title: Proline scanning mutagenesis reveals a role for the flap endonuclease-1 helical cap in substrate unpairing.
abstract: The prototypical 5'-nuclease, flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1), catalyzes the essential removal of single-stranded flaps during DNA replication and repair. FEN1 hydrolyzes a specific phosphodiester bond one nucleotide into double-stranded DNA. This specificity arises from double nucleotide unpairing that places the scissile phosphate diester on active site divalent metal ions. Also related to FEN1 specificity is the helical arch, through which 5'-flaps, but not continuous DNAs, can thread. The arch contains basic residues (Lys-93 and Arg-100 in human FEN1 (hFEN1)) that are conserved by all 5'-nucleases and a cap region only present in enzymes that process DNAs with 5' termini. Proline mutations (L97P, L111P, L130P) were introduced into the hFEN1 helical arch. Each mutation was severely detrimental to reaction. However, all proteins were at least as stable as wild-type (WT) hFEN1 and bound substrate with comparable affinity. Moreover, all mutants produced complexes with 5'-biotinylated substrate that, when captured with streptavidin, were resistant to challenge with competitor DNA. Removal of both conserved basic residues (K93A/R100A) was no more detrimental to reaction than the single mutation R100A, but much less severe than L97P. The ability of protein-Ca(2+) to rearrange 2-aminopurine-containing substrates was monitored by low energy CD. Although L97P and K93A/R100A retained the ability to unpair substrates, the cap mutants L111P and L130P did not. Taken together, these data challenge current assumptions related to 5'-nuclease family mechanism. Conserved basic amino acids are not required for double nucleotide unpairing and appear to act cooperatively, whereas the helical cap plays an unexpected role in hFEN1-substrate rearrangement.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nikesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Exell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jardine
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ombler
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.finger@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: L David
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: b.ciani@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciani
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.a.grasby@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grasby
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045585:Flap Endonucleases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011392:Proline; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D011392:Proline; D045585:Flap Endonucleases; C468317:FEN1 protein, human; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Circular Dichroism (CD); DNA Physical Chemistry; DNA Repair; DNA Replication; DNA-Protein Interaction; Enzyme Catalysis; Enzyme Mechanisms; Fluorescence; Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy; Nucleic Acid Enzymology