title: Role of vitamin D receptor activation in racial disparities in kidney disease outcomes.
abstract: African Americans have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels compared with whites. African Americans also have a higher risk of developing albuminuria and end-stage renal disease but a lower risk of death once they commence hemodialysis compared with whites. Vitamin D levels have been associated with multiple outcomes including albuminuria, progression to end-stage renal disease, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In this review, we examine the evidence linking 25(OH)D to outcomes and the possibility that differential 25(OH)D may explain certain racial differences in outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Utibe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Essien
authors.forename: Narender
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Michal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melamed
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000208:ethnology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000502:physiology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Vitamin D; albuminuria; chronic kidney disease; mortality; racial differences