title: Variations of the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils from leaves and stems of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the variations of the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae) collected in different seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oils were analysed by GLC/FID and GLC/MS. The antioxidant activity was investigated by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays and the deoxyribose degradation assay. Inhibition of both 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in hepatic cancer (HepG-2) cells were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxic activity was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 64 volatile secondary metabolites were identified. The major components of the leaf oil were d-limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene, and of the stem oil were germacrine D, α-cadinol, d-limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Leaf and stem oils collected in spring could reduce DPPH● (IC50 = 3.17 and 2.19 mg/ml) and prevent the degradation of the deoxyribose sugar (IC50 = 17.55 and 14.29 μg/ml). The stem oil exhibited a higher inhibition of both 5-LOX and PGE2 than the leaf oil. The cytotoxic activity of leaf and stem oils was low in cancer cell lines (IC50 = 136.27 and 119.78 μg/ml in cervical cancer (HeLa) cells).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Essential oils of L. styraciflua exhibited an interesting anti-inflammatory activity with low cytotoxicity, supporting its traditional use to treat inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: El-Readi
authors.forename: Hanaa H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Mohamed L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ashour
authors.forename: Safaa Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Eid
authors.forename: Rola M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sporer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wink
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D003855:Deoxyribose / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D000077222:Limonene; D031317:Liquidambar / Q000737:chemistry*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; D013729:Terpenes; C445364:cadinol; D013481:Superoxides; C010789:beta-pinene; D003855:Deoxyribose; D000077222:Limonene; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; D015232:Dinoprostone; C027259:germacrene D
keywords: Liquidambar styraciflua; anti-inflammatory; cytotoxicity; essential oils; seasonal variation