title: Robotic mitral valve repair: a review of anesthetic management of the first 200 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the evolution in anesthetic technique used for the first 200 patients undergoing robotic mitral valve surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single tertiary referral academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing robotic mitral valve surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) at Mayo Clinic Rochester.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After obtaining institutional review board approval, surgical and anesthetic data were recorded. For analysis, patients were placed in 4 groups, each containing 50 consecutive patients, labeled Quartiles 1 to 4. Over time, there were statistically significant decreases in cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times. Significant differences in the anesthetic management were shown, with a reduction of intraoperative fentanyl and midazolam doses, and the introduction of paravertebral blockade in Quartile 2. There was a reduction of time between incision closure and extubation, and nearly 90% of patients were extubated in the operating room in Quartiles 3 and 4. Despite changes to the intraoperative analgesic management, and focus on earlier extubation, there were no differences seen in visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores over the 4 quartiles. Reductions were seen in total intensive care unit and hospital length of stay during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes to the practice, including efforts to limit intraoperative opioid administration and the addition of preoperative paravertebral blockade, helped facilitate earlier extubation. In the second half of the study period, close to 90% of patients were extubated in the operating room safely and without delaying patient transition to the intensive care unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Eduardo S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: lynch.james@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Rakesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Harold M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mauermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Kent H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Rehfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nuttall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D009407:Nerve Block; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics
keywords: cardiac surgery; early extubation; minimally invasive; mitral valve repair; paravertebral block; robotic