title: Management of bleeding and reversal strategies for oral anticoagulants: clinical practice considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently available clinical data and optimal strategies for reversing oral anticoagulants in patients who are bleeding or need an urgent invasive procedure or operation are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleeding from oral anticoagulants, including new target-specific oral agents (TSOAs), is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients. Limited clinical data are available to guide the reversal of warfarin or TSOAs in patients who are bleeding or need an urgent invasive procedure or operation. A panel of five experts with diverse backgrounds in anticoagulation therapy, cardiology, critical care, and emergency medicine and with experience in managing complications of anticoagulation therapy was convened to develop practical strategies for managing patients receiving oral anticoagulants who are bleeding or have an urgent need for an invasive procedure. The strategies were designed to guide clinicians in the acute care setting by providing efficient and potentially effective management concepts to avoid delays in initiating treatment that could adversely affect patient outcomes. The consensus of this expert panel is summarized herein. Recommendations are based on currently available evidence from a comprehensive review of the literature and other pertinent data, along with the experience and expert opinion of the panelists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bleeding is a serious complication of the use of oral anticoagulants, and limited information is available to guide the reversal of warfarin or TSOAs in patients who are bleeding or are in need of an urgent invasive procedure. Use of a systematic approach to assessing and treating these patients based on available evidence and expert opinion can help avoid delays that could adversely affect patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Edith A. Nutescu, Pharm.D., FCCP, is Clinical Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Director, Antithrombosis Center, and Co-Director, Pharmacogenetics Service, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago. William E. Dager, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-Cardiology), FCSHP, FCCP, FCCM, FASHP, is Pharmacist Specialist, University of California (UC) Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, and Clinical Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis. James S. Kalus, Pharm.D., BCPS (AQ-Cardiology), is Senior Manager, Patient Care Services, Department of Pharmacy Services, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, and Adjunct Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit. John J. Lewin III, Pharm.D., M.B.A., FASHP, is Division Director, Critical Care and Surgery Pharmacy Services, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, and Clinical Professor, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore. Mark D. Cipolle, M.D., Ph.D., FACS, FCCM, is Medical Director, Trauma Program, Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, DE.
authors.forename: Edith A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nutescu
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Dager
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kalus
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cipolle
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin