title: The development of leadership outcome-indicators evaluating the contribution of clinical specialists and advanced practitioners to health care: a secondary analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a secondary analysis of data collected from the case study phase of a national study of advanced practitioners and to develop leadership outcome-indicators appropriate for advanced practitioners.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In many countries, advanced practitioners in nursing and midwifery have responsibility as leaders for health care development, but without having leadership outcome measures available they are unable to demonstrate the results of their activities. In Ireland, a sequential mixed method research study was used to develop a validated tool for the evaluation of clinical specialists and advanced practitioners. Despite strong evidence of leadership activities, few leadership-specific outcomes were generated from the primary analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a multiple case study data set.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data set comprised 23 case studies of advanced practitioner/clinical specialists from 13 sites across each region in Ireland from all divisions of the Nursing Board Register. Data were collected 2008-2010. Data sources included non-participant observation (n = 92 hours) of advanced practitioners in practice, interviews with clinicians (n = 21), patients (n = 20) and directors of nursing/midwifery (n = 13) and documents. Analysis focused on leadership outcome-indicator development in line with the National Health Service's Good Indicators Guide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four categories of leadership outcomes for advanced practitioner developed were as follows: (i) capacity and capability building of multidisciplinary team; (ii) measure of esteem; (iii) new initiatives for clinical practice and healthcare delivery; and (iv) clinical practice based on evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed set of leadership outcome-indicators derived from a secondary analysis captures the complexity of leadership in practice. They add to existing clinical outcomes measuring advanced practice.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Cecily
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleinpell
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D057179:Advanced Practice Nursing; D007857:Leadership; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D013041:Specialties, Nursing
keywords: advanced nurse/midwife practitioner; case study data set; clinical nurse/midwife specialist; leadership outcomes; outcome-indicator development; secondary analysis