title: The prevalence of ocular lesions associated with hypertension in a population of geriatric cats in Auckland, New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an estimate of the prevalence of ocular lesions associated with hypertension in geriatric cats in Auckland, New Zealand and to evaluate the importance of examination of the ocular fundi of cats over eight years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 105 cats ≥8 years of age were examined and clinical signs recorded. Blood was collected for the laboratory measurement of the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose and creatinine in serum, urine was collected for determination of urine specific gravity (USG), and blood pressure (BP) was measured using high definition oscillometry equipment. A cat was determined to have systemic hypertension with a systolic BP ≥160 mm Hg and a diastolic BP ≥100 mm Hg. Each animal had an ocular fundic examination using a retinal camera to diagnose ocular lesions associated with hypertension, including retinopathies, choroidopathies and optic neuropathies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure was successfully recorded in 73 cats. Of these, 37 (51%) had no hypertensive ocular lesions and no underlying disease diagnosed, 24 (33%) had no hypertensive ocular lesions detected, but underlying disease such as chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism or diabetes mellitus was diagnosed, and 12 (16%) cats had evidence of hypertensive ocular lesions. Ten of the cats with hypertensive ocular lesions were hypertensive at the time of the first visit and two were normotensive. One additional cat had hypertensive ocular lesions, but it was not possible to obtain consistent BP readings in this animal. Chronic kidney disease was the most commonly diagnosed concurrent disease in cats with hypertensive ocular lesions (n=6). Mean systolic BP for cats with hypertensive ocular lesions (168.0 (SE 6.29) mm Hg) was higher than for those with no ocular lesions (144.7 (SE 3.11) mm Hg) or those with no lesions but with underlying disease (146.0 (SE 4.97) mm Hg) (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ocular fundic examination of cats over eight years of age allows identification of cats with hypertensive ocular lesions, often before the owner or veterinarian is aware the cat has a problem with its vision. This may result in diagnosis of systemic hypertension allowing early treatment and resolution of lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study demonstrates that ocular lesions resulting from hypertension occur frequently enough in cats in Auckland to support the recommendation for fundic examination in cats over eight years of age as part of the routine physical examination.
authors.affiliation: a PO Box 128209, Remuera, Auckland , 1541 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002415:Cats; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017311:Amlodipine