title: Evaluation of internal reference genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in somatic cells from goat milk.
abstract: Reverse transcription (RT) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is the most accurate and easy-to-perform technique to measure the expression level of a selected gene of interest by quantifying mRNA transcripts. The use of reference genes is commonly accepted as the most reliable approach to normalize RT-qPCR data and reduce possible errors generated in the quantification of gene expression. The optimal number and choice of reference genes are experimentally validated for specific tissues or cell types and experimental designs. To date, data on qPCR normalization in goats are scarce and the most suitable reference genes in this species have been identified for only a limited number of tissues. The aim of this study was to determine an optimal combination of stably expressed reference genes in caprine milk somatic cells (MSC) from healthy and infected mammary glands. For the purpose, we performed RT-qPCR for 10 commonly used reference genes from various functional classes and then determined their expression level in MSC from goats intramammary challenged with Staphylococcus aureus and in MSC from healthy controls, with a view to select genes whose stability would be unaffected under infection conditions. The geNorm and NormFinder algorithms were used for validating the reference genes. Furthermore, to demonstrate the importance of normalization of gene expression with appropriate reference genes, we tested the effect of using a combination of the least stable genes for expression analysis evaluation. On the basis of our evaluation, we recommend the use of a panel of reference genes that should include G6PD, YWHAZ, and ACTB for caprine MSC gene expression profiling. The expression of the 2 genes of interest, pentraxin-related protein (PTX3) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), was evaluated by RT-qPCR in all samples collected pre- and postinfection, and the recommended reference genes were used to normalize the data. Our study provides a validated panel of optimal reference genes for the identification of genes differentially expressed by qRT-PCR in caprine MSC. Moreover, we provided a set of intron-spanning primer sequences that could be suitable for gene expression experiments using SYBR Green chemistry on other caprine tissues and cells.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: paola.modesto@izsto.it.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peletto
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pisoni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cremonesi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castiglioni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colussi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caramelli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bronzo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moroni
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Acutis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D008413:Mastitis / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk / Q000166:cytology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: goat; milk somatic cells; quantitative reverse transcription-PCR; reference gene validation