title: Antidepressant-like effects of the aqueous macerate of the bulb of Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (Iridaceae) in a rat model of epilepsy-associated depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Cameroonian traditional medicine various extracts of Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (Iridaceae) have been used as a cure for various ailments that include headaches, digestive problems, muscle and joint aches, and some central nervous system disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and mood disorders. Owning to this background, the aim of the study was to investigate whether an aqueous macerate of the bulb of Gladiolus dalenii has any antidepressant activity focusing specifically on depression-like behaviours associated with epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the combined administration of atropine and pilocarpine to rats as our animal model of epilepsy. The forced swim test and spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test were the two tools used to assess the presence of depression-like behaviour in epileptic and control animals. The following depression-related parameters were determined: plasma ACTH, plasma corticosterone, adrenal gland weight and hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The effects of Gladiolus dalenii were compared to that of fluoxetine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that we had a valid animal model of epilepsy-induced depression as all 3 measures of construct, predictive and face validity were satisfied. The data indicated that Gladiolus dalenii significantly reduced the immobility times in the forced swim test and the locomotor activity as assessed in the open field. A similar pattern was observed when the HPA axis parameters were analysed. Gladiolus dalenii significantly reduced the levels of ACTH, corticosterone, but not the adrenal gland weight. Gladiolus dalenii significantly increased the level of BDNF in the hippocampus. In all parameters measured the effects of Gladiolus dalenii were significantly greater than those of fluoxetine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that Gladiolus dalenii has antidepressant-like properties similar to those of fluoxetine in epilepsy-associated depressive states. The antidepressant activity of Gladiolus dalenii is likely to be mediated by restoring the activity of the HPA axis and increasing the levels of BDNF in the hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. gtngoupaye@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gwladys Temkou
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Ngoupaye
authors.forename: Elisabeth Ngo
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Bum
authors.forename: Willie Mark Uren
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; D027621:Iridaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D003345:Corticosterone