title: In vivo evaluation of the kinematics of the long head of the biceps tendon within the pulley: a 3 T MRI motion analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the kinetic amplitude and direction of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHB) within the pulley and the proximal bicipital groove, we performed a 3T-magnetic resonance-throwing motion analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was performed on a 3T-MRI scanner. A T2-weighted-3D sequence in three specific positions of throwing motion of the dominant shoulder was performed under isometric 5 N loading conditions or without loading, respectively. Measurements were performed in high (140°) abduction/external rotation, medium (110°) abduction/external rotation and low (45°) adduction-flexion/internal rotation. Multiplanar rotational reconstructions along the LHB in the bicipital groove allowed for the localization of the LHB including the degree of motion in the three most proximal slices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12 healthy volunteers (age 22–34 years) were enrolled. Adduction led to an anterior deviation of the LHB within the bicipital groove. Loading conditions in medium (110°) elevation/external rotation furthermore led to a significant anterior deviation of the LHB. Conclusion Our findings support the thesis that pulley lesions result from movements of the LHB especially in extreme positions during throwing/overhead activities. Load application in the medium (110°) elevation/external rotation position might enable a better evaluation of patients with dedicated pulley lesions. These results need further evaluation in larger study cohorts and in patients with dedicated rotator cuff lesions, which will be the focus of ongoing studies.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beitzel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: K I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Beitzel
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult