title: A comparison in dogs of medetomidine, with or without MK-467, and the combination acepromazine-butorphanol as premedication prior to anaesthesia induced by propofol and maintained with isoflurane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the haemodynamic effects of three premedicant regimens during propofol-induced isoflurane anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy purpose-bred beagles aged 4 years and weighing mean 13.6 ± SD 1.9 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dogs were instrumented whilst under isoflurane anaesthesia prior to each experiment, then allowed to recover for 60 minutes. Each dog was treated with three different premedications given intravenously (IV): medetomidine 10 μg kg⁻¹ (MED), medetomidine 10 μg kg⁻¹ with MK-467 250 μg kg⁻¹ (MMK), or acepromazine 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ with butorphanol 0.3 mg kg⁻¹ (AB). Anaesthesia was induced 20 minutes later with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for 60 minutes. Heart rate (HR), cardiac output, arterial blood pressures (ABP), central venous pressure (CVP), respiratory rate, inspired oxygen fraction, rectal temperature (RT) and bispectral index (BIS) were measured and arterial and venous blood gases analyzed. Cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), oxygen delivery index (DO₂ I), systemic oxygen consumption index (VO₂ I) and oxygen extraction (EO₂) were calculated. Times to extubation, righting, sternal recumbency and walking were recorded. The differences between treatment groups were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HR, CI, DO₂ I and BIS were significantly lower with MED than with MMK. ABP, CVP, SVRI, EO₂, RT and arterial lactate were significantly higher with MED than with MMK and AB. HR and ABP were significantly higher with MMK than with AB. However, CVP, CI, SVRI, DO₂ I, VO₂ I, EO₂, T, BIS and blood lactate did not differ significantly between MMK and AB. The times to extubation, righting, sternal recumbency and walking were significantly shorter with MMK than with MED and AB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MK-467 attenuates certain cardiovascular effects of medetomidine in dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane. The cardiovascular effects of MMK are very similar to those of AB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salla
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Restitutti
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Junnila
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raekallio
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vainio
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011807:Quinolizines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011807:Quinolizines; C055732:vatinoxan; D000075:Acepromazine; D007530:Isoflurane; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol
keywords: MK-467; acepromazine; dog; general anaesthesia; haemodynamics; medetomidine