title: Analysis and advanced oxidation treatment of a persistent pharmaceutical compound in wastewater and wastewater sludge-carbamazepine.
abstract: Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are considered as emerging environmental problem due to their continuous input and persistence to the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. Among them, carbamazepine (CBZ) has been detected at the highest frequency, which ends up in aquatic systems via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) among other sources. The identification and quantification of CBZ in wastewater (WW) and wastewater sludge (WWS) is of major interest to assess the toxicity of treated effluent discharged into the environment. Furthermore, WWS has been subjected for re-use either in agricultural application or for the production of value-added products through the route of bioconversion. However, this field application is disputable due to the presence of these organic compounds and in order to protect the ecosystem or end users, data concerning the concentration, fate, behavior as well as the perspective of simultaneous degradation of these compounds is urgently necessary. Many treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed in order to degrade CBZ in WW and WWS. AOPs are technologies based on the intermediacy of hydroxyl and other radicals to oxidize recalcitrant, toxic and non-biodegradable compounds to various by-products and eventually to inert end products. The purpose of this review is to provide information on persistent pharmaceutical compound, carbamazepine, its ecological effects and removal during various AOPs of WW and WWS. This review also reports the different analytical methods available for quantification of CBZ in different contaminated media including WW and WWS.
authors.affiliation: INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mohapatra
authors.affiliation: INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada. Electronic address: satinder.brar@ete.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.affiliation: INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: Phytronix Technologies, 4535 Boulevard Wilfrid Hamel, Québec G1P 2J7, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117, USA.
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Surampalli
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D002220:Carbamazepine; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: AOP; APCI; ASE; Advanced oxidation processes; CBZ; Carbamazepine; GC-MS; HPLC; II; LC-MS; LC-MS/MS; LDTD; LI; LLE; LOD; MAE; MEC; PNEC; PhACs; Quantification; Risk analysis; SE; SFE; SPE; Soxhlet extraction; UV; VAP; WW; WWS; WWTP; Wastewater; Wastewater sludge; accelerated solvent extraction; advanced oxidation process; atmospheric pressure chemical reactions; carbamazepine; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; high performance liquid chromatography; irradiation intensity; laser diode thermal desorption; light intensity; limit of detection; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry; liquid–liquid extraction; measured environmental concentration; microwave-assisted extraction; pharmaceutically active compounds; predicted no-effect environmental concentration; solid phase extraction; supercritical fluid extraction; ultra violet; value added products; wastewater; wastewater sludge; wastewater treatment plant