title: Investigation and management of abnormal peri-menopausal bleeding.
abstract: Abnormal peri-menopausal bleeding is a common clinical problem. Decisions to investigate if the menstrual disorders are related to an underlying pathology or represent physiologic changes are often complex especially as no clear guidance is available. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the current available evidence regarding the investigation tools used to evaluate women with abnormal uterine bleeding during menopausal transition and in the post-menopausal period. In this article, we focus mainly on the investigation and exclusion of endometrial carcinoma, as this represents the most common malignancy diagnosed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Joaquin J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burbos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Vaginal bleeding; endometrial thickness; transvaginal ultrasonography