title: Advances in pathogenesis and current therapeutic strategies for cardiorenal syndrome.
abstract: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is characterized as a syndrome involving both the cardiovascular system and kidneys. Due to its complexity and high mortality, it has becoming a significant burden and a universal clinical challenge to society worldwide. The mechanisms underlying CRS are potentially multifactorial, including hemodynamic alterations, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, iron disorders, anemia, and mineral metabolic derangements. Despite the understanding and awareness of CRS gaining attention, appropriate approaches to manage CRS remain deficient. Loop diuretic and thiazides, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, vitamin D receptor activation and dopamine and natriuretic peptides could potentially be helpful to improve the prognosis of CRS. Ultrafiltration might be an alternative therapeutic strategy for the loss of liquid. However, adenosine receptor antagonists do not appear to be superior to furosemide in CRS treatment. novel therapeutic approaches should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yujun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Jilin Tumor Hospital, Changchun 130012, China.
authors.forename: Xiujiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China. Electronic address: kjkliubin@126.com.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005665:Furosemide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D005665:Furosemide
keywords: Cardiorenal syndrome; Chronic heart failure; Pathogenesis; Therapy