title: Phylogeography of the dark fruit-eating bat Artibeus obscurus in the Brazilian Amazon.
abstract: Artibeus obscurus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) is endemic to South America, being found in at least 18 Brazilian states. Recent studies revealed that different populations of this genus present distinct phylogeographic patterns; however, very little is known on the population genetics structure of A. obscurus in the Amazon rainforest. Here, using a fragment (1010bp) of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b from 87 samples, we investigated patterns of genetic divergence among populations of A. obscurus from different locations in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and compared them with other Brazilian and South American regions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), fixation index (Fst) analysis, and phylogeographic patterns showed divergence between two major monophyletic groups, each one corresponding to a geographic region associated with the Atlantic and Amazon forest biomes. The Atlantic forest clusters formed a monophyletic group with a high bootstrap support and a fragmented distribution that follows the pattern predicted by the Refuge Theory. On the other hand, a different scenario was observed for the Amazon forest, where no fragmentation was identified. The AMOVA results revealed a significant geographic heterogeneity in the distribution of genetic variation, with 70% found within populations across the studied populations (Fst values ranging from 0.05864 to 0.09673; φST = 0.55). The intrapopulational analysis revealed that one population (Bragança) showed significant evidence of population expansion, with the formation of 2 distinct phylogroups, suggesting the occurrence of a subspecies or at least a different population in this region. These results also suggest considerable heterogeneity for A. obscurus in the Amazon region.
authors.affiliation: the Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brasil.
authors.forename: Wallax Augusto Silva
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Bárbara do Nascimento
authors.initials: Bdo N
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Symara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Antunes
authors.forename: Fernanda Atanaena Gonçalves
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Gilberto Ferreira de Souza
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Sousa e Silva-Junior
authors.forename: Suely Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Marques-Aguiar
authors.forename: Maria Lúcia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001938:Brazil; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D005638:Fruit; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Amazon forest; Artibeus; cytochrome b; phylogeography