title: Noncontrast dynamic 3D intracranial MR angiography using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) and accelerated 3D radial acquisition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel dynamic 3D noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) technique that combines dynamic pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (dynamic PCASL), accelerated 3D radial sampling (VIPR), and time-of-arrival (TOA) mapping to provide quantitative assessment of arterial flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digital simulations were performed to investigate the effects of acquisition scheme and sequence parameters on image quality and TOA mapping fidelity. Five patients with vascular malformations (arteriovenous malformation [AVM] = 3, dural arteriovenous fistula [DAVF] = 2) were scanned and the images were compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the ability to identify the arterial supply, AVM location, nidus size, and venous drainage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Digital simulations demonstrated reduced image artifacts and improved TOA accuracy using radial acquisition over Cartesian. TOA mapping accuracy is more sensitive to sampling window length than time spacing. Dynamic PCASL MRA depicted seven of eight arterial pedicles, and accurately measured the AVM nidus size when the nidus was compact. The venous drainage in the AVM patients was not consistently visualized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic 3D PCASL-VIPR with TOA mapping is able to acquire both high temporal and spatial resolution inflow dynamics that could improve diagnosis of high-flow intracranial vascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Turski
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mistretta
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rusinak
authors.forename: Yijing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: AVM, arteriovenous malformation; DAVF, dural arteriovenous fistula; VIPR, accelerated 3D radial acquisition; dynamic inflow; dynamic pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (dynamic PCASL); time-of-arrival (TOA) mapping