title: Maternal and grandmaternal obesity and environmental factors as determinants of daughter's obesity.
abstract: Obesity may be the consequence of various environmental or genetic factors, which may be highly correlated with each other. We aimed to examine whether grandmaternal and maternal obesity and environmental risk factors are related to obesity in daughters. Daughters (n = 182) recruited from female students, their mothers (n = 147) and their grandmothers (n = 67) were included in this study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the daughter's obesity and maternal, grandmaternal, and environmental factors. Maternal heights of 161-175cm (OD: 8.48, 95% CI: 3.61-19.93) and 156-160 cm (2.37, 1.14-4.91) showed positive associations with a higher height of daughter, compared to those of 149-155 cm. Mothers receiving a university or a higher education had a significant OR (3.82, 1.27-11.50) for a higher height of daughter compared to those having a low education (elementary school). Mother having the heaviest weight at current time (59-80 kg, 3.78, 1.73-8.28) and the heaviest weight at 20 years of age (51-65 kg, 3.17, 1.53-6.55) had significant associations with a higher height of daughters, compared to those having the lightest weight at the same times. There was no association between the height, weight, and BMI of daughters and the characteristics and education of her grandmothers. In conclusion, although genetic factors appear to influence the daughter's height more than environmental factors, the daughter's weight appears to be more strongly associated with individual factors than the genetic factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Pukyung National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Na
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kyung Hea
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hye Sang
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hea Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Eun Soon
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Trans generational; body mass index; daughter; grandmother; mother