title: Selection of reference genes from two leafhopper species challenged by phytoplasma infection, for gene expression studies by RT-qPCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited phytopathogenic wall-less bacteria and represent a major threat to agriculture worldwide. They are transmitted in a persistent, propagative manner by phloem-sucking Hemipteran insects. For gene expression studies based on mRNA quantification by RT-qPCR, stability of housekeeping genes is crucial. The aim of this study was the identification of reference genes to study the effect of phytoplasma infection on gene expression of two leafhopper vector species. The identified reference genes will be useful tools to investigate differential gene expression of leafhopper vectors upon phytoplasma infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression profiles of ribosomal 18S, actin, ATP synthase β, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and tropomyosin were determined in two leafhopper vector species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), both healthy and infected by "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" (chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma strain, CYP). Insects were analyzed at three different times post acquisition, and expression stabilities of the selected genes were evaluated with BestKeeper, geNorm and Normfinder algorithms. In Euscelidius variegatus, all genes under all treatments were stable and could serve as reference genes. In Macrosteles quadripunctulatus, BestKeeper and Normfinder analysis indicated ATP synthase β, tropomyosin and GAPDH as the most stable, whereas geNorm identified reliable genes only for early stages of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study a validation of five candidate reference genes was performed with three algorithms, and housekeeping genes were identified for over time transcript profiling of two leafhopper vector species infected by CYP. This work set up an experimental system to study the molecular basis of phytoplasma multiplication in the insect body, in order to elucidate mechanisms of vector specificity. Most of the sequences provided in this study are new for leafhoppers, which are vectors of economically important plant pathogens. Phylogenetic indications were also drawn from sequence analysis of these genes.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy. l.galetto@ivv.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galetto
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marzachì
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017344:Genes, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology*; D045582:Phytoplasma / Q000502:physiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012984:Software