title: Counseling and provision of long-acting reversible contraception in the US: national survey of nurse practitioners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nurse practitioners (NPs) provide frontline care in women's health, including contraception, an essential preventive service. Their importance for contraceptive care will grow, with healthcare reforms focused on affordable primary care. This study assessed practice and training needs to prepare NPs to offer high-efficacy contraceptives - intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A US nationally representative sample of nurse practitioners in primary care and women's health was surveyed in 2009 (response rate 69%, n=586) to assess clinician knowledge and practices, guided by the CDC US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of women's health NPs (66%) were trained in IUD insertions, compared to 12% of primary care NPs. Contraceptive counseling that routinely included IUDs was low overall (43%). Nurse practitioners used overly restrictive patient eligibility criteria, inconsistent with CDC guidelines. Insertion training (aOR=2.4, 95%CI: 1.10 5.33) and knowledge of patient eligibility (aOR=2.9, 95%CI: 1.91 4.32) were associated with IUD provision. Contraceptive implant provision was low: 42% of NPs in women's health and 10% in primary care. Half of NPs desired training in these methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse practitioners have an increasingly important position in addressing high unintended pregnancy in the US, but require specific training in long-acting reversible contraceptives.
authors.affiliation: Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Box 0744, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA. Electronic address: harperc@obgyn.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Cynthia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: Tina R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Jillian T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Postlethwaite
authors.forename: J Joseph
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Speidel
mesh_terms: D003267:Contraception / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Contraceptive care; Contraceptive implant; IUD; Long-acting reversible contraception; Nurse practitioners