title: Comparison of the laboratory standard washing using CIPAC washing agent and the domestic washing on three recommended types of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the best ways to prevent malaria is the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Manufacturers pursue easier, safer and more efficient nets. Hence, many studies on the efficacy and wash resistance using World Health Organization standards have been reported. The commonly used detergent is "Savon de Marseille", because it closely resembles actually used soaps. At the 54(th) Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) Technical Meeting in 2010, it was suggested to replace it by a standardized "CIPAC washing agent". The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between a laboratory hand washing simulation using the CIPAC washing agent (method-1) and a domestic washing (method-2) on different bed nets, as well as the effect of the drying process on the release of active ingredient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interceptor®, Permanet®2.0 and Netprotect® nets were used in three treatments, each repeated 20 times. The first treatment included method-1 washing and indoor drying. The second treatment included method-2 washing and indoor drying. The third treatment used method-2 washing and UV-drying. The residual insecticide contents were determined using gas chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The washing procedure and the number of washes have a significant effect on the release of active ingredient. Statistically, the two washing methods have the same effect on removing the active ingredient from the Interceptor® and Permanet®2.0 net, but a significantly different influence on the Netprotect® nets. The drying process has no significant effect on the insecticide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both washing procedures affected the amount of insecticide remaining on nets independently of the impregnation technology. The active ingredient decreases with the number of washing cycles following an exponential or logarithmic model for coated nets. The laboratory hand washing simulation had more impact on the decrease of active ingredient content of the Netprotect® nets. All net types seemed to be effectively protected against UV-light.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium ; Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (LNSP), Boulevard des Tansoba kiéma, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean Pierre Nabléni
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ouattara
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louwagie
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pigeon
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spanoghe
mesh_terms: D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins