title: Advancing care for traumatic brain injury: findings from the IMPACT studies and perspectives on future research.
abstract: Research in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging for several reasons; in particular, the heterogeneity between patients regarding causes, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome. Advances in basic science have failed to translate into successful clinical treatments, and the evidence underpinning guideline recommendations is weak. Because clinical research has been hampered by non-standardised data collection, restricted multidisciplinary collaboration, and the lack of sensitivity of classification and efficacy analyses, multidisciplinary collaborations are now being fostered. Approaches to deal with heterogeneity have been developed by the IMPACT study group. These approaches can increase statistical power in clinical trials by up to 50% and are also relevant to other heterogeneous neurological diseases, such as stroke and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Rather than trying to limit heterogeneity, we might also be able to exploit it by analysing differences in treatment and outcome between countries and centres in comparative effectiveness research. This approach has great potential to advance care in patients with TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. Electronic address: andrew.maas@uza.be.
authors.forename: Andrew I R
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roozenbeek
authors.forename: Hester F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lingsma
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.forename: Gillian S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ewout W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002170:Canada; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards; D019468:Disease Management; D005060:Europe; D005544:Forecasting; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D055825:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.); D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D011379:Prognosis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000592:standards; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States