title: Innervation of pathologies in the lumbar vertebral end plate and intervertebral disc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has limited diagnostic value for chronic low back pain because of the unclear relationship between any anatomic abnormalities on MRI and pain reported by the patient. Assessing the innervation of end plate and disc pathologies-and determining the relationship between these pathologies and any abnormalities seen on MRI-could clarify the sources of back pain and help identify abnormalities with enhanced diagnostic value.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify innervation in the vertebral end plate and intervertebral disc and to relate variation in innervation to the presence of pathologic features observed by histology and conventional MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional histology and imaging study of vertebral end plates and intervertebral discs harvested from human cadaver spines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 92 end plates and 46 intervertebral discs from seven cadaver spines (ages 51-67 years). Before dissection, the spines were scanned with MRI to grade for Modic changes and high-intensity zones (HIZ). Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize the general nerve marker protein gene product 9.5. We quantified innervation in the following pathologies: fibrovascular end-plate marrow, fatty end-plate marrow, end-plate defects, and annular tears.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nerves were present in the majority of end plates with fibrovascular marrow, fatty marrow, and defects. Nerve density was significantly higher in fibrovascular end-plate marrow than in normal end-plate marrow (p<.001). Of the end plates with fibrovascular and fatty marrow, less than 40% were Modic on MRI. Innervated marrow pathologies collocated with more than 75% of the end plate defects; hence, innervation was significantly higher in end plate defects than in normal end plates (p<.0001). In the disc, nerves were observed in only 35% of the annular tears; in particular, innervation in radial tears tended to be higher than in normal discs (p=.07). Of the discs with radial tears, less than 13% had HIZ on T2 MRI. Innervation was significantly less in radial tears than in fibrovascular end-plate marrow (p=.05) and end-plate defects (p=.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that vertebral end-plate pathologies are more innervated than intervertebral disc pathologies and that many innervated end-plate pathologies are not detectable on MRI. Taken together, these findings suggest that improved visualization of end-plate pathologies could enhance the diagnostic value of MRI for chronic low back pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave., S-1157, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave., S-1157, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Liebenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave., S-1157, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA. Electronic address: lotzj@orthosurg.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lotz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D013131:Spine / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C482860:UCHL1 protein, human; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
keywords: End plate; Innervation; Intervertebral disc; Low back pain; Modic change