title: The efficiency of the public dental services (PDS) in Cyprus and selected determinants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently there is a dual system of oral healthcare delivery in Cyprus: the public dental system (PDS) run by the Government and the private system provided by private dental practitioners. Although 83% of the population is entitled to free treatment by the PDS only 10% of the population make use of them. As Cyprus faces now the challenges of the introduction of a new health care system and rising healthcare costs in general, surveys that examine, among other things, the efficiency of the PDS become very important as tools to make important cost savings. The aims of this study are to assess trends regarding the number of visits and the age distribution of patients using PDS from 2004 to 2007, to measure the technical efficiency of the PDS and to investigate various factors that may affect it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed to assess technical efficiency. Two separate cases were examined. Efficiency was calculated, firstly using as inputs the wages and the working hours of the personnel, and secondly the working hours of the personnel and the cost of the materials. As outputs, in both cases, the treatment offered (divided into primary, secondary and tertiary care) and the numbers of visits were used. In the second stage Tobit analysis was used to explore various predictors of efficiency (time per patient, location, age of dentists, age of patients and age of assistants).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study showed that whilst there was an increase in the number of patients using the PDS from 2004 to 2007, only a small proportion of the population (10%) make use of them. Women, middle and older aged patients, make more use of the PDS. Regarding efficiency, there were large differences between the units. The average Technical Efficiency score was 68% in the first model and 81% in the second. Urban areas and low time per patient are predictors of increased efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that many of the rural PDS are underperforming. Given that the option of shutting them down is undesirable, measures should be taken to reduce inputs (e.g. by reducing the personnel's working hours) and to increase outputs (remove barriers, make PDS more accessible and increase the number of patients).
authors.affiliation: Open University of Cyprus, Lemesou Avenoue 2, Aluminium Tower, 2003, Strovolos, Lefkosia, Cyprus. nmaniadakis@esdy.edu.gr.
authors.forename: Chrystalla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maniadakis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Polyzos
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fragoulakis
authors.forename: Mamas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theodorou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003535:Cyprus; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017149:Private Sector / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult