title: Mortality in Iraq associated with the 2003-2011 war and occupation: findings from a national cluster sample survey by the university collaborative Iraq Mortality Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous estimates of mortality in Iraq attributable to the 2003 invasion have been heterogeneous and controversial, and none were produced after 2006. The purpose of this research was to estimate direct and indirect deaths attributable to the war in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a survey of 2,000 randomly selected households throughout Iraq, using a two-stage cluster sampling method to ensure the sample of households was nationally representative. We asked every household head about births and deaths since 2001, and all household adults about mortality among their siblings. We used secondary data sources to correct for out-migration. From March 1, 2003, to June 30, 2011, the crude death rate in Iraq was 4.55 per 1,000 person-years (95% uncertainty interval 3.74-5.27), more than 0.5 times higher than the death rate during the 26-mo period preceding the war, resulting in approximately 405,000 (95% uncertainty interval 48,000-751,000) excess deaths attributable to the conflict. Among adults, the risk of death rose 0.7 times higher for women and 2.9 times higher for men between the pre-war period (January 1, 2001, to February 28, 2003) and the peak of the war (2005-2006). We estimate that more than 60% of excess deaths were directly attributable to violence, with the rest associated with the collapse of infrastructure and other indirect, but war-related, causes. We used secondary sources to estimate rates of death among emigrants. Those estimates suggest we missed at least 55,000 deaths that would have been reported by households had the households remained behind in Iraq, but which instead had migrated away. Only 24 households refused to participate in the study. An additional five households were not interviewed because of hostile or threatening behavior, for a 98.55% response rate. The reliance on outdated census data and the long recall period required of participants are limitations of our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beyond expected rates, most mortality increases in Iraq can be attributed to direct violence, but about a third are attributable to indirect causes (such as from failures of health, sanitation, transportation, communication, and other systems). Approximately a half million deaths in Iraq could be attributable to the war. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
authors.affiliation: Health Alliance International, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.forename: Abraham D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Flaxman
authors.forename: Tim K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Takaro
authors.forename: Sahar A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Esa Al Shatari
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin-Rector
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galway
authors.forename: Berq J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hadi Al-Yasseri
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burnham
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq; D008297:Male; D014495:Universities; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014857:Warfare