title: Multimodal neuroimaging of frontal white matter microstructure in early phase schizophrenia: the impact of early adolescent cannabis use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A disturbance in connectivity between different brain regions, rather than abnormalities within the separate regions themselves, could be responsible for the clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions observed in schizophrenia. White matter, which comprises axons and their myelin sheaths, provides the physical foundation for functional connectivity in the brain. Myelin sheaths are located around the axons and provide insulation through the lipid membranes of oligodendrocytes. Empirical data suggests oligodendroglial dysfunction in schizophrenia, based on findings of abnormal myelin maintenance and repair in regions of deep white matter. The aim of this in vivo neuroimaging project is to assess the impact of early adolescent onset of regular cannabis use on brain white matter tissue integrity, and to differentiate this impact from the white matter abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. The ultimate goal is to determine the liability of early adolescent use of cannabis on brain white matter, in a vulnerable brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young adults with schizophrenia at the early stage of the illness (less than 5 years since diagnosis) will be the focus of this project. Four magnetic resonance imaging measurements will be used to assess different cellular aspects of white matter: a) diffusion tensor imaging, b) localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a focus on the neurochemical N-acetylaspartate, c) the transverse relaxation time constants of regional tissue water, d) and of N-acetylaspartate. These four neuroimaging indices will be assessed within the same brain region of interest, that is, a large white matter fibre bundle located in the frontal region, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We will expand our knowledge regarding current theoretical models of schizophrenia with a more comprehensive multimodal neuroimaging approach to studying the underlying cellular abnormalities of white matter, while taking into consideration the important confounding variable of early adolescent onset of regular cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Abbie J, Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada. dcbernie@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cookey
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McAllindon
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hanstock
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Sherry H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Tibbo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012107:Research Design; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult