title: No significant improvement in the rate of accurate ventricular catheter location using ultrasound-guided CSF shunt insertion: a prospective, controlled study by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrospinal fluid shunt ventricular catheters inserted into the frontal horn or trigone are associated with prolonged shunt survival. Developing surgical techniques for accurate catheter insertion could, therefore, be beneficial to patients. This study was conducted to determine if the rate of accurate catheter location with intraoperative ultrasound guidance could exceed 80%.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a prospective, multicenter study of children (< 18 years) requiring first-time treatment for hydrocephalus with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Using intraoperative ultrasound, surgeons were required to target the frontal horn or trigone for catheter tip placement. An intraoperative ultrasound image was obtained at the time of catheter insertion. Ventricular catheter location, the primary outcome measure, was determined from the first postoperative image. A control group of patients treated by nonultrasound surgeons (conventional surgeons) were enrolled using the same study criteria. Conventional shunt surgeons also agreed to target the frontal horn or trigone for all catheter insertions. Patients were triaged to participating surgeons based on call schedules at each center. A pediatric neuroradiologist blinded to method of insertion, center, and surgeon determined ventricular catheter tip location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven surgeons enrolled as ultrasound surgeons and 6 as conventional surgeons. Between February 2009 and February 2010, 121 patients were enrolled at 4 Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network centers. Experienced ultrasound surgeons (> 15 cases prior to study) operated on 67 patients; conventional surgeons operated on 52 patients. Experienced ultrasound surgeons achieved accurate catheter location in 39 (59%) of 66 patients, 95% CI (46%-71%). Intraoperative ultrasound images were compared with postoperative scans. In 32.7% of cases, the catheter tip moved from an accurate location on the intraoperative ultrasound image to an inaccurate location on the postoperative study. This was the most significant factor affecting accuracy. In comparison, conventional surgeons achieved accurate location in 24 (49.0%) of 49 cases (95% CI [34%-64%]). The shunt survival rate at 1 year was 70.8% in the experienced ultrasound group and 66.9% in the conventional group (p = 0.66). Ultrasound surgeons had more catheters surrounded by CSF (30.8% vs 6.1%, p = 0.0012) and away from the choroid plexus (72.3% vs 58.3%, p = 0.12), and fewer catheters in the brain (3% vs 22.4%, p = 0.0011) and crossing the midline (4.5% vs 34.7%, p < 0.001), but they had a higher proportion of postoperative pseudomeningocele (10.1% vs 3.8%, p = 0.30), wound dehiscence (5.8% vs 0%, p = 0.13), CSF leak (10.1% vs 1.9%, p = 0.14), and shunt infection (11.6% vs 5.8%, p = 0.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-guided shunt insertion as performed in this study was unable to consistently place catheters into the frontal horn or trigone. The technique is safe and achieves outcomes similar to other conventional shunt insertion techniques. Further efforts to improve accurate catheter location should focus on prevention of catheter migration that occurs between intraoperative placement and postoperative imaging. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01007786 ( ClinicalTrials.gov ).
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Hospital, Departments of Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riva-Cambrin
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wellons
authors.forename: Abhaya V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holubkov
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Illner
authors.forename: W Jerry
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Luerssen
authors.forename: Marion L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: John R W
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kestle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004453:Echoencephalography; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018401:Sample Size; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*