title: Hospital costs and inpatient mortality among children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between hospital costs and risk-adjusted inpatient mortality among children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in U.S. acute-care hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of 35,446 children in 2003, 2006, and 2009 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional logistic regression of risk-adjusted inpatient mortality and hospital costs, adjusting for a variety of patient-, hospital-, and community-level confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified relevant discharges in the KID using the AHRQ Pediatric Quality Indicator for pediatric heart surgery mortality, and linked these records to hospital characteristics from American Hospital Association Surveys and community characteristics from the Census.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children undergoing CHD surgery in higher cost hospitals had lower risk-adjusted inpatient mortality (p=.002). An increase from the 25th percentile of treatment costs to the 75th percentile was associated with a 13.6 percent reduction in risk-adjusted mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater hospital costs are associated with lower risk-adjusted inpatient mortality for children undergoing CHD surgery. The specific mechanisms by which greater costs improve mortality merit further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romley
authors.forename: Alex Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dana P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D010372:Pediatrics; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment
keywords: Health care costs; acute inpatient care; geographic variation; health policy; pediatrics; quality of care