title: Validation of freezing tissues and cells for analysis of DNA strand break levels by comet assay.
abstract: The comet analysis of DNA strand break levels in tissues and cells has become a common method of screening for genotoxicity. The large majority of published studies have used fresh tissues and cells processed immediately after collection. However, we have used frozen tissues and cells for more than 10 years, and we believe that freezing samples improve efficiency of the method. We compared DNA strand break levels measured in fresh and frozen bronchoalveolar cells, and lung and liver tissues from mice exposed to the known mutagen methyl methanesulphonate (0, 25, 75, 112.5mg/kg). We used a high-throughput comet protocol with fully automated scoring of DNA strand break levels. The overall results from fresh and frozen samples were in agreement [R (2) = 0.93 for %DNA in tail (%TDNA) and R (2) = 0.78 for tail length (TL)]. A slightly increased %TDNA was observed in lung and liver tissue from vehicle controls; and TL was slightly reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from the high-dose group. In our comet protocol, a small block of tissue designated for comet analysis is frozen immediately at tissue collection and kept deep frozen until rapidly homogenised and embedded in agarose. To demonstrate the feasibility of long-term freezing of samples, we analysed the day-to-day variation of our internal historical negative and positive comet assay controls collected over a 10-year period (1128 observations, 11 batches of frozen untreated and H2O2-treated A549 lung epithelial cells). The H2O2 treatment explained most of the variation 57-77% and the day-to-day variation was only 2-12%. The presented protocol allows analysis of samples collected over longer time span, at different locations, with reduced variation by reducing number of electrophoreses and is suitable for both toxicological and epidemiological studies. The use of frozen tissues; however, requires great care during preparation before analysis, with handling as a major risk factor.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Lourdes M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Zdenka O
authors.initials: ZO
authors.lastname: Kyjovska
authors.forename: Nicklas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Anne T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Saber
authors.forename: Karin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hougaard
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver; D008168:Lung; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL