title: Early bone apposition to hydrophilic and hydrophobic titanium implant surfaces: a histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the hydrophilicity on the early phases of osseointegration. The second objective was to compare two hydrophilic implant surfaces with different geometries, surface roughness, and technologies achieving hydrophilicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve weeks after extraction, all four quadrants of nine minipigs received three dental implants, alternating between hydrophilic microrough surfaces (INICELL and SLActive) and a conventional hydrophobic microrough surface. After 5, 10, and 15 days of submerged healing, ground sections were prepared and subjected to histologic and histomorphometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histologic analysis revealed a similar healing pattern among the hydrophilic and hydrophobic implant surfaces, with extensive bone formation occurring between day 5 and day 10. With BIC values of greater than 50% after 10 days, all examined surfaces indicated favorable osseointegration at this very early point in healing. At day 15, the mean new bone-to-implant contact (newBIC) of one hydrophilic surface (INICELL; 55.8 ± 14.4%) was slightly greater than that of the hydrophobic microrough surface (40.6 ± 20.2%). At day 10 and day 15, an overall of 21% of the implants had to be excluded from analysis due to inflammations primarily caused by surgical complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial bone apposition occurs between day 5 and day 10. The data suggest that the hydrophilic surface can provoke a slight tendency toward increased bone apposition in minipigs after 15 days. A direct comparison of two hydrophilic surfaces with varying geometries is of limited relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Oral Surgery, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasak
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Busenlechner
authors.forename: Uwe Y
authors.initials: UY
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Herbert F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munoz Guzon
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hefti
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schlottig
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000473:pathology; D000069343:Bone-Implant Interface / Q000473:pathology; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000473:pathology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014025:Titanium; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: animal experiments; bone implant interactions; morphometric analysis