title: Do sex hormones influence emotional modulation of pain and nociception in healthy women?
abstract: Sex hormones may contribute to inter- and intra-individual differences in pain by influencing emotional modulation of pain and nociception. To study this, a well-validated picture-viewing paradigm was used to assess emotional modulation of pain and the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR; physiologic measure of nociception) during mid-follicular, ovulatory, and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy normally cycling women (n=40). Salivary estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were assessed at each testing session. Emotional modulation of pain/NFR did not differ across menstrual phases, but low estradiol was associated with weaker emotional modulation of NFR (during all phases) and emotional modulation of pain (ovulatory and late-luteal phases). Given evidence that a failure to emotionally modulate pain might be a risk factor for chronic pain, low estradiol may promote chronic pain via this mechanism. However, future research is needed to extend these findings to women with disturbances of pain, emotion, and/or sex hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, United States. Electronic address: jamie-rhudy@utulsa.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rhudy
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.forename: Shreela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palit
authors.forename: Kara L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Bethany L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: Satin L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Delventura
authors.forename: Ellen L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Affect; Descending modulation; Menstrual cycle; Nociceptive flexion reflex; Pain; Psychophysiology; Sex hormones