title: Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to relate imaging findings on positron emission tomography (PET) to adverse cardiac events in patients referred for evaluation of known or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although cardiac PET is commonly used to evaluate patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis, the relationship between PET findings and clinical outcomes has not been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 118 consecutive patients with no history of coronary artery disease, who were referred for PET, using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess for inflammation and rubidium-82 to evaluate for perfusion defects (PD), following a high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet to suppress normal myocardial glucose uptake. Blind readings of PET data categorized cardiac findings as normal, positive PD or FDG, positive PD and FDG. Images were also used to identify whether findings of extra-cardiac sarcoidosis were present. Adverse events (AE)-death or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT)-were ascertained by electronic medical records, defibrillator interrogation, patient questionnaires, and telephone interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 118 patients (age 52 ± 11 years; 57% males; mean ejection fraction: 47 ± 16%), 47 (40%) had normal and 71 (60%) had abnormal cardiac PET findings. Over a median follow-up of 1.5 years, there were 31 (26%) adverse events (27 VT and 8 deaths). Cardiac PET findings were predictive of AE, and the presence of both a PD and abnormal FDG (29% of patients) was associated with hazard ratio of 3.9 (p < 0.01) and remained significant after adjusting for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and clinical criteria. Extra-cardiac FDG uptake (26% of patients) was not associated with AE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of focal PD and FDG uptake on cardiac PET identifies patients at higher risk of death or VT. These findings offer prognostic value beyond Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare clinical criteria, the presence of extra-cardiac sarcoidosis and LVEF.
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: rblankstein@partners.org.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blankstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Masanao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naya
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Chun K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Venkatesh L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kazemian
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Raymond Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michifumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hicham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padera
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hainer
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sharmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorbala
authors.affiliation: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Di Carli
mesh_terms: D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011379:Prognosis; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012414:Rubidium Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: CMR; CT; EMBx; FDG; ICD; JMHW; Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare; LVEF; PET; RV; VT; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; computed tomography; endomyocardial biopsy; fluorodeoxyglucose; implantable cardiac defibrillator; left ventricular ejection fraction; positron emission tomography; prognosis; right ventricular; sarcoidosis; ventricular tachycardia