title: Immunostimulatory effect of artificial feed supplemented with indigenous plants on Clarias gariepinus against Aeromonas hydrophila.
abstract: The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of Ficus benghalensis (prop-root) and Leucaena leucocephala (pod seed) was evaluated by measurement of zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. Control artificial feed and artificial feed supplemented with 5% powder of F. benghalensis and L. leucocephala were prepared. Juvenile Clarias gariepinus were divided into four groups, acclimatized to laboratory conditions and fed with respective feeds for 20 days prior to the experiment. Immunomodulatory response of supplementary feed was studied by challenging the fish intraperitoneally at weekly intervals, with A. hydrophila. One set of fish, not challenged with A. hydrophila was used as a negative control, to analyze any detrimental effect of supplementary feed, while positive control, comprised of challenged fish fed with non-supplemented feed. Other two groups of fish were challenged with A. hydrophila and fed with respective supplementary feeds. Blood was collected on weekly intervals for four weeks and serum samples were analyzed to evaluate the damage of fish by A. hydrophila through liver function tests. The increase in the levels of Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in positive control group indicated the damage of liver & kidney. However the levels did not change significantly in fish fed with supplementary feeds when compared to negative control group. Nitric oxide, SOD, ALP and lipid peroxidase indicated lower stress levels in these fish compared to positive control. Fish fed with supplementary feed showed increased lysozyme activity and phagocytic index indicating an increase in non-specific immune response. The immunoglobulin levels of in serum were analyzed by homologous sandwich ELISA, which showed higher antibody production in fish fed with supplementary feed. The current study suggests conclusively, immunostimulatory role of F. benghalensis (prop-roots) and L. leucocephala (pod seed) in C. gariepinus when supplemented in artificial feed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110021, India.
authors.forename: Vipin Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Kumari Vandana
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: Om
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002397:Catfishes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Clarias gariepinus; ELISA; Ficus benghalensis; Immuno-stimulation; Leucaena leucocephala