title: Olfactory cells via nasal biopsy reflect the developing brain in gene expression profiles: utility and limitation of the surrogate tissues in research for brain disorders.
abstract: Human olfactory cells obtained by rapid nasal biopsy have been suggested to be a good surrogate system to address brain disease-associated molecular changes. Nonetheless, whether use of this experimental strategy is justified remains unclear. Here we compared expression profiles of olfactory cells systematically with those from the brain tissues and other cells. Principal component analysis indicated that the expression profiles of olfactory cells are very different from those of blood cells, but are closer to those of stem cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells, that can be differentiated into the cells of the central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yasue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Koko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Nicola G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Cascella
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: C Conover
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pevsner
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colantuoni
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawa
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D059467:Transcriptome
keywords: ANCOVA; Analysis of Covariance; Bipolar disorder; GC-RMA; GC-content correction robust multi-array average; Gene expression profile; Lymphoblasts; Olfactory cells; PCA; RMA; Schizophrenia; Stem cells; principal component analysis; robust multi-array average