title: Identification of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in allopolyploid crop Brassica napus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation. Identification of large numbers of SNPs is helpful for genetic diversity analysis, map-based cloning, genome-wide association analyses and marker-assisted breeding. Recently, identifying genome-wide SNPs in allopolyploid Brassica napus (rapeseed, canola) by resequencing many accessions has become feasible, due to the availability of reference genomes of Brassica rapa (2n = AA) and Brassica oleracea (2n = CC), which are the progenitor species of B. napus (2n = AACC). Although many SNPs in B. napus have been released, the objective in the present study was to produce a larger, more informative set of SNPs for large-scale and efficient genotypic screening. Hence, short-read genome sequencing was conducted on ten elite B. napus accessions for SNP discovery. A subset of these SNPs was randomly selected for sequence validation and for genotyping efficiency testing using the Illumina GoldenGate assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 892,536 bi-allelic SNPs were discovered throughout the B. napus genome. A total of 36,458 putative amino acid variants were located in 13,552 protein-coding genes, which were predicted to have enriched binding and catalytic activity as a result. Using the GoldenGate genotyping platform, 94 of 96 SNPs sampled could effectively distinguish genotypes of 130 lines from two mapping populations, with an average call rate of 92%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the polyploid nature of B. napus, nearly 900,000 simple SNPs were identified by whole genome resequencing. These SNPs were predicted to be effective in high-throughput genotyping assays (51% polymorphic SNPs, 92% average call rate using the GoldenGate assay, leading to an estimated >450 000 useful SNPs). Hence, the development of a much larger genotyping array of informative SNPs is feasible. SNPs identified in this study to cause non-synonymous amino acid substitutions can also be utilized to directly identify causal genes in association studies.
authors.forename: Shunmou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Linbin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Jiana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Hanzhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Annaliese S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China. liusy@oilcrops.cn.
authors.forename: Shengyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011123:Polyploidy; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA