title: Near-identical segregation of mtDNA heteroplasmy in blood, muscle, urinary epithelium, and hair follicles in twins with optic atrophy, ptosis, and intractable epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders have emerged as major causes of inherited neurologic disease. Despite being well recognized for more than 2 decades, the clinical presentation continues to broaden. The phenotypic heterogeneity is partly owing to different percentage levels of mutant mtDNA heteroplasmy in different tissues, but the factors influencing this are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case report describes monozygotic male twins with ptosis, optic atrophy, and recent-onset intractable myoclonic epilepsy. The assessment of respiratory chain enzyme activities in the muscle from 1 twin revealed a severe and isolated defect involving mitochondrial complex I. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing revealed a pathogenic m.14487T>C MTND6 mutation, which was present at very high levels of heteroplasmy in muscle (84%) and lower levels in blood (15%), urinary epithelium (75%), and buccal mucosa (58%). Of particular interest, his identical twin was found to harbor very similar levels of the m.14487T>C mutation in his blood, urine, buccal mucosa, and hair follicle DNA samples, while the presence of low levels in the mother's tissues confirmed maternal transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that m14487T>C can also cause the unusual combination of optic atrophy, ptosis, and encephalomyopathy leading to intractable seizures. Near-identical heteroplasmy levels in different tissues in both siblings support a nuclear genetic mechanism controlling the tissue segregation of mtDNA mutations.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Achilles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spyropoulos
authors.affiliation: Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manford
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Alston
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu-Wai-Man
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Langping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England.
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chinnery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D009154:Mutation; D009896:Optic Atrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial