title: Longitudinal influences of neighbourhood built and social environment on children's weight status.
abstract: The objective was to examine longitudinal 4-year-relationships between neighbourhood social environment and children's body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) taking into account the built environment. Furthermore, we have analysed the influence of potential interactions between the social environment and family/social data on children's BMI-SDS. Between 2006-2008 and 2010-2012, anthropometric measurements were conducted among 485 children (age at baseline: 6.1 (5.8-6.4)). Socio-demographic characteristics and perception of residential environment were reported by parents. Geographic Information Systems were used to examine street length, number of food outlets and distance to the nearest playground and park/green space within an 800 m Euclidian buffer of each participant address point. Additional data on neighbourhood characteristics (e.g., traffic density, walkability, crime rates) were obtained from the State Capital of Kiel, Germany. In a multivariate model, walkability, street type, socioeconomic status of the district and perceived frequency of passing trucks/buses were associated with BMI-SDS over 4 years, but only neighbourhood SES had an effect on change in BMI-SDS. However, familial/social factors rather than neighbourhood environment (especially social environment) had an impact on children's BMI-SDS over 4 years. Thus, social inequalities in childhood overweight are only partially explained by social neighbourhood environment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, Kiel 24105, Germany. mmueller@nutrfoodsc.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gose
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Plachta-Danielzik
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willié
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannsen
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Landsberg
authors.forename: Manfred J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations