title: Psychoactive substances--some new, some old: a scan of the situation in the U.S.
abstract: New synthetic drugs are appearing as old hallucinogen psychedelic drugs are reappearing. This article combines the findings from a variety of datasets to characterize the users in terms of gender, age, drug use patterns, and adverse results, as well as provide an overview of the changes in formulations of these drugs and the impact of legal controls. Methods. Data from Monitoring the Future and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health are analyzed, along with the national DAWN emergency room admissions, Texas poison control center cases, and Texas treatment data, along with national forensic laboratory results. Results. Users of the synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, tryptamines, LSD, MDMA, and mushrooms tended to be young and male. They differed in terms of race and ethnicity. The effects of the drugs differed in terms of emergency room outcomes and poison center reports, and the treatment data showed they were similar in terms of education level, employment, and legal problems. Conclusion. Combining the different data sources provided a first picture of the characteristics of these users and their needs. Creditable descriptions on the risks of these drugs should be disseminated. Intervention programs should be targeted to these young users and new neuropsychobiological deficits from some of these drugs should be monitored. Because of the ever-changing chemical combinations to stay legal and the need for information on content and dosage, a more effective approach may be needed basing control on the effects of the substances rather than their changing chemical composition.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Institute School of Social Work, 1717 West 6th, Suite 335, Austin, TX 78703, United States. Electronic address: jcmaxwell@austin.utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Jane Carlisle
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Maxwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000639:trends; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Hallucinogens; MDMA; Psychedelics; Synthetic cannabis; Synthetic cathinones