title: Use of biometric, hematologic, and plasma biochemical variables, and histopathology to assess the chronic effects of the herbicide prometryn on Common Carp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effects of acute and subchronic exposure of fish to s-triazine herbicides have been well documented, but data on the effects of prometryn on blood analytes in carp at environmentally realistic concentrations are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine whether biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology could serve as bioindicators in fish living in waters polluted by triazine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fish were exposed to prometryn at concentrations of 0.51 (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 8.0, and 80 μg/L for 14, 30, and 60 days. Prior to and during this period, biometrics, blood analytes, and histopathology were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 60 days' exposure to 8.0 and 80 μg/L of prometryn, spleen weights (P < .05) and lactate (P < .01) levels were significantly lower, and concentrations of HGB (P < .01) and MHC (P < .01) and MCHC (P < .01) were higher, relative to controls. After 30 and 60 days' exposure to 0.51, 8.0, and 80 μg/L of prometryn, AST activity, calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphate levels were lower (P < .01), while creatinine concentration and ALT activity were higher (P < .01) than in controls. Glucose was higher after exposure to 80 μg/L after 30 and 60 days, and after 60 days' exposure to 8.0 μg/L. Renal histology revealed severe hyaline degeneration of the epithelial cells of caudal kidney tubules in fish at all exposure levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows effects in fish blood at a concentration of 0.51 μg/L of prometryn, a significant finding in view of prometryn reaching a maximum of 4.4 μg/L or less in European rivers. Select blood analytes, such as creatinine, and histologic changes in caudal kidney are potential biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine pesticides in Common Carp.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Velisek
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stara
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zuskova
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svobodova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001699:Biometry; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002347:Carps / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D006540:Herbicides / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D011400:Prometryne / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045483:Rivers; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011400:Prometryne
keywords: Hemoconcentration; herbicide monitoring; triazine; water pollution