title: Three-dimensional rodent motion analysis and neurodegenerative disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is established in investigating, human pathological motion. In the field of gait, its use results in the objective identification of primary, and secondary causes of deviations, many current interventions are the result of pre- and post-testing, and it was shown recently that it can result in decreased number of surgeries and overall cost of care. Consequently, recent attempts have implemented 3D motion analysis using rat models to study, parkinsonism. However, to-date, a 3D user friendly analytical approach using rodent models to, identify etiologies of age-related motor impairment and accompanying pathologies has not been, implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed and presented all aspects of a 3D, three body-segment rodent model, to analyze motions of the lower, upper and head segments between rodents of parkinsonism-type and, normal aging during free walking. Our model does not require transformation matrices to describe the, position of each body-segment. Because body-segment positions are not considered to consist of three, rotations about the laboratory axes, the rotations are not sequence dependent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each body-segment demonstrated distinct 3D movement patterns. The parkinsonism-type, genotype walked slower with less range of motion, similarly to patients with parkinsonism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is the first model considering the rodent's body as three, distinct segments. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first model to ever consider and report the 3D, head motion patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel approach will allow unbiased analysis of spontaneous locomotion in mouse, models of parkinsonism or normal aging.
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Center and Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: tkarakosta@ric.org.
authors.forename: Tasos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karakostas
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsiang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, and The Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boger
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, and The Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Middaugh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, and The Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Ann-Charlotte
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Granholm
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C495040:Gdnf protein, mouse; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
keywords: Aging; Kinematics; Motion analysis; Movement disorders; Movement function; Parkinson's disease