title: Simultaneous quantification of myocardial and blood flow velocities based on duplex mode ultrasound imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound imaging of the heart is a commonly used clinical tool to assess cardiac function. The basis for this analysis is the quantification of cardiac blood flow and myocardial velocities. These are typically measured using different imaging modes and on different cardiac cycles. However, due to beat-to-beat variations such as irregular heart rhythm and transient events, simultaneous acquisition is preferred. There exists specialized ultrasound systems for this purpose; however, it would be beneficial if this could be achieved using conventional ultrasound systems due to their wide availability. The conventional Duplex mode ultrasound allows simultaneous acquisition, however at a highly reduced spatial and temporal resolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this work was to present and evaluate the performance of a novel method to recover myocardial tissue velocity using conventional Duplex ultrasound imaging, and to demonstrate its feasibility for the assessment of simultaneous blood flow and myocardial velocity in-vivo. The essence of the method was the estimation of the axial phase shift of robust echogenic structures between subsequent image frames. The performance of the method was evaluated on synthetic tissue mimicking B-mode image sequences at different frame rates (20-60 Hz) and tissue velocities (peak velocities 5-15cm/s), using cardiac deformation and displacement characteristics. The performance was also compared to a standard 2-D speckle tracking technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method had an overall high performance at frame rates above 25 Hz, with less than 15% error of the peak diastolic velocity, and less than 10 ms peak timing error. The method showed superior performance compared to the 2-D tracking technique at frame rates below 50 Hz. The in-vivo quantification of simultaneous blood flow and myocardial tissue velocities verified the echocardiographic patterns and features of healthy subjects and the specific patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel myocardial velocity quantification method was presented and high performance at frame rates above 25 Hz was shown. In-vivo quantification of simultaneous myocardial and blood flow velocities was feasible using the proposed method and conventional Duplex mode imaging. We propose that the methodology is suitable for retrospective as well as prospective studies on the mechanics and hemodynamics of the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering - R&D, Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden. christer.gronlund@vll.se.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grönlund
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claesson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'hooge
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Henein
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D028227:Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors