title: Feedback in clinical education, part I: Characteristics of feedback provided by approved clinical instructors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Providing students with feedback is an important component of athletic training clinical education; however, little information is known about the feedback that Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs; now known as preceptors) currently provide to athletic training students (ATSs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the feedback provided by ACIs to ATSs during clinical education experiences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic training facility and 1 outpatient rehabilitation clinic that were clinical sites for 1 entry-level master's degree program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4 ACIs with various experience levels and 4 second-year ATSs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive field observations were audio recorded, transcribed, and integrated with field notes for analysis. The constant comparative approach of open, axial, and selective coding was used to inductively analyze data and develop codes and categories. Member checking, triangulation, and peer debriefing were used to promote trustworthiness of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACIs gave 88 feedback statements in 45 hours and 10 minutes of observation. Characteristics of feedback categories included purpose, timing, specificity, content, form, and privacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feedback that ACIs provided included several components that made each feedback exchange unique. The ACIs in our study provided feedback that is supported by the literature, suggesting that ACIs are using current recommendations for providing feedback. Feedback needs to be investigated across multiple athletic training education programs to gain more understanding of certain areas of feedback, including frequency, privacy, and form.
authors.affiliation: Chapman University, Orange, CA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nottingham
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013177:Sports / Q000193:education*; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000193:education*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013637:Tape Recording