title: Genome-wide analysis of condensin binding in Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Condensins are multi-subunit protein complexes that are essential for chromosome condensation during mitosis and meiosis, and play key roles in transcription regulation during interphase. Metazoans contain two condensins, I and II, which perform different functions and localize to different chromosomal regions. Caenorhabditis elegans contains a third condensin, I(DC), that is targeted to and represses transcription of the X chromosome for dosage compensation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To understand condensin binding and function, we performed ChIP-seq analysis of C. elegans condensins in mixed developmental stage embryos, which contain predominantly interphase nuclei. Condensins bind to a subset of active promoters, tRNA genes and putative enhancers. Expression analysis in kle-2-mutant larvae suggests that the primary effect of condensin II on transcription is repression. A DNA sequence motif, GCGC, is enriched at condensin II binding sites. A sequence extension of this core motif, AGGG, creates the condensin IDC motif. In addition to differences in recruitment that result in X-enrichment of condensin I(DC) and condensin II binding to all chromosomes, we provide evidence for a shared recruitment mechanism, as condensin I(DC) recruiter SDC-2 also recruits condensin II to the condensin I(DC) recruitment sites on the X. In addition, we found that condensin sites overlap extensively with the cohesin loader SCC-2, and that SDC-2 also recruits SCC-2 to the condensin I(DC) recruitment sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide the first genome-wide view of metazoan condensin II binding in interphase, define putative recruitment motifs, and illustrate shared loading mechanisms for condensin I(DC) and condensin II.
authors.forename: Anna-Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Chen-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Lara Heermans
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Winterkorn
authors.forename: Sarah Elizabeth
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Albritton
authors.forename: Maxwell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Sevinç
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ercan
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008297:Male; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs; D056510:Position-Specific Scoring Matrices; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011485:Protein Binding; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D014157:Transcription Factors; C108312:condensin complexes; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases