title: Satiety responsiveness and eating behavior among Chilean adolescents and the role of breastfeeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine patterns of satiety responsiveness and its relationship to eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), in a cohort of adolescents. We also assessed whether sex, body mass index and duration of breastfeeding, during infancy, predicted satiety responsiveness and eating behavior at 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n=576) from a longitudinal cohort, which began as an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial, participated in an unlimited breakfast after an overnight fast, and reported satiety response on a visual analog scale after the meal, followed by an EAH procedure. Height, weight and body composition were measured before breakfast. Latent profile analysis generated profiles that captured individual differences in satiety responsiveness. Multivariable regressions, adjusted for potential confounders, evaluated the association between: (1) satiety responsiveness and EAH, and (2) breastfeeding in infancy, satiety responsiveness and EAH in adolescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were on average 16.7-year old, 48% female, 37% overweight/obese and 76% were breastfed as the sole source of milk for <6 months. We found three latent profiles of satiety responsiveness: 1: 'responsive' (49%); 2: 'not responsive' (41%); 3: 'still hungry' (10%). Participants in the 'not responsive' or 'still hungry' profile were more likely to eat during the EAH procedure (odds ratio (OR)=2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.8-3.6). Being breastfed for <6 months was related to higher odds of being in the 'not responsive' or 'still hungry' profile (OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.2-2.6) and EAH (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4-3.3). Satiety responsiveness was not influenced by sex and overweight/obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After an ad libitum meal, we found varied satiety responses, which related to EAH. Furthermore, shorter breastfeeding duration was associated with poorer satiety response and higher consumption during an EAH procedure. Understanding if breastfeeding influences the development of satiety responsiveness and eating behavior may be important in an era characterized by abundant calorie-dense foods and a plethora of environmental cues promoting consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hoyos
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA [2] Division of General Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lozoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.affiliation: Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gahagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001066:Appetite; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012528:Satiety Response