title: Diagnostic and Demographic Differences Between Incarcerated and Nonincarcerated Youth (Ages 6-15) With ADHD in South Carolina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analyze diagnostic and demographic factors to identify predictors of delinquency resulting in incarceration within a group of children/adolescents diagnosed with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study followed a cohort of 15,472 Medicaid covered children/adolescents with ADHD, ages 6 to 15 inclusive, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2006. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev. [ DSM-IV-TR]), 2000 Codes were used for qualifying diagnosis codes. Available demographic characteristics included race, sex, and residence. The outcome was incarceration at the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice during 2005-2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among youth with ADHD, incarceration was more likely among black, male, and urban youth. Children/adolescents with comorbid ODD and/or CD were at greater risk compared with those with ADHD alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within ADHD-diagnosed youth, comorbid conditions and demographic characteristics increase the risk of incarceration. Intervention and treatment strategies that address behavior among youth with these characteristics are needed to reduce incarceration.
authors.affiliation: 1 The South Carolina Department of Corrections, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Soltis
authors.affiliation: 2 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: 2 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xirasagar
authors.affiliation: 2 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: 2 University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ADD/ADHD; adolescent ADHD; age; race; urban youth