title: Effect of fish oil and linseed supplementation on the protein composition of milk from cows with different β-lactoglobulin phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine the impact of fish oil and linseed (FOL) supplements on the protein fraction levels of milk from cows with different phenotypes of β-lactoglobulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 21 days of supplementation the study showed significantly higher concentrations of whey proteins, especially lysozyme (144% increase) and lactoferrin (45.5% increase), compared with milk from control cows (total mixed ration with no supplemented FOL). A reverse trend was demonstrated for casein, casein index and casein number (lower level). The most favourable change (higher level), in terms of lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin contents in milk, was recorded in cows with the BB variant of β-lactoglobulin. The highest level of lysozyme was recorded in the milk of cows with the AB variant of β-lactoglobulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined supplementation of fish oil and linseed had a positive impact on whey proteins in cow's milk. In addition, the phenotype of β-lactoglobulin also played a role in milk protein composition. There is therefore a clear indication that nutritional experiments should take into account not only food supplements but also the genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin.
authors.affiliation: Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puppel
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuczyńska
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nałęcz-Tarwacka
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakowski
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gołębiewski
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunowska-Slósarz
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budziński
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grodzki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000235:genetics*; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009113:Muramidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005395:Fish Oils; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D008043:Linseed Oil; D007768:Lactalbumin; D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: casein; cow's milk; lactoferrin; lysozyme; whey protein; β-lactoglobulin phenotype