title: Spanking and child development across the first decade of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of maternal and paternal spanking of children at 3 and 5 years of age and the associations between spanking and children's externalizing behavior and receptive vocabulary through age 9.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study of children in 20 medium to large US cities, was used. Parental reports of spanking were assessed at age 3 and 5, along with child externalizing behavior and receptive vocabulary at age 9 (N = 1933). The data set also included an extensive set of child and family controls (including earlier measures of the child outcomes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 57% of mothers and 40% of fathers engaged in spanking when children were age 3, and 52% of mothers and 33% of fathers engaged in spanking at age 5. Maternal spanking at age 5, even at low levels, was associated with higher levels of child externalizing behavior at age 9, even after an array of risks and earlier child behavior were controlled for. Father's high-frequency spanking at age 5 was associated with lower child receptive vocabulary scores at age 9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spanking remains a typical rearing experience for American children. These results demonstrate negative effects of spanking on child behavioral and cognitive development in a longitudinal sample from birth through 9 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027. mm3038@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waldfogel
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brooks-Gunn
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: aggression; cognitive development; corporal punishment; externalizing behavior; harsh parenting; physical discipline; receptive vocabulary; spanking