title: Associations between insulin and heart rate variability in police officers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low heart rate variability (HRV) has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to examine the cross-sectional association between insulin and HRV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin levels were measured in 355 nondiabetic officers from the BCOPS study, following a 12 h fast. HRV was performed according to methods published by the task force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology for measurement and analysis of HRV. Mean values of high (HF) and low frequency (LF) HRV were compared across tertiles of insulin using ANOVA and ANCOVA; p-values were obtained from linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher mean levels of insulin were significantly associated with lower (i.e., worse) mean levels of HRV before and after risk-factor adjustment. The results for HF HRV (ms(2)) were as follows: 1st insulin (µU/ml) tertile (156.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 128.6-189.9); 2nd tertile (154.3; 95% CI = 124.3-191.5); 3rd tertile (127.9; 95% CI = 105.0-155.8), p for trend = 0.017. Results with LF HRV were similar to HF HRV. Insulin was also inversely and significantly associated with HRV among officers with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2), with ≥ 25.5% body fat, and among those who reported low (<median) physical activity scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort, insulin levels were inversely and significantly associated with both HF and LF HRV, especially among those with higher levels of obesity and lower levels of physical activity, suggesting associations with autonomic nervous system function. Prospective studies of this association in other populations are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Luenda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: Khachatur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarkisian
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shengqiao
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mnatsakanova
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Violanti
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ja K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Diane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Cecil M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Burchfiel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D016495:Police; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin