title: Comorbidity of personality disorders in mood disorders: a meta-analytic review of 122 studies from 1988 to 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A meta-analysis was conducted to identify the proportions of comorbid personality disorders (PD) in mood disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We found 122 empirical papers published in the period 1980-2010 on participants having mood disorders in addition to a comorbid PD. Mood disorders were classified as bipolar disorders (BD), major depressive disorders (MDD) and dysthymic disorders (DYS). Several moderators were coded as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of having at least one comorbid PD (any PD) was high across all three mood disorders (BD=.42, MDD=.45), but highest in DYS (.60). Cluster B and C PDs were most frequent in BD, while cluster C PDs dominated in MDD and DYS. Among the specific PDs, the paranoid (.11 versus .07/.05), borderline (.16 versus .14/.13), histrionic (.10 versus .06/.06) and obsessive-compulsive (.18 versus .09/.12) PDs occurred more frequently in BD versus MDD/DYS, whereas the avoidant PD (.22 versus .12/.16) was most frequent in DYS versus BD/MDD. Moderator analyses showed higher comorbidity when diagnoses were based on questionnaires versus clinical interviews, DSM-III-R versus DSM-IV, more women were included or the duration of the disorder was longer. Age of onset yielded mixed results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blind rating of diagnoses was recorded, but was employed in too few studies to be usable as an indication of diagnostic validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personality disorders are common in mood disorders. Implications of the identified moderators as well as the new DSM-5 diagnostic system are considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Electronic address: oddgeir.friborg@uit.no.
authors.forename: Oddgeir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Friborg
authors.forename: Egil W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinussen
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Karl Tore
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Overgård
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rosenvinge
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006677:Histrionic Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010260:Paranoid Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity; Dysthymic disorders; Meta-analysis; Personality disorders; Unipolar depressive disorders