title: Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine using Ti/TiO2 nanostructured electrodes deposited by means of a pulsed laser deposition process.
abstract: The objective of the present work is to evaluate the potential of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation (PECO) process using Ti/TiO2 for the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). Ti/TiO2 prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been used as a photo-catalyst in a photoelectrocatalytic cell. The PLD TiO2 coatings were found to be of anatase structure consisting of nanocrystallites of approximately 15nm in diameter. Factorial and central and extreme composite design methodologies were successively employed to define the optimal operating conditions for CBZ degradation. Several factors such as current intensity, treatment time, pollutant concentration and cathode material were investigated. Using a 2(4) factorial matrix, the best performance for CBZ degradation (53.5%) was obtained at a current intensity of 0.1 A during 120min of treatment time and when the vitreous carbon (VC) was used at the cathode in the presence of 10mgL(-1) of CBZ. Treatment time and pollutant concentration were found to be very meaningful for CBZ removal. The PECO process applied under optimal conditions (at current intensity of 0.3A during 120min in the presence of 10mgL(-1) of CBZ with VC at the cathode) is able to oxidize around 73.5% ±2.8% of CBZ and to ensure 21.2%±7.7% of mineralization. During PECO process, CBZ was mainly transformed to acridine and anthranilic acid. Microtox biotests (Vibrio fisheri) showed that the treated - effluent was not toxic. The pseudo-second order kinetic model (k2=6×10(-4)Lmg(-1)min(-1)) described very well the oxidation of CBZ.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 9A9, Canada. Electronic address: rimeh.daghrir@ete.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daghrir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drogui
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimboukou-Mpira
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Khakani
mesh_terms: D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002220:Carbamazepine; D014025:Titanium
keywords: AOPs; CBZ; CECD; Carbamazepine; EDC; FD; Factorial Design; Gr; PC; PECO; PLD; PPs; Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation; Pulsed laser deposition; RNO; ROS; RSM; SEM; SS; TOC; Titanium dioxide; VC; Vitreous carbon; WWTPs; X-ray diffraction; XRD; a-C; advanced oxidation processes; amorphous carbon; carbamazepine; central and extreme composite design; endocrine disrupting compound; graphite; p-nitrosodimethylaniline; pharmaceutical products; photocatalytic; photoelectrocatalytic oxidation; pulsed laser deposition; reactive oxygen species; response surface methodology; scanning electronic microscopy; stainless steel; total organic carbon; vitreous carbon; wastewater treatment plants