title: An ecotoxicological study on tin- and bismuth-catalysed PDMS based coatings containing a surface-active polymer.
abstract: Novel films were prepared by condensation curing reaction of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix with bismuth neodecanoate and dibutyltin diacetate catalysts. An ecotoxicological study was performed on the leachates of the coatings using the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta, the crustacean Artemia salina and the fish Sparus aurata (larvae) as testing organisms. A copper-based self-polishing commercial paint was also tested as reference. The results showed that the tin-catalysed coatings and the copper paint were highly toxic against at least two of the four test organisms, whereas bismuth-catalysed coatings did not show any toxic effect. Moreover, the same biological assessment was also carried out on PDMS coatings containing a surface-active fluorinated polymer. The toxicity of the entire polymeric system resulted only from the tin catalyst used for the condensation curing reaction, as the bismuth catalysed coatings incorporating the surface-active polymer remained atoxic toward all the tested organisms.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: cpretti@vet.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pretti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mennillo
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbaglia
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funel
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reddy Yasani
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galli
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002384:Catalysis; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010150:Paint / Q000633:toxicity; D010473:Perciformes / Q000254:growth & development; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009947:Organotin Compounds; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C004924:dibutyltin diacetate; D001729:Bismuth
keywords: Bismuth catalyst; Coating; Ecotoxicology; Fouling release; Tin catalyst