title: Spatial recruitment bias in respondent-driven sampling: Implications for HIV prevalence estimation in urban heterosexuals.
abstract: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a study design used to investigate populations for which a probabilistic sampling frame cannot be efficiently generated. Biases in parameter estimates may result from systematic non-random recruitment within social networks by geography. We investigate the spatial distribution of RDS recruits relative to an inferred social network among heterosexual adults in New York City in 2010. Mean distances between recruitment dyads are compared to those of network dyads to quantify bias. Spatial regression models are then used to assess the impact of spatial structure on risk and prevalence outcomes. In our primary distance metric, network dyads were an average of 1.34 (95 % CI 0.82–1.86) miles farther dispersed than recruitment dyads, suggesting spatial bias. However, there was no evidence that demographic associations with HIV risk or prevalence were spatially confounded. Therefore, while the spatial structure of recruitment may be biased in heterogeneous urban settings, the impact of this bias on estimates of outcome measures appears minimal.
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jenness
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neaigus
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gelpi-Acosta
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D018579:Patient Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012107:Research Design; D012494:Sampling Studies; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*