title: Confined aquifers as viral reservoirs.
abstract: Knowledge about viral diversity and abundance in deep groundwater reserves is limited. We found that the viral community inhabiting a deep confined aquifer in South Australia was more similar to reclaimed water communities than to the viral communities in the overlying unconfined aquifer community. This similarity was driven by high relative occurrence of the single-stranded DNA viral groups Circoviridae, Geminiviridae and Microviridae, which include many known plant and animal pathogens. These groups were present in a 1500-year-old water situated 80 m below the surface, which suggests the potential for long-term survival and spread of potentially pathogenic viruses in deep, confined groundwater. Obtaining a broader understanding of potentially pathogenic viral communities within aquifers is particularly important given the ability of viruses to spread within groundwater ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Renee J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roudnew
authors.forename: Justin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.forename: Keryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Speck
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Melissa H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D060587:Groundwater / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*