title: Challenges and advances towards the rational design of mRNA vaccines.
abstract: In recent years, mRNA vaccines have emerged as a safe and potent approach for the induction of cellular immune responses. Whereas initial studies were limited to the ex vivo loading of dendritic cells (DCs) with antigen-encoding mRNA, recent progress has led to the development of improved mRNA vaccines that enable direct in vivo targeting of DCs. Although preclinical studies demonstrated their potency in inducing antitumor immunity, several bottlenecks hinder the broader application of mRNA vaccines. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with mRNA-based vaccination strategies, the technological advances that have been made to overcome these limitations, and the hurdles that remain to be tackled for the development of an optimal mRNA vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: cpollard@itg.be.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Koker
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Saelens
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanham
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grooten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: cellular immunity; cytotoxic T cells; dendritic cell; mRNA; nucleic acid-based vaccines; vaccination