title: Achieving smoking abstinence is associated with decreased cocaine use in cocaine-dependent patients receiving smoking-cessation treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past research suggests that a significant relationship exists between cigarette smoking and illicit-stimulant abuse. The present study evaluated the association between achieving smoking abstinence in response to smoking-cessation treatment (SCT) and illicit-stimulant abstinence in cocaine- and/or methamphetamine-dependent participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a randomized, 10-week trial conducted at 12 substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs. Two hundred and sixty seven adults, meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for cocaine and/or methamphetamine-dependence and interested in quitting smoking were randomized to SUD treatment as usual plus SCT consisting of weekly individual smoking cessation counseling, extended-release (XL) bupropion (300 mg/day), nicotine inhaler, and contingency management for smoking abstinence. Illicit-stimulant-abstinence was measured by self-report and urine drug screens. Smoking abstinence was assessed via self-report and carbon monoxide levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant effect was found for the cocaine-dependent subsample (N=147) in which participants who stopped smoking were abstinent for illicit stimulants an average of 78.2% of the post-smoking-quit weeks (weeks 4-10) relative to 63.6% in participants who continued smoking (X(2)(1)=8.55, p<.01, d=0.36). No significant effects were found for the sample as a whole (N=249) or for the methamphetamine-dependent subsample (N=102).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that cocaine-dependent patients achieving smoking abstinence in response to SCT might evidence not only improved smoking outcomes but improved cocaine-use outcomes as well. Future research to replicate this finding appears warranted.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA. Electronic address: winhust@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Winhusen
authors.affiliation: Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
authors.forename: Frankie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kropp
authors.affiliation: Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Theobald
authors.affiliation: Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cocaine; Methamphetamine; Smoking cessation