title: Stents for benign and malignant esophageal strictures.
abstract: This paper presents commentaries on endotherapy for esophageal perforation/leaks; treatment of esophageal perforation; whether esophageal stents should be used for treating benign esophageal strictures; what determines the optimal stenting period in benign esophageal strictures/leaks; how to choose an esophageal stent; how a new fistula secondary to an esophageal stent should be treated; which strategy should be adopted when a fistula of a cervical anastomosis occurs; intralesional steroids for refractory esophageal strictures; balloon and bougie dilators for esophageal strictures and predictors of response to dilation; whether refractory strictures from different etiologies respond differently to endotherapy; surgical therapy of benign esophageal strictures; and whether stenoses following severe esophageal burns should be treated by esophageal resection or esophageal bypass.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Guimarães
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hourneaux de Moura
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and GI Endoscopy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khean-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and GI Endoscopy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Kulwinder S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valter Nilton
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.|Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kochhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Sreekanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appasani
authors.affiliation: Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universdade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla Cristina
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Gusmon
mesh_terms: D004940:Esophageal Stenosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: anastomic leak; esophageal perforation; neoesophagus; stent; stricture formation