title: Successful ingredients in the SMILE study: resident, staff, and management factors influence the effects of humor therapy in residential aged care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that individual and institutional-level factors influence the effects of a humor therapy intervention on aged care residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the humor therapy group of the Sydney Multisite Intervention of LaughterBosses and ElderClowns, or SMILE, study, a single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial of humor therapy conducted over 12 weeks; assessments were performed at baseline, week 13, and week 26. One hundred eighty-nine individuals from 17 Sydney residential aged care facilities were randomly allocated to the humor therapy intervention. Professional performers called "ElderClowns" provided 9-12 weekly humor therapy 2-hour sessions, augmented by trained staff, called "LaughterBosses." Outcome measures were as follows: Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the withdrawal subscale of Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects, and proxy-rated quality of life in dementia population scale. Facility-level measures were as follows: support of the management for the intervention, commitment levels of LaughterBosses, Environmental Audit Tool scores, and facility level of care provided (high/low). Resident-level measures were engagement, functional ability, disease severity, and time-in-care. Multilevel path analyses simultaneously modeled resident engagement at the individual level (repeated measures) and the effects of management support and staff commitment to humor therapy at the cluster level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Models indicated flow-on effects, whereby management support had positive effects on LaughterBoss commitment, and LaughterBoss commitment increased resident engagement. Higher resident engagement was associated with reduced depression, agitation, and neuropsychiatric scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effectiveness of psychosocial programs in residential aged care can be enhanced by management support, staff commitment, and active resident engagement.
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: h.brodaty@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brodaty
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Lee-Fay
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Zhixin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roast
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goodenough
authors.affiliation: Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chenoweth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003704:Dementia / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D027641:Laughter Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000628:therapy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D058992:Social Participation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aged care; dementia; humor therapy