title: Comparison of three software systems for semi-automatic volumetry of pulmonary nodules on baseline and follow-up CT examinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early diagnosis of lung cancer in a treatable stage is the main purpose of lung cancer screening by computed tomography (CT). Accurate three-dimensional size and growth measurements are essential to assess the risk of malignancy. Nodule volumes can be calculated by using semi-automated volumetric software. Systematic differences in volume measurements between packages could influence nodule categorization and management decisions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare volumetric measurements of solid pulmonary nodules on baseline and follow-up CT scans as well as the volume doubling time (VDT) for three software packages.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a Lung Cancer Screening study (NELSON), 50 participants were randomly selected from the baseline round. The study population comprised participants with at least one pulmonary nodule at the baseline and consecutive CT examination. The volume of each nodule was determined for both time points using three semi-automated software packages (P1, P2, and P3). Manual modification was performed when automated assessment was visually inaccurate. VDT was calculated to evaluate nodule growth. Volume, VDT, and nodule management were compared for the three software packages, using P1 as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 25 participants, 147 nodules were present on both examinations (volume: 12.0-436.6 mm(3)). Initial segmentation at baseline was evaluated to be satisfactory in 93.9% of nodules for P1, 84.4 % for P2, and 88.4% for P3. Significant difference was found in measured volume between P1 and the other two packages (P < 0.001). P2 overestimated the volume by 38 ± 24%, and P3 by 50 ± 22%. At baseline, there was consensus on nodule size categorization in 80% for P1&P2 and 74% for P1&P3. At follow-up, consensus on VDT categorization was present in 47% for P1&P2 and 44% for P1&P3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Software packages for lung nodule evaluation yield significant differences in volumetric measurements and VDT. This variation affects the classification of lung nodules, especially in follow-up examinations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ying Ru
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands p.m.a.van.ooyen@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Peter M A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van Ooijen
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Dorrius
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heuvelmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geertruida H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: de Bock
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rozemarijn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vliegenthart
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Imaging, North East Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oudkerk
mesh_terms: D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055613:Multiple Pulmonary Nodules / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D047368:Tumor Burden
keywords: NELSON study; Pulmonary nodule; lung neoplasms; software