title: The dynamics of carbon dioxide equilibration after alterations in the respiratory rate.
abstract: Manual or automated control of mechanical ventilation can be realized as an open or closed-loop system for which the regulation of the ventilation parameters ideally is tuned to the dynamics and equilibration time of the biological system. We investigated the dynamic, transient state and equilibration time (teq) of the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) after changes in the respiratory rate (RR). In 17 anaesthetized patients without known history of lung disease, respiratory rate was alternately increased and decreased and end-tidal CO2 partial pressures (PetCO2) were measured. Linear relations were found between ΔRR and PetCO2 changes (ΔPetCO2 = 0.3 − 1.1 ΔRR) and between ΔRR and teq for increasing and decreasing RR (teq(hypervent) = 0.5 |ΔRR|, teq(hypovent) = 0.7 |ΔRR|). Extrapolation of the transition between two PCO2 steady-states allowed for the prediction of the new PCO2 steady-state as early as 0.5  teq with an error <4 mmHg. At bedside or in automated ventilation systems, the linear dependencies between ΔRR and ΔPCO2 and between ΔRR and teq as well as early steady-state prediction of PCO2 could be used as a guidance towards a timing and step size regulation of RR that is well adapted to the biological system.
authors.affiliation: Division for Experimental Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Freiburg,Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, Germany. sarah.buehler@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lozano-Zahonero
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eckle
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szczyrba
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guttmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide