title: Evaluation between ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analytical methods for characterizing natural dyestuffs.
abstract: An evaluation was undertaken of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for characterizing natural dyes in cultural heritage objects. A new UHPLC method was optimized by testing several analytical parameters adapted from prior UHPLC studies developed in diverse fields of research. Different gradient elution programs were tested on seven UHPLC columns with different dimensions and stationary phase compositions by applying several mobile phases, flow rates, temperatures, and runtimes. The UHPLC method successfully provided more improved data than that achieved by the HPLC method. Indeed, even though carminic acid has shown circa 146% higher resolution with HPLC, UHPLC resulted in an increase of 41-61% resolution and a decrease of 91-422% limit of detection, depending on the dye compound. The optimized method was subsequently assigned to analyse 59 natural reference materials, in which 85 different components were ascribed with different physicochemical properties, in order to create a spectral database for future characterization of dyes in cultural heritage objects. The majority of these reference samples could be successfully distinguished with one single method through the examination of these compounds' retention times and their spectra acquired with a photodiode array detector. These results demonstrate that UHPLC analyses are extremely valuable for the acquisition of more precise chromatographic information concerning natural dyes with complex mixtures of different and/or closely related physicochemical properties, essential for distinguishing similar species of plants and animals used to colour cultural heritage objects.
authors.affiliation: Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE), Sector Research Movable Heritage, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP Amersfoort, The Netherlands; CHAM (Centre for Overseas History), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa e Universidade dos Açores, Avenida de Berna, 1069 - 061 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: ana.serrano@fcsh.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Bommel
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallett
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anthraquinones; Flavonoids; High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Indigoids; Natural dyestuffs; Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)