title: The normal vulva in medical textbooks.
abstract: When a healthy woman expresses concerns about her vulva, the doctor's response should be informed by clinical knowledge. For many doctors, accumulation of such knowledge would have begun with undergraduate teaching and medical textbooks. The aim of this study is to examine the information on female genital morphology in medical textbooks. A total of 59 gynaecology and anatomy textbooks were searched for information on the dimensions of vulval constitutent parts. No textbook gave measurements for all vulval structures. Vaginal length was reported in 21/59 textbooks, clitoral size in 15/59 and labia minora in 1/59. Where measurements appear, they suggest narrower ranges than recent reports. Information of vulval morphology is scanty and inaccurate in medical textbooks. The general lack of professional resources means that doctors may consciously or non-consciously rely upon personal experiences and popular culture to form their opinions, as do their patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University College London Hospitals , London , UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrikopoulou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michala
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Creighton
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D013782:Textbooks as Topic; D014844:Vulva / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery