title: The immature human ovary shows loss of abnormal follicles and increasing follicle developmental competence through childhood and adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Do the ovarian follicles of children and adolescents differ in their morphology and in vitro growth potential from those of adults?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-pubertal ovaries contained a high proportion of morphologically abnormal non-growing follicles, and follicles showed reduced capacity for in vitro growth.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The pre-pubertal ovary is known to contain follicles at the early growing stages. How this changes over childhood and through puberty is unknown, and there are no previous data on the in vitro growth potential of follicles from pre-pubertal and pubertal girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovarian biopsies from five pre-pubertal and seven pubertal girls and 19 adult women were analysed histologically, cultured in vitro for 6 days, with growing follicles then isolated and cultured for a further 6 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovarian biopsies were obtained from girls undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation, and compared with biopsies from adult women. Follicle stage and morphology were classified. After 6 days in culture, follicle growth initiation was assessed. The growth of isolated secondary follicles was assessed over a further 6 days, including analysis of oocyte growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-pubertal ovaries contained a high proportion of abnormal non-growing follicles (19.4 versus 4.85% in pubertal ovaries; 4004 follicles analysed; P = 0.02) characterized by indistinct germinal vesicle membrane and absent nucleolus. Follicles with this abnormal morphology were not seen in the adult ovary. During 6 days culture, follicle growth initiation was observed at all ages; in pre-pubertal samples there was very little development to secondary stages, while pubertal samples showed similar growth activation to that seen in adult tissue (pubertal group: P = 0.02 versus pre-pubertal, ns versus adult). Isolated secondary follicles were cultured for a further 6 days. Those from pre-pubertal ovary showed limited growth (P < 0.05 versus both pubertal and adult follicles) and no change in oocyte diameter over that period. Follicles from pubertal ovaries showed increased growth; this was still reduced compared with follicles from adult women (P < 0.05) but oocyte growth was proportionate to follicle size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data derive from only a small number of ovarian biopsies, although large numbers of follicles were analysed. It is unclear whether the differences between groups are related to puberty, or just age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that follicles from girls of all ages can be induced to grow in vitro, which has important implications for some patients who are at high risk of malignant contamination of their ovarian tissue. The reduced growth of isolated follicles indicates that there are true intrafollicular differences in addition to potential differences in their local environment, and that there are maturational processes occurring in the ovary through childhood and adolescence, which involve the loss of abnormal follicles, and increasing follicle developmental competence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Funded by MRC grants G0901839 and G1100357. No competing interests.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: W H B
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Telfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D059247:Fertility Preservation; D006801:Humans; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000473:pathology; D011627:Puberty; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000502:physiology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
keywords: adolescence; childhood; follicle; ovary; puberty