title: Umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside from Aegle marmelos (L.) corr. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bael, is used to treat fevers, abdomen pain, palpitation of the heart, urinary troubles, melancholia, anorexia, dyspepsia, diabetes and diarrhea in Indian traditional systems of medicine. The object of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant oxidative stress of umbelliferone β-D-galactopyranoside (UFG) from stem bark of Aegle marmelos Correa. in STZ (streptozotocin) induced diabetic rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in rat by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). The rat was divided into the following groups; I - normal control, II - diabetic control, III - UFG (10 mg/kg), IV - UFG (20 mg/kg), V - UFG (40 mg/kg), VI - Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o., once a daily dose). Diabetes was measured by change the level blood glucose, plasma insulin and the oxidative stress were assessed in the liver by estimation of the level of antioxidant markers i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antihyperlipidemic effect was measured by estimation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) cholesterol. However in a study, the increased body weight was observed and utilization of glucose was in the oral glucose tolerance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily oral administration of different dose of UFG for 28 days showed significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in fasting blood glucose level and improve plasma insulin level as compared to the diabetic control group. Also it significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the level of glycated hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1-6-biphosphate and increased the level of hexokinase. UFG treatment decreased liver MDA and increased the level of SOD, GPx and CAT. UFG treatment of lipids it's increased the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL cholesterol and decreased the level of HDL cholesterol. Histologically, inflammatory cell in blood vessels, intercalated disc, fat degeneration and focal necrosis observed in diabetic rat organ but was less obvious in UFG treated groups. The mechanism of action of UFG may be due to the increased level of pancreatic insulin secretion and effect on the antioxidant marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UFG posses an antidiabetic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effect on the STZ induced diabetic rat. Hence it could be the better choice to cure the diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India. phvikas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Danish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Firoz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mujeeb
mesh_terms: D045471:Aegle / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002374:Catalase / Q000494:pharmacology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014468:Umbelliferones / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002374:Catalase; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005690:Galactose; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides; D014468:Umbelliferones