title: Long-term effects of aluminium dust inhalation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the 1950s and 1960s, aluminium dust inhalation was used as a potential prophylaxis against silicosis in underground miners, including in Australia. We investigated the association between aluminium dust inhalation and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's diseases in a cohort of Australian male underground gold miners. We additionally looked at pneumoconiosis mortality to estimate the effect of the aluminium therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  SMRs and 95% CI were calculated to compare mortality of the cohort members with that of the Western Australian male population (1961-2009). Internal comparisons on duration of aluminium dust inhalation were examined using Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aluminium dust inhalation was reported for 647 out of 1894 underground gold miners. During 42 780 person-years of follow-up, 1577 deaths were observed. An indication of increased mortality of Alzheimer's disease among miners ever exposed to aluminium dust was found (SMR=1.38), although it was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.69 to 2.75). Rates for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death were above population levels, but were similar for subjects with or without a history of aluminium dust inhalation. HRs suggested an increasing risk of cardiovascular disease with duration of aluminium dust inhalation (HR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04, per year of exposure). No difference in the association between duration of work underground and pneumoconiosis was observed between the groups with or without aluminium dust exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No protective effect against silicosis was observed from aluminium dust inhalation. Conversely, exposure to aluminium dust may possibly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fritschi
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: de Klerk
authors.forename: A W Bill
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Musk
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000535:Aluminum / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000401:mortality; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality; D004391:Dust; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D011009:Pneumoconiosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D020011:Protective Agents; D006046:Gold; D000535:Aluminum