title: Serum vitamin D and C-reactive protein levels are independently associated with diastolic dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency is common and may contribute to cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels would be inversely associated with inflammation and with diastolic dysfunction. We therefore investigated the link between serum vitamin D levels (i) echocardiographic measures and (ii) inflammatory parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study included 281 patients who were referred to coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris. Patients were recruited between December 2010 and November 2011. Patients with established congestive heart failure, gout, chronic kidney disease (estimated glomeruler filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m), and acute infection were not included. We measured serum 25(OH)D levels, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels. A radioimmunoassay procedure was used to measure 25(OH)D (DiaSorin, Stillwater, MN). We also performed standardized left ventricular (LV) echocardiograms, and echocardiographic data were used for classification of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. We analyzed the relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and inflammatory markers and echocardiographic measures of LV mass and diastolic dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, subjects had a mean age of 59.5 ± 10 years, and 43.4% were women. Left ventricular mass index, left atrial diameter, isovolumic relaxation time, and E/E' ratio were significantly higher in patients with lower 25(OH)D levels. In ordinal logistic regression analysis, higher 25(OH)D was negatively associated only with LV mass index (odds ratio [OR], 0.965; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.939-0.992; P = 0.015), isovolumic relaxation time (OR, 0.962; 95% CI, 0.939-0.985; P = 0.001), E/E' ratio (OR, 0.874; 95% CI, 0.811-0.942; P = 0.008), and C-reactive protein (OR, 0.802; 95% CI, 0.668-0.962; P = 0.021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of 25(OH)D are significantly associated with LV diastolic dysfunction and LV mass index, although the effect size is rather small. Longitudinal studies in larger populations are needed to establish firmly or refute a causal relationship between vitamin D levels and diastolic dysfunction and LV mass index.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Cardiology, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University School of Medicine, Muğla; †Department of Cardiology, Bağcılar Education and Research Hospital; and ‡Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Chest and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul; §Department of Cardiology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri; and ∥Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Muğla Sıtkı Kocman University Education and Research Hospital, Muğla, Turkey; ¶Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "C. I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania; and **Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ayça
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Köse
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: Yücel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Melike Nur
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arinc
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozkok
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanbay
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060050:Angina, Stable / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D