title: Three-dimensional computed tomography evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament footprint for anatomic single-bundle reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Femoral and tibial footprint coordinates have been well studied in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, in a single-bundle reconstruction approach, the central coordinate of femoral and tibial footprints have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to describe the central point locations of the ACL footprints visualized by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) images and analysed by the quadrant method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaveric knees were dissected, and the central points of ACL femoral and tibial footprints were marked and analysed using 3D CT images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, the means (and standard deviation) of ACL femoral footprint dimensions were in the ventral-dorsal plane and in the cranial-caudal plane 9.4 ± 0.8 and 15.6 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. In the tibial side, the means of ACL footprint dimensions were in the anterior-posterior and in the medial-lateral 18.5 ± 1.9 and 15.5 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. In the tomographic analyses, the means of femoral central location coordinates in the ventral-dorsal (y) and in the cranial-caudal (x) axes were 35.3 ± 4.5 and 30.0 ± 1.6 %, respectively. The means of tibial central location coordinates were in the anterior-posterior (y) and in the medial-lateral (x) axes, respectively: 40.5 ± 5.3 and 50.2 ± 1.3 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These computed tomographic coordinates might help future studies as a reference on ACL single-bundle anatomic reconstruction, with respect to the management of ACL revision surgery or in symptomatic patients after ACL reconstruction. Improvements in three-dimensional image acquisition could facilitate its intraoperative applicability in the coming years.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Contorno, 5351, Sala 205, Funcionários, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30110-923, Brazil, guilhermeorto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guilherme Moreira
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: de Abreu-e-Silva
authors.forename: Mcbrite H G Castro Nunes
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Gustavo Silame
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Maranhão
authors.forename: Lucas de Melo Castro
authors.initials: Lde M
authors.lastname: Deligne
authors.forename: Rudolf Moreira
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pfeilsticker
authors.forename: Eduardo Nilo Vasconcellos
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Novais
authors.forename: Tarcizo Afonso
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Marco Antônio Percope
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Andrade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods