title: Commitment contracts and team incentives: a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment for tobacco dependence is not available in many low-resource settings, especially in developing countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the impact of a novel mix of monetary and social incentives on smoking abstinence in rural communities of Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  An RCT of commitment contracts and team incentives for rural smokers to quit smoking. Smokers were not blinded to treatment status, although the assessor of the biochemical urine test was.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult smokers living in the study area were eligible to participate; 215 adult smokers from 42 villages in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand, participated. Fourteen smokers who lacked teammates were dropped.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 201 smokers were assigned to a two-person team, and then randomly assigned by team (in a 2:1 ratio) with computer-generated random numbers to receive smoking-cessation counseling (control group) or counseling plus offer of a commitment contract, team incentives, and text message reminders for smoking cessation at 3 months (intervention group).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was biochemically verified 7-day abstinence at 6 months, assessed on an intention-to-treat basis. Secondary outcomes include study participation, biochemically verified abstinence at 3 months, self-reported abstinence at 14 months, and the incremental cost per quitter of the intervention, nicotine gum, and varenicline in Thailand. Data were collected in 2010-2011 and analyzed in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trial enrolled 215 (10.5%) of 2055 smokers. The abstinence rate was 46.2% (61/132) in the intervention group and 14.5% (10/69) in the control group (adjusted OR 7.5 [3.0-18.6]) at 3 months; 44.3% (58/131) and 18.8% (13/69) at the primary end point of 6 months (adjusted OR 4.2 [1.8-9.7]); and 42.0% (55/131) and 24.6% (17/69) at 14 months (adjusted OR 2.2 [1.0-4.8]). The purchasing power parity-adjusted incremental cost per quitter from the intervention is $281 (95% CI=$187, $562), less than for nicotine gum ($1780, 95% CI=$1414, $2401) or varenicline ($2073, 95% CI=$1357, $4388) in Thailand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention enhanced abstinence by 91%-136% at 6 months, relative to the control group, although self-reports at 14 months suggest tapering of the treatment effect. The intervention may offer a viable, cost-effective alternative to current smoking-cessation approaches in low-resource settings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01311115.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University (White), Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford, the University of California, Berkeley (Dow), School of Public Health, Berkeley, California. Electronic address: justinswhite@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: Suthat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rungruanghiranya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D032982:Contracts; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003376:Counseling / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012424:Rural Population; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D013785:Thailand; D013997:Time Factors; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000068580:Varenicline
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D011810:Quinoxalines; D009538:Nicotine; D000068580:Varenicline