title: Optimizing working space in laparoscopy: CT measurement of the effect of pre-stretching of the abdominal wall in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determinants of working space in minimal access surgery have not been well studied. Using computed tomography (CT) to measure volumes and linear dimensions, we are studying the effect of a number of determinants of CO2 working space in a porcine laparoscopy model. Here we report the effects of pre-stretching of the abdominal wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Earlier we had noted an increase in CO2 pneumoperitoneum volume at repeat insufflation with an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of 5 mmHg after previous stepwise insufflation up to an IAP of 15 mmHg. We reviewed the data of this serendipity group; data of 16 pigs were available. In a new group of eight pigs, we also explored this effect at repeat IAPs of 10 and 15 mmHg. Volumes and linear dimensions of the CO2 pneumoperitoneum were measured on reconstructed CT images and compared between the initial and repeat insufflation runs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous stepwise insufflation of the abdomen with CO2 up to 15 mmHg significantly (p < 0.01) increased subsequent working-space volume at a repeat IAP of 5 mmHg by 21 %, 7 % at a repeat IAP of 10 mmHg and 3 % at a repeat IAP of 15 mmHg. The external anteroposterior diameter significantly (p < 0.01) increased by 0.5 cm (14 %) at repeat 5 mmHg. Other linear dimensions showed a much smaller change. There was no statistically significant correlation between the duration of the insufflation run and the volume increase after pre-stretching at all IAP levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-stretching of the abdominal wall allows for the same surgical-field exposure at lower IAPs, reducing the negative effects of prolonged high-pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the cardiorespiratory system and microcirculation. Pre-stretching has important scientific consequences in studies addressing ways of increasing working space in that its effect may confound the possible effects of other interventions aimed at increasing working space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, john.vlot@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vlot
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wijnen
authors.forename: Robert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stolker
authors.forename: Klaas N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Bax
mesh_terms: D034841:Abdominal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000818:Animals; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003187:Compliance; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007327:Insufflation / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009929:Organ Size; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide