title: How bad could it be? Alcohol dampens stress responses to threat of uncertain intensity.
abstract: Stress response dampening is an important motive for alcohol use. However, stress reduction via alcohol (alcohol SRD) is observed inconsistently in the laboratory, and this has raised questions about the precise mechanisms and boundary conditions for these effects. Emerging evidence indicates that alcohol SRD may be observed selectively during uncertain but not certain threats. In a final sample of 89 participants, we measured stress response via potentiation of defensive startle reflex in response to threat of shock in blocks with certain (low and high) and uncertain shock intensity. Our alcohol-administration procedure produced blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) across a broad range (0.00%-0.12%) across participants. Increasing BACs were associated with linearly decreasing startle potentiation and self-reported anxiety. This SRD effect was greater during uncertain than certain threat. More broadly, these results suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in response to threats of uncertain intensity and threats of certain intensity.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Curtin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: drug and substance abuse; emotions; startle reflex; stress reactions