title: The distressed (Type D) personality mediates the relationship between remembered parenting and psychological distress in cardiac patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both the distressed (Type D) personality (i.e. the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition traits) and dysfunctional parenting styles are associated with anxiety and depression. As parenting styles have been related to personality development, dysfunctional parenting styles may also be associated with Type D personality. We examined whether remembered parenting was associated with anxiety and depression in cardiac patients and whether Type D personality mediated this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample comprised 435 patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 123 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Type D Scale (DS14), and Remembered Relationship with Parents (RRP(10)) scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remembered parenting was significantly associated with higher anxiety and depression levels and Type D personality. In multivariable linear regression analyses, Type D personality accounted for 25-29% of the variance in anxiety and 23-46% of the variance in depression, while remembered parenting was no longer significantly associated with these domains. Sobel tests and bootstrapping indicated that Type D personality mediated the relationship between remembered parenting and anxiety and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type D personality mediated the relationship between remembered parenting and anxiety and depression in both PCI and CHF patients.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS) , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikki L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Damen
authors.forename: Henneke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Versteeg
authors.forename: Sanne J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van Helmondt
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: de Jaegere
authors.forename: Robert-Jan M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Geuns
authors.forename: Mathias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meine
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: van Domburg
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D064415:Type D Personality