title: Risk factors for death among hospitalised tuberculosis patients in poor urban areas in Manila, The Philippines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mortality rate and risk factors for in-hospital death among hospitalised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative tuberculosis (TB) patients in poor urban areas in the Philippines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted at a national infectious disease hospital in Manila City. The target population was patients aged ≥ 13 years with all forms of HIV-negative TB admitted from October to December 2009. Demographic and clinical information was collected from medical charts, and risk of in-hospital death was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 407 HIV-negative TB patients, four were excluded due to missing records, and 403 were included in the analysis. The majority were poor urban residents (90%), and 66% were males. Overall, 37.5% of hospitalised patients died in the hospital (151/403), 30% of whom died before the third day of hospitalisation. Risk factor analysis demonstrated that complications of bacterial pneumonia had the greatest effect on in-hospital death (aOR 4.53, 95%CI 2.65-7.72), followed by anorexia (aOR 3.01, 95%CI 1.55-5.84), anaemia (haemoglobin <10 g/dl, aOR 2.35, 95%CI 1.34-4.13) and older age (aged ≥ 50 years, aOR 1.85, 95%CI 1.08-3.17). The presence of haemoptysis (aOR 0.44, 95%CI 0.25-0.80) was associated with improved survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality among hospitalised HIV-negative TB patients was extremely high in poor urban areas in the Philippines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Marte
authors.forename: N R D
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Saludar
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Dimaano
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Salva
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ariyoshi
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Villarama
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult