title: Evaluating the clinical and esthetic outcome of apically positioned flap technique in augmentation of keratinized gingiva around dental implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dental implants though a successful treatment modality there exists controversies regarding the relationship between the adequacy of the keratinized gingiva (KG) and peri-implant health. The presence of an adequate amount of peri-implant KG reduces gingival inflammation and hence soft-tissue augmentation should be frequently considered. Among the various periodontal plastic surgical procedures, the apically displaced flap increases the width of keratinized tissue with reduced patient morbidity. The current study aims at evaluating the esthetic improvement in KG around dental implants applying apically positioned flap (APF) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 endosseous dental implants were placed in eight systemically healthy patients. APF surgery was performed at the implant site on the buccal aspect either at the time of implant placement (one stage surgical protocol) or during the implant recovery stage (two stage surgical protocols) for increasing the width of KG and reviewed until 12 weeks post-operatively. The width of KG was evaluated at baseline and at the end of 12 weeks after surgery. Paired t-test was performed to evaluate the changes in the width of KG at baseline and at 12 weeks post-operatively. In addition, soft-tissue esthetic outcome was assessed by using visual analog scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean width of KG at baseline was 1.47 mm and 12 weeks post-operatively was 5.42 mm. The gain in KG from baseline was 3.95 mm with the P value of 0.000, which was highly statistically significant. The assessment of esthetic outcome using VAS gave an average score of 7.1 indicating good esthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The technique of APF yielded a significant improvement in keratinized tissue, which is both functionally and esthetically acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pilayarkuppam, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Vineela Katam
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Harinath
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lochana
keywords: Dental esthetics; dental implants; flap; gingiva