title: Humeral avulsions of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex involving the axillary pouch in professional baseball players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is a rare injury in athletes and can involve different parts of the complex. Axillary pouch avulsion, in particular, has only recently been recognized in the literature, but has never been described in professional baseball pitchers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of professional baseball players presenting to our institution over 5 years was performed. Patients with Bankart lesions or fractures were excluded. Preoperative MRI was retrospectively correlated with the clinical and arthroscopic findings, as available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four professional baseball pitchers were identified, all who had axillary pouch humeral avulsions of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. There was a concomitant avulsion of the anterior band in one patient. Associated findings included labral tears (n = 2) and partial thickness tear of the rotator cuff (n = 2). Three patients ultimately had their axillary pouch avulsions repaired at most recent follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APHAGL lesions can be seen in overhead athletes such as baseball pitchers and should be carefully considered as a potential cause of disability. Appropriate diagnosis is important to ultimately elucidate the optimal management of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, San Diego Medical Center, University of California, San Diego, USA, ericchangmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eric Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Heinz R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Hoenecke
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fronek
authors.forename: Brady K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000473:pathology*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology*