title: Sleep apnea and cervical spine pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep apnea is a multi-factorial disease with a variety of identified causes. With its close proximity to the upper airway, the cervical spine and its associated pathologies can produce sleep apnea symptoms in select populations. The aim of this article was to summarize the literature discussing how cervical spine pathologies may cause sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the PubMed database for English-language literature concerning the cervical spine and its relationship with sleep apnea was conducted. Seventeen published papers were selected and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-lesion pathologies of the cervical spine causing sleep apnea include osteochondromas, osteophytes, and other rare pathologies. Multifocal lesions include rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine and endogenous cervical fusions. Furthermore, occipital-cervical misalignment pre- and post-cervical fusion surgery may predispose patients to sleep apnea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathologies of the cervical spine present significant additional etiologies for producing obstructive sleep apnea in select patient populations. Knowledge of these entities and their pathophysiologic mechanisms is informative for the clinician in diagnosing and managing sleep apnea in certain populations.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Khoi D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: La Marca
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D054850:Osteophyte / Q000150:complications; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology