title: Astrocyte loss and astrogliosis in neuroinflammatory disorders.
abstract: Neuroinflammation can lead to either damage of astrocytes or astrogliosis. Astrocyte loss may be caused by cytotoxic T cells as seen in Rasmussen encephalitis, auto-antibodies such as in neuromyelitis optica (aquaporin-4 antibodies), or cytokines such as TNF-α in major depressive disorder. Interleukins-1 and -6 appear to be important molecular mediators of astrogliosis. Chronic focal lesions in multiple sclerosis are characterized by a very dense astrogliosis. Other mechanisms, such as astrocytic β2 adrenergic receptor deficiency, upregulation of endothelin-1 and tissue transglutaminase, may contribute to astroglial scarring in multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Neurosciences, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hostenbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Neurosciences, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cambron
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Neurosciences, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'haeseleer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kooijman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Center for Neurosciences, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussel, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jacques.dekeyser@uzbrussel.be.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Keyser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Astrocyte loss; Astrocytes; Astrogliosis; Multiple sclerosis; Neuroinflammation