title: Repair and removal of azoxymethane-induced O6-methylguanine in rat colon by O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and apoptosis.
abstract: Azoxymethane (AOM) is an alkylating agent that generates mutagenic and carcinogenic O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)meG) adducts in DNA. O(6)meG has been detected in human colonic DNA; hence, understanding the innate cellular events occurring in response to the formation of O(6)meG is important in developing preventive strategies for colorectal cancer. We explored the time-course, dose-response, and kinetics of O(6)meG formation and its removal by the DNA repair protein, O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and apoptosis. In rats given AOM (10 mg/kg), the formation of O(6)meG occurs within 2 h of exposure, accompanied by rapid depletion of MGMT activity and followed by the induction of an acute apoptotic response that peaks at 6-8 h. MGMT repair and apoptosis are dependent on AOM dose and O(6)meG load. Apoptosis is initiated only when a high O(6)meG load is present and MGMT activity is fully depleted. AOM, 10 mg/kg, overwhelms MGMT repair for about 96 h and renewed MGMT activity is only observed once O(6)meG is no longer detectable. A threshold for apoptosis is observed at 6 h after 6 mg/kg AOM, when a high O(6)meG persists and MGMT activity is very low. These data suggest that apoptosis is probably triggered by O(6)meG, but only once the capacity of MGMT to repair O(6)meG is exhausted. In the colonic epithelium, apoptosis may be complementary to MGMT, in terms of minimising potentially mutagenic events and maintaining a healthy genome.
authors.affiliation: Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nyskohus
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Margison
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Le Leu
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lockett
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Graeme P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000633:toxicity*; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D006147:Guanine; C008449:O-(6)-methylguanine; D019853:O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase; D001397:Azoxymethane
keywords: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; AOM; Apoptosis; Azoxymethane; CRC; Colon cancer; DMH; DNA repair; DSB; MGMT; O(6)-meG; O(6)-meG adduct; O(6)-methylguanine; O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase; azoxymethane; colorectal cancer; double-strand break