title: Preferential loading of the ACL compared with the MCL during landing: a novel in sim approach yields the multiplanar mechanism of dynamic valgus during ACL injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strong biomechanical and epidemiological evidence associates knee valgus collapse with isolated, noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, a concomitant injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) would be expected under valgus collapse, based on the MCL's anatomic orientation and biomechanical role in knee stability. Purpose/
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative ACL to MCL strain patterns during physiological simulations of a wide range of high-risk dynamic landing scenarios. We hypothesized that both knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments would generate a disproportionate increase in the ACL strain relative to the MCL strain. However, the physiological range of knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments that produce ACL injuries are not of sufficient magnitude to compromise the MCL's integrity consistently.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel in sim approach was used to test our hypothesis. Seventeen cadaveric lower extremities (mean age, 45 ± 7 years; 9 female and 8 male) were tested to simulate a broad range of landings after a jump under anterior tibial shear force, knee abduction, and internal tibial rotation at 25° of knee flexion. The ACL and MCL strains were quantified using differential variable reluctance transducers. An extensively validated, detailed finite element model of the lower extremity was used to help better interpret experimental findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anterior cruciate ligament failure occurred in 15 of 17 specimens (88%). Increased anterior tibial shear force and knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments resulted in significantly higher ACL:MCL strain ratios (P < .05). Under all modes of single-planar and multiplanar loading, the ACL:MCL strain ratio remained greater than 1.7, while the relative ACL strain was significantly higher than the relative MCL strain (P < .01). Relative change in the ACL strain was demonstrated to be significantly greater under combined multiplanar loading compared with anterior tibial shear force (P = .016), knee abduction (P = .018), and internal tibial rotation (P < .0005) moments alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While both the ACL and the MCL resist knee valgus during landing, physiological magnitudes of the applied loads leading to high ACL strain levels and injuries were not sufficient to compromise the MCL's integrity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of injury mechanisms may provide insight that improves current risk screening and injury prevention strategies. Current findings support multiplanar knee valgus collapse as a primary factor contributing to a noncontact ACL injury.
authors.affiliation: Timothy E. Hewett, Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, 2050 Kenny Road, Suite 3100, Columbus, OH 43221. Timothy.Hewett@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Carmen E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Quatman
authors.forename: Ata M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kiapour
authors.forename: Constantine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Demetropoulos
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiapour
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wordeman
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hewett
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017888:Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012399:Rotation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: ACL; MCL; injury mechanism; knee; landing