title: Hydrothermal liquefaction of Litsea cubeba seed to produce bio-oils.
abstract: Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Litsea cubeba seed was conducted over different temperature (250-350°C), time (30-120 min), reactor loading (0.5-4.5 g) and Na2CO3 loading (0-10 wt.%). Temperature was the most influential factor affecting the yields of product fractions. The highest bio-oil yield of 56.9 wt.% was achieved at 290°C, 60 min, and reactor loading of 2.5 g. The presence of Na2CO3 favored the conversion of the feedstock but suppressed the production of bio-oil. The higher heating values of the bio-oil were estimated at around 40.8 MJ/kg. The bio-oil, which mainly consisted of toluene, 1-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, fatty acids, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid esters, had a smaller total acid number than that of the oil obtained from the direct extraction of the starting material. It also contained nitrogen that was far below the bio-oil produced from the HTL of microalgae, making it more suitable for the subsequent refining.
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China. Electronic address: smallpeak@hpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhoufan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Peigao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Yunchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D032862:Litsea / Q000737:chemistry*; D009821:Oils / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D002254:Carbonates; D009821:Oils; D014867:Water; C005686:sodium carbonate
keywords: Bio-oil; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Litsea cubeba seed