title: gEMpicker: a highly parallel GPU-accelerated particle picking tool for cryo-electron microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Picking images of particles in cryo-electron micrographs is an important step in solving the 3D structures of large macromolecular assemblies. However, in order to achieve sub-nanometre resolution it is often necessary to capture and process many thousands or even several millions of 2D particle images. Thus, a computational bottleneck in reaching high resolution is the accurate and automatic picking of particles from raw cryo-electron micrographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed "gEMpicker", a highly parallel correlation-based particle picking tool. To our knowledge, gEMpicker is the first particle picking program to use multiple graphics processor units (GPUs) to accelerate the calculation. When tested on the publicly available keyhole limpet hemocyanin dataset, we find that gEMpicker gives similar results to the FindEM program. However, compared to calculating correlations on one core of a contemporary central processor unit (CPU), running gEMpicker on a modern GPU gives a speed-up of about 27 ×. To achieve even higher processing speeds, the basic correlation calculations are accelerated considerably by using a hierarchy of parallel programming techniques to distribute the calculation over multiple GPUs and CPU cores attached to multiple nodes of a computer cluster. By using a theoretically optimal reduction algorithm to collect and combine the cluster calculation results, the speed of the overall calculation scales almost linearly with the number of cluster nodes available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The very high picking throughput that is now possible using GPU-powered workstations or computer clusters will help experimentalists to achieve higher resolution 3D reconstructions more rapidly than before.
authors.affiliation: Inria Nancy - Grand Est, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France. VanThai.Hoang@inria.fr.
authors.forename: Thai V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cavin
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006433:Hemocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D006433:Hemocyanins; C032808:keyhole-limpet hemocyanin