title: Developments and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, often associated with other psychiatric comorbidities, functional impairments, and poor long-term outcomes. The objective of this selected review is to describe current advances and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. The disorder is associated with neurobiological underpinnings and is highly heterogeneous in various aspects, such as symptom profiles, cognitive impairments, and neurobiological and genetic features. The efficacy and safety of short-term pharmacological treatments across the life cycle is well studied, but further research investigating long-term treatment, impact of treatment in preschoolers, and non-pharmacological interventions is needed. Future research is also needed to better characterize the neurodevelopmental pathways of the disorder, linking clinical and neurobiological information, less investigated populations, and new interventions.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, São PauloSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taciana G Costa
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kieling
authors.forename: Ana Soledade
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Graeff-Martins
authors.forename: Tais S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Guilherme V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors