title: Bioactivation of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite with foamed gelatin gel. A new injectable self-setting bone analogue.
abstract: An alternative approach to bone repair for less invasive surgical techniques, involves the development of biomaterials directly injectable into the injury sites and able to replicate a spatially organized platform with features of bone tissue. Here, the preparation and characterization of an innovative injectable bone analogue made of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite and foamed gelatin is presented. The biopolymer features and the cement self-setting reaction were investigated by rheological analysis. The porous architecture, the evolution of surface morphology and the grains dimension were analyzed with electron microscopy (SEM/ESEM/TEM). The physico-chemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis. Moreover, an injection test was carried out to prove the positive effect of gelatin on the flow ensuing that cement is fully injectable. The cement mechanical properties are adequate to function as temporary substrate for bone tissue regeneration. Furthermore, MG63 cells and bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were able to migrate and proliferate inside the pores, and hMSCs differentiated to the osteoblastic phenotype. The results are paving the way for an injectable bone substitute with properties that mimic natural bone tissue allowing the successful use as bone filler for craniofacial and orthopedic reconstructions in regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy, M.Dessi2@brighton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Perez
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Santis
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ginebra
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Planell
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D005780:Gelatin; D004247:DNA; D017886:Durapatite; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium