title: Pathology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies of endocrine disorders and their cardiac complications.
abstract: The cardiovascular system is affected by a multitude of endocrine disorders, including dysfunction of the thyroid, calcium, glucocorticoids, insulin/glucose, and growth hormone axes. Since most of these changes in the cardiovascular system are reversible when treated, early diagnosis is important, as if left untreated, they may become fatal. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment of patients with these endocrine diseases who present with a variety of cardiovascular manifestations. Neuroendocrine tumors presenting with the carcinoid syndrome and their cardiovascular manifestations are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.forename: Shereen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ezzat
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butany
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Acromegaly; Calcium disorders; Carcinoid heart disease; Diabetes mellitus; Disorders of glucocorticoid metabolism; Thyroid disease