title: Proposed use of spatial mortality assessments as part of the pesticide evaluation scheme for vector control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides does not include the testing of a lethal effect at a distance. A tool was developed to evaluate the spatial mortality of an insecticide product against adult mosquitoes at a distance under laboratory and field conditions. Operational implications are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insecticide paint, Inesfly 5A IGR™, containing two organophosphates (OPs): chlorpyrifos and diazinon, and one insect growth regulator (IGR): pyriproxyfen, was the product tested. Laboratory tests were performed using "distance boxes" with surfaces treated with one layer of control or insecticide paint at a dose of 1 kg/6 sq m. Field tests were conducted up to 12 months in six experimental huts randomly allocated to control or one or two layers of insecticide paint at 1 kg/6 sq m. All distance tests were performed using reference-susceptible strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus left overnight at a distance of 1 m from control or treated surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an overnight exposition at distances of 1 m, field and laboratory evaluations at 0 months after treatment (T0) yielded 100% mortality rates on surfaces treated with one layer at 1 kg/6 sq m against susceptible strains of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Testing for long-term efficacy in the field gave mortality rates of 96-100% after an overnight exposition at a distance of 1 m for up to 12 months in huts where a larger volume was treated (walls and ceilings) with one or two layers of insecticide paint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive evaluation of the full profile of insecticide products, both upon contact and spatially, may help rationalize vector control efforts more efficiently. Treating a large enough volume may extend a product's mortality efficacy in the long-term, which contact tests would fail to assess. It is hereby proposed to explore the development of cost effective methods to assess spatial mortality and to include them as one additional measurement of insecticide efficacy against mosquitoes and other arthropod vectors in WHOPES Phase I and Phase II studies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain. bmosqueira@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mosqueira
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chabi
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chandre
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbeto
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hougard
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mas-Coma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides