title: Alcohol dependence and suicide-related ideation/behaviors in an Israeli household sample, with and without major depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide-related ideation and behaviors (SRIB) are associated with both alcohol disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of alcohol dependence (AD) and major depression to the risk for lifetime SRIB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a community-based sample of 1,237 adult Israeli lifetime drinkers assessed with reliable diagnostic measures were analyzed using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime SRIB was reported in 4.7% and was more prevalent among participants with AD (9.0%) than among those without AD (4.1%); p-value = 0.01. Although both AD and major depression were associated with SRIB (AD: OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4; MDD: OR 11.4, 95% CI = 6.4 to 20.4), joint analysis showed that AD without MDD increased risk for SRIB as compared to those without AD or MDD (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 9.1), but AD did not increase risk among those with MDD (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.4 to 2.7). Among those with AD, the severity of subclinical depressive symptoms was associated with increased SRIB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that AD increases risk for SRIB among individuals without a history of major depression. Suicidal tendencies may be undetected and underdiagnosed in this group because of the absence of major depression and therefore left untreated. These findings should be considered when adopting suicide prevention or treatment strategies for this high-risk subpopulation.
authors.affiliation: Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shoval
authors.forename: Dvora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shmulewitz
authors.forename: Melanie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Efrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aharonovich
authors.forename: Baruch
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spivak
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weizman
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol Dependence; Control; Major Depressive Disorder; Prevention; Suicide