title: Dosimetric influence of seed spacers and end-weld thickness for permanent prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the dosimetric influence of conventional spacers and a cobalt chloride complex contrast (C4) agent, a novel marker for MRI that can also serve as a seed spacer, adjacent to (103)Pd, (125)I, and (131)Cs sources for permanent prostate brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monte Carlo methods for radiation transport were used to estimate the dosimetric influence of brachytherapy end-weld thicknesses and spacers near the three sources. Single-source assessments and volumetric conditions simulating prior patient treatments were computed. Volume-dose distributions were imported to a treatment planning system for dose-volume histogram analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-source assessment revealed that brachytherapy spacers primarily attenuated the dose distribution along the source long axis. The magnitude of the attenuation at 1 cm on the long axis ranged from -10% to -5% for conventional spacers and approximately -2% for C4 spacers, with the largest attenuation for (103)Pd. Spacer perturbation of dose distributions was less than manufacturing tolerances for brachytherapy sources as gleaned by an analysis of end-weld thicknesses. Volumetric Monte Carlo assessment demonstrated that TG-43 techniques overestimated calculated doses by approximately 2%. Specific dose-volume histogram metrics for prostate implants were not perturbed by inclusion of conventional or C4 spacers in clinical models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dosimetric perturbations of single-seed dose distributions by brachytherapy spacers exceeded 10% along the source long axes adjacent to the spacers. However, no dosimetric impact on volumetric parameters was noted for brachytherapy spacers adjacent to (103)Pd, (125)I, or (131)Cs sources in the context of permanent prostate brachytherapy implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Melhus
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mikell
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Christiana Care Hospital, Newark, DE.
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mourtada
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. Electronic address: mark.j.rivard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rivard
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
keywords: Dose perturbation; Monte Carlo; Prostate brachytherapy; Seed spacer