title: Deep dermatophytosis and inherited CARD9 deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep dermatophytosis is a severe and sometimes life-threatening fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. It is characterized by extensive dermal and subcutaneous tissue invasion and by frequent dissemination to the lymph nodes and, occasionally, the central nervous system. The condition is different from common superficial dermatophyte infection and has been reported in patients with no known immunodeficiency. Patients are mostly from North African, consanguineous, multiplex families, which strongly suggests a mendelian genetic cause.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the clinical features of deep dermatophytosis in 17 patients with no known immunodeficiency from eight unrelated Tunisian, Algerian, and Moroccan families. Because CARD9 (caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9) deficiency has been reported in an Iranian family with invasive fungal infections, we also sequenced CARD9 in the patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients died, at 28, 29, 37, and 39 years of age, with clinically active deep dermatophytosis. No other severe infections, fungal or otherwise, were reported in the surviving patients, who ranged in age from 37 to 75 years. The 15 Algerian and Tunisian patients, from seven unrelated families, had a homozygous Q289X CARD9 allele, due to a founder effect. The 2 Moroccan siblings were homozygous for the R101C CARD9 allele. Both alleles are rare deleterious variants. The familial segregation of these alleles was consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance and complete clinical penetrance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the patients with deep dermatophytosis had autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency. Deep dermatophytosis appears to be an important clinical manifestation of CARD9 deficiency. (Funded by Agence Nationale pour la Recherche and others.).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lanternier
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pathan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Quentin B
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Luyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cypowyj
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prando
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migaud
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taibi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Aomar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ammar-Khodja
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Omar Boudghene
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Stambouli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Boumediene
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guellil
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Frederique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Goffard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Kinda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Marmol
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Lobna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boussofara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Denguezli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Molka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larif
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bachelez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lefranc
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jouvion
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chretien
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraitag
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Marie-Elisabeth
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bougnoux
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Merad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boudia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lortholary
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Jean-Laurent
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Capucine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grimbacher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 980 Necker Medical School, Imagine Institute and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (F.L., Q.B.V., L.L., M.M., L.A., J.-L.C., C. Picard, A.P.), Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit (F.L., O.L.) and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and University Paris Descartes, Dermatology Unit (H.B.) and Skin Research Institute (L.M.), INSERM Unité 697, Saint Louis Hospital, INSERM Unité 781, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (H.B.), Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department (G.J., F.C.), and the National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit (O.L.), Institut Pasteur, and the Pathology Unit (S.F.), Microbiology Unit (M.-E.B.), and Study Center for Immunodeficiency (C. Picard), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP - all in Paris; University College London, Royal Free Hospital (S.P., B. Grimbacher) and International Foundation for Dermatology, Willan House (R.H.), London; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York (S.C., C. Prando, L.A., J.-L.C.); the Dermatology Unit, Mustapha Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Algiers (L.T., A.A.-K.), the Dermatology Unit, Dr. T. Damerdji Tlemcen Hospital and Aboubakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen (O.B.S., M.B.), and the Dermatology Unit, Hassani Abdelkader Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes (B. Guellil) - all in Algeria; the Infectious Diseases Unit (F.J., J.-C.G., K.S.) and Dermatology Unit (V.M.), Erasme Hospital, Brussels; the Dermatology Unit, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia (L.B., M.D., M.L.); the Molecular Immunogenetics Unit, National Center for Scientific Research, UPR 1142, Institute of Human Genetics, and University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France (G.L.); and the Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (B. Grimbacher).
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000352:Africa, Northern; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018703:Founder Effect; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D014005:Tinea / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D053468:CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C505855:CARD9 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6