title: The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3).
abstract: Salmonid alphavirus is the aetological agent of pancreas disease (PD) in marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with most outbreaks in Norway caused by SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). This atypical alphavirus is transmitted horizontally causing a significant economic impact on the aquaculture industry. This histopathological and proteomic study, using an established cohabitational experimental model, investigated the correlation between tissue damage during PD and a number of serum proteins associated with these pathologies in Atlantic salmon. The proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting. A number of humoral components of immunity which may act as biomarkers of the disease were also identified. For example, creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase serum concentrations were shown to correlate with pathology during PD. In contrast, hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, amongst others, altered during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. This approach has given new insight into not only PD but also fish disease as a whole, by characterisation of the protein response to infection, through pathological processes to tissue recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmonid alphavirus causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and has a major economic impact on the aquaculture industry. A proteomic investigation of the change to the serum proteome during PD has been made with an established experimental model of the disease. Serum proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting with 72 protein spots being shown to alter significantly over the 12week period of the infection. The concentrations of certain proteins in serum such as creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase were shown to correlate with tissue pathology while other proteins such as hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, altered in concentration during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. The protein response to infection may be used to monitor disease progression and enhance understanding of the pathology of PD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braceland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bickerdike
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tinsley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cockerill
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mcloughlin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Burchmore
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Eckersall
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: 2-Dimension electrophoresis; Alpha virus; Atlantic salmon; Biomarkers; Pathology; Serum proteome