title: Transcriptional regulation of enniatins production by Fusarium avenaceum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional regulation of enniatins (ENs) production in Fusarium avenaceum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We develop a new method to quantify ENs in FDM agar medium. We performed an LC/MS/MS analysis to evaluate enniatin A, A1, B, B1 and B4 production by seven F. avenaceum strains and, in a time-course experiment, by ITEM 3404 to analyse the transcriptional regulation of the esyn1 gene. The expression profile, achieved by Real time reverse transcriptase assay, showed an activation of gene transcription at the seventh day of incubation, corresponding to the higher increase of total ENs production. Enniatin B was the most abundant ENs analogues, representing the 90% of total ENs. The relative percentage of ENs remained unaltered during the experiment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reported a transcriptional regulation of esyn1 responsible for the modulation of ENs biosynthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enniatins are cyclic depsipeptides metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. They are also widespread contaminants in grains and cereals due to infection by enniatin-producing Fusarium species. This is the first article describing the transcriptional regulation of esyn1 gene that modulates ENs production in Fusarium avenaceum and provides new knowledge about the molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of these important fungal metabolites in this toxigenic fungal species.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritieni
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Logrieco
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulè
mesh_terms: D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005670:Fusarium / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D047630:Depsipeptides; C100264:enniatins
keywords: Fusarium avenaceum; enniatins; mycotoxins; real-time RT PCR; transcriptional regulation