title: Potential in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Holigarna arnottiana (Hook F).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Holigarna arnottiana (H. arnottiana) against human and shrimp pathogenic bacteria and use GC-MS analysis to elucidate its antimicrobial principles.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, organic extract of H. arnottiana was examined for in vitro antimicrobial potency against five clinical human pathogens, seven species of human type culture pathogens, six pathogenic Vibrio strains isolated from moribund tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and seven type cultures (Microbial Type Culture Collection, MTCC) of prominent shrimp pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extraction of H. arnottiana with ethyl acetate yielded bioactive crude extract that efficiently repressed the growth of all tested pathogens. Among the pathogens tested, shrimp pathogens were the most susceptible organisms while clinical pathogens were found to be a little resistant. The chemical constituents of the H. arnottiana were analysed by GC-MS which revealed the presence of major compounds such as 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-o1 (42.1%), 1-lodo-2-methylundecane (34.5%) and squalene (11.1%) which might have a functional role in the chemical defence against microbial invasion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the finding it could be inferred that H. arnottiana would be a reliable source for developing shrimp and human bio-therapeutics in future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Human Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Electronic address: aseermanilal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aseer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manilal
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Idhayadhulla
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000382:microbiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C007650:ethyl acetate
keywords: Anacardiaceae; Bioactive compounds; Chemical constituents; Holigarna arnottiana; Plant extract