title: Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chlorogenic acid, which belongs to the polyphenols, is an anti-oxidant and anti-obesity agent. In this study, we investigated the role of chlorogenic acid in inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglial cells. We observed the level of various inflammation markers such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) under LPS treatment with or without chlorogenic acid. To clarify the specific effect of chlorogenic acid, we evaluated the adhesion activity of macrophages and ninjurin1 (Ninj1) expression level in macrophages. Finally, we confirmed the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which is one of the most important transcription factors in the inflammatory process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited not only NO production but also the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, without any cytotoxicity. Chlorogenic acid also attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β and TNF-α) and other inflammation-related markers such as IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, endotoxin-induced adhesion of macrophages and the expression level of ninjurin1 (Ninj1) were decreased by chlorogenic acid. Finally, chlorogenic acid inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorogenic acid may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of anti-inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 621-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Yong-Wan
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yohan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyo-Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kyu-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015816:Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; C484439:Ninj1 protein, mouse; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse