title: Defining esophageal landmarks, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus.
abstract: The following paper on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE) includes commentaries on defining esophageal landmarks; new techniques for evaluating upper esophageal sphincter (UES) tone; differential diagnosis of GERD, BE, and hiatal hernia (HH); the use of high-resolution manometry for evaluation of reflux; the role of fundic relaxation in reflux; the use of 24-h esophageal pH-impedance testing in differentiating acid from nonacid reflux and its potential inclusion in future Rome criteria; classification of endoscopic findings in GERD; the search for the cell origin that generates BE; and the relationship between BE, Barrett's carcinoma, and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: DeVault
authors.affiliation: Trinity Academic Gastroenterology Group, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Barry P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Kocaeli University Medical Facility, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Altay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celebi
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costamagna
authors.affiliation: Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Reza A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hejazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zentilin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savarino
authors.affiliation: Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Rhonda F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Donohoe
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Naoimh J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: O'Farrell
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry
keywords: GERD; NERD; dysphagia; endoscopy; manometry