title: Awake surgery between art and science. Part II: language and cognitive mapping.
abstract: Direct cortical and subcortical stimulation has been claimed to be the gold standard for exploring brain function. In this field, efforts are now being made to move from intraoperative naming-assisted surgical resection towards the use of other language and cognitive tasks. However, before relying on new protocols and new techniques, we need a multi-staged system of evidence (low and high) relating to each step of functional mapping and its clinical validity. In this article we examine the possibilities and limits of brain mapping with the aid of a visual object naming task and various other tasks used to date. The methodological aspects of intraoperative brain mapping, as well as the clinical and operative settings, were discussed in Part I of this review.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talacchi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casartelli
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capasso
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miceli
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception; D014851:Wakefulness