title: Bone marrow uptake of ferumoxytol: a preliminary study in healthy human subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the uptake and elimination of ferumoxytol, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) agent, in bone marrow of healthy human subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four men and two postmenopausal women, aged 22 to 57 years, were prospectively included. Simultaneous fat, water, and T2* mapping of the proximal femora was performed at 1.5 Tesla using a three-dimensional multiple gradient echo sequence. After baseline imaging, ferumoxytol (Feraheme/Rienso) was injected intravenously at a dose of 5 mg Fe/kg body weight. Imaging was repeated at 3 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 5 months after administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imaging at 3 days revealed large increases in R2* ( =1/T2*) in hematopoietic marrow and lower average responses in fatty marrow, consistent with macrophage-specific uptake. However, certain regions of the diaphysis exhibited substantial R2* enhancement despite having very high fat content. This suggests the persistence of residual marrow stroma following adipose conversion, and may reflect the ability of diaphyseal marrow to adapt dynamically to fluctuating demand for hematopoiesis. Follow-up imaging demonstrated almost complete R2* recovery within 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed R2* enhancement characteristics support applications for ferumoxytol in distinguishing normal or hypercellular marrow from neoplasms, infection and inflammation. Further studies are warranted in specific patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Arnaldo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arbini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003911:Dextrans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C097921:ferumoxtran-10
keywords: MRI; USPIO; bone marrow; ferumoxytol; iron; macrophage