title: Effects of nitrous oxide on the production of cytokines and chemokines by the airway epithelium during anesthesia with sevoflurane and propofol.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrous oxide (a gaseous anesthetic) on the in vivo production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the airway epithelium, when combined with sevoflurane or propofol. Subjects undergoing simple or segmental mastectomy were randomly assigned to the sevoflurane and nitrous oxide, sevoflurane and air, propofol and nitrous oxide, or propofol and air group (all n=13). Epithelial lining fluid (ELF) was obtained using the bronchoscopic microsampling method prior to and following the mastectomy to enable measurement of the pre- and post-operative levels of certain inflammatory cytokines and chemokines using a cytometric bead array system. Notably, the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the ELF were significantly increased following the operations which involved the inhalation of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide, although the levels of these molecules were not significantly changed by the inhalation of sevoflurane and air. Furthermore, the IL-12p70 levels were significantly reduced in the ELF following the operations that involved the inhalation of sevoflurane and air, although the IL-12p70 levels were not significantly changed by the inhalation of nitrous oxide and sevoflurane. These observations suggest that the combination of sevoflurane and nitrous oxide induces an inflammatory response (increased production of IL-1β, IL-8 and MCP-1) and suppresses the anti-inflammatory response (reduced production of IL-12p70) in the local milieu of the airway. Thus, the combination of these compounds should be carefully administered for anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo 177‑8521, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumakura
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugasawa
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D015742:Propofol
keywords: nitrous oxide; sevoflurane; airway epithelium; cytokine; chemokine