title: Identification of the mandibular landmarks in a pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine and compare the reliability to accomplish of common mandibular landmarks and to determine the incidence of incisive canals, anterior looping, and lingual foramina in children from panoramic and CBCT images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic and CBCT images from 100 children and adolescent patients were randomly selected. In order to grade the visibility of mandibular anatomical landmarks, a four-point rating scale was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In panoramic images, the mandibular canal could be observed in 92.5% of cases, with good visibility in 12.0%. The mental foramen could be observed in 44.5% of cases, while none had good visibility. Anterior looping of the mental nerve was present in 16.5% of the cases, and none had good visibility. An incisive canal could be identified in 22.5% of cases, with only 1.5% showing good visibility. The lingual foramen could be visualized in 61.0% of cases, with good visibility in 6%. In CBCT images, the mandibular canal, the mental foramen, and the lingual foramen could be observed in 100% of the cases, with good visibility in 51.0%, 98.5%, and 45.0% of cases, respectively. Anterior looping of the mental nerve was present in 26% of cases, with 2% having good visibility. An incisive canal could be identified in 49.5% of cases, with only 75% showing good visibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the applicability of CBCT images to visualize critical structures in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey, k_cantekin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cantekin
authors.forename: A-E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sekerci
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miloglu
authors.forename: S-K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Buyuk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies