title: Phytochemical and physical-chemical analysis of Polish willow (Salix spp.) honey: identification of the marker compounds.
abstract: The case study of Polish Salix spp. honey was compared with published data on willow honey from other regions. GC-FID/MS (after HS-SPME and ultrasonic solvent extraction) and targeted HPLC-DAD were applied. Phenolic content, FRAP/DPPH assays and the colour coordinates were determined spectrophotometrically. Beside ubiquitous linalool derivatives, borneol (up to 10.9%), bicyclic monoterpenes with pinane skeleton (pinocarvone up to 10.6%, myrtenal up to 4.8% and verbenone up to 3.4%) and trans-β-damascenone (up to 13.0%) dominated in the headspace. The main compounds of the extractives were vomifoliol (up to 39.6%) and methyl syringate (up to 16.5%) along with not common 4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)benzaldehyde (up to 11.1%). Abscisic acid (ABA) was found (up to 53.7 mg/kg) with the isomeric ratio (Z,E)-ABA:(E,E)-ABA=1:2. The honey exhibited low antioxidant potential with pale yellow colour. The composition of Polish willow honey is similar to Mediterranean willow honeys with several relevant differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, N. Tesle 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia. Electronic address: igor@ktf-split.hr.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jerković
authors.forename: Piotr Marek
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kuś
authors.forename: Carlo Ignazio Giovanni
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Tuberoso
authors.forename: Mladenka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šarolić
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D032108:Salix / Q000737:chemistry*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D010636:Phenols
keywords: Abscisic acid; Antioxidant activity; C(13)-norisoprenoids; CIE L(∗)a(∗)b(∗)C(∗)h colour coordinates; GC-FID/MS; HPLC-DAD; Monoterpenes; Salix spp. honey; Volatiles