title: Association between smoking and p53 mutation in lung cancer: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To carry out a meta-analysis on the relationship between smoking and p53 gene mutation in lung cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Web of Science, ProQest and Medline were searched by using the key words: 'lung cancer or lung neoplasm or lung carcinoma', 'p53 mutation' and 'smoking'. According to the selection criteria, 15 articles were identified and methodologically analysed by stata 12.0 software package. Crude odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals calculated using the fixed-effects model were used to assess the strength of association between smoking and p53 mutation in lung cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 15 articles with 1770 lung cancer patients were identified; 69.6% of the patients were smokers, 30.4% were non-smokers. Overall, smokers with lung cancer had a 2.70-fold (95% confidence interval 2.04-3.59) higher risk for mutation than the non-smokers with lung cancer. In subgroup analyses, the increased risk of p53 mutation in smokers than in non-smokers was found in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) group (odds ratio = 2.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.71-3.32) and in the NSCLC and SCLC group (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval = 2.19-6.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis strongly suggests that p53 mutation is associated with smoking-induced lung cancer. Smokers with lung cancer had a higher risk for p53 mutation than non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: W X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China. Electronic address: liuxd2013@126.com.
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016158:Genes, p53; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Lung cancer; meta-analysis; p53 mutation; smoking