title: 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, an oxidative stress marker in crevicular fluid and serum in type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a common, chronic inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria, which has an increased prevalence and severity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 DM). A variety of reactive oxygen species are able to cause direct damage to proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid, carbohydrates and lipids. Lipid peroxidation is always combined with the formation of reactive aldehydes like 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the HNE-His adducts levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in t2 DM among CP subjects and to find an association, if any.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) were selected based on their clinical parameters into three groups: Group 1 (10 healthy), Group 2 (15 subjects, CP without t2 DM), Group 3 (15 subjects, CP with t2 DM). Serum and GCF samples were collected to estimate the levels of the HNE-His adducts by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean HNE-His adducts concentration both in serum and GCF was highest for Group 3 followed by Group 2 and least in Group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All samples in each group tested positive for HNE-His adducts assay. Serum and GCF HNE-His adducts concentration both in t2 DM with CP and non-diabetic CP subjects were higher than the healthy controls. Further large scale longitudinal studies should be carried out to confirm positive correlations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pradeep
authors.forename: Esha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Pavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Nishanth S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Rao
keywords: Chronic periodontitis; diabetes mellitus; oxidative stress