title: Impact of parental-rearing styles on irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: a school-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A strong association between family function and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been observed. Parental rearing styles, as a comprehensive mark for family function, may provide new clues to the etiology of IBS. This study aimed to explore which dimensions of parental rearing styles were risk factors or protective factors for IBS in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand three hundred twenty adolescents were recruited from one middle school and one high school randomly selected from Jiangan District (an urban district in Wuhan City). Data were collected using two Chinese versions of validated self-report questionnaires including the Rome III diagnostic criteria for pediatric IBS and the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran: One's Memories of Upbringing for perceived parental rearing styles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six subjects diagnosed as pediatric IBS were compared with 1618 controls. The IBS patients reported less both paternal and maternal emotional warmth (all P < 0.01) and more both paternal and maternal punishment, overinterference, rejection, and overprotection (only for father) (all P < 0.01) than the controls. Furthermore, the IBS patients had higher total scores of parental rearing styles (all P < 0.001) than the controls. With univariate logistic regression, standardized regression coefficients and odds ratios of parental rearing variables were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that paternal rejection (P = 0.001) and maternal overinterference (P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for IBS in adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental emotional warmth is a protective factor for IBS in adolescents and parental punishment, overinterference, rejection, and overprotection are risk factors for IBS in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Wuhan, China; Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Zhouxiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Diyuan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology; D012059:Rejection, Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: adolescence; irritable bowel syndrome; parenting