title: The rise and fall of the thiazolidinediones: impact of clinical evidence publication and formulary change on the prescription incidence of thiazolidinediones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous factors affect drug utilization including clinical trials, promotional activity, drug safety signals and funding practices. We sought to investigate the impact of cardiovascular safety concerns and public drug formulary restrictions on the use of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs): rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based cross-sectional time series analysis among more than 1.6 million older residents of Ontario, Canada using administrative healthcare claims databases from January 2000 to September 2010 to examine the impact of two events on the rate of initiation of TZDs among those aged 66 years and older: 1) the publication of a prominent meta-analysis suggesting cardiovascular harm for rosiglitazone, and 2) the introduction of prescribing restrictions for TZDs on the public formulary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident rosiglitazone prescribing decreased significantly from 5.32 to 0.44 prescriptions per 1,000 patients in the quarter following the publication of a meta-analysis, suggesting safety concerns for rosiglitazone (p<0.01). Similarly, incident pioglitazone prescribing continued to decline from 1.89 just prior to the publication of the meta-analysis to 0.53 prescriptions per 1,000 patients just prior to the policy implementation (p<0.01). Following the implementation of formulary restrictions for TZDs in Q2 of 2009, the rate of incident prescriptions for rosiglitazone fell further, from 0.20 prescriptions per 1,000 patients in the preceding quarter to 0.03 prescriptions per 1,000 patients in the subsequent quarter (Q3 of 2009; p<0.01). The rate of prescriptions dispensed for pioglitazone also decreased from 0.53 in Q1of 2009 to 0.11 prescriptions per 1,000 patients in Q3 of 2009 (p <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the publication of clinical evidence and drug policy changes can significantly influence the utilization of the TZDs.
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D005569:Formularies as Topic / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000077205:Pioglitazone