title: Implicit and explicit self-esteem and their reciprocal relationship with symptoms of depression and social anxiety: a longitudinal study in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A negative self-view is a prominent factor in most cognitive vulnerability models of depression and anxiety. Recently, there has been increased attention to differentiate between the implicit (automatic) and the explicit (reflective) processing of self-related evaluations. This longitudinal study aimed to test the association between implicit and explicit self-esteem and symptoms of adolescent depression and social anxiety disorder. Two complementary models were tested: the vulnerability model and the scarring effect model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1641 first and second year pupils of secondary schools in the Netherlands. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, self-esteem Implicit Association Test and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale were completed to measure explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), respectively, at baseline and two-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Explicit self-esteem at baseline was associated with symptoms of MDD and SAD at follow-up. Symptomatology at baseline was not associated with explicit self-esteem at follow-up. Implicit self-esteem was not associated with symptoms of MDD or SAD in either direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We relied on self-report measures of MDD and SAD symptomatology. Also, findings are based on a non-clinical sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the vulnerability model, and not the scarring effect model. The implications of these findings suggest support of an explicit self-esteem intervention to prevent increases in MDD and SAD symptomatology in non-clinical adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: L.A.van.tuijl@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Lonneke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: van Tuijl
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: B Esther
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sportel
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Hullu
authors.forename: Maaike H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nauta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Adolescents; Depression; Implicit association; Self-esteem; Social anxiety disorder