title: Advances in membrane emulsification. Part B: recent developments in modelling and scale-up approaches.
abstract: Membrane emulsification is a promising process for formulating emulsions and particulates. It offers many advantages over conventional 'high-shear' processes with narrower size distribution products, higher batch repeatability and lower energy consumption commonly demonstrated at a small scale. Since the process was first introduced around 25 years ago, understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved during microstructure formation has advanced significantly leading to the development of modelling approaches that predict processing output; e.g. emulsion droplet size and throughput. The accuracy and ease of application of these models is important to allow for the development of design equations which can potentially facilitate scale-up of the process and meet the manufacturer's specific requirements. Part B of this review considers the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of models developed to predict droplet size, flow behaviour and other phenomena (namely droplet-droplet interactions), with presentation of the appropriate formulae where necessary. Furthermore, the advancement of the process towards an industrial scale is also highlighted with additional recommendations by the authors for future work.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spyropoulos
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hancocks
authors.forename: Aleksandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pawlik
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005524:Food Technology / Q000639:trends; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005503:Food Additives; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008563:Membrane Lipids
keywords: Emulsion; Industrial Process; Membrane Emulsification; Modelling; Scale-up