title: Percutaneous transfacial direct embolization of an intraosseous dural arteriovenous fistula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An intraosseous dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a rare cerebrovascular disease. The fistulous connection occurs within intraosseous diploic or transosseous emissary veins causing dilated intraosseous vascular pouches. To the authors' knowledge, this report describes the first percutaneous transfacial direct embolization of an intraosseous DAVF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A man in his 50s with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome presented with headaches, imbalance, decreased visual acuity bilaterally, and left eye proptosis and chemosis. Imaging demonstrated an extensive intraosseous DAVF with dilated intraosseous vascular pouches throughout his cranial base and intraorbital venous congestion. He underwent staged endovascular treatment with the goal to improve his ocular symptoms. Transarterial and transvenous approaches failed to provide adequate access to the intraosseous vascular pouches. A direct, percutaneous transfacial approach was used to access the pouches for embolization with coils and liquid embolic material. Postoperative angiography demonstrated successful embolization of the pouch within the left pterygoid wing, reduced opacification of the intraosseous fistula, and elimination of intraorbital venous congestion. At 9-month follow-up, the patient's headaches had resolved, and his ocular symptomatology had improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular access to an intraosseous DAVF is limited by the size and location of the intraosseous vascular pouches. In this case, a direct transfacial approach under image guidance facilitated access and embolization, which led to an improvement in the patient's symptoms. This technique is a novel approach for DAVF management.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Neurological Surgery, and ‡Radiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nerva
authors.forename: Danial K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hallam
authors.forename: Basavaraj V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Ghodke
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018329:Nevus, Blue / Q000150:complications; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy