title: An exploratory study of ambient air toxics exposure in pregnancy and the risk of neuroblastoma in offspring.
abstract: Little is known about the etiology of neuroblastoma, the most common cancer in infancy. In this study, we examined maternal exposure to ambient air toxics in pregnancy in relation to neuroblastoma in the child. We ascertained all cases of neuroblastoma listed in the California Cancer Registry 1990-2007 that could be linked to a California birth certificate, and controls were selected at random from California birth records. Average air toxics exposures during pregnancy were determined based upon measures from community-based air pollution monitors. The study included 75 cases and 14,602 controls who lived with 5 km of an air pollution monitor, and we additionally examined results for those living within a smaller radius around the monitor (2.5 km). Logistic regression was used to determine the risk of neuroblastoma with one interquartile range increase in air toxic exposure. Neuroblastoma risk was increased with higher maternal exposure to carbon tetrachloride (OR=2.65, 95%CI 1.07, 6.53) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OR=1.39, 95%CI 1.05, 1.84), particularly indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Hexavalent chromium was associated with neuroblastoma at the 5 km distance (OR=1.32, 95%CI 1.00, 1.74) but not at the 2.5 km distance. This is one of the first studies to report associations between neuroblastoma and these air toxics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E Young Dr, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA. Electronic address: jeheck@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jiaheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cockburn
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ritz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes / Q000633:toxicity; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000633:toxicity; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001551:Benz(a)Anthracenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D002857:Chromium; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; C026486:1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene; C041508:indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
keywords: Air pollution; Benzene; Embryonal neoplasms; Neuroblastoma; Prenatal exposure