title: Dried blood spots for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping in decentralized settings in Senegal.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use for HIV-1 drug resistance testing dried blood spots collected in remote areas and sent under field conditions to a reference laboratory and also to document virological failure in patients with suspected treatment failure. Samples were collected from patients receiving first line ART at 11 hospital sites around country, kept at room temperature (<37°C) and sent within 15 days maximum to the reference laboratory. Viral nucleic acids were obtained by magnetic extraction with NucliSENS (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Genotyping of HIV-1 pol gene was performed using the ANRS protocol. Drug resistance mutations were analyzed according to the Stanford University HIV database version 6.0.8. Two hundred thirty one HIV-infected adults' on HAART first line regimen composed study population. The median time on ART was 18 months (range 6-68). Regardless of the treatment duration, the overall rate of virological failure (VL ≥ 3 log10  cp/ml) was 23.8% (n = 55/231). HIV genotypes were obtained successfully in 94.5% (n = 52/55). Drug resistance mutation was found in 41/52 patients in virological failure, for 17.7% (n = 41/231) an overall rate of drug resistance mutations. M184V/I was the most frequent mutation occurring, followed by K103N. Phylogenetic analysis of the 52 genotyped viral isolates showed the predominance of CRF02_AG with 62% (n = 32/52). Use of a DBS specimen is suitable to assist national programs for monitoring in remote areas HIV drug resistance in resources limited-settings.
authors.affiliation: Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie CHU A. Le Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Abou Abdallah Malick
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Diouara
authors.forename: Halimatou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diop-Ndiaye
authors.forename: Khady
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kebe-Fall
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchiakpè
authors.forename: Ousseynou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.forename: Ahidjo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayouba
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mboup
authors.forename: Coumba Toure
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology*; D003890:Desiccation; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012675:Senegal; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: HIV-1; dried blood spots; drug resistance; senegal