title: Tranilast enhances the anti-tumor effects of tamoxifen on human breast cancer cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tamoxifen is the most widely used anti-estrogen for the treatment of breast cancer. Studies show that the combination therapy with other substances that helps the activity of tamoxifen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen when used in combination with tranilast on human breast cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines were treated with tamoxifen and/or tranilast. The cell viability and cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT and LDH assays; the apoptotic effects were examined by TUNEL assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and DNA laddering, also the expression levels of bax and bcl-2 genes were detected by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of TGF-β ligands and receptors examined using real-time RT-PCR and TGF-β1 protein secretion levels were also evaluated by ELISA assay. Inhibitory effect of these drugs on invasion and metastasis were tested by wound healing and matrigel invasion assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that tranilast, by synergistic effect, enhances the activity of tamoxifen and the TGF-β pathway is a target for this combination therapy, therefore; we propose that this combined treatment may be suitable selection in prevention of breast cancer.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darakhshan
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanbari
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; D013629:Tamoxifen; C012293:tranilast