title: The biofunction of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) CC chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) in innate and adaptive immunity.
abstract: CC chemokine (motif) ligand 4 (CCL4) is indispensable to the chemoattraction of macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes in mammals; however, it has only been cloned in a limited number of fish species and information related to its biofunction remains ambiguous with regard to teleosts. To explore the role of teleost CCL4, we first evaluated the mRNA expression of the Epinephelus coioides CCL4 (gCCL4) gene in various organs under LPS and poly (I:C) stimulated; secondary, we evaluated the immune-related genes expression of fish under the recombinant gCCL4 protein stimulated. Our results revealed an increase in the mRNA of gCCL4 in immune organs immediately following stimulation by poly (I:C); however, in LPS stimulated fish, the expression did not increase until nearly 24 h after induction. In biofunction assays, recombinant gCCL4 was found to induce chemotactic activity in the peripheral blood leukocytes of groupers and up-regulate the gene expressions of grouper TNFA1 (TNF-α1), TNFA2 (TNF-α2), IFNG (IFN-γ), MX, TBX21 (T-bet), CD8 (α and β chain). These findings indicate that grouper CCL4 attracts leukocytes, induces an inflammatory response, and drives lymphocyte differentiation into the Th1 pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Jiou
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chia-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Shih-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wan-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Han-Tso
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: John Han-You
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D029941:Fish Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: Bioactivity; CCL4; Chemokines; Epinephelus coioides