title: Mechanism of resveratrol on the promotion of induced pluripotent stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of resveratrol (RV) in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the related mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary MEFs were isolated from E13.5 embryos and used within three passages. Retroviruses expressing Sox2 and Oct4 were produced by transfecting GP2-293t cells with recombinant plasmids (MSCV)-Sox2 and MSCV-Oct4. Supernatants containing retroviruses were obtained after 48-hour transfection and MEFs were then infected. Different concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) of RV were added to embryonic stem cell (ESC) medium to culture MEFs 48 h post-infection. iPSC clones emerged and were further cultured. Expression of pluripotent markers of iPSCs was identified by cell immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Both cytotoxicity and cell proliferation were assayed by Western blot analysis after RV was added into ESC medium. The ultrastructure change of mitochondria was observed by electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 2.9-fold and 1.3-fold increases in colony number were observed by treatment with RV at 5 and 10 μmol/L, respectively. The reprogramming efficiency was significantly decreased by treatment with 20 μmol/L RV. The proliferation effect on MEFs or MEFs infected by two factors Sox2/Oct4 (2 factors-MEFs, 2F-MEFs) was investigated after RV treatment. At 20 μmol/L RV, induced cell apoptosis and proliferation inhibition were more obvious than those of 5 and 10 μmol/L treatments. Clones were selected from the 10 μmol/L RV-treated group and cultured. Green fluorescent protein expression from one typical clone was silenced one month later which expressed ESC-associated marker genes Gdf3, Nanog, Ecat1, Fgf4 and Foxd3. Electron transmission microscope showed obvious cavitations in mitochondria. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α was up-regulated when 2F-MEFs were treated with RV compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RV improved the efficiency of reprogramming 2F-MEFs into iPSCs at low and moderate concentrations (5 and 10 μmol/L). The effect of 10 μmol/L RV on reprogramming was much greater than that of 5 μmol/L RV. However, high concentration of RV (20 μmol/L) led to more severe cavitations in mitochondria and caused cytotoxic effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that RV mimics hypoxia in cells and promotes reprogramming at a low concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; E-mail:yjwang88@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dao-fang
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xiao-feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qian-qian
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Chen-guang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong-jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000502:physiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D000077185:Resveratrol; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494174:Pou5f1 protein, mouse; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; C527783:Sox2 protein, mouse; D013267:Stilbenes; D000077185:Resveratrol