title: An embryonic myosin converter domain influences Drosophila indirect flight muscle stretch activation, power generation and flight.
abstract: Stretch activation (SA) is critical to the flight ability of insects powered by asynchronous, indirect flight muscles (IFMs). An essential muscle protein component for SA and power generation is myosin. Which structural domains of myosin are significant for setting SA properties and power generation levels is poorly understood. We made use of the transgenic techniques and unique single muscle myosin heavy chain gene of Drosophila to test the influence of the myosin converter domain on IFM SA and power generation. Replacing the endogenous converter with an embryonic version decreased SA tension and the rate of SA tension generation. The alterations in SA properties and myosin kinetics from the converter exchange caused power generation to drop to 10% of control fiber power when the optimal conditions for control fibers - 1% muscle length (ML) amplitude and 150 Hz oscillation frequency - were applied to fibers expressing the embryonic converter (IFI-EC). Optimizing conditions for IFI-EC fiber power production, by doubling ML amplitude and decreasing oscillation frequency by 60%, improved power output to 60% of optimized control fiber power. IFI-EC flies altered their aerodynamic flight characteristics to better match optimal fiber power generation conditions as wing beat frequency decreased and wing stroke amplitude increased. This enabled flight in spite of the drastic changes to fiber mechanical performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Newhard
authors.forename: Seemanti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramanath
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheppard
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Swank
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005426:Flight, Animal; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009132:Muscles / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009218:Myosins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009218:Myosins
keywords: Asynchronous muscle; Insect flight; Muscle stiffness; Muscle tension; Wing beat frequency; Wing stroke amplitude; Work loops