title: Measuring preferences for analgesic treatment for cancer pain: how do African-Americans and Whites perform on choice-based conjoint (CBC) analysis experiments?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conjoint Analysis (CA) can serve as an important tool to study health disparities and unique factors underlying decision-making in diverse subgroups. However, methodological advancements are needed in exploiting this application of CA. We compared the internal and external predictive validity and inter-temporal stability of Choice-based-Conjoint (CBC) analysis between African-Americans and Whites in the clinical context of preferences for analgesic treatment for cancer pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study with repeated-measures at two time-points (T1 = baseline; T2 = 3-months). African-Americans (n = 102); and Whites (n = 139) with cancer-related pain were recruited from outpatient oncology clinics in Philadelphia. Informed by pilot work, a computer-assisted CBC experiment was developed using 5 attributes of analgesic treatment: type of analgesic; expected pain relief; type of side-effects; severity of side-effects; and out-of-pocket cost. The design included 2 choice alternatives, 12 random tasks, 2 holdout tasks, and maximum of 6 levels per attribute. The internal and external predictive validity of CBC was estimated using Root Likelihood (RLH) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE), respectively. Inter-temporal stability was assessed using Cohen's kappa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whites predominantly traded based on "pain relief" whereas African-Americans traded based on "type of side-effects". At both time-points, the internal validity (RLH) was slightly higher for Whites than for African-Americans. The RLH for African-Americans improved at T2, possibly due to the learning effect. Lexicographic (dominant) behavior was observed in 29% of choice datasets; Whites were more likely than African-Americans to engage in a lexicographic behavior (60% vs. 40%). External validity (MAE) was slightly better for African-Americans than for Whites at both time-points (MAE: T1 = 3.04% for African-Americans and 4.02% for Whites; T2 = 8.04% for African-Americans; 10.24% for Whites). At T2, the MAE increased for both groups possibly reflecting an increase in the complexity of pain treatment decision-making based on expectations (T1) as opposed to reality (T2). The inter-temporal stability was fair for CBC attributes between T1 and T2 (kappa = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.24-0.32) and was not predicted by demographics including race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While we found slight group differences, overall the internal and external predictive validity of CBC was comparable between African-Americans and Whites. We discuss some areas to investigate and improve internal and external predictive validity of CBC experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, NewCourtland Center for Transitions & Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Claire M, Fagin Hall, 418 Curie Boulevard, Room 337, 19104-4217 Philadelphia, PA, USA. meghanis@nursing.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Salimah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Meghani
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chittams
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curry
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000700:Analgesics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000208:ethnology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics