title: Biomechanical and histological evaluation of four different titanium implant surface modifications: an experimental study in the rabbit tibia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study presents a biomechanical comparison of bone response to commercially pure titanium screws with four different types of surface topographies placed in the tibial metaphysis of 30 rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty implants were tested double-blinded: (a) blasted, acid-etched, and discrete crystal deposition (DCD), (b) blasted, (c) acid-etched, and (d) blasted and acid-etch. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA/ISQ), reverse torque values (RTV), and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) were measured at the time of implant insertion (day 0), 15, 28, and 56 days of healing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups tested demonstrated increased RFA/ISQ and RTV results over the time course. At 15 days, the blasted, acid-etched, and DCD group demonstrated a non-significant trend toward higher values when compared to the blasted and etched group (33.0 ± 16 vs. 26.3 ± 12 Ncm, p = .16). At 56 days, the groups utilizing blasting to create additional surface roughness (Sa > 1 micron) showed a statistical significant difference in RTQ versus the non-blasted group (38.5 ± 14 vs. 29.5 ± 9 Ncm, p = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, only the increase in surface roughness (Ra > 1) at 56 days demonstrated statistically significant effects on RTQ. Other additional surface features, such as sub-micron scale DCD, demonstrated improved healing trends but without significance for clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calvo-Guirado
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satorres
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Piedad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Fernandez
authors.forename: Jose Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maté-Sánchez de Val
authors.forename: Jose Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maté-Sánchez
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delgado-Ruiz
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gomez-Moreno
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: Georgios E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Romanos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015921:Dental Implants; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D011817:Rabbits; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium