title: 1,2-Diazole prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cisplatin (a platinum-compound) is a anti-neoplastic drug used in the treatment of various cancers but eventually results in severe adverse effects namely nephrotoxicity or renal disorder through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This biochemical measurements and histopathology analysis investigated a possible protective effect of 1,2-diazole with regards to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group A: normal control, vehicle (1% (w/v) gum acacia in phosphate buffer saline (PBS)). Group B: cisplatin group, vehicle + cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg). Group C: 1,2-diazole (10 mg/kg) + cisplatin and Group D: silymarin (50 mg/kg) + cisplatin. Each vehicle/drug treatment was given daily via intraperitoneal (ip) injection for 10 consecutive days starting from day 1. On group B, C and D cisplatin was given in single dose only on day 5 one hour post drug administration. Animals were allowed till 10th day and on day 11 all four groups animals were anesthetized. Blood samples were collected and serum was isolated for biochemical measurements. The rats were then euthanized by cervical dislocation and their kidney was recovered and then prepared for biochemical measurements and histopathology analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with 1,2-diazole prevented nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin through a protective mechanism that involved reduction of increased oxidative stress by significantly increasing the enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and diminishing the lipid peroxidation (LPO). The pretreatment with 1,2-diazole does not affect superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), serum urea and creatinine level during nephrotoxicity when compared to cisplatin-induced group. Moreover, the 1,2-diazole animals shown significant decrease in urine volume and kidney weight when compared with cisplatin-induced group. Histopathological findings reveals the protective efficacy of 1,2-diazole that restores histopathological changes against nephrotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analysis will provide a critical evidence that 1,2-diazole could provide a new protective strategy against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India. immunologykarunya@gmail.com, gurukarunya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Venugopal Vinod
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Narayanan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Chandrasekharan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guruvayoorappan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D014556:Urine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012838:Silymarin; C031280:pyrazole; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D002945:Cisplatin