title: Energy density in the diet of workers from São Paulo, Brazil, and associated socio-demographic factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims at analyzing the energy density (ED) of the diet of workers from the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, and the way this is associated with socio-demographic characteristics, as well as evaluating the relationship between ED and nutrient intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study evaluated the diet of 852 workers using the 24-hour dietary recall; one recall was applied to all individuals and a second one was applied to a sub-sample in order to adjust intrapersonal variability. The ED of the diet was calculated using three methods: inclusion of all solid foods and beverages, excluding water (ED 1); inclusion of all solid foods and beverages containing at least 5 kcal/100g (ED 2); and inclusion of all solid foods, excluding all beverages (ED 3). Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between ED and socio-demographic variables and the relationship between ED and nutrients was evaluated using Pearson coefficient correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considering the workers' diet, the ED values observed were 1.18 kcal/g, 1.22 kcal/g and 1.73 kcal/g for the ED 1, ED 2, ED 3 methods, respectively. In the multiple regression models, only the age variable was maintained in the final model and showed an inverse association with all ED methods. ED 3 showed an increase in energy density for non-white individuals. Of all studied nutrients, protein was the only one that was not significantly correlated with ED 3 (p = 0.899).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The young adults studied had a higher energy-density diet, representing a priority group for nutrition interventions. Regardless of the calculation method used, there is a correlation between ED and nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Programa de Pós Graduação em Nutrição em Saúde Pública.
authors.forename: Daniela Silva
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Canella
authors.forename: Daniel Henrique
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bandoni
authors.forename: Patrícia Constante
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Jaime
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult