title: Health promotion for patients with diabetes: health coaching or formal health education?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine if a Health Coaching (HC) approach compared with formal health education (HE) resulted in better health outcomes among type II diabetes (T2DM) patients in improving glycaemic control and oral health, by use of clinical and subjective outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is part of a prospective intervention among randomly selected T2DM patients (n = 186) in Istanbul, Turkey. The data analysed were clinical [glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1C)), clinical attachment loss (CAL)] and psychological measures [tooth-brushing self efficacy (TBSES)]. Data were collected initially and at the end of intervention. Participants were allocated randomly to HC (intervention) (n = 77) and HE (control) (n = 111) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there was no statistical difference between HC and HE regarding clinical and psychological measures, (P > 0.05). At post-intervention the HC group had significantly lower HBA(1C) and CAL (reduction: 7%, 56%) than the HE group (reduction: HbA(1C) 0%; CAL 26%), (P ≤ 0.01). Similarly, HC group, compared with HE group, had better TBSES (increase: 61% vs. 25%) and stress (reduction: 16% vs. 1%), (P ≤ 0.01). Among high-risk group patients, the HC patients had significant improvements compared with the HE group (reduction: HbA(1C) 16% vs. 5%; CAL 63% vs. 18%; stress 39% vs. 2%; fold increase: TBSES 6.6 vs. 3.6) (P ≤ 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings may imply that HC has a significantly greater impact on better management of oral health and glycaemic control than HE. It is notable that the impact was more significant among high-risk group patients, thus HC may be recommended especially for high-risk group patients.
authors.affiliation: Oral Public Health Department, Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basak Cinar
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D020557:Neurolinguistic Programming; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000517:prevention & control; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Type II Diabetes Mellitus; health coaching; health education; health promotion; high risk