title: A four-day oral treatment regimen for simultaneous micronucleus analyses in the glandular stomach, colon, and bone marrow of rats.
abstract: Our aim was to develop a multi-tissue micronucleus (MN) test method for the simultaneous analysis of rat glandular stomach, colon, and bone marrow. We have evaluated the multi-tissue MN test method with a regimen in which rats were administered chemicals orally once per day for four days and the cells of each tissue were collected 24 h after the final dose. The following compounds were studied: N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (NMUT), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 2HCl (DMH), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine HCl (PhIP), KBrO(3), amaranth (AM), and quercetin (QN). The gastrointestinal tract carcinogens increased the frequencies of micronucleated (MNed) cells in target tissue in a dose-dependent manner: MNU in gastric- and colonic-cells; 4NQO, MNNG, and NMUT in gastric cells; DMH and PhIP in colonic cells. In immature erythrocytes, MNU, 4NQO, DMH, and PhIP increased the frequency of MNed cells but MNNG and NMUT did not. The food additive KBrO(3), which is known to be a renal carcinogen, increased the frequencies of MNed cells in the glandular stomach and bone marrow. The food additive AM and the plant flavonoid QN, which are non-carcinogenic in most studies, did not cause increased MNed cells in any of the three tissues. Our results indicate that this multi-tissue MN test method is useful for the comprehensive evaluation of the genotoxicity of orally administered compounds.
authors.affiliation: Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan. Electronic address: emiko-okada@yakult.co.jp.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiishi
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narumi
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yasutake
authors.forename: Wakako
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ohyama
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens
keywords: Bone marrow; Carcinogen; Colon; Gastrointestinal tract; Glandular stomach; Micronucleus test