title: Spatio-temporal analysis of shrinkage vectors during photo-polymerization of composite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to validate a new method to investigate the polymerization shrinkage vectors of composite during light curing and to evaluate the overall utility and significance of the technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  An optical instrument was developed to measure the location and direction of the polymerization shrinkage strain vectors of dental composite during light curing using a particle tracking method with computer vision. The measurement system consisted of a CCD color camera, a lens and a filter, and software for multi-particle tracking. A universal hybrid composite (Z250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul MN, USA) was molded into thin disk-shaped specimens (un-bonded and bonded) or filled into a cavity within a tooth slab (bonded). The composite surface was coated with fluorescent particles prior to light curing. The images of the fluorescent particles were stored at 2 frames/s for 10 min, and the movements of the particles on the composite surface were tracked with computer vision during curing. The polymerization shrinkage strain vectors as a function of time and location were analyzed. The volume shrinkage of the composite was also measured for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear and volume shrinkage of the composite at 10 min were 0.75 (0.12)% and 2.26 (0.18)%, respectively. The polymerization shrinkage vectors were directed toward the center of the specimen and were isotropic in all directions when the composite was allowed to shrinkage freely without bonding. In contrast, the shrinkage vectors were directed toward the bonding surface and were anisotropic when the composite was bonded to a fixed wall. The regional displacement vectors of composite in a tooth cavity were dependent on the location, depth and time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new instrument was able to measure the regional linear shrinkage strain vectors over an entire surface of a composite specimen as a function of time and location. Therefore, this instrument can be used to characterize the shrinkage behaviors for a wide range of commercial and experimental visible-light-cure materials in relation to the composition, boundary condition and cavity geometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kweon
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.forename: Kyongok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dhont
authors.forename: In-Bog
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D058105:Polymerization
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins
keywords: Composite; Computer vision; Particle tracking; Polymerization shrinkage vector