title: A new method of topical anesthesia by using anesthetic solution in a patch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the effects of topical anesthesia of the oral mucosa by using an adhesive patch instilled with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 20 healthy adult volunteers who gave written informed consent. Each patient was treated in a randomized crossover fashion with a hemostatic adhesive patch instilled with one of the following agents: 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 12.5 μg/mL epinephrine, 2% lidocaine hydrochloride, 20% ethyl aminobenzoate, or physiological saline solution. A cotton ball containing 20% ethyl aminobenzoate was also tested. The adhesive patch or cotton ball was placed on the gingivobuccal fold of the maxillary right canine for 2 or 5 minutes. Then, a 33-gauge or 30-gauge needle was inserted to a depth of 2 mm. Insertion pain was evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS) and a 4-level verbal rating scale immediately after needle removal. Efficacy of analgesia was calculated from the verbal rating scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VAS was lower and the efficacy of analgesia was higher on 33-gauge needle insertion than on 30-gauge needle insertion in all treatments. The VAS was also significantly lower and the efficacy of analgesia was higher in the lidocaine groups than in the other groups. Adding epinephrine did not enhance the anesthetic effect of lidocaine hydrochloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical mucosal anesthesia with an adhesive patch containing 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution is simple and may be more effective than conventional methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan. Electronic address: nakamurashun@tdc.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichinohe
mesh_terms: D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003481:Cuspid / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects; D009339:Needles; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D001566:Benzocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Adult; benzocaine; lidocaine; mouth mucosa; pain; pain threshold