title: Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors such as vascular/neurological mechanisms, poor glycemic control, abnormalities in vitamin D/calcium, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and hypercalciuria have been blamed for the unfavorable effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) on bone health. In this present study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of low bone mineral density (BMD) in children with type 1 DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 100 type 1 DM patients, a 25-hydroxy vitamin D level of <10 ng/mL was accepted as vitamin D deficiency and the level of 10-20 ng/dL was accepted as vitamin D insufficiency. BMD was measured, and Z-scores were evaluated according to adjusted Turkish standards. Participants with a Z-score of ≤-2 were defined as having low BMD; BMD between -2 and -1 were defined as being in the low range of normality; and values ≥-1 were accepted as normal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency ratios were 28% and 43%, respectively. Low BMD and BMD in the low range of normality were diagnosed in 10% and 25% of patients, respectively. There was no difference in vitamin D, parathormone, and metabolic control levels between three groups: with normal BMD, low BMD, and BMD in the low range of normality. BMD Z-scores were not different between the pubertal and prepubertal groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detailed evaluation should be performed for BMD in the follow-up of DM to prevent complications by decreasing related risks.
authors.forename: Asan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Onder
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cetinkaya
authors.forename: Ozgul
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tunc
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aycan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male