title: Effects of parental origins and length of residency on adiposity measures and nutrition in urban middle school students: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of obesity in U.S. has been rising at an alarming rate, particularly among Hispanic, African, and Asian minority groups. This trend is due in part to excessive calorie consumption and sedentary lifestyle. We sought to investigate whether parental origins influence eating behaviors in healthy urban middle school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiethnic/racial population of students (N = 182) enrolled in the ROAD (Reduce Obesity and Diabetes) Study, a school-based trial to assess clinical, behavioral, and biochemical risk factors for adiposity and its co-morbidities completed questionnaires regarding parental origins, length of US residency, and food behaviors and preferences. The primary behavioral questionnaire outcome variables were nutrition knowledge, attitude, intention and behavior, which were then related to anthropometric measures of waist circumference, BMI z-scores, and percent body fat. Two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the joint effects of number of parents born in the U.S. and ethnicity on food preference and knowledge score. The Tukey-Kramer method was used to compute pairwise comparisons to determine where differences lie. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the joint effects of number of parents born in the US and student ethnicity, along with the interaction term, on each adiposity measure outcome. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between maternal and paternal length of residency in the US with measures of adiposity, food preference and food knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  African Americans had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Neither ethnicity/race nor parental origins had an impact on nutrition behavior. Mothers' length of US residency positively correlated with students' nutrition knowledge, but not food attitude, intention or behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adiposity measures in children differ according to ethnicity and race. In contrast, food behaviors in this middle school sample were not influenced by parental origins. Longer maternal US residency benefited offspring in terms of nutrition knowledge only. We suggest that interventions to prevent obesity begin in early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ranita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Barbie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cervoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koltun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Infant and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn at Maimonides, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lowell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Infant and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn at Maimonides, Brooklyn, NY, USA ; Current affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Infant and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn at Maimonides, Brooklyn, NY, USA ; Current affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, 259 1st St, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Shelov
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Siham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Accacha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ilene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fennoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rapaport
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Infant and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn at Maimonides, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ten
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, NY, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Speiser