title: Characterization of CD4⁺ T-cell immune activation and interleukin 10 levels among HIV, hepatitis C virus, and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients have accelerated liver disease compared with HCV monoinfection. In HIV-positive patients with viral suppression, data comparing inflammatory cytokines and immune activation between HIV/HCV coinfection with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) to HIV/HCV-seropositive patients with cleared HCV are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine age- and sex-matched patients were stratified: (1) HIV monoinfection (n = 15); (2) HCV monoinfection with CHC (n = 15); (3) HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (n = 14); and (4) HIV/HCV seropositive with cleared HCV (n = 15). All HIV-positive patients had undetectable HIV viremia, and median CD4 was 420 cells per microliter. Liver fibrosis was assessed in each subject using transient elastography. Cells were collected for CD4 and CD8 immune activation (CD38/HLA-DR) markers via flow cytometry and plasma for luminex-multiplex cytokine assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺ expression on CD4⁺ T cells was significantly increased in HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (7%) versus HCV monoinfection (4%) (P = 0.012). CD4⁺ total HLA-DR⁺ expression was significantly increased in HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (43%) versus HIV monoinfection (31%) (P = 0.010) and HIV/HCV seropositive with cleared HCV (38%) (P = 0.046). Total CD4⁺CD38⁺ and CD4⁺CD38⁺HLA-DR⁻ expression was significantly higher in HIV monoinfection (23% and 18%) than HCV moninfection (13%, P = 0.002% and 9%, P = 0.001, respectively). Interleukin 10 levels were significantly lower in HIV monoinfection versus HIV/HCV coinfection with CHC (P = 0.0002). In multivariate analysis, severe fibrosis was associated with lower expression of CD4⁺CD38⁺HLA-DR⁺ and CD4⁺ total CD38⁺ than mild-moderate fibrosis (P = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD4 immune activation with HLA-DR⁺ expression in HIV/HCV coinfection with well-controlled HIV may arise from chronic HCV viremia. Conversely, CD4⁺CD38⁺ expression may be driven by underlying HIV infection. CD4 immune activation was unexpectedly found to be associated with decreased liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: *Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL; †Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; ‡Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and §Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Aimee C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hodowanec
authors.forename: Kirsten E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kincaid
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plants
authors.forename: Mieoak
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahk
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Landay
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Huhn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008019:Life Style; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D016753:Interleukin-10