title: Perceived empowerment in people with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and substance misuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study were to validate a measure of empowerment in a British population of people with a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and substance misuse and assess relationships between empowerment and other key outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients participating in a large randomised control trial for Motivational Interviewing for Drug and Alcohol misuse in Schizophrenia or psychosis (MIDAS trial) completed measures of empowerment, symptoms, global functioning and substance use at baseline, 12- and 24-month follow-ups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A three factor model of empowerment: self-efficacy and control; power and anger; and activism provided the best fit of the data across all three time points. There was some evidence of associations between empowerment and both symptoms and global functioning, although these associations were not consistent across subscales. Changes in empowerment predicted changes in symptoms and functioning at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empowerment is a broadly defined construct and its meaning may differ across different populations of people with severe and enduring mental health problems. Empowerment is a key component of recovery and should be assessed in treatments in addition to more traditional outcome measures of symptoms and functioning.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Zochonis Building, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK, katherinelberry@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allott
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Emsley
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ennion
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barrowclough
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010465:Perception; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*