title: Dental health of young children prenatally exposed to buprenorphine. A concern of child neglect?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the oral health and dental neglect of prenatally buprenorphine-exposed 3-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of 51 children who as newborns tested positive for buprenorphine in a urine screen. The control group comprised 68 children previously unexposed to narcotics. The dentist examined the children and interviewed their guardians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Buprenorphine-exposed children exhibited significantly more early childhood caries than did the control group. Caries indices, the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth or tooth surfaces and decayed teeth were greater in the buprenorphine-exposed children than the control children (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, p = 0.001, respectively). In the buprenorphine group, more children showed visible plaque (p = 0.003) and fewer children were caries-free (p = 0.009) than in the control group. The control children's teeth were also brushed more often than the buprenorphine-exposed children's teeth (p = 0.001) and the parents were more involved in their children's tooth brushing than were those in the buprenorphine-exposed group (p = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More caries and dental neglect were found in buprenorphine-exposed children than in controls. These findings highlight the importance of routine dental appointments, caries screening and preventive care for children in substance-abusing families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Pediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 280, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland, kaisa.kivisto@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kivistö
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alapulli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tupola
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alaluusua
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kivitie-Kallio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002654:Child Care; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004245:DMF Index; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000175:diagnosis; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000002:abnormalities; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000175:diagnosis; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders; D009909:Oral Health; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine