title: Effect of teenage motherhood on cognitive outcomes in children: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between teenage motherhood and cognitive development at 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from Millennium Cohort Study, a prospective, nationally representative UK cohort of 18 818 infants born between 2000 and 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 021 (64%) mother-child pairs from white, English-speaking, singleton pregnancies were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive ability at 5 years was measured by the British Ability Scales II. Difference in mean cognitive scores across maternal age groups was estimated using linear regression, with adjustment for potential confounders and mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  617 (5%) children were born to mothers aged ≤18 years. Our analysis revealed that children of teenage mothers had significantly lower cognitive scores compared with children of mothers aged 25-34 years: difference in mean score for verbal ability -8.9 (-10.88 to -6.86, p<0.001); non-verbal ability -7.8 (-10.52 to -5.19, p<0.001); spatial ability -4.7 (-6.39 to -3.07, p<0.001), which is equivalent to an average delay of 11, 7 and 4 months, respectively. After adjustment for perinatal and sociodemographic factors, the effect of young maternal age on non-verbal and spatial ability mean scores was attenuated. A difference persisted in the mean verbal ability scores -3.8 (-6.34 to -1.34, p=0.003), equivalent to an average delay of 5 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that the difference observed in the initial analyses for non-verbal and spatial skills are almost entirely explained by marked inequalities in sociodemographic circumstances and perinatal risk. However, there remains a significant adverse effect on verbal abilities in the children born to teenage mothers.
authors.affiliation: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, , Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morinis
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quigley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent Health; Neonatology; Neurodevelopment