title: Lung injury induced by secondhand smoke exposure detected with hyperpolarized helium-3 diffusion MR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether helium-3 diffusion MR can detect the changes in the lungs of healthy nonsmoking individuals who were regularly exposed to secondhand smoke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups were studied (age: 59 ± 9 years): 23 smokers, 37 exposure-to-secondhand-smoke subjects, and 29 control subjects. We measured helium-3 diffusion values at diffusion times from 0.23 to 1.97 s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way analysis of variance revealed that the mean area under the helium-3 diffusion curves (ADC AUC) of the smokers was significantly elevated compared with the controls and to the exposure-to-secondhand-smoke subjects (P < 0.001 both). No difference between the mean ADC AUC of the exposure-to-secondhand-smoke subjects and that of the controls was found (P = 0.115). However, application of a receiver operator characteristic-derived rule to classify subjects as either a "control" or a "smoker," based on ADC AUC, revealed that 30% (11/37) of the exposure-to-secondhand subjects were classified as "smokers" indicating an elevation of the ADC AUC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using helium-3 diffusion MR, elevated ADC values were detected in 30% of nonsmoking healthy subjects who had been regularly exposed to secondhand smoke, supporting the concept that, in susceptible individuals, secondhand smoke causes mild lung damage.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China; Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Chengbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mugler
authors.forename: Eduard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Patrie
authors.forename: Jaime F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mata
authors.forename: Talissa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Altes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004646:Emphysema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006371:Helium; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D006371:Helium
keywords: ADC; Helium-3 MRI; diffusion MRI; emphysema; secondhand smoke