title: Solid fat and added sugar intake among U.S. children: The role of stores, schools, and fast food, 1994-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the role of location in U.S. children's excess intake of energy from solid fat and added sugar, collectively referred to as SoFAS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to compare the SoFAS content of foods consumed by children from stores, schools, and fast-food restaurants and to determine whether trends from 1994 to 2010 differ across these locations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 2-18 years (N=22,103) from five nationally representative surveys of dietary intake from 1994 to 2010 were studied. SoFAS content was compared across locations for total intake and key foods. Regression models were used to test and compare linear trends across locations. Data were analyzed in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean percentage of total energy intake consumed from each location that was provided by SoFAS remained above recommendations, despite significant improvements between 1994 and 2010 at stores (1994, 38.3%; 2004, 33.2%); schools (1994, 38.7%; 2004, 31.2%); and fast-food restaurants (1994, 34.6%; 2004, 34.6%). For each key food, SoFAS content decreased significantly at stores and schools, yet progress at schools was comparatively slower. Milk was higher in SoFAS at schools compared to stores because of shifts toward flavored milk at schools. Schools provided french fries that were higher in solid fat than store-bought versions and pizza that was not significantly different in SoFAS content than fast-food pizza. However, schools made significantly greater progress for sugar-sweetened beverages, as lower-sugar beverages replaced regular sodas. Key fast foods showed little improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings can inform future strategies targeted to the specific locations and foods where continued progress is needed to reduce children's SoFAS consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Poti
authors.forename: Meghan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Slining
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Popkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose