title: Developing a medication communication framework across continuums of care using the Circle of Care Modeling approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medication errors are a common type of preventable errors in health care causing unnecessary patient harm, hospitalization, and even fatality. Improving communication between providers and between providers and patients is a key aspect of decreasing medication errors and improving patient safety. Medication management requires extensive collaboration and communication across roles and care settings, which can reduce (or contribute to) medication-related errors. Medication management involves key recurrent activities (determine need, prescribe, dispense, administer, and monitor/evaluate) with information communicated within and between each. Despite its importance, there is a lack of conceptual models that explore medication communication specifically across roles and settings. This research seeks to address that gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Circle of Care Modeling (CCM) approach was used to build a model of medication communication activities across the circle of care. CCM positions the patient in the centre of his or her own healthcare system; providers and other roles are then modeled around the patient as a web of relationships. Recurrent medication communication activities were mapped to the medication management framework. The research occurred in three iterations, to test and revise the model: Iteration 1 consisted of a literature review and internal team discussion, Iteration 2 consisted of interviews, observation, and a discussion group at a Community Health Centre, and Iteration 3 consisted of interviews and a discussion group in the larger community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each iteration provided further detail to the Circle of Care medication communication model. Specific medication communication activities were mapped along each communication pathway between roles and to the medication management framework. We could not map all medication communication activities to the medication management framework; we added Coordinate as a separate and distinct recurrent activity. We saw many examples of coordination activities, for instance, Medical Office Assistants acting as a liaison between pharmacists and family physicians to clarify prescription details.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through the use of CCM we were able to unearth tacitly held knowledge to expand our understanding of medication communication. Drawing out the coordination activities could be a missing piece for us to better understand how to streamline and improve multi-step communication processes with a goal of improving patient safety.
authors.affiliation: eHealth Observatory, Health Information Science, University of Victoria, STN CSC, PO Box 3050, Victoria, BC V8W 3P5, Canada. nkitson@uvic.ca.
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kitson
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Francis Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Grey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Showler
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000458:organization & administration; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D017146:Models, Organizational