title: Epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden 2007-2011.
abstract: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) -producing Enterobacteriaceae have been notifiable according to the Swedish Communicable Disease Act since 2007. A major increase in the number of cases has been observed, with 2099 cases in 2007 and 7225 cases in 2012. The majority of the isolates are Escherichia coli. Additionally, Swedish data on the prevalence of ESBL-producing invasive isolates of E. coli are available through EARS-Net, and through biannual point prevalence studies, where molecular characterization of isolates from the entire country is carried out. This paper describes major trends in the Swedish epidemiology of ESBL-producing E. coli in the period 2007-2012. Isolates from the point prevalence studies were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ESBL genotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multi-locus sequence typing and phylogenetic grouping with PCR. The distribution of sequence types, resistance genes and susceptibility levels were all stable over the three study periods. The dominating resistance gene conferring ESBL was blaCTX -M-15 , found in 54-58% of the isolates. ST131 represented 34-38% of the isolates. Other major sequence types were ST38, ST69, ST405, ST617 and ST648, each representing 2-6% of the isolates. Phylogenetic group B2 was the most common, and was observed in 41-47% of the isolates. However, among ST131 isolates the B2 phylogenetic group represented 90-98% of the isolates. The most important epidemiological difference seen over time was that the median age of infected women decreased from 62 to 52 years (p <0.0001) and infected men from 67 to 64 years. A potential explanation might be the shift towards a higher proportion of community-acquired infections in individuals lacking comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brolund
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Edquist
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mäkitalo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olsson-Liljequist
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Söderblom
authors.forename: K Tegmark
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wisell
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Giske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Enterobacteriaceae; extended-spectrum β-lactamase; national epidemiology; surveillance