title: [Association between inflammatory markers and microbial translocation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection taking antiretroviral treatment].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammatory biomarkers are increased in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) improves some parameters but do not normalize them. The aim of this study is to determine those factors (including microbial translocation) associated with higher inflammation in HIV treated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transversal observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV patients receiving ART with an HIV viral load (VL)<400 copies/mL. Selection of patients: consecutively between November 2011 and January 2012. Main variable: plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Main explanatory variable: microbial translocation markers (16S ribosomal DNA and sCD14). Patients with IL-6 or TNF-α levels above percentile 75 (group 1) were compared with the rest of patients (group 2). Odds ratio (OR) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one patients were included (73% male, median age 45 years, 48% stage C). Twenty-six percent had chronic hepatitis C. Median CD4 cell was 493/mm(3) and 30% had detectable HIV VL. 16S ribosomal DNA was detected in 21% of patients. Factors associated with the higher levels of inflammatory markers were 16S ribosomal DNA (OR 77, P<.0001), sCD14 levels (P<.0001) and history of cardiovascular disease (OR 15, P<.01). In multivariate analysis, associations remained for 16S ribosomal DNA (OR 62, P<.0001) and previous cardiovascular disease (OR 25, P<.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with HIV infection receiving treatment, the higher levels of inflammatory markers are associated with microbial translocation and past cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España. Electronic address: reus_ser@gva.es.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reus Bañuls
authors.affiliation: Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Portilla Sogorb
authors.affiliation: Medicina Preventiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Paya
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boix Martínez
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giner Oncina
authors.affiliation: Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frances
authors.affiliation: Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Such
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merino Lucas
authors.affiliation: Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.
authors.forename: Adelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gimeno Gascón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000097:blood*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Factor de necrosis tumoral α; Human immunodeficiency virus; Inflamación; Inflammation; Interleucina 6; Interleukin 6; Microbial translocation; Traslocación bacteriana; Tumour necrosis factor α; Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana