title: The burden of illness in patients with hereditary angioedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease characterized by long-term recurrent attacks of subcutaneous or submucosal edema in different parts of the body. A comprehensive review of the literature on burden of illness for patients with HAE is presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Boolean search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Internet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles discussing aspects of the burden of illness in HAE were selected. Topics focused on the course of the disease, nature of attacks, treatment, quality of life, and costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hereditary angioedema is associated with a significant and multifaceted disease burden. Diagnosis is often delayed for years, with patients receiving ineffective treatment and unnecessary medical procedures before diagnosis. HAE attacks are painful, unpredictable, and debilitating and often require emergency medical attention. Attacks can affect a patient's daily activities, including work or schooling. Depression and anxiety are prevalent in patients with HAE. Recent advances in treatment provide patients with effective and well-tolerated prophylactic and on-demand therapeutic options. However, end points specific to HAE that better measure the impact of treatment on disease burden are lacking. Furthermore, there is a notable paucity of literature directed toward physicians who are instrumental in diagnosing and treating patients with HAE (eg, emergency department).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More publications are broadening the understanding of HAE. However, important gaps remain. Effective management of HAE requires a more comprehensive understanding of the disease burden so that disease management can be individualized to meet specific patient needs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: abanerji@partners.org.
authors.forename: Aleena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerji
mesh_terms: D054179:Angioedemas, Hereditary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000473:pathology; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005174:Factor XII / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; C469952:SERPING1 protein, human; D005174:Factor XII