title: Additive insulinogenic action of Opuntia ficus-indica cladode and fruit skin extract and leucine after exercise in healthy males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral intake of a specific extract of Opuntia ficus-indica cladode and fruit skin (OpunDia™) (OFI) has been shown to increase serum insulin concentration while reducing blood glucose level for a given amount of glucose ingestion after an endurance exercise bout in healthy young volunteers. However, it is unknown whether OFI-induced insulin stimulation after exercise is of the same magnitude than the stimulation by other insulinogenic agents like leucine as well as whether OFI can interact with those agents. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: 1) to compare the degree of insulin stimulation by OFI with the effect of leucine administration; 2) to determine whether OFI and leucine have an additive action on insulin stimulation post-exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects participated in a randomized double-blind cross-over study involving four experimental sessions. In each session the subjects successively underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after a 30-min cycling bout at ~70% VO2max. At t0 and t60 during the OGTT, subjects ingested 75 g glucose and capsules containing either 1) a placebo; 2) 1000 mg OFI; 3) 3 g leucine; 4) 1000 mg OFI + 3 g leucine. Blood samples were collected before and at 30-min intervals during the OGTT for determination of blood glucose and serum insulin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas no effect of leucine was measured, OFI reduced blood glucose at t90 by ~7% and the area under the glucose curve by ~15% and increased serum insulin concentration at t90 by ~35% compared to placebo (P<0.05). From t60 to the end of the OGTT, serum insulin concentration was higher in OFI+leucine than in placebo which resulted in a higher area under the insulin curve (+40%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbohydrate-induced insulin stimulation post-exercise can be further increased by the combination of OFI with leucine. OFI and leucine could be interesting ingredients to include together in recovery drinks to resynthesize muscle glycogen faster post-exercise. Still, it needs to be confirmed that such nutritional strategy effectively stimulates post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deldicque
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Proeyen
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramaekers
authors.affiliation: PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pischel
authors.affiliation: PhytoLab GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sievers
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hespel