title: Contingent auditory feedback of arm movement facilitates reaching behavior in infancy.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of contingent auditory feedback on the development of infant reaching. Eleven full-term infants were observed biweekly from the age of 10 weeks to 16 weeks, and their arm kinematics were recorded. Auditory feedback that was contingent on arm kinematics was provided in the form of: (a) the mother's voice; and (b) musical tones. Results showed that providing auditory feedback (mother's voice or musical tones): (i) increased the amplitude of exploratory arm movements before the onset of reaching; and (ii) increased the number of reaches at the onset of reaching. These results show that infants are able to use contingent auditory feedback to explore the relevant possibilities for action that are subsequently shaped into goal-directed movements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, 266 Recreation Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States. Electronic address: meihua0808@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Newell
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Concurrent feedback; Exploratory behavior; Motor development; Reaching