title: Neighborhood, family, and childhood and adolescent epilepsy: a nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether neighborhood deprivation increases the odds of hospital registration for childhood and adolescent epilepsy, after accounting for family- and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open cohort of all children aged 2-17 years was followed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. Children's residential addresses were geocoded and classified according to neighborhood deprivation. Data were analyzed by multilevel logistic regression, with family- and individual-level characteristics at the first level and level of neighborhood deprivation at the second level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, among a total of 1,020,766 children, 9309 (0.9%) were registered with childhood and adolescent epilepsy. Age-adjusted cumulative hospital rates of childhood and adolescent epilepsy increased with increasing neighborhood-level deprivation across all family- and individual-level sociodemographic categories. The odds ratio (OR) for hospital registration for childhood and adolescent epilepsy for those living in high-deprivation neighborhoods versus those living in low-deprivation neighborhoods was 1.15. High level deprivation remained significantly associated with higher odds of childhood and adolescent epilepsy after adjustment for family- and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.04-1.21, p=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that neighborhood characteristics modestly affect the odds of hospital registration for childhood and adolescent epilepsy independently of family- and individual-level sociodemographic characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Sweden. Electronic address: xinjun.li@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Xinjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zöller
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calling
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000191:economics; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Childhood and adolescent epilepsy; Cumulative incidence; Multilevel modeling; Neighborhood-level deprivation; Sociodemographic factors