title: Biochemical and molecular heterogeneity among isolates of Yersinia ruckeri from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in North West Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), caused by Yersinia ruckeri, is one of the most important infectious diseases in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in Europe. More recently, non-motile vaccine resistant isolates appear to have evolved and are causing disease problems throughout Europe, including Germany. The aim of this study was to analyse the variation of biochemical and molecular characteristics of Y. ruckeri isolates collected in north west Germany as a basis for strain differentiation. The isolates originated mainly from rainbow trout and were characterised by biochemical profiling, 16S rDNA sequencing, repetitive sequence-based PCRs, including (GTG)5-PCR, BOX-PCR, ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 83 isolates were characterised, including 48 isolates collected during a field study in north west Germany. All isolates were confirmed as Y. ruckeri by the API 20E system. Five isolates were additionally confirmed as Y. ruckeri by Y. ruckeri-specific PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. Only 17 isolates hydrolyzed Tween 80/20. Sixty-six isolates (79.5%) were non-motile. Two different patterns were obtained by REP-PCR, five patterns by ERIC-PCR, four patterns by (GTG)5-PCR and three patterns by BOX-PCR. NotI-directed PFGE resulted in 17 patterns that differed from each other by 25-29 fragments. Isolates from the field study clustered together as PFGE type C. According to the results of API 20E, repetitive sequence-based PCRs and PFGE, these isolates could be subdivided into 27 different groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detailed molecular and phenotypic characterisation scheme developed in this study could be used to help trace the dissemination of Y. ruckeri isolates, and thus may represent part of improved disease monitoring plans in the future.
authors.forename: Yidan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Runge
authors.forename: Geovana Brenner
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany. dieter.steinhagen@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steinhagen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000662:veterinary; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D005858:Germany; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D015007:Yersinia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S