title: Overstatement of results in the nutrition and obesity peer-reviewed literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scientific authors who overreach in presenting results can potentially, without intending to, distort the state of knowledge and inappropriately influence clinicians, decision makers, the media, and the public.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study was to determine the extent to which authors present overreaching statements in the obesity and nutrition literature, and whether journal, author, or study characteristics are associated with this practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 937 papers on nutrition or obesity published in 2001 and 2011 in leading specialty, medical, and public health journals were systematically studied to estimate the extent to which authors overstate the results of their study in the published abstract. Focus was placed on overreaching statements that may include (1) reporting an associative relationship as causal; (2) making policy recommendations based on observational data that show associations only (e.g., not cause and effect); and (3) generalizing to a population not represented by their sample. Data were compiled in 2012 and analyzed in 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that 8.9% of studies have overreaching conclusions with a higher percentage in 2011 compared to 2001 (OR=2.14, risk difference=+3.9%, p=0.020). Unfunded studies (OR=2.41, p=0.039) were more likely to have an overstatement of results of the type described here. In contrast, those with a greater number of coauthors were significantly less likely than those with four or fewer authors (the reference group) to have overstated results (seven or eight authors: OR=0.30, risk difference=-6.1%, p=0.008; ≥9 authors: OR=0.41, risk difference= -4.0%, p=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overreaching in presenting results in studies focused on nutrition and obesity topics is common in articles published in leading journals. Testable strategies are proposed to reduce the prevalence of such instances in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, School of Public Health and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Electronic address: nmenachemi@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Menachemi
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tajeu
authors.forename: Bisakha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Alva O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ferdinand
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utley
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Affuso
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Allison
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship / Q000592:standards*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D052756:Nutritional Sciences; D009765:Obesity; D017712:Peer Review, Research / Q000592:standards*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design