title: Metabolic effects of the HIV protease inhibitor--saquinavir in differentiating human preadipocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The iatrogenic, HIV-related lipodystrophy is associated with development of the significant metabolic and cardiovascular complications. The underlying mechanisms of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are not completely explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the study was to characterize effects of the protease inhibitor (PI)--saquinavir (SQV) on metabolic functions, and gene expression during differentiation in cells (Chub-S7) culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SQV in concentrations observed during antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), oxygen consumption and ATP generation. The effects were greater in already differentiated cells. This was accompanied by characteristic changes in the expression of the genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and differentiation (lipid droplet formation) process such as: WNT10a, C/EBPa, AFT4, CIDEC, ADIPOQ, LPIN1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that SQV affects not only metabolic (mitochondrial) activity of adipocytes, but affects the expression of genes related to differentiation and to a lesser extent to cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Sniadeckich 5, PL 31-501 Kraków, Poland. monika.bociagajasik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bociąga-Jasik
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polus
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Góralska
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Czech
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruca
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Śliwa
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garlicki
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.forename: Aldona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dembińska-Kieć
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D019258:Saquinavir