title: Infrared thermal imaging for automated detection of diabetic foot complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although thermal imaging can be a valuable technology in the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease, it is not yet widely used in clinical practice. Technological advancement in infrared imaging increases its application range. The aim was to explore the first steps in the applicability of high-resolution infrared thermal imaging for noninvasive automated detection of signs of diabetic foot disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plantar foot surfaces of 15 diabetes patients were imaged with an infrared camera (resolution, 1.2 mm/pixel): 5 patients had no visible signs of foot complications, 5 patients had local complications (e.g., abundant callus or neuropathic ulcer), and 5 patients had diffuse complications (e.g., Charcot foot, infected ulcer, or critical ischemia). Foot temperature was calculated as mean temperature across pixels for the whole foot and for specified regions of interest (ROIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in mean temperature >1.5 °C between the ipsilateral and the contralateral foot were found in patients without complications. In patients with local complications, mean temperatures of the ipsilateral and the contralateral foot were similar, but temperature at the ROI was >2 °C higher compared with the corresponding region in the contralateral foot and to the mean of the whole ipsilateral foot. In patients with diffuse complications, mean temperature differences of >3 °C between ipsilateral and contralateral foot were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With an algorithm based on parameters that can be captured and analyzed with a high-resolution infrared camera and a computer, it is possible to detect signs of diabetic foot disease and to discriminate between no, local, or diffuse diabetic foot complications. As such, an intelligent telemedicine monitoring system for noninvasive automated detection of signs of diabetic foot disease is one step closer. Future studies are essential to confirm and extend these promising early findings.
authors.affiliation: Diabetic Foot Unit, Department of Surgery, Hospital Group Twente, Zilvermeeuw 1, 7609 PP Almelo, The Netherlands. jv.netten@zgt.nl.
authors.forename: Jaap J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Netten
authors.forename: Jeff G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van Baal
authors.forename: Chanjuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ferdi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Sicco A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*