title: Reduction in upper-extremity tone after lumbar selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized clinical trials have established that lumbar selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) reduces lower-extremity tone and improves functional outcome in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Significant data exist to support a secondary effect on upper-extremity function in patients with upper-extremity spasticity. The effects of SDR on upper-extremity tone, however, are not well characterized. In this report, the authors sought to assess changes in upper-extremity tone in individual muscle groups after SDR and tried to determine if these changes could be predicted preoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed 42 children who underwent SDR at Columbia University Medical Center/Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian between 2005 and 2011. Twenty-five had upper-extremity spasticity. All underwent pre- and postoperative examination for measuring tone (Modified Ashworth Scale) and assessing functional outcome. Follow-up examinations with therapists were performed at least once at a minimum of 2 months postoperatively (mean 15 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the upper extremities, 23 (92%) of 25 patients had improvements of at least 1 Ashworth point in 2 or more independent motor groups on the Modified Ashworth Scale, and 12 (71%) of 17 families surveyed reported increases in motor control or spontaneous movement. The mean Modified Ashworth Scale scores for all upper-extremity muscle groups demonstrated an improvement from 1.34 to 1.22 (p < 0.001). Patients with a mean preoperative upper-extremity tone of 1.25-1.75 were most likely to benefit from reduction in tone (p = 0.0019). Proximal and pronator muscle groups were most likely to demonstrate reduced tone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to improvements in lower-extremity tone and function, SDR has demonstrable effects on upper extremities. Greater than 90% of our patients with elevated upper-extremity tone demonstrated reduction in tone in at least 2 muscle groups postoperatively. Patients with a mean Modified Ashworth Scale upper-extremity score of 1.25-1.75 may encounter the greatest reduction in upper-extremity tone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University; and.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chirelstein
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chiriboga
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutkowsky
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.forename: Heakyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Toni S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Roye
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Roye
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Richard C E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000628:therapy*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*