title: Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) belong to the Picornaviridae family with high similarity to human enteroviruses (HEVs). Limited data is available from Latin America regarding the clinical presentation and strains of these viruses in respiratory disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected nasopharyngeal swabs at clinics located in eight Latin American countries from 3,375 subjects aged 25 years or younger who presented with influenza-like illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our subjects had a median age of 3 years and a 1.2:1.0 male:female ratio. HRV was identified in 16% and HEV was identified in 3%. HRVs accounted for a higher frequency of isolates in those of younger age, in particular children < 1 years old. HRV-C accounted for 38% of all HRVs detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high proportion of recombinant strains between HRV-A/HRV-C and between HEV-A/HEV-B. In addition, both EV-D68 and EV-A71 were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Latin America as in other regions, HRVs and HEVs account for a substantial proportion of respiratory viruses identified in young people with ILI, a finding that provides additional support for the development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines targeting these pathogens.
authors.affiliation: US Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru. jgarcian66@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Espejo
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Merly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sovero
authors.forename: Manuel V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Villaran
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barrantes
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comach
authors.forename: Ana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aguayo
authors.forename: Ivette L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: de Rivera
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chicaiza
authors.forename: Mirna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Washington
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Marina S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Tadeusz J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kochel
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Halsey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral