title: Allelopathic effects of microcystin-LR on the germination, growth and metabolism of five charophyte species and a submerged angiosperm.
abstract: Microcystins (MCs) are produced by cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and adversely affect macrophytes at very high concentrations. However, the effects of MC on macrophytes at concentrations of environmental relevance are largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to analyze the allelopathic effects of MC-LR at natural concentrations (1, 8 and 16 μg MC-LR/L) on five charophyte species (Chara aspera, C. baltica, C. hispida, C. vulgaris and Nitella hyalina) and the angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum. Macrophyte specimens were obtained from a restored area located in Albufera de València Natural Park, a protected coastal Mediterranean wetland. Two different experiments were conducted involving (i) the addition of MC-LR to natural sediment to evaluate its effects on seed germination and (ii) the addition of MC-LR to water cultures of macrophytes to evaluate its effects on growth and metabolic functions. In water, the MC-LR concentration decreased by 84% in two weeks; the loss was not significant in sediment. The first seedlings (all C. hispida) emerged from the wetland sediment following a delay of a few days in the presence of MC-LR. The germination rates in 8 and 16 μg MC-LR/L treatments were 44% and 11% of that occurring in the absence of MC, but these differences disappeared over time. The final density was 6-7 germlings/dm(3). Final germling length was unaffected by MC-LR. Rotifers (Lecane spp.) emerging from the natural sediment during the experiment were favored by MC-LR; the opposite pattern was observed in the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The growth rates of C. vulgaris, C. baltica and N. hyalina were unaffected by MC exposure, whereas those of C. hispida and C. aspera were reduced in the MC treatments relative to the control treatment. The concentration of chlorophyll-a and the in vivo net photosynthetic rate were lower in the presence of MC-LR, even at the lowest concentration, for all of the characeans tested. M. spicatum was sensitive to the presence of MC-LR in the culture medium; the growth and chlorophyll-a concentrations were reduced. Therefore, environmentally relevant concentrations of MC might induce important changes in macrophyte meadows and the structure of the associated plankton community. Synchrony or delay in the processes evaluated here in response to environmentally relevant concentrations of cyanobacteria MC exudates can enhance understanding of the turning point to alternative states and the point of no return in eutrophicated shallow lakes.
authors.affiliation: Institute Cavanilles for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: carmen.rojo@uv.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rojo
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
mesh_terms: D057946:Charophyceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000187:drug effects*; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000633:toxicity*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C057862:cyanoginosin LR
keywords: Chara; Cyanotoxin; Myriophyllum spicatum; Nitella; Wetlands; Zooplankton