title: [Diabetes self-management and its association with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of diabetic self-management with the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Recruited patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Desheng community of urban Beijing between November 2009 and May 2011. All patients were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire and underwent detailed ophthalmic examination. Patients were classified into DR group or diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) group according to the grading of fundus color photographs using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standard grading protocol. In the DR group, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was further defined. The overall levels of diabetes self-management in the study population were assessed and compared for the differences between DR and DWR, PDR and NPDR groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand one hundred patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited. The prevalence of DR was 32.1% (353/1100) in the study population. Sixty-three percent (652/1035) of patients had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level less than 7.0%. The majority of patients (85.4%, 916/1072) conducted a diet control, 77.3% (827/1070) exercised, 56.0% (609/1088) monitored blood glucose regularly, 56.8% (416/733) detected HbA1c more than once every six months, 71.7% (762/1062) had ophthalmologic examination after the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and 47.9% (525/1097) had mydriatic check-up. Increased risk of DR was associated with longer duration of diabetes (more than 10 years) (OR = 3.90, 95% CI:2.97-5.51, P < 0.05), higher HbA1c level of ≥ 7.0% (OR = 3.23, 95% CI:2.44-4.28, P < 0.05), insulin therapy (OR = 4.82, 95% CI:3.55-6.57, P < 0.05), male gender (OR = 1.41, 95% CI:1.08-1.84, P < 0.05), lower level of education (OR = 1.90, 95% CI:1.39-2.62, P < 0.05), lower monthly income (OR = 1.46, 95% CI:1.12-1.91, P < 0.05), lower obedience to diet control (OR = 1.72, 95% CI:1.22-2.43, P < 0.05), no exercise (OR = 1.42, 95% CI:1.04-1.94, P < 0.05), change of therapeutic protocol during the last five years (OR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.32-2.41, P < 0.05), and family history of diabetes (OR = 1.35, 95% CI:1.01-1.78, P < 0.05). Increased risk of PDR was associated with the diagnosis age of diabetes (OR = 0.92, 95% CI:0.89-0.95, P < 0.05), longer duration of diabetes (more than 10 years) (OR = 4.54, 95% CI:1.95-12.32, P < 0.05), and insulin therapy (OR = 4.85, 95% CI:2.34-10.90, P < 0.05). In the multifactor logistic regression model, male gender (OR = 2.21, 95% CI:1.57-3.11, P < 0.05), lower level of education (OR = 1.98, 95% CI:1.33-2.94, P < 0.05), lower monthly income (OR = 1.66, 95% CI:1.15-2.39, P < 0.05) ,longer duration of diabetes (more than 10 years) (OR = 2.46, 95% CI:1.77-3.41, P < 0.05) ,HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (OR = 2.24, 95% CI:1.64-3.07, P < 0.05) and insulin therapy (OR = 3.38, 95% CI:2.38-4.8, P < 0.05) were associated with higher risk of DR. The diagnosis age of diabetes (OR = 0.94, 95% CI:0.91-0.98, P < 0.05) and insulin therapy (OR = 3.49, 95% CI:1.47-8.27, P < 0.05) were associated with PDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher risk of DR is associated with longer duration of diabetes,insulin therapy, higher HbA1c level, male gender, and lower level of education, whereas higher risk of DR is also associated with lower obedience to diet control and less exercise, which suggest that lower level of diabetic self-management increased the risk of DR.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730,China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiu-fen
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Xue-tao
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ning-pu
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012648:Self Care
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin