title: Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens.
abstract: Helminth infections are ubiquitous worldwide and can trigger potent immune responses that differ from and potentially antagonize host protective responses to microbial pathogens. In this Review we focus on the three main killers in infectious disease-AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria-and critically assesses whether helminths adversely influence host control of these diseases. We also discuss emerging concepts for how M2 macrophages and helminth-modulated dendritic cells can potentially influence the protective immune response to concurrent infections. Finally, we present evidence advocating for more efforts to determine how and to what extent helminths interfere with the successful control of specific concurrent coinfections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Padmini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salgame
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gause
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology