title: Clinical and sonographic risk factors for hemiplegic shoulder pain: A longitudinal observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify baseline risk factors associated with hemiplegic shoulder pain during the first 6 months after a stroke and to investigate changes in these risk factors over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 94 patients with first-ever unilateral stroke lesion within 1 month after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, radiological and sonographic evaluations were performed at baseline. Hemiplegic shoulder pain was assessed at 1, 3 and 6 months post-stroke. Associations between baseline factors and hemiplegic shoulder pain during the first 6 months and hemiplegic shoulder pain at 1, 3 and 6 months poststroke were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor arm motor function, indicated by a poor National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale item 5 score (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-7.7) and the presence of supraspinatus tendon pathology (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.4-12.9), were associated with hemiplegic shoulder pain. While patients with adhesive capsulitis, glenohumeral subluxation, or long head of biceps tendon effusion showed a higher prevalence of hemiplegic shoulder pain at 1 month after stroke, those with supraspinatus tendon pathology showed a higher prevalence at 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients at high risk of hemiplegic shoulder pain with severe arm paralysis and supraspinatus tendon pathology require more careful attention during the rehabilitation period.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeo Hyung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Eun Joo
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nam Jong
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Paik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012782:Shoulder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014463:Ultrasonography