title: Purification, characterization and immunomodulating activity of a pectic polysaccharide isolated from Korean mulberry fruit Oddi (Morus alba L.).
abstract: A water-soluble polysaccharide (JS-MP-1) was isolated and purified from the Korean mulberry fruits Oddi (Morus alba L.) by crushing the fresh fruits then performing ethanol precipitation and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The neutral monosaccharide composition of the purified JS-MP-1 was determined to be composed mainly of galactose (37.6%, in mole percent), arabinose (36.3%), and rhamnose (18.4%), while other major sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose, and fucose were present as minor components. HPLC analysis revealed that JS-MP-1 contains both galacturonic acid (GalA) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) at approximately 4:1 in mole percent. Monosaccharide composition, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, biochemical analysis, and elemental analysis suggested that JS-MP-1 is an acidic heteropolysaccharide, most likely a rhamnoarabinogalacturonan type plant pectic polysaccharide, with an apparent molecular mass of 1600 kDa containing no, or if any, negligible level of sulfate esters and proteins. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that JS-MP-1 significantly stimulates murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells to release chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1α) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and to induce the expression of iNOS and COX-2, which are responsible for the production of NO and prostaglandin PGE2, respectively. These results suggest that the mulberry fruit-derived polysaccharide JS-MP-1 can act as a potent immunomodulator, and these observations may support the applicability of this polysaccharide as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant or the water extracts of the mulberry fruit as a beneficial health food.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea; The Catholic Agromedical Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andriy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Synytsya
authors.forename: Hyun Bok
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Doo Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Seul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jisun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Woo Jung
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seongjae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Yong Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D031625:Morus; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014574:Uronic Acids / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014574:Uronic Acids; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Immunomodulation; Macrophages; Mulberry fruit; Polysaccharide