title: Fluorene biodegradation and identification of transformation products by white-rot fungus Armillaria sp. F022.
abstract: A diverse surfactant, including the nonionic Tween 80 and Brij 30, the anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, the cationic surfactant Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and biosurfactant Rhamnolipid were investigated under fluorine-enriched medium by Armilaria sp. F022. The cultures were performed at 25 °C in malt extract medium containing 1 % of surfactant and 5 mg/L of fluorene. The results showed among the tested surfactants, Tween-80 harvested the highest cell density and obtained the maximum specific growth rate. This due Tween-80 provide a suitable carbon source for fungi. Fluorane was also successfully eliminated (>95 %) from the cultures within 30 days in all flasks. During the experiment, laccase production was the highest among other enzymes and Armillaria sp. F022-enriched culture containing Non-ionic Tween 80 showed a significant result for laccase activity (1,945 U/L). The increased enzyme activity was resulted by the increased biodegradation activity as results of the addition of suitable surfactants. The biotransformation of fluorene was accelerated by Tween 80 at the concentration level of 10 mg/L. Fluorene was initially oxidized at C-2,3 positions resulting 9-fluorenone. Through oxidative decarboxylation, 9-fluorenone subjected to meta-cleavage to form salicylic acid. One metabolite detected in the end of experiment, was identified as catechol. Armillaria sp. F022 evidently posses efficient, high effective degrader and potential for further application on the enhanced bioremediation technologies for treating fluorene-contaminated soil.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, hadibarata@utm.my.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadibarata
authors.forename: Risky Ayu
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kristanti
mesh_terms: D055392:Armillaria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D042845:Laccase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D005449:Fluorenes; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006017:Glycolipids; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C418382:rhamnolipid; C041509:fluorene; C028401:9-fluorenone; D042845:Laccase; C034221:catechol; D020156:Salicylic Acid