title: Methodological comparisons for antimicrobial resistance surveillance in feedlot cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to objectively compare methodological approaches that might be utilized in designing an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance program in beef feedlot cattle. Specifically, four separate comparisons were made to investigate their potential impact on estimates for prevalence of AMR. These included investigating potential differences between 2 different susceptibility testing methods (broth microdilution and disc diffusion), between 2 different target bacteria (non-type-specific E. coli [NTSEC] and Mannheimia haemolytica), between 2 strategies for sampling feces (individual samples collected per rectum and pooled samples collected from the pen floor), and between 2 strategies for determining which cattle to sample (cattle that were culture-positive for Mannheimia haemolytica and those that were culture-negative).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing two susceptibility testing methods demonstrated differences in the likelihood of detecting resistance between automated disk diffusion (BioMIC®) and broth microdilution (Sensititre®) for both E. coli and M. haemolytica. Differences were also detected when comparing resistance between two bacterial organisms within the same cattle; there was a higher likelihood of detecting resistance in E. coli than in M. haemolytica. Differences in resistance prevalence were not detected when using individual animal or composite pen sampling strategies. No differences in resistance prevalences were detected in E. coli recovered from cattle that were culture-positive for M. haemolytica compared to those that were culture-negative, suggesting that sampling strategies which targeted recovery of E. coli from M. haemolytica-positive cattle would not provide biased results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that for general purposes, the susceptibility test selected for AMR surveillance must be carefully chosen considering the purpose of the surveillance since the ability to detect resistance appears to vary between these tests depending upon the population where they are applied. Continued surveillance of AMR in M. haemolytica recovered by nasopharyngeal swab is recommended if monitoring an animal health pathogen is an objective of the surveillance program as results of surveillance using fecal E. coli cannot be extrapolated to this important respiratory pathogen. If surveillance of E. coli was pursued in the same population, study populations could target animals that were culture-positive for M. haemolytica without biasing estimates for AMR in E. coli. Composite pen-floor sampling or sampling of individuals per-rectum could possibly be used interchangeably for monitoring resistance in E. coli.
authors.forename: Katharine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: Sheryl P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Checkley
authors.forename: Calvin W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Booker
authors.forename: Tim A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA. paul.morley@colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D016978:Mannheimia haemolytica / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D016871:Pasteurellaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents