title: German urologists under national socialism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first full-time professorship for urology at a German university was established in 1937 and in 1942, a rare teaching qualification (Habilitation) for urology was granted, both at the prestigious Berlin University. At the same time, nearly a third of all physicians who worked in the field of urology were classified as "non-Aryan" according to Nazi race laws and were forced out of their profession and their homeland. Many of them committed suicide or, if they refused to flee, were murdered in concentration camps. German urologists also contributed to compulsory sterilization of men according to the "law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring" between 1934 and 1945.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical sources on the history of urology in Nazi Germany were reviewed and analyzed. These include textbooks and medical journals from the 1930s and 1940s, as well as files from different state and university archives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For urologists, the changing political environment in Germany after 1933 offered possibilities to assert their personal and professional interests. Unfortunately, in many cases, moral principles were thrown overboard, and physicians advanced their own careers and the specialty of urology at the expense of their patients and their Jewish colleagues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under national socialism, German urologists backed Nazi health and race policies and in exchange gained further professionalization for their specialty, including university positions and increased independence from surgery. Only in recent years has this chapter of German urology's past become a topic of debate among members of the professional society.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät der RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany, mkrischel@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Matthis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krischel
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000266:history; D005858:Germany; D006291:Health Policy / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history*; D013038:Specialization / Q000266:history; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000266:history; D014572:Urology / Q000266:history*