title: From what we know to what we do: lessons learned from the translational CLAHRC initiative in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There exists a translation gap between academic research and clinical practice in health care systems. One policy-driven initiative to address the translation gap in England are the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRCs), funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR). These aim to bring together NHS organizations and universities to accelerate the translation of evidence-based innovation into clinical practice. Our aim was to draw out lessons for policy-makers regarding the mobilization of such initiatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 174 participants across nine CLAHRCs plus in-depth case studies across four CLAHRCs. Those interviewed were staff who were central to the CLAHRCs including senior managers and directors, junior and senior academics, and health care practitioners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social positions of the CLAHRC leaders, conceived as institutional entrepreneurs, together with the antecedent conditions for CLAHRC bids, had an impact on the vision for a CLAHRC. The process of envisioning encompassed diagnostic and prognostic framing. Within the envisioning process, the utilization of existing activities and established relationships in the CLAHRC bid influenced early mobilization. However, in some cases, it led to a translational 'lock in' towards established models regarding applied research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CLAHRC experiment in England holds important lessons for policy-makers regarding how to address the translation gap. First, policy makers need to consider whether they set out a defined template for translational initiatives or whether variation is encouraged. We might expect a degree of learning from pilot activities within a CLAHRC that allows for greater clarity in the design of subsequent translational initiatives. Second, policy makers and practitioners need to understand the importance of both antecedent conditions and the social position of senior members of a CLAHRC (institutional entrepreneurs) leading the development of a bid. Whilst established and well-known clinical academics are likely to be trusted to lead CLAHRCs, and the presence of pre-existing organizational relationships are important for mobilization, privileging these aspects may constrain more radical change.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Public Management, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lockett
authors.forename: Nellie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Enany
mesh_terms: D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004739:England; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007857:Leadership; D007858:Learning; D017146:Models, Organizational; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: CLAHRC; implementation science; institutional entrepreneurs