title: Bamboo vinegar decreases inflammatory mediator expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and protein kinase C-α/δ activation.
abstract: Bamboo vinegar (BV), a natural liquid derived from the condensation produced during bamboo charcoal production, has been used in agriculture and as a food additive, but its application to immune modulation has not been reported. Here, we demonstrated that BV has anti-inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo. BV reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide levels in, and interleukin-6 secretion by, lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages without affecting tumor necrosis factor-α secretion and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. The mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of BV involved decreased reactive oxygen species production and protein kinase C-α/δ activation. Furthermore, creosol (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) was indentified as the major anti-inflammatory compound in BV. Impaired cytokine expression and NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation was seen in mice treated with creosol. These findings provide insights into how BV regulates inflammation and suggest that it may be a new source for the development of anti-inflammatory agents or a healthy supplement for preventing and ameliorating inflammation- and NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases, including metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Chai-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shuk-Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ka
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tasi
authors.forename: May-Lan
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Chich
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Kuo-Feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D019342:Acetic Acid