title: The rhizotoxicity of metal cations is related to their strength of binding to hard ligands.
abstract: Mechanisms whereby metal cations are toxic to plant roots remain largely unknown. Aluminum, for example, has been recognized as rhizotoxic for approximately 100 yr, but there is no consensus on its mode of action. The authors contend that the primary mechanism of rhizotoxicity of many metal cations is nonspecific and that the magnitude of toxic effects is positively related to the strength with which they bind to hard ligands, especially carboxylate ligands of the cell-wall pectic matrix. Specifically, the authors propose that metal cations have a common toxic mechanism through inhibiting the controlled relaxation of the cell wall as required for elongation. Metal cations such as Al(3+) and Hg(2+), which bind strongly to hard ligands, are toxic at relatively low concentrations because they bind strongly to the walls of cells in the rhizodermis and outer cortex of the root elongation zone with little movement into the inner tissues. In contrast, metal cations such as Ca(2+), Na(+), Mn(2+), and Zn(2+) , which bind weakly to hard ligands, bind only weakly to the cell wall and move farther into the root cylinder. Only at high concentrations is their weak binding sufficient to inhibit the relaxation of the cell wall. Finally, different mechanisms would explain why certain metal cations (for example, Tl(+), Ag(+), Cs(+), and Cu(2+)) are sometimes more toxic than expected through binding to hard ligands. The data presented in the present study demonstrate the importance of strength of binding to hard ligands in influencing a range of important physiological processes within roots through nonspecific mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kopittke
authors.forename: Neal W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Brigid A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: J Bernhard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wehr
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lombi
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kinraide
authors.forename: F Pax C
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Blamey
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008024:Ligands; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D008024:Ligands; D008670:Metals
keywords: Binding; Mechanism of toxicity; Metal; Root growth; Symptom