title: Analysis of impact noise induced by hitting of titanium head golf driver.
abstract: The hitting of titanium head golf driver against golf ball creates a short duration, high frequency impact noise. We analyzed the spectra of these impact noises and evaluated the auditory hazards from exposure to the noises. Noises made by 10 titanium head golf drivers with five maximum hits were collected, and the spectra of the pure impact sounds were studied using a noise analysis program. The noise was measured at 1.7 m (position A) and 3.4 m (position B) from the hitting point in front of the hitter and at 3.4 m (position C) behind the hitting point. Average time duration was measured and auditory risk units (ARUs) at position A were calculated using the Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans. The average peak levels at position A were 119.9 dBA at the sound pressure level (SPL) peak and 100.0 dBA at the overall octave level. The average peak levels (SPL and overall octave level) at position B were 111.6 and 96.5 dBA, respectively, and at position C were 111.5 and 96.7 dBA, respectively. The average time duration and ARUs measured at position A were 120.6 ms and 194.9 units, respectively. Although impact noises made by titanium head golf drivers showed relatively low ARUs, individuals enjoying golf frequently may be susceptible to hearing loss due to the repeated exposure of this intense impact noise with short duration and high frequency. Unprotected exposure to impact noises should be limited to prevent cochleovestibular disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul National University, 39 Boramae-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea, yhkiment@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jun Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yong-Hwi
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Kyung Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yeon June
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006055:Golf; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium