title: Phenotyping the kinematics of leaf development in flowering plants: recommendations and pitfalls.
abstract: Leaves of flowering plants are produced from the shoot apical meristem at regular intervals and they grow according to a developmental program that is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Detailed frameworks for multiscale dynamic analyses of leaf growth have been developed in order to identify and interpret phenotypic differences caused by either genetic or environmental variations. They revealed that leaf growth dynamics are non-linearly and nonhomogeneously distributed over the lamina, in the leaf tissues and cells. The analysis of the variability in leaf growth, and its underlying processes, has recently gained momentum with the development of automated phenotyping platforms that use various technologies to record growth at different scales and at high throughput. These modern tools are likely to accelerate the characterization of gene function and the processes that underlie the control of shoot development. Combined with powerful statistical analyses, trends have emerged that may have been overlooked in low throughput analyses. However, in many examples, the increase in throughput allowed by automated platforms has led to a decrease in the spatial and/or temporal resolution of growth analyses. Concrete examples presented here indicate that simplification of the dynamic leaf system, without consideration of its spatial and temporal context, can lead to important misinterpretations of the growth phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Maryline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lièvre
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wuyts
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bresson
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dapp
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vasseur
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Massonnet
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tisné
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bettembourg
authors.forename: Crispulo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balsera
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bédiée
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouvery
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dauzat
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vile
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granier
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D005838:Genotype; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007700:Kinetics; D018519:Meristem / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D010641:Phenotype; D063245:Plant Development; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure