title: Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium: a valid, rapid, observational tool for screening delirium in the PICU*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine validity and reliability of the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium, a rapid observational screening tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blinded assessments were performed with the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium completed by nursing staff in the PICU. These ratings were compared with an assessment by consultation liaison child psychiatrist using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV criteria as the "gold standard" for diagnosis of delirium. An initial series of duplicate Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium assessments were performed in blinded fashion to assess interrater reliability. Nurses recorded the time required to complete the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium screen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-bed general PICU in a major urban academic medical center over a 10-week period, March-May 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eleven patients stratified over ages ranging from 0 to 21 years and across developmental levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred forty-eight paired assessments completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium had an overall sensitivity of 94.1% (95% CI, 83.8-98.8%) and specificity of 79.2% (95% CI, 73.5-84.9%). Overall Cronbach's α of 0.90 was observed, with a range of 0.87-0.90 for each of the eight items, indicating good internal consistency. A scoring cut point of 9 demonstrated good interrater reliability of the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium when comparing results of the screen between nurses (overall κ = 0.94; item range κ = 0.68-0.78). In patients without significant developmental delay, sensitivity was 92.0% (95% CI, 85.7-98.3%) and specificity was 86.5% (95% CI, 75.4-97.6%). In developmentally delayed children, the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium showed decreased specificity of 51.2% (95% CI, 24.7-77.8%) but sensitivity remained high at 96.2% (95% CI, 86.5-100%). The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium takes less than 2 minutes to complete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With an overall prevalence rate of 20.6% in our study population, delirium is a common problem in pediatric critical care. The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium is a valid, rapid, observational nursing screen that is urgently needed for the detection of delirium in PICU settings.
authors.affiliation: 1Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY. 2Department of Child Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY. 3Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. 4Department of Pediatrics, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY. 5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. 6Department of Psychiatry, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY. 7Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA. 8Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Chani
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Traube
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Margaret J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Halpert
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Augenstein
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sickles
authors.forename: Chunshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult