title: Anti-inflammatory effects in muscle injury by transdermal application of gel with Lychnophora pinaster aerial parts using phonophoresis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lycnophora pinaster is used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammations. Anti-inflammatory activity of Lycnophora pinaster was investigated for extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of their aerial parts. The hexane extract (HE) provided α-amyrin, lupeol, mixture of α-amyrin and lupeol, mixture of 3-O-acetyl-lupeol and 3-O-acetyl-pseudotaraxasterol, and mixture of the steroids stigmasterol and sitosterol. The aqueous extract (WE) provided a fraction containing alkaloids (AF) and another one containing phenolic compounds (PF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude hexane extract obtained from aerial parts of L. pinaster was submitted to chromatographic fractionation. The fractionation of PF was performed by preparative HPLC analysis, providing the flavonoid quercetin. The extracts, fractions, and compounds isolated from L. pinaster were tested to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity by experimental model of impact injury, followed by transdermal application of gels with these samples. The application of the gels was performed using phonophoresis in rat paws after induction of muscle injury. Histological analysis was based on scores assigned by the capacity of decreasing the lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HE and WE exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Some fractions, triterpenes, and steroids also reduced the inflammatory infiltrates caused by muscle injury. Lupeol promoted a significant reduction of inflammation. Quercetin also provided significant results, promoting the greatest decreases in muscle injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this work suggest that topical application of triterpenes, steroids and flavonoid significantly decreases the inflammatory process generated by muscle injury. The transdermal application using phonophoresis in rat paws of gel with lupeol and quercetin attenuates the inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. vivianegca@ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Viviane G C
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Abreu
authors.forename: Geone M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Thiago M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Humberto S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Fontoura
authors.forename: Denise C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cara
authors.forename: Dorila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piló-Veloso
authors.forename: Antônio F C
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Alcântara
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001938:Brazil; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000293:injuries; D015612:Phonophoresis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005782:Gels; D010936:Plant Extracts