title: Antisomnogenic cytokines, quality of life, and chronic rhinosinusitis: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep disturbance, reduced quality of life (QOL), and other components of "sickness behavior" in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are poorly understood. These complex changes in central behavior are due to the effects of immune mediators acting in the brain. We hypothesized that immune mediators that have been associated with CRS are also associated with sickness behavior, somnifacient complaints, and CRS disease-specific QOL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), disease-specific QOL, and olfactory instruments. Ethmoid mucosa was obtained and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed for the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, -13, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Average change in crossover threshold was calculated, and differences in gene expression were correlated with sleep quality, CRS-specific QOL, and disease severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CRS reported overall poor sleep quality and poor CRS-specific QOL with significant correlations between them. Increased expression of TGF-β (r = -0.443; P = .050) and IL-4 (r = -0.548; P = .012) correlated with sleep dysfunction, whereas IL-13 expression was linearly associated with worse sleep quality (PSQI scores r = -0.417; P = .075). IL-4 and TGF-β expression was not associated with CRS disease severity or QOL, whereas significantly higher levels of IL-13 expression correlated with worse CRS disease severity and QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with CRS exhibited behavioral changes commonly referred to as sickness behavior, which include poor sleep quality and reduced QOL. The upregulation of IL-4 and TGF-β may contribute to inflammatory brain-mediated effects on sleep quality, whereas IL-13 may be a pleiotropic signaling molecule influencing sleep, QOL, and CRS disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeremiah A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.forename: Nathan B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Sautter
authors.forename: Jess C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.forename: Kara Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Detwiller
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004247:DNA
keywords: Sinusitis; inflammation mediators; quality of life; rhinology; sleep