title: Chemometric evaluation of urinary steroid hormone levels as potential biomarkers of neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are uncommon tumors which can secrete specific hormone products such as peptides, biogenic amines and hormones. So far, the diagnosis of NETs has been difficult because most NET markers are not specific for a given tumor and none of the NET markers can be used to fulfil the criteria of high specificity and high sensitivity for the screening procedure. However, by combining the measurements of different NET markers, they become highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. The aim of the work was to identify whether urinary steroid hormones can be identified as potential new biomarkers of NETs, which could be used as prognostic and clinical course monitoring factors. Thus, a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) with UV detection has been developed for the determination of cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, testosterone, epitestosterone and progesterone in human urine. The method has been validated for accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery and stability. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 1 ng mL-1 for each steroid hormone, respectively. Linearity was confirmed within a range of 1-300 ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995 for all analytes. The described method was successfully applied for the quantification of six endogenous steroid levels in human urine. Studies were performed on 20 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with NETs. Next, for better understanding of tumor biology in NETs and for checking whether steroid hormones can be used as potential biomarkers of NETs, a chemometric analysis of urinary steroid hormone levels in both data sets was performed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland. aplenis@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plenis
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miękus
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Olędzka
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bączek
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewczuk
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Woźniak
authors.forename: Patrycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koszałka
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seroczyńska
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skokowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002138:Calibration; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D003348:Cortisone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004845:Epitestosterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011374:Progesterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D012015:Reference Standards; D013739:Testosterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013739:Testosterone; D004845:Epitestosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D003348:Cortisone; D003345:Corticosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone