title: Genotoxic effect of two bleaching agents on oral mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the genotoxic effect of two hydrogen peroxide-containing bleaching products on oral mucosal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted on 22 individuals divided into two groups. Group 1 used ZOOM2 and group 2 the Opalescence BOOST bleaching agent. Specimens of the gingival and the upper lip mucosa were obtained before, immediately after, and 72 h after the bleaching procedure and were analyzed using a micronucleus test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two hours after bleaching treatment with BOOST, samples collected from the oral mucosa exhibited a statistically significant increase of all genotoxicity markers, with large effect sizes (Cohen's d>0.8) observed in the total number of micronuclei (MN), number of cells with 3+ MN, karyolysis and bi-nuclear cells. ZOOM2 treatment showed a significant increase, with medium-to-large effect sizes, in the number of cells with 1 MN, karyolysis, nuclear buds and bi-nuclear cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both preparations demonstrated potential genotoxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. eklaric@sfzg.hr.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klaric
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Par
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Profeta
authors.forename: Nevenka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kopjar
authors.forename: Ruzica
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rozgaj
authors.forename: Vilena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kasuba
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zeljezic
authors.forename: Zrinka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tarle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057886:Bleaching Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D057886:Bleaching Agents; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Genotoxicity test; hydrogen peroxide; micronucleus test; oral mucosa; tooth bleaching