title: Black truffle-associated bacterial communities during the development and maturation of Tuber melanosporum ascocarps and putative functional roles.
abstract: Although truffles are cultivated since decades, their life cycle and the conditions stimulating ascocarp formation still remain mysterious. A role for bacteria in the development of several truffle species has been suggested but few is known regarding the natural bacterial communities of Périgord Black truffle. Thus, the aim of this study was to decipher the structure and the functional potential of the bacterial communities associated to the Black truffle in the course of its life cycle and along truffle maturation. A polyphasic approach combining 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene, TTGE, in situ hybridization and functional GeoChip 3.0 revealed that Black truffle ascocarps provide a habitat to complex bacterial communities that are clearly differentiated from those of the surrounding soil and the ectomycorrhizosphere. The composition of these communities is dynamic and evolves during the maturation of the ascocarps with an enrichment of specific taxa and a differentiation of the gleba and peridium-associated bacterial communities. Genes related to nitrogen and sulphur cycling were enriched in the ascocarps. Together, these data paint a new picture of the interactions existing between truffle and bacteria and of the potential role of these bacteria in truffle maturation.
authors.affiliation: INRA, Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, UMR1136, F-54280, Champenoux, France; Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Antony-Babu
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deveau
authors.forename: Joy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Van Nostrand
authors.forename: Jizhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Le Tacon
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frey-Klett
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uroz
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D001203:Ascomycota; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D058441:Rhizosphere; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S