title: Peptic ulcer disease and mental illnesses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the association between self-reported doctor-diagnosed peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and mental disorders in a representative cross-sectional study conducted in 2010 in Singapore.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 6616 community-dwelling individuals. Participants were asked about a previous history of doctor-diagnosed PUD. Assessment of mental disorders was performed using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0. Quality of life was assessed using the EuroQoL 5D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weighted prevalence of PUD was 1.58% (95% CI=1.13-2.02). In adjusted analyses, PUD was more common among people with anxiety disorders [obsessive compulsive disorders (OR 4.22, 95% CI 1.59-11.21), Generalized Anxiety Disorders (OR 9.25, 95% CI 2.43-35.17), any anxiety disorders (OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.82-10.61)] and with any mood disorders (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.08-6.53). PUD was associated with alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, but not with smoking or nicotine dependence. Adjustment for nicotine and alcohol use attenuated the association of mood disorders with PUD, but not that of anxiety disorders. PUD was associated with reduced quality of life as measured on EuroQoL 5D, with further reduction in those with concomitant mental disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PUD was associated with anxiety disorders, and this association is not attenuated with adjustment for nicotine dependence or alcohol use disorder.
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & National University Health System, Singapore; Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore. Electronic address: ephlwy@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Wei-Yen
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mythily
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Edimansyah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abdin
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Janhavi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaingankar
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
authors.forename: Siow Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Depression; Peptic ulcer disease; Population survey