title: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Fagonia schweinfurthii (Hadidi) Hadidi extract in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The whole plant of Fagonia schweinfurthii (Hadidi) Hadidi (Family: Zygophyllaceae) is used in variety of diseases including hepatic ailments in deserts and dry areas of India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract from Fagonia schweinfurthii (Hadidi) Hadidi (FSEE) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, ABTS radicals and hydrogen peroxide methods. In vitro cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potential of FSEE were evaluated using HepG2 cells. Based on the cytotoxicity assay, FSEE (50, 100, 200 µg/ml) was assessed for hepatoprotective potential against CCl4 induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line by monitoring cell viability, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione level (GSH). Further, in vivo hepatoprotective activity of FSEE was evaluated against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats. Rats were pre-treated with FSEE (200 mg, 400 mg kg(-1) day(-1) p.o.) for 7 days followed by a single dose of CCl4 (1.0 ml/kg, i.p.) on 8th day. Silymarin was used as positive control. After 24h of CCl4 administration, various biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and total protein (TP) levels were estimated in serum. The antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione (GSH) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver homogenate were determined. Histopathological changes in the liver of different groups were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FSEE possessed strong antioxidant activity in vitro. The results indicated that CCl4 treatment caused a significant decrease in cell viability. The CCl4-induced changes in the HepG2 cells were significantly ameliorated by treatment of the FSEE. FSEE significantly prevented CCl4 induced elevation of AST, ALT, ALP, TB, and CCl4 induced decrease in total protein in rats. FSEE treated rat liver anti-oxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, MDA and GSH,) were significantly antagonized for the pro-oxidant effect of CCl4. Histopathological studies also supported the protective effect of FSEE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study revealed that FSEE has significant hepatoprotective activity. This effect may be due to the ability of the extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation and increase in the anti-oxidant enzymatic activity.
authors.affiliation: Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology (Autonomous), Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur 342003, Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: pareekworld@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pareek
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Godavarthi
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Issarani
authors.forename: Badri Prakash
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Nagori
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D028461:Zygophyllaceae
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidant; CCl(4); Fagonia schweinfurthii; HepG2 cell line; Hepatoprotective