title: Effectiveness of antibiotic medicaments against biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we compared the antibacterial effect of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), double antibiotic paste (DAP), and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] against Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and biofilm formation were measured by using microtiter plate methods. The 2 bacteria were treated with different dilutions of TAP, DAP, and Ca(OH)2 solutions. The turbidities of the bacterial cultures in the microtiter plate were measured by optical density at 490 nm by using a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For TAP, the MIC and MBIC values were 0.003 mg/mL for E. faecalis and 0.006 mg/mL for P. gingivalis. The MBC values for TAP were 0.3 mg/mL for both bacteria. The MIC and MBIC values for DAP were 0.001 mg/mL for E. faecalis and P. gingivalis. The MBC values for DAP were 0.14 mg/mL for both bacteria. Biofilm formation of the 2 bacteria was significantly decreased with TAP and DAP at all tested dilutions (P < .0001) compared with control groups; however, TAP and DAP biofilm formations were not significantly different from each other. Ca(OH)2 significantly decreased bacterial biofilm formation compared with the control, but it was significantly less than TAP and DAP (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both TAP and DAP were more effective than Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis and P. gingivalis. DAP can be considered an effective and comparable antibacterial substitute for TAP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. Electronic address: sabralolo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alaa H A
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sabrah
authors.forename: Ghaeth H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Yassen
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008911:Minocycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D008795:Metronidazole; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D008911:Minocycline; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Double antibiotic; Enterococcus faecalis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; calcium hydroxide; triple antibiotic