title: Refractory gastrointestinal bleeding: role of angiographic intervention.
abstract: Although endoscopic hemostasis remains initial treatment modality for nonvariceal gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, severe bleeding despite endoscopic management occurs in 5% to 10% of the patients, requiring surgery or transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). TAE is now considered the first-line therapy for massive GI bleeding refractory to endoscopic management. GI endoscopists need to be familiar with indications, principles, outcomes, and complications of TAE, as well as embolic materials available.
authors.affiliation: Depatment of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
keywords: Embolization; Gastrointestinal tract; Hemorrhage