title: Mild cognitive impairment. Part 2: Biological markers for diagnosis and prediction of dementia in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a critical review of publications reporting on the rationale and clinical implications of the use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, limited to articles published in English between 1999 and 2012, and based on the following terms: mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease OR dementia, biomarkers. We retrieved 1,130 articles, of which 175 were reviews. Overall, 955 original articles were eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following points were considered relevant for the present review: a) rationale for biomarkers research in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); b) usefulness of distinct biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; c) the role of multimodality biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; d) the role of biomarkers in clinical trials of patients with AD and MCI; and e) current limitations to the widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different biomarkers are useful for the early diagnosis and prediction of AD in at-risk subjects. Nonetheless, important methodological limitations need to be overcome for widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, São PauloSP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Orestes V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Forlenza
authors.forename: Breno S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Florindo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.forename: Wagner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gattaz
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D016875:tau Proteins