title: Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn.
abstract: Xylazine is used in veterinary medicine for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia. It has also been reported to be misused as a horse doping agent, a drug of abuse, a drug for attempted sexual assault, and as source of accidental or intended poisonings. So far, no data concerning human metabolism have been described. Such data are necessary for the development of toxicological detection methods for monitoring drug abuse, as in most cases the metabolites are the analytical targets. Therefore, the metabolism of xylazine was investigated in rat and human urine after several sample workup procedures. The metabolites were identified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with linear ion trap high-resolution multistage MS (MS(n)). Xylazine was N-dealkylated and S-dealkylated, oxidized, and/or hydroxylated to 12 phase I metabolites. The phenolic metabolites were partly excreted as glucuronides or sulfates. All phase I and phase II metabolites identified in rat urine were also detected in human urine. In rat urine after a low dose as well as in human urine after an overdose, mainly the hydroxy metabolites were detected using the authors' standard urine screening approaches by GC-MS and LC-MS(n). Thus, it should be possible to monitor application of xylazine assuming similar toxicokinetics in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Golo M J
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maurer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014991:Xylazine