title: Prevalence and socioeconomic factors associated with smoking in people living with HIV by sex, in Recife, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The prevalence of smoking is higher in people infected with HIV than in the general population. Although it is biologically plausible that smoking increases the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV/AIDS, few studies in developing countries have analyzed the determinants and consequences of smoking in HIV infected people.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of smoking and identify the socioeconomic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation in patients with HIV by sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted with baseline data, obtained from an ongoing prospective cohort study of patients with HIV attending two referral centers in Recife, Northeast Region of Brazil, between July 2007 and October 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current smoking was 28.9%. For both sexes, smoking was independently associated with heavy alcohol drinking and marijuana use. Among women, smoking was associated with living alone, not being married and illiteracy; and among men, being 40 years or older, low income and using crack. Compared with ex-smokers, current smokers were younger and more likely to be unmarried, heavy drinkers and marijuana users.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to incorporate smoking cessation interventions for the treatment of heavy alcohol drinkers and marijuana users with HIV/AIDS, which may increase life expectancy and quality of life, as smoking is related to risk of death, relapse of tuberculosis, and non communicable diseases.
authors.affiliation: FIOCRUZ,, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife,, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joanna d'Arc Lyra
authors.initials: Jd
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.forename: Maria de Fátima Pessoa
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Militão de Albuquerque
authors.forename: Ricardo Arraes de Alencar
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ximenes
authors.forename: Demócrito de Barros
authors.initials: Dde B
authors.lastname: Miranda-Filho
authors.forename: Heloisa Ramos
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lacerda de Melo
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruza
authors.forename: Libia Vilela
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Eduardo Jaime Seara
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pinto da Costa Ferraz
authors.forename: Laura Cunha
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult