title: Anxiety levels in clinically referred children and their parents: examining the unique influence of self-reported attachment styles and interview-based reflective functioning in mothers and fathers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although much is known about childhood anxiety disorders, the differential contributions by mothers and fathers to child anxiety is poorly understood. This study examined the relation between child anxiety and parental level of psychopathology, attachment style, and reflective functioning (RF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight clinically anxious children aged 7-12 years (55.3% female) referred for treatment and their parents (37 mothers, 34 fathers) participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reflective functioning was coded based on Adult Attachment Interviews. Self-report questionnaires on attachment and psychopathology were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paternal psychopathology, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety as well as maternal attachment anxiety were associated with child anxiety. Mothers had higher RF abilities than fathers. Lower levels of RF in mothers and higher levels of attachment avoidance in fathers explained 42% of the variance in anxiety levels of the child.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers and fathers may provide unique contributions to the development of child anxiety. The findings highlight the importance of considering fathers as well as mothers in research and treatment for childhood anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Esbjørn
authors.forename: Signe H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Sarah I F
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Helle H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hald
authors.forename: Jon M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking
keywords: attachment; child and adolescent anxiety disorders; clinical sample; fathers; reflective functioning