title: Immune responses to hair dyes containing toluene-2,5-diamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD) is the most frequently used dye in oxidative hair dyes on the Scandinavian market. However, little is known about immune responses to PTD-containing oxidative hair dyes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study immune responses induced by PTD-containing hair dyes in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune responses against two different permanent hair dye products containing 1·60% (w/w) and 0·48% (w/w) PTD within the colour gel, and various concentrations of pure PTD were studied. The local inflammatory response was measured by ear swelling and cell infiltration, and T- and B-cell infiltration and proliferation was determined in the draining lymph nodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration-dependent immune responses were seen to PTD both in the skin and draining lymph nodes. The hair dye containing 1·60% PTD induced strong local inflammation and caused T- and B-cell infiltration and proliferation as well as an increased number of regulatory T cells in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, the hair dye containing 0·48% PTD induced skin inflammation but only minor responses in the draining lymph nodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumer-available PTD-containing permanent hair dyes can be potent immune activators inducing both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. The outcome of the response is dependent on allergen dose, amount of additional allergens and exposure regime.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark; National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimersson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svedman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruze
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engkilde
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geisler
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bonefeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006202:Hair Dyes; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D006202:Hair Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C007303:2,5-diaminotoluene