenation; Tobacco smoke