title: Recent advances in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanomaterials: synthesis, nanostructures and surface modification.
abstract: Owing to their unique photo-physical properties, rare-earth ions-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years. UCNPs have many special merits, such as a long luminescence lifetime, narrow emission band widths, high quantum yields and low toxicity, which allows their potential applications in bio-medical field, biological luminescent labels and drug delivery carriers. Compared with traditional fluorescence labels exited by UV (ultraviolet), such as organic dyes and quantum dots, UCNPs can transfer near-infrared (NIR) light into visible light, which is commonly called upconversion luminescence (UCL). This paper reviews the recent advances of several typical synthesis methods of UCNPs in detail as well as the fabrication and optimization of the particle morphology, and the latest advances of UCNPs for multimode imaging, surface passivation and functionalization are also described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Nano-Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Ministry of Education, Bio-X Center, Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. gaogaoguoguo@yahoo.com.cn dxcui@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Hengyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Daxiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cui