title: Revisiting the role of the urban environment in substance use: the case of analgesic overdose fatalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether neighborhood social characteristics (income distribution and family fragmentation) and physical characteristics (clean sidewalks and dilapidated housing) were associated with the risk of fatalities caused by analgesic overdose.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, we compared 447 unintentional analgesic opioid overdose fatalities (cases) with 3436 unintentional nonoverdose fatalities and 2530 heroin overdose fatalities (controls) occurring in 59 New York City neighborhoods between 2000 and 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analgesic overdose fatalities were less likely than nonoverdose unintentional fatalities to have occurred in higher-income neighborhoods (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70, 0.96) and more likely to have occurred in fragmented neighborhoods (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.72). They were more likely than heroin overdose fatalities to have occurred in higher-income (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.54) and less fragmented (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.92) neighborhoods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analgesic overdose fatalities exhibit spatial patterns that are distinct from those of heroin and nonoverdose unintentional fatalities. Whereas analgesic fatalities typically occur in lower-income, more fragmented neighborhoods than nonoverdose fatalities, they tend to occur in higher-income, less unequal, and less fragmented neighborhoods than heroin fatalities.
authors.affiliation: Magdalena Cerdá, Katherine M. Keyes, Karestan C. Koenen and Sandro Galea are with the Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Yusuf Ransome is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Kenneth Tardiff is with the Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY. David Vlahov is with the School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerdá
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ransome
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Karestan C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Koenen
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tardiff
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000506:poisoning*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics