title: Potential risk of regional disease spread in West Africa through cross-border cattle trade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transboundary animal movements facilitate the spread of pathogens across large distances. Cross-border cattle trade is of economic and cultural importance in West Africa. This study explores the potential disease risk resulting from large-scale, cross-border cattle trade between Togo, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria for the first time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A questionnaire-based survey of livestock movements of 226 cattle traders was conducted in the 9 biggest cattle markets of northern Togo in February-March 2012. More than half of the traders (53.5%) operated in at least one other country. Animal flows were stochastically simulated based on reported movements and the risk of regional disease spread assessed. More than three quarters (79.2%, range: 78.1-80.0%) of cattle flowing into the market system originated from other countries. Through the cattle market system of northern Togo, non-neighbouring countries were connected via potential routes for disease spread. Even for diseases with low transmissibility and low prevalence in a given country, there was a high risk of disease introduction into other countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By stochastically simulating data collected by interviewing cattle traders in northern Togo, this study identifies potential risks for regional disease spread in West Africa through cross-border cattle trade. The findings highlight that surveillance for emerging infectious diseases as well as control activities targeting endemic diseases in West Africa are likely to be ineffective if only conducted at a national level. A regional approach to disease surveillance, prevention and control is essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fournié
authors.forename: Abalo E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kulo
authors.forename: G Aboudou
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Boukaya
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schelling
authors.forename: Bassirou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonfoh
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D003625:Data Collection; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014037:Togo / Q000453:epidemiology