title: A unifying framework for standard and covariate-adaptive randomization procedures based on minimizing suitable imbalance functions.
abstract: Minimization is based on minimizing an imbalance function defined in terms of one or more covariates. Standard (non-adaptive) randomization procedures, on the other hand, generally do not specify or try to minimize an imbalance function. However, it turns out that they may be formulated in this manner. Doing so places adaptive and standard randomization procedures within the same framework, and also suggests novel randomization procedures that combine the best elements of both.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Biometry Research Group, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States; University of Maryland Baltimore County, United States. Electronic address: vb78c@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Vance W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D011897:Random Allocation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adaptive randomization; Allocation concealment; Imbalance function