title: Increased energy/activity, not mood changes, is the core feature of mania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, the occurrence of increased energy/activity and elation of mood or irritability became necessary symptoms for the diagnosis of an episode of mania or hypomania.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether increases in energy/activity or mood changes represent the core feature of the manic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The symptomatology of 117 hospitalized patients with bipolar mania was evaluated using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Changed version (SADS-C). Based on six items of the SADS-S related to mania, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. An Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis was used to identify how much each symptom informs about the different levels of severity of the syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the CFA, the item "increased energy" was the symptom with the highest factorial loadings, which was confirmed by the IRT analysis. Thus, increased energy was the alteration most correlated with the total severity of manic symptoms. Additionally, the analysis of the Item Information Function revealed that increased energy was correlated with the larger amplitude of severity levels compared with the other symptoms of mania.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only six manic symptoms were considered. The sample might not be representative because the patients were evaluated while presenting peak symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased energy/activity is a more important symptom for a diagnosis of mania than mood changes and represents the core feature of this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil. Electronic address: echeniaux@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cheniaux
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filgueiras
authors.forename: Rafael de Assis da
authors.initials: Rde A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Luciana Angélica Silva
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Ana Letícia Santos
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landeira-Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Factor analysis; Hyperactivity; Item Response Theory; Mania; Mood change