title: Spontaneous hemopneumothorax: epidemiological details and clinical features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous hemopneumothorax (SHP) may cause life-threatening blood loss. The objective of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological and clinical features of SHP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 26 patients who underwent surgery for SHP between 1989 and 2010. We evaluated their epidemiology and clinical features by comparing them with those of 681 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax treated during the same period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of smokers in the SHP group was higher than that in the spontaneous pneumothorax group (P < 0.01). Seventeen cases (65.4 %) of SHP occurred on the left side. The most frequent bleeding area was the superior thoracic aperture (STA:17 cases, 65.4 %), followed by the left superior mediastinum (six cases, 23.1 %). Ten cases had intrathoracic clots greater than 500 mL, which could not be drained preoperatively. The postoperative stay of patients treated with video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was shorter than that of patients treated with open thoracotomy (21 versus five cases; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher proportion of smokers was revealed in the SHP patients. VATS shortened the hospital stay of the patients. The particular areas that should be observed intraoperatively are the STA and the left superior mediastinum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, 11-7 Manabe-shincho, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, 300-0053, Japan, onukitakuya@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onuki
authors.forename: Yukinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuramochi
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006468:Hemopneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013909:Thorax; D055815:Young Adult