title: Ideal cardiovascular health and the prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcification in adults with and without type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2010, the American Heart Association defined seven metrics (smoking, BMI, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose) for ideal cardiovascular health (ICH). Subsequent studies have shown that the prevalence of achieving these metrics is very low in the general population. Adults with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but no studies to date have been published on the prevalence of ICH in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this analysis were collected as part of the prospective Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. This analysis involved 546 subjects with type 1 diabetes and 631 subjects without diabetes who had complete information for calculating the ICH metrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the prevalence of ICH was low in this population, with none meeting the ideal criteria for all seven metrics. The prevalence of ideal physical activity (10.0%) and diet (1.1%) were particularly low. ICH was significantly associated with both decreased prevalence (odds ratio [OR] 0.70; 95% CI 0.62-0.80) and progression (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.66-0.90) of coronary artery calcification (CAC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICH is significantly associated with decreased prevalence and progression of CAC; however, prevalence of ICH metrics was low in adults both with and without type 1 diabetes. Efforts to increase the prevalence of ICH could have a significant impact on reducing the burden of CVD.
authors.affiliation: Corresponding author: Amy C. Alman, aalman@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Snell-Bergeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*