title: Contribution of the immune system to bystander and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation.
abstract: Considerable progress has recently been achieved in the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cellular radiation responses and radiation mediated microenvironmental communication. In line with that, it has become more and more obvious that X-irradiation causes distinct immunological effects ranging from anti-inflammatory activities if applied at low (<1 Gy) doses to harmful inflammatory side effects, radiation-induced immune modulation or induction of anti-tumour immune responses at higher doses. Moreover, experimental and clinical evidences indicate that these effects not only originate from direct nuclear damage but also include non-(DNA) targeted mechanisms including bystander, out of field distant bystander (abscopal) effects and genomic instability. The purpose of the present review is to elucidate immune responses that are initiated or affected by ionizing radiation, with a special emphasis on anti-inflammatory and abscopal effects and the induction of stress-induced anti-tumour immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: franz.roedel@kgu.de.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; CCG "Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology", Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Multhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gaipl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000276:immunology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000528:radiation effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D042822:Genomic Instability / Q000528:radiation effects; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000528:radiation effects; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: Abscopal effect; Bystander effects; Heat shock protein 70; Immune system; Ionizing radiation; Non-targeted effects