title: Systematic investigation of the incorporation mechanisms of zolpidem in fingernails.
abstract: Nails are attracting increasing interest in forensic toxicology as an alternative to hair. The goal of this study was to systematically investigate the incorporation of drugs in fingernails after single drug dose, exemplified for zolpidem. Fingernail samples from ring fingers were collected one week before, and then 24 h and weekly after intake for a period of three to five months. Hair samples were taken six weeks after intake. Nail specimens were pulverized and extracted with methanol (internal standard: zolpidem-D6 ) under sonication. Extracts were analyzed by a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method, which was developed and validated for this study. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for a 5-mg sample was 0.1 pg/mg nail. Zolpidem was detected continuously in fingernail clippings. The mean window of detection of zolpidem in fingernail clippings was 3.5 months. Unwashed nail specimens taken 24 h after intake showed the highest zolpidem concentrations indicating external contamination by sweat. External contamination experiments revealed that zolpidem could be incorporated in fingernails by sweat to such an extent that it remained irremovable by daily hygiene. Averagely 3 months after intake a concentration peak was reached, suggesting outgrowth of the nail part which had been formed while the drug circulated in blood. Hair concentrations were higher than the maximum nail concentrations. Pigmented hair contained more zolpidem than non-pigmented hair from the same strand. From all these results it can be concluded, that fingernail clippings may represent a useful alternative and/or complementary matrix in cases of, for example, drug-facilitated sexual assault or monitoring of constant consumption behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Milena M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Madry
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Steuer
authors.forename: Tina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Binz
authors.forename: Markus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraemer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem
keywords: LC-MS/MS; detection window; nail analysis; single dose; zolpidem