title: Fluorogen-activating-proteins as universal affinity biosensors for immunodetection.
abstract: Fluorogen-activating-proteins (FAPs) are a novel platform of fluorescence biosensors utilized for protein discovery. The technology currently demands molecular manipulation methods that limit its application and adaptability. Here, we highlight an alternative approach based on universal affinity reagents for protein detection. The affinity reagents were engineered as bi-partite fusion proteins, where the specificity moiety is derived from IgG-binding proteins-Protein A or Protein G-and the signaling element is a FAP. In this manner, primary antibodies provide the antigenic selectivity against a desired protein in biological samples, while FAP affinity reagents target the constant region (Fc) of antibodies and provide the biosensor component of detection. Fluorescence results using various techniques indicate minimal background and high target specificity for exogenous and endogenous proteins in mammalian cells. Additionally, FAP-based affinity reagents provide enhanced properties of detection previously absent using conventional affinity systems. Distinct features explored in this report include: (1) unfixed signal wavelengths (excitation and emission) determined by the particular fluorogen chosen, (2) real-time user controlled fluorescence on-set and off-set, (3) signal wavelength substitution while performing live analysis, and (4) enhanced resistance to photobleaching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Kalin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Vasilev
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarvik
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins
keywords: FAP; affinity reagents; biosensors; fluorogen