title: An assessment of the anatomical basis of the thoracoacromial artery perforator flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculocutaneous perforator flaps offer advantages over musculocutaneous flaps, including reduced donor site morbidity, more predictable reconstruction of soft tissue deformities, and a wider variety of flap options. Perforator flaps are becoming increasingly popular for many applications. In the present study, we set out to examine the various perforators of the thoracoacromial axis through the pectoralis major (PM) muscle with respect to their suitability for transfer to the head and neck region as a pedicled flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of 10 fresh cadavers were injected with lead oxide, gelatin and water (250 mL/kg) through the femoral vessels. The cadavers were cooled and the integument was removed. Perforating vessels from the underlying muscles were marked and the resulting angiograms of the integument and deep tissues were compared with the dissection notes describing the course, size and distribution of the perforating vessels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THE PERFORATORS THROUGH THE PM MUSCLE TO THE OVERLYING SKIN INCLUDED THREE REGIONAL GROUPS: perforators of the thoracoacromial axis; perforators of the medial intercostal vessels; and perforators of the lateral thoracic artery. The major group of perforators supplying the overlying skin was from the intercostal vessels. However, the thoracoacromial axis did consistently give rise to perforators in the upper portion of the PM muscle. In particular, there were reliable perforators from the clavicular and deltoid branches of the thoracoacromial artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study illustrates the potential clinical applications of a series of perforator flaps based on the thoracoacromial axis, which may be useful in head and neck reconstructive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
authors.forename: Christopher Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Geddes
authors.forename: Maolin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Daping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Morris
keywords: Anterior chest wall; Pectoralis major; Perforator flaps; Thoracoacromial artery; Vascular territories