title: A longitudinal VBM study in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder at 2-year follow-up after cognitive behavioural therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify neurodevelopmental differences in regional brain volume between medication-free paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and controls at 2-year follow-up after cognitive behavioural therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 17 medication-free paediatric OCD patients (mean age 13.8 years; SD = 2.8; range 8.2-19.0) and 20 controls, matched on age and gender, with T1-weighted MR scans in a repeated measures design at three time points with intervals of 6 months and 2 years. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was used to test whole brain voxel-wise for the effects of diagnosis and time on regional grey matter (GM) and white matter volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GM volume of the orbitofrontal cortex showed a group × time interaction effect, driven by an increase of GM volume over the whole time period in OCD patients and a decrease in controls. When splitting the groups in two age groups (8-12 and 13-19 years) this interaction effect was only seen in the youngest age group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroimaging findings in paediatric OCD after 6 months of CBT in the GM volume of the orbital frontal cortex are still present at 2-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, AMC , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huyser
authors.forename: Odile A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Lidewij
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindauer
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Obsessive–compulsive disorder; brain development; brain imaging; children; orbital frontal cortex