title: Is there a change in the epidemiology of nasal fractures in females in the UK?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is a change in the epidemiology of nasal fractures in females in the UK, and the potential contribution of the 'ladette' culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports a multi-centre retrospective study. Operating theatre data for all females who underwent manipulation of nasal fractures under anaesthesia between 2002 and 2009 were analysed. In addition, the case notes of all females presenting with nasal fractures over a five-year period (2004-2009) were retrospectively reviewed and the cited cause of the fracture was noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2002 to 2009, there was an 825 per cent increase in nasal fractures in women aged 13-20 years. Almost one-quarter of all nasal fractures in one centre was attributed to non-domestic violence. The highest incidence of nasal fractures (67 per cent) was amongst white British females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an increasing trend in the number of women sustaining nasal fractures in the UK. The cause may be multi-factorial, but could be partially attributed to a rise in ladette culture. Further research on the role of alcohol consumption in this phenomenon is needed.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department, Luton and Dunstable Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trinidade
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farboud
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Andreou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ewart
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mochloulis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Frosh
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Vlastarakos
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult