title: [Analysis of GALNS gene mutation in thirty-eight Chinese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) needed to degrade glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs), accumulation of GAGs in the tissue resulting in disorder of function. So far, the small number of articles about clinical study of Chinese MPS IVA were published and only one paper about gene mutation analysis was published. This study aimed to investigate the mutation spectrum and characteristic of GALNS gene in Chinese patients with MPS IVA who were diagnosed in our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients from 36 families (male 17, female 21) were diagnosed as MPS IVA by GALNS activity determination [(0.85 ± 1.33) nmol/(17 h·mg)] and clinical symptoms during 2006-2012. The average age of diagnosis was (5.7 ± 3.6) years. Mutation analysis of GALNS gene performed performed by PCR-direct DNA sequencing for 38 patients. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used for validating novel mutation, and also to assess amino acid conservation for novel missense variants in five different species. PolyPhen-2 tool was used to predict the possible impact of missense mutations on the structure and function of the human GALNS protein, etc. Analysis of GALNS activity and gene mutation in amniotic fluid were performed to provide the prenatal diagnosis for some families with MPS type IVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Thirty-eight kinds of mutation in GALNS gene were identified in 38 patients of them, 71% were missense mutations. p. M318R was a hot-spot mutation (21%) tested. Five kinds of mutation i.e., p. P163H, p.G168L, p. A324E, p. L366P and p. F452L were only found in Chinese patients with MPS IVA. Eighteen kinds of novel mutation were detected including p. E315K, p.G304D, p.R251Q, p.Y240C, p.G161E, p.N32D, p.L390P, p. D60E, p. P420S, W403C/T404S, p.L454P, for p.W405X, p. M1I, c.409_ c.420del12, c.1176_1178del3, c.1046delG, c.1188delG and IVS9-2A>C. (2) The polymorphism of novel missense variants were ruled out by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and no related mutations were found in 50 normal controls. A splice site mutation IVS9-2A>C had been validated by reverse transcription PCR direct sequencing. The amino acid of mutant position of 10 kinds of missense variants are highly conserved and only p. L454 is moderately conserved position. These missense variants were predicted to cause damage to the structure and function of human GALNS protein possibly according to the PolyPhen-2 tool, so these novel missense variants may be disease-causing mutations. (3) Prenatal diagnosis was provided for 7 families and three fetuses were diagnosed as MPS IVA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GALNS gene mutation spectrum in Chinese patients with MPS IVA is really different from that in other countries, five kinds of mutation were only found in Chinese patients with MPS IVA. The reports of hot-spot mutation in Chinese patients were also different, and should be analyzed by more data of gene mutation analysis and epidemiological study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinologic, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Hong-lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Hui-wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Lian-shu
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao-yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xue-fan
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002811:Chondroitinsulfatases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009085:Mucopolysaccharidosis IV / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D002811:Chondroitinsulfatases; C102295:GALNS protein, human