title: Effect of salmon consumption during pregnancy on maternal and infant faecal microbiota, secretory IgA and calprotectin.
abstract: The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of the immune and gastrointestinal systems of infants. In the present study, we investigated whether increased salmon consumption during pregnancy, maternal weight gain during pregnancy or mode of infant feeding alter the markers of gut immune defence and inflammation. Women (n 123) who rarely ate oily fish were randomly assigned to continue consuming their habitual diet or to consume two 150 g portions of farmed salmon per week from 20 weeks of pregnancy to delivery. Faecal samples were collected from the mothers (n 75) at 38 weeks of gestation and from their infants (n 38) on days 7, 14, 28 and 84 post-partum. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation was used to determine faecal microbiota composition and ELISA to measure faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) and calprotectin concentrations. There was no effect of salmon consumption on maternal faecal microbiota or on maternal or infant faecal sIgA and calprotectin concentrations. The degree of weight gain influenced maternal faecal microbiota, and the mode of infant feeding influenced infant faecal microbiota. Faecal samples collected from infants in the salmon group tended to have lower bacterial counts of the Atopobium cluster compared with those collected from infants in the control group (P=0·097). This difference was significant in the formula-fed infants (P< 0·05), but not in the exclusively breast-fed infants. In conclusion, the impact of oily fish consumption during pregnancy on maternal and infant gut microbiota composition is limited, but significant differences are associated with maternal weight gain during pregnancy and mode of infant feeding.
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, PO Box 226, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Urwin
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Lefkothea-Stella
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kremmyda
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vlachava
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Norma D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Diaper
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Calder
authors.affiliation: Clasado Research Services Limited, Science and Technology Centre, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BZ, UK.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vulevic
authors.affiliation: Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Whiteknights Campus, PO Box 226, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yaqoob
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002657:Child Development; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis*; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012306:Risk; D012474:Salmon; D017747:Seafood / Q000009:adverse effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex