title: Drug Craving Terminology among Opiate Dependents; A Mixed Method Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug craving is defined as an urge to continue substance abuse. Drug dependents use different terms to express their subjective feeling of craving. This study was an attempt to generate an understanding of craving terminology among different groups of Persian speaking Iranian opiate dependents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Terms used for the meaning of drug craving were listed by 36 ex-opiate dependents in focus group discussion meetings in the first phase of the study. These terms were composed from Craving Terms Questionnaire. In the second phase, 120 subjects in 3 groups of opiate dependents and a group of Current Opiate Abusers rated usage frequency of each term in the questionnaire under a Twelve-Step Program, Methadone Maintenance, and Other Abstinence-based Programs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty nine terms were categorized in stimulation and triggering, attention bias and obsession, decision making difficulty, information processing impairment, withdrawal induction, drug euphoric experience, mental urge, motor control problem, negative valancing and stigmatizing. Terms for the three categories of mental urge, attention bias and obsession and motor control problem were used more than others. Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) group used different categories of craving terms in comparison to other groups. Abstinent cases reported higher total score for craving terms in comparison to other groups in Twelve-Step Program and other abstinence-based programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each craving-related term is associated with some aspects of the multidimensional concept of craving. A drug-craving thesaurus could provide a better understanding of craving nature from a drug dependent point of view. There are differences among abstinence vs. maintenance based treated opiate dependents in using craving terms. Addiction therapists will benefit from accessing drug dependents' lexicon to assess and create therapeutic alliance with their clients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoomeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maarefvand
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ghiasvand
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ekhtiari
keywords: Addiction; Persian and terminology; craving, opiates