title: From sub cellular to community level: toxicity of glutaraldehyde to several aquatic organisms.
abstract: The biocide glutaraldehyde (GA) is widely used as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent against bacteria and virus in hospital and veterinary facilities. GA or its metabolites may reach aquatic ecosystems due to incomplete or inadequate treatment of wastewaters. Data about GA effects at lethal and a sub lethal level to non-target organisms is needed so that a risk assessment to aquatic ecosystems can be done. Thus, in this work a battery of toxicity tests with primary producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers were performed and a species sensitive distribution (SSD) for GA was built. Moreover, effects on biomarkers (catalase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cholinesterase) were measured in Danio rerio embryos and adults. Primary consumers (Thamnocephalus platyurus 24h - EC50=3.6 mg/l; Daphnia magna 48 h - EC50=6.6 mg/l) and D. rerio adults (96 h - LC50=5.5mg/l) were slightly more sensitive to GA than D. rerio embryos (96 h - LC50=22.2mg/l) and primary producers (Lemna minor 168 h - EC50=73.8 mg/l; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 72h - EC50=12.3mg/l; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 72 h - EC50=14.6 mg/l; Chlorella vulgaris 72 h - EC50=31.3mg/l). However, no significant differences between the trophic levels were found and general HC5 and HC50 values of 0.6 and 11.4 mg/l were respectively estimated. Despite the low GA toxicity to D. rerio embryos, hatching delay and malformations were found (96 h - EC50=11.9 mg/l). For biomarkers, an inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed in embryos whereas an inhibition in catalase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase activities was observed in adults. Thus, GA is moderately toxic (doses>1mg/l) to aquatic organisms, independently of the trophic level. However, considering the varied range of effects depending on the life stage and organism tested and relatively low HC5 value of 0.6 mg/l, mesocosm and chronic toxicity tests seem to be the next step in direction of more realistic scenarios of GA risk assessment in aquatic ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: susanapinper@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Susana P P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rhaul.oliveira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rhaul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: sonia.d.coelho@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: cmusso86@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: asoares@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: inesd@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: antonio.nogueira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: António J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D029064:Araceae; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris; D000460:Chlorophyta; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000633:toxicity*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D002802:Cholinesterases; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: Biocides; Biomarkers; Danio rerio; Primary consumers; Primary producers; Species sensitivity distribution