title: Assessment of club patrons' alcohol and drug use: the use of biological markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young adulthood (ages 18-25 years) represents a time when high-risk behaviors, including alcohol and drug use, peak. Electronic music dance events (EMDEs) featured at clubs provide an ecologic niche for these high-risk behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper examines the prevalence of alcohol and drug use among EMDE patrons. Examination of personal characteristics associated with exit levels of alcohol and drug use identifies important indicators of risk taking for prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected anonymously during 2010-2012 from 2028 patrons as they entered and exited clubs in the San Francisco Bay area featuring EMDEs. Nearly half were aged ≤25 years. Biological measures of drug and alcohol and self-reported personal characteristics were attained. Analyses were completed in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entrance, more than one fifth of patrons were positive for drug use and one fourth arrived either impaired (blood alcohol concentration [BAC]: 0.05%-0.079%) or intoxicated (BAC: >0.08%) by alcohol. At exit, one fourth tested positive for drugs, and nearly half were impaired or intoxicated by alcohol. Individual characteristics that were important for levels of risk included prior alcohol use behaviors, sexual identity, ethnic/racial identity, and transportation to the event. Gender did not differentiate for alcohol use but fewer women used drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings confirm the importance of targeting EMDEs for prevention efforts. EMDEs attract young working adults who are engaged in heavy alcohol and/or drug use. Targeting these social settings for delivering public health prevention strategies regarding alcohol and drug use and related harm is indicated by the findings.
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California. Electronic address: bmiller@prev.org.
authors.forename: Brenda A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Hilary F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Branner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voas
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D015995:Prevalence; D012147:Restaurants; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000431:Ethanol