title: The association between risk factors and hypertension in perak, malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a major public health problem in Malaysia. A survey was initiated to examine the association of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension in Perak, Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2025 respondents aged 30 years and above were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Hypertension was defined as self-reported hypertension and/or average of two blood pressure readings at single occasion with SBP ≥ 140mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. Body mass index (BMI) was defined using the Asian criteria and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to evaluate physical activity. Body weight, height and blood pressure were obtained using standard procedures. Univariate analyses were conducted to examine the associations between risk factors and hypertension. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine each significant risk factor on hypertension after adjusted for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 1076 (54.9%) respondents were found to be hypertensive. Significant associations (p <0.001) with hypertension were noted for increasing age, low physical activity, obese BMI, no education background and positive family history of hypertension. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education background, family history, BMI, physical activity, smoking and diet, respondents who were obese and had positive family history had higher odds for hypertension (OR:2.34; 95% CI:1.84-3.17 and 1.96 (1.59-2.42) respectively. A significant increase (p <0.001) in risk for hypertension was noted for age. Those with moderate physical activities were 1.40 (1.04-1.78) times more of having hypertension than those active. Poor diet score and smoking were not significantly associated with increased risk for hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, modifiable risk factors such as BMI and physical activity are important risk factors to target in reducing the risk for hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Julius Centre University of Malaya, Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. melvinloh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Moy
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D008296:Malaysia; D012307:Risk Factors