title: Are children born after assisted reproductive technology at increased risk of autism spectrum disorders? A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Are children born after assisted reproductive technology (ART) at increased risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence that ART significantly increases the risk of ASD in the offspring.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A few systematic reviews have explored the correlation between assisted conception and ASD with inconclusive results, partly due to the heterogeneity of diagnostic criteria and methodology in the different studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of 7 observational studies (2 cohort and 5 case-control) encompassing 9216 subjects diagnosed with ASD published since 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches were conducted to retrieve observational studies on the risk of ASD in ART population. Databases searched included PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. In order to obtain more consistent results, we only included the studies in which (i) subjects with either infantile autism or ASD could be identified according to international classification systems and (ii) the diagnosis was obtained from hospital records. Seven studies matched the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four out of seven studies, including the two with the best quality scores, did not show an association between ART and ASD. The two papers supporting an increased risk of autism following ART had the lowest quality scores, due to major methodological limitations. Only one paper showed a protective role of ART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the strict inclusion criteria applied as to the diagnosis of ASD, the papers selected are heterogeneous in many aspects including study design, definitions of ART, data source and analysed confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present, there is no evidence that ART is significantly associated with ASD and hence that current health policies should be modified. The divergent results of some of the studies suggest that further prospective, large and high-quality studies are still needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This work was supported, in part, by the Italian Ministry of Health and by Tuscany Region. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzotti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calderoni
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saviozzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guzzetta
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012306:Risk
keywords: ART; ICSI; IVF; assisted conception; autism spectrum disorder