title: Gold nanocrystal labeling allows low-density lipoprotein imaging from the subcellular to macroscopic level.
abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a critical role in cholesterol transport and is closely linked to the progression of several diseases. This motivates the development of methods to study LDL behavior from the microscopic to whole-body level. We have developed an approach to efficiently load LDL with a range of diagnostically active nanocrystals or hydrophobic agents. We performed focused experiments on LDL labeled with gold nanocrystals (Au-LDL). The labeling procedure had minimal effect on LDL size, morphology, or composition. Biological function was found to be maintained from both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Tumor-bearing mice were injected intravenously with LDL, DiR-LDL, Au-LDL, or a gold-loaded nanoemulsion. LDL accumulation in the tumors was detected with whole-body imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT), spectral CT, and fluorescence imaging. Cellular localization was studied with transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence techniques. This LDL labeling procedure should permit the study of lipoprotein biointeractions in unprecedented detail.
authors.affiliation: Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States.
authors.forename: Iris E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Allijn
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianella
authors.forename: Aneta J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mieszawska
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Catherine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Callo
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.forename: Jan Andries
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Hans C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thran
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Proksa
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daerr
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuster
authors.forename: Edward A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Zahi A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.forename: Willem J M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cormode
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000737:chemistry*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008819:Mice, Nude; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: C098793:CY5.5 cyanine dye; D002232:Carbocyanines; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010743:Phospholipids; D006046:Gold; D002784:Cholesterol