title: Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States.
abstract: Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are processing contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils. While both 3 MCPD and glycidol have toxicological properties that at present has concerns for food safety, the published occurrence data are limited. Occurrence information is presented for the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 116 retail and/or industrial edible oils and fats using LC-MS/MS analysis of intact esters. The concentrations for bound 3-MCPD ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 0.09 mg kg⁻¹ (ppm) in 22 unrefined oils and from 0.005 to 7.2 mg kg⁻¹ (ppm) in 94 refined oils. The concentrations for bound glycidol ranged from <LOQ to 0.03 mg kg⁻¹ (ppm) in unrefined oil samples and from <LOQ to 10.5 mg kg⁻¹ (ppm) in processed oil samples. The highest concentrations for both 3-MCPD and glycidol were seen in refined palm oil and palm olein samples. Palm olein samples also contained a higher percentage of 3-MCPD in mono-ester form than any other type of oil.
authors.affiliation: a US Food and Drug Administration , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacMahon
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Begley
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Diachenko
mesh_terms: D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004951:Esterification; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008396:Maryland; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D020005:Propanols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014481:United States; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009153:Mutagens; D010938:Plant Oils; D020005:Propanols; D000073878:Palm Oil; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin; D005990:Glycerol; C004312:glycidol