title: Cerebral oxygenation in patients undergoing shoulder surgery in beach chair position: comparing general to regional anesthesia and the impact on neurobehavioral outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic brain damage has been reported in healthy patients after beach chair position for surgery due to cerebral hypoperfusion. Near-infrared spectroscopy has been described as a non-invasive, continuous method to monitor cerebral oxygen saturation. However, its impact on neurobehavioral outcome comparing different anesthesia regimens has been poorly described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, assessor-blinded study, 90 patients undergoing shoulder surgery in beach chair position following general (G-group, n=45) or regional anesthesia (R-group; n=45) were enrolled to assess the prevalence of cerebral desaturation events comparing anesthesia regimens and their impact on neurobehavioral and neurological outcome. Anesthesiologists were blinded to regional cerebral oxygen saturation values. Baseline data assessed the day before surgery included neurological and neurobehavioral tests, which were repeated the day after surgery. The baseline data for regional cerebral oxygen saturation/bispectral index and invasive blood pressure both at heart and auditory meatus levels were taken prior to anesthesia, 5 min after induction of anesthesia, 5 min after beach chair positioning, after skin incision and thereafter all 20 min until discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the R-group showed significantly less cerebral desaturation events (p<0.001), drops in regional cerebral oxygen saturation values (p<0.001), significantly better neurobehavioral test results the day after surgery (p<0.001) and showed a greater hemodynamic stability in the beach chair position compared to patients in the G-group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of regional cerebral oxygen desaturations seems to influence the neurobehavioral outcome. Regional anesthesia offers more stable cardiovascular conditions for shoulder surgery in beach chair position influencing neurobehavioral test results at 24h.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: jose.aguirre@balgrist.ch.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgeat
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trachsel
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia, Critical Care and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cobo Del Prado
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia, Critical Care and Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Anesthesia Division, Surgical Specialties Department, Valencia School of Medicine, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Andrés
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bühler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D056805:Consciousness Monitors; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002534:Hypoxia, Brain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012782:Shoulder / Q000601:surgery*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Beach chair position; Cerebral desaturation event; Cerebral oxygenation; Cirugía de hombro; Episodio de desaturación cerebral; Espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Neurobehavioral outcome; Oxigenación cerebral; Posición sentada («silla de playa»); Respuesta neuroconductual; Shoulder surgery